Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1676 1599900 1598940 2026-09-24T06:27:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kenya | jina_asili = ''Republic of Kenya'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag_of_Kenya.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg | ukubwa_nembo = 90 | kaulimbiu = "[[Harambee]]" | wimbo = "[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]"<br>[[File:National_anthem_of_Kenya,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav]] | ramani2 = Kenya topographic map-sw.svg | ramani = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkuu = [[Nairobi]] | latd = 1 | latm = 16 | latNS = S | longd = 36 | longm = 48 | longEW = E | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | utaifa = Mkenya | kabila = {{plainlist| *17.13% [[Wakikuyu]] *14.35% [[Waluhya]] *13.37% [[Wakalenjin]] *10.65% [[Waluo]] *9.81% [[Wakamba]] *5.85% [[Wasomali]] *5.68% [[Wakisii]] *5.23% [[Mijikenda]] *4.15% [[Wameru]] *13.78% Wengine}} | mwaka_kabila = 2019 | dini = {{plainlist| *85.5% [[Ukristo]] *10.9% [[Uislamu]] *1.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *0.7% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika]] *1.3% Wengine }} | mwaka_dini = 2019 | serikali = [[Serikali ya kiraisi|Jamhuri ya kiraisi]] | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Marais wa Kenya|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Naibu rais wa Kenya|Naibu Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Seneti ya Kenya|Spika wa Seneti]]<br>{{*}}[[Spika wa Bunge la Kenya|Spika wa Bunge]]<br>{{*}}Jaji Mkuu | majina_viongozi = [[William Ruto]]<br>[[Kithure Kindiki]]<br>[[Amason Kingi]]<br>[[Moses Wetangula]]<br>[[Martha Koome]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili]] | tukio2 = Jamhuri | tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = Karne ya 8 | tukio2_tarehe = 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 2010 | eneo_jumla = 580 367<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kenya|accessdate=2024-03-30|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 2.3 | watu_kadirio = 52,428,290 <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Kenya population 2024|author=Knbs|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20Kenya,gender%20composition%20of%20the%20population. |accessdate=2025-04-02|lang=en}}</ref> | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | sensa = 2019 | watu_sensa = 47 564 296<ref name="Census2019a">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} $401.97 bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=April 2025 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}</ref> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $7,530<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | cheo_plt_ppp = 59 | pato = {{ongezeko}} $131.67 Bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $2,470<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2025 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.628<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 March 2024|page=289|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>(ya 143)</br> {{kati}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Kenya]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | tld = [[.ke]] | iso3166 = KE | msimbo_simu = 254 | udereva = Kushoto | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka }} '''Kenya''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kenya''' ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[Afrika Mashariki]] katika [[ikweta]], kando ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Kenya imepakana na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Somalia]] upande wa kaskazini mashariki, [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini, [[Uganda]] na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] upande wa magharibi, kisha [[Sudan Kusini]] upande wa kaskazini magharibi.Mnamo 2024 Kenya ina watu milioni 54 na kuwa nchi ya 26 kubwa duniani kwa Idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] wake mkuu na mkubwa ni [[Nairobi]], lakini [[Mombasa]] ni mji mashuhuri pia. Ukiwa kama mji kongwe zaidi na [[bandari]] kuu iliyopo katika [[Kisiwa cha Mombasa]]. Miji mingine ni pamoja na [[Nakuru]], [[Eldoret]], na [[Kisumu]]. Kenya ina [[Historia ya Kenya|historia ndefu]] inayojumuisha makazi ya awali ya binadamu, mitandao ya kale ya biashara ya pwani, [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza|utawala wa kikoloni]], na maendeleo ya taifa baada ya uhuru. Ugunduzi wa akiolojia katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] umechangia kuelewa maendeleo ya awali ya binadamu, ambapo baadhi ya mabaki ya kale zaidi ya jamii za hominidi yamepatikana katika eneo la Kenya ya sasa. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/History |author=Kenneth Ingham |title=History of Kenya |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kando ya pwani, miji kama [[Mombasa]] na [[Lamu]] ilikua vituo muhimu vya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Waswahili]] na [[biashara ya Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyohusisha wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]], [[Wahindi]], na baadaye [[Wazungu]]. <ref name="UNESCO_Lamu">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 |title=Mji Mkongwe wa Lamu |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ikawa sehemu ya [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na baadaye ilipata uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] mwaka 1963 chini ya uongozi wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. <ref name="BBC_Kenya_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341 |title=Wasifu wa Kenya |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ina [[mandhari]] mbalimbali kuanzia maeneo ya [[jangwa la Chalbi]] kaskazini, nyanda za juu zenye rutuba katikati, hadi [[msitu|misitu]] na [[pwani]] yenye mandhari ya kuvutia kusini mashariki. [[Mlima Kenya]], mlima wa pili kwa urefu barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], uko katikati ya nchi na ni kivutio kikubwa cha utalii. Zaidi ya hayo, mbuga za wanyama kama [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Amboseli|Amboseli]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki|Tsavo]], na [[Samburu]] huvutia watalii kutoka kote ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya wanyama pori kama [[simba]], [[tembo]], [[vifaru]], na pundamilia. [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]], Kenya ni nchi iliyoendelea zaidi katika eneo la bara ya [[Afrika Mashariki]], ikiwa na uchumi unaotegemea sekta za [[kilimo]], huduma, [[utalii]], na teknolojia. Kilimo, hasa uzalishaji wa [[chai]], [[kahawa]], [[maua]] na mboga, ni uti wa mgongo wa ajira na mapato ya kigeni. [[Teknolojia]] ya habari na mawasiliano pia imekua haraka, huku jiji la Nairobi likiitwa "''Silicon Savannah''" kwa mchango wake katika ubunifu wa kidijitali na kampuni za teknolojia kama [[Safaricom]] na huduma ya [[M-pesa]]. [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]] ndizo lugha rasmi za Kenya, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya makabila tofauti, na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika mandhari rasmi kama [[Shule]], [[bunge]] n.k Kenya ni jamhuri ya urais yenye udemokrasia wa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] uliowekwa chini ya Katiba ya mwaka 2010, ambayo ilianzisha serikali za ugatuzi kupitia kaunti 47. <ref name="WFB_Kenya_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |title=Kenya - World Factbook: Serikali |website=cia.gov |publisher=Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani (CIA) |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, huku mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yakitekelezwa na Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="Kenya_Parliament">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/ |title=Bunge la Kenya |website=parliament.go.ke |publisher=Serikali ya Kenya |date=2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[Jumuiya ya Madola]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na ina nafasi muhimu katika diplomasia ya kikanda, biashara, na shughuli za kulinda amani katika [[Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="EAC_Kenya">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/republic-of-kenya |title=Wasifu wa Kenya kama Nchi Mwanachama wa EAC |website=eac.int |publisher=Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Jiografia== {{Main|Jiografia ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Mlima Kenya ni kilele cha juu kabisa nchini. Kenya imepata jina lake kutoka mlima huo.]] Kenya ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 580,367 ([[maili mraba]] 224,081). Kutoka [[pwani]] ya Bahari ya Hindi, nyanda za chini zimeinuka hadi milima ya kati. Milima hii imetenganishwa na eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa]]; sehemu [[tambarare]] yenye [[rutuba]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Milima ya Kenya ni kati ya iliyofaulu kwa [[kilimo]] barani Afrika. Eneo hili la milima ndilo la juu zaidi nchini Kenya (na la pili kwa urefu barani Afrika<ref name="annexation1">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony|edition=15|volume=17|pages=801, 1b|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-85229-787-4}}</ref> [[Mlima Kenya]], unaofikia [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na ni eneo lenye [[mito]] ya [[barafu]]. Kusini mashariki [[milima ya Taita]] ndiyo mwanzo wa [[tao la Mashariki]], [[safu za milima]] zenye miaka zaidi ya [[milioni]] 100 ambazo zinaenea hasa nchini Tanzania. Upande huohuo wa [[kusini]] [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] ({{Convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) huweza kuonekana ukiwa ng'ambo ya mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{Cite map| publisher = Rough Guide| title = Rough Guide Map Kenya| edition =9| year = 2006 | cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> ===Halihewa=== Kenya ni nchi yenye [[jua]] kali na [[nguo]] za [[majira ya joto]] huvaliwa mwaka mzima. Hata hivyo, huwa na [[baridi]] [[usiku]] na pia [[asubuhi]] na mapema. [[Hali ya hewa]] ina [[joto]] na [[unyevu]] sehemu za pwani, joto kiasi sehemu za [[bara]] na ni [[Ukame|kame]] katika sehemu za kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Hata hivyo kuna [[mvua]] nyingi kati ya [[Machi]] na [[Aprili]], na mvua ya kadiri kati ya [[Oktoba]] na [[Novemba]]. [[Halijoto]] huwa juu zaidi miezi hii yote. Mvua ya [[masika]] hunyesha kuanzia Aprili hadi [[Juni]]. Mvua ya [[vuli]] nayo hunyesha kuanzia Oktoba hadi [[Desemba]]. Wakati mwingine mvua hii huwa nyingi na aghalabu hunyesha wakati wa [[alasiri]] na [[jioni]]. Majira ya joto jingi ni kuanzia [[Februari]] hadi Machi nayo ya baridi ni [[Julai]] hadi [[Agosti]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mji !Mwinuko ([[mita]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Free topographic maps, elevation, terrain|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/|work=Topographic maps|accessdate=2024-04-03|language=en}}</ref> !Wastani wa Halijoto ([[°C]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya|accessdate=2024-04-03|title=Climate in Kenya|language=en|author=Climates to Travel}}</ref> !Upeo wa juu ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> !Upeo wa chini ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> |- |Mombasa |50 |26.4 |30.4 |22.5 |- |Nairobi |1 795 |19.75 |25.7 |13.9 |- |Eldoret |2 111 |17.3 |23.6 |11.1 |- |Lodwar |509 |29.6 |35.3 |24 |- |Mandera |540 |29.4 |34.6 |24.3 |} ===Mazingira=== {{main|Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya}} Kenya ina maeneo makubwa wanapoishi [[wanyamapori]] likiwemo [[Masai Mara]], ambapo [[nyumbu]] na [[wanyama]] wengi [[walanyasi]] hushiriki katika [[uhamaji]] kila [[mwaka]]. Uhamaji huo, hasa uhamaji wa nyumbu, hutokea Juni hadi Septemba na hushirikisha mamilioni ya wanyama. Tukio hili huwavutia sana wapigaji [[picha]] za [[sinema]]. Takribani nyumbu 250,000 huangamia kila mwaka katika uhamaji huu wa kutafuta [[lishe]] wakati wa [[kiangazi]]. Wale wanyama wakubwa watano wa Afrika wanapatikana Kenya: [[simba]], [[chui]], [[nyati]], [[kifaru]] na [[ndovu]]. Wanyama wengine wengi wa [[pori]] na [[ndege]] hupatikana katika [[mbuga za taifa]] na [[hifadhi za wanyama]] hawa nchini. Mazingira ya Kenya yanahatarishwa na ongezeko kubwa la idadi ya watu na athari zake. [[Picha:A lone giraffe in Nairobi National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Twiga katika Mbuga ya wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Nairobi, na upeo wa macho wa Nairobi nyuma yake.]] [[Picha:African safari route.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Njia katika [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki]].]] ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Kenya}} === Historia ya awali === Eneo ambalo leo linajulikana kama Kenya lina ushahidi muhimu sana wa mwanzo wa mageuzi ya binadamu ndani ya Bonde la [[Ziwa Turkana]] na mfumo mpana wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Ugunduzi wa visukuku katika maeneo kama [[Koobi Fora]], [[Nariokotome]], na [[Kanapoi]] umejumuisha mabaki ya hominini wa awali kama vile ''Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis'', na ''Homo erectus'', ikiwemo mifupa karibu kamili inayojulikana kama ''Turkana Boy'' kutoka [[Nariokotome]], ambayo imetoa ushahidi muhimu kuhusu anatomia ya binadamu wa awali, ukuaji, na mabadiliko ya kimazingira. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.museums.or.ke/paleontology/ |title=Paleontology Section |website=museums.or.ke |publisher=National Museums of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia|kiakiolojia]] pia umeonyesha zana za mawe za Oldowan zilizotumika zaidi ya miaka milioni 2.6 iliyopita pamoja na handaxe za Acheulean za baadaye, zikionyesha maendeleo ya awali ya teknolojia zilizotumika kwa kukata, kuwinda, na kusindika chakula. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Mabadiliko ya mazingira katika [[Bonde la Ufa]] kama vile kubadilika kwa viwango vya maziwa na hali ya hewa yanaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na makazi ya muda mrefu ya binadamu na uwezo wa kuzoea mazingira katika eneo hilo kwa mamilioni ya miaka. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory"/> === Historia kabla ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Great Mosque of Gede.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Msikiti mkuu]] wa [[Gedi]] ambao ni wa kutoka [[karne ya 13]].]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo linaloitwa Kenya walikuwa wa jamii ya [[Wakhoisan]]: hadi leo kuna makabila matatu madogo yenye asili hiyo, ingawa yanatumia [[lugha za Kikushi]]: [[Waata]], [[Waawer]] na [[Wadahalo]]. [[Wakushi]] kutoka [[kaskazini]] waliingia Kenya kati ya [[miaka ya 3200 KK]] na [[1300 KK]]<ref name="pbs.org">[http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm Wonders wa Afrika World - ]PBS</ref>. Mwaka [[500 KK]] hivi wazungumzaji wa [[lugha za Kinilo-Sahara]] na katika [[milenia ya kwanza KK]] wale wa [[lugha za Kibantu]] waliingia katika eneo hili, na sasa [[Waniloti]] ni 30% ya Wakenya wote. [[Wafanyabiashara]] [[Waarabu]] walianza kufika [[pwani]] ya Kenya [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]]. Ukaribu wa Kenya na Uarabuni ulirahisisha [[ukoloni]], hivyo Waarabu na [[Waajemi]] walianza kuishi eneo la pwani [[karne ya 8]]. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya walioitwa "Waarabu" katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki walikuwa ma[[chotara]], Waafrika-Waarabu. Pwani ya Kenya imekuwa makao ya jamii ya [[wahunzi]] na jamii ya [[wakulima]] wadogowadogo, [[wawindaji]] na [[wavuvi]] ambao walikuwa [[mhimili]] wa [[uchumi]] kwa kushiriki katika kilimo, uvuvi, utengenezaji chuma, na [[biashara]] na nchi za kigeni.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kuanzia [[karne ya 6]] au [[karne ya 9]], Kenya ilijihusisha na [[shughuli]] za u[[baharia]] kukuza [[uchumi]] ikaanza kutengeneza [[meli]] za kuabiria kusini hadi miji mingine yenye [[bandari]] kama [[Kilwa]] na [[Shanga]] iliyo katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Mombasa]] ulikuwa [[mji]] wenye bandari wa nchi ya Kenya katika [[karne za kati]]. Bandari hiyo ilitumika kuendeleza [[biashara]] na miji mingine yenye bandari Afrika, [[Uajemi]], na wafanyabiashara Waarabu, [[Yemeni]] na hata [[Bara Hindi]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;lpg=PA22&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India&amp;source=web&amp;ots=KBr2nADf21&amp;sig=X9gvzWPMoRzXyLYW5YdQLVTHMpQ&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=eW2VSbTsKp6DtweemZScCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad]</ref> [[Baharia]] [[Mreno]] [[Duarte Barbosa]] wa [[karne ya 15]] alidai kuwa "[Mombasa] ni bandari nzuri na yenye shughuli nyingi, [[mashua]] nyingi na hata meli kubwa ajabu, ambazo zote hutoka [[Sofala]] na nyingine kutoka [[Cambay]], [[Melinde]] na nyingine zinazoabiri hadi kisiwani [[Unguja]]."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&amp;pg=PA24&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade&amp;source=web&amp;ots=4RAxkPTIWI&amp;sig=G9JDunc4cYFCp1kdp1ghtyPG9Q0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=Tm2VSdKwING3twfUlKS0Cw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ct=result Dispersal Afrika katika Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali]</ref> Karne kadhaa kabla ya ukoloni, [[upwa]] wa Kenya wanakoishi [[Waswahili]] ulikuwa sehemu ya eneo la mashariki mwa Afrika lililofanya biashara, hasa ya [[watumwa]] na [[pembe za ndovu]] na Waarabu na [[Wahindi]]. Inasemekana kwamba [[kabila]] la [[Wameru (Kenya)|Wameru]] lilitokana na watumwa waliotoroka utumwa [[Uarabuni]] [[miaka ya 1700]]. Mwanzoni wafanyabiashara wengi walitokea [[milki]] za Uarabuni lakini baadaye wengine wakatokea Unguja (kama [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Kiswahili Coast.] {{Wayback|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=20071230022459 }} Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> [[Kiswahili]], ambacho ni [[lugha]] ya [[Kibantu]] iliyokopa [[misamiati]] ya [[Kiarabu]], [[Kiajemi]] na mingine kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Asia Kusini]], baadaye ilikua ikawa [[lingua franca]] ya biashara kwa jamii mbalimbali.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, upwa wa Kenya umekuwa mwenyeji wa wafanyabiashara na wasafiri. Kati ya miji iliyopo kwenye upwa wa Kenya, mji wa [[Malindi]] umebakia kuwa makazi muhimu ya Waswahili tangu [[karne ya 14]] na wakati mmoja ulishindana na Mombasa kwa ukuu pande hizi za Afrika Mashariki. Kwa kawaida, Malindi umekuwa mji na bandari ya kirafiki kwa [[serikali]] nyingine. Mwaka wa [[1414]], [[Sultani]] Mwarabu wa Malindi alianzisha uhusiano wa ki[[diplomasia]] na utawala wa [[Uchina]] wa [[Ming]], wakati wa safari za [[mchunguzi]] [[Zheng He]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html Sultani wa Malinda, PBS]</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1498]], utawala wa Malindi ulimkaribisha msafiri na [[mvumbuzi]] maarufu kutoka Ureno, [[Vasco da Gama]]. === Chini ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Kenya topographic map (+cities)-es.svg|thumb|left|360px| Seaport Mombasa, chini ya Malindi, ina reli ya Nairobi (kituo), kusini ya Naivasha &amp; Nyeri. (bonyeza ramani ilu kuipanua)]] [[Wareno]] walikuwa [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza kuzuru eneo la Kenya ya sasa: [[Vasco da Gama]] alikuwa amezuru Mombasa mwaka wa [[1498]]. Safari ya Vasco da Gama ilifaulu alipofikia huko [[India]], na jambo hilo liliwawezesha Wareno kufanya [[biashara]] moja kwa moja na [[Mashariki ya Mbali]] kupitia [[bahari]] na hivyo kutatiza mitandao ya kibiashara ya awali ya [[nchi kavu]] na baharini kama njia za biashara ya [[viungo]] zilizotumia [[Ghuba la Uajemi]], [[Bahari Nyekundu]] na misafara iliyofika hadi eneo la mashariki ya [[Bahari ya Kati|Mediterranea]]. [[Jamhuri ya Venisi]] ndiyo iliyotawala maeneo ya biashara kati ta [[Uropa]] na [[Asia]]. Baada ya njia za kawaida za nchi kavu hadi India kufungwa na [[Waturuki]] wa [[Waosmani|Ottoman]], Ureno ulitarajiwa kutumia njia ya baharini iliyotumiwa kwanza na Vasco da Ghama ili kuvunja [[ukiritimba]] wa [[Venice]]. Utawala wa Wareno huko Afrika Mashariki ulijihusisha hasa na pwani iliyokaribia Mombasa. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kulianza rasmi baada ya mwaka wa [[1505]], wakati [[manowari]] za Wareno, zikiongozwa na Don [[Francisco de Almeida]], zilipokishinda [[Kilwa]], [[kisiwa]] kilicho katika eneo ambalo sasa ni [[Tanzania]] kusini. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kuliwawezesha kudhibiti biashara katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], na kulinda njia za baharini zinazounganisha Uropa na Asia. Manowari zao za kivita zilikwamisha biashara za maadui wao magharibi mwa Bahari ya Hindi na walitoza [[kodi]] juu ya [[bidhaa]] zilizosafirishwa kupitia eneo hilo kwani walitawala [[bandari]] zote na njia kuu za [[meli]]. Kujengwa kwa [[ngome]] iliyoitwa [[Fort Jesus Mombasa]] mwaka wa [[1593]] kulikusudiwa kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo, lakini [[ushawishi]] wao ulikatizwa na kuja kwa [[Waingereza]], [[Waholanzi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]] katika eneo hilo [[karne ya 17]]. Waarabu kutoka Omani ndio waliokuwa [[tishio]] kuu la utawala wa Wareno Afrika Mashariki na waliizingira ngome ya Wareno, wakazishambulia meli zao za kivita, kisha kuwafukuza Wareno waliobaki kutoka pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania mwaka wa [[1730]]. Kufikia wakati huo, ufalme wa Ureno haukuwa na [[haja]] na njia ya bahari ya biashara ya viungo kwani [[faida]] yake ilikuwa imepungua sana. Utawala wa Wareno ulibakia tu katika bandari na maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Msumbiji]] hadi mwaka wa [[1975]]. Kutawaliwa kwa pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania na Waarabu kutoka Omani kuliifanya miji hii iliyojitawala hapo awali iwe chini ya uangalifu mkali wa wageni kuliko ilivyokuwa katika enzi za utawala wa Wareno. Waarabu wa Omani, kama Wareno waliowatangulia, waliweza kutawala eneo la pwani tu, si eneo la bara. Hata hivyo, kuanzishwa kwa ma[[shamba]] makubwa ya mi[[karafuu]], kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] na kuhamishwa kwa [[makao makuu]] ya Waomani hadi [[Zanzibar]] mwaka wa [[1839]] na [[Seyyid Said]] kulisababisha Waomani kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo. Utawala wa Waarabu katika bandari kuu zote za pwani ya Afrika Mashariki uliendelea hadi [[Uingereza]] ilipoamua kumaliza biashara ya utumwa na uanzishaji wa [[utaratibu]] wa kufanya [[kazi]] kwa [[malipo]] ukaanza kushinikiza utawala wa Waomani. Kufikia mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]], biashara ya watumwa katika bahari zote kuu ilikuwa imeharamishwa na Waingereza: Waarabu wa Omani hawakuwa na uwezo wa kupingana na [[jeshi la wanamaji]] la Uingereza lililokuwa likitekeleza amri hiyo. Waomani waliendelea kuwepo visiwani [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba]] hadi [[mapinduzi]] ya mwaka wa [[1964]], lakini kuwepo kwa Waarabu wa Omani nchini Kenya rasmi kulisitishwa wakati Wajerumani na Waingereza walipozidhibiti bandari zote kuu na kuanzisha mahusiano ya kibiashara na viongozi mashuhuri waliokuwa wenyeji [[miaka ya 1880]]. Hata hivyo, [[urithi]] waliouacha Afrika Mashariki ungali unaonekana kupitia kwa vizazi vyao vipatikanavyo pwani ya Kenya na ambavyo vinaona kuwa asili yao ni Oman. Vizazi hivi hata leo humiliki [[utajiri]] mwingi na ndio wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa katika jamii za pwani ya Kenya. [[Picha:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|400 px|[[Reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] karibu na Mombasa, [[1899]] hivi]] Hata hivyo, [[wanahistoria]] wengi hushikilia kuwa [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] nchini Kenya ilianza wakati Wajerumani walipoanza kutawala [[mali]] ya [[Sultani wa Unguja]] iliyo pwani mwaka wa [[1885]], ikifuatwa na kuja kwa [[kampuni]] ya Imperial British East Africa Company mwaka wa [[1888]]. [[Uhasama]] wa kwanza baina ya ma[[bepari]] ulikatizwa wakati Ujerumani ulipouachia Uingereza sehemu ya pwani iliyomiliki. Hii ilifuatia kujengwa kwa [[reli]] iliyounganisha Kenya na [[Uganda]]. Baadhi ya ma[[kabila]] ya Kenya yalipinga [[ujenzi]] huo, hasa [[Wanandi]] wakiongozwa na ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' Koitalel Arap Samoei kwa miaka kumi, kuanzia [[1895]] hadi [[1905]] – lakini hatimaye Waingereza waliijenga reli hii. Inaaminika kuwa Wanandi walikuwa kabila la kwanza kuwekwa kwenye maeneo yaliyotengewa [[Waafrika]] ili kuwazuia kutatiza ujenzi wa reli. Wakati huo [[Wahindi]] wengi wenye [[ujuzi]] waliingia nchini ili kuchangia ujenzi. Wakati wa ujenzi wa reli kupitia [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Magharibi]], Wahindi wengi na wenyeji Waafrika walivamiwa na [[simba]] wawili waliojulikana kama “[[wala watu wa Tsavo]]”. Wahindi hao na vizazi vyao baadaye walibakia nchini Kenya na kuunda [[kitovu]] cha [[jamii]] za Wahindi zijulikanayo kama [[Ismaili Muslim]] na [[Sikh]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archivedate=2009-01-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html Sikh]</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[1914]], [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] vilipoanza, ma[[gavana]] wa [[British East Africa]] (kama eneo hilo lilivyojulikana) na [[German East Africa]] walifikia makubaliano ili kuepusha ma[[koloni]] yao machanga na uhasama. Hata hivyo, [[Luteni Kanali]] [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] alichukua [[mamlaka]] ya majeshi ya Ujerumani, akiwa na kusudi la kutwaa [[raslimali]] nyingi iwezekanavyo za Uingereza. Jeshi la Uingereza likiwa limemtenga na Ujerumani, von Lettow aliendesha [[kampeni]] iliyofaulu ya [[vita vya kuvizia]], wakila walichopata, wakiteka bidhaa za matumizi za Uingereza, na kuepuka kushindwa. Mwishowe alisalimu amri na akajisalimisha nchini [[Zambia]] siku kumi na moja baada ya mapatano ya kusimamisha vita kutiwa [[sahihi]] mwaka wa [[1918]]. Waingereza walitumia jeshi la Wahindi kumfukuza Lettow na walihitaji [[wachukuzi]] wengi ili kubeba vifaa vya matumizi hadi [[bara]] kwa [[miguu]] na hivyo kutatua [[shida]] kuu ya uchukuzi. Kundi la wanajeshi wachukuzi liliundwa na kuwajumuisha Waafrika 400,000, na kuchangia katika [[uhamasishaji]] wao wa muda mrefu kisiasa. Hadi mwaka wa 1920, eneo linaloitwa Kenya lilijulikana kama Himaya ya Uingereza ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="annexation">{{Rejea kitabu|title=British East Africa Annexed--Kenya Colony|author=Reuter|section=News|date=8 Julai 1920|page=13|issue=42457}}</ref> Mwaka huo, [[koloni]] la Kenya liliundwa na kupatiwa jina linalotokana na Mlima Kenya<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Foottit |first=Claire |title=Kenya |origyear=2004 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |year=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>Waingereza walilitamka jina hilo kama {{pron-en|ˈkiːnjə}}<ref name="oed_kenya">{{OED|Kenya}}</ref> ingawa matamshi ya wenyeji na yaliyokusudiwa katika maendelezo asili, ''Kenia'' yalikuwa ˈkɛnja.<ref>''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0368-4016(194301)42%3A166%3C42%3A%22SOK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P The Spelling ya Kenya.]'' BJ Ratcliffe. Journal ya Royal African Society, Vol. 42, Namba 166 (Januari 1943), uk. 42-44</ref> Enzi ya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kuwa [[rais]] wa Kenya miaka ya [[1960]]-[[1969]], matamshi ya [[Kiingereza]], yaani {{IPA-en|ˈkɛnjə|}} yalikubalika na kutumiwa sana kwa sababu jina lake lilidumisha matamshi asilia ya wenyeji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Foottit | first = Claire | title = Kenya | origyear = 2004 | series = The Brade Travel Guide | year = 2006 | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | isbn = 1-84162-066-1 }}</ref> Kumbe saa ya uhuru, mwaka [[1963]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alichaguliwa kama rais wa kwanza.<ref name="castro">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Castro |first=Alfonso Peter |title=Facing Kirinyaga |url=https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast |year=1995 |publisher=Intermediat Technology Publications Ltd. |location=London |isbn = 1-85339-253-7}}</ref> Awali alikuwa alishika jina hili kutafakari ahadi yake ya kuikomboa nchi yake na matamshi yake ya jina lake ulisababisha katika matamshi ya Kenya katika Kiingereza kubadilisha nyuma ya makadirio ya awali uliotokea matamshi, {{pron-en|ˈkɛnjə}} Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], [[wakulima]] Waingereza na Wazungu wengine walituama katika [[nyanda za juu]] katika eneo la kati walikoondokea kuwa ma[[tajiri]] kwa kulima [[kahawa]] na [[chai]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "Tunataka nchi yetu"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html |date=20130723000220 }}. Wakati. 5 Novemba 1965.</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1930]], takribani [[walowezi]] 30,000 waliishi katika maeneo hayo na walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa ki[[uchumi]]. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa makao ya watu [[milioni]] moja wa kabila la [[Wakikuyu]], na wengi wao hawakuwa na [[ithibati]] ya kumiliki mashamba kwa mujibu wa Waingereza (ingawa mashamba hayo yalimilikiwa na kabila hilo kabla ya Wazungu kufika), na waliishi kama wakulima wanaohamahama. Ili kuendeleza matakwa yao, walowezi waliwakataza kilimo cha kahawa na kuwalazimisha kulipa kodi ya [[nyumba]], na maskwota walipewa mashamba madogo baada ya kuwafanyia kazi. Wakikuyu wengi walihamia mijini kwani mashamba yao hayangeweza kutosheleza mahitaji yao. Mwaka wa [[1951]], [[Horace Hector Hearne]] akawa [[mkuu wa sheria]] nchini Kenya (alitoka [[Ceylon]] alikoshikilia [[wadhifa]] huohuo) na alifanya kazi katika [[Mahakama Kuu]] mjini [[Nairobi]]. Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo hadi mwaka [[1954]] alipoteuliwa kama [[Hakimu wa Rufaa]] katika [[Mahakama ya Rufaa]] ya [[Afrika Magharibi]]. [[Usiku]] wa tarehe [[5 Februari]] [[1952]], wakati [[Mfalme]] [[Mfalme George VI|George VI]] alipoaga dunia, Hearne alimsindikiza [[Malkia]] [[Elizabeth II]] na [[mume]]we Filipo [[mwanamfalme]] wa [[Edinburgh]], kwa dhifa ya kitaifa hotelini Treetops, ambayo sasa ni kivutio maarufu cha watalii. Hapa ndipo alipouanzia umalkia.<ref>[http://www.africagenweb.org/kenya/ Kenya, AfricaGenWeb]</ref> Alirudi Uingereza mara moja akiandamana na Hearne. Kuanzia Oktoba 1952 mpaka Desemba [[1959]], Kenya ilikuwa katika [[hali ya hatari]] kufuatia [[uasi]] wa [[Mau Mau]] dhidi ya utawala wa Uingereza. Gavana aliomba na kupata msaada wa wanajeshi Waingereza na Waafrika, pamoja na [[King's African Rifles]]. Mnamo Januari [[1953]], [[Meja Jenerali]] Hinde aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa oparesheni ya kuzima uasi. Hali hii haikuimarika kwa kukosa uchunguzi, kwa hivyo [[Jenerali]] [[George Erskine]] aliteuliwa kuwa [[kamanda]] msimamizi wa majeshi ya kikoloni mnamo Mei 1953, akiungwa mkono hasa na [[Winston Churchill]]. Kutiwa mbaroni kwa [[Warũhiũ Itote]] (aka [[General China]]) tarehe [[15 Januari]] 1954, na kuhojiwa kwake kulipelekea Waingereza kuuelewa vyema usimamizi wa Mau Mau. [[Oparesheni Anvil]] iliyoanzishwa tarehe [[24 Aprili]] 1954 ilipangwa na [[jeshi]] kwa [[wiki]] kadhaa baada ya kukubaliwa na kamati kuu ya vita. Wakati wa oparesheni hiyo, mji wa Nairobi ulidhibitiwa na wanajeshi na wakazi wake walihojiwa huku wafuasi wa Mau Mau wakikamatwa na kupelekwa vizuizini. Mnamo Mei 1953, walinzi wa nyumbani walitambulika rasmi kama [[askari wa usalama]]. Askari hao wa nyumbani ndio waliounda kikosi cha kupambana na mikakati ya Mau Mau kwani walikuwa Waafrika waaminifu, na si majeshi ya kigeni kama Jeshi la Uingereza na King's African Rifles. Kufikia mwisho wa hali ya hatari, askari hao walikuwa wamewaua Mau Mau 4886, ambao ni asilimia 42% ya waasi wote. Kukamatwa kwa [[Dedan Kimathi]] huko [[Nyeri]] tarehe [[21 Oktoba]] [[1956]] kuliashiria kushindwa kwa Mau Mau kukamaliza vita. === Baada ya uhuru === [[Picha:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|thumb|260px|[[Sanamu]] ya Jomo Kenyatta mjini Nairobi.]] ====Utawala wa Kenyatta==== Waafrika walichaguliwa moja kwa moja katika [[bunge la uwakilishi]] kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1957]]. Licha ya Waingereza kutamani kuwakabidhi [[mamlaka]] wapinzani wasio na [[siasa kali]] ya Kiafrika, ni [[chama]] cha [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) kilichoongozwa na [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kilichounda [[serikali]] punde tu kabla ya Kenya kupata [[uhuru]] tarehe [[12 Desemba]] [[1963]]. Tarehe 12 Desemba [[1964]], Kenya ilipotangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]], Kenyatta akawa [[rais]] wa kwanza. Mwaka huohuo, [[jeshi la Kenya]] lilipigana na [[Vita vya Shifta]] dhidi ya kabila la [[Wasomali]] waliokusudia kuiona NFD imejiunga na [[Jamhuri ya Somalia]]. [[Mashifta]] walililemea jeshi la Kenya lakini baadaye walishindwa mwaka wa [[1967]]. Kenya ilitia [[saini]] [[mkataba]] na nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] mwaka wa [[1969]] unaodumu mpaka leo kwa kuhofia ma[[shambulizi]] kutoka kwa [[jeshi la Somalia]] lililokuwa na nguvu zaidi.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm Post-Uhuru Low intensiteten Conflict Nchini Kenya]</ref> Eneo la NFD nchini Kenya halijaendelea kutokana na [[kiangazi]] na [[mafuriko]]. Hata hivyo, [[wakimbizi]] wafanyabiashara wa Kisomali waliotajirika wamebadilisha [[mtaa]] wa Eastleigh uliokuwa wa ma[[banda]] na kuufanya kuwa ngome ya kibiashara katika sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa mji wa Nairobi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=E. H.|first=Campbell|date=2006|title=Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration|url=https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/19/3/396/1571241|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=396|doi=10.1093/jrs}}</ref> ====Utawala wa Moi==== Mwaka wa [[1978]], Kenyatta alifariki na [[Daniel Arap Moi]] akawa rais. Moi alidumisha [[urais]] kwa kuchaguliwa bila kupingwa katika chaguzi za mwaka wa [[1979]], [[1983]] (uchaguzi wa [[dharura]]) na [[1988]], zote zikiwa zilifanyika chini ya [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Uchaguzi wa 1983 ulifanyika mwaka mmoja kabla ya wakati kutokana na [[njama]] ya [[kupindua serikali]] iliyokosa kufaulu tarehe [[1 Agosti]] [[1982]]. [[Mapinduzi]] hayo yaliyotibuka yalipangwa na [[askari]] [[mwanahewa]] wa [[cheo]] cha chini, Bwana [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] na kuendelezwa hasa na wanahewa. [[Jaribio]] hilo lilizimwa kwa haraka na wanajeshi waaminifu wakiongozwa na [[Jeshi la Nchi Kavu]], General Service Unit (GSU) - kikosi cha [[polisi]] wenye [[hadhi]] ya kijeshi - na baadaye polisi wa kawaida. Hata hivyo [[raia]] kadhaa walijeruhiwa na wengine kuuawa. [[Tukio]] hilo lilisababisha kuvunjwa kwa kikosi chote cha wanahewa, huku wengine wakiachishwa kazi na wengine wakishtakiwa kwenye [[mahakama ya kijeshi]]. Katika uchaguzi wa 1988 ''[[kura za mlolongo]]'' zilianzishwa, ambapo wapigakura walitakiwa kupiga [[foleni]] nyuma ya [[wagombea]] wanaowapenda, badala ya kutumia [[kura ya siri]]<ref>Wapiga kura wengi kukaa nyumbani kama Kenya Drops Secret Ballot katika Uchaguzi Parliamentary http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html |date=20110215084715 }}: The Washington Post Kifungu tarehe: 25 Februari 1988 Author: Blaine Harden</ref> Jambo hilo lilionekana kama [[kilele]] cha enzi ya [[ukiukaji]] mkubwa wa [[demokrasia]] likasababisha [[msukumo]] mkuu wa [[mageuzi]] ya kikatiba. Vipengele vilivyokuwa na utata, kikiwemo kile kilichoruhusu chama kimoja pekee cha kisiasa, vilibadilishwa miaka iliyofuata.<ref>religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu / rihand / Kenya.html</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi wa miaka ya [[1992]] na [[1997]], Daniel Arap Moi alichaguliwa tena. ====Utawala wa Kibaki==== Kulingana na katiba, mwaka [[2002]] Moi hakuruhusiwa kuwania urais tena, na [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[chama cha upinzani]] cha "[[National Rainbow Coalition]]" — NARC akachaguliwa kuwa rais. Uchaguzi huo ulitambulikana kuwa wa kidemokrasia na [[wachunguzi]] wa humu nchini na wa kimataifa na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha mageuzi makubwa ya kidemokrasia nchini Kenya. Mnamo Desemba [[2002]], Wakenya walifanya uchaguzi uliokuwa wa kidemokrasia na uwazi ambao kwa kiasi kikubwa uliamuliwa kuwa huru na wa haki na wachunguzi wa kimataifa. Uchaguzi wa mwaka huo ulikuwa mwanzo mpya na uliiletea Kenya mabadiliko makuu ya kisiasa yaliyowezesha chama cha Kenya African National Union (KANU), kilichokuwa kimeitawala nchi tangu uhuru, kukabidhi kwa amani mamlaka kwa chama cha National Rainbow Coalition (NARK), uliokuwa muungano wa vyama vingi. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Mwai Kibaki, muungano wa vyama tawala ulihahidi kushughulikia ukuaji wa kiuchumi, kumaliza ufisadi, kuimarisha elimu na kuandika katiba mpya. Baadhi ya ahadi hizi zimeshatimizwa. Kuna elimu ya msingi ya bure. Mwaka wa 2007 serikali ilitangaza kuwa, kuanzia mwaka 2008 gharama ya masomo ya shule za upili itapunguzwa huku serikali ikilipia gharama zote za mafundisho. ====Uchaguzi wa 2007==== {{Main|Uchaguzi wa bunge nchini Kenya, 2007}} Katika uchaguzi mkuu uliofanyika tarehe 27 Desemba 2007, Rais Kibaki wa chama cha Party of National Unity (PNU) aliwania uchaguzi dhidi ya chama kikuu cha upinzani Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Kulingana na wachunguzi wa kimataifa, uchaguzi huo ulikumbwa na udanganyifu na hivyo kutofikia kiwango kinachokubalika kimataifa. Chama cha ODM kilisambaratika na kupoteza 8 % ya kura zake kwa chama kipya cha Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM) - kikiongozwa na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]]. Kinyang’anyiro kilikuwa kikali kati ya mgombea wa ODM, [[Raila Odinga]] na Kibaki wa PNU. Kuhesabiwa kwa kura na [[Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya]] kulionyesha Raila akiongoza kwa [[kura]] chache na baadaye kwa kura nyingi. Hata hivyo, kura zilipoendelea kuhesabiwa na Tume ya Uchaguzi, Kibaki alimkaribia [[mpinzani]] wake kwa kura, kisha akamshinda. Matokeo hayo yalisababisha [[maandamano]] na kulaumiwa kwa Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya kwa kumpendelea Kibaki, hivyo Oginga akajitangaza “rais wa watu” na kutaka kura zihesabiwe tena.<ref>ghasia za uchaguzi Kenya unatishia mafanikio yake ya kiuchumi http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm</ref> Maandamano hayo yalibadilika kuwa [[ghasia]] zilizosababisha kuharibiwa kwa [[mali]].<ref name="reuters">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715200529/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400}}</ref>. Viongozi mashuhuri wa Afrika, wakiongozwa na aliyekuwa [[katibu mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Kofi Annan]] walisuluhisha [[mzozo]] huo wa kisiasa. Kundi la Annan liliungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuia ya Ulaya]], [[Muungano wa Nchi za Afrika]], Serikali ya Marekani na nchi nyingine maarufu ulimwenguni kote. Kwa habari zaidi rejelea [[Ghasia nchini Kenya (2007-2008)]]. Annan aliomba usaidizi kwa [[kamati]] yake ya [[upatanishi]] kutoka kwa shirika la kushughulikia mizozo la [[Uswisi]] lijulikanalo kama Kituo cha Mazungumzo ya Kihisani yaani Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. ====Serikali ya muungano==== Tarehe [[12 Februari]] 2008 Kibaki na Odinga walitia sahihi mkataba wa kuunda [[serikali ya muungano]] ambapo Odinga angekuwa [[waziri mkuu]] wa pili nchini Kenya. Kulingana na mkataba huo, rais angeteua [[baraza la mawaziri]] kutoka pande zote mbili za PNU na ODM kulingana na wingi wa wabunge wa kila chama bungeni. Mkataba huo ulieleza kuwa baraza la mawaziri litajumuisha [[Makamu wa Rais]] na manaibu wawili wa Waziri Mkuu. Baada ya majadiliano bungeni ilipitishwa kuwa muungano huo utadumu hadi mwisho wa kipindi cha bunge, ama chama kimoja kikijitoa kwenye muungano kabla ya kipindi cha bunge kuisha. [[Wadhifa]] huo mpya wa waziri mkuu utakuwa na nguvu na mamlaka kuratibu na kusimamia shughuli za serikali. Vilevile itaongozwa na mbunge aliyechaguliwa ambaye pia atakuwa kiongozi wa chama au muungano wa vyama wenye idadi kubwa ya wabunge bungeni. Ulimwengu ulimshuhudia Annan na kamati yake iliyoungwa mkono na Umoja wa Mataifa na mwenye kiti wa muungano wa nchi za Afrika Jakaya Kikwete, walipowaleta pamoja wapinzani hawa sugu kwenye sherehe za kutia sahihi mkataba huu. Sherehe hizi zilionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenya televisheni ya kitaifa kutoka kiingilio cha Jumba la Harambee mjini Nairobi. Wawakilishi wa PNU na ODM walianza majadiliano ya kina kuhusu ugavi wa mamlaka tarehe 29 Februari 2008.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' kwa Kenya - CNN.com] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html |date=20080305205228 }} saa edition.cnn.com</ref> Wabunge wa Kenya, kwa pamoja, waliidhinisha mkataba wa ugawaji mamlaka tarehe 18 mwezi wa Machi 2008 ili kuiokoa Kenya iliyoaminika kama mojawapo ya nchi thabiti na iliyoendelea barani Afrika. Mkataba huu uliunganisha PNU iliyoongozwa na Kibaki na ODM ya Odinga kisha kupelekea kuundwa kwa serikali ya muungano, vyama vyote viwili vikiwa na mamlaka sawa.<ref>wabunge Kenya kupitisha sheria ya kugawana madaraka-english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera Kiingereza 18 Machi</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] 2008, Rais Kibaki aliitangaza baraza la mawaziri 41 wa serikali hii ya muungano ikijumuisha waziri mkuu na makamu wake wawili. Baraza hili lilijumuisha pia manaibu wa mawaziri 50 na lilitawazwa katika [[Ikulu]] ya Nairobi tarehe [[17 Aprili]] 2008 huku Kofi Annan na viongozi wengine mashuhuri wakishuhudia. Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] [[2008]] ilitangazwa kuwa [[sikukuu ya kitaifa]] kusherehekea [[ushindi]] wa [[Barack Obama]], ambaye [[baba]] yake alikuwa Mkenya, kama rais wa [[Marekani]]. Katika sehemu za mashambani, kama wilayani [[Kisii]], visa vya kuchoma watu wakidaiwa kuwa [[wachawi]] vinaongezeka.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8119201.stm Horror ya Kenya's 'Witch' lynchings]</ref> Waathiriwa hasa ni wanawake wakongwe. Mnamo Mei 2008, watu 11 waliuwa na nyumba 30 kuchomwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm |title=Mob nzito kifo 11 Kenya 'witches' |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2009-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208075103/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Siasa na Utawala== Tazama pia: [[Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya]] Kwa sasa Kenya ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya kiuwakilishi inayoongozwa na rais, ambaye ndiye mkuu wa taifa na kiongozi wa serikali, na yenye [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]. [[Serikali]] ndiyo yenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu. Utungaji wa [[sheria]] ni jukumu la serikali na la [[bunge]] la taifa. Idara ya Mahakama ni huru, na imejitenga na serikali kuu na bunge. Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na kutoridhika kwingi, hasa katika enzi ya rais mstaafu [[Daniel Arap Moi]], kuwa serikali iliingilia sana shughuli za mahakama. Kenya imedumisha uthabiti wa kutosha licha ya mabadiliko katika mifumo yake ya kisiasa na michafuko katika nchi kadhaa jirani. Bunge la mseto wa vyama vingi la [[1997]] lilianzisha [[mageuzi]] yaliyobadilisha sheria za kikoloni zenye [[dhuluma]] zilizotumika kuuzuia uhuru wa kuongea na kutangamana. Jambo hilo liliimarisha uhuru wa [[umma]] na kuchangia kiasi kuaminika kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Desemba 1997. ===Kaunti na tarafa=== {{Main|Kaunti za Kenya|Wilaya, tarafa na kata za Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenya, administrative divisions - en - colored.svg|thumb|Kaunti za Kenya.]] Kenya ina [[kaunti]] 47, kila moja ikiongozwa na Mkuu wa Kaunti anayechaguliwa na watu ambao wanaishi kwenye hiyo kaunti. [[Serikali za mitaa]] huendelezwa kupitia mabaraza ya miji. Maeneo mengi ya mijini huwa ni [[mji]], [[manisipaa]] au baraza la mji. Serikali za mitaa katika maeneo ya [[Shamba|mashambani]] huitwa [[serikali]] za [[wilaya]]. Ma[[diwani]] wa mitaa hii huchaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi]] wa madiwani unaofanywa wakati mmoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]]. Maeneo ya uwakilishi bungeni yamegawanywa kwa sababu ya upigaji [[kura]]. Kuna maeneobunge 210 nchini Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency ufadhili chini ya RMLF] {{Wayback|url=http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php |date=20080113052023 }}</ref> == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Kenya}} === Miji === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Kenya}} Ukuaji wa miji nchini Kenya umeongezeka kwa kasi, huku ongezeko la idadi ya watu likijikita zaidi katika miji mikubwa. Kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2019, [[Nairobi]] ndilo jiji kubwa zaidi lenye wakazi 4,397,073, likifuatiwa na [[Mombasa]] (1,208,333) na [[Nakuru]] (570,674). Miji mingine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Eldoret]] (475,716) na [[Kisumu]] (397,957). Ukuaji wa miji ya karibu na [[Nairobi]], hasa katika [[Kaunti ya Kiambu]] kama [[Ruiru]], [[Kikuyu (mji)|Kikuyu]] na [[Thika]], unaonyesha kuendelea kwa upanuzi wa jiji hilo. {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Kenya | stat_ref = Kulingana na sensa ya 2019 <ref name="Census2019">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume III: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200037/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Kaunti | div_link = Kaunti za Kenya{{!}}Kaunti | city_1 = Nairobi | div_1 = Kaunti ya Nairobi{{!}}Nairobi | pop_1 = 4 397 073 | img_1 = Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG | city_2 = Mombasa | div_2 = Kaunti ya Mombasa{{!}}Mombasa | pop_2 = 1 208 333 | img_2 = Mombasa skyline.jpg | city_3 = Nakuru | div_3 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_3 = 570 674 | img_3 = | city_4 = Ruiru | div_4 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_4 = 490 120 | img_4 = | city_5 = Eldoret | div_5 = Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu{{!}}Uasin Gishu | pop_5 = 475 716 | city_6 = Kisumu | div_6 = Kaunti ya Kisumu{{!}}Kisumu | pop_6 = 397 957 | city_7 = Kikuyu, Kenya{{!}}Kikuyu | div_7 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_7 = 323 881 | city_8 = Thika | div_8 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_8 = 251 407 | city_9 = Naivasha | div_9 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_9 = 198 444 | city_10 = Karuri | div_10 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_10 = 194 342 | city_11 = Ongata Rongai | div_11 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_11 = 172 569 | city_12 = Garissa | div_12 = Kaunti ya Garissa{{!}}Garissa | pop_12 = 163 399 | city_13 = Kitale | div_13 = Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia{{!}}Trans-Nzoia | pop_13 = 162 174 | city_14 = Juja | div_14 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_14 = 156 041 | city_15 = Mlolongo | div_15 = Kaunti ya Machakos{{!}}Machakos | pop_15 = 136 351 | city_16 = Malindi | div_16 = Kaunti ya Kilifi{{!}}Kilifi | pop_16 = 119 859 | city_17 = Mandera | div_17 = Kaunti ya Mandera{{!}}Mandera | pop_17 = 114 718 | city_18 = Kisii, Kenya{{!}}Kisii | div_18 = Kaunti ya Kisii{{!}}Kisii | pop_18 = 112 417 | city_19 = Kakamega | div_19 = Kaunti ya Kakamega{{!}}Kakamega | pop_19 = 107 227 | city_20 = Ngong, Kenya{{!}}Ngong | div_20 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_20 = 102 323 }} === Kabila/Asili === {{Main|Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya|Dini nchini Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye ma[[kabila]] mengi tofautitofauti, hasa ya [[Kibantu]] (67%) na ya [[Waniloti|Kiniloti]]. Wakenya wengi huzungumza [[lugha]] mbili, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]], na [[asilimia]] kubwa pia huzungumza [[lugha mama]] ya kabila lao. Makundi ya makabila ni kama ifuatavyo:17.13% [[Wakikuyu]], 14.35% [[Waluhya]], 13.37% [[Wakalenjin]], 10.65% [[Waluo]], 9.81% [[Wakamba]], 5.85% [[Wasomali]] 5.68% [[Wakisii]], makabila mengine ya Kiafrika 15%, wasio Waafrika ([[Wahindi]], [[Waingereza]] na [[Waarabu]]) 1% <ref name="worldfactbook"/> Kila kundi au kabila lina lugha yake na Kiswahili hutumika kama chombo cha kuwasiliana miongoni mwa makabila tofauti. ===Dini=== [[File:Catholic Church in Mombasa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kanisa Katoliki huko [[Mombasa]].]] Upande wa [[dini]], idadi kubwa ya Wakenya ni [[Wakristo]]: kulingana na [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2019]], [[asilimia]] 85.5 ya [[wakazi]] wa [[Kenya]] walikuwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] (asilimia 53.9 ni [[Waprotestanti]], asilimia 20.6 ni [[Wakatoliki]], asilimia 11.8 ni Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mengine mbalimbali, wakiwemo Waorthodoksi 621,200), asilimia 10.9 ni [[Waislamu]], asilimia 0.7 ni wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], asilimia 1.7 ni wa makundi mengine ya dini (kuna [[Wahindu]] takribani 60,000, ambao wameingiliana vyema na Wakenya wengine na huchangia pakubwa uchumi wa nchi), na asilimia 1.6 wanadai hawana uhusiano na [[dini]] yoyote ile. {{bar box |float=right |title=Dini nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka 2019 |width=250px |bars= {{bar percent|[[Ukristo]]|DodgerBlue|85.5}} {{bar percent| [[Uislamu]]|Green|10.9}} {{bar percent|Wasio na dini|DodgerBlue|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Dini za jadi]]|grey|0.7}} |caption=Chanzo : KNBS (Sensa 2019) }} Waislamu wengi huishi katika kaunti za Kaskazini na Kaskazini Magharibi mwa nchi huku wengine wakiishi katika pwani. Wengi wa wanaoishi sehemu ya magharibi mkoani Pwani ni Wakristo. Eneo la kaskazini la Mkoa wa Mashariki ni makazi ya asilimia 10 ya jumla ya Waislamu nchini; hii ndiyo [[dini]] ya wakazi wengi wa hapa, na mbali na idadi ndogo ya [[Wasomali]] wanaoishi Nairobi, idadi kubwa ya Wakenya wengine ni Wakristo.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm US Department of State</ref> ==Sanaa na Utamaduni== === Utamaduni=== [[Picha:Maasai tribe.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Askari Wamasai]] [[Picha:Kenyan man.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Mmasai katika mapambo ya jadi]] {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kenya|Muziki wa Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye tamaduni anuwai. Tamaduni zinazotambulika ni pamoja na Waswahili walio katika eneo la pwani, jamii za wafugaji katika eneo la kaskazini na jamii nyingine mbalimbali katika maeneo ya kati na magharibi. [[Wajaluo]] wa Kenya ni wazawa wa [[jamii]] za [[wakulima]] na [[wafugaji]] walioishi magharibi mwa Kenya kabla ya ukoloni. Inafahamika kwamba asili ya Wajaluo na makabila mengine ya [[Waniloti]] ni kaskazini mwa Kenya, pengine maeneo ya Sudan Kusini ya sasa. Waniloti, kama wanavyoitwa, ni kikundi cha ki[[anthropolojia]] kilichotoka maeneo ya kaskazini mashariki mwa Afrika. Pengine walihamia kusini kutokana na [[vita]] vilivyosababishwa na ukuaji wa [[Kush]] na [[Misri]]. Waniloti nchini Kenya ni [[Wajaluo]], [[Waturkana]], [[Wakalenjin]] na [[Wamasai]]. Hili linadhihirika kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[lahaja]] zinazofanana kati ya makabila fulani nchini Sudan Kusini leo. Makabila haya ni pamoja na [[Akoli]] na [[Lwo]] (si sawa na Luo) wanaoishi katika eneo la [[Darfur]]. Kuna makabila mengine ya Waniloti yanayoishi nchini [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya Wajaluo kuvutiwa na [[Ziwa Victoria]], ambako wanapatikana katika nchi hizi tatu (Uganda, Tanzania na Kenya). Nchini Uganda, wanajulikana kwa kuanzisha [[himaya]] ya [[Waganda]] na ya himaya ya [[Watoro]]. Wajaluo nchini Kenya walipigana vita na majirani wao, hasa Wakalenjin, ili kulidhibiti ziwa hilo. Leo hii, utamaduni wa Wamaasai unajulikana sana kwa kuangaziwa vilivyo na utalii, hata hivyo Wamaasai ni asilimia ndogo ya idadi ya Wakenya kwa jumla. Wamaasai wanatambulika kwa kujipamba sehemu ya juu ya mwili na kwa vito. Kenya ina utajiri mwingi wa [[muziki]], vituo vya [[runinga]] na [[maonyesho ya sanaa]]. ===Fasihi=== {{Main|Fasihi ya Kenya}} [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] ni mmoja wa [[waandishi]] maarufu wa Kenya. [[Kitabu]] chake ''[[:en:Weep Not, Child]]'' ni ufafanuzi wa [[maisha]] yalivyokuwa Waingereza walipoitwaa Kenya. Hii ni [[hadithi]] kuhusu athari za Mau Mau katika maisha ya Wakenya asili. Kinavyochanganya maudhui - ukoloni, elimu, na mapenzi - kunakifanya kuwa kimojawapo kati ya vitabu bora vya hadithi barani Afrika. Kitabu cha hadithi cha [[M. G. Vassanji]] ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' kilishinda tuzo la Giller Prize mwaka 2003. Hii ni hadithi ya kubuni ya Mkenya mwenye asili ya Kihindi na [[familia]] yake wavyojizatiti na mabadiliko ya kisiasa wakati wa ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni nchini Kenya. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2003, jarida la fasihi ''[[Kwani?]]'' limekuwa likichapisha fasihi ya kisasa ya Kenya. ==Elimu== {{Main|Elimu nchini Kenya}} Mfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya unajumuisha elimu ya [[chekechea]], [[elimu ya msingi|ya msingi]], ya [[sekondari]] na ya [[vyuo]]. Elimu ya watoto wadogo aghalabu huchukua miaka mitatu, ya msingi miaka minane, sekondari minne na chuo kikuu miaka minne au sita kwa kutegemea kozi. Shule za chekechea, ambazo ni za watoto wa umri wa miaka mitatu hadi mitano, ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo huu wa elimu na ni kigezo muhimu kabla ya kusajiliwa katika darasa la kwanza (Gredi ya Kwanza). Mwishoni mwa elimu ya msingi wanafunzi hufanya mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Msingi Kenya (KCPE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na shule ya sekondari au vyuo vya ufundi. Umri wa shule ya msingi ni miaka 6/7 hadi 13/14. Wale wanaojiunga na shule ya upili hufanya mtihani wa taifa mwishoni mwa kidato cha nne - Mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Shule ya Upili Kenya (KCSE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu, vyuo vya taatuma nyinginezo au kuajiriwa. Baraza Kuu la Usajili (JAB) ndilo lenye jukumu la kuwachagua wanafunzi watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu vya umma. Mbali na shule za umma, kuna shule nyingi za binafsi nchini, hasa katika sehemu za miji. Vilevile, kuna shule kadhaa za kimataifa zinazofundisha mifumo mbalimbali ya elimu ya ng'ambo. === Historia ya elimu === Mfumo wa kwanza wa elimu nchini Kenya baada ya uhuru uliletwa na wakoloni Waingereza. Baada ya nchi kupata uhuru tarehe 12 Desemba 1963, Tume ya Ominde iliundwa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yaakisi matarajio ya taifa huru la Kenya. Tume hii ilimulika masuala ya usawa na umoja, ambayo yalikuwa muhimu hasa wakati huo. Mabadiliko ya kilichofundishwa katika historia na jiografia yalifanywa ili kuakisi umoja wa kitaifa. Kati ya miaka 1964 na 1985, mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 ulifuatwa (miaka saba masomo ya msingi, miaka minne sekondari ya daraja la chini, miaka miwili sekondari ya daraja la juu, na miaka mitatu masomo ya chuo kikuu). Shule zote zilifuata [[mtaala]] mmoja. Mwaka wa 1981, kamati iliyoteuliwa na rais kuratibu namna ya kuanzisha chuo kikuu cha pili nchini Kenya, na pia kuubadilisha mfumo wa elimu kwa jumla, ilianza kazi yake. Kamati hii ilipendekeza kuwa mfumo ule wa 7-4-2-3 ubadilishwe kuwa mfumo wa 8-4-4 (miaka minane shule ya msingi, miaka minne shule ya upili, miaka minne elimu ya chuo kikuu). Jedwali lililo katika Elimu ya Sasa Nchini Kenya linaonyesha muundo wa mfumo wa 8-4-4. Ingawa mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 kinadharia ulifikia kikomo mfumo wa 8-4-4 ulipoanzishwa mwaka wa 1985, kundi la mwisho la mfumo huo wa awali lilihitimu kutoka vyuo vikuu vya Kenya mwaka wa 1992. === Elimu nchini Kenya sasa === Mfumo wa sasa wa 8-4-4 ilizinduliwa Januari 1985. Ulitilia mkazo masomo ya kiufundi kwa matarajio kuwa, muundo huu mpya utawawezesha wanaoacha shule katika viwango mbalimbali aidha kujiajiri wenyewe au kupata ajira katika sekta ya juakali. Mnamo Januari 2003, Serikali ya Kenya ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa masomo ya shule za msingi bila malipo. Hili lilipelekea kuongezeka kwa wanafunzi waliojiunga na shule za msingi kwa asilimia 70. Hata hivyo, idadi ya waliojiunga na shule za upili na vyuo haikuongezeka sana kwa sababu malipo bado yalihitajika ili kuhudhuria masomo. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya msingi nchini Kenya (KCPE) hufanywa katika darasa la nane. Matokeo ya mtihani huu huhitajika ili kusajiliwa katika shule ya upili. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya shule ya upili nchini Kenya (K.C.S.E.) hufanywa katika kidato cha nne. Wanafunzi hufanya mtihani katika masomo nane. === Ukosoaji === Mfumo wa elimu wa Kenya 8-4-4 umepitia mengi magumu katika kipindi kirefu ulichodumu. Punde tu baada ya kufuzu kwa kundi la kwanza la wanafunzi wa mfumo huu mwaka wa 1989, wananchi wengi walijitokeza kuilaumu na kuihukumu serikali kwa kuuanzisha mfumo huu. Wakosoaji hao walidai kuwa waliohitimu hawajaandaliwa vyema na hawangeweza kushindana na wenzao kutoka sehemu nyingine za [[ulimwengu]]. Wengine walihoji kuwa waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu walikuwa aidha wachanga sana au hawajaandaliwa vyema kwa nafasi za kazi zilizokuweko. Serikali haikusikiliza hayo yote pengine kwa sababu uwezekano wa kuubadilisha na kuuunda upya kungeigharimu pesa nyingi. Hata hivyo, kwa miaka mingi waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu wamewaaibisha walioupinga kwa kufualu katika vyuo vya nchini na ng’ambo. Pia wasomi na wafanyakazi wa afya kuhamia [[nchi zilizoendelea]] ni dhihirisho tosha la hali hii. Mkazo uliotiliwa masomo ya ufundi umefifia na mabadiliko ya hivi juzi katika mtaala yanasisitiza [[teknolojia]] ya [[upashanaji habari]], [[sayansi]], [[hesabu]] na lugha. Kwa vyovyote vile, kazi ya kiakademia na kusisitizwa kwa kupita mitihani iliyoandikwa hakujaacha nafasi kwa [[useremala]], [[uashi]], [[upishi]] na mafunzo mengine ya [[ufundi]]. ==Michezo== {{Main|Michezo ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Icc Wcl Championship Nepal Vs Kenya Tu Ground Kathmandu @ Nepal 6.jpg|thumb|Timu ya kriketi ya Kenya]] [[Picha:Elgon Cup 2007.png|thumb|Timu ya rugby ya Kenya]] Kenya hushiriki katika [[michezo]] mbalimbali ikiwemo [[kriketi]], [[mbio za magari]], [[soka]], [[raga]] na [[ngumi]]. Lakini nchi hii inajulikana hasa kwa kutawala katika [[mbio za masafa ya kadiri]] na [[mbio za masafa marefu]]. Kenya, kwa muda mrefu, imetoa [[Bingwa|mabingwa]] wa [[Olimpiki]] na [[michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola]] katika nyanja mbalimbali, hasa katika mbio za mita 800, mita 1,500, mita 3,000 kuruka viunzi na maji, mita 5,000, mita 10,000 na mbio za masafa marefu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya (hasa wa kabila la Wakalenjin) wanaendelea kutawala mbio za masafa ulimwenguni, ingawa ushindani kutoka nchi ya [[Moroko]] na Ethiopia umepunguza umaarufu huu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya wanaosifika sana ni pamoja na mshindi mara nne wa mbio za masafa marefu za [[Boston]] kwa [[wanawake]] na mshindi mara mbili wa mbio za dunia [[Catherine Ndereba]], aliyeshikilia rekodi ya awali ya mbio za dunia [[Paul Tergat]], na [[John Ngugi]]. Wakati wa michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Beijing]] Kenya ilishinda [[medali]] 6 za [[dhahabu]], 4 za [[fedha]], 4 za [[shaba]] na kulifanya taifa lililofaulu sana barani Afrika katika michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. Wanariadha wapya walitambulikana, kama [[Pamela Jelimo]], mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za mita 800 kwa wanawake aliyejitahidi na kushinda tuzo la Golden League, na [[Samuel Wajiru]] aliyeshinda mbio za masafa marefu kwa wanaume. Bingwa mstaafu wa mbio za Olimpiki na za Jumuia ya Madola, [[Kipchoge Keino]], alisaidia kuanza ubingwa wa mbio za masafa marefu [[miaka ya 1970]] akafuatwa na bingwa wa michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola, [[Henry Rono]], aliyeshikilia rekodi kadhaa za dunia. Hivi majuzi, kumekuwa na mzozo wa wanariadha wa Kenya waliosaliti nchi yao na kuwakilisha nchi nyingine, hasa [[Bahrain]] na [[Qatar]]. [[Wizara ya michezo]] ya Kenya imejaribu kuzuia usaliti huu, lakini umeendelea tu, [[Bernard Lagat]] akiwa wa mwisho, akichagua kuiwakilisha [[Marekani]].Usaliti huu, kwingi unatokana na sababu za kiuchumi au kifedha ingawa pia wanariadha wazuri wasioweza kufaulu katika timu nzuri ya taifa huona ni rahisi kufaulu kwa kukimbilia nchi nyingine. Kenya pia imetawala [[voliboli]] ya wanawake barani Afrika, huku vilabu na [[timu ya taifa]] vikishinda mashindano kadhaa barani Afrika katika [[mwongo]] uliopita. Timu ya wanawake pia imeshiriki katika michezo ya Olimpiki na Mashindano ya Ulimwengu ingawa haijafaulu vilivyo. Mchezo wa kriketi ni maarufu na pia ni mchezo wa timu ambao umefaulu sana. Kenya imeshiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi]] tangu mwaka [[1996]]. Timu hii ilishinda baadhi ya timu maarufu ulimwenguni na kufikia [[semifainali]] katika mchuano wa mwaka [[2003]] na wachezaji kama vile [[Steve Tikolo]] na [[Maurice Odumbe]]. Walishinda ligi ya kriketi ya dunia daraja la 1 iliyofanyika Nairobi kwa mara ya kwanza, kisha wakashiriki katika mchuano wa ulimwengu wa T20. [[Nahodha]] wa sasa wa timu ni [[Collins Obuya]]. Kenya imejiundia jina katika muungano wa raga na wachezaji kama vile [[Collins Injera]] na [[Lucas Onyango]]. Mchezo huo ni maarufu nchini hasa kwa sababu ya mchuano wa kila mwaka wa Safari Sevens. Timu ya Kenya ya raga ya wachezaji [[saba]] kila upande ilikuwa nambari ya 9 katika michezo ya dunia ya wachezaji saba IRB katika msimu wa mwaka 2006. Kenya ilikuwa bingwa wa soka katika eneo hili lakini ubingwa huu umefifia kutokana na kutoelewana kwa maafisa wa Kamati ya Soka Nchini.<ref>New Vision, 3 Juni 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles ardhi Kenya utan fastställd FIFA marufuku] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 |date=20080110015009 }}</ref> Mizozo hii ilipelekea Kenya kupigwa marufuku na FIFA, lakini marufuku hii iliondolewa mnamo Machi 2007. Kwa upande wa mbio za magari, Kenya ndio waandalizi wa mbio za magari maarufu za [[Safari Rally]] zinazotambulika kuwa ngumu zaidi ulimwenguni,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 Julai 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA Rally: Delecour inachukua pointi kumaliza tarehe Safari Rally kwanza]</ref> na ambazo ni sehemu ya Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari kwa miaka mingi hadi kuondolewa kwake baada ya mbio za 2002 kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kifedha. Baadhi ya [[dereva|madereva]] maarufu wa mbio za magari ulimwenguni walioshiriki na kushinda mbio hizi ni [[Bjorn Waldegard]], [[Hannu Mokkola]], [[Tommi Makinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] na [[Colin McRae]]. Ingawa mbio hizi bado huendelea kila mwaka kama sehemu ya kutafuta Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari Afrika, waandalizi wanatarajia kuruhusiwa kujiunga tena na Ubingwa wa Magari Ulimwenguni katika miaka michache ijayo. ==Uchumi== {{Main|Uchumi wa Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Noti ya shilingi 20 ya mwaka 1994, ikimuonyesha Rais Daniel Arap Moi.]] Baada ya uhuru, Kenya iliendeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi haraka kupitia kwa uwekezaji wa umma, kuhimiza uzalishaji wa kilimo, na kushawishi uwekezaji wa watu binafsi na wageni katika viwanda. Pato la taifa lilikua kwa asilimia 6.6 kuanzia 1963 hadi 1973. Uzalishaji wa kilimo ulikua kwa asilimia 4.7 kila mwaka kwa kipindi hicho ukiwa umechochewa na ugawaji upya wa mashamba, kuanzishwa kwa kilimo cha mimea iliyoimarishwa, na kuanzisha mashamba mapya. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1974 na 1993 ukuaji wa uchumi wa Kenya ulipungua. Kupungua kwa kilimo kulisababishwa na sera za kilimo zisizofaa, mikopo isiyotosha na vikwazo visiyofaa vya biashara ya kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1993, Serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mpango mkuu wa kuimarisha uchumi na kuufanya huru. Waziri mpya wa fedha na gavana mpya wa Benki Kuu ya Kenya walianza mikakati iliyofuatana kuimarisha uchumi kwa usaidizi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]). Kama sehemu ya mpango huu, serikali iliondoa usimamizi wa bei za bidhaa, leseni za uagizaji na uthibiti wa ubadilishaji fedha, kubinafsisha kampuni nyingi zilizomilikiwa na umma, kupunguza idadi ya wafanyi kazi wa serikali na kuanzisha sera madhubuti za kulinda fedha. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1994 hadi 1996 ukuaji halisi wa uchumi wa Kenya ulikadiriwa juu kidogo ya asilimia 4 kwa mwaka. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1997 na 2000, uchumi uliingia kipindi cha kupungua au kutoimarika, kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya anga na kupungua kwa shughuli za kiuchumi. Mwaka wa 2001 pato la taifa liliimarika kiasi kwani mvua ilirejea kunyesha karibu na viwango vya awali. Ukuaji wa kiuchumi uliendelea kuimarika kiasi mwaka wa 2002 na kufikia asilimia 1.4 mwaka wa 2003, asilimia 4.3 mwaka wa 2004, kisha asilimia 5.8 mwaka wa 2005. [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Uwanja wa ndege wa Kimataifa wa Jomo Kenyatta]], ambao ndio mkubwa zaidi na wenye shughuli nyingi zaidi katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki.]] Mnamo Julai 1997, Serikali ya Kenya ilikataa kutimiza makubaliano ya awali na IMF kuhusu mabadiliko ya utawala wake. Jambo hili lilisababisha kukatizwa kwa misaada kwa miaka 3, nayo Benki ya Dunia ikaubana mkopo wa dola milioni 90 za mpango wa kuufufua uchumi. Ingawa mabadiliko mengi ya kiuchumi yaliyofanywa kati ya 1993-94 yalibakia, wataalamu wa maswala ya kiuchumi wasiopendelea mabadiliko waliamini kuwa Kenya iliitaji mabadiliko zaidi, hasa ya kiutawala ili kuongeza ukuaji wa pato la taifa (GDP). Serikali ya Kenya ilichukua hatua yakini za mabadiliko, pamoja na kuunda Tume ya Kupambana na Ufisadi (KACA), kuanzisha hatua za kuimarisha uwazi wa katika mikakati ya serikali kupata bidhaa na kupunguza fedha inayotumiwa na serikali kulipia mishahara. Mnamo Julai 2000, shirika la IMF lilitia saini dola milioni 150 za Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), nayo Benki ya Dunia ilifuatia na mkopo wa dola milioni 157 kuimarisha uchumi na kuibadilisha sekta ya umma. Mwezi wa Desemba 2000, iliamuliwa kuwa tume ya kupambana na ufisadi haikuwa ya kikatiba na sehemu za juhudi za mabadiliko kukatizwa mwaka 2001. Shirika la IMF na Benki ya Dunia zilikatiza mipango yao. Juhudi zilizofanywa kuanzisha upya mipango hii katikati ya mwaka wa 2002 hazikufaulu. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Kibaki, aliyechukua hatamu za uongozi tarehe 30 mwezi wa Desemba 2002, serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mipango mipya na kabambe ya uimarishaji uchumi na imerejelea ushirikiano wake na Benki ya Dunia na IMF. Serikali mpya ya National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) iliidhinisha Sheria dhidi ya Ufisadi na Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi pamoja na Sheria ya Maadili ya Watumishi wa Umma mnamo Mei 2003 iliyolenga kupiga vita ufisadi katika ofisi za umma. Mabadiliko mengine, hasa katika idara ya sheria, kuagiza bidhaa za umma na kadhalika yamepelekea kurejelewa kwa misaada na matumaini ya kuimarisha uchumi. Kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria muhimu za kupambana na ufisadi na serikali mpya, wafadhili walirejelea ufadhili mwezi wa Novemba 2003 na IMF ikaidhinisha msaada wa miaka mitatu wa dola milion 250 ili kupunguza umaskini na kuimarisha uchumi. Wafadhili wakatoa dola bilioni 4.2 kama msaada wa miaka minnne. Kurejelewa kwa ufadhili na kujihusizisha upya kwao kumevutia imani ya wawekezaji. Mswada wa [[ubinafsishaji]] umeidhinishwa ingawa kuanzishwa kwa tume ya ubinafsishaji hakujakamilika, mabadiliko katika utendakazi wa umma yametekelezwa na mwaka wa 2007 Kenya ilishinda tuzo la Umoja wa Kimataifa la Utendakazi wa Umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083024/http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |archivedate=2008-02-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235927/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kazi nyingi zinahitajika kufanywa ili kuiwezesha nchi hii kuyafikia mataifa yaliyoendelea sana kiuchumi, hasa yale ya Mashariki ya Mbali. Changamoto kuu ni pamoja na kuchukua hatua thabiti dhidi ya ufisadi, kupitisha sheria zinazoshughulikia ugaidi na biashara haramu, kutatua upungufu wa ufadhili wa bajeti kisha kurekebisha na kuunda miundo msingi. Inaaminika haya yatasaidia kudumisha sera za kimsingi za kiuchumi, na kuhakikisha ukuaji wa kasi wa kiuchumi uliofikia asilimia 7.2 mwaka wa 2007. Mwaka wa 2007, serikali ya Kenya ilizindua [[Ruwaza ya Kenya 2030|Ruwaza 2030]], ambao ni mpango wa kiuchumi wenye matumaini makuu na ambao ikiwa utatekelezwa kikamilifu, una uwezo wa kuifanya nchi hii kuwa katika kiwango sawa na mataifa yaliyoendelea kiuchumi ya Asia. Nairobi inaendelea kuwa kituo muhimu na cha kimsingi kwa mawasiliano na biashara cha Afrika Mashariki. Kinajivuna kuwa na miundo msingi ya uchukuzi na mawasiliano bora zaidi katika eneo hili, na wafanyi kazi wenye ujuzi. Makampuni mengi ya kigeni hudumisha matawi yao katika eneo hili ama ofisi za kuyawakilisha mjini Nairobi. Mnamo Machi 1996, Marais wa Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda waliifufua Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC). Shabaha za EAC ni pamoja na kusawazisha kodi na ada zinazotozwa bidhaa, utembeaji huru wa watu na kuimarisha miundo msingi katika eneo hili. Nchi hizi tatu za Afrika Mashariki zilitia saini mkataba wa Customs Union Agreement mwezi wa Machi 2004. {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1400px|<center>Mji wa Nairobi</center>}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| <td>{{Resize|120%|Muhtasari wa uchumi wa nchi}}</td> |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la taifa | Dola bilioni 41.84 (2012) kwa bei ya sasa. Dola bilioni 76.07 (Uwezo wa kununua bidhaa usio sawa, 2012) Kuna pia uchumi mkubwa usio rasmi ambao haujawahi kujumuishwa kama sehemu ya pato la taifa. |- ! style="text-align:left"| Ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa mwaka | 5.1% (2012) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka | Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka (PPP)= $1,800 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Malighafi ya kiasili | Wanyama wa pori, Ardhi (5% inayolimika) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Bidhaa za kilimo | Chai, kahawa, mahindi, ngano, miwa, mboga na matunda, pareto, bidhaa za maziwa, nyama na bidhaa za wanyama |- ! style="text-align:left"| Viwanda | Bidhaa za petroli, usagaji wa nafaka na miwa, saruji, pombe, vinywaji, nguo, uunganishaji magari, makaratasi, utengenezaji wa bidhaa za kimsingi, utalii |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| Biashara ya mwaka 2012 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Biasharanje | Dola bilioni 5.942 | chai, kahawa, bidhaa za mboga na matunda, bidhaa za petroli, saruji, samaki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Masoko muhimu (2012) <ref name="worldfactbook"/> | colspan="2"| Uganda, Tanzania, Uholanzi, Uingereza, Marekani, Misri, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |- ! style="text-align:left"| Maduhuli | Dola bilioni 14.39 | mashine, magari, bidhaa za petroli, vyuma, resini na bidhaa za plastiki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Mataifa muhimu yaletayo bidhaa Kenya {{nbsp|2}} | colspan="2"| China, Uhindi, Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu, Saudi Arabia, Afrika Kusini, Ujapani |} === Utafutaji wa mafuta === Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa [[2006]] Rais wa [[Uchina]], [[Hu Jintao]], alitia saini kandarasi ya utafutaji wa mafuta na Kenya. Haya ndiyo makubaliano ya hivi punde kati ya mfululizo wa mapatano yaliyopagwa kuelekeza maliasili ya Afrika huko Uchina ambako uchumi wake waendelea kukua kwa haraka. Kandarasi hii iliwezesha kampuni inayoongozwa na taifa la Uchina “offshore oil and gas company” CNOOC Ltd kutafuta mafuta Kenya, ambayo ilianza kuchimba visima vya kwanza mpakani mwa Sudan na Somalia na katika maji ya upwa wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel|date=10 Agosti 2006|publisher=Financial Times|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Athari za Ukoloni nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Kenya]] * [[Mito ya Kenya|Orodha ya mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya benki nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Kenya}} ; Serikali * [http://www.communication.go.ke/ Spokeperson serikali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |date=20081022110047 }} Ofisi Mnenaji wa Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Kenya. * [http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Serikali ya Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenya.go.ke/ |date=20081113033437 }} Official site. * [http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Legislation Kenya, Uchunguzi Sheria, Official Gazette Notices na kisheria Info. * [http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ |date=20081105143157 }} Official site State House, Kenya. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Mkuu wa Nchi na Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html |date=20091026201734 }} ; Jumla * Maelezo ya nchi (Country Profile) kutoka BBC News * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] kutoka [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm |date=20091024050050 }} kutoka ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}} ; Vyombo vya habari * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Vyombo vya habari Kenya] orodha kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] ; Utalii * [http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] * {{wikivoyage|Kenya}} ; Historia * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu ya Kenya Colony] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu wa 1908 Dermacation wa Ethiopia-Kenya Border] ; Nyingine * [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ Kenya Coast bibliography.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |date=20091108081958 }} ''Academic bibliography, hasa kwa Kiingereza, compiled by Jan Hoorweg, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden.'' * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Kimaiyo | first = Towett J. | title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices&nbsp;— 1902–2004 | publisher = Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | pages = 127 pages + appendices | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ | access-date = 2009-12-07 | archive-date = 2007-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ }} * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Who Owns Kenya?&nbsp;— What is the Queen Doing in Parliament? | date = 31 Machi 2007 | url = http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | accessdate = 2009-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221033/http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | archivedate = 2008-03-18 }} * [http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/africa/ken/index.htm Vijijini umaskini katika Kenya] (IFAD) * [http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html Kenya View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html |date=20070726094957 }} Mandhari na uzuri wa Kenya katika pica *[https://www.georgenjogu.com/ Kenyan Money News] {{Wayback|url=https://www.georgenjogu.com/ |date=20190806051930 }} Mkusanyiko wa Kazi kutoka kenya. * [http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ UNESCO Nairobi Office - Sekta ya Elimu Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ |date=20100331001952 }} * [[Wikia:Solarcooking:Kenya|Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni ya kupikia nishati ya jua nchini Kenya]] * [https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ Plus Size Expert] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ |date=20180226115134 }} Mkusanyo wa habari kutoka Kenya. {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Kenya|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 3dt7gjbc6zu6pm7yo94qch8tu1pxm7o 1599904 1599900 2026-09-24T06:30:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kenya | jina_asili = ''Republic of Kenya'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag_of_Kenya.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg | ukubwa_nembo = 90 | kaulimbiu = "[[Harambee]]" | wimbo = "[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]"<br>[[File:National_anthem_of_Kenya,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav]] | ramani2 = Kenya topographic map-sw.svg | ramani = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkuu = [[Nairobi]] | latd = 1 | latm = 16 | latNS = S | longd = 36 | longm = 48 | longEW = E | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | utaifa = Mkenya | kabila = {{plainlist| *17.13% [[Wakikuyu]] *14.35% [[Waluhya]] *13.37% [[Wakalenjin]] *10.65% [[Waluo]] *9.81% [[Wakamba]] *5.85% [[Wasomali]] *5.68% [[Wakisii]] *5.23% [[Mijikenda]] *4.15% [[Wameru]] *13.78% Wengine}} | mwaka_kabila = 2019 | dini = {{plainlist| *85.5% [[Ukristo]] *10.9% [[Uislamu]] *1.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *0.7% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika]] *1.3% Wengine }} | mwaka_dini = 2019 | serikali = [[Serikali ya kiraisi|Jamhuri ya kiraisi]] | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Marais wa Kenya|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Naibu rais wa Kenya|Naibu Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Seneti ya Kenya|Spika wa Seneti]]<br>{{*}}[[Spika wa Bunge la Kenya|Spika wa Bunge]]<br>{{*}}Jaji Mkuu | majina_viongozi = [[William Ruto]]<br>[[Kithure Kindiki]]<br>[[Amason Kingi]]<br>[[Moses Wetangula]]<br>[[Martha Koome]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili]] | tukio2 = Jamhuri | tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = Karne ya 8 | tukio2_tarehe = 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 2010 | eneo_jumla = 580 367<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kenya|accessdate=2024-03-30|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 2.3 | watu_kadirio = 52,428,290 <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Kenya population 2024|author=Knbs|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20Kenya,gender%20composition%20of%20the%20population. |accessdate=2025-04-02|lang=en}}</ref> | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | sensa = 2019 | watu_sensa = 47 564 296<ref name="Census2019a">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} $401.97 bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=April 2025 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}</ref> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $7,530<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | cheo_plt_ppp = 59 | pato = {{ongezeko}} $131.67 Bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} $2,470<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2025 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.628<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 March 2024|page=289|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>(ya 143)</br> {{kati}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Kenya]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | tld = [[.ke]] | iso3166 = KE | msimbo_simu = 254 | udereva = Kushoto | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka }} '''Kenya''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kenya''' ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[Afrika Mashariki]] katika [[ikweta]], kando ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Kenya imepakana na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Somalia]] upande wa kaskazini mashariki, [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini, [[Uganda]] na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] upande wa magharibi, kisha [[Sudan Kusini]] upande wa kaskazini magharibi.Mnamo 2024 Kenya ina watu milioni 54 na kuwa nchi ya 26 kubwa duniani kwa Idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] wake mkuu na mkubwa ni [[Nairobi]], lakini [[Mombasa]] ni mji mashuhuri pia. Ukiwa kama mji kongwe zaidi na [[bandari]] kuu iliyopo katika [[Kisiwa cha Mombasa]]. Miji mingine ni pamoja na [[Nakuru]], [[Eldoret]], na [[Kisumu]]. Kenya ina [[Historia ya Kenya|historia ndefu]] inayojumuisha makazi ya awali ya binadamu, mitandao ya kale ya biashara ya pwani, [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza|utawala wa kikoloni]], na maendeleo ya taifa baada ya uhuru. Ugunduzi wa akiolojia katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] umechangia kuelewa maendeleo ya awali ya binadamu, ambapo baadhi ya mabaki ya kale zaidi ya jamii za hominidi yamepatikana katika eneo la Kenya ya sasa. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/History |author=Kenneth Ingham |title=History of Kenya |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kando ya pwani, miji kama [[Mombasa]] na [[Lamu]] ilikua vituo muhimu vya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Waswahili]] na [[biashara ya Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyohusisha wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]], [[Wahindi]], na baadaye [[Wazungu]]. <ref name="UNESCO_Lamu">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 |title=Mji Mkongwe wa Lamu |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ikawa sehemu ya [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na baadaye ilipata uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] mwaka 1963 chini ya uongozi wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. <ref name="BBC_Kenya_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341 |title=Wasifu wa Kenya |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ina [[mandhari]] mbalimbali kuanzia maeneo ya [[jangwa la Chalbi]] kaskazini, nyanda za juu zenye rutuba katikati, hadi [[msitu|misitu]] na [[pwani]] yenye mandhari ya kuvutia kusini mashariki. [[Mlima Kenya]], mlima wa pili kwa urefu barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], uko katikati ya nchi na ni kivutio kikubwa cha utalii. Zaidi ya hayo, mbuga za wanyama kama [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Amboseli|Amboseli]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki|Tsavo]], na [[Samburu]] huvutia watalii kutoka kote ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya wanyama pori kama [[simba]], [[tembo]], [[vifaru]], na pundamilia. [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]], Kenya ni nchi iliyoendelea zaidi katika eneo la bara ya [[Afrika Mashariki]], ikiwa na uchumi unaotegemea sekta za [[kilimo]], huduma, [[utalii]], na teknolojia. Kilimo, hasa uzalishaji wa [[chai]], [[kahawa]], [[maua]] na mboga, ni uti wa mgongo wa ajira na mapato ya kigeni. [[Teknolojia]] ya habari na mawasiliano pia imekua haraka, huku jiji la Nairobi likiitwa "''Silicon Savannah''" kwa mchango wake katika ubunifu wa kidijitali na kampuni za teknolojia kama [[Safaricom]] na huduma ya [[M-pesa]]. [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]] ndizo lugha rasmi za Kenya, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya makabila tofauti, na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika mandhari rasmi kama [[Shule]], [[bunge]] n.k Kenya ni jamhuri ya urais yenye udemokrasia wa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] uliowekwa chini ya Katiba ya mwaka 2010, ambayo ilianzisha serikali za ugatuzi kupitia kaunti 47. <ref name="WFB_Kenya_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |title=Kenya - World Factbook: Serikali |website=cia.gov |publisher=Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani (CIA) |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, huku mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yakitekelezwa na Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="Kenya_Parliament">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/ |title=Bunge la Kenya |website=parliament.go.ke |publisher=Serikali ya Kenya |date=2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[Jumuiya ya Madola]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na ina nafasi muhimu katika diplomasia ya kikanda, biashara, na shughuli za kulinda amani katika [[Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="EAC_Kenya">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/republic-of-kenya |title=Wasifu wa Kenya kama Nchi Mwanachama wa EAC |website=eac.int |publisher=Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Jiografia== {{Main|Jiografia ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Mlima Kenya ni kilele cha juu kabisa nchini. Kenya imepata jina lake kutoka mlima huo.]] Kenya ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 580,367 ([[maili mraba]] 224,081). Kutoka [[pwani]] ya Bahari ya Hindi, nyanda za chini zimeinuka hadi milima ya kati. Milima hii imetenganishwa na eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa]]; sehemu [[tambarare]] yenye [[rutuba]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Milima ya Kenya ni kati ya iliyofaulu kwa [[kilimo]] barani Afrika. Eneo hili la milima ndilo la juu zaidi nchini Kenya (na la pili kwa urefu barani Afrika<ref name="annexation1">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony|edition=15|volume=17|pages=801, 1b|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-85229-787-4}}</ref> [[Mlima Kenya]], unaofikia [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na ni eneo lenye [[mito]] ya [[barafu]]. Kusini mashariki [[milima ya Taita]] ndiyo mwanzo wa [[tao la Mashariki]], [[safu za milima]] zenye miaka zaidi ya [[milioni]] 100 ambazo zinaenea hasa nchini Tanzania. Upande huohuo wa [[kusini]] [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] ({{Convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) huweza kuonekana ukiwa ng'ambo ya mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{Cite map| publisher = Rough Guide| title = Rough Guide Map Kenya| edition =9| year = 2006 | cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> ===Halihewa=== Kenya ni nchi yenye [[jua]] kali na [[nguo]] za [[majira ya joto]] huvaliwa mwaka mzima. Hata hivyo, huwa na [[baridi]] [[usiku]] na pia [[asubuhi]] na mapema. [[Hali ya hewa]] ina [[joto]] na [[unyevu]] sehemu za pwani, joto kiasi sehemu za [[bara]] na ni [[Ukame|kame]] katika sehemu za kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Hata hivyo kuna [[mvua]] nyingi kati ya [[Machi]] na [[Aprili]], na mvua ya kadiri kati ya [[Oktoba]] na [[Novemba]]. [[Halijoto]] huwa juu zaidi miezi hii yote. Mvua ya [[masika]] hunyesha kuanzia Aprili hadi [[Juni]]. Mvua ya [[vuli]] nayo hunyesha kuanzia Oktoba hadi [[Desemba]]. Wakati mwingine mvua hii huwa nyingi na aghalabu hunyesha wakati wa [[alasiri]] na [[jioni]]. Majira ya joto jingi ni kuanzia [[Februari]] hadi Machi nayo ya baridi ni [[Julai]] hadi [[Agosti]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mji !Mwinuko ([[mita]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Free topographic maps, elevation, terrain|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/|work=Topographic maps|accessdate=2024-04-03|language=en}}</ref> !Wastani wa Halijoto ([[°C]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya|accessdate=2024-04-03|title=Climate in Kenya|language=en|author=Climates to Travel}}</ref> !Upeo wa juu ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> !Upeo wa chini ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> |- |Mombasa |50 |26.4 |30.4 |22.5 |- |Nairobi |1 795 |19.75 |25.7 |13.9 |- |Eldoret |2 111 |17.3 |23.6 |11.1 |- |Lodwar |509 |29.6 |35.3 |24 |- |Mandera |540 |29.4 |34.6 |24.3 |} ===Mazingira=== {{main|Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya}} Kenya ina maeneo makubwa wanapoishi [[wanyamapori]] likiwemo [[Masai Mara]], ambapo [[nyumbu]] na [[wanyama]] wengi [[walanyasi]] hushiriki katika [[uhamaji]] kila [[mwaka]]. Uhamaji huo, hasa uhamaji wa nyumbu, hutokea Juni hadi Septemba na hushirikisha mamilioni ya wanyama. Tukio hili huwavutia sana wapigaji [[picha]] za [[sinema]]. Takribani nyumbu 250,000 huangamia kila mwaka katika uhamaji huu wa kutafuta [[lishe]] wakati wa [[kiangazi]]. Wale wanyama wakubwa watano wa Afrika wanapatikana Kenya: [[simba]], [[chui]], [[nyati]], [[kifaru]] na [[ndovu]]. Wanyama wengine wengi wa [[pori]] na [[ndege]] hupatikana katika [[mbuga za taifa]] na [[hifadhi za wanyama]] hawa nchini. Mazingira ya Kenya yanahatarishwa na ongezeko kubwa la idadi ya watu na athari zake. [[Picha:A lone giraffe in Nairobi National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Twiga katika Mbuga ya wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Nairobi, na upeo wa macho wa Nairobi nyuma yake.]] [[Picha:African safari route.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Njia katika [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki]].]] ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Kenya}} === Historia ya awali === Eneo ambalo leo linajulikana kama Kenya lina ushahidi muhimu sana wa mwanzo wa mageuzi ya binadamu ndani ya Bonde la [[Ziwa Turkana]] na mfumo mpana wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Ugunduzi wa visukuku katika maeneo kama [[Koobi Fora]], [[Nariokotome]], na [[Kanapoi]] umejumuisha mabaki ya hominini wa awali kama vile ''Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis'', na ''Homo erectus'', ikiwemo mifupa karibu kamili inayojulikana kama ''Turkana Boy'' kutoka [[Nariokotome]], ambayo imetoa ushahidi muhimu kuhusu anatomia ya binadamu wa awali, ukuaji, na mabadiliko ya kimazingira. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.museums.or.ke/paleontology/ |title=Paleontology Section |website=museums.or.ke |publisher=National Museums of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia|kiakiolojia]] pia umeonyesha zana za mawe za Oldowan zilizotumika zaidi ya miaka milioni 2.6 iliyopita pamoja na handaxe za Acheulean za baadaye, zikionyesha maendeleo ya awali ya teknolojia zilizotumika kwa kukata, kuwinda, na kusindika chakula. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Mabadiliko ya mazingira katika [[Bonde la Ufa]] kama vile kubadilika kwa viwango vya maziwa na hali ya hewa yanaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na makazi ya muda mrefu ya binadamu na uwezo wa kuzoea mazingira katika eneo hilo kwa mamilioni ya miaka. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory"/> === Historia kabla ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Great Mosque of Gede.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Msikiti mkuu]] wa [[Gedi]] ambao ni wa kutoka [[karne ya 13]].]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo linaloitwa Kenya walikuwa wa jamii ya [[Wakhoisan]]: hadi leo kuna makabila matatu madogo yenye asili hiyo, ingawa yanatumia [[lugha za Kikushi]]: [[Waata]], [[Waawer]] na [[Wadahalo]]. [[Wakushi]] kutoka [[kaskazini]] waliingia Kenya kati ya [[miaka ya 3200 KK]] na [[1300 KK]]<ref name="pbs.org">[http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm Wonders wa Afrika World - ]PBS</ref>. Mwaka [[500 KK]] hivi wazungumzaji wa [[lugha za Kinilo-Sahara]] na katika [[milenia ya kwanza KK]] wale wa [[lugha za Kibantu]] waliingia katika eneo hili, na sasa [[Waniloti]] ni 30% ya Wakenya wote. [[Wafanyabiashara]] [[Waarabu]] walianza kufika [[pwani]] ya Kenya [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]]. Ukaribu wa Kenya na Uarabuni ulirahisisha [[ukoloni]], hivyo Waarabu na [[Waajemi]] walianza kuishi eneo la pwani [[karne ya 8]]. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya walioitwa "Waarabu" katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki walikuwa ma[[chotara]], Waafrika-Waarabu. Pwani ya Kenya imekuwa makao ya jamii ya [[wahunzi]] na jamii ya [[wakulima]] wadogowadogo, [[wawindaji]] na [[wavuvi]] ambao walikuwa [[mhimili]] wa [[uchumi]] kwa kushiriki katika kilimo, uvuvi, utengenezaji chuma, na [[biashara]] na nchi za kigeni.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kuanzia [[karne ya 6]] au [[karne ya 9]], Kenya ilijihusisha na [[shughuli]] za u[[baharia]] kukuza [[uchumi]] ikaanza kutengeneza [[meli]] za kuabiria kusini hadi miji mingine yenye [[bandari]] kama [[Kilwa]] na [[Shanga]] iliyo katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Mombasa]] ulikuwa [[mji]] wenye bandari wa nchi ya Kenya katika [[karne za kati]]. Bandari hiyo ilitumika kuendeleza [[biashara]] na miji mingine yenye bandari Afrika, [[Uajemi]], na wafanyabiashara Waarabu, [[Yemeni]] na hata [[Bara Hindi]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;lpg=PA22&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India&amp;source=web&amp;ots=KBr2nADf21&amp;sig=X9gvzWPMoRzXyLYW5YdQLVTHMpQ&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=eW2VSbTsKp6DtweemZScCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad]</ref> [[Baharia]] [[Mreno]] [[Duarte Barbosa]] wa [[karne ya 15]] alidai kuwa "[Mombasa] ni bandari nzuri na yenye shughuli nyingi, [[mashua]] nyingi na hata meli kubwa ajabu, ambazo zote hutoka [[Sofala]] na nyingine kutoka [[Cambay]], [[Melinde]] na nyingine zinazoabiri hadi kisiwani [[Unguja]]."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&amp;pg=PA24&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade&amp;source=web&amp;ots=4RAxkPTIWI&amp;sig=G9JDunc4cYFCp1kdp1ghtyPG9Q0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=Tm2VSdKwING3twfUlKS0Cw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ct=result Dispersal Afrika katika Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali]</ref> Karne kadhaa kabla ya ukoloni, [[upwa]] wa Kenya wanakoishi [[Waswahili]] ulikuwa sehemu ya eneo la mashariki mwa Afrika lililofanya biashara, hasa ya [[watumwa]] na [[pembe za ndovu]] na Waarabu na [[Wahindi]]. Inasemekana kwamba [[kabila]] la [[Wameru (Kenya)|Wameru]] lilitokana na watumwa waliotoroka utumwa [[Uarabuni]] [[miaka ya 1700]]. Mwanzoni wafanyabiashara wengi walitokea [[milki]] za Uarabuni lakini baadaye wengine wakatokea Unguja (kama [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Kiswahili Coast.] {{Wayback|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=20071230022459 }} Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> [[Kiswahili]], ambacho ni [[lugha]] ya [[Kibantu]] iliyokopa [[misamiati]] ya [[Kiarabu]], [[Kiajemi]] na mingine kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Asia Kusini]], baadaye ilikua ikawa [[lingua franca]] ya biashara kwa jamii mbalimbali.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, upwa wa Kenya umekuwa mwenyeji wa wafanyabiashara na wasafiri. Kati ya miji iliyopo kwenye upwa wa Kenya, mji wa [[Malindi]] umebakia kuwa makazi muhimu ya Waswahili tangu [[karne ya 14]] na wakati mmoja ulishindana na Mombasa kwa ukuu pande hizi za Afrika Mashariki. Kwa kawaida, Malindi umekuwa mji na bandari ya kirafiki kwa [[serikali]] nyingine. Mwaka wa [[1414]], [[Sultani]] Mwarabu wa Malindi alianzisha uhusiano wa ki[[diplomasia]] na utawala wa [[Uchina]] wa [[Ming]], wakati wa safari za [[mchunguzi]] [[Zheng He]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html Sultani wa Malinda, PBS]</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1498]], utawala wa Malindi ulimkaribisha msafiri na [[mvumbuzi]] maarufu kutoka Ureno, [[Vasco da Gama]]. === Chini ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Kenya topographic map (+cities)-es.svg|thumb|left|360px| Seaport Mombasa, chini ya Malindi, ina reli ya Nairobi (kituo), kusini ya Naivasha &amp; Nyeri. (bonyeza ramani ilu kuipanua)]] [[Wareno]] walikuwa [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza kuzuru eneo la Kenya ya sasa: [[Vasco da Gama]] alikuwa amezuru Mombasa mwaka wa [[1498]]. Safari ya Vasco da Gama ilifaulu alipofikia huko [[India]], na jambo hilo liliwawezesha Wareno kufanya [[biashara]] moja kwa moja na [[Mashariki ya Mbali]] kupitia [[bahari]] na hivyo kutatiza mitandao ya kibiashara ya awali ya [[nchi kavu]] na baharini kama njia za biashara ya [[viungo]] zilizotumia [[Ghuba la Uajemi]], [[Bahari Nyekundu]] na misafara iliyofika hadi eneo la mashariki ya [[Bahari ya Kati|Mediterranea]]. [[Jamhuri ya Venisi]] ndiyo iliyotawala maeneo ya biashara kati ta [[Uropa]] na [[Asia]]. Baada ya njia za kawaida za nchi kavu hadi India kufungwa na [[Waturuki]] wa [[Waosmani|Ottoman]], Ureno ulitarajiwa kutumia njia ya baharini iliyotumiwa kwanza na Vasco da Ghama ili kuvunja [[ukiritimba]] wa [[Venice]]. Utawala wa Wareno huko Afrika Mashariki ulijihusisha hasa na pwani iliyokaribia Mombasa. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kulianza rasmi baada ya mwaka wa [[1505]], wakati [[manowari]] za Wareno, zikiongozwa na Don [[Francisco de Almeida]], zilipokishinda [[Kilwa]], [[kisiwa]] kilicho katika eneo ambalo sasa ni [[Tanzania]] kusini. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kuliwawezesha kudhibiti biashara katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], na kulinda njia za baharini zinazounganisha Uropa na Asia. Manowari zao za kivita zilikwamisha biashara za maadui wao magharibi mwa Bahari ya Hindi na walitoza [[kodi]] juu ya [[bidhaa]] zilizosafirishwa kupitia eneo hilo kwani walitawala [[bandari]] zote na njia kuu za [[meli]]. Kujengwa kwa [[ngome]] iliyoitwa [[Fort Jesus Mombasa]] mwaka wa [[1593]] kulikusudiwa kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo, lakini [[ushawishi]] wao ulikatizwa na kuja kwa [[Waingereza]], [[Waholanzi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]] katika eneo hilo [[karne ya 17]]. Waarabu kutoka Omani ndio waliokuwa [[tishio]] kuu la utawala wa Wareno Afrika Mashariki na waliizingira ngome ya Wareno, wakazishambulia meli zao za kivita, kisha kuwafukuza Wareno waliobaki kutoka pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania mwaka wa [[1730]]. Kufikia wakati huo, ufalme wa Ureno haukuwa na [[haja]] na njia ya bahari ya biashara ya viungo kwani [[faida]] yake ilikuwa imepungua sana. Utawala wa Wareno ulibakia tu katika bandari na maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Msumbiji]] hadi mwaka wa [[1975]]. Kutawaliwa kwa pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania na Waarabu kutoka Omani kuliifanya miji hii iliyojitawala hapo awali iwe chini ya uangalifu mkali wa wageni kuliko ilivyokuwa katika enzi za utawala wa Wareno. Waarabu wa Omani, kama Wareno waliowatangulia, waliweza kutawala eneo la pwani tu, si eneo la bara. Hata hivyo, kuanzishwa kwa ma[[shamba]] makubwa ya mi[[karafuu]], kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] na kuhamishwa kwa [[makao makuu]] ya Waomani hadi [[Zanzibar]] mwaka wa [[1839]] na [[Seyyid Said]] kulisababisha Waomani kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo. Utawala wa Waarabu katika bandari kuu zote za pwani ya Afrika Mashariki uliendelea hadi [[Uingereza]] ilipoamua kumaliza biashara ya utumwa na uanzishaji wa [[utaratibu]] wa kufanya [[kazi]] kwa [[malipo]] ukaanza kushinikiza utawala wa Waomani. Kufikia mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]], biashara ya watumwa katika bahari zote kuu ilikuwa imeharamishwa na Waingereza: Waarabu wa Omani hawakuwa na uwezo wa kupingana na [[jeshi la wanamaji]] la Uingereza lililokuwa likitekeleza amri hiyo. Waomani waliendelea kuwepo visiwani [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba]] hadi [[mapinduzi]] ya mwaka wa [[1964]], lakini kuwepo kwa Waarabu wa Omani nchini Kenya rasmi kulisitishwa wakati Wajerumani na Waingereza walipozidhibiti bandari zote kuu na kuanzisha mahusiano ya kibiashara na viongozi mashuhuri waliokuwa wenyeji [[miaka ya 1880]]. Hata hivyo, [[urithi]] waliouacha Afrika Mashariki ungali unaonekana kupitia kwa vizazi vyao vipatikanavyo pwani ya Kenya na ambavyo vinaona kuwa asili yao ni Oman. Vizazi hivi hata leo humiliki [[utajiri]] mwingi na ndio wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa katika jamii za pwani ya Kenya. [[Picha:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|400 px|[[Reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] karibu na Mombasa, [[1899]] hivi]] Hata hivyo, [[wanahistoria]] wengi hushikilia kuwa [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] nchini Kenya ilianza wakati Wajerumani walipoanza kutawala [[mali]] ya [[Sultani wa Unguja]] iliyo pwani mwaka wa [[1885]], ikifuatwa na kuja kwa [[kampuni]] ya Imperial British East Africa Company mwaka wa [[1888]]. [[Uhasama]] wa kwanza baina ya ma[[bepari]] ulikatizwa wakati Ujerumani ulipouachia Uingereza sehemu ya pwani iliyomiliki. Hii ilifuatia kujengwa kwa [[reli]] iliyounganisha Kenya na [[Uganda]]. Baadhi ya ma[[kabila]] ya Kenya yalipinga [[ujenzi]] huo, hasa [[Wanandi]] wakiongozwa na ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' Koitalel Arap Samoei kwa miaka kumi, kuanzia [[1895]] hadi [[1905]] – lakini hatimaye Waingereza waliijenga reli hii. Inaaminika kuwa Wanandi walikuwa kabila la kwanza kuwekwa kwenye maeneo yaliyotengewa [[Waafrika]] ili kuwazuia kutatiza ujenzi wa reli. Wakati huo [[Wahindi]] wengi wenye [[ujuzi]] waliingia nchini ili kuchangia ujenzi. Wakati wa ujenzi wa reli kupitia [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Magharibi]], Wahindi wengi na wenyeji Waafrika walivamiwa na [[simba]] wawili waliojulikana kama “[[wala watu wa Tsavo]]”. Wahindi hao na vizazi vyao baadaye walibakia nchini Kenya na kuunda [[kitovu]] cha [[jamii]] za Wahindi zijulikanayo kama [[Ismaili Muslim]] na [[Sikh]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archivedate=2009-01-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html Sikh]</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[1914]], [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] vilipoanza, ma[[gavana]] wa [[British East Africa]] (kama eneo hilo lilivyojulikana) na [[German East Africa]] walifikia makubaliano ili kuepusha ma[[koloni]] yao machanga na uhasama. Hata hivyo, [[Luteni Kanali]] [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] alichukua [[mamlaka]] ya majeshi ya Ujerumani, akiwa na kusudi la kutwaa [[raslimali]] nyingi iwezekanavyo za Uingereza. Jeshi la Uingereza likiwa limemtenga na Ujerumani, von Lettow aliendesha [[kampeni]] iliyofaulu ya [[vita vya kuvizia]], wakila walichopata, wakiteka bidhaa za matumizi za Uingereza, na kuepuka kushindwa. Mwishowe alisalimu amri na akajisalimisha nchini [[Zambia]] siku kumi na moja baada ya mapatano ya kusimamisha vita kutiwa [[sahihi]] mwaka wa [[1918]]. Waingereza walitumia jeshi la Wahindi kumfukuza Lettow na walihitaji [[wachukuzi]] wengi ili kubeba vifaa vya matumizi hadi [[bara]] kwa [[miguu]] na hivyo kutatua [[shida]] kuu ya uchukuzi. Kundi la wanajeshi wachukuzi liliundwa na kuwajumuisha Waafrika 400,000, na kuchangia katika [[uhamasishaji]] wao wa muda mrefu kisiasa. Hadi mwaka wa 1920, eneo linaloitwa Kenya lilijulikana kama Himaya ya Uingereza ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="annexation">{{Rejea kitabu|title=British East Africa Annexed--Kenya Colony|author=Reuter|section=News|date=8 Julai 1920|page=13|issue=42457}}</ref> Mwaka huo, [[koloni]] la Kenya liliundwa na kupatiwa jina linalotokana na Mlima Kenya<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Foottit |first=Claire |title=Kenya |origyear=2004 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |year=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>Waingereza walilitamka jina hilo kama {{pron-en|ˈkiːnjə}}<ref name="oed_kenya">{{OED|Kenya}}</ref> ingawa matamshi ya wenyeji na yaliyokusudiwa katika maendelezo asili, ''Kenia'' yalikuwa ˈkɛnja.<ref>''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0368-4016(194301)42%3A166%3C42%3A%22SOK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P The Spelling ya Kenya.]'' BJ Ratcliffe. Journal ya Royal African Society, Vol. 42, Namba 166 (Januari 1943), uk. 42-44</ref> Enzi ya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kuwa [[rais]] wa Kenya miaka ya [[1960]]-[[1969]], matamshi ya [[Kiingereza]], yaani {{IPA-en|ˈkɛnjə|}} yalikubalika na kutumiwa sana kwa sababu jina lake lilidumisha matamshi asilia ya wenyeji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Foottit | first = Claire | title = Kenya | origyear = 2004 | series = The Brade Travel Guide | year = 2006 | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | isbn = 1-84162-066-1 }}</ref> Kumbe saa ya uhuru, mwaka [[1963]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alichaguliwa kama rais wa kwanza.<ref name="castro">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Castro |first=Alfonso Peter |title=Facing Kirinyaga |url=https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast |year=1995 |publisher=Intermediat Technology Publications Ltd. |location=London |isbn = 1-85339-253-7}}</ref> Awali alikuwa alishika jina hili kutafakari ahadi yake ya kuikomboa nchi yake na matamshi yake ya jina lake ulisababisha katika matamshi ya Kenya katika Kiingereza kubadilisha nyuma ya makadirio ya awali uliotokea matamshi, {{pron-en|ˈkɛnjə}} Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], [[wakulima]] Waingereza na Wazungu wengine walituama katika [[nyanda za juu]] katika eneo la kati walikoondokea kuwa ma[[tajiri]] kwa kulima [[kahawa]] na [[chai]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "Tunataka nchi yetu"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html |date=20130723000220 }}. Wakati. 5 Novemba 1965.</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1930]], takribani [[walowezi]] 30,000 waliishi katika maeneo hayo na walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa ki[[uchumi]]. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa makao ya watu [[milioni]] moja wa kabila la [[Wakikuyu]], na wengi wao hawakuwa na [[ithibati]] ya kumiliki mashamba kwa mujibu wa Waingereza (ingawa mashamba hayo yalimilikiwa na kabila hilo kabla ya Wazungu kufika), na waliishi kama wakulima wanaohamahama. Ili kuendeleza matakwa yao, walowezi waliwakataza kilimo cha kahawa na kuwalazimisha kulipa kodi ya [[nyumba]], na maskwota walipewa mashamba madogo baada ya kuwafanyia kazi. Wakikuyu wengi walihamia mijini kwani mashamba yao hayangeweza kutosheleza mahitaji yao. Mwaka wa [[1951]], [[Horace Hector Hearne]] akawa [[mkuu wa sheria]] nchini Kenya (alitoka [[Ceylon]] alikoshikilia [[wadhifa]] huohuo) na alifanya kazi katika [[Mahakama Kuu]] mjini [[Nairobi]]. Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo hadi mwaka [[1954]] alipoteuliwa kama [[Hakimu wa Rufaa]] katika [[Mahakama ya Rufaa]] ya [[Afrika Magharibi]]. [[Usiku]] wa tarehe [[5 Februari]] [[1952]], wakati [[Mfalme]] [[Mfalme George VI|George VI]] alipoaga dunia, Hearne alimsindikiza [[Malkia]] [[Elizabeth II]] na [[mume]]we Filipo [[mwanamfalme]] wa [[Edinburgh]], kwa dhifa ya kitaifa hotelini Treetops, ambayo sasa ni kivutio maarufu cha watalii. Hapa ndipo alipouanzia umalkia.<ref>[http://www.africagenweb.org/kenya/ Kenya, AfricaGenWeb]</ref> Alirudi Uingereza mara moja akiandamana na Hearne. Kuanzia Oktoba 1952 mpaka Desemba [[1959]], Kenya ilikuwa katika [[hali ya hatari]] kufuatia [[uasi]] wa [[Mau Mau]] dhidi ya utawala wa Uingereza. Gavana aliomba na kupata msaada wa wanajeshi Waingereza na Waafrika, pamoja na [[King's African Rifles]]. Mnamo Januari [[1953]], [[Meja Jenerali]] Hinde aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa oparesheni ya kuzima uasi. Hali hii haikuimarika kwa kukosa uchunguzi, kwa hivyo [[Jenerali]] [[George Erskine]] aliteuliwa kuwa [[kamanda]] msimamizi wa majeshi ya kikoloni mnamo Mei 1953, akiungwa mkono hasa na [[Winston Churchill]]. Kutiwa mbaroni kwa [[Warũhiũ Itote]] (aka [[General China]]) tarehe [[15 Januari]] 1954, na kuhojiwa kwake kulipelekea Waingereza kuuelewa vyema usimamizi wa Mau Mau. [[Oparesheni Anvil]] iliyoanzishwa tarehe [[24 Aprili]] 1954 ilipangwa na [[jeshi]] kwa [[wiki]] kadhaa baada ya kukubaliwa na kamati kuu ya vita. Wakati wa oparesheni hiyo, mji wa Nairobi ulidhibitiwa na wanajeshi na wakazi wake walihojiwa huku wafuasi wa Mau Mau wakikamatwa na kupelekwa vizuizini. Mnamo Mei 1953, walinzi wa nyumbani walitambulika rasmi kama [[askari wa usalama]]. Askari hao wa nyumbani ndio waliounda kikosi cha kupambana na mikakati ya Mau Mau kwani walikuwa Waafrika waaminifu, na si majeshi ya kigeni kama Jeshi la Uingereza na King's African Rifles. Kufikia mwisho wa hali ya hatari, askari hao walikuwa wamewaua Mau Mau 4886, ambao ni asilimia 42% ya waasi wote. Kukamatwa kwa [[Dedan Kimathi]] huko [[Nyeri]] tarehe [[21 Oktoba]] [[1956]] kuliashiria kushindwa kwa Mau Mau kukamaliza vita. === Baada ya uhuru === [[Picha:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|thumb|260px|[[Sanamu]] ya Jomo Kenyatta mjini Nairobi.]] ====Utawala wa Kenyatta==== Waafrika walichaguliwa moja kwa moja katika [[bunge la uwakilishi]] kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1957]]. Licha ya Waingereza kutamani kuwakabidhi [[mamlaka]] wapinzani wasio na [[siasa kali]] ya Kiafrika, ni [[chama]] cha [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) kilichoongozwa na [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kilichounda [[serikali]] punde tu kabla ya Kenya kupata [[uhuru]] tarehe [[12 Desemba]] [[1963]]. Tarehe 12 Desemba [[1964]], Kenya ilipotangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]], Kenyatta akawa [[rais]] wa kwanza. Mwaka huohuo, [[jeshi la Kenya]] lilipigana na [[Vita vya Shifta]] dhidi ya kabila la [[Wasomali]] waliokusudia kuiona NFD imejiunga na [[Jamhuri ya Somalia]]. [[Mashifta]] walililemea jeshi la Kenya lakini baadaye walishindwa mwaka wa [[1967]]. Kenya ilitia [[saini]] [[mkataba]] na nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] mwaka wa [[1969]] unaodumu mpaka leo kwa kuhofia ma[[shambulizi]] kutoka kwa [[jeshi la Somalia]] lililokuwa na nguvu zaidi.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm Post-Uhuru Low intensiteten Conflict Nchini Kenya]</ref> Eneo la NFD nchini Kenya halijaendelea kutokana na [[kiangazi]] na [[mafuriko]]. Hata hivyo, [[wakimbizi]] wafanyabiashara wa Kisomali waliotajirika wamebadilisha [[mtaa]] wa Eastleigh uliokuwa wa ma[[banda]] na kuufanya kuwa ngome ya kibiashara katika sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa mji wa Nairobi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=E. H.|first=Campbell|date=2006|title=Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration|url=https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/19/3/396/1571241|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=396|doi=10.1093/jrs}}</ref> ====Utawala wa Moi==== Mwaka wa [[1978]], Kenyatta alifariki na [[Daniel Arap Moi]] akawa rais. Moi alidumisha [[urais]] kwa kuchaguliwa bila kupingwa katika chaguzi za mwaka wa [[1979]], [[1983]] (uchaguzi wa [[dharura]]) na [[1988]], zote zikiwa zilifanyika chini ya [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Uchaguzi wa 1983 ulifanyika mwaka mmoja kabla ya wakati kutokana na [[njama]] ya [[kupindua serikali]] iliyokosa kufaulu tarehe [[1 Agosti]] [[1982]]. [[Mapinduzi]] hayo yaliyotibuka yalipangwa na [[askari]] [[mwanahewa]] wa [[cheo]] cha chini, Bwana [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] na kuendelezwa hasa na wanahewa. [[Jaribio]] hilo lilizimwa kwa haraka na wanajeshi waaminifu wakiongozwa na [[Jeshi la Nchi Kavu]], General Service Unit (GSU) - kikosi cha [[polisi]] wenye [[hadhi]] ya kijeshi - na baadaye polisi wa kawaida. Hata hivyo [[raia]] kadhaa walijeruhiwa na wengine kuuawa. [[Tukio]] hilo lilisababisha kuvunjwa kwa kikosi chote cha wanahewa, huku wengine wakiachishwa kazi na wengine wakishtakiwa kwenye [[mahakama ya kijeshi]]. Katika uchaguzi wa 1988 ''[[kura za mlolongo]]'' zilianzishwa, ambapo wapigakura walitakiwa kupiga [[foleni]] nyuma ya [[wagombea]] wanaowapenda, badala ya kutumia [[kura ya siri]]<ref>Wapiga kura wengi kukaa nyumbani kama Kenya Drops Secret Ballot katika Uchaguzi Parliamentary http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html |date=20110215084715 }}: The Washington Post Kifungu tarehe: 25 Februari 1988 Author: Blaine Harden</ref> Jambo hilo lilionekana kama [[kilele]] cha enzi ya [[ukiukaji]] mkubwa wa [[demokrasia]] likasababisha [[msukumo]] mkuu wa [[mageuzi]] ya kikatiba. Vipengele vilivyokuwa na utata, kikiwemo kile kilichoruhusu chama kimoja pekee cha kisiasa, vilibadilishwa miaka iliyofuata.<ref>religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu / rihand / Kenya.html</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi wa miaka ya [[1992]] na [[1997]], Daniel Arap Moi alichaguliwa tena. ====Utawala wa Kibaki==== Kulingana na katiba, mwaka [[2002]] Moi hakuruhusiwa kuwania urais tena, na [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[chama cha upinzani]] cha "[[National Rainbow Coalition]]" — NARC akachaguliwa kuwa rais. Uchaguzi huo ulitambulikana kuwa wa kidemokrasia na [[wachunguzi]] wa humu nchini na wa kimataifa na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha mageuzi makubwa ya kidemokrasia nchini Kenya. Mnamo Desemba [[2002]], Wakenya walifanya uchaguzi uliokuwa wa kidemokrasia na uwazi ambao kwa kiasi kikubwa uliamuliwa kuwa huru na wa haki na wachunguzi wa kimataifa. Uchaguzi wa mwaka huo ulikuwa mwanzo mpya na uliiletea Kenya mabadiliko makuu ya kisiasa yaliyowezesha chama cha Kenya African National Union (KANU), kilichokuwa kimeitawala nchi tangu uhuru, kukabidhi kwa amani mamlaka kwa chama cha National Rainbow Coalition (NARK), uliokuwa muungano wa vyama vingi. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Mwai Kibaki, muungano wa vyama tawala ulihahidi kushughulikia ukuaji wa kiuchumi, kumaliza ufisadi, kuimarisha elimu na kuandika katiba mpya. Baadhi ya ahadi hizi zimeshatimizwa. Kuna elimu ya msingi ya bure. Mwaka wa 2007 serikali ilitangaza kuwa, kuanzia mwaka 2008 gharama ya masomo ya shule za upili itapunguzwa huku serikali ikilipia gharama zote za mafundisho. ====Uchaguzi wa 2007==== {{Main|Uchaguzi wa bunge nchini Kenya, 2007}} Katika uchaguzi mkuu uliofanyika tarehe 27 Desemba 2007, Rais Kibaki wa chama cha Party of National Unity (PNU) aliwania uchaguzi dhidi ya chama kikuu cha upinzani Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Kulingana na wachunguzi wa kimataifa, uchaguzi huo ulikumbwa na udanganyifu na hivyo kutofikia kiwango kinachokubalika kimataifa. Chama cha ODM kilisambaratika na kupoteza 8 % ya kura zake kwa chama kipya cha Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM) - kikiongozwa na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]]. Kinyang’anyiro kilikuwa kikali kati ya mgombea wa ODM, [[Raila Odinga]] na Kibaki wa PNU. Kuhesabiwa kwa kura na [[Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya]] kulionyesha Raila akiongoza kwa [[kura]] chache na baadaye kwa kura nyingi. Hata hivyo, kura zilipoendelea kuhesabiwa na Tume ya Uchaguzi, Kibaki alimkaribia [[mpinzani]] wake kwa kura, kisha akamshinda. Matokeo hayo yalisababisha [[maandamano]] na kulaumiwa kwa Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya kwa kumpendelea Kibaki, hivyo Oginga akajitangaza “rais wa watu” na kutaka kura zihesabiwe tena.<ref>ghasia za uchaguzi Kenya unatishia mafanikio yake ya kiuchumi http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm</ref> Maandamano hayo yalibadilika kuwa [[ghasia]] zilizosababisha kuharibiwa kwa [[mali]].<ref name="reuters">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715200529/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400}}</ref>. Viongozi mashuhuri wa Afrika, wakiongozwa na aliyekuwa [[katibu mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Kofi Annan]] walisuluhisha [[mzozo]] huo wa kisiasa. Kundi la Annan liliungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuia ya Ulaya]], [[Muungano wa Nchi za Afrika]], Serikali ya Marekani na nchi nyingine maarufu ulimwenguni kote. Kwa habari zaidi rejelea [[Ghasia nchini Kenya (2007-2008)]]. Annan aliomba usaidizi kwa [[kamati]] yake ya [[upatanishi]] kutoka kwa shirika la kushughulikia mizozo la [[Uswisi]] lijulikanalo kama Kituo cha Mazungumzo ya Kihisani yaani Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. ====Serikali ya muungano==== Tarehe [[12 Februari]] 2008 Kibaki na Odinga walitia sahihi mkataba wa kuunda [[serikali ya muungano]] ambapo Odinga angekuwa [[waziri mkuu]] wa pili nchini Kenya. Kulingana na mkataba huo, rais angeteua [[baraza la mawaziri]] kutoka pande zote mbili za PNU na ODM kulingana na wingi wa wabunge wa kila chama bungeni. Mkataba huo ulieleza kuwa baraza la mawaziri litajumuisha [[Makamu wa Rais]] na manaibu wawili wa Waziri Mkuu. Baada ya majadiliano bungeni ilipitishwa kuwa muungano huo utadumu hadi mwisho wa kipindi cha bunge, ama chama kimoja kikijitoa kwenye muungano kabla ya kipindi cha bunge kuisha. [[Wadhifa]] huo mpya wa waziri mkuu utakuwa na nguvu na mamlaka kuratibu na kusimamia shughuli za serikali. Vilevile itaongozwa na mbunge aliyechaguliwa ambaye pia atakuwa kiongozi wa chama au muungano wa vyama wenye idadi kubwa ya wabunge bungeni. Ulimwengu ulimshuhudia Annan na kamati yake iliyoungwa mkono na Umoja wa Mataifa na mwenye kiti wa muungano wa nchi za Afrika Jakaya Kikwete, walipowaleta pamoja wapinzani hawa sugu kwenye sherehe za kutia sahihi mkataba huu. Sherehe hizi zilionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenya televisheni ya kitaifa kutoka kiingilio cha Jumba la Harambee mjini Nairobi. Wawakilishi wa PNU na ODM walianza majadiliano ya kina kuhusu ugavi wa mamlaka tarehe 29 Februari 2008.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' kwa Kenya - CNN.com] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html |date=20080305205228 }} saa edition.cnn.com</ref> Wabunge wa Kenya, kwa pamoja, waliidhinisha mkataba wa ugawaji mamlaka tarehe 18 mwezi wa Machi 2008 ili kuiokoa Kenya iliyoaminika kama mojawapo ya nchi thabiti na iliyoendelea barani Afrika. Mkataba huu uliunganisha PNU iliyoongozwa na Kibaki na ODM ya Odinga kisha kupelekea kuundwa kwa serikali ya muungano, vyama vyote viwili vikiwa na mamlaka sawa.<ref>wabunge Kenya kupitisha sheria ya kugawana madaraka-english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera Kiingereza 18 Machi</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] 2008, Rais Kibaki aliitangaza baraza la mawaziri 41 wa serikali hii ya muungano ikijumuisha waziri mkuu na makamu wake wawili. Baraza hili lilijumuisha pia manaibu wa mawaziri 50 na lilitawazwa katika [[Ikulu]] ya Nairobi tarehe [[17 Aprili]] 2008 huku Kofi Annan na viongozi wengine mashuhuri wakishuhudia. Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] [[2008]] ilitangazwa kuwa [[sikukuu ya kitaifa]] kusherehekea [[ushindi]] wa [[Barack Obama]], ambaye [[baba]] yake alikuwa Mkenya, kama rais wa [[Marekani]]. Katika sehemu za mashambani, kama wilayani [[Kisii]], visa vya kuchoma watu wakidaiwa kuwa [[wachawi]] vinaongezeka.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8119201.stm Horror ya Kenya's 'Witch' lynchings]</ref> Waathiriwa hasa ni wanawake wakongwe. Mnamo Mei 2008, watu 11 waliuwa na nyumba 30 kuchomwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm |title=Mob nzito kifo 11 Kenya 'witches' |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2009-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208075103/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Siasa na Utawala== Tazama pia: [[Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya]] Kwa sasa Kenya ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya kiuwakilishi inayoongozwa na rais, ambaye ndiye mkuu wa taifa na kiongozi wa serikali, na yenye [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]. [[Serikali]] ndiyo yenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu. Utungaji wa [[sheria]] ni jukumu la serikali na la [[bunge]] la taifa. Idara ya Mahakama ni huru, na imejitenga na serikali kuu na bunge. Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na kutoridhika kwingi, hasa katika enzi ya rais mstaafu [[Daniel Arap Moi]], kuwa serikali iliingilia sana shughuli za mahakama. Kenya imedumisha uthabiti wa kutosha licha ya mabadiliko katika mifumo yake ya kisiasa na michafuko katika nchi kadhaa jirani. Bunge la mseto wa vyama vingi la [[1997]] lilianzisha [[mageuzi]] yaliyobadilisha sheria za kikoloni zenye [[dhuluma]] zilizotumika kuuzuia uhuru wa kuongea na kutangamana. Jambo hilo liliimarisha uhuru wa [[umma]] na kuchangia kiasi kuaminika kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Desemba 1997. ===Kaunti na tarafa=== {{Main|Kaunti za Kenya|Wilaya, tarafa na kata za Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenya, administrative divisions - en - colored.svg|thumb|Kaunti za Kenya.]] Kenya ina [[kaunti]] 47, kila moja ikiongozwa na Mkuu wa Kaunti anayechaguliwa na watu ambao wanaishi kwenye hiyo kaunti. [[Serikali za mitaa]] huendelezwa kupitia mabaraza ya miji. Maeneo mengi ya mijini huwa ni [[mji]], [[manisipaa]] au baraza la mji. Serikali za mitaa katika maeneo ya [[Shamba|mashambani]] huitwa [[serikali]] za [[wilaya]]. Ma[[diwani]] wa mitaa hii huchaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi]] wa madiwani unaofanywa wakati mmoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]]. Maeneo ya uwakilishi bungeni yamegawanywa kwa sababu ya upigaji [[kura]]. Kuna maeneobunge 210 nchini Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency ufadhili chini ya RMLF] {{Wayback|url=http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php |date=20080113052023 }}</ref> == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Kenya}} === Miji === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Kenya}} Ukuaji wa miji nchini Kenya umeongezeka kwa kasi, huku ongezeko la idadi ya watu likijikita zaidi katika miji mikubwa. Kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2019, [[Nairobi]] ndilo jiji kubwa zaidi lenye wakazi 4,397,073, likifuatiwa na [[Mombasa]] (1,208,333) na [[Nakuru]] (570,674). Miji mingine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Eldoret]] (475,716) na [[Kisumu]] (397,957). Ukuaji wa miji ya karibu na [[Nairobi]], hasa katika [[Kaunti ya Kiambu]] kama [[Ruiru]], [[Kikuyu (mji)|Kikuyu]] na [[Thika]], unaonyesha kuendelea kwa upanuzi wa jiji hilo. {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Kenya | stat_ref = Kulingana na sensa ya 2019 <ref name="Census2019">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume III: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200037/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Kaunti | div_link = Kaunti za Kenya{{!}}Kaunti | city_1 = Nairobi | div_1 = Kaunti ya Nairobi{{!}}Nairobi | pop_1 = 4 397 073 | img_1 = Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG | city_2 = Mombasa | div_2 = Kaunti ya Mombasa{{!}}Mombasa | pop_2 = 1 208 333 | img_2 = Mombasa skyline.jpg | city_3 = Nakuru | div_3 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_3 = 570 674 | img_3 = | city_4 = Ruiru | div_4 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_4 = 490 120 | img_4 = | city_5 = Eldoret | div_5 = Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu{{!}}Uasin Gishu | pop_5 = 475 716 | city_6 = Kisumu | div_6 = Kaunti ya Kisumu{{!}}Kisumu | pop_6 = 397 957 | city_7 = Kikuyu, Kenya{{!}}Kikuyu | div_7 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_7 = 323 881 | city_8 = Thika | div_8 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_8 = 251 407 | city_9 = Naivasha | div_9 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_9 = 198 444 | city_10 = Karuri | div_10 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_10 = 194 342 | city_11 = Ongata Rongai | div_11 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_11 = 172 569 | city_12 = Garissa | div_12 = Kaunti ya Garissa{{!}}Garissa | pop_12 = 163 399 | city_13 = Kitale | div_13 = Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia{{!}}Trans-Nzoia | pop_13 = 162 174 | city_14 = Juja | div_14 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_14 = 156 041 | city_15 = Mlolongo | div_15 = Kaunti ya Machakos{{!}}Machakos | pop_15 = 136 351 | city_16 = Malindi | div_16 = Kaunti ya Kilifi{{!}}Kilifi | pop_16 = 119 859 | city_17 = Mandera | div_17 = Kaunti ya Mandera{{!}}Mandera | pop_17 = 114 718 | city_18 = Kisii, Kenya{{!}}Kisii | div_18 = Kaunti ya Kisii{{!}}Kisii | pop_18 = 112 417 | city_19 = Kakamega | div_19 = Kaunti ya Kakamega{{!}}Kakamega | pop_19 = 107 227 | city_20 = Ngong, Kenya{{!}}Ngong | div_20 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_20 = 102 323 }} === Kabila/Asili === {{Main|Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya|Dini nchini Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye ma[[kabila]] mengi tofautitofauti, hasa ya [[Kibantu]] (67%) na ya [[Waniloti|Kiniloti]]. Wakenya wengi huzungumza [[lugha]] mbili, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]], na [[asilimia]] kubwa pia huzungumza [[lugha mama]] ya kabila lao. Makundi ya makabila ni kama ifuatavyo:17.13% [[Wakikuyu]], 14.35% [[Waluhya]], 13.37% [[Wakalenjin]], 10.65% [[Waluo]], 9.81% [[Wakamba]], 5.85% [[Wasomali]] 5.68% [[Wakisii]], makabila mengine ya Kiafrika 15%, wasio Waafrika ([[Wahindi]], [[Waingereza]] na [[Waarabu]]) 1% <ref name="worldfactbook"/> Kila kundi au kabila lina lugha yake na Kiswahili hutumika kama chombo cha kuwasiliana miongoni mwa makabila tofauti. ===Dini=== [[File:Catholic Church in Mombasa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kanisa Katoliki huko [[Mombasa]].]] Upande wa [[dini]], idadi kubwa ya Wakenya ni [[Wakristo]]: kulingana na [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2019]], [[asilimia]] 85.5 ya [[wakazi]] wa [[Kenya]] walikuwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] (asilimia 53.9 ni [[Waprotestanti]], asilimia 20.6 ni [[Wakatoliki]], asilimia 11.8 ni Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mengine mbalimbali, wakiwemo Waorthodoksi 621,200), asilimia 10.9 ni [[Waislamu]], asilimia 0.7 ni wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], asilimia 1.7 ni wa makundi mengine ya dini (kuna [[Wahindu]] takribani 60,000, ambao wameingiliana vyema na Wakenya wengine na huchangia pakubwa uchumi wa nchi), na asilimia 1.6 wanadai hawana uhusiano na [[dini]] yoyote ile. {{bar box |float=right |title=Dini nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka 2019 |width=250px |bars= {{bar percent|[[Ukristo]]|DodgerBlue|85.5}} {{bar percent| [[Uislamu]]|Green|10.9}} {{bar percent|Wasio na dini|DodgerBlue|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Dini za jadi]]|grey|0.7}} |caption=Chanzo : KNBS (Sensa 2019) }} Waislamu wengi huishi katika kaunti za Kaskazini na Kaskazini Magharibi mwa nchi huku wengine wakiishi katika pwani. Wengi wa wanaoishi sehemu ya magharibi mkoani Pwani ni Wakristo. Eneo la kaskazini la Mkoa wa Mashariki ni makazi ya asilimia 10 ya jumla ya Waislamu nchini; hii ndiyo [[dini]] ya wakazi wengi wa hapa, na mbali na idadi ndogo ya [[Wasomali]] wanaoishi Nairobi, idadi kubwa ya Wakenya wengine ni Wakristo.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm US Department of State</ref> ==Sanaa na Utamaduni== === Utamaduni=== [[Picha:Maasai tribe.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Askari Wamasai]] [[Picha:Kenyan man.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Mmasai katika mapambo ya jadi]] {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kenya|Muziki wa Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye tamaduni anuwai. Tamaduni zinazotambulika ni pamoja na Waswahili walio katika eneo la pwani, jamii za wafugaji katika eneo la kaskazini na jamii nyingine mbalimbali katika maeneo ya kati na magharibi. [[Wajaluo]] wa Kenya ni wazawa wa [[jamii]] za [[wakulima]] na [[wafugaji]] walioishi magharibi mwa Kenya kabla ya ukoloni. Inafahamika kwamba asili ya Wajaluo na makabila mengine ya [[Waniloti]] ni kaskazini mwa Kenya, pengine maeneo ya Sudan Kusini ya sasa. Waniloti, kama wanavyoitwa, ni kikundi cha ki[[anthropolojia]] kilichotoka maeneo ya kaskazini mashariki mwa Afrika. Pengine walihamia kusini kutokana na [[vita]] vilivyosababishwa na ukuaji wa [[Kush]] na [[Misri]]. Waniloti nchini Kenya ni [[Wajaluo]], [[Waturkana]], [[Wakalenjin]] na [[Wamasai]]. Hili linadhihirika kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[lahaja]] zinazofanana kati ya makabila fulani nchini Sudan Kusini leo. Makabila haya ni pamoja na [[Akoli]] na [[Lwo]] (si sawa na Luo) wanaoishi katika eneo la [[Darfur]]. Kuna makabila mengine ya Waniloti yanayoishi nchini [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya Wajaluo kuvutiwa na [[Ziwa Victoria]], ambako wanapatikana katika nchi hizi tatu (Uganda, Tanzania na Kenya). Nchini Uganda, wanajulikana kwa kuanzisha [[himaya]] ya [[Waganda]] na ya himaya ya [[Watoro]]. Wajaluo nchini Kenya walipigana vita na majirani wao, hasa Wakalenjin, ili kulidhibiti ziwa hilo. Leo hii, utamaduni wa Wamaasai unajulikana sana kwa kuangaziwa vilivyo na utalii, hata hivyo Wamaasai ni asilimia ndogo ya idadi ya Wakenya kwa jumla. Wamaasai wanatambulika kwa kujipamba sehemu ya juu ya mwili na kwa vito. Kenya ina utajiri mwingi wa [[muziki]], vituo vya [[runinga]] na [[maonyesho ya sanaa]]. ===Fasihi=== {{Main|Fasihi ya Kenya}} [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] ni mmoja wa [[waandishi]] maarufu wa Kenya. [[Kitabu]] chake ''[[:en:Weep Not, Child]]'' ni ufafanuzi wa [[maisha]] yalivyokuwa Waingereza walipoitwaa Kenya. Hii ni [[hadithi]] kuhusu athari za Mau Mau katika maisha ya Wakenya asili. Kinavyochanganya maudhui - ukoloni, elimu, na mapenzi - kunakifanya kuwa kimojawapo kati ya vitabu bora vya hadithi barani Afrika. Kitabu cha hadithi cha [[M. G. Vassanji]] ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' kilishinda tuzo la Giller Prize mwaka 2003. Hii ni hadithi ya kubuni ya Mkenya mwenye asili ya Kihindi na [[familia]] yake wavyojizatiti na mabadiliko ya kisiasa wakati wa ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni nchini Kenya. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2003, jarida la fasihi ''[[Kwani?]]'' limekuwa likichapisha fasihi ya kisasa ya Kenya. ==Elimu== {{Main|Elimu nchini Kenya}} Mfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya unajumuisha elimu ya [[chekechea]], [[elimu ya msingi|ya msingi]], ya [[sekondari]] na ya [[vyuo]]. Elimu ya watoto wadogo aghalabu huchukua miaka mitatu, ya msingi miaka minane, sekondari minne na chuo kikuu miaka minne au sita kwa kutegemea kozi. Shule za chekechea, ambazo ni za watoto wa umri wa miaka mitatu hadi mitano, ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo huu wa elimu na ni kigezo muhimu kabla ya kusajiliwa katika darasa la kwanza (Gredi ya Kwanza). Mwishoni mwa elimu ya msingi wanafunzi hufanya mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Msingi Kenya (KCPE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na shule ya sekondari au vyuo vya ufundi. Umri wa shule ya msingi ni miaka 6/7 hadi 13/14. Wale wanaojiunga na shule ya upili hufanya mtihani wa taifa mwishoni mwa kidato cha nne - Mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Shule ya Upili Kenya (KCSE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu, vyuo vya taatuma nyinginezo au kuajiriwa. Baraza Kuu la Usajili (JAB) ndilo lenye jukumu la kuwachagua wanafunzi watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu vya umma. Mbali na shule za umma, kuna shule nyingi za binafsi nchini, hasa katika sehemu za miji. Vilevile, kuna shule kadhaa za kimataifa zinazofundisha mifumo mbalimbali ya elimu ya ng'ambo. === Historia ya elimu === Mfumo wa kwanza wa elimu nchini Kenya baada ya uhuru uliletwa na wakoloni Waingereza. Baada ya nchi kupata uhuru tarehe 12 Desemba 1963, Tume ya Ominde iliundwa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yaakisi matarajio ya taifa huru la Kenya. Tume hii ilimulika masuala ya usawa na umoja, ambayo yalikuwa muhimu hasa wakati huo. Mabadiliko ya kilichofundishwa katika historia na jiografia yalifanywa ili kuakisi umoja wa kitaifa. Kati ya miaka 1964 na 1985, mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 ulifuatwa (miaka saba masomo ya msingi, miaka minne sekondari ya daraja la chini, miaka miwili sekondari ya daraja la juu, na miaka mitatu masomo ya chuo kikuu). Shule zote zilifuata [[mtaala]] mmoja. Mwaka wa 1981, kamati iliyoteuliwa na rais kuratibu namna ya kuanzisha chuo kikuu cha pili nchini Kenya, na pia kuubadilisha mfumo wa elimu kwa jumla, ilianza kazi yake. Kamati hii ilipendekeza kuwa mfumo ule wa 7-4-2-3 ubadilishwe kuwa mfumo wa 8-4-4 (miaka minane shule ya msingi, miaka minne shule ya upili, miaka minne elimu ya chuo kikuu). Jedwali lililo katika Elimu ya Sasa Nchini Kenya linaonyesha muundo wa mfumo wa 8-4-4. Ingawa mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 kinadharia ulifikia kikomo mfumo wa 8-4-4 ulipoanzishwa mwaka wa 1985, kundi la mwisho la mfumo huo wa awali lilihitimu kutoka vyuo vikuu vya Kenya mwaka wa 1992. === Elimu nchini Kenya sasa === Mfumo wa sasa wa 8-4-4 ilizinduliwa Januari 1985. Ulitilia mkazo masomo ya kiufundi kwa matarajio kuwa, muundo huu mpya utawawezesha wanaoacha shule katika viwango mbalimbali aidha kujiajiri wenyewe au kupata ajira katika sekta ya juakali. Mnamo Januari 2003, Serikali ya Kenya ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa masomo ya shule za msingi bila malipo. Hili lilipelekea kuongezeka kwa wanafunzi waliojiunga na shule za msingi kwa asilimia 70. Hata hivyo, idadi ya waliojiunga na shule za upili na vyuo haikuongezeka sana kwa sababu malipo bado yalihitajika ili kuhudhuria masomo. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya msingi nchini Kenya (KCPE) hufanywa katika darasa la nane. Matokeo ya mtihani huu huhitajika ili kusajiliwa katika shule ya upili. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya shule ya upili nchini Kenya (K.C.S.E.) hufanywa katika kidato cha nne. Wanafunzi hufanya mtihani katika masomo nane. === Ukosoaji === Mfumo wa elimu wa Kenya 8-4-4 umepitia mengi magumu katika kipindi kirefu ulichodumu. Punde tu baada ya kufuzu kwa kundi la kwanza la wanafunzi wa mfumo huu mwaka wa 1989, wananchi wengi walijitokeza kuilaumu na kuihukumu serikali kwa kuuanzisha mfumo huu. Wakosoaji hao walidai kuwa waliohitimu hawajaandaliwa vyema na hawangeweza kushindana na wenzao kutoka sehemu nyingine za [[ulimwengu]]. Wengine walihoji kuwa waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu walikuwa aidha wachanga sana au hawajaandaliwa vyema kwa nafasi za kazi zilizokuweko. Serikali haikusikiliza hayo yote pengine kwa sababu uwezekano wa kuubadilisha na kuuunda upya kungeigharimu pesa nyingi. Hata hivyo, kwa miaka mingi waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu wamewaaibisha walioupinga kwa kufualu katika vyuo vya nchini na ng’ambo. Pia wasomi na wafanyakazi wa afya kuhamia [[nchi zilizoendelea]] ni dhihirisho tosha la hali hii. Mkazo uliotiliwa masomo ya ufundi umefifia na mabadiliko ya hivi juzi katika mtaala yanasisitiza [[teknolojia]] ya [[upashanaji habari]], [[sayansi]], [[hesabu]] na lugha. Kwa vyovyote vile, kazi ya kiakademia na kusisitizwa kwa kupita mitihani iliyoandikwa hakujaacha nafasi kwa [[useremala]], [[uashi]], [[upishi]] na mafunzo mengine ya [[ufundi]]. ==Michezo== {{Main|Michezo ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Icc Wcl Championship Nepal Vs Kenya Tu Ground Kathmandu @ Nepal 6.jpg|thumb|Timu ya kriketi ya Kenya]] [[Picha:Elgon Cup 2007.png|thumb|Timu ya rugby ya Kenya]] Kenya hushiriki katika [[michezo]] mbalimbali ikiwemo [[kriketi]], [[mbio za magari]], [[soka]], [[raga]] na [[ngumi]]. Lakini nchi hii inajulikana hasa kwa kutawala katika [[mbio za masafa ya kadiri]] na [[mbio za masafa marefu]]. Kenya, kwa muda mrefu, imetoa [[Bingwa|mabingwa]] wa [[Olimpiki]] na [[michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola]] katika nyanja mbalimbali, hasa katika mbio za mita 800, mita 1,500, mita 3,000 kuruka viunzi na maji, mita 5,000, mita 10,000 na mbio za masafa marefu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya (hasa wa kabila la Wakalenjin) wanaendelea kutawala mbio za masafa ulimwenguni, ingawa ushindani kutoka nchi ya [[Moroko]] na Ethiopia umepunguza umaarufu huu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya wanaosifika sana ni pamoja na mshindi mara nne wa mbio za masafa marefu za [[Boston]] kwa [[wanawake]] na mshindi mara mbili wa mbio za dunia [[Catherine Ndereba]], aliyeshikilia rekodi ya awali ya mbio za dunia [[Paul Tergat]], na [[John Ngugi]]. Wakati wa michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Beijing]] Kenya ilishinda [[medali]] 6 za [[dhahabu]], 4 za [[fedha]], 4 za [[shaba]] na kulifanya taifa lililofaulu sana barani Afrika katika michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. Wanariadha wapya walitambulikana, kama [[Pamela Jelimo]], mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za mita 800 kwa wanawake aliyejitahidi na kushinda tuzo la Golden League, na [[Samuel Wajiru]] aliyeshinda mbio za masafa marefu kwa wanaume. Bingwa mstaafu wa mbio za Olimpiki na za Jumuia ya Madola, [[Kipchoge Keino]], alisaidia kuanza ubingwa wa mbio za masafa marefu [[miaka ya 1970]] akafuatwa na bingwa wa michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola, [[Henry Rono]], aliyeshikilia rekodi kadhaa za dunia. Hivi majuzi, kumekuwa na mzozo wa wanariadha wa Kenya waliosaliti nchi yao na kuwakilisha nchi nyingine, hasa [[Bahrain]] na [[Qatar]]. [[Wizara ya michezo]] ya Kenya imejaribu kuzuia usaliti huu, lakini umeendelea tu, [[Bernard Lagat]] akiwa wa mwisho, akichagua kuiwakilisha [[Marekani]].Usaliti huu, kwingi unatokana na sababu za kiuchumi au kifedha ingawa pia wanariadha wazuri wasioweza kufaulu katika timu nzuri ya taifa huona ni rahisi kufaulu kwa kukimbilia nchi nyingine. Kenya pia imetawala [[voliboli]] ya wanawake barani Afrika, huku vilabu na [[timu ya taifa]] vikishinda mashindano kadhaa barani Afrika katika [[mwongo]] uliopita. Timu ya wanawake pia imeshiriki katika michezo ya Olimpiki na Mashindano ya Ulimwengu ingawa haijafaulu vilivyo. Mchezo wa kriketi ni maarufu na pia ni mchezo wa timu ambao umefaulu sana. Kenya imeshiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi]] tangu mwaka [[1996]]. Timu hii ilishinda baadhi ya timu maarufu ulimwenguni na kufikia [[semifainali]] katika mchuano wa mwaka [[2003]] na wachezaji kama vile [[Steve Tikolo]] na [[Maurice Odumbe]]. Walishinda ligi ya kriketi ya dunia daraja la 1 iliyofanyika Nairobi kwa mara ya kwanza, kisha wakashiriki katika mchuano wa ulimwengu wa T20. [[Nahodha]] wa sasa wa timu ni [[Collins Obuya]]. Kenya imejiundia jina katika muungano wa raga na wachezaji kama vile [[Collins Injera]] na [[Lucas Onyango]]. Mchezo huo ni maarufu nchini hasa kwa sababu ya mchuano wa kila mwaka wa Safari Sevens. Timu ya Kenya ya raga ya wachezaji [[saba]] kila upande ilikuwa nambari ya 9 katika michezo ya dunia ya wachezaji saba IRB katika msimu wa mwaka 2006. Kenya ilikuwa bingwa wa soka katika eneo hili lakini ubingwa huu umefifia kutokana na kutoelewana kwa maafisa wa Kamati ya Soka Nchini.<ref>New Vision, 3 Juni 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles ardhi Kenya utan fastställd FIFA marufuku] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 |date=20080110015009 }}</ref> Mizozo hii ilipelekea Kenya kupigwa marufuku na FIFA, lakini marufuku hii iliondolewa mnamo Machi 2007. Kwa upande wa mbio za magari, Kenya ndio waandalizi wa mbio za magari maarufu za [[Safari Rally]] zinazotambulika kuwa ngumu zaidi ulimwenguni,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 Julai 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA Rally: Delecour inachukua pointi kumaliza tarehe Safari Rally kwanza]</ref> na ambazo ni sehemu ya Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari kwa miaka mingi hadi kuondolewa kwake baada ya mbio za 2002 kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kifedha. Baadhi ya [[dereva|madereva]] maarufu wa mbio za magari ulimwenguni walioshiriki na kushinda mbio hizi ni [[Bjorn Waldegard]], [[Hannu Mokkola]], [[Tommi Makinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] na [[Colin McRae]]. Ingawa mbio hizi bado huendelea kila mwaka kama sehemu ya kutafuta Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari Afrika, waandalizi wanatarajia kuruhusiwa kujiunga tena na Ubingwa wa Magari Ulimwenguni katika miaka michache ijayo. ==Uchumi== {{Main|Uchumi wa Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Noti ya shilingi 20 ya mwaka 1994, ikimuonyesha Rais Daniel Arap Moi.]] Baada ya uhuru, Kenya iliendeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi haraka kupitia kwa uwekezaji wa umma, kuhimiza uzalishaji wa kilimo, na kushawishi uwekezaji wa watu binafsi na wageni katika viwanda. Pato la taifa lilikua kwa asilimia 6.6 kuanzia 1963 hadi 1973. Uzalishaji wa kilimo ulikua kwa asilimia 4.7 kila mwaka kwa kipindi hicho ukiwa umechochewa na ugawaji upya wa mashamba, kuanzishwa kwa kilimo cha mimea iliyoimarishwa, na kuanzisha mashamba mapya. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1974 na 1993 ukuaji wa uchumi wa Kenya ulipungua. Kupungua kwa kilimo kulisababishwa na sera za kilimo zisizofaa, mikopo isiyotosha na vikwazo visiyofaa vya biashara ya kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1993, Serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mpango mkuu wa kuimarisha uchumi na kuufanya huru. Waziri mpya wa fedha na gavana mpya wa Benki Kuu ya Kenya walianza mikakati iliyofuatana kuimarisha uchumi kwa usaidizi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]). Kama sehemu ya mpango huu, serikali iliondoa usimamizi wa bei za bidhaa, leseni za uagizaji na uthibiti wa ubadilishaji fedha, kubinafsisha kampuni nyingi zilizomilikiwa na umma, kupunguza idadi ya wafanyi kazi wa serikali na kuanzisha sera madhubuti za kulinda fedha. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1994 hadi 1996 ukuaji halisi wa uchumi wa Kenya ulikadiriwa juu kidogo ya asilimia 4 kwa mwaka. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1997 na 2000, uchumi uliingia kipindi cha kupungua au kutoimarika, kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya anga na kupungua kwa shughuli za kiuchumi. Mwaka wa 2001 pato la taifa liliimarika kiasi kwani mvua ilirejea kunyesha karibu na viwango vya awali. Ukuaji wa kiuchumi uliendelea kuimarika kiasi mwaka wa 2002 na kufikia asilimia 1.4 mwaka wa 2003, asilimia 4.3 mwaka wa 2004, kisha asilimia 5.8 mwaka wa 2005. [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Uwanja wa ndege wa Kimataifa wa Jomo Kenyatta]], ambao ndio mkubwa zaidi na wenye shughuli nyingi zaidi katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki.]] Mnamo Julai 1997, Serikali ya Kenya ilikataa kutimiza makubaliano ya awali na IMF kuhusu mabadiliko ya utawala wake. Jambo hili lilisababisha kukatizwa kwa misaada kwa miaka 3, nayo Benki ya Dunia ikaubana mkopo wa dola milioni 90 za mpango wa kuufufua uchumi. Ingawa mabadiliko mengi ya kiuchumi yaliyofanywa kati ya 1993-94 yalibakia, wataalamu wa maswala ya kiuchumi wasiopendelea mabadiliko waliamini kuwa Kenya iliitaji mabadiliko zaidi, hasa ya kiutawala ili kuongeza ukuaji wa pato la taifa (GDP). Serikali ya Kenya ilichukua hatua yakini za mabadiliko, pamoja na kuunda Tume ya Kupambana na Ufisadi (KACA), kuanzisha hatua za kuimarisha uwazi wa katika mikakati ya serikali kupata bidhaa na kupunguza fedha inayotumiwa na serikali kulipia mishahara. Mnamo Julai 2000, shirika la IMF lilitia saini dola milioni 150 za Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), nayo Benki ya Dunia ilifuatia na mkopo wa dola milioni 157 kuimarisha uchumi na kuibadilisha sekta ya umma. Mwezi wa Desemba 2000, iliamuliwa kuwa tume ya kupambana na ufisadi haikuwa ya kikatiba na sehemu za juhudi za mabadiliko kukatizwa mwaka 2001. Shirika la IMF na Benki ya Dunia zilikatiza mipango yao. Juhudi zilizofanywa kuanzisha upya mipango hii katikati ya mwaka wa 2002 hazikufaulu. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Kibaki, aliyechukua hatamu za uongozi tarehe 30 mwezi wa Desemba 2002, serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mipango mipya na kabambe ya uimarishaji uchumi na imerejelea ushirikiano wake na Benki ya Dunia na IMF. Serikali mpya ya National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) iliidhinisha Sheria dhidi ya Ufisadi na Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi pamoja na Sheria ya Maadili ya Watumishi wa Umma mnamo Mei 2003 iliyolenga kupiga vita ufisadi katika ofisi za umma. Mabadiliko mengine, hasa katika idara ya sheria, kuagiza bidhaa za umma na kadhalika yamepelekea kurejelewa kwa misaada na matumaini ya kuimarisha uchumi. Kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria muhimu za kupambana na ufisadi na serikali mpya, wafadhili walirejelea ufadhili mwezi wa Novemba 2003 na IMF ikaidhinisha msaada wa miaka mitatu wa dola milion 250 ili kupunguza umaskini na kuimarisha uchumi. Wafadhili wakatoa dola bilioni 4.2 kama msaada wa miaka minnne. Kurejelewa kwa ufadhili na kujihusizisha upya kwao kumevutia imani ya wawekezaji. Mswada wa [[ubinafsishaji]] umeidhinishwa ingawa kuanzishwa kwa tume ya ubinafsishaji hakujakamilika, mabadiliko katika utendakazi wa umma yametekelezwa na mwaka wa 2007 Kenya ilishinda tuzo la Umoja wa Kimataifa la Utendakazi wa Umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083024/http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |archivedate=2008-02-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235927/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kazi nyingi zinahitajika kufanywa ili kuiwezesha nchi hii kuyafikia mataifa yaliyoendelea sana kiuchumi, hasa yale ya Mashariki ya Mbali. Changamoto kuu ni pamoja na kuchukua hatua thabiti dhidi ya ufisadi, kupitisha sheria zinazoshughulikia ugaidi na biashara haramu, kutatua upungufu wa ufadhili wa bajeti kisha kurekebisha na kuunda miundo msingi. Inaaminika haya yatasaidia kudumisha sera za kimsingi za kiuchumi, na kuhakikisha ukuaji wa kasi wa kiuchumi uliofikia asilimia 7.2 mwaka wa 2007. Mwaka wa 2007, serikali ya Kenya ilizindua [[Ruwaza ya Kenya 2030|Ruwaza 2030]], ambao ni mpango wa kiuchumi wenye matumaini makuu na ambao ikiwa utatekelezwa kikamilifu, una uwezo wa kuifanya nchi hii kuwa katika kiwango sawa na mataifa yaliyoendelea kiuchumi ya Asia. Nairobi inaendelea kuwa kituo muhimu na cha kimsingi kwa mawasiliano na biashara cha Afrika Mashariki. Kinajivuna kuwa na miundo msingi ya uchukuzi na mawasiliano bora zaidi katika eneo hili, na wafanyi kazi wenye ujuzi. Makampuni mengi ya kigeni hudumisha matawi yao katika eneo hili ama ofisi za kuyawakilisha mjini Nairobi. Mnamo Machi 1996, Marais wa Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda waliifufua Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC). Shabaha za EAC ni pamoja na kusawazisha kodi na ada zinazotozwa bidhaa, utembeaji huru wa watu na kuimarisha miundo msingi katika eneo hili. Nchi hizi tatu za Afrika Mashariki zilitia saini mkataba wa Customs Union Agreement mwezi wa Machi 2004. {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1400px|<center>Mji wa Nairobi</center>}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| <td>{{Resize|120%|Muhtasari wa uchumi wa nchi}}</td> |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la taifa | Dola bilioni 41.84 (2012) kwa bei ya sasa. Dola bilioni 76.07 (Uwezo wa kununua bidhaa usio sawa, 2012) Kuna pia uchumi mkubwa usio rasmi ambao haujawahi kujumuishwa kama sehemu ya pato la taifa. |- ! style="text-align:left"| Ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa mwaka | 5.1% (2012) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka | Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka (PPP)= $1,800 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Malighafi ya kiasili | Wanyama wa pori, Ardhi (5% inayolimika) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Bidhaa za kilimo | Chai, kahawa, mahindi, ngano, miwa, mboga na matunda, pareto, bidhaa za maziwa, nyama na bidhaa za wanyama |- ! style="text-align:left"| Viwanda | Bidhaa za petroli, usagaji wa nafaka na miwa, saruji, pombe, vinywaji, nguo, uunganishaji magari, makaratasi, utengenezaji wa bidhaa za kimsingi, utalii |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| Biashara ya mwaka 2012 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Biasharanje | Dola bilioni 5.942 | chai, kahawa, bidhaa za mboga na matunda, bidhaa za petroli, saruji, samaki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Masoko muhimu (2012) <ref name="worldfactbook"/> | colspan="2"| Uganda, Tanzania, Uholanzi, Uingereza, Marekani, Misri, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |- ! style="text-align:left"| Maduhuli | Dola bilioni 14.39 | mashine, magari, bidhaa za petroli, vyuma, resini na bidhaa za plastiki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Mataifa muhimu yaletayo bidhaa Kenya {{nbsp|2}} | colspan="2"| China, Uhindi, Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu, Saudi Arabia, Afrika Kusini, Ujapani |} === Utafutaji wa mafuta === Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa [[2006]] Rais wa [[Uchina]], [[Hu Jintao]], alitia saini kandarasi ya utafutaji wa mafuta na Kenya. Haya ndiyo makubaliano ya hivi punde kati ya mfululizo wa mapatano yaliyopagwa kuelekeza maliasili ya Afrika huko Uchina ambako uchumi wake waendelea kukua kwa haraka. Kandarasi hii iliwezesha kampuni inayoongozwa na taifa la Uchina “offshore oil and gas company” CNOOC Ltd kutafuta mafuta Kenya, ambayo ilianza kuchimba visima vya kwanza mpakani mwa Sudan na Somalia na katika maji ya upwa wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel|date=10 Agosti 2006|publisher=Financial Times|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Athari za Ukoloni nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Kenya]] * [[Mito ya Kenya|Orodha ya mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya benki nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Kenya}} ; Serikali * [http://www.communication.go.ke/ Spokeperson serikali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |date=20081022110047 }} Ofisi Mnenaji wa Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Kenya. * [http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Serikali ya Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenya.go.ke/ |date=20081113033437 }} Official site. * [http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Legislation Kenya, Uchunguzi Sheria, Official Gazette Notices na kisheria Info. * [http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ |date=20081105143157 }} Official site State House, Kenya. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Mkuu wa Nchi na Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html |date=20091026201734 }} ; Jumla * Maelezo ya nchi (Country Profile) kutoka BBC News * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] kutoka [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm |date=20091024050050 }} kutoka ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}} ; Vyombo vya habari * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Vyombo vya habari Kenya] orodha kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] ; Utalii * [http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] * {{wikivoyage|Kenya}} ; Historia * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu ya Kenya Colony] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu wa 1908 Dermacation wa Ethiopia-Kenya Border] ; Nyingine * [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ Kenya Coast bibliography.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |date=20091108081958 }} ''Academic bibliography, hasa kwa Kiingereza, compiled by Jan Hoorweg, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden.'' * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Kimaiyo | first = Towett J. | title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices&nbsp;— 1902–2004 | publisher = Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | pages = 127 pages + appendices | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ | access-date = 2009-12-07 | archive-date = 2007-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ }} * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Who Owns Kenya?&nbsp;— What is the Queen Doing in Parliament? | date = 31 Machi 2007 | url = http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | accessdate = 2009-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221033/http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | archivedate = 2008-03-18 }} * [http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/africa/ken/index.htm Vijijini umaskini katika Kenya] (IFAD) * [http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html Kenya View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html |date=20070726094957 }} Mandhari na uzuri wa Kenya katika pica *[https://www.georgenjogu.com/ Kenyan Money News] {{Wayback|url=https://www.georgenjogu.com/ |date=20190806051930 }} Mkusanyiko wa Kazi kutoka kenya. * [http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ UNESCO Nairobi Office - Sekta ya Elimu Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ |date=20100331001952 }} * [[Wikia:Solarcooking:Kenya|Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni ya kupikia nishati ya jua nchini Kenya]] * [https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ Plus Size Expert] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ |date=20180226115134 }} Mkusanyo wa habari kutoka Kenya. {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Kenya|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 8ssqdi41pb6x87qirrg2v4dqkzd6iq2 0 1773 1599801 1349799 2026-09-24T03:59:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:The Sun in white light.jpg|thumbnail|Jua pamoja na madoa yake jinsi yanavyoonekana kwa darubini]] '''Jua''' (alama: [[file:Sun symbol (bold).svg|16px|☉]]) ni [[kitovu]] cha [[mfumo wa Jua]] wenye [[sayari]] nane, [[Sayari kibete|sayari vibete]] na [[Gimba la angani|magimba mengi madogo]]. [[Dunia]] ni sayari ya tatu katika mfumo huu. Jua ni [[nyota]] iliyo karibu na [[Dunia]] yetu kuliko nyota nyingine zote. ==Umbo la Jua== [[Umbo]] la Jua linakaribia kuwa [[tufe]] kamili. [[Maada]] yake ni [[Utegili (fisikia)|utegili]] yaani [[gesi]] ya [[joto]] sana inayoshikamanishwa na [[nguvu]] ya graviti. [[Kipenyo]] cha Jua ni takriban [[kilomita]] 1,392,684 ambayo ni mara 109 ya kipenyo cha Dunia yetu. [[Masi]] yake ni mara 330,000 ya masi ya Dunia. Kwa ujazo Jua ni kubwa mara milioni moja kuliko Dunia. [[kemia|Kikemia]] masi ya Jua ni hasa [[hidrojeni]] (73%) na [[heli]] (25%). Kiasi kinachobaki ni [[elementi]] nzito zaidi, kama vile [[oksijeni]], [[kaboni]], [[chuma]] na [[nyingine]]. Ingawa elementi nzito ni [[asilimia]] ndogo tu za masi ya Jua, kutokana na ukubwa wa Jua, elementi nzito zinalingana mara 5,000 na masi ya Dunia ==Muundo wa Jua== [[Picha:Muundo wa Jua 2.png|thumb|Muundo wa Jua]] Muundo wa Jua hufanywa na kanda tatu: * Kiini ambako atomi za hidrojeni zinayeyungana kutengeneza heli kutokana na hali ya shinikizo na joto kubwa mno; * Ukanda wa myuko (''convection zone'') ambako joto la kiini linaendesha mizunguko ya utegili inayopeleka nishati kutokana kiini kwenda angahewa ya Jua * Ukanda wa angahewa ya Jua. Sehemu yake kubwa inaitwa tabakanuru (''photosphere''). Tabakanuru ni asili ya nuru na joto tunazopokea duniani. Sehemu ya nje ya angahewa ni "korona" inayoonekana tu wakati wa kupatwa kwa Jua. ==Historia ya Jua== Tafiti mbalimbali zinaonesha kuwa Jua lilitokea takriban miaka [[bilioni]] 4.57 iliyopita katika [[wingu]] kubwa la [[molekuli]] za hidrojeni. Kama nyota zote Jua linapitia ngazi mbalimbali katika [[maisha]] yake. [[Wataalamu]] wengi hukadiria kwamba baada ya miaka bilioni 5 ijayo [[akiba]] ya hidrojeni katika kitovu cha Jua itapungua. Halafu Jua litapanuka sana na kuwa [[jitu jekundu]]<ref>[https://www.space.com/22471-red-giant-stars.html Nola Taylor Redd, Red Giant Stars: Facts, Definition & the Future of the Sun ], tovuti ya space.com, March 27, 2018, iliangaliwa Aprili 2018</ref>. Katika hali hii inaweza kuenea hadi njia ya [[obiti]] ya [[Zuhura]] na hakuna nafasi tena kwa [[uhai]] kwenye Dunia kutokana na joto kali. Wataalamu wanatofautiana katika makadirio yao kama upanuzi huu utasababisha pia kupotea kabisa kwa sayari za [[Utaridi]], [[Mirihi]] na [[Dunia]] zikimezwa na kuingia ndani ya Jua.<ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031 Klaus-Peter Schroder, Robert C. Smith , Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited], Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 000, 1–10 (2008) Printed 3 February 2008 </ref> Baada ya miaka bilioni kadhaa ya kuwaka kama jitu jekundu, masi yake itakuwa imepungua itajikaza na kuendelea kwa [[muda]] usio mrefu kama nyota ndogo na hafifu. Kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa kwamba Jua litaendelea baadaye kama [[nyota kibete nyeupe]] (White Dwarf) itakayoendelea kuzimika polepole<ref>Linganisha makadirio ya Schroder, Smith </ref>. ==Mnururisho na upepo wa Jua== Jua linatoa [[mwanga]], [[joto]] na [[mnururisho]] mwingine wa aina mbalimbali. Sehemu ya mnururisho huu unatoka kwa umbo la chembe kama protoni na elektroni ambazo kwa jumla hujulikana pia kama [[upepo wa Jua]]. Masi ya upepo wa Jua ni takriban tani moja kwa kila sekunde.<ref>Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (1995). An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics (revised 2nd ed.). Benjamin Cummings. p. 409. ISBN 0-201-54730-9.</ref> [[Asili]] ya [[nishati]] hii ni mchakato wa [[myeyungano wa kinyuklia]] ndani yake. Katika myeyungano huo hidrojeni inabadilishwa kuwa heliamu. Elementi nyingine zinatokea pia kwa kiasi kidogo. Badiliko kutoka hidrojeni kwenda heliamu inaachisha nishati inayotoka kwenye Jua kwa njia ya mnururisho. [[Nishati]] ya mnururisho huu ni msingi wa maisha ya [[mmea|mimea]] na [[kiumbehai|viumbe hai]] katika dunia. Nuru ya Jua inabadilishwa na mimea kwa njia ya [[usanisinuru]] kuwa [[nishati ya kikemia]] inayojenga [[miili]] yao itakayokuwa [[lishe]] tena ya mimea na wanyama. ==Mambo yanayo athiri tabia ya nchi ya afrika mashariki== [[Jua la utosi]],[[upepo]],[[mwinuko]],[[mvua]],[[uoto]],[[bahari]] na [[maziwa]] ni mambo yanayoathiri tabia ya nchi ya [[Afrika Mashariki]]. ==Jua la utosi== Dunia yetu ina mistari ya kubuni inayowezesha kutambua maeneo mbalimbali kwa urahisi,mistari hiyo ni pamoja na mstari wa [[Ikweta]],[[tropiki ya kansa]] na [[tropiki ya Kaprikoni]] Mstari wa [[Ikweta]] unaigawa dunia katika sehemu nbili za [[kaskazini]] na [[kusini]],mstari huu una nyuzi 0 na unapita eneo la Afrika mashariki katika nchi za [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]].Mstari wa Tropiki ya kansa upo upande wa kaskazini mwa Ikweta. Mstari wa tropiki ya Kaprikoni Upo Kusini mwa Ikweta. Kipindi ambacho jua la Utosi lipo Tropiki ya kansa ,eneo La Kizio cha Kaskazini Huwa na [[joto]],kwa kuwa hewa ikipata joto hutanuka hivyo huwa na mgandamizo mdogo wa hewa.Pepo huvuma kuelekea huko. ==Upepo== Pepo hizi huvuma kutoka kusini-mashariki kuanzia mwezi [[desemba]] wakati jua la utosi linapokuwa tropiki ya kaprikoni kipindi hiki kizio cha kusini huwa na joto na Pepo huvuma kutoka kusini-mashariki.Pia hali hiyo husababisha mabadiliko ya upatikanaji wa mvua na hali ya joto katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki. Maeneo ya Ikweta yana tabia ya Kiikweta ya kuwa na [[mvua]] nyingi na [[joto]] jingi.Kusini na Kaskazini mwa eneo lenye tabia ya Kiikweta kuna tabia ya kitropiki yenye majira mawili makuu ya mwaka.Majira hayo ya mwaka ni [[masika]] na [[kiangazi]].Lakini katika maeneo ya pwani majira ya mwaka hugawanyika katika sehemu nne ambazo ni [[vuli]],[[kipupwe]],[[masika]] na [[kiangazi]]. ==Mwinuko== Afrika Mashariki ina mwinuko wa meta 0 kutoka usawa wa bahari hadi kufika meta 4600.Maeneo ya pwani mwinuko wake ni kuanzia meta 0 hadi meta 500 kutoka usawa wa bahari. Wastani wa jotoridi ni nyuzi za sentigredi 26.Joto hupungua kadiri unavyoelekea bara.Meta 1500 Kutoka usawa wa bahari ni nyuzi za sentigredi 22 ambapo ni wastani wa joto linalopatikana katika maeneo ya [[Tabora]].Maeneo ya mlima mrefu kama [[kilimanjaro]] wenye urefu wa meta 5895 huwa na jotoridi la chini ya nyuzi za sentigredi 0 ==Maziwa na bahari== Maeneo yaliyo kandokando ya [[maziwa]] na [[bahari]] huwa na unyevunyevu na mvua nyingi.Mara nyingi maeneo yanayozunguka bahari na maziwa mfano [[Ziwa Viktoria]] na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] yana tabia ya nchi ya aina moja.Maeneo hayo kwa kawaida hupata mvua nyingi. ==Uoto wa misitu== Maeneo yenye [[misitu]] hupata mvua nyingi kwani [[mawingu]] huweza kufanyika kwa urahisi.Misitu hiyo pia huifadhi unyevu usipotee ardhini kwa urahisi kwa njia ya mvukizo. ==Pepo== Pepo za msimu za [[Kaskazini-mashariki]] Huleta Mvua kidogo katika eneo kubwa la [[kenya]] na kaskazini mwa [[Tanzania]]. Pepo huvuma sambamba na pwani.Pepo hizi pia huvuma kutoka sehemu kubwa ya nchi kavu katika nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] na [[Sudani]] kabla ya kufika eneo la [[Afrika Mashariki]]. {{Sister project links|Sun}} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ Nasa SOHO (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) satellite] * [http://www.nso.edu/ National Solar Observatory] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nso.edu/ |date=20140408014721 }} * [http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-30-the-sun-spots-and-all/ Astronomy Cast: The Sun] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511124300/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/10/the_sun.html A collection of spectacular images of the Sun from various institutions] (''[[The Boston Globe]]'') * [http://www.acrim.com/ Satellite observations of solar luminosity] {{Wayback|url=http://www.acrim.com/ |date=20170611210135 }} * [http://www.suntrek.org/ Sun|Trek, an educational website about the Sun] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050518081349/http://www.solarphysics.kva.se/ The Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope, SST] * [http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/sunStructure.html An animated explanation of the structure of the Sun] {{Wayback|url=http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/sunStructure.html |date=20110810133537 }} (University of Glamorgan) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpMRtvFD8ek&hl=fr Animation – The Future of the Sun] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315111135/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2010/12mar_conveyorbelt.htm Solar Conveyor Belt Speeds Up] –NASA– images, link to report on Science * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-41gAPmUG0&feature=youtube_gdata&ab_channel=NASAGoddard NASA 5-year timelapse video of the Sun] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tmbeLTHC_0&ab_channel=NASAGoddard Sun in Ultra High Definition] NASA 11 January 2015 * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157666090419309/with/37787152294/ Album] of images and videos by Seán Doran, based on [[Solar Dynamics Observatory|SDO]] imagery {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Nyota]] [[Jamii:Mfumo wa jua]] ecywza2cibd7fqsdgjbdky8x02wiemy 0 3781 1599870 1555470 2026-09-24T05:34:26Z Gayle157 73366 /* Historia */ Expanded 1599870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|nchi katika Ufalme wa Muungano|}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Uingereza | jina_asili = England ([[en]]) | kauli_mbiu = | wimbo_wa_taifa = "God Save the King" | bendera = Flag of England.svg | nembo = Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg | ramani = England (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = <small><i>Eneo la Uingereza</i></small> | ukubwawapicha = | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[London]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha2 = | kabila = {{plainlist| *81.0% [[Wazungu]] *9.6% [[Asia|Waasia]] *4.2% [[Waafrika]] *3.0% [[Chotara]] *2.2% Wengine }} | dini = {{plainlist| *46.3% [[Ukristo]] *36.7% [[Wasio na dini]] *6.7% [[Uislamu]] *1.8% [[Uhindi]] *0.9% [[Kalasinga]] *0.5% [[Uyahudi]] }} | serikali = Utawala wa moja kwa moja wa Uingereza wenye ugatuzi wa sehemu chini ya kifalme wa kikatiba. | utaifa = [[Mwingereza]] | kiongozi1 = [[Charles III]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Mfalme]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = | kiongozi_jina2 = | kiongozi3 = | cheo_kiongozi3 = | bunge = | tukio1 = | tukio1_tarehe = | tukio2 = | tukio2_tarehe = | tukio3 = | tukio3_tarehe = | eneo_jumla = 132,932 km² | eneo_ardhi = | eneo_maji = | asilimia_maji = | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 57,106,398 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | cheo_idadi_ya_watu = | msongamano = | plt_ppp = | pato_mwaka = | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = | plt = {{increase}} £2.162 trilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = £37,852 </br> ($46,951) | hdi = | orodha_hdi = | mwaka_maendeleo = | mwaka_gini = | gini = | tovuti = | sarafu = [[Pauni ya Sterling]] | majira_saa = +0 (GMT) | msimbo_simu = 44 | mtandao = | upande_wa_kuendeshea = Kushoto | tanbihi = Uingereza ni nchi ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | muundo_tarehe = dd/mm/yyyy }} '''Uingereza''' (pia: '''Ingilandi''' kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: '''England''') ni nchi ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. Inapakana na [[Uskoti]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Welisi]] upande wa magharibi. [[Bahari ya Eire]] upande wa kaskazini-magharibi, [[Bahari ya Celtic]] ipo kusini-magharibi, na [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]] ipo mashariki, huku Mfereji wa Kiingereza ukiitenganisha na bara la [[Ulaya]] upande wa kusini. Uingereza inashughulikia sehemu kubwa ya kusini ya kisiwa [[Ufalme wa Muungano|cha]] [[Britania]] na ina asilimia 84 ya idadi ya watu wa [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. Mji wake mkuu ni [[London]], ambao pia ni mji mkubwa zaidi nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] Uingereza ina mandhari mbalimbali inayojumuisha vilima vinavyopinda, nyanda [[tambarare]], na maeneo ya milima kama Eneo la Ziwa (Lake District) na Milima ya Pennines. Mito yake mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Thames]], Severn, na Trent. Uingereza ina hali ya hewa ya baharini yenye [[Majira ya joto|joto]] la wastani, ikiwa na halijoto za wastani na mvua katika kipindi chote cha mwaka. Nchi hii ina miji mingi, ikiwa na miji mikubwa kama [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]], [[Leeds]], na [[Newcastle]], pamoja na miji yake ya [[historia|kihistoria]] na vijiji vya mashambani vinavyovutia mamilioni ya watalii kila mwaka. [[Historia|Kihistoria]], Uingereza imekuwa na nafasi ya kipekee katika maendeleo ya utamaduni wa Magharibi, [[sheria]], [[sayansi]], na [[viwanda]]. Hapa ndipo palipozaliwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]], Mapinduzi ya Kiwanda (''Industrial Revolution''), na watu mashuhuri wengi katika [[fasihi]], [[falsafa]], na [[siasa]]. Mfumo wa sheria ya kawaida (common law) wa Uingereza, demokrasia ya bunge, na taasisi kama vile ufalme, zimekuwa na athari kubwa duniani. Leo, Uingereza bado ni kitovu cha [[uchumi]], [[utamaduni]], na [[siasa]] ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], na inaendelea kuathiri mienendo ya [[dunia] katika [[muziki]], [[michezo]], [[elimu]], na [[teknolojia]] . ==Jina== {{Vyanzo}} Katika [[lugha]] ya kila siku "Uingereza" hutaja mara nyingi Ufalme wote au kisiwa chote cha Britania. Lakini kwa usahihi "Uingereza" ni ile sehemu kubwa zaidi [[kusini]] mwa kisiwa, tofauti na nchi za [[Welisi]] (Wales, upande wa [[magharibi]]) na [[Uskoti]] (Scotland, upande wa [[kaskazini]]).[[Asili]] ya [[jina]] la [[Kiswahili]] ni neno <big>إنجليزي</big> ''injilisi'' ''(matamshi ya Kimisri: ingilisi)''" katika lugha ya [[Kiarabu]]; [[Waarabu]] walisikia jina "inglish" wakirahisisha matamshi kuwa "inglis", wakaongeza [[sauti]] fupi kati ya "g" na "l", hivyo kufikia kwa "ingilis" ambako "i" ya pili ni fupi kiasi cha kusikia pia "e" na hivyo ilipokewa na [[Waswahili]]. Kwa namna ya [[Kibantu]] sauti ya "l" ikawa "r": ingelesi kuwa ingereza. == Jiografia == [[File:Topographic Map of the UK - Blank.png|thumb|Topografia ya Ufalme wa Muungano]] [[Picha:Widecombe in the Moor, Devon.jpg|thumb|Mazingira ya vilima vya Devon, kusini-magharibi ya Uingereza]] Uingereza iko kwenye kisiwa cha Britania ambacho ndicho kisiwa kikubwa cha [[Ulaya]]. Inapakana na [[Welisi]] upande wa magharibi na [[Uskoti]] upande wa kaskazini. Upande wa magharibi iko [[Bahari ya Eire]], na ng'ambo yake kisiwa cha [[Eire]] (Ireland). Upande wa [[mashariki]] iko [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]], ng'ambo yake [[Denmark]], [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uholanzi]]; upande wa kusini uko [[Mfereji wa Kiingereza]] halafu kusini-magharibi [[Bahari Atlantiki]], ng'ambo yake [[Ufaransa]] na [[Ubelgiji]]. Tangu mwaka [[1994]] chini ya mfereji huo kuna njia ya [[reli]] kwa [[tobwe]] inayounganisha Uingereza na Ufaransa. Uingereza ina visiwa vingi vidogo; kikubwa ni [[Isle of Wight]] katika kusini. [[Pwani]] zake ni ndefu, hakuna mahali palipo mbali zaidi ya [[km]] 113 kutoka [[bahari]]ni. Sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni ama tambarare au vilima vidogo; mwinuko wa juu ni [[Scafell Pike]] yenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 978. Kumbe [[milima]] mirefu ya Britania iko Welisi na Uskoti. ===Tabianchi=== [[Tabianchi]] ya Uingereza inaathiriwa na mahali pake baharini inayopitiwa na [[Mkondo wa Ghuba]] na [[latitudo|latitudo ya kaskazini]]. Athari hizo zinaleta tabianchi fufutende ya kibahari; kwa [[wastani]] [[baridi]] haishuki chini ya 0 [[°C]] na [[joto]] halipandi juu ya 32 °C. Hata hivyo vipindi vya [[jeledi]] au [[joto]] kali zaidi vinaweza kutokea kwa [[siku]] kadhaa. Miezi ya baridi ni [[Januari]] na [[Februari]]. [[Julai]] kwa kawaida ni mwezi wenye joto zaidi. [[Hali ya hewa]] mara nyingi ni nyevunyevu na [[mvua]] inaweza kutokea mwaka wote. Vipindi vya mvua na [[jua]] hubadilishana haraka. ===Miji ya Uingereza=== [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[London]]. Kati ya [[miji]] mikubwa ya Uingereza ni: [[London]] (wakazi 9,787,426), [[Manchester]] (2,553,379), [[Birmingham]] (pamoja na West Midlands 2,440,986), [[Leeds]] (pamoja na West Yorkshire 1,777,934), [[Sheffield]], [[Bradford]] na [[Liverpool]]. === Mito ya Uingereza === [[Picha:CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg|thumb|left|320px|Mto Thames katika London mnamo mwaka 1750]] {{main|Mito ya Uingereza}} Kutokana na tabianchi yenye mvua ya kutosha kuna [[mito]] mingi nchini. Mito mirefu ni Thames (km 346) na Severn (km 350). * [[Severn (mto)|Severn]] (mto mrefu wa [[Britania]]) * [[Thames (mto)|Thames]] (mto mrefu katika Uingereza) * [[Trent (mto)|Trent]] * [[Humber (mto)|Humber]] * [[Tyne (mto)|Tyne]] * [[Tees (mto)|Tees]] * [[Ribble (mto)|Ribble]] * [[Ouse (mto)|Ouse]] * [[Mersey (mto)|Mersey]] * [[Dee (mto)|Dee]] * [[Avon (mto)|Avon]] === Mikoa ya Uingereza === {{Uingerezamap|width={{{width|250}}}}} {{main|Mikoa ya Uingereza}} Kihistoria Uingereza iligawiwa katika [[kaunti]] (''counties'') na miji (''boroughs''). Nchi yote imegawiwa leo katika [[mikoa]] (regions) 9. Mikoa kadhaa huwa na [[mamlaka]] fulani ya kiutawala, lakini si yote. Vinginevyo [[utawala]] wa kieneo kunatokea hasa kwenye ngazi ya kaunti na [[halmashauri]] ndani ya kila mkoa. == Historia == '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania|Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa [[Enzi ya chuma]], sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola la Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka,[[Waangli]]-[[Wasaksoni|Saksoni]] walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo ''Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex''.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 8]] ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa Danelaw katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Angli-Saksoni chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> [[Alfredi Mkuu]] alipinga upanuzi wa [[Wavikingi]], na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa [[Wanormani|Normani]] wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[William Mshindi]] alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya [[Elizabeth I wa Uingereza|Elizabeth I]], Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> == Uchumi== [[File:London city.jpg|thumb|[[London]], Uingereza]] Uingereza ina [[uchumi]] mkubwa zaidi ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] na ni mojawapo ya uchumi wa kikanda ulioendelea zaidi na wenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani. <ref name="ONS_UK_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) output approach, UK |website=ons.gov.uk |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Inafanya kazi kama sehemu ya uchumi mpana wa taifa la [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] lakini inachangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]], [[idadi ya watu]], na uzalishaji wa [[Kiwanda|viwanda]]. [[Historia ya Ufalme wa Muungano|Kihistoria]], Uingereza ilikuwa mahali palipoanzia [[Mapinduzi ya Viwandani]], ambayo yaliibadilisha kuwa kitovu cha dunia cha viwanda vya uzalishaji na [[huduma]] za [[fedha|kifedha]]. <ref name="Britannica_Industrial_Rev">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution |title=Industrial Revolution |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Leo, uchumi wake una aina nyingi, ukiwa mtaji mkubwa katika sekta ya [[huduma]], [[Kiwanda|viwanda vya kisasa]], [[teknolojia]], na [[biashara|biashara ya kimataifa]]. <ref name="PwC_UK_Economic_Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.pwc.co.uk/services/economics/insights/uk-economic-outlook.html |title=UK Economic Outlook |website=pwc.co.uk |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2025 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta ya huduma ndiyo inayoongoza katika uchumi wa Uingereza, hasa huduma za fedha, [[bima]], sekta ya majengo na ardhi, na huduma za biashara. Jiji la [[London]] ni mojawapo ya vituo vikuu vya fedha duniani, likihudumia mabenki makubwa, [[Soko la hisa|masoko ya hisa]], na makampuni ya kimataifa. <ref name="CityOfLondon_Research">{{cite web |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/supporting-businesses/economic-research-and-information |title=Economic Research and Global Financial Centre Report |website=cityoflondon.gov.uk |publisher=City of London Corporation |date=2024 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sekta nyingine muhimu ni [[teknolojia ya habari]], [[afya]], [[elimu]], [[utalii]], na [[viwanda]] vya ubunifu kama [[vyombo vya habari]], [[filamu]], na usanifu. [[Kiwanda|Viwanda]] bado vina umuhimu, hasa katika uzalishaji wa [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]], magari, [[kemikali]], na [[dawa]], ingawa vinachukua sehemu ndogo ya ajira ikilinganishwa na sekta ya huduma. <ref name="Britannica_England_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/Economy |title=England: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Uingereza pia ni kitovu kikuu cha biashara ya ndani na ya kimataifa, [[mahuruji|ikisafirisha nje]] bidhaa na huduma kama vile huduma za kifedha, [[mashine]], [[dawa]], na bidhaa za [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]]. Inaagiza [[nishati]], chakula, bidhaa za matumizi, na [[malighafi]] kutoka kwa washirika wa kimataifa. <ref name="WFB_UK_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/#economy |title=United Kingdom - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 19, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uchumi wake unafaidika na nguvu kazi yenye ujuzi mkubwa, miundombinu ya kisasa, na mifumo imara ya kisheria na udhibiti. Licha ya nguvu zake, Uingereza inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile tofauti za kiuchumi kati ya maeneo, upungufu wa uzalishaji katika baadhi ya sekta, na shinikizo la makazi, hasa kati ya [[London]] na maeneo mengine. <ref name="IMF_UK_Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/GBR |title=United Kingdom and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/swahili/ BBC Swahili] * [http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm Serikali ya Uingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm |date=20090907093139 }} [[Jamii:Uingereza| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Ufalme wa Muungano]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] lpop1xfu3nrqmyrqa6oe1g4csydy50k 0 5597 1600048 1051598 2026-09-24T11:40:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600048 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Rotating earth (large).gif|thumb|300px|Mabadiliko ya siku husababishwa na mzunguko wa dunia yetu kwenye mhimili wake. Hapa tunatazama upande wa mchana unaoangazwa na jua. Upande mwingine ni upande wa giza au usiku.]] '''Siku''' ni [[muda]] wa [[saa]] 24 ambamo tunaona vipindi viwili: kile cha [[mwanga]] wa [[mchana]] na kile cha [[giza]] la [[usiku]]. == Mchana na usiku == Mabadiliko hayo ya mchana na usiku husabibishwa na mzunguko wa [[dunia]] kwenye [[mhimili]] wake. Upande wa dunia unaotazama [[jua]] unapata mwanga wa mchana lakini upande mwingine usiotazama jua unakuwa gizani. Sisi pamoja na [[Kitu|vitu]] vyote vilivyo juu ya uso wa dunia, yaani [[bahari]], [[mito]], [[milima]], [[binadamu]], [[misitu]], [[Jangwa|majangwa]], [[Jengo|majengo]], [[barabara]] na kila kitu unachoweza kuwaza kuwa kipo kwenye uso wa dunia, basi vyote huwa katika mwendo kadiri dunia inavyojizungusha kwenye mhimili wake. Hivyo basi, wakati upande ule wa uso wa dunia tulipo unapogeukia au kutazamana na jua, basi kwetu inakuwa mchana, pale ambapo upande huo hatutazamani na dunia, basi tunapata usiku, yaani tunakuwa kwenye giza. ==Mwanzo na mwisho== Mwanzo na mwisho wa siku ni jambo la mapatano baina ya watu ma hapa kuna kawaida tofautitofauti katika [[tamaduni]] za Dunia. [[Uchumi]] na [[sheria]] siku hizi hufuata [[muda sanifu wa dunia]] unaopanga mwisho na mwanzo wa siku ya [[kalenda]] katikati ya usiku, yaani saa sita usiku, au kwa [[lugha]] nyingine kwenye 24:00 au 0:00 [[h]]. Kalenda za [[dini|kidini]] kama [[kalenda ya Kiyahudi]] na [[Kalenda ya kiislamu]] hupanga mwisho wa siku wakati wa [[machweo]], ambayo ni pia mwanzo wa siku mpya. Kwa sababu hiyo [[sherehe]] ya [[Sabato]] katika [[Uyahudi]] (ambayo inalingana na [[Jumamosi]] ya [[Kiswahili]]) inaanza baada ya machweo kwenye [[Ijumaa]], na pia utaratibu wa kuzuia [[kazi]] unakwisha kwenye [[jioni]] ya Jumamosi baada ya machweo. == Muda wa siku == Mzunguko huo wa dunia kwenye mhimili wake unachukua muda wa [[nukta]] (sekunde) 86,400 au ma[[saa]] 24. Kwa sababu muda wa mzunguko haulingani kikamilifu na [[kipimo]] cha sekunde kuna siku ndefu au fupi zinazopatikana kwa kuingiza au kupunguza nukta moja kufuatana na azimio ya [[wataalamu]] wa [[wakati]]. Hii haina umuhimu wowote katika [[maisha]] ya kila siku lakini inapaswa kuangaliwa pale ambapo saa kamili sana ya [[Atomi|kiatomi]] hutumiwa. == Siku na mwaka == Dunia, pamoja na kujizungusha kwenye mhimili wake, ina mwendo mwingine pia, yaani ule wa kulizunguka jua. Ikikamilisha mwendo huu basi [[mwaka]] unakuwa umekamilika. Kipindi cha mwaka hakilingani kwa kila mwaka: kuna miaka mirefu na miaka mifupi. Hii ni kwa mujibu wa [[Kalenda ya Gregori]] ambapo mwaka wa kawaida (mfupi) huwa na siku 365 na kila mwaka wa nne (mwaka mrefu) kuwa na siku 366. {{siku}} [[Jamii:Wakati]] [[Jamii:Kalenda]] [[Jamii:Vipimo vya wakati]] jcors2w3y6hpu4q19jube9g0lnvqw32 0 7321 1599959 1531266 2026-09-24T09:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kuhusu|Jamhuri ya Korea|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Watu wa Korea|Korea Kaskazini}} {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_asili = 대한민국 ''Daehan Minguk'' |jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Korea |common_name = Korea ya Kusini |bendera = Flag of South Korea.svg |nembo = Coat_of_arms_of_South_Korea.svg |symbol_type = Nembo |ramani = South Korea (orthographic projection).svg |kauli_mbiu = 널리 인간을 이롭게 하라 <small>"Lete faida kwa watu wote" |wimbo_wa_taifa = "''[[Aegukga]]''" |lugha_rasmi = [[Kikorea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203) |script-title=ko:[시행 2016.8.4.] [법률 제13978호, 2016.2.3., 제정] |trans-title=Enforcement 2016.8.4. Law No. 13978, enacted on 3 February 2016 |language=ko |year=2016 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311124649/http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203) |url-status=live }}</ref> |mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Seoul]] |latd=37 |latm=35 |latNS=N |longd=127 |longm=0 |longEW=E |serikali = [[Jamhuri]] |cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] |cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] |kiongozi1 = Yoon Suk Yeol |kiongozi2 = Han Duck-soo |kabila = {{Plainlist| *94.8% Wakorea *5.2% Nyingine}}<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ko:출입국통계 |url=https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/2412/subview.do |website=Ministry of Justice |access-date=April 4, 2025 |language=ko}}</ref> |dini = {{Plainlist| * 51% [[Wasio na dini]] * 31% [[Ukristo]] * 17% [[Ubudha]] * 2% Nyingine}}<ref name="2024 religion"/> |cheo_eneo = ya 108 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |eneo_jumla = 100,210<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/#geography|title=South Korea|date=February 27, 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=February 24, 2023|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-korea#geography|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="South Korea country profile">{{cite web |title=South Korea country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563 |website=BBC News |access-date=October 17, 2023 |date=October 17, 2023 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive_url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202409/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563 |url-status=live }}</ref> |areami² = 38,691 |asilimia_maji = 0.3 |watu_kadirio = 50,617,045<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Korea South|access-date=September 24, 2022}}</ref> |cheo_watu = ya 26 |mwaka_kadirio = Julai 2014 |msongamano = 505.1 (ya 13) |population_densitymi² = 1,308.2 |plt_ppp = {{increase}} $3.258 Trilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KR">{{Rejea tovuti |title=World Economic Outlook Database October 2025 |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> |mwaka_pato = 2024 |plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $62,960<ref name="IMFWEO.KR" /> |plt = {{increase}} $1.95 Trilioni (ya 12)<ref name="IMFWEO.KR" /> |plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $37,365<ref name="IMFWEO.KR" /> |gini = {{OngezekoHasi}} 33.3<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm|title=Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data|publisher=OECD|access-date=July 17, 2021|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701171540/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |mwaka_gini = 2021 |muundo_uhuru = '''Iliundwa''' |tukio1 = Ufalme wa [[Gojoseon]] |tukio2 = Tangazo la uhuru bado chini ya [[Japani]] |tukio3 = Ukombozi kutoka utawala wa Japani<br /> Jamhuri ya kwanza<br />ilitambuliwa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] |tukio1_tarehe = [[3 Oktoba]] |tukio2_tarehe = [[2333 KK]] |tukio3_tarehe = [[1 Machi]] [[1919]] [[15 Agosti]] |tukio3_tarehe = [[1945]] [[15 Agosti]] [[1948]] |tukio3_tarehe = [[12 Desemba]] [[1948]] |hdi = {{increase}} 0.929 (ya 19)</br> {{juu sana}}<ref name="HDI">{{Rejea tovuti |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |language=en}}</ref> |orodha_hdi = ya 19 |mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> |sarafu = [[Won ya Korea Kusini]] |majira_saa = +9 |time_zone_DST = -- |utc_offset_DST = +9 |mtandao = [[.kr]] |msimbo_wa_simu = 82 }} '''Korea Kusini''' (jina rasmi: '''Jamhuri ya Korea'''; 대한민국 kwa [[Kikorea]]) ni nchi iliyoko [[Asia ya Mashariki]], upande wa kusini wa [[Rasi ya Korea]]. Korea Kusini ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 52, na inashika nafasi ya 28 kwa kuwa na idadi kubwa ya watu duniani. Korea Kusini inapakana na [[Korea Kaskazini]] upande wa kaskazini na inazungukwa na [[Bahari ya Japani]] (Bahari ya Mashariki) upande wa mashariki, [[Bahari Njano]] upande wa magharibi, na [[Mlango wa Korea]] upande wa kusini. Ina jumla ya eneo la takriban kilomita za mraba 100,210 lakini yenye maendeleo makubwa. Mji mkuu na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Seoul]], jiji kuu la kimataifa na kituo cha kitamaduni, kiuchumi, na kisiasa cha taifa hilo. Korea Kusini inajulikana kwa ukuaji wake wa haraka wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] na maendeleo ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], hasa tangu miaka ya 1970. Mara nyingi huitwa moja ya “''Punda mila za Asia,''” (Asian Tigers) nchi hii ilibadilika kutoka [[uchumi]] uliokumbwa na [[vita]] hadi kuwa mojawapo ya [[nchi]] zenye [[uchumi]] mkubwa na wenye nguvu [[dunia|duniani]]. Ni kiongozi wa kimataifa katika sekta kama vile vifaa vya [[elektroniki]], [[gari|magari]], uundaji wa meli, na chuma. Makampuni makubwa kama [[Samsung]], [[Hyundai]], na [[LG]] yana makao yake makuu humo. Korea Kusini pia ina kiwango cha juu cha maisha, mfumo imara wa [[elimu]], na miundombinu bora, ikiwa ni pamoja na mtandao wa intaneti unaoongoza kwa kasi duniani. [[Utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]], Korea Kusini imepata ushawishi mkubwa duniani kupitia muziki wake, [[sinema]], mitindo, na vyakula, jambo linalojulikana kama “''Wimbi la Kikorea''” au ''Hallyu''. Muziki wa ''K-pop'', tamthilia za Kikorea, na filamu zimevutia hadhira kubwa ya kimataifa, na vyakula vya Kikorea kama ''kimchi'', ''bulgogi'', na ''bibimbap'' ni maarufu kote ulimwenguni. Korea Kusini ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[kidemokrasia]] yenye [[rais]] kama mkuu wa nchi na waziri mkuu kama mkuu wa serikali. Ni mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[G20]], [[OECD]], na mashirika mengine ya kimataifa, na ina mchango mkubwa katika masuala ya kikanda na kimataifa. ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Korea Kusini}} [[File:View of seoul circa 1900.jpg|thumb|Mji wa Seoul ulivyokuwa mwaka 1900 hivi.]] Historia ya Korea Kusini ni sehemu ya [[historia]] pana ya [[Rasi ya Korea]], ambayo imekaliwa na [[binadamu]] kwa maelfu ya miaka. === Kipindi cha Mwanzo na Uundaji wa Awali=== Mwanzo wa [[ustaarabu]] wa Korea huhusishwa kijadi na kuanzishwa kwa Gojoseon mnamo mwaka [[2333 KK]], ikifuatiwa na kuibuka kwa [[Falme Tatu za Korea]]: ''[[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], na [[Silla]]'' katika [[karne]] za mwanzo [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]. Falme hizo zilishindania [[mamlaka]] hadi Silla, kwa msaada wa [[nasaba ya Tang]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]], ilipounganisha sehemu kubwa ya [[rasi]] hiyo katika [[karne ya 7]]. Katika kipindi hicho, jamii za awali zilijikita katika [[kilimo]] cha mwanzo, uundaji wa [[zana]] za [[chuma]], na [[maendeleo]] ya mifumo ya kijamii iliyochangia kuibuka kwa madola ya mwanzo na [[Utambulisho wa nchi|utambulisho]] wa kitamaduni wa Wakorea. === Nasaba za Goryeo na Joseon === Baadaye ilifuata nasaba ya [[Goryeo]] (918–1392), iliyotoa [[jina]] la kisasa la Korea, na [[nasaba ya Joseon]] (1392–1897), dola la muda mrefu lililotawaliwa kwa misingi ya [[Ukonfusio]] na kujulikana kwa mafanikio ya [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]], ikiwemo uundaji wa [[mwandiko]] wa [[Kikorea]], [[Hangul]]. Katika enzi hizo, kulikuwa na maendeleo makubwa katika nyanja za [[elimu]], [[sayansi]], na [[fasihi]], pamoja na kuimarika kwa mfumo wa [[utawala]] wa kifalme uliotegemea [[Ofisa|maafisa]] wasomi, hali iliyosaidia kuunda [[jamii]] yenye mpangilio thabiti na [[urithi]] mkubwa wa kitamaduni. === Kipindi cha Mgogoro (kabla ya Ukoloni) === Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], Korea ilikabiliwa na shinikizo kubwa kutoka kwa [[Taifa|mataifa]] ya kigeni, hasa [[Japani]]. Kipindi hicho kilishuhudia pia kuongezeka kwa ushawishi wa [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|mataifa ya Magharibi]] na China katika [[siasa]] za ndani za Korea, hali iliyodhoofisha mamlaka ya kifalme na kusababisha mabadiliko ya kijamii na ya kiuchumi yaliyokuwa yakibadilisha muundo wa jamii ya Korea kwa kasi. === Kipindi cha Ukoloni (1910 – 1945) === Mwaka [[1910]], Korea iliunganishwa rasmi na Japani na kubaki chini ya utawala wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] hadi mwisho wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] mwaka [[1945]]. Katika kipindi hicho, sera za ukoloni zililenga kuunganisha Korea kiutawala na kiuchumi na Japani, huku pia zikidhibiti utamaduni wa wenyeji, jambo lililosababisha upinzani wa kitaifa na [[harakati]] mbalimbali za kupigania [[uhuru]] miongoni mwa Wakorea. === Kipindi cha Mgawanyiko na Vita=== Kwenye mwisho wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia [[jeshi]] la Urusi liliwafuata Wajapani [[kaskazini]] mwa [[rasi]] na [[Wamarekani]] waliingia [[kusini]]. Hivyo baada ya kushindwa kwa Japani, rasi hiyo iligawanywa katika mstari wa [[Latitudo|latitudo]] ya 38 kuwa [[Korea Kaskazini]] iliyoungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] na Korea Kusini iliyoungwa mkono na [[Marekani]]. Mgawanyiko huo ulisababisha [[Vita ya Korea|Vita vya Korea]] (1950–1953), [[vita]] vikali vilivyomalizika kwa makubaliano ya kusitisha mapigano badala ya [[mkataba wa amani]], na hivyo kuacha rasi hiyo ikiwa bado katika hali ya vita kisheria na kugawanyika katika mataifa mawili tofauti. Athari za vita zilikuwa kubwa juu ya uchumi, [[miundombinu]], na maisha ya mamilioni ya watu katika pande zote mbili za rasi. Mwanzoni kulikuwa na majadiliano ya kuunganisha Korea tena lakini [[Vita Baridi]] ilileta uadui kati ya pande hizo mbili. Kila moja ilianzisha [[serikali]] ya pekee katika kanda la [[utawala]] wake kufuatana na [[itikadi]] yake. Warusi walitaifisha tasnia na [[ardhi]] wakaacha serikali ya [[ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] katika kaskazini na Wamarekani waliacha [[uchumi]] wa [[Ubepari|kibepari]] na serikali iliyochaguliwa katika kusini. === Kipindi cha Maendeleo ya Kisasa na Sasa === Baada ya vita, Korea Kusini ilipitia miongo ya misukosuko ya kisiasa na utawala wa [[Udikteta|kiimla]], sambamba na maendeleo ya haraka ya uchumi yaliyojulikana kama ''Muujiza wa Mto Han.'' Kuanzia [[miaka ya 1980]], [[maandamano]] makubwa ya wananchi yalisababisha [[mageuzi]] na kuanzishwa kwa [[serikali]] thabiti ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]]. Leo, Korea Kusini ni moja ya uchumi mkubwa [[Dunia|duniani]] na nguvu kuu ya kitamaduni na ya [[Teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], ikijulikana kwa ushawishi wake katika sekta kama vile [[Kifaa|vifaa]] vya [[elektroniki|kielektroniki]], [[Motokaa|magari]], na [[burudani]], pamoja na jamii yake hai ya kidemokrasia. Mafanikio haya yameifanya kuwa mfano wa maendeleo ya haraka kutoka taifa lililoathiriwa na vita hadi kuwa nchi iliyoendelea kiuchumi na kisiasa. ==Demografia== Wakazi wengi (94.8 %) ni Wakorea asili. Wachina ni 1.8 %, lakini wengi wao wana asili ya Korea. [[Idadi]] ya watu inaelekea kupungua kutokana na [[uzazi]] kuwa wa nadra mno (watoto 9 kwa watu 1,000ǃ). [[Lugha rasmi]] na ya kawaida ni [[Kikorea]]. === Dini === Kiasili watu wa Korea walifuata [[dini ya jadi]] iliyoheshimu pepo mbalimbali na kutoa [[sadaka]] kama njia za kuwapatanisha. Tangu [[karne ya 4]] [[Ubuddha]] uliingia kutoka China ukawa [[dini rasmi]]. [[Ukonfusio]] ulifuata tangu [[karne ya 13]]. [[Ukristo]] ulingia pia kutoka China ukaanza kukua zaidi tangu [[karne ya 19]]. Siku hizi 51[[Asilimia|%]] ya Wakorea wa kusini wanasema hawana dini. Sehemu kubwa wanakadiriwa kuwa wafuasi wa [[Konfusio]] lakini hawajiiti "wanadini". Ukristo ni kundi kubwa la kidini ukiwa na 31% za Wakorea wa Kusini, wakiwemo [[Waprotestanti]] (20%) na [[Wakatoliki]] (11%). Wabuddha ni kama 17%. Kuna pia wafuasi wachache wa [[dini]] nyingine mbalimbali (2%). ===Mikoa=== Kuna mikoa tisa nchini Korea Kusini, zikiwemo: *[[Chungcheongbuk-do]] *[[Chungcheongnam-do]] *[[Gangwon-do]] *[[Gyeonggi-do]] *[[Gyeongsangbuk-do]] *[[Gyeongsangnam-do]] *[[Jeju-do]] *[[Jeollabuk-do]] *[[Jeollanam-do]] == Uchumi == Korea Kusini ina mojawapo ya [[uchumi]] wenye nguvu na maendeleo zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], mara nyingi ikitambulika kama uchumi wa mapato makubwa unaolenga [[Mauzo ya nje|kuuza nje]]. Baada ya [[Vita vya Korea]] (1950–1953), nchi ilikuwa hasa ya [[kilimo]] na chini ya maendeleo, lakini kupitia mpango mfululizo wa maendeleo ulioongozwa na serikali kuanzia miaka ya 1960, ilikua viwandani na kisasa haraka. Leo, Korea Kusini inajulikana kwa sekta yake yenye nguvu ya viwanda, hasa katika elektroniki, magari, ujenzi wa meli, chuma, na kemikali. Uchumi wake unategemea sana [[mauzo ya nje]], ambayo yanachangia sehemu kubwa ya [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP). Sifa ya mafanikio ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] ya Korea Kusini ni msisitizo wake kwenye [[teknolojia]], ubunifu, na makampuni makubwa yanayomilikiwa na familia zinazoitwa ''chaebols'', ikiwemo [[Samsung]], [[Hyundai]], na [[LG]]. Nchi hii inawekeza kwa kiasi kikubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, [[elimu]], na miundombinu, ikikuza nguvu kazi yenye ujuzi inayosaidia viwanda vya [[teknolojia]] ya juu na ushindani wa kimataifa. Sekta ya teknolojia ya taarifa, na ubunifu wa kidijitali ni nguzo kuu ya ukuaji wa uchumi wa Korea Kusini, ikifanya iwe kiongozi katika elektroniki na mawasiliano duniani. [[Biashara]] na ujumuishaji wa kimataifa ni muhimu kwa uchumi wa Korea Kusini. Washirika wake wakuu wa kibiashara ni [[China]], [[Marekani]], [[Japani]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], na nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa mbalimbali, ikiwemo elektroniki, magari, mashine, na meli. Ingawa Korea Kusini imepata ukuaji wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] wa ajabu, inakabiliwa na changamoto kama idadi ya wazee inayoongezeka, utegemezi wa mauzo ya nje, na kuongezeka kwa madeni ya kaya. Licha ya changamoto hizi, nchi hii ina uchumi thabiti na wenye ubunifu unaoshiriki nafasi muhimu katika soko la dunia. == Siasa == Siasa za Korea Kusini zinaendeshwa chini ya mfumo wa [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya urais uliowekwa katika Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Korea. Rais ni mkuu wa nchi na pia mkuu wa [[serikali]], na huchaguliwa moja kwa moja na wananchi kwa kipindi kimoja cha miaka mitano. Tawi la utendaji linasaidiwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na Baraza la Nchi, ambalo husaidia katika uratibu wa utawala. Korea Kusini ina [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]], ambapo ushindani wa kisiasa unatawaliwa zaidi na vyama vikuu vya kihafidhina na vya kiliberali. Tawi la kutunga [[sheria]] ni Bunge la Kitaifa, ambalo ni chombo cha bunge moja chenye wajumbe wanaochaguliwa kupitia mchanganyiko wa majimbo ya mjumbe mmoja na uwakilishi wa uwiano. Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga [[sheria]], kuidhinisha bajeti, na kusimamia tawi la utendaji. Mahakama ni huru, na Mahakama Kuu ndiyo mahakama ya juu zaidi, huku Mahakama ya Katiba ikiwa na jukumu la kuchunguza uhalali wa [[katiba|kikatiba]] wa sheria na hatua za serikali. Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara na huzingatiwa kuwa wa ushindani na uwazi kulingana na viwango vya kidemokrasia. Siasa za Korea Kusini huathiriwa na masuala kadhaa muhimu, ikiwemo usalama wa taifa hasa uhusiano na [[Korea Kaskazini]], sera za uchumi, ustawi wa jamii, kupambana na ufisadi, na changamoto za idadi ya watu kama kuzeeka kwa jamii. Mjadala wa kisiasa huathiriwa pia na mifumo ya upigaji kura ya kikanda, mgawanyiko wa kiitikadi kati ya makundi ya maendeleo na kihafidhina, na maoni ya umma kuhusu usawa wa kiuchumi na gharama za makazi. Korea Kusini pia ina jukumu muhimu katika diplomasia ya kimataifa, hasa [[Asia ya Mashariki]], na kupitia ushirikiano kama ule na [[Marekani]] pamoja na uanachama katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|South Korea}} * {{en}} [http://www.korea.net Korea.net: Gateway to Korea] portal from the KOIS government agency; tovuti rasmi * [http://www.trifood.com/food.html Discover Korea and its cuisine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.trifood.com/food.html |date=20100724120605}} * [http://www.worknplay.co.kr/Information/ Information about Working and Living in South Korea] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worknplay.co.kr/Information/ |date=20070703060951}} * [http://www.defencetalk.com/forums/showthread.php?t=3967 South Korean Military Pictures] {{Wayback|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/forums/showthread.php?t=3967 |date=20070927184910}} DefenceTalk * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1123668.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: South Korea''] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Korea,-South Encyclopaedia Britannica, South Korea - Country Page] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html CIA World Factbook - ''South Korea''] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html |date=20150703194347}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20000815220032/http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/0,2759,331519,00.html Guardian Unlimited - ''Special Report: North and South Korea''] * [http://www.nso.go.kr/eng2006/emain/index.html Korea National Statistical Office] * [http://www.koreapeacenetwork.info/index.htm Korea Peace Network] {{Wayback|url=http://www.koreapeacenetwork.info/index.htm |date=20061209195423}} summary of past/current American policy towards Korea * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/krtoc.html Library of Congress - ''Country Study: South Korea''] data as of Juni 1990 * [http://korea.assembly.go.kr/index.jsp National Assembly] official site * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/South_Korea/ Open Directory Project - ''South Korea''] {{Wayback|url=http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/South_Korea/ |date=20061218070548}} directory category * [http://www.tour2korea.com/ Tour2Korea] operated by Korea National Tourism Organization * {{wikivoyage|South Korea}} * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Korea__South/ Yahoo! - ''South Korea''] {{Wayback|url=http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Korea__South/ |date=20061217061545}} directory category * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906013836/http://news.yahoo.com/fc/World/South_Korea Yahoo! News - ''Full Coverage: South Korea''] * [http://wiki.galbijim.com Galbijim Wiki for expats in Korea] {{Wayback|url=http://wiki.galbijim.com/ |date=20061218031411 }} * [http://www.turbomaps.com.ar/english/southkorea.php South Korea main cities satellite views and latitude and longitude coordinates] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turbomaps.com.ar/english/southkorea.php |date=20100204112922}} {{Asia}} [[Jamii:Korea Kusini| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Asia ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 05xo2m7vojouj9auygqrp6br085v165 0 8577 1599565 1350182 2026-09-23T18:41:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Panfilov Street.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya Mji wa Almaty]] [[Picha:Karte KZ.Alm.JPG|thumb|400px|Astana na Almaty nchini Kazakhstan]] '''Almaty''' ([[Kikazakhi]]: Алматы/- Almaty; hadi 1994 Alma-Ata) ni mji mkubwa wa [[Kazakhstan]] na kitovu chake cha uchumi, elimu na utamaduni. Idadi ya wakazi ni milioni 2. Ilikuwa mji mkuu wa nchi hadi [[1996]] lakini tangu [[1997]] serikali ilihamia [[Astana]]. == Historia == Eneo la mji lilikaliwa na watu tangu milenia [[kabla ya Kristo]]. Tangu karne ya 10 BK lilikua hapa mji wa Almatu. Jina lake limepatikana kutokana na [[sarafu]] ya [[Dirham]] ya mwaka 684 [[BH]] (1285 BK). Mji ulistawi kutokana na biashara kwenye [[barabara ya hariri]] hadi kuharibiwa kwa biashara hii katika [[karne ya 14]]. Mwaka wanajeshi Warusi walijenga boma karibu na maghofu ya Almatu wakati Urusi ulipoeneza himaya yake katika [[Asia ya Kati]]. Mji mpya ulianzishwa kwa jina Verny ((Верный)) ukaitwa hivyo hadi 1921. Baada ya [[mapinduzi wa kibolsheviki]] jina likabadilishwa kuwa Alma-Ata. Mji ukawa mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Kisovyeti ya Kikazakh]] ndani ya [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]]. Tangu 1991 Alma-Ata ilikuwa mji mkuu wa nchi huru mpya Kazakhstan ikabadilishwa jina kuwa Almaty. Serikali iliamua kuhamisha makao makuu ya serikali kwenda katika kitovu cha kijiografia ya nchi na tangu 1997 Almaty si mji mkuu tena. Lakini makampuni makubwa, vyuo na taasisi za utamaduni vimebaki Almaty. <gallery> Image:Almaty church.jpg|Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi |Msikiti Image:Modern Almaty.jpg|Almaty ya kisasa </gallery> [[Jamii:Miji ya Kazakhstan]] g5j48ijooc7ii6r03td0ykwuw0fjx15 0 14166 1599533 1118661 2026-09-23T18:32:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Clock Tower Secunderabad.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Muonekano wa Mji wa Secunderabad]] '''Secunderabad''' (pia:Sikanderabad) ni mji wa nchini [[India]] katika jimbo la [[Andhra Pradesh]] upande wa mashariki wa nchi. Iko karibu na mji mkubwa wa [[Hyderabad]] na mara nyingi hutazamiwa kama sehemu yake. == Uchumi na biashara == Secunderabad wanashughilika sana na bidhaa za mafuta ya petroli pia wanatengeneza madawa ya wanadamu, nguo n.k. Mji wa Secunderabad kwa miaka ya siku hizi kumekuwa wajenzi wengi wa bidhaa pepe (Software) n.k. Secunderabad pia inajulikana kwa [[teknolojia ya habari]] ama Information Technology (IT).Inashindana na Bangalore katika sekta hii ya Teknolijia ya habari (IT). Kwa sasa iko namba mbili nyuma ya Bangalore. Katika soko la kimataifa, Hyderabad imeweza kuuza Softwares na kupata mapato kiasi cha dola bilioni 1 za kimarekani kwa mwaka 2004. Hydeabad kwa sasa ina wawekezaji wengi sana katika soko hili la teknolojia ya habari(IT),Miongoni mwa makampuni yaliyowekeza katika Teknolojia ya habari ni kama ifuatavyo,Accenture, AppLabs, Infosys, Invensys, Microsoft, CSC, Oracle, Wipro, Kanbay, GE, iGate, ValueLabs, ADP, Dell, Deloitte, HSBCGLT, SumTotal, Intergraph, Analog Devices, Rhythm and Hues Studios, India, IBM, Keane,Satyam, Baan, Birlasoft, Cypress Semiconductors, InMage, SatNav Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services(TCS), Amazon, Google,HP(Hewlett-Packard),Oracle Corporation,Capgemini,CA(Computer Associates), Qualcomm, Cognizant Technology Solutions(CTS),Sierra Optima,UBS,wellsfargo,Microsoft Corporation,Cntrl S, MindTree, HCL, Polaris, Kenexa,Bank of America, InfoTech, VisualSoft, Pramati, GoldStone, Verizon, Virtusa, covansys, FourSoft, CMC, iGATE, LinkWell na Sierra Atlantic. {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Andhra Pradesh]] rv7yb0hx5kbkjho87hxs1umsvtg6vab 0 14238 1599357 1202871 2026-09-23T15:36:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu | rangi = Coral | jina = Enter the Dragon | picha = Enter the Dragon.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Kava ya [[filamu]] ya Enter the Dragon | imeongozwa na = Robert Clouse | imetungwa na = Michael Allin | imetaarishwa na = Fred Weintraub<br />Paul Heller | nyota = [[Bruce Lee]]<br /> John Saxon<br />Ahna Capri<br />Shih Kien<br />Robert Wall<br />Angela Mao<br />Betty Chung<br />Geoffrey Weeks<br />Peter Archer<br />Jim Kelly<br />Bolo Yeung | muziki = Lalo Schifrin | imehaririwa na = | imesambazwa na = Warner Brothers | muda = Dk. 98 | imetolewa tar. = [[26 Julai]] [[1973]] | nchi = [[Hong Kong]] na [[Marekani]] | lugha = [[Kiingereza]] }} [[File:Concord Production Logo.svg|thumb|'''[[Wikidata:Q18343365|Concord Production Inc.]]''']] '''Enter the Dragon''' (《龍爭虎鬥》) pia inajulikana kama. ''The Deadly Three'', [[filamu]] halisi ilkuwa inaitwa ''Blood and Steel'', ni [[filamu]] ya mwaka [[1973]] iliotolewa na kusambazwa na Warner Brothers martial arts film. [[Filamu]] ilichezwa na [[Bruce Lee]], John Saxon na Jim Kelly. Ni filamu ya mwisho ya Bruce Lee kuonekana kabla ya kifo chake. Alikufa siku sita kabla filamu kutolewa. == Washriki == * [[Bruce Lee]] * [[John Saxon]] * Shih Kien * Ahna Capri * Angela Mao * Jim Kelly * Robert Wall * Bolo Yeung * Betty Chung * Geoffrey Weeks * Peter Archer * Ho Lee Yan * Marlene Clark * Allan Kent * William Keller * Mickey Caruso * Pat E. Johnson * Darnell Garcia * Mike Bissell * Jackie Chan * Roy Chiao * Paul M. Heller * Sammo Hung * Lam Ching Ying * Tony Liu * Keye Luke * [[Chuck Norris]] * Hidy Ochiai * Steve Sanders * Wei Tung * Donnie Williams * Tadashi Yamashita * Yuen Biao * Yuen Wah == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110418161354/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117969988?refCatId=13 "Warners to remake 'Enter the Dragon'] {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu za China]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1973]] 7fr3jmlzy5sjy4ae9tx8co17rxokrtd 0 14832 1599760 1282236 2026-09-24T00:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Bosphorus_Bridge_(235499411).jpeg|thumb|Mji wa Insatbul, Uturuki]] [[Picha:Istanbul and Bosporus big.jpg|thumb|300px|Istanbul kutoka [[Anga|angani]]; juu iko Bahari Nyeusi, chini Bahari ya Marmara; sehemu ya Asia upande wa kulia, Ulaya upande wa kushoto wa Bosporus; "Pembe ya dhahabu" ni mkono wa bahari unaoonekana chini upande wa Ulaya.]] [[File:Henriette_Gudin_Hafen_von_Konstantinopel.jpg|thumb|Bandari ya Istanbul ilivyowahi kuchorwa.]] '''Istanbul''' (kwa [[Kituruki]] unatajwa '''İstanbul''') ni [[mji]] mkubwa zaidi katika nchi ya [[Uturuki]], ukiwa na wakazi wanaokadiriwa kuwa kati ya [[milioni]] 11 na 15, ambao wanaufanya kuwa miongoni mwa miji mikubwa ya [[dunia]]. Huu ndio [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Mkoa wa İstanbul]]. Eneo la Istanbul linaelekea pande zote mbili za [[mlangobahari]] wa [[Bosporus]] unaotenganisha [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]]. Hivyo ni mji pekee duniani uliopo katika [[Bara|mabara]] mawili. Kiini cha [[Historia|kihistoria]] kipo upande wa Ulaya kwenye sehemu yenye [[umbo]] la [[rasi]] baina ya [[Bahari ya Marmara]] na [[Pembe ya Dhahabu]] ambayo ni mkono wa bahari unaoingia ndani ya nchi na hivyo mahali pa mji ulikingwa na [[bahari]] pande [[tatu]]. == Historia == Mji huu umebadilishiwa [[jina]] mara kadhaa katika historia yake ya zaidi ya miaka 2,600. Awali [[jiji]] hilo liliundwa na [[Wagiriki wa kale|Wagiriki]] mnamo mwaka [[660 KK]] kwa jina la '''[[Bizanti]]'''. Mnamo mwaka [[330]] [[BK]] [[Kaisari]] [[Konstantino Mkuu]] aliufanya kuwa mji mkuu wa [[Dola la Roma]] akaupanua ukajulikana kama '''[[Konstantinopoli]]''' (yaani mji wa Konstantino). Konstantinopoli uliendelea kama mji mkuu wa [[Dola la Roma]] na baadaye [[Roma ya Mashariki]] uliojulikana pia kama [[Milki ya Bizanti]] hadi mwaka [[1453]] ambapo mji ulitwaliwa na [[Waturuki]]. Tangu mwaka ule uliendelea kama mji mkuu wa [[Milki ya Osmani]] hadi mwaka [[1923]]. Baadaye [[serikali]] ya Uturuki ilihamia [[Ankara]]. Wakati wa [[Waosmani]] majina mbalimbali yalitumiwa: Konstantinopoli au kwa kifupi "Konstantiniye", halafu tangu [[karne ya 18]] pia "Istanbul". Tangu mwaka [[1873]] [[jina rasmi]] kwa Kituruki limekuwa "Istanbul". Kuwepo kwa [[bandari]] kumepelekea mji huo kuwa [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]] katika [[Uturuki]]. Katika [[Ukristo]] ni muhimu kama makao ya [[Askofu]] wa pili kwa [[heshima]] kati ya Maaskofu wote duniani, kadiri ya orodha iliyotolewa na [[Mtaguso Mkuu|mitaguso mikuu]] ya [[karne ya 4]]. Hadi [[Vita vya kwanza vya dunia|vita vya kwanza vya dunia]] Istanbul ilikuwa na wakazi wengi Wakristo, hasa [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waarmenia]], lakini wakati ule Waarmenia waliteswa wakapungua na baada ya [[vita]] Wakristo walibaguliwa kwa jumla, hivyo wengi walihamia [[Ugiriki]]. Leo hii Wagiriki waliobaki ni 2000 - 3000 pekee na Waarmenia ni takriban 50,000. == Majengo == Istanbul huwa na [[Jengo|majengo]] mengi ya kihistoria kama vile * [[Hagia Sofia]] ilikuwa [[kanisa kuu]] la Konstantinopoli; ilijengwa kwa [[amri]] ya [[Kaisari Iustiniano]] na kukamilishwa mwaka [[537]] * [[Ukuta wa Theodosio]] ulioimarishwa kwa amri wa [[Kaisari]] huyu na kuwa kinga ya mji hadi [[uvamizi]] wa Waturuki * [[Kanisa|Makanisa]] ya kale, mengine kati yake yamebadilishwa kuwa [[misikiti]] * [[Mnara wa Galata]] uliojengwa na [[Waitalia]] katika sehemu yao ng'ambo ya Pembe la Dhahabu * Misikiti mikubwa ya Milki ya Osmani kama vile [[Msikiti wa Suleymaniye]], [[Msikiti wa Sultan Ahmad]] na majengo mbalimbali ya [[Mimar Sinan]] * [[Topkapi]] iliyokuwa [[ikulu]] ya masultani hadi mwaka 1923 na leo hii ni kati ya [[makumbusho]] muhimu duniani * Mnara wa Msichana - Kiz Kulesi: kulingana na hadithi nyingi tofauti, Konstantino, mmoja wa viongozi wa Kibizanti, alikuwa na [[binti]] yake mrembo ambaye alimpenda sana. Watabiri walitabiri kuwa [[kifo]] cha binti huyo kitatokana na kugongwa na [[nyoka]]. Katika kumlinda binti yake na janga hilo, [[mfalme]] akaagiza kujengwe [[nyumba]] katikati ya [[kisiwa]] ambapo ndipo Kiz Kulesi ilipo hivi sasa. Lakini mwisho wa siku yule binti aliuawa na nyoka aliyefika kisiwani katika kikapu cha [[mboga]]. == Elimu == Mjini Istanbul kuna [[vyuo vikuu]] mbalimbali, kati yake: * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ufundi cha Yildiz]] == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Istanbul}} * [http://english.istanbul.gov.tr Istanbul Governor's Office] {{Wayback|url=http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ |date=20061222171620 }} * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/AnaSayfa/ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/AnaSayfa/ |date=20051126080609 }} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=41040520&x=29001846&z=11&l=1&m=a WikiSatellite view of Istanbul at WikiMapia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061119025125/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=istanbul-turkey Emporis Buildings Database: Historic and modern buildings of Istanbul] * [http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp Ottoman architect Sinan's works in Istanbul] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp |date=20080401071829 }} {{Miji ya Uturuki}} {{mbegu-jio-Uturuki}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Bahari Nyeusi]] [[Jamii:Istanbul]] 4mhznqq591tyxh3n4647039y95are7o 0 15039 1599644 1273954 2026-09-23T18:58:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Laurence Fishburne | picha = Laurence Fishburne 2009 - cropped.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Laurence Fishburne mnamo Septemba 2009 | jina la kuzaliwa = Laurence John Fishburne III | alizaliwa = [[30 Julai]] [[1961]]<br>[[Marekani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = Lawrence Fishburne<br>Larry Fishburne | kazi yake = Mwigizaji<br>Mtayarishaji<br>Mwongozaji | miaka ya kazi = 1973 - mpaka leo | ndoa =Gina Torres (2002-yupo hadi sasa)<br> Hajna Moss (m. 1985) | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = '''[http://www.laurence-fishburne.com/ Ya Lawarence Fishburne]''' }} '''Laurence John Fishburne III''' (amezaliwa tar. [[30 Julai]] [[1961]]) ni mshindi wa tuzo ya [[Academy Award|Academy]] na ya Emmy-mwigizaji, mtayarishaji, mwongozaji na mwandikaji bora script wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]]. Fishburne alianza kujibebea umaarufu tangu mwaka 1979 baada ya kuigiza filamu ya Apocalypse Now, vilevile katika Fled, Deep Cover, Boyz N the Hood, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles na mfululizo wa filazmu za Matrix. ==Wasifu== ===Maisha ya awali=== Fishburne alizaliwa mjini Augusta, [[Georgia]], mamake alikuwa mwalimu wa [[sayansi]] na hesabu, na babake alikuwa ofisa wa umoja wa vijana. Wazazi wake walitalikiana akiwa bado bwana mdogo na yeye akachukuliwa na mamake na kwenda kuishi mjini Brooklyn, [[New York]] ambapo huko ndiko aliko kulia. Akiwa huko babake akawa anaenda kumwangalia mwanae mara moja kwa mwezi. Fishburne alipata elimu yake katika shule ya Lincoln Square Academy ya mjini [[New York]] ambayo baadae ilifungwa mnamo miaka ya [[1980]]. ==Maisha binafsi== Fishburne amemwoa Hajna Moss mnamo mwaka [[1985]], nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Kwa pamoja wakazaa watoto wawili''':''' wakiume, Langston, aliz. [[1987]], na wakike, Montana, aliz. mnamo [[1991]]. Fishburne na Moss wakajakutarikiana kunako miaka ya 1990. Mke wa sasa wa Fishburne ni mwigizaji mwenzake filamu bi. Gina Torres, ambaye walioana mnamo tarehe [[20 Septemba|20 ya mwezi wa Septemba]] mwaka wa [[2002]]. Kwa pamoja wana mtoto mmoja wa kike aitwaye Ashley, alizaliwa mwezi Juni mwaka [[2007]]. Fishburne ni mshabiki mkubwa wa Paulo Coelho na wamepanga kuigiza filamu inayotokana na kitabu cha hadithi cha The Alchemist. Fishburne pia ni balozi wa kujitolea wa UNICEF kwa [[Marekani]]. ==Filamu alizoigiza== * One Life to Live (1973-1976) * Cornbread, Earl and Me (1975) * Fast Break (1979) * Apocalypse Now (1979) * Willie & Phil (1980) * Death Wish II (1982) * Rumble Fish (1983) * For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story (1983) * The Cotton Club (1984) * The Color Purple (1985) * Quicksilver (1986) * Band of the Hand (1986) * Pee-wee's Playhouse – Toleo la. 1-8 (1987) * A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987) * Gardens of Stone (1987) * Cherry 2000 (1987) * Red Heat (1988) * School Daze (1988) * Cadence (1990) * King of New York (1990) * Decoration Day (1990) * Class Action (1991) * Boyz N the Hood (1991) * Deep Cover (1992) * What's Love Got to Do with It? (1993) * Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993) * Higher Learning (1994) * Alien Warrior (1994) * Othello (1995) * Just Cause (1995) * Bad Company (1995) * The Tuskegee Airmen (1996) * Fled (1996) * Miss Evers' Boys (1997) * Hoodlum (1997) * Event Horizon (1997) * Always Outnumbered (1998) * The Matrix (1999) * Rugrats1991- * Once in the Life (2000) * Michael Jordan to the Max (2000) * Osmosis Jones (2001) * Deep Cover / Chill Factor (2001) * Biker Boyz (2003) * The Matrix Reloaded (2003) * Mystic River (2003) * The Matrix Revolutions (2003) * Assault on Precinct 13 (2005) * True Crime: New York City (Video Game, 2005) * Five Fingers (2006) * Akeelah and the Bee (2006) * Mission: Impossible III (2006) * Bobby (2006) * The Death and Life of Bobby Z (2007) * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2007) * Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007) * Black Water Transit (2007) * 21 (2008) * Days of Wrath (2008) * Tortured (2008) * 4Chosen (2008) * The Last Full Measure (2009) * The Alchemist (2009) ===Filamu alizotayarisha=== * TriBeCa (1993) * Hoodlum (1997) * Once in the Life (2000) * Akeelah and the Bee (2006) ===Fila alizoandika script=== Once in the Life (2000) ==Marejeo== # http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9399809/Laurence-Fishburne # http://www.filmreference.com/film/15/Laurence-Fishburne.html # http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800015265/bio {{Wayback|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800015265/bio |date=20100206030316 }} # http://www.unicefusa.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=duLRI8O0H&b=46279&ct=3574749 {{Wayback|url=http://www.unicefusa.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=duLRI8O0H&b=46279&ct=3574749 |date=20070927022829 }} # ==Viungo vya nje== * {{ibdb name|67498|Laurence Fishburne}} * {{imdb name|0000401|Laurence Fishburne}} * {{ymovies name|1800015265|Laurence Fishburne}} * [http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&first=Laurence&middle=&last=Fishburne Laurence Fishburne] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&first=Laurence&middle=&last=Fishburne |date=20071013081513 }} katika Internet Off-Broadway Database {{DEFAULTSORT:Fishburne, Laurence}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji Filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji Filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] icfhd0vw093mfr9bezj2zqhnssjgt8w 0 15084 1600049 1467453 2026-09-24T11:40:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Picha inayoonyesha [[Jumba la Sanaa la Sydney]] na [[Daraja la Bandari ya Sydney]].]] '''Bandari ya Sydney''' (pia inajulikana kama [[Bandari]] ya Jackson) ni bandari ya [[asili]] iliyoko katika [[pwani]] ya [[Mashariki]] mwa [[Australia]], ndani ya jiji la [[Sydney]]. Bandari hii ipo karibu na maeneo maarufu kama Jumba la Sanaa la Sydney na Daraja la Bandari ya Sydney.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111968|title=Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen : exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802–1805 /|last=Brown|first=Robert|date=1810|publisher=typis R. Taylor et socii|location=Londini}}</ref> ==Historia== Kabla ya kufika kwa [[walowezi]] wa [[Ulaya]], eneo lililozungukwa na Bandari ya Sydney lilikuwa makazi ya kabila fulani la Aboriginal, ambalo lilijumuisha makabila madogo madogo kama Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Eora, na Wanegal. Inaaminika kwamba kabila la Gadigal hapo awali liliishi katika eneo la kusini mwa Bandari ya Jackson, huku kaskazini mwa bandari likiwa makazi ya Cammeraygal. Eneo la upande wa kusini mwa Mto Parramatta, ambalo ni magharibi mwa Petersham hadi eneo la Rose Hill, lilimilikiwa na kabila la Wanegal. Kabila la Eora liliishi upande wa kusini mwa bandari, karibu na eneo ambapo walowezi wa kwanza wa Ulaya waliweka kambi yao ya mwanzo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/visit-a-park/parks/sydney-harbour-national-park|title=Sydney Harbour National Park|website=NSW National Parks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2024|url=https://rolexsydneyhobart.com/about-the-race/course/|access-date=2024-06-27|website=rolexsydneyhobart.com}}</ref> ==Visiwa== Bandari ya Sydney ina visiwa vingi vya asili, ikiwa ni pamoja na: Kisiwa cha Shark, Kisiwa cha Clark, Fort Denison, Kisiwa cha Mbuzi, Kisiwa cha Cockatoo, Kisiwa cha Spectacle, Kisiwa cha Snapper,na Kisiwa cha Rodd. Visiwa vingine vya zamani ni Kisiwa cha Bennelong, Kisiwa cha Garden, na Kisiwa cha Berry, ambavyo vimeunganishwa na nchi kavu kupitia madaraja yaliyopo.<ref name="10.1071_MF15157">{{cite journal |last1=Mayer-Pinto |first1=M. |last2=Johnston |first2=E. L. |last3=Hutchings |first3=P. A. |last4=Marzinelli |first4=E. M. |last5=Ahyong |first5=S. T. |last6=Birch |first6=G. |last7=Booth |first7=D. J. |last8=Creese |first8=R. G. |last9=Doblin |first9=M. A. |last10=Figueira |first10=W. |last11=Gribben |first11=P. E. |last12=Pritchard |first12=T. |last13=Roughan |first13=Steinberg |last14=Steinberg |first14=P. D. |last15=Hedge |first15=L. H. |date=2015 |title=Sydney Harbour: a review of anthropogenic impacts on the biodiversity and ecosystem function of one of the world's largest natural harbours |url=http://www.oceanography.unsw.edu.au/private/publications/2015/Johnston_2016_SydneyHarbourDiversity_MarFreshRes.pdf |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=66 |pages=1088–1105 |doi=10.1071/MF15157 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Australia]] [[Jamii:Sydney]] 30m21ssgipqyy65kazbywye1kupu4yc 0 15177 1600110 1195340 2026-09-24T11:47:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Ashley Scott | picha = Ash_pic.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Ashley Scott | jina la kuzaliwa = Ashley McCall Scott | alizaliwa = [[13 Julai]] [[1977]]<br>[[Marekani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwigizaji<br>Mwanamitindo | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = Anthony Rhulen (Oktoba 2004 - bado yupo nae) | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Ashley McCall Scott''' (amezaliwa tar. [[13 Julai]] [[1977]]) ni mwigizaji filamu na tamthilia-mwanamitindo wa zamani kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa vipindi vya [[televisheni]] na filamu. Moja kati ya tamthilia alizoigiza Ashley ni kama ifutavyo: Dark Angel, Birds of Prey, na Jericho. ==Wasifu== ===Maisha ya awali=== Scott alizaliwa mjini Metairie, Louisiana na mzee Joe Scott, mwuguzi, na bibie Andrea Meister, msaidizi wa ofisini (sekretari). Scott alikulia mjini Charleston, South Carolina. Scott ni wa pili kuzaliwa kati ya watoto wawili wa kiume wa mzee Joe Scott. Scott ni miongoni mwa wanamitindo walioanza shughuli hizo wakiwa bado wadogo. Wakati anaishi mjini Charleston akajiingiza katika mashindano ya kumtafuta mtu mwenye kipaji ya Millie Lewis Talent Competition. Kwa bahati nzuri akabahatika kuibuka mshindi katika mashindano hayo. Baada ya shinda hilo kwisha Scott akaelekea zake mjini [[New York]] kimasomo na kwenda kujifua zaidi kimaswala ya uwanamitindo. Alienda huku na kule kutafuta njia mbadala ya kuwa mwanamitindo bora, kwa bahati nzuri akakuingikia mjini Miami na kuwa mwanamitindo bora wa Elite Miami. Kuanzia hapo tena akawa mwanatindo hai mwenye ukihitajika sehemu mbalimbali. Pia akawahi kutolewa katika magazeti na vitabu mbalimbali na akawa anapata safari nyingi nchi za nje, ikiwemo, Paris na London. Pia akawa miongoni mwa wanamitindo wenye mvuto wa kutolewa katika magazeti kila wiki. ==Filamu alizoigiza== * 2007 * The Kingdom kama Janine Ripon * Jericho (2006) (Tamthilia ya [[TV]]) kama Emily * Strange Wilderness (2006) kama Cheryl * Deceit aka The America Standard (2006) * Puff. Puff, Pkamas aka Ekamaier Softer Way (2006) kama Elise * Just Friends (2005) kama Nurse Janice * Lost (film) kama Operator Judy (voice work only) (2004) * Into the Blue kama Amanda (2004) * Joey (Tamthilia ya [[TV]]) kama Allison (2004) (un-aired pilot episode only) * Walking Tall kama Deni (2004) * Evil Remains (film) kama Sharon (2003) * S.W.A.T. kama Lara (2003) * Birds of Prey (Tamthilia ya [[TV]]) kama Helena Kyle/ The Huntress (2002- 2003) * Dark Angel sekamaon 2 (Tamthilia ya [[TV]]) kama Kamaha Barlow (reoccurring 2001 - 02) * 02x01 - Designate This * 02x02 - Bag 'Em * 02x03 - Proof of Purchkamae * 02x04 - Radar Love * 02x05 - Boo * 02x08 - Gill Girl * 02x10 - Brainiac * 02x12 - Borrowed Time * 02x17 - Hello, Goodbye * 02x18 - Dawg Day Afternoon * AI: Artificial Intelligence kama Gigolo Jane (2001) * On Air with Ryan Seacrest * Sinema ilitolewa tar. 7 Aprili mwaka 2004(2004) TV Sinema.....Ashley Scott * The Wayne Brady Show * Sinema ilitolewa tar. 1 Aprili mwaka 2004(2004) TV Sinema.....Ashley Scott ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.cbs.com/primetime/jericho/bio.php#ashley Ashley Scott Bio at CBS - Jericho] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cbs.com/primetime/jericho/bio.php#ashley |date=20061112003704 }} * {{IMDb name|id=1008709|name=Ashley Scott}} * {{tvtome person|id=70336|name=Ashley Scott}} * Ashley Scott Haven [http://www.ashleyscotthaven.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Ashley}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] fydbv8hk7vxb53qy8sik8r9ar161t9m 0 16190 1599770 125506 2026-09-24T01:51:09Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Kampaundi]] to [[Msombo]] 1599770 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Msombo]] iql69mnj0lvavl5ipqykzq8029hr17h 0 17027 1599645 1379200 2026-09-23T18:58:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = DCC Mlimani Park Orchestra | Img = | Img_capt = | Img_size = | Landscape = Yes | Background = group_or_band | Pia anajulikana kama = | Asili yake = [[Tanzania]] | Aina = Dans | Miaka ya kazi = 1978 - hadi leo | Studio = | Ameshirikiana na = | Tovuti = | Wanachama wa sasa = [[Hassan Bitchuka]] | Wanachama wa zamani = [[Muhiddin Maalim Gurumo]]<br>[[Abel Balthazar]] }} '''DCC Mlimani Park Orchestra''' (au '''Mlimani Park''') ni [[bendi]] ya [[muziki wa dansi]] kutoka [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa [[1978]]. Waanzilishi wa bendi hiyo ni Muhiddin Maalim Gurumo, Abdallah Gama na Abel Balthazar. [[Hassan Rehani Bitchuka]] na Suleiman Mwanyiro waliingia mwaka 1982 kutokea [[Msondo Ngoma|Juwata jazz]]. Mtindo maarufu wa bendi ya DDC ni ''sikinde ngoma ya ukae''. ==Historia yake== Sababu ya Mlimani Park kuzaliwa ikiwa imeundwa na kundi kubwa la wanamuziki kutoka [[Dar International]] ilitokea kwa bahati sana. Kwa maelezo ya mwanamuziki aliyekuwepo wakati huo, hadithi nzima ilitokana na bendi ya Dar International kukodishwa na [[Chuo Cha Ardhi]] katika sherehe yao ya kuwaaga wanachuo wazamani na kukaribisha wapya. Chuo cha Ardhi kilikodi ukumbi wa Mlimani Park kwa ajili ya shughuli hiyo. Wakati huohuo utawala wa Mlimani Park ulikuwa mbioni kutengeneza bendi baada ya kumalizika mkataba wa Orchestra Fukafuka katika ukumbi huo. [[Tchimanga Assossa]] ambaye alikuwa amekuja na Bendi ya Fukafuka alibaki nchini na alikuwa katika hatua za mwisho za kwenda kufuata wanamuziki wengine kutoka Kongo kwa ajili ya ukumbi huo. Hivyo basi Dar International wakati huo ndio wakivuma na nyimbo kama Magreti walianza kuporomosha muziki chini ya kiongozi wao [[Abel Balthazal]]. Uongozi wa Mlimani Park ulipigwa butwaa na muziki wa hawa jamaa, Abel aliitwa pembeni na kuulizwa bendi iko chini ya mkataba wa nani? Na je, wanamuziki wangeweza kukubali kuajiriwa na na Mlimani Park wakati huo ikiendeshwa na TTTS? Kwa vile Dar International ilikuwa ya mtu binafsi na hawakuwa na ajira yoyote ya kudumu katika bendi hiyo, haraka sana wanamuziki walikubali wazo hilo. Kesho yake viongozi wa Dar International walienda kukutana na viongozi wa ukumbi wa Mlimani Park, na wakakubaliana kuazisha kambi ya bendi mpya palepale katika ukumbi wa Mlimani. Haikuwa taabu maana vyombo vilivyonunuliwa wakati wa mkataba wa Orchestra Fukafuka vilikuwa mali ya Mlimani Park kwa hiyo bendi ilianza kwa Abel kusisitiza kupata wanamuziki kama Muhidin Gurumo, ikumbukwe kuwa ni huyu Abel ndiye aliyeisuka Dar International baada ya kuwachukua wanamuziki wote wa [[Safari Trippers]] kundi zima wakati huo, [[Kassim Mponda]], [[Joseph Bernard]], [[Marijani Rajabu]], Ben Peti, Zito Mbunda, Bito Elias na wengine kasoro Christian Kazinduki na kutoka Tanzania Stars ya Maggot walitoka Joseph Mulenga, George Kessy, Haruna Lwali na wengineo. Na kwa staili hiyohiyo skwadi nzima ya Dar International ikageuka kuwa Mlimani Park. Muda mfupi kabla la hili ugomvi mkubwa ulikuwa umetokea Dar International kati ya Marijani Rajabu na Abel Balthazar katika ubishi kuhusu tungo aliyoleta Marijani ambayo Balthazar alidai kuwa ni ya Tabu Ley kwa hiyo akatunge tena, jambo lililoleta kushikana mashati, na kusababisha Marijani kusimamishwa kazi. Wakati yuko benchi ndipo mpango mzima wa kuhamia Mlimani ulifanyika hivyo mwenye vyombo alilazimika kumfwata tena Marijani na kumwomba aunde bendi upya, na ndipo Super Bomboka ikaundwa. Mlimani Park ikaanza ikiwa na Tchimanga Assossa ambaye safari ya kwenda kutafuta wanamuziki Kongo ikawa imekwisha. Na mchango wa kudumu wa Assossa wakati huo ni utunzi wa ule wimbo Gama. ==Wanachama kadhaa== * [[Muhiddin Maalim]] * [[Hassan Rehani Bitchuka|Hassani Bitchuka]] * [[Abel Balthazar]] * [[Michael Enoch]] * [[Cosmas Chidumule]] * [[Shaaban Dede]] *[[Maalim Khamis Kinyasi]] *[[Max Bushoke]] *[[Ramadhan Mwinyikondo]] *[[Hussein Jumbe]] *[[Henry Mkanyia]] *[[Julius Mzeru]] *[[Joseph Batholomew Mulenga "King Spoiler]] *[[Suleiman Mwanyiro]] ==Albamu kadhaa== * ''[[Sikinde]]'' * ''[[Sungi]]'' ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Category:Bendi za muziki wa Tanzania]] er8hy2if9x1k5o2widwjpkfa7ukdc4r 0 18505 1599915 1425033 2026-09-24T07:08:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|200px|CPU ya Intel]] '''Kichakato kikuu''' (pia '''Kitengo kikuu cha uchakataji''' au '''KIU''' <ref>hivyo orodha ya Kilinux (2009) na pia [[Kamusi Sanifu ya Kompyuta]] (2011)</ref>; pia: [[Kichakato kikuu|CPU]], [[kifupi]] cha [[Kiingereza]] "'''central processing unit'''") ni [[kichakato]] muhimu zaidi ndani ya [[tarakilishi]]. ==Kazi yake== Ni kama [[ubongo]] wa [[mashine]] hiyo kwa sababu kila sehemu ya tarakilishi inahitajika kwa njia fulani kutekeleza shughuli zake. Kichakato kikuu huwa na [[saketi]] [[elektroniki]] inayotekeleza maagizo ya [[Maunzilaini|programu]] na kupeleka shughuli kwa sehemu nyingine za kompyuta<ref>[https://www.trustedreviews.com/explainer/what-is-a-cpu-2950255 Ryan Jones: What is a CPU? A beginner’s guide to processors ], tovuti ya Truusted Reviews.com, iliangaliwa MAchi 2023</ref>. ==Muundo== KIU / CPU ina sehemu tatu ambazo ni muhimu kwa utendakazi wake. Nazo zinaitwa: # Kitengo cha Hesabu na Mantiki (KIHEMA) (Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)) # Kitengo cha Udhibiti (Control Unit) # Rejesta (Processor registers) Sehemu hizo zinaunganishwa kwenye [[chipu]] moja.<ref>[https://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm How Microprocessors Work], tovuti ya How Stuff works.com, iliangaliwa Machi 2023</ref> == Kitengo cha Hesabu na Mantiki (KIHEMA) == KIHEMA au Arithmetic Logic Unit ni sehemu muhimu ya kichakato kikuu ambayo hushughulikia vitendo vyote vya hesabu, kama vile kujumlisha, kuzidisha, kutoa, kugawanya na hesabu zote za kulinganisha. KIHEMA kina kundi la rejesta — kumbukizi ziliyojengewa moja kwa moja ndani ya KIU ili kushikilia data inayochakatwa.<ref>ling. Kitengo cha Hesabu na Mantiki, [[KKS]] 2011 uk. 218</ref>. == Kitengo cha Udhibiti == Kitengo cha Udhibiti au Control Unit inathibiti amri za programu na kuzituma kwa sehemu nyingine za KIA. Inaratibu vifaa vyote vinavyoingiza na kutoa taarifa mbalimbali katika kompyuta. Vifaa hivi vyaweza kuhusisha skrini, bao bonye, kipanya, printa, na nyinginezo nyingi. == Kumbukumbu kuu == Kwa kawaida kichakato kikuu huhitaji kiasi fulani cha kumbukumbu ambayo hurahisisha uhifadhi wa taarifa mbalimbali mara zinaposubiri nafasi ya kuweza kuwekwa katika hali ya mchakato kuziwezesha taarifa hizo kutoa matokeo yaliyokusudiwa. Sehemu hii ni ya muhimu zaidi kwani hurahisisha kazi ya kichakato kikuu na kuiwezesha kutoa matokeo yaliyokusudiwa kwa muda mfupi kwa kupunguza umbali na muda wa kuzihusisha taarifa mbalimbali wakati wa mchakato == Utengenezwaji == Kichakato kikuu ni kifaa muhimu na chenye gharama kubwa, hivyo utengenezwaji wake ni wa gharama kubwa. Si kila mtu ana uwezo wa kuzitengeneza, hivyo basi ni kampuni chache zenye uwezo wa kukitengeneza. Kampuni hizo zinajumisha Intel, AMD, POWERPC na nyinginezo. == Upatikanaji == Upatikanaji wa kichakato kikuu unategemea kasi, ukubwa wa mchakato wa data, pamoja na bei na unaweza kuzinunua popote pale kwenye maduka ya spea za kompyuta. Pia unahitajika kujua muingiliano wa kichakato kikuu cha kompyuta unayoitumia na spea utakayoinunua kabla hauja inunua kwani haitaweza kufanya kazi ipasavyo ikiwa kutakuwa na utofauti baina ya [[bodimama]] na kichakato kikuu. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Central processing units}} {{Wikiversity|Introduction to Computers/Processor}} * [https://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm How Microprocessors Work] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090505045213/http://spectrum.ieee.org/25chips 25 Microchips that shook the world] {{en}} {{kompyuta}} {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] tqcf5hd5hh42qh3s6c26wf66tsmwpii 0 19262 1599972 1584608 2026-09-24T09:24:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Temperature_reconstruction_last_two_millennia-sw.svg|thumb|350px|Grafu hii inaonyesha tofauti za halijoto za dunia za kihistoria na wastani wa miaka 1850-1900. Eneo lililotiwa rangi linawakilisha nafasi ya 68% ya kuamini ya makadirio kutoka kwa tafiti zilizotumiwa kwa makadirio haya.]] ''' Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani''' ([[ing.]] '''global warming''') ni mchakato wa [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yaliyotambuliwa na [[wataalamu]] tangu miaka kadhaa. Mchakato huo ulianza pamoja na [[usambazaji]] wa [[viwanda]] [[duniani]]. Unaonekana kwa kulinganisha vipimo vya [[halijoto]] vinavyopatikana tangu miaka 150. Kupanda huku kunaleta mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]] yaliyoanza tayari kuathiri [[maisha]] ya [[watu]] na [[uhai]] kwa ujumla. Kuna [[hofu]] ya kwamba mabadiliko hayo yataleta [[hatari]] kubwa kwa [[jamii]]. Kati ya [[wanasayansi]] kulikuwa na majadiliano kama [[sababu]] za mabadiliko hayo ni [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]] tu au kama kuna [[uasilia|sababu asilia]]. Siku hizi wataalamu karibu wote hukubaliana ya kwamba sababu kuu ni kuchoma kwa [[makaa]] na [[mafuta]] katika [[viwanda]], ma[[gari]] na vituo vya [[umeme]] kunakopuliza [[Hewa|hewani]] [[gesijoto]] kama [[dioksidi kabonia]]. == Vipimo na data == Duniani kuna [[upimaji]] wa ki[[sayansi]] wa [[halijoto]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[1860]]. Kabla ya hapo kuna [[kumbukumbu]] ya hali ya hewa katika [[karne]] zilizopita kutoka mahali mbalimbali ambazo hazikusanifishwa wakati ule. Leo hii [[wanasayansi]] wanatumia vipimo na [[taarifa]] za kale wakipiga ma[[kadirio]] juu ya hali ya hewa katika [[historia]]. Hapo wanatumia pia [[mbinu]] kama kulinganisha miviringo kwenye ma[[shina]] ya [[miti]] inayoonyesha miaka yenye [[mvua]] nyingi au kidogo au wanapima [[kiwango]] cha dioksidi kabonia kwenye [[barafu]] ya chini nchani yenye [[umri]] wa miaka 10,000 na zaidi. Makadirio ya hali ya hewa hutofautiana, lakini kwa jumla kuna [[picha]] juu ya miaka 1,000 iliyopita. Watalaamu wanakubaliana ya kwamba mnamo mwaka [[1000]] kulikuwa na kipindi cha [[joto]] kiasi, tena kipindi cha [[baridi]] kiasi kuanzia mnamo mwaka [[1600]]. Lakini hakuna [[hakika]] bado juu ya [[athira]] duniani kwa sababu sehemu kubwa ya [[data]] ni kutoka upande wa [[kaskazini]] ya dunia. Vipimo vya kisayansi vinavyopatikana vinaonyesha ya kwamba halijoto ya wastani duniani imepanda [[sentigredi]] 0.7 kati ya [[1906]] na [[2005]]. Hii si kiwango kidogo; wakati wa [[zama za barafu]] kubwa miaka 100,000 iliyopita halijoto ilikuwa tu 6&nbsp;°C chini ya wastani ya leo na hii ilitosha kufunika sehemu kubwa za [[Ulaya]], [[Asia]] na [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] kwa mabapa manene ya [[barafu]]. [[Dalili]] zote zinadokeza ya kwamba kupanda kwa halijoto kuliharakishwa tangu mwaka [[1970]] na kunaelekea kupanda zaidi. == Sababu za kuongezeka kwa halijoto == Katika majadiliano kuhusu asili ya kupanda kwa halijoto wataalamu walijadiliana sababu mbalimbali zilizotajwa. Kuna idadi ya sababu za kiasili ambazo zilizowahi kuathiri tabianchi ya Dunia katika kistoria ya miaka mamilioni kama vile mabadiliko katika kiwango cha [[mnururisho]] wa [[Jua]] unaofika duniani au milipuko ya volkeno. Lakini ilionekana sababu hizi zote hazikuweza kuathiri tabianchi kiasi cha kueleza mabadiliko yanayopimwa. Siku hizi karibu wataalamu wote hukubaliana kwamba sababu ni kuongezeka kwa [[gesi]] kama [[dioksidi kabonia]] hewani kutokana na shughuli za binadamu hasa kuchoma [[makaa]] na [[mafuta ya petroli]] tangu mwanzo wa [[mapinduzi ya viwandani]] katika [[karne ya 19]].<ref>https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/ {{Wayback|url=https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/ |date=20190507113313 }} Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report, tovuti ya '''Wuebbles''', D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, B. DeAngelo, S. Doherty, K. Hayhoe, R. Horton, J.P. Kossin, P.C. Taylor, A.M. Waple, and C.P. Weaver, 2017: Executive summary. In: ''Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'' [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 12-34, doi: 10.7930/J0DJ5CTG.</ref> == Matokeo yanayotazamiwa == Wataalamu wanaonya ya kwamba kupanda kwa halijoto kunaweza kuleta mabadiliko kama yafuatayo: * kuongezeka kwa halijoto ya [[angahewa]] kutaongeza pia halijoto ya [[bahari]] na kusababisha [[uvukizaji]] mkubwa utakaoleta ma[[wingu]] na [[mvua]] za nyongeza duniani * [[mikondo ya bahari]] itabadilika na kubadilisha hali ya hewa katika nchi nyingi * sehemu kadhaa zenye [[jangwa]] zitapokea mvua lakini maeneo mengine yatakosa mvua, hivyo kuleta ma[[tatizo]] kwa [[kilimo]] na [[njaa]] kwa watu * barafu kwenye [[ncha za dunia]] itaendelea kuyeyuka. Hii itasababisha kupanda kwa [[uwiano wa bahari]], kuleta [[mafuriko]] kwenye [[pwani]] za dunia na kuhatarisha [[makazi]] ya watu karibu na bahari, hasa [[miji]] ya [[bandari]] na [[nchi za visiwani]]: nchi kadhaa kama [[Maldivi]] zitazama baharini na kupotea kabisa * kwa jumla [[upepo]] na [[tufani]] zitaongezeka na kuwa kali zaidi * [[magonjwa]] kama [[malaria]] yataongezeka kwa sababu [[mbu]] wanaopitisha [[ugonjwa]] watapata [[nafasi]] mpya katika sehemu zilizokuwa baridi mno kwao ==Juhudi za kimataifa== Kutokana na hatari zinazotazamiwa na karibu wataalamu wote wa [[elimu]] ya tabianchi duniani [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulifanya jitihada za kuanzisha hatua za kisiasa za kupambana na hatari hizi. Tokeo lake ni [[Kongamano la Mfumo wa UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (''[[:en:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]'') ya mwaka [[1993]] ambayo nchi 194 zilijiunga nayo. Nchi wanachama ziliendelea kupatana hatua mbalimbali katika [[Itifaki ya Kyoto]] na [[Mapatano ya Paris kuhusu Tabianchi]] ya mwaka [[2015]] ambayo nchi wanachama ziliahidi kuchukua hatua maalumu ya kupakana kupanda kwa halijoto kwa kiwango chini ya angalau 2[[°C]] kwa wastani au hata 1.5°C ikiwezekana. == Tazama pia == * [[Madhara ya ongezeko la joto Duniani]] == Viungo vya nje == === Vipimo na data === * [http://earth.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Global Warming Wikia] * [http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccgg/iadv/ NOAA CMDL CCGG - Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization] NOAA CO₂ data * [http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/13.htm UNEP - The present carbon cycle - Climate Change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/13.htm |date=20080915231431 }} carbon levels and flows * [http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/ Temperature data] Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Philip D. Jones and other. * [http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/obsdata/globaltemperature.html Hadley Centre: Global temperature data] {{Wayback|url=http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/obsdata/globaltemperature.html |date=20051104005338 }} ==== Suala la dioksidi kabonia ==== * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/res.html International Energy Annual: Reserves] * [http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 IEA Publications Bookshop - Key World Energy Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 |date=20060306190844 }} * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/carbon.html International Energy Annual 2002: Carbon Dioxide Emissions] === Tovuti za kisayansi === * [http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghcc_home.html NASA's Global Hydrology and Climate Center] {{Wayback|url=http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghcc_home.html |date=20061214054334 }} * [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/observe/surftemp/ NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies] {{Wayback|url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/observe/surftemp/ |date=20050105010643 }} (GISS) — Global Temperature Trends. * [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/paleo/ NASA's GISS paleoclimate site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/paleo/ |date=20100714014633 }} * [http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] {{Wayback|url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html |date=20090119143902 }} — [[NOAA]], [[United States Department of Commerce]] — Global Warming FAQ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122165137/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/paleostory.html NOAA's paleoclimate site] * [http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/ MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change] {{Wayback|url=http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/ |date=20081225170420 }} * [http://www.realclimate.org Real climate] a blog where scientists discuss the science of global warming === Habari za ziada === * [http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/climate/ New Scientist: Climate Change] — Latest news, articles and FAQ on climate change from New Scientist magazine. * [http://www.aip.org/history/climate Discovery of Global Warming] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aip.org/history/climate |date=20090213161322 }} — An extensive introduction to the topic and the history of its discovery * [http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/ Science of Climate Change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/ |date=20060628031932 }} — [http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/ Meteorological Service of Canada] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/ |date=20051125084514 }}, a guide to understanding the science behind climate change with a thorough [http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understanding/FAQ/index_e.html FAQ section] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understanding/FAQ/index_e.html |date=20060615141646 }}. * [http://www.abelard.org/briefings/global_warming.htm Global warming - a briefing document] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abelard.org/briefings/global_warming.htm |date=20090106110154 }}, summarising current arguments concerning global warming. They present various points of view and some of the basic problems in following the science. * [http://www.acoolerclimate.com How To Help Prevent Global Warming Articles And Newsletter] {{Wayback|url=http://www.acoolerclimate.com/ |date=20210916212729 }} * [http://www.yerbilimleri.com/kuresel-isinma-gercekler-ve-belirsizlikler Karaca, M. Şen, Ö.L. 2007. Küresel Isınma: Gerçekler ve Belirsizlikler, Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yerbilimleri.com/kuresel-isinma-gercekler-ve-belirsizlikler |date=20090615133041 }} * http://www.sunnyvalecool.org/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.sunnyvalecool.org/ |date=20090114161450 }} We are a team of Sunnyvale, California, residents and friends. === Mengine === * [http://www.autobahn.mb.ca/~het/globalwarming.html A large compendium of links to sites with information on global warming] {{Wayback|url=http://www.autobahn.mb.ca/~het/globalwarming.html |date=20051204091402 }} * [http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html Science and Technology Librarianship: Global Warming and Climate Change Science] — Extensive commented list of Internet resources — Science and Technology Sources on the Internet. * [http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=120 Activist Magazine: Carbon Activism for Beginners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=120 |date=20090113221218 }} * [http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=category&sectionid=9&id=230&Itemid=80 Stop Climate Chaos ~ ACT for the Earth] {{Wayback|url=http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=category&sectionid=9&id=230&Itemid=80 |date=20090113213429 }} [[Jamii:Metorolojia]] [[Jamii:Madhara ya mazingira]] [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] taqbnlt30jfgm2ufloqj02w2nc9330r 0 21122 1599329 1370692 2026-09-23T14:26:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | jinalamchezaji = Emmanuel Adebayor | picha = [[Picha:Emmanuel Adebayor.jpg|200px]] | jinakamili = Sheyi Emmanuel Adebayor | tareheyakuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1984|2|26|df=y}} | mjialiozaliwa = [[Lome]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Togo]] | urefu = mita 1.95 | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | klabuyasasa = [[Manchester City]] | nambayaklabu =25 | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = [[FC Metz]] | miaka = 2006- | vilabu = [[Manchester City]] | magolialioshinda = {{0}}100 (44) | miakayataifa = [[2000]] | timuyataifa = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Togo|Togo]] | nationalcaps(goals) = {{0}}38 (34) | pcupdate = [[13 Februari]] [[2009]] | ntupdate = [[13 Februari]] [[2009]] }} '''Sheyi Emmanuel Adebayor''' (amezaliwa tar. [[9 Februari]] [[1985]] mjini [[Lome]], [[Togo]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchini [[Togo]] - mwenye asili ya [[Nigeria]]. Kwa sasa anaichezea klabu mashuhuri barani Ulaya ya [[Manchester City]]. Na pia huichezea [[Timu ya Taifa ya Togo]]. == Maswala ya Mpira == === Kuanza kwake kucheza mpira barani Ulaya === Adebayor alihamia barani Ulaya akiwa na umri mdogo kabisa baada yakuacha klabu yake ndogo huko nchini [[Togo]] aliishi baadhi ya muda mrefu kidogo huko [[Ufaransa]] bila kuwa na timu lakini alikutwa akipenda mpira wa miguu tangu angali mdogo basi akawa anashiriki katika baadhi ya mechi za vijana katika mitaa ya [[Ufaransa]], baadhi ya watu kutoka kwenye klabu ya Metz wakamuona nakumkubali kutokana na ufundi wa uchezaji wake wakawa wamemchukua nakumuweka kwenye Metz ya vijana lakini ya umri wa myaka 15 nakupandishwa kwenye Metz ya vijana wa miaka 17 na alicheza kama miaka miwili, baadae kutokana na uchezaji wake uzuri kocha wa timu ya kwanza ya Metz (timu kubwa) akaomba wampandishe kwenye timu kubwa nakushiriki na timu hiyo katika ligi ya kwanza ya [[Ufaransa]] (Ligue 1). Katika msimu wake wa kwanza, alicheza mechi tisa na alifunga mabao mawili tu. Katika msimu 2002-2003,Adebayor alifunga magoli 17 katika mechi 35. === Kuelekea AS Monaco === Baada yakumuona kua ni mchezaji mzuri nakufunga magoli mengi katika msimu huo, klabu nyingi za [[Ufaransa]] zilipendelea kumnunua lakini klabu ya [[AS Monaco]] ilitoa pesa nzuri na ndio ilimchukua mchezaji huo katika mwaka wa 2003, na katika huo msimu alifunga magoli 7 katika mechi 17 alizozicheza katika ligi hiyo, Adebayor aliisaidia klabu hiyo ya Monaco kufika fainali katika Ligi ya klabu bingwa barani Ulaya (Champions League) kwakufunga magoli ma wili katika mechi kumi alizozicheza lakini klabu hiyo haikuchukua kombe ilifungwa magoli 2-1 na klabu ya [[Ureno]] iitwayo [[FC Porto]] === Kutoka AS Monaco nakuelekea FC Arsenal === Tar 13 Januari 2006, Adebayor aliweka mkataba na klabu mashuhuri duniani na barani Ulaya kwa kiwango cha pesa milioni tatu paund (£3m, zilizokadiriwa) Adebaryor alipewa lakabu (Jina) la '' Baby Kanu'' (kanu mtoto) kutokana na namna alivyo kimaumbile nakumfanana kanu kwa kila kitu hadi uchezaji pia na Adebayor mchezaji anaependa tangu angali mdogo ni [[Kanu]] mchezaji mashuhuri barani [[Afrika]] na Ulaya na ulimwengu. Mechi yake ya kwanza katika Ligi kuu ya Uingereza Katika tar 4 Fubruari 2006,Adebayor alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika Ligi kuu ya [[Uingereza]] ilikua dhidi ya klabu ya [[Birmingham City]] na alifunga goli katika dakika ya 21 Katika mwaka 2005-2006 Hakuweza kushiriki na timu yake mpya ya Arsenal katika Ligi ya klabu bingwa barani Ulaya kwani alishiriki baadhi ya mechi na klabu ya Monaco na sheria ya chama cha mpira cha ulaya hakiruhusu kushiriki na timu mbili katika mashindano hayo kwa hiyo hakufaanikisha kucheza hata fainali dhidi ya timu [[Barcelona]] klabu kutoka [[Uhispania]] ni mashuhuri duniani pia, lakini alicheza na timu hiyo pindi mashindano hayo yalipokwisha mwaka ufwatao. Mechi maarufu aliyofunga goli la ufundi wa hali ya juu ilikua katika msimu wa 2006-2007 dhidi ya timu mashuhuri nyingine duniani iitwayo [[Manchester United]] ambayo alifunga goli la ushindi katika dakika za mwanzo na mechi hiyo ilichezeka katika uwanja wa Manchester uitwao [[Old Trafford]] === Adebayor mwaka 2008 === [[Picha:Adebayor arsenal.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Adebayor mwaka 2008 na Arsenal]] Tunaanzia Ijumatatu tar.4 machi dhidi ya [[AC Milan]] klabu kutoka [[Italia]] mashuhuri duniani pia katika mechi hiyo ilikua ya marejeo na Adebayor hakuwai funga goli la aina yoyote na timu yake hiyo ya Arsenal katika mashindano hayo lakini mechi ya marejeo dhidi ya [[AC Milan]] alifunga goli katika mechi hiyo iliyoisha 2-0 katika uwanja unaopatikana milano uitwao San Siro. Tar 13 Aprili katika ligi kuu ya [[Uingereza]] mechi nzuri ilikua dhidi ya [[Manchester United]] mechi hiyo iliisha 2-1 Adebayor alifunga goli moja katika mechi hiyo katika Uwanja wa Old Trafford. Lakini mwaka huo Arsenal haikuchukua kombe la aina yoyote katika msimu huyo, Adebayor alichaguliwa katika timu ya Ligi kuu ya [[Uingereza]] na pia goli la pili alilolifunga dhidi ya ya klabu maarufu [[Uingereza]] ya [[Tottenham Hotspur]] mechi hiyo iliitwa mechi ya siku ilikua nzuri sana, na goli alilolifunga liliitwa goli la msimu wa 2007-2008 katika ligi hiyo.Mwaka huo 2008 katika msimu wa kuhama hama kutokana na uchezaji wake mzuri ulionekana, klabu kubwa barani ulaya zilipendelea kumnunua kwakutoa pesa nyingi, Ilizungumzwa klabu kama Barcelona na AC Milan zilitoa pesa kiwango cha milioni thalathini ili kumnunua,lakini klabu yake ilikataa kumuacha mchezaji wake na mchezaji huo alikubali kubaki baada ya klabu hiyo kumzidishia mshahara na aliweka mkataba wakupokea paundi 80.000 za Kiingereza kwa wiki moja (£80,000),katika mwaka huu bwana Adebayor alifunga magoli matatu katika mechi moja na ilikua dhidi ya klabu Blackburn Rovers ya huko [[Uingereza]] mechi hiyo iliisha 4-0. === Timu yake ya taifa kimataifa === Adebayor namna ijulikanavyo ni mwenye asili ya [[Nigeria]] angalau amezaliwa [[Togo]],yeye amechagua kuchezea timu ya taifa ya [[Togo]] kuliko kuichezea timu ya [[Nigeria]]. Yeye aliisaidia timu yake ya taifa ya [[Togo]] kwenda kombe la dunia la 2006 [[Ujerumani]] na [[kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] 2006 [[Misri]] , na katika kugombea tiketi ya kwenda kwenye kombe hizo mbili alifunga magoli 11, === Kombe la mataifa ya Afrika 2006 Misri === alikua na matatizo na kocha wa [[Togo]] na alafu kocha katika mechi za mwanzo alimuweka benci kama vile kumuadabisha mpaka ikasemwa kua kuna uwezekano akaacha shindano hilo nakurejea nyumbani,lakini baadae aliendelea mazowezi na wenzake na timu yake ilitoka katika mashindano baada yakufungwa mechi zote, Adebayor alifukuzwa na chama cha mpira wa miguu huko [[Togo]] kutokana na matatizo ya malipo ya pesa waliyokubaliwa na chama hicho na yeye alikua katika watu waliopinga nakufanya fujo. === Kombe la dunia 2006 Ujerumani === Adebayor aliisaidia timu yake ya taifa kuchukua tiketi yakwenda kombe la dunia lililofanyika Ujerumani mwaka 2006, [[Togo]] haikuonekana na ukali ambao ilionekana nao wakati wakuwania tiketi ya kwenda huko maana ilionekana timu isiocheza mpira mzuri na walitoka mapema katika shindano hilo na Adebayo mwenyewe katika shindani hilo hakufunga hata goli limoja. === Mchezaji bora Afrika 2009 === Tar. 10 mwezi wa Februari 2009, Bwana Adebayor alichaguliwa mchezaji bora barani [[Afrika]] baada ya kuwashinda wa chezaji Aboutreka kutoka [[Misri]] na [[Michael Essie]] mchezaji kutoka [[Ghana]], na mwaka 2007 alichukua mchezaji bora barani [[Afrika]] kutoka [[BBC]] zawadi hiyo pia hugawiwa kila mwaka. == Zawadi na Tuzo == === Monaco === * ''Ligi ya klabu bingwa barani Ulaya (Champions League) na fasi ya pili'': 2004 === Arsenal === Ushindi * ''Kombe la Emirates'': 2007 * ''Shindano la Amsterdam'': 2007 na 2008 * ''Kombe la Carling Cup(Uingereza)'': 2006 === Zawadi binafsi === * ''goli la mwezi'': Septemba 2007 * ''goli la msimu'': 2007-2008 * ''mchezaji katika timu ya ligi kuu Uingereza (PFA Team of the Year)'': 2007-2008 * ''BBC mchezaji bora barani Afrika wa mwaka''': 2007 * ''Mchezaji bora barani Afrika wa mwaka'': 2008 * ''Mchezaji bora wa mwaka Togo'': 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.adebayor-sharethejourney.com Blogi ya Adebayor] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adebayor-sharethejourney.com/ |date=20140621061602 }} * [http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/emmanuel-adebayor Kuhusu Emmanue Adebayor katika tovuti rasmi ya Arsenal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/emmanuel-adebayor |date=20140420010923 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090218005220/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/UCL/players/player=72538/index.html Adebayor katika Tovuti ya Chama cha mpira cha Ulaya] * [http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=1401&b=true&pn=Sheyi_Emmanuel_Adebayor Adebayor katika www.footballdatabase.com] * {{soccerbase|29678}} * [http://www.4thegame.com/club/arsenal-fc/player-profile/30505/sheyi_emmanueladebayor.html Kuhusu Adebayor katika Ligi kuu ya Uingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.4thegame.com/club/arsenal-fc/player-profile/30505/sheyi_emmanueladebayor.html |date=20080526180211 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/indepth/african_footballer_2008.shtml Mchezaji bora barani Afrika mwaka 2007 katika BBC] {{DEFAULTSORT:Adebayor, Emmanuel}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Togo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Arsenal FC]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kg2bo6mvea4anxxwck0v0g3jd07kx7y 0 23124 1599859 1516485 2026-09-24T05:25:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character |mfululizo=[[24 (mfululizo wa TV)|24]] |picha =[[Image:Karen Hayes.jpg|200px]] |maelezo ya picha = [[Jayne Atkinson]] kama Karen Hayes |jina=Karen Hayes |mchezaji=[[Jayne Atkinson]] |lbl1=Mionekano <br> |data1=[[24 (msimu wa 5)|5]], [[24 (msimu wa 6)|6]] }} '''Karen Hayes''' ni jina la uhusika wa kipindi cha [[televisheni]] cha [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] maarufu kama [[24 (mfululizo wa TV)|''24'']]. Uhusika unachezwa na [[Jayne Atkinson]]. Alianza kuonekana katika sehemu ya [[kumi na mbili]] ya msimu wa tano ya mfululizo na kupewa uhusika mkuu katika sehemu ya kumi na nane ya msimu wa sita. ==Wazo na ushiriki== Mwigizaji [[Laurie Metcalf]] ndiye aliyekuwa [[mwigizaji]] kamili wa uhusika huu wa Karen Hayes kabla kubadilishana na [[Jayne Atkinson]].<ref>{{cite web| publisher=ContactMusic|date=2005-12-19|accessdate=2008-07-05|title=ROSEANNE - METCALF BOWS OUT OF 24|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/metcalf%20bows%20out%20of%2024 }}</ref> Mtayarishaji [[Howard Gordon]] akathaminisha uwezo wa uigizaji wa Metcalf na kusema kwamba {{dondoo|uhusika haukuwa sahihi kwa mwigizaji huyu, hivyo wakambadilisha}} ==Katika uhusika== Kabla ya kujiunga na Jeshi la Usalama wa Taifa la Marekani, Hayes alikuwa kachero wa [[FBI]]. Alifanya katika kitengo cha kupambana na ugaidi cha FBI, na ikatokea kuwa Kachero Mkuu na kisha baadaye akawa Mkuu wa Kanda. Hayes ana digrii ya mambo ya [[Sociology]] alioipata katika [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton|Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm |title=FOX 24- Character biography |accessdate=2009-03-30 |archivedate=2008-02-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212002042/http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm }}</ref> Atkinson alidai kwamba, uhusika wake ni wa hatari hasa akiwa mitaani kwa raia wa kawaida huenda wakamzonga."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07105/777542-237.stm |title=Supporting players get to shine |accessdate=2009-03-30 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122175817/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07105/777542-237.stm |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm Character biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm |date=20080212002042 }} on the official [[24 (television)|24]] website {{24}} [[Jamii:Wahusika wa 24]] rrasfu552zoz0bjrlngvwtvyctail1d 1599898 1599859 2026-09-24T06:24:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character |mfululizo=[[24 (mfululizo wa TV)|24]] |picha =[[Image:Karen Hayes.jpg|200px]] |maelezo ya picha = [[Jayne Atkinson]] kama Karen Hayes |jina=Karen Hayes |mchezaji=[[Jayne Atkinson]] |lbl1=Mionekano <br> |data1=[[24 (msimu wa 5)|5]], [[24 (msimu wa 6)|6]] }} '''Karen Hayes''' ni jina la uhusika wa kipindi cha [[televisheni]] cha [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] maarufu kama [[24 (mfululizo wa TV)|''24'']]. Uhusika unachezwa na [[Jayne Atkinson]]. Alianza kuonekana katika sehemu ya [[kumi na mbili]] ya msimu wa tano ya mfululizo na kupewa uhusika mkuu katika sehemu ya kumi na nane ya msimu wa sita. ==Wazo na ushiriki== Mwigizaji [[Laurie Metcalf]] ndiye aliyekuwa [[mwigizaji]] kamili wa uhusika huu wa Karen Hayes kabla kubadilishana na [[Jayne Atkinson]].<ref>{{cite web| publisher=ContactMusic|date=2005-12-19|accessdate=2008-07-05|title=ROSEANNE - METCALF BOWS OUT OF 24|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/metcalf%20bows%20out%20of%2024 }}</ref> Mtayarishaji [[Howard Gordon]] akathaminisha uwezo wa uigizaji wa Metcalf na kusema kwamba {{dondoo|uhusika haukuwa sahihi kwa mwigizaji huyu, hivyo wakambadilisha}} ==Katika uhusika== Kabla ya kujiunga na Jeshi la Usalama wa Taifa la Marekani, Hayes alikuwa kachero wa [[FBI]]. Alifanya katika kitengo cha kupambana na ugaidi cha FBI, na ikatokea kuwa Kachero Mkuu na kisha baadaye akawa Mkuu wa Kanda. Hayes ana digrii ya mambo ya [[Sociology]] alioipata katika [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton|Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm |title=FOX 24- Character biography |accessdate=2009-03-30 |archivedate=2008-02-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212002042/http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm }}</ref> Atkinson alidai kwamba, uhusika wake ni wa hatari hasa akiwa mitaani kwa raia wa kawaida huenda wakamzonga."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07105/777542-237.stm |title=Supporting players get to shine |accessdate=2009-03-30 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122175817/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07105/777542-237.stm |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm Character biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fox.com/24/profiles/kh.htm |date=20080212002042 }} on the official [[24 (television)|24]] website {{24}} [[Jamii:Wahusika wa 24]] db0v2mryioloxyokpw6871ryz5bo9ob 0 23449 1599855 1500449 2026-09-24T05:22:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karama''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]] الكرامة) ni [[zawadi]] yoyote inayotokana na [[ukarimu]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa viumbe wake. ==Mapokeo ya Kiislamu== Karama inatazamwa kuwa kipaji cha pekee kutoka kwa [[Mwenyezi Mungu]]. Katika surat 19 (Al Maryam) [[Mariamu katika Kurani|Mariamu]] analishwa kwa [[neema]] ya [[Allah]]: hii inatazamwa pia kama karama. Karama inaweza kupatikana kama [[tabia]] au uwezo wa pekee, kama mtu mwenye kufanya [[Muujiza|miujiza]] kwa idhini ya Mungu. Mwenye kutoa karama ni Allah. Kwa sababu hiyo yeye anasifika kama [[Karimu]]. Katika [[Uislamu]] hilo ni mojawapo kati ya [[majina 99]] ya kumsifia. ==Katika Ukristo== Katika [[Biblia]] karama kwa kawaida ni [[tafsiri]] ya neno la [[Kigiriki]] χάρισμα ("kharisma" kutokana na χάρις, "kháris" neema). Neno hilo limekuwa likitumika sana katika [[Kanisa]] kuanzia [[Pentekoste]] na katika [[Nyaraka za Paulo|barua za]] [[Mtume Paulo]], kwa msisitizo kuwa karama zote zinamtegemea [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. Karama si zile za kushangaza tu, tena zile muhimu zaidi si hizo, bali zile zinazojenga zaidi Kanisa, kama zile za [[uongozi]]: “Mungu ameweka wengine katika Kanisa, wa kwanza [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]], wa pili ma[[nabii]], wa tatu waalimu, kisha miujiza, kisha karama za kuponya wagonjwa, na masaidiano, na maongozi, na aina za [[lugha]]” ([[1Kor]] 12:28). “Basi kwa kuwa tuna karama zilizo mbalimbali, kwa kadiri ya [[neema]] tuliyopewa; ikiwa unabii, tutoe unabii kwa kadiri ya [[imani]]; ikiwa [[huduma]], tuwemo katika huduma yetu; mwenye kufundisha, katika kufundisha kwake; mwenye kuonya, katika kuonya kwake; mwenye kukirimu, kwa moyo mweupe; mwenye kusimamia, kwa bidii; mwenye kurehemu, kwa [[furaha]]” ([[Waraka kwa Waroma|Rom]] 12:6-8). Karama nyingine muhimu zinawezesha kuishi kwa [[useja]] kama [[Yesu]] na Paulo, au kwa [[ndoa]]: “Nipendalo ni kwamba watu wote wawe kama mimi nilivyo; walakini kila mtu ana karama yake mwenyewe itokayo kwa Mungu, huyu hivi, na huyu hivi. Lakini nawaambia wale wasiooa bado, na wajane; ni heri wakae kama mimi nilivyo” (1Kor 7:7-8). “Si wote wawezao kulipokea neno hili, ila wale waliojaliwa” ([[Math]] 19:11). Tunavyoona katika [[historia]] [[Historia ya Utawa|ya]] [[watawa]], mara nyingi karama ya useja inaendana na nyingine katika maisha ya [[sala]], ya kijumuia na ya kitume. Hivyo [[Filipo]] “alikuwa na binti wanne, ma[[bikira]], waliokuwa wakitabiri” ([[Mdo]] 21:9). Karama zinagawiwa na Roho Mtakatifu jinsi anavyotaka, si kwa sifa au faida ya binafsi, bali kwa ustawi wa [[taifa la Mungu]]. “Kazi hizi zote huzitenda Roho huyo mmoja, yeye yule, akimgawia kila mtu peke yake kama apendavyo yeye... Je, wote ni mitume? Wote ni manabii? Wote ni waalimu? Wote wanatenda miujiza? Wote wana karama za kuponya wagonjwa? Wote wanena kwa lugha? Wote wafasiri?... Kwa kuwa mnatamani sana kuwa watu wenye karama za roho, takeni kwamba mzidi sana kuwa nazo ili kulijenga kanisa... Kwa maana Mungu si Mungu wa machafuko, bali wa amani” (1Kor 12:11,29-30; 14:12,33). Kwa ajili hiyo [[mitume wa Yesu]] walipambanua na kuratibu karama katika [[ibada]] na katika maisha ya [[jumuia]] zisije zikavuruga Kanisa. Karama za kushangaza zina [[hatari]] mbalimbali, hasa zikitiwa maanani mno. Hapo ni rahisi zilete [[majivuno]], [[kijicho]] na ma[[farakano]]. “Ikiwa kwenu kuna husuda na fitina, je, si watu wa tabia ya mwili ninyi; tena mnaenenda kwa jinsi ya kibinadamu?... Mmekwisha kushiba, mmekwisha kupata utajiri, mmemiliki pasipo sisi. Naam, laiti mngemiliki... Kwa hiyo anayejidhania kuwa amesimama na aangalie asianguke” (1Kor 3:3; 4:8; 10:12). Katika mambo yasiyothibitika ni rahisi kudanganyika kuwa yametoka kwa Mungu, kumbe sivyo. Kisha kudanganyika ni vigumu kuachana nayo hata yakiwa na madhara kwa mhusika au kwa Kanisa. “Wapenzi, msiiamini kila roho, bali zijaribuni hizo roho, kwamba zimetokana na Mungu; kwa sababu manabii wa uongo wengi wametokea duniani” ([[1Yoh]] 4:1). “Pana tofauti za karama; bali Roho ni yeye yule… Kila mmoja hupewa ufunuo wa Roho kwa kufaidiana. Maana mtu mmoja kwa Roho apewa neno la hekima; na mwingine neno la maarifa, apendavyo Roho yeye yule; mwingine imani katika Roho yeye yule; na mwingine karama za kuponya katika Roho yule mmoja; na mwingine matendo ya miujiza; na mwingine unabii; na mwingine kupambanua roho; mwingine aina za lugha; na mwingine tafsiri za lugha; lakini kazi hizi zote huzitenda Roho huyo mmoja, yeye yule, akimwagia kila mtu peke yake kama apendavyo yeye” (1Kor 12:4-11; taz. Rom 12:6-8). Mtume aliendelea kwa kuweka [[upendo]] juu kuliko karama hizo zote, “Takeni sana karama zilizo kuu. Hata hivyo nawaonyesha njia iliyo bora. Nijaposema kwa lugha za wanadamu na za malaika, kama sina upendo, nimekuwa shaba iliayo na upatu uvumao. Tena nijapokuwa na unabii, na kujua siri zote na maarifa yote, nijapokuwa na imani timilifu kiasi cha kuweza kuhamisha milima, kama sina upendo, si kitu mimi” (1Kor 12:31-13:2) kwa sababu hapo [[utashi]] wangu unaelekea kinyume cha [[mapenzi ya Mungu|matakwa ya Mungu.]] ===Umbile na mgawanyo wa karama hizo kadiri ya Kanisa Katoliki=== Neema inayotia utakatifu na upendo vinatuunganisha na Mungu, lengo letu kuu; kwa hiyo ni bora kuliko karama, zilizo fadhili za pekee ambazo zinalenga hasa faida ya jirani, tena zinamuandaa tu kuongoka, bila kumshirikisha [[Uhai|uzima]] wa Mungu. Karama ni [[ishara]] tu zinazothibitisha ama [[ufunuo]] wa Mungu uliotolewa kwa wote, ama [[utakatifu]] wa [[Mtumishi wa Mungu|mtumishi]] wake. Neema inayotia utakatifu inapita [[Umbile|maumbile]] kwa namna tofauti na karama. Neema inayotia utakatifu inapita maumbile kwa sababu ni kushiriki uzima wa ndani wa Mungu; kwa hiyo haionekani wala haijulikani na maumbile. Kumbe hizo ishara zinazojulikana na maumbile haziyapiti kwa mfumo wake zenyewe, isipokuwa kwa namna zilivyotokea. Hivyo [[Ufufuko|ufufuo]] wa [[maiti]] unamrudishia kwa njia ipitayo maumbile uhai wa kimwili bila kusababisha ndani yake uzima wa Mungu. Hivyo katika ishara hizo kinachopita maumbile ni cha nje na kidogo kuliko neema inayotolewa na [[ubatizo]]. Kwa kawaida fadhili za pekee, ambazo pengine zinaendana na [[sala ya kumiminiwa]], zinapangwa pamoja na karama hizo. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]] akianzia misimamo ya [[teolojia]] alitofautisha vizuri kuzama katika [[mafumbo]] kwa jumla katika [[giza]] na namna mbalimbali za [[ujuzi]] maalumu (mafunuo, [[njozi]] na maneno ya ndani): “Kuhusu ujuzi wa jumla katika giza hakuna mgawanyiko, ni kuzama katika mafumbo kwa imani: ndio lengo ambapo tuifikishe roho; ujuzi mwingine wowote unatakiwa kulichangia kuanzia wa awali, nayo roho inatakiwa kusonga mbele daima kwa kuachana na kila mmojawapo”. Tutaeleza kwanza mafunuo, halafu tutaona namna maalumu ambazo yanapatikana. Tena kati ya fadhili hizo tutaeleza kwanza zile za nje zaidi, ambazo zinalenga hasa faida ya jirani na kuhusiana na karama. Halafu tutazingatia zile zinazolenga zaidi utakatifu wa mtu anayezipokea. Tukianzia mambo ya jumla kwenda yale maalumu, na kutoka yale ya nje kwenda yale ya ndani tutakwepa kujirudiarudia na tutaelewa zaidi [[kazi]] ya Mungu. ====Mafunuo ya Kimungu==== Mafunuo ya Kimungu yanadhihirisha kwa namna ipitayo maumbile [[ukweli]] fulani uliofichika, yakitegemea karama ya [[Nabii|unabii]]. Yenyewe ni ya hadhara ikiwa yalitolewa na manabii wa [[Agano la Kale]], na [[Masiya|Kristo]] na mitume wake na yanapendekezwa kwa wote na Kanisa ambalo linatunza [[hazina]] hiyo katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Maandiko]] na katika [[Mapokeo ya Mitume|Mapokeo]]. Kumbe ni ya binafsi yakilenga faida ya watu kadhaa tu. Mafunuo ya binafsi, hata yale muhimu, hayadai tuyashike kwa imani ya [[Katoliki|Kikatoliki]], ila baadhi yake yanaweza yakavuta watu wazingatie [[ibada]] fulani ambayo kwa umbile lake inawahusu waamini wote (k.mf. ibada kwa [[Moyo Mtakatifu wa Yesu]]) na Kanisa likishachunguza [[hoja]] za kutetea ibada hiyo linaweza likaihamasisha na kuiweka rasmi bila kudai imani kwamba ufunuo wa binafsi ulioisababisha umetoka kwa Mungu. Kwa hakika wale waliojaliwa mafunuo ya Kimungu yaliyopimwa na kutambuliwa na wenye [[mamlaka]] wanatakiwa kuinamia kwa [[heshima]] tokeo hilo la Mungu. Kanisa linapokubali mafunuo ya binafsi linataka kutamka tu kwamba hayapingani na imani na hivyo yanaweza kupendekezwa kwa waamini wayapokee kwa msingi fulani. Lakini hata katika yale yaliyokubaliwa hivyo unaweza ukajitokeza udanganyifu fulani kwa sababu watakatifu wenyewe wanaweza wakadhani kitu kilichotokea ndani mwao kimesababishwa na Roho Mtakatifu, kumbe sivyo, au wanaweza wakatafsiri vibaya ufunuo wa Kimungu, kama lilivyoeleweka vibaya neno la Yesu kuhusu [[urefu]] wa [[maisha]] ya [[Mtume Yohane]]. Uwezekano wa kudanganyika unatokana na kwamba karama ya unabii ina ngazi nyingi, kuanzia [[Hisia|hisi]] tu hadi ufunuo kamili. Kama ni hisi ya kinabii tu, maana sahihi na vilevile [[asili]] ya Kimungu ya mafunuo vinaweza vikabaki vimefichika au havieleweki; ndivyo [[Kayafa]] alivyotabiri bila kujitambua akisema, “Yafaa mtu mmoja afe kwa ajili ya watu, wala lisiangamie taifa zima” ([[Injili ya Yohane|Yoh]] 11:50). Mtu aliyeangazwa kweli na Mungu kabla hajapanga la kufanya kufuatana na ufunuo huo aombe shauri la [[kiongozi]] wake au la mtu mwingine mwenye [[elimu]] na [[busara]] ambaye achunguze jambo lenyewe upande wa imani, wa teolojia na wa busara, hasa kwa sababu ni rahisi kudanganyika katika kutafsiri mafunuo. [[Dalili]] mojawapo ya asili ya Kimungu ya ufunuo fulani ni [[unyenyekevu]] na usahili ambao aliyefadhiliwa anaupokea na kumshirikisha kiongozi wake kwa maneno machache, asishikamane nao zaidi na akimtii kikamilifu wakili wa Kristo. Lakini kwa nadra karama ya unabii inapatikana hata katika watu wasio na sifa hizo. Kuhusu hamu ya kupata mafunuo, [[Yohane wa Msalaba]], ambaye mara nyingi alialika wanasala watamani kwa unyenyekevu lakini pia kwa [[tumaini]] na [[ari]] kuzama katika mafumbo ya imani ili kuungana na Mungu, alilaumu kwa nguvu hamu hiyo. Alionyesha kwamba anayetamani mafunuo anampa [[shetani]] nafasi ya kumdanganya kwa udadisi huo na kwamba elekeo hilo linachafua [[usafi]] wa imani, linalemea [[roho]], linaonyesha utovu wa unyenyekevu, linaingiza katika hatari nyingi, tena ni kumkosea heshima Yesu aliyetupatia ukamilifu wa ufunuo katika [[Injili]]. Pengine Mungu anawajalia fadhili hizo walio dhaifu bado, au wenye nguvu wanaotakiwa kutimiza [[utume]] wa pekee kati ya matatizo makubwa; lakini kuzitaka ni [[dhambi]] walau nyepesi, hata kama lengo ni jema. Zinasaidia tu zikisababisha unyenyekevu na upendo wa Mungu. Hivyo linaeleweka kosa la viongozi wasio na busara wanaowadodosa waliojaliwa njozi na mafunuo. Upotovu huo unasababisha udanganyifu, unaondoa utulivu na kusogeza mbali na unyenyekevu kutokana na kufurahia bure njia za pekee. Hatimaye alisisitiza kwamba hamu ya mafunuo inasogeza mbali na sala ya kumiminiwa, “Inadhaniwa kwamba limetokea jambo kubwa, kwamba Mungu mwenyewe amesema: kumbe ni kitu kidogo au hakuna kitu au hata chini ya hapo. Kwa kuwa kinaweza kusaidia nini kinachokosa unyenyekevu, upendo, ufishaji, usahili mtakatifu, kimya n.k.? Kwa hiyo natamka kwamba aina hizo za udanganyifu zinazuia sana muungano na Mungu, kwa sababu mtu akizizingatia, jambo hilo tu linatosha kumsogeza mbali sana na kilindi cha imani… Roho Mtakatifu anaangaza akili iliyojikusanya kadiri ilivyojikusanya, na kujikusanya kikamilifu kunafanyika kwa imani… Upendo wa kumiminiwa unawiana na usafi wa roho katika imani kamili: kadiri upendo huo ulivyo na nguvu, Roho Mtakatifu anaiangaza na kuishirikisha zawadi zake”. Lakini tutofautishe aina mbili za mafunuo ya binafsi: 1) Mafunuo hasa, yanayotufunulia siri fulani kuhusu Mungu au kazi yake, yanaweza yakaendana na udanganyifu kwa urahisi mkubwa zaidi. Bila shaka yeye anaweza akawafunulia watu [[muda]] uliowabakia kuishi, majaribu yatakayowapata, na mambo yatakayotokea kwa [[taifa]] au mtu fulani. Lakini shetani anaweza kuyaghushi kwa urahisi, tena kwa kuthibitisha uongo wake anatanguliza habari ambazo zinawezekana au ni nusu kweli. “Kwa jinsi yule Mwovu anavyoweza kujitwalia sura ya ukweli na kuithibitisha, karibu haiwezekani kukwepa ujanja wake tusipokataa mara” (Yohane wa Msalaba). 2) Mafunuo upande, yanayotufanya tuelewe zaidi kweli zipitazo maumbile zilizokwishajulikana kwa imani, yanafanana na hali ya kuzama katika mafumbo, hasa yasipoishia jambo maalumu, bali yanamhusu Mungu mwenyewe na kuchimba kwa dhati [[hekima]], [[wema]] au uweza wake usio na mipaka. “Aina hizo za ujuzi wa juu unaotegemea upendo zinapatikana tu na mtu katika hali ya muungano na Mungu; zenyewe ndio muungano huo kwa kuwa zinatokana na fungamano maalumu la roho na umungu. Ni Mungu mwenyewe ambaye anahisiwa na kuonjwa. Bila shaka Mungu hahisiwi bayana na wazi kabisa kama katika utukufu, ila fungamano hilo ni hai na bora kwa ujuzi na mvuto hivi kwamba linapenya undani wa roho. Shetani hawezi kujiingiza humo na kudanganya kwa kughushi; hakuna cha kufanana nalo, hakuna cha kukaribia raha na nderemo za namna hiyo. Hizo zina ladha ya umungu na ya uzima wa milele, naye shetani hawezi kughushi mambo ya juu hivyo. Kuhusu hisi nyingine tulisema mtu aachane nazo, lakini wajibu huo unakoma mbele ya hizo zilizo matokeo ya muungano ambao tunajitahidi kufikishia roho. Yale yote tuliyowahi kuyafundisha kuhusu kujinyima na kujibandua kabisa yanalenga muungano huo, na fadhili za Kimungu zinazotokana nao ni matunda ya unyenyekevu, ya hamu ya kuteseka kwa upendo wa Mungu, kwa uvumilivu na bila kutarajia tuzo” (Yohane wa Msalaba). ====Aina mbalimbali za njozi zipitazo maumbile==== Mafunuo ya Kimungu yanatokea kwa namna ya [[njozi]] au ya maneno. Njozi zinaweza kupitia hisi, [[ubunifu]] au [[akili]]. Njozi za kihisi au za kimwili za [[Mwokozi]], za [[Bikira Maria]] na za [[Mtakatifu|watakatifu]] zinaweza zikatolewa kwa wanaoanza ili kuwabandua na malimwengu. Zikichangwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya watu, ni dalili ya kwamba ni za nje, lakini si hakika ya kwamba zimetoka kwa Mungu. Zikiwa za mtu binafsi, ni lazima kuchunguza kwa uangalifu hali ya ndani ya mtu anayejishuhudia kuwa nazo, halafu kuendelea kwa busara kubwa. Kiongozi ataweza kutambua kama hizo ni fadhili za Mungu kwa kuzingatia zinavyolingana na mafundisho ya Kanisa na zinavyozaa [[Tunda|matunda]] rohoni mwa mhusika. Huyo atapaswa kuonyesha [[uaminifu]] katika kuchuma utakatifu uliokusudiwa na Mungu akitoa fadhili hizo. Njozi zinazohusisha ubunifu zinasababishwa na Mungu au [[malaika]] katika kipawa hicho mtu akiwa ama [[Jicho|macho]] ama [[usingizi|usingizini]]. Mara kadhaa [[Yosefu (mume wa Maria)|Yosefu]] alielekezwa na Mungu katika [[ndoto]]. Ingawa ni vigumu kutambua asili ya Kimungu ya ndoto, kwa kawaida tukimtafuta kwa [[bidii]] anajua kujitambulisha kwetu ama kwa hisi ya [[amani]] ya dhati ama kwa matukio yanayothibitisha ndoto. Hivyo mkosefu anaweza akaonywa katika ndoto kuhusu haja ya kuwahi kuongoka. Njozi hizo zinaweza zikapatwa na udanganyifu wa ubunifu na wa shetani. Zile zinazotoka kwa Mungu zinatambulishwa na dalili tatu: 1) tusipoweza kuzisababisha wala kuziondoa tunavyotaka, bali zinatokea ghafla na kudumu muda mfupi; 2) zikiacha rohoni amani kubwa; 3) zikizaa matunda ya uadilifu, unyenyekevu na udumifu katika kutenda mema. Njozi ya namna hiyo ikitolewa mtu akiwa macho, karibu kila mara inaendana na hali ya [[kutoka nje ya nafsi]] walau kiasi. Njozi zinayohusisha akili zinaionyesha kwa hakika jambo fulani pasipo kutumia kwa wakati huo vitu vinavyofikiwa na hisi. Pengine njozi hizo zina giza na si wazi, pengine ni angavu na wazi. Zikitoka kwa Mungu zinatambulishwa na matokeo yake: amani ya ndani, [[furaha]] takatifu, unyenyekevu wa dhati, ambatano la moja kwa moja na [[maadili]]. Hata njozi bora zaidi, kwa sababu ni za chini kuliko [[heri]] ya [[Mbingu|mbinguni]], haziweki kuufikia umungu ulivyo, ila kwa namna fulani ya kuona kupitia mawazo ya kumiminiwa. ====Aina mbalimbali za maneno yapitayo maumbile==== Maneno yapitayo maumbile ni matokeo ya wazo la Mungu yanayosikika ama katika hisi za mwili, ama katika hisi za [[nafsi]], ama katika akili moja kwa moja. Maneno yapitayo maumbile yanayosikika [[Sikio|masikioni]] ni [[Wimbi|mawimbi]] yanayoundwa na malaika [[hewa|hewani]]. Maneno ya namna hiyo yanaweza kuwa madanganyifu sawa na njozi za kimwili, hivyo ni lazima tuyachambue kwa kanuni zilezile. Maneno mengine yapitayo maumbile yanahusisha ubunifu wa mtu akiwa macho au usingizini. Yanaonekana yametoka pengine juu mbinguni, pengine ndani mwa [[moyo]]. Yanaeleweka kikamilifu ingawa hayasikiki kimwili. Hayasahauliki kwa urahisi na hasa yale yanayoleta [[utabiri]] fulani yanajichapa katika [[kumbukumbu]]. Tunayatofautisha na yale yanayotungwa na roho yetu kwa sababu hatuwezi kuyasikia tunavyotaka na kwa sababu ni maneno na matendo kwa wakati mmoja; k.mf. yakilaumu kasoro zetu, yanabadili papo hapo misimamo yetu ya ndani na kutuwezesha kukabili lolote kwa ajili ya utumishi wa Mungu: hapo ni rahisi kuyapambanua. Yakitokana na shetani, yanasababisha mabaya: mara nyingi ni rahisi kuyatambua mapema kwa sababu yanafanana na yale halisi kama [[kioo]] na [[almasi]] tu. Maneno yanayohusisha akili yanasikika katika kipawa hicho moja kwa moja, bila kupitia hisi wala ubunifu, kama malaika wanavyoshirikishana mawazo na matakwa yao. “Ni usemi usio na maneno, ambao ndiyo lugha ya kwetu mbinguni” ([[Teresa wa Yesu]]). ====Miguso ya Kimungu==== “Mara nyingi” sala ya kumiminiwa ya hali ya juu inaendana na aina nyingine ya fadhili, yaani “miguso ya Kimungu” ambayo inafanyika katika utashi na kuwa na “matokeo katika akili… inaipenyeza ndani ya Mungu kwa namna ya juu na tamu sana”. Haitegemei utendaji wa roho, wala tafakuri zake, ingawa kwa njia hiyo roho inajiandaa kuipokea. Pengine ni ya dhati na ya nguvu hivi kwamba inaonekana imefanyika “katika undani wenyewe wa roho”. Undani huo hauwezi kutenda, kusikia, kuhisi wala kupenda usipopitia vipawa vyake; ndiyo maana ulipewa vipawa hivyo. Katika hilo unatofautiana na Mungu ambaye peke yake katika usahili wake anatenda mwenyewe moja kwa moja asihitaji vipawa. Yeye, akiwa ndani ya roho kuliko roho yenyewe kwa sababu ndiye anayeidumisha, anaweza kugusa (Kiroho, si kimwili) na kusukuma toka humo undani wa vipawa hivyo hata roho itende matendo ya dhati isiyoweza kuyasababisha yenyewe. “Kukubali kwa unyenyekevu bila kutenda ndio msimamo unaompasa mtu; Mungu anajalia fadhili hizo kadiri ya matakwa yake, akipendelea watu wanyenyekevu waliojibandua na yote” (Yohane wa Msalaba). ==Karama nyingine za pekee== ===Kuelea hewani=== Ni tukio la mwili kuinuka juu mbali na ardhi bila sababu yoyote ya kueleweka, hivi kwamba unabaki hewani pasipo kutegemezwa na kitu chochote, ilivyokuwa ikimtukia [[Yosefu wa Kopertino|Yosefu wa Copertino]]. Kinyume chake kuna matukio ya mwili kuwa na uzito mkubwa usio wa kawaida. Udanganyifu wa wenye matatizo ya nafsi haujawahi kusababisha mwili wao uelee hewani. [[Papa Benedikto XIV]] alidai kwanza tukio liwe limethibitika, ili kukwepa ujanja wowote. Halafu alionyesha kwamba tukio hilo halielezeki kisayansi kwa sababu ya elekeo la mvutano, lakini halipiti uwezo wa kuinua miili walionao malaika na shetani; kwa hiyo ni lazima kulichunguza vizuri upande wa mwili, maadili na dini lisiwe limesababishwa na ibilisi; mambo yote yakilingana tunaweza na kupaswa kuliona limesababishwa na Mungu au na malaika kwa kuijalia miili ya watakatifu utangulizi fulani wa wepesi wa miili mitukufu. ===Kuangaza=== Pengine waliozama katika mafumbo wanapata uangavu wa pekee: mwili wao unazungukwa na nuru, hasa usoni. Tukio hilo ni la kulichunguza sawa na lile la kuelea hewani, isipoelezeka kisayansi: kama linatokea mchana au usiku; kama nuru hiyo inapita mianga mingine yote; kama tukio linadumu muda mrefu na kujirudiarudia. Pia ni lazima kulizingatia kwa makini upande wa maadili na wa dini: kama linatukia wakati wa mahubiri, wa sala, wa kutoka nje ya nafsi; kama linasababisha matokeo ya neema, k.mf. uongofu wa kudumu; kama mhusika ni mwadilifu. Ikiwa masharti hayo yote yametimia na kuthibitika, tunaweza kuliona tukio hilo la pekee kama utangulizi fulani wa uangavu wa miili mitukufu. ===Kunukia=== Pengine miili ya watakatifu inanukia wakiwa hai au kisha kufa. Daima waamini wameona hiyo ni ishara ya harufu nzuri ya maadili yao. Ili kuhakikisha tukio hilo linatoka kwa Mungu ni lazima tuchunguze kama harufu nzuri ni ya kudumu, kama karibu na mwili huo kuna kitu kinachoweza kuisababisha kimaumbile, na kama tukio hilo la pekee linasababisha neema fulani. ===Kufunga chakula kwa muda mrefu=== Kuna watu, hasa kati ya wenye madonda matakatifu, walioishi miezi au miaka bila kula chochote isipokuwa ekaristi takatifu. Ni lazima tulichunguze kwanza tukio hilo kwa makini, kwa muda mrefu, pasipo nafasi katikati, kwa kutumia mashahidi wengi wenye uerevu wa kugundua udanganyifu na ujanja wowote. Ni lazima kuona kama mtu amefunga chakula chochote hata cha majimaji kwa muda mrefu na wakati huohuo anaendelea na shughuli zake. Hapo tukio halielezeki kimaumbile. Ni vilevile kuhusu kuacha usingizi kwa muda mrefu. Katika hayo matukio mbalimbali ya pekee, baada ya uchunguzi wa makini wa tukio lenyewe, wa nafasi zake za kimwili, za kiadili na za kidini, mwili unaonekana kutolemea roho (inavyotokea mara nyingi) bali kuwa chombo chake kinachoiacha ionyeshe uzuri wake wa ndani, uangavu wa kumiminiwa na upendo motomoto. Mara kadhaa tunapewa ishara hizo za nje ili kuonyeshwa upande wa hisi kuwa maisha kamili ya Kikristo ni utangulizi wa uzima wa milele. ==Tazama pia== * [[Madonda matakatifu]] ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150418063507/http://www.tedxlausanne.com/talk/lets-face-it-charisma-matters Let's face it: Charisma matters] from [[TEDx]] *[https://archive.today/20130104094717/http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20050502-000001.html The X-Factors of Success] from ''[[Psychology Today]]'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050727085058/http://cbae.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/charisma.htm Max Weber and Charisma] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060526114911/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/charisma.htm ''Charisma''] by Thomas Robbin in the ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society'', edited by William H. Swatos: {{ISBN|0-7619-8956-0}} *[http://web.pdx.edu/~tothm/essays/essays/toward_a_theory_of__the_routiniz.htm Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma – April 1972] *[http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan05/savoir.html The Science of Savoir Faire] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/thinkingallowed_20050126.shtml Charismatic Cults] on [[BBC Four]] in ''Thinking Allowed'' 26 January 2005, presented Laurie Taylor (press on "Listen Again") *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/448172 Article: "Moses, Charisma, and Covenant"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060628210910/http://whyfiles.org/205charisma/ The Character of Charisma] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/weekinreview/17zernike.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hp "The Charisma Mandate"] from ''The New York Times'' (February 17, 2008) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090409/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/20/charm_school/ Charm School: Scholars Unpack the Secrets of Charisma, and Suggest the Elusive Quality Can Be Taught] by Mark Oppenheimer from ''The Boston Globe'', July 20, 2008 *{{cite book |last=Bitar |first=Amer |date=2020 |title=Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=9783030573973}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Teolojia]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] b728puxt5zvo6hs3tnv56a3nt9ogtvt 0 24344 1599769 1579149 2026-09-24T01:37:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 |Jina = Jay-Z |Img = Jay-Z @ Shawn 'Jay-Z' Carter Foundation Carnival (crop 2).jpg |Img_capt = Jay-Z, mnamo 2011 |Img_size = |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Shawn Corey Carter |Ndoa = [[Beyoncé Knowles]] |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1969|12|4|df=yes}}<br />[[Brooklyn, New York]], [[Marekani]] |Kazi yake = [[Rapa]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mtayarishaji wa rekodi]] |Ala = Sauti |Miaka ya kazi = 1986 – hadi |Aina = [[Muziki wa hip hop|Hip hop]] |Ameshirikiana na = [[Jaz-O]], [[Memphis Bleek]], [[Beanie Sigel]], [[Amil]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], [[Linkin Park]], [[Kanye West]], [[R. Kelly]], [[T.I.]], [[UGK]], [[Lil Wayne]], [[Freeway]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Nas]], [[Sean Combs]], [[Foxy Brown]], [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]], [[Coldplay]], [[Eminem]] |Studio = [[Roc Nation]]/[[Atlantic Records]] | Ndoa = [[Beyoncé Knowles]] (2008—hadi leo) |Tovuti = [http://www.jay-z.com/ www.jay-z.com] }} '''Shawn Corey Carter''' (amezaliwa tar. [[4 Desemba]] [[1969]]<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0419650/ Jay-Z]. Internet Movie Database. Imeingizwa tar. 23 Oktoba 2008.</ref>) ni msanii wa [[hip hop]] na mfanyabiashara kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la [[jina la kisanii|kisanii]] kama '''Jay-Z'''. Huyu ni Ofisa Mkuu wa zamani wa [[Def Jam Recordings]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/47700-jay-z-leaves-def-jam-presidency |title=Pitchfork: Jay-Z Leaves Def Jam Presidency<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2007-07-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724132847/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/47700-jay-z-leaves-def-jam-presidency |archivedate=2007-07-24 }}</ref> na [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. Pia ni mmoja kati ya wanaomiliki klabu ya [[The 40/40 Club]] na [[New Jersey Nets]]. Huyu ni mmoja kati ya wasanii na mjasiriamali wa hip hop wa Marekani wenye mafanikio makubwa kabisa,<ref name="mtv greatest">[http://www.mtv.com/bands/h/hip_hop_week/2006/emcees/index11.jhtml The Greatest MCs of All Time] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/h/hip_hop_week/2006/emcees/index11.jhtml |date=20060415035102 }} ''MTV''. Retrieved on 2006-12-26</ref> kwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 26 nchini Marekani na kupokea [[Tuzo za Grammy]] kadhaa kwa kazi zake za kimuziki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum - August 08, 2008<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2009-06-13 |archivedate=2007-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163039/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt }}</ref> Pamoja na kuwa na mafanikio yake makubwa ya kimuziki, Jay-Z anafahamika zaidi kwa kujihusisha na masuala ya ugomvi na baadhi ya wasanii wengine wa soko zima la rap, moiongoni mwa ugomvi mkubwa uliokuwa unajulikana na watu wengi duniani ni ule wa yeye na rapa mwenziwe wa mjini New York Bw. [[Nas]], ambao ulikuja kusuluishwa mnamo mwaka wa 2005. Jay-Z alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliitwa ''[[Reasonable Doubt]]'', ilipewa sifa na ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' kama albamu #248 ikiwa kama "[[Albamu Kali 500 za Karne]]". Albamu yake iliyompa sifa zaidi ni ile ya ''[[The Blueprint]]'', iliandikwa kwa siku mbili tu, basi.<ref>Recounted by Jay-Z on the documentary ''[[Collision Course (album)|Collision Course]]'' DVD. ''Collision Course''. Jay-Z and Linkin Park. Roc-A-Fella/Warner Bros./Machine Shop Recordings. 2004.</ref> Baada ya kujitangaza kwamba anastaafu muziki mnamo mwaka wa 2003, alirejea tena kazini mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2006 na albamu yake ya ''[[Kingdom Come]]'', ambayo iliuza kopi 680,000 katika wiki ya kwanza, na kuifanya iwe albamu ya Jay-Z iliofanya mauzo ya juu katika kipindi cha wiki ya kwanza.<ref name="billboardkingdom">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003465594 Jay-Z Reclaims His 'Kingdom' With No. 1 Debut] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003465594 |date=20121027114447 }}. [[Billboard.com]]. Retrieved on 29 Novemba 2006.</ref> [[MTV]] wamemwita kama msanii wa kwanza katika orodha ya Ma-MC wao wa karne. Mnamo mwezi wa Aprili 2008, Jay-Z ameripotiwa kwenye verge kwamba ameingia ubia na [[Live Nation]] kwa kaisi cha Dola za Kimarekani zipatazo milioni 150—ambapo ni miongoni mwa mikataba mikubwa sana na ghari kwa wasanii wambo waliowahi kuungana nao.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Leeds |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=In Rapper’s Deal, a New Model for Music Business |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/03/arts/music/03jayz.html |work=New York Times |publisher= |date=2008-04-03 |accessdate=2008-04-03 }}</ref> Carter amemwoa Bi. [[Beyoncé Knowles]] mnamo tar. [[4 Aprili]] 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20188764,00.html |title=Source: Beyoncé and Jay-Z Are Married<!--bot generated article --> |accessdate=2009-06-13 |archive-date=2008-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011340/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20188764,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === Mtu huyu amekuwa akihusishwa na nadharia mbalimbali ambazo zinaamini kuwa jay z amekuwa akifa na kuzaliwa upya hii inathibitishwa na picha take aliyppiga mnamo mwaka 1929 huko jijini network akiwa kijana amekuwa ukiulizwa na kusema kuwa yeye ni "young forever" yani mdogo milele == Discografia == {{main|Discografia ya Jay-Z}} ;Solo albamu * ''[[Reasonable Doubt]]'' (1996) * ''[[In My Lifetime, Vol. 1]]'' (1997) * ''[[Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life]]'' (1998) * ''[[Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Dynasty: Roc La Familia]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Blueprint]]'' (2001) * ''[[The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse]]'' (2002) * ''[[The Black Album]]'' (2003) * ''[[Kingdom Come]]'' (2006) * ''[[American Gangster]]'' (2007) * ''[[The Blueprint³]]'' (2009) ;Albamu za Kolabo * ''Streets Is Watching'' (1998) * ''[[The Best of Both Worlds (albamu ya Jay-Z na R. Kelly)|The Best of Both Worlds]]'' (2002) – akiwa na [[R. Kelly]] * ''[[Unfinished Business (albamu ya Jay-Z na R. Kelly)|Unfinished Business]]'' (2004) – with R. Kelly * ''Collision Course'' (2004) – akiwa na [[Linkin Park]] ;Kompilesheni albamu * ''Jay-Z: Unplugged'' (2001) * ''Chapter One: Greatest Hits'' (2002) * ''The Blueprint 2.1'' (2003) * ''Bring It On: The Best of Jay-Z'' (2003) * ''Greatest Hits'' (2006) == Tuzo == {{main|Orodha ya tuzo na uteuzi uliopokelewa na Jay-Z}} == Filmografia == {|class="wikitable" ! align="center"width="214" rowspan="1"| Filamu ! align="center"width="320" rowspan="1"| Mwaka |- | ''Streets Is Watching'' | 1998 |- | ''Backstage'' | 2000 |- | ''State Property'' | 2002 |- | ''Paper Soldiers'' | 2002 |- | ''Fade to Black'' | 2004 |- | ''Diary of Jay-Z: Water for Life'' | 2006 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.jay-z.com Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jay-z.com/ |date=20110311133523 }} * [http://www.rocafella.com/Artist.aspx?id=1&avid=121&idj=352 Roc-a-Fella Records profile] * {{imdb name|id=0419650|name=Jay-Z}} {{Commons}} {{wikiquote}} {{Jay-Z}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Shawn}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:New York City]] oymgmqxxvdlj316be1or4br561xpw56 1599886 1599769 2026-09-24T05:56:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 |Jina = Jay-Z |Img = Jay-Z @ Shawn 'Jay-Z' Carter Foundation Carnival (crop 2).jpg |Img_capt = Jay-Z, mnamo 2011 |Img_size = |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Shawn Corey Carter |Ndoa = [[Beyoncé Knowles]] |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1969|12|4|df=yes}}<br />[[Brooklyn, New York]], [[Marekani]] |Kazi yake = [[Rapa]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mtayarishaji wa rekodi]] |Ala = Sauti |Miaka ya kazi = 1986 – hadi |Aina = [[Muziki wa hip hop|Hip hop]] |Ameshirikiana na = [[Jaz-O]], [[Memphis Bleek]], [[Beanie Sigel]], [[Amil]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], [[Linkin Park]], [[Kanye West]], [[R. Kelly]], [[T.I.]], [[UGK]], [[Lil Wayne]], [[Freeway]], [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], [[Nas]], [[Sean Combs]], [[Foxy Brown]], [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]], [[Coldplay]], [[Eminem]] |Studio = [[Roc Nation]]/[[Atlantic Records]] | Ndoa = [[Beyoncé Knowles]] (2008—hadi leo) |Tovuti = [http://www.jay-z.com/ www.jay-z.com] }} '''Shawn Corey Carter''' (amezaliwa tar. [[4 Desemba]] [[1969]]<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0419650/ Jay-Z]. Internet Movie Database. Imeingizwa tar. 23 Oktoba 2008.</ref>) ni msanii wa [[hip hop]] na mfanyabiashara kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la [[jina la kisanii|kisanii]] kama '''Jay-Z'''. Huyu ni Ofisa Mkuu wa zamani wa [[Def Jam Recordings]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/47700-jay-z-leaves-def-jam-presidency |title=Pitchfork: Jay-Z Leaves Def Jam Presidency<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2007-07-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724132847/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/47700-jay-z-leaves-def-jam-presidency |archivedate=2007-07-24 }}</ref> na [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. Pia ni mmoja kati ya wanaomiliki klabu ya [[The 40/40 Club]] na [[New Jersey Nets]]. Huyu ni mmoja kati ya wasanii na mjasiriamali wa hip hop wa Marekani wenye mafanikio makubwa kabisa,<ref name="mtv greatest">[http://www.mtv.com/bands/h/hip_hop_week/2006/emcees/index11.jhtml The Greatest MCs of All Time] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/h/hip_hop_week/2006/emcees/index11.jhtml |date=20060415035102 }} ''MTV''. Retrieved on 2006-12-26</ref> kwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 26 nchini Marekani na kupokea [[Tuzo za Grammy]] kadhaa kwa kazi zake za kimuziki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum - August 08, 2008<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2009-06-13 |archivedate=2007-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163039/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt }}</ref> Pamoja na kuwa na mafanikio yake makubwa ya kimuziki, Jay-Z anafahamika zaidi kwa kujihusisha na masuala ya ugomvi na baadhi ya wasanii wengine wa soko zima la rap, moiongoni mwa ugomvi mkubwa uliokuwa unajulikana na watu wengi duniani ni ule wa yeye na rapa mwenziwe wa mjini New York Bw. [[Nas]], ambao ulikuja kusuluishwa mnamo mwaka wa 2005. Jay-Z alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliitwa ''[[Reasonable Doubt]]'', ilipewa sifa na ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' kama albamu #248 ikiwa kama "[[Albamu Kali 500 za Karne]]". Albamu yake iliyompa sifa zaidi ni ile ya ''[[The Blueprint]]'', iliandikwa kwa siku mbili tu, basi.<ref>Recounted by Jay-Z on the documentary ''[[Collision Course (album)|Collision Course]]'' DVD. ''Collision Course''. Jay-Z and Linkin Park. Roc-A-Fella/Warner Bros./Machine Shop Recordings. 2004.</ref> Baada ya kujitangaza kwamba anastaafu muziki mnamo mwaka wa 2003, alirejea tena kazini mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2006 na albamu yake ya ''[[Kingdom Come]]'', ambayo iliuza kopi 680,000 katika wiki ya kwanza, na kuifanya iwe albamu ya Jay-Z iliofanya mauzo ya juu katika kipindi cha wiki ya kwanza.<ref name="billboardkingdom">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003465594 Jay-Z Reclaims His 'Kingdom' With No. 1 Debut] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003465594 |date=20121027114447 }}. [[Billboard.com]]. Retrieved on 29 Novemba 2006.</ref> [[MTV]] wamemwita kama msanii wa kwanza katika orodha ya Ma-MC wao wa karne. Mnamo mwezi wa Aprili 2008, Jay-Z ameripotiwa kwenye verge kwamba ameingia ubia na [[Live Nation]] kwa kaisi cha Dola za Kimarekani zipatazo milioni 150—ambapo ni miongoni mwa mikataba mikubwa sana na ghari kwa wasanii wambo waliowahi kuungana nao.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Leeds |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=In Rapper’s Deal, a New Model for Music Business |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/03/arts/music/03jayz.html |work=New York Times |publisher= |date=2008-04-03 |accessdate=2008-04-03 }}</ref> Carter amemwoa Bi. [[Beyoncé Knowles]] mnamo tar. [[4 Aprili]] 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20188764,00.html |title=Source: Beyoncé and Jay-Z Are Married<!--bot generated article --> |accessdate=2009-06-13 |archive-date=2008-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011340/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20188764,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === Mtu huyu amekuwa akihusishwa na nadharia mbalimbali ambazo zinaamini kuwa jay z amekuwa akifa na kuzaliwa upya hii inathibitishwa na picha take aliyppiga mnamo mwaka 1929 huko jijini network akiwa kijana amekuwa ukiulizwa na kusema kuwa yeye ni "young forever" yani mdogo milele == Discografia == {{main|Discografia ya Jay-Z}} ;Solo albamu * ''[[Reasonable Doubt]]'' (1996) * ''[[In My Lifetime, Vol. 1]]'' (1997) * ''[[Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life]]'' (1998) * ''[[Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Dynasty: Roc La Familia]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Blueprint]]'' (2001) * ''[[The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse]]'' (2002) * ''[[The Black Album]]'' (2003) * ''[[Kingdom Come]]'' (2006) * ''[[American Gangster]]'' (2007) * ''[[The Blueprint³]]'' (2009) ;Albamu za Kolabo * ''Streets Is Watching'' (1998) * ''[[The Best of Both Worlds (albamu ya Jay-Z na R. Kelly)|The Best of Both Worlds]]'' (2002) – akiwa na [[R. Kelly]] * ''[[Unfinished Business (albamu ya Jay-Z na R. Kelly)|Unfinished Business]]'' (2004) – with R. Kelly * ''Collision Course'' (2004) – akiwa na [[Linkin Park]] ;Kompilesheni albamu * ''Jay-Z: Unplugged'' (2001) * ''Chapter One: Greatest Hits'' (2002) * ''The Blueprint 2.1'' (2003) * ''Bring It On: The Best of Jay-Z'' (2003) * ''Greatest Hits'' (2006) == Tuzo == {{main|Orodha ya tuzo na uteuzi uliopokelewa na Jay-Z}} == Filmografia == {|class="wikitable" ! align="center"width="214" rowspan="1"| Filamu ! align="center"width="320" rowspan="1"| Mwaka |- | ''Streets Is Watching'' | 1998 |- | ''Backstage'' | 2000 |- | ''State Property'' | 2002 |- | ''Paper Soldiers'' | 2002 |- | ''Fade to Black'' | 2004 |- | ''Diary of Jay-Z: Water for Life'' | 2006 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.jay-z.com Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jay-z.com/ |date=20110311133523 }} * [http://www.rocafella.com/Artist.aspx?id=1&avid=121&idj=352 Roc-a-Fella Records profile] * {{imdb name|id=0419650|name=Jay-Z}} {{Commons}} {{wikiquote}} {{Jay-Z}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Shawn}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:New York City]] lraui0g9r8h08tqxusw4vdy5eg3jg9g 0 28500 1599464 1147247 2026-09-23T18:20:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Marsabit |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Kenya |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Marsabit katika Kenya |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kenya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kaunti ya Marsabit|Marsabit]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd=2 |latm=19 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=37 |longm=58 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} '''Marsabit''' ni [[mji]] wa [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Kenya]], [[kilomita]] katika [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]] ifikapo 37 ° 58 'E, 2 ° 19' N (37,97 ° E, 2.32 N). Karibu pande zote umezungukwa na [[Mbuga ya Kitaifa ya Marsabit]] na [[Hifadhi]]. Ndio [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Kaunti ya Marsabit]], na uko kusini mwa [[Jangwa la Chalbi]] katika eneo la [[misitu]] inayojulikana kwa [[milima]] yake ya [[volikano]] na [[Maziwa yanayopatikana kwenye kilele cha milima]]. == Mji wa Marsabit == Mji wa Marsabit ndio wa ustaarabu katika eneo kubwa ya ukame ya kaskazini mwa Kenya. Mji huu uko juu ya volkano ya kipekee [[isiyo lipuka]], [[Mlima Marsabit]], ambayo ina urefu wa karibu kilomita moja juu ya bahari ya mchanga wa jangwa. Milima iliyo hapa iko na wingi wa misitu, kinyume na jangwa iliyo karibu, pamoja na "Visiwa" vyao vya mfumo wa uhusiano baina ya viumbe. Mji huu unakaliwa na wakaazi wenye asili ya [[Nilotic]] ambao ni [[Samburu]] na [[Turkana]], pamoja na wakaazi wenye asilia ya [[Cushitic]] kama vile [[Gabbra]], [[Burji]],[[Borana]] na [[Rendille]]. Pia ni nyumbani kwa baadhi ya wafanyibiashara na wahamiaji wa [[Kisomali]]. Aidha, Marsabit ina [[kiwanja kidogo cha ndege]] na kilele mlima (Mlima Marsabit), na [[visima]] vya "kuimba" nje ya mji. Ndovu pia wanaweza mara nyingi kuonekana katika hifadhi ya wanyamapori inayozunguka mji huu, mara kwa mara zikivunja ua na kusababisha uharibifu wa mazao ya wakulima wenyeji. Jina la mji linatokana na neno la [[Kiamhariki]] 'Marsa bet' (Maana yake nyumba ya au nyumbani kwa Marsa) inaaminika kuwa uliitwa baadaa ya mkulima aitwaye 'Marsa' (wa kabila la Burji) aliyeletwa Marsabit kutoka [[Mega]] (nchini Ethiopia) na Consul kusaidia katika kuimarisha kilimo na makaazi ya kudumu kwenye mteremko wa Mlima Marsabit. == Utamaduni na dini == [[File:Camels in Marsabit, Kenya.jpg|thumb|Ngamia zikikunywa maji katika Marsabit mwaka wa 2005]] Kando na makabila yaliyo tajwa hapo mbeleni, kuna watu wengine kutoka maeneo mengine ya Kenya wanaofanya kazi sana sana za serikali na biashara. Karibu 40% ya watu wanaoishi mjini Marsabit ni Wakristo, 32% Waislamu na wengine 28% huamini katika dini ya jadi na zinginezo. Kwa muda mwingi, makundi haya yameishi kwa amani, lakini tangia mwaka wa 1994 na kudumu kwa karibu mwaka, kulikuwa na mauaji ya kikabila dhidi ya Gabra na Borana, kufuatia mgogoro juu ya umiliki wa mifugo na kila kabila - ambayo ni chanzo cha mapato kwa makundi yote mawili, kando na biashara ya bidhaa na vyakula. Marsabit ndio eneo lililotangazwa la mkutano kati ya wazee wa Gabra na Borana uliopangwa kufanyika tarehe 2-6 Juni 2009. Mijadala ya kutatua migogoro iliyopo kati ya makundi mawili imekuwa ikiendelea kwa miaka kadhaa sasa, na mikataba inatarajiwa kukubaliwa kwenye tukio hili la mkutano huu mbele ya viongozi wa jadi.<ref>[http://www.pastoralists.org/pages/events.php "Borana and Gabra peace meeting in Dukana", ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pastoralists.org/pages/events.php |date=20090330161814 }} Pastoralists Communication Initiative website (accessed 5 Mei 2009)</ref> == Uchukuzi == Marsabit ipo takriban kilomita 550 au siku mbili kwa gari kutoka [[Nairobi]] kupitia miji ya [[Isiolo]] na [[Archer's Post]], kwa kutumia aidha ''[[matatu]]'' au usafiri wa binafsi. Kuna uwanja mdogo wa ndege unaoshughulikia ndege za kukomboa. == Uchumi == Mji wa Marsabit ni kituo cha biashara ,kukiweko pamoja na vituo vitatu vya petroli, benki, posta, maduka, mikahawa, majumba ya kulala na hata dobi. Mji huu unawezesha ubadilishanaji na uchukuzi wa bidhaa na huduma kati ya [[Moyale]] (bidhaa kutoka [[Ethiopia]]) na Isiolo (bidhaa kutoka Nairobi). Kilimo pia kina jukumu, kwani wakaazi wengi hupanda [[mtama]] na [[mahindi]] kwa kuliwa na wenyeji na [[wafugaji wa kuhamahama]] huleta nyama kwa kuuza ng'ombe wao. [[Ziwa Paradiso]] (linalovutia wanyamapori kama ndovu na nyati), na [[Bongole Crater]] yaliyoko katikakati mwa msitu, yote ni vivutio kwa watalii wa ndani. Mji huu na maeneo yanayozunguka yana utajiri mkubwa wa utamaduni kwa [[waanthropolojia]] na watafiti wengine. == Vidokezo == {{Marejeo}} {{coord|2|20|N|37|59|E|region:KE_type:city|display=title}} {{kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Marsabit]] 4odxao8icku2az0nh1yiaagt73pqsj0 0 28522 1600136 1163511 2026-09-24T11:51:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Mbale |picha_ya_satelite = |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa katika Kenya |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kenya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kaunti ya Vihiga|Vihiga]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 17,404 |latd= |latm= |lats=00 |latNS=S |longd= |longm= |longs=00 |longEW=E |website = }} '''Mbale''' ni mji wa [[Kenya]] katika [[Kaunti ya Vihiga]], moja kati ya [[kaunti]] 43 nchini Kenya. Ni [[makao makuu]] yake. Huitwa pia [[Maragoli]] ambalo ni jina la wenyeji wa eneo hili. Hapa ndipo [[Sherehe za Kitamaduni za Wamaragoli]] hufanyikia kila mwaka tarehe [[26 Desemba]]. Kuna mji nchini [[Uganda]] ulio na [[Mbale, Uganda|jina sawa]]. Mbale una jumla ya wakaazi kutoka [[makabila]] tofautitofauti na ni pamoja na Wakikuyu, Wakisii, Wajaluo na makabila mengine ya Waluhya ambayo wenyeji wa mji huo, Wamaragoli, ni baadhi yao. Mji wa bale hoteli kuu 5 na baa kuu 4 ambazo huwahudumia watu kutoka maeneo ya Kisumu, Kakamega na mazingira yake. Mji wa Mbale pia ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Vihiga inajivunia kwa kuwa na makao makuu ya kisasa zaidi kwa wafanyikazi wake wa serikali na polisi wa utawala ambayo yaamejengwa kwa muundo wa majumba yakukodisha ya kisasa. Mji wa Mbale una benki 3 kuu na benki ya Mashirika moja, benki ya Barclays, benki ya Equity na benko ya Kenya Commercial Bank(KCB) na benki ya Mashrika ikiwa Kakamega Teachers Sacco Society ambayo bado haijazinduliwa rasmi lakini inafanya kazi kwa sasa. Mji wa Mbale una zaidi ya wafanyi biashara mia moja na aina za biashara kwa mfano, maduka, ushonaji,usambazaji wa mikate, maduka ya shughuli za tovuti, mahoteli n.k. ==Shule== Mji huu una zaidi ya shule za msingi kumi na shule za sekondari tano - shule kuu zikiwemo Shule ya Msingi ya Hambale, Shalom Academy, Shule ya Msingi ya Mukuli ,Shule ya Sekondari ya Mbale, Shule ya Sekondari ya Kegoye Shule ya Sekondari ya Mbihi. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Vihiga]] mmz3t7aaapuq7j8pero6o5d4e6h2aib 0 30181 1599414 1512210 2026-09-23T16:51:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Fearless | Type = Studio Album | Msanii = [[Taylor Swift]] | Cover = TAYLOR SWIFT-FEARLESS.png | Imetolewa = 11 Novemba 2008<br /><small>(see [[#Historia ya kutolewa|Historia ya kutolewa]])</small> | Aina = [[Country pop]] | Urefu = 53:41 | Mtayarishaji = Scott Borchetta <small>(exec.)</small>, Nathan Chapman, Taylor Swift | Review = * [[About.com]] {{Rating|4.5|5}} [http://countrymusic.about.com/od/cdreviewsmz/fr/Fearless.htm link] * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/fearless-r1436466 link] * ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' (positive) [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i7e776b2746cf1559d4299f16d4b9104e link] * ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' {{Rating|4|5}}[http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=5374 link] * ''[[Boston Globe]]'' (B+) [http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/11/10/rise_and_shine/ link] * ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (B) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20237814,00.html link] * [[Robert Christgau]] (A-) [http://music.msn.com/music/consumerguide/2009/1/ link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/taylorswift/albums/album/23658659/review/23947375/fearless link] * ''[[The Observer]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/12/taylor-swift-fearless link] * [[Slant Magazine|Slant]] {{Rating|2.5|5}} [http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1587 link] | Studio = [[Big Machine Records|Big Machine]] na Universal Music Group | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Beautiful Eyes]]''<br />(2008) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Fearless'''''<br />(2008) | Albamu ijayo = | Misc = {{Singles | Jina = Fearless | Type = Studio | Single 1 = [[Love Story]] | Single 1 tarehe = {{Start date|2008|09|16}} | Single 2 = [[Change]] | Single 2 = [[White Horse]] | Single 2 tarehe = {{Start date|2008|12|9}} | Single 3 = [[You Belong with Me]] | Single 3 tarehe = {{Start date|2009|04|21}} | Single 4 = [[Fifteen]] | Single 4 tarehe = {{Start date|2009|09|1}}<ref>http://www.musicrow.com/calendars-2/single-releases/</ref> }}}} '''''Fearless''''' ni albamu ya pili ya msanii wa [[muziki wa country]]-[[pop]] wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]], [[Taylor Swift]]. Albamu ilitolewa mnamo tar. [[11 Novemba]] [[2008]] kupitia studio ya [[Big Machine Records]]. Albamu ilianza kushika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] huko nchini Marekani. Albamu iliuza kopi 592,304 katika wiki ya kwanza, na kuifanya iwe albamu iliyouza vizuri katika wiki ya kwanza kwa mwaka wa 2008 kwa msanii wa kike. ''Fearless'' imekuwa albamu ya kwanza kuuza kopi milioni kwa mwaka wa 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/33507/week-ending-april-26-2009-3-million-downloads-in-record-time/|title=Week Ending April 26, 2009: 3 Million Downloads In Record Time|date=2009-04-29|publisher=Yahoo Music Blog (written by Paul Grein)|accessdate=2009-04-29|archivedate=2012-04-14|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66uXYeKPW?url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-april-26-2009-3-million-downloads-in-record-time.html}}</ref> kwa kuuza kopi 1,608,000+ tangu kuanzia tar. 1 ya mwezi wa Januari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/40412/week-ending-aug-2-2009-not-since-double-fantasy/ |title=Week Ending Aug. 2, 2009: Not Since "Double Fantasy" |publisher=Yahoo! Music |first=Paul |last=Grein |date=2009-08-05 |accessdate=2009-08-05 |archivedate=2011-04-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001510/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/40412/week-ending-aug-2-2009-not-since-double-fantasy/ }}</ref> Albamu imetayarisha viabao vikali vinne ambavyo vyote vimeingia katika kumi bora - "Change" (#10), "Love Story" (#4), "Fearless" (#9) na "You Belong with Me" (#2). Albamu pia imetayarisha vibao vikali sita ambavyo navyo vimeingia kwenye 20 bora. Vibao hivyo ni pamoja na "You're Not Sorry" (#11) na "White Horse" (#13). Single ya tatu, "[[You Belong with Me]]", umekuwa wimbo mashuhuri sana katika kazi za Swift, kwa kupata mafanikio nchini na nje ya nchi. == Orodha ya nyimbo == # "[[Fearless (wimbo)|Fearless]]" <small>([[Taylor Swift]], Liz Rose, [[Hillary Lindsey]])</small> — 4:01 # "[[Fifteen]]" <small>(Swift)</small> — 4:54 # "[[Love Story]]" <small>(Swift)</small> — 3:55 # "Hey Stephen" <small>(Swift, Artie Garr)</small> — 4:14 # "[[White Horse]]" <small>(Swift, Rose)</small> — 3:54 # "[[You Belong with Me]]" <small>(Swift, Rose)</small> — 3:51 # "Breathe" (akimshirikisha [[Colbie Caillat]]*) <small>(Swift, Colbie Caillat)</small> — 4:23 # "Tell Me Why" <small>(Swift, Rose)</small> — 3:20 # "[[You're Not Sorry]]" <small>(Swift)</small> — 4:22 # "The Way I Loved You" <small>(Swift, John Rich)</small> — 4:04 # "Forever & Always" <small>(Swift)</small> — 3:45 # "The Best Day" <small>(Swift)</small> — 4:05 # "[[Change]]" <small>(Swift)</small> — 4:40 Meingine Yaliyo-ongezewa # "Love Story Music Video # "Change Music Video * Toleo Jipya la Nyimbo (Fearless Platinum Edition)<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/news/taylor-swift-to-re-release-fearless-with-1004011180.story#/news/taylor-swift-to-re-release-fearless-with-1004011180.story Taylor Swift to Re-Release 'Fearless' With New Songs]</ref> <br /> Nyimbo 13 kutoka katika toleo la kawaida jumlisha:<br /> <ol start=14> <li>"Jump Then Fall" <li>"Untouchable" <li>"Forever & Always (Piano Version)" <li>"Come In With the Rain" <li>"SuperStar" <li>"The Other Side of the Door" </ol> {{col-2}} '''Nyimbo za ziada za kimataifa''' <ol start=14> <li>"Our Song" (International Version) — 3:24 <li>"Teardrops on My Guitar" (International Version) — 3:10 <li>"Should've Said No" (International Version) — 4:06 </ol> '''Nyimbo za ziada za Japani'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Fearless (Japan Import) | url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/en/product/detail/3576184 | publisher=HMV | accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref> <ol start=17> <li>"Beautiful Eyes" <small>(Swift)</small> <li>"Picture to Burn" <small>(Swift, Rose)</small> — 2:57 <li>"I'm Only Me When I'm with You" <small>(Swift, Robert Ellis Orrall, Angelo)</small> <li>"I Heart ?" <small>(Swift)</small> </ol> '''iTunes ya UK na nyimbo zake za ziada'''<ref>http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=304891651&s=143444 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ol start=17> <li>"Umbrella" (Live from SoHo) — 1:31 <li>"A Place In This World" (Live from SoHo) - 3:26 <li>Video Interview Piece — 2:59 </ol> Nyimbo za DVD # "Exclusive! Watch the Recording Session of "Change" # "Exclusive! In the Studio with Taylor Swift and Colbie Caillat Recording "Breathe" {{col-end}} == Nafasi za chati == Albamu ilishika chati za [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] katika Marekani kwa takriban wiki 44 (Novemba 2008 - 17 Septemba 2009). Katika wiki hizo mfululizo ilikaa katika nafasi ya 12, kwa sasa ipo nafasi ya #10. {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chati (2008/2009) !align="left"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika !align="left"|Matunukio !align-"left"|Jumla ya mauzo |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xKUSE4WW?url=http://ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 |archivedate=2011-03-20 }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |rowspan="2"|3x Platinum<ref name="ariacharts.com.au">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_physical_album.asp?chart=1A50 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68zepx1ep?url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_physical_album.asp?chart=1A50 |archivedate=2012-07-08 }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|210,000+<ref name="ariacharts.com.au"/> |- |align="left"|Australian Country Chart<ref>http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_country.asp?chart=1F20</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders) |align="center"|12 |align="center"| |55,000 |- |[[Canadian Albums Chart]] |align= "center"|1 |rowspan="2"|3x Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php|title=CRIA - Audio and Video Certification January 2009|publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2009-03-23|archivedate=2007-07-20|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QShYerMA?url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|320,000+ |- |align="left"|Canadian Top Country Albums |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart<ref name="acharts.us">http://acharts.us/album/40447</ref> |align="center"|10 |align="center"| |25,000 |- |align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]] |align="center"|6 |align="center"| |40,000 |- |align="left"|Greek International Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120074746/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |archivedate=2012-11-20 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909035749/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm }}</ref> |align="center"|11 |align="center"| |35,000 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]] |align="center"|2 |align="center"| |40,000 |- |align="left"|Oricon Albums Chart (Japan) |align="center"|4 |align="center"| |120,000 |- |align="left"|[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Albums Chart]] |align="center"|13 |align="center"| |25,000 |- |align="left"|[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|Mexican Albums Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://greaves.tv/amprofon3/Top100.pdf |title=Top 100 Albums in Mexico - 10th April 2008 |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202170136/http://greaves.tv/amprofon3/Top100.pdf |archivedate=2007-12-02 }}</ref> |align="center"|9 |align="center"| |50,000 |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1 |align="center"|4x Platinum |65,000+<ref name="rianz.org.nz"/> |- |align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart<ref name="acharts.us"/> |align="center"|3 |align="center"|Platinum <ref name="allaccess.com">[http://www.allaccess.com/index.php?dL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaccess.com%2Fsite%2FnetNews%2Fstory.php%3Fbs%3Dsk%26ng%3DindustryTools%26ag%3D172%26storyID%3D55934]</ref> |30,000+<ref name="IFPI International Award Levels">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/international-award-levels.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archivedate=2010-02-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215213127/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/international-award-levels.pdf }}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[PROMUSICAE|Spanish Album Chart]] |align="center"|11 |align="center"| |15,000 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="CohenSoars"/> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|4x Platinum (Not Yet Certified) |align="center"|4,050,725+<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS238032+08-Sep-2009+PRN20090908/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archivedate=2009-09-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912003352/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS238032+08-Sep-2009+PRN20090908 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912003352/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS238032+08-Sep-2009+PRN20090908 }}</ref><ref>http://www.billboard.com/news/taylor-swift-to-re-release-fearless-with-1004011180.story#/news/taylor-swift-to-re-release-fearless-with-1004011180.story/</ref> |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]] |align="center"|2 |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archivedate=2010-01-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx }}</ref> |align="center"|100,000+<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archivedate=2010-01-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx }}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]] |align="center"|5 |align="center"|— |15,000 |- |} == Historia ya kutolewa == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Nchi ! Tarehe |- | [[Marekani]] | rowspan="2"|11 Novemba 2008 |- | [[Kanada]] |- | [[Australia]] | 15 Novemba 2008 |- | [[Australia]] <small>(Limited Edition)</small> | 27 Februari 2009 |- | [[Ireland]] |rowspan="3"| 6 Machi 2009 |- | [[Italia]]<ref>[http://www.ibs.it/disco/0602517976290/taylor-swift/fearless.html?shop=2057]</ref> |- | [[Taiwan]] |- | [[Uingereza]] |rowspan="2"| 8 Machi 2009 |- | [[Philippines]] |- |- | [[India]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=565&hotcom=1&category=2 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207164710/http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=565&hotcom=1&category=2 |archivedate=2009-12-07 }}</ref> <small>Indian Edition</small> |Machi 2009 |- | [[New Zealand]] | 9 Machi 2009 |- | [[Urusi]] | 9 Machi 2009 |- | [[Sweden]] | rowspan="2"|11 Machi 2009 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] |- | [[Mexiko]] | 17 Machi 2009 |- | [[Ulaya]] | 20 Machi 2009 |- | [[Brazil]] |rowspan="2"| 31 Machi 2009 |- | [[Hispania]] |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 15 Mei 2009 |- | [[Japani]] | 24 Juni 2009 |- | [[Ufaransa]]<ref>[http://www.amazon.fr/Fearless-Taylor-Swift/dp/B001PK3M1S/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1246395714&sr=8-1]</ref> | 20 Julai 2009 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Taylor Swift}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fearless (Taylor Swift Album)}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2008]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Taylor Swift]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Big Machine Records]] qukbd250lfxpdv8sdjaocxo1va4w33u 0 30291 1599756 1573139 2026-09-23T23:27:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ignatius of Antioch 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Kifodini]] cha Mt. Ignas.]] '''Ignas wa Antiokia''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] Ἰγνάτιος, Ignatios; alijulikana pia kwa [[jina]] la Θεοφόρος, Theophoros, yaani "Mleta [[Mungu]]"; [[35]]/[[50]] [[B.K.]] - [[98]]/[[117]]<ref>Tazama: "Ignatius" katika ''The Westminster Dictionary of Church History'', ed. Jerald Brauer (Philadelphia:Westminster, 1971) na pia David Hugh Farmer, "Ignatius of Antioch" katika ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Saints'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).</ref>). Ni kati ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] wa kwanza, akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[Mtume Yohane]] na [[askofu]] wa tatu wa [[Antiokia]], leo nchini [[Uturuki]]. Chini ya [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Kaizari Traian|Traiano]], alihukumiwa kuliwa na [[wanyamapori]], na kwa ajili hiyo alifikishwa [[Roma]] alipofia [[dini]] [[Ukristo|yake]]: [[safari|safarini]], huku akionja [[ukatili]] wa walinzi wake, alioufananisha na ule wa [[chui]], aliandika [[barua]] kwa [[Dayosisi|makanisa]] mbalimbali na kwa [[Polikarp Mtakatifu]], alimohimiza [[ndugu]] zake katika [[imani]] kumtumikia [[Mungu]] katika [[ushirika]] na maaskofu na wasimzuie kuchinjwa [[sadaka]] kwa [[Masiya|Kristo]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24900</ref>. Habari hizo zimesumiliwa katika [[kitabu]] [[Kifodini cha Ignasi]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa na [[Wakatoliki]]<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Vatican City, 1969)</ref><ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>, [[Waanglikana]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] kwenye [[17 Oktoba]], lakini na [[Waorthodoksi]] tarehe [[20 Desemba]]. == Maandishi yake == Kati ya barua zake, zimetufikia [[Saba (namba)|saba]] za hakika ambazo ni kama kielelezo cha [[teolojia]] ya awali ya [[Ukristo]]. Humo kwa mara ya kwanza tunasoma juu ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ambalo linaitwa hivi kwa kulitofautisha na makundi ya Wakristo waliotengana nalo. Kati ya mada muhimu zaidi kuna [[Kanisa]], [[sakramenti]] na nafasi ya [[askofu]] pekee katika kila [[dayosisi|jimbo]]. Barua zake zimetafsiriwa kwa [[Kiswahili]] na kutolewa [[Italia]] kama ifuatavyo: MT. IGNASI WA ANTIOKIA, Nyaraka - tafsiri ya B. Santopadre n.k. – ed. E.M.I. – [[Bologna]] 1992 – ISBN 88-307-0404-0 ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 383-385 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 361-362 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 318-319 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 18 == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Ignatius of Antiochie}} * https://web.archive.org/web/20080121044055/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/ignatius.htmlEarlyChristianwritings: ''On-line texts of St. Ignatius' letters'' (archived)] ([http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/ignatius.html non-archived link]) * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07644a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: ''St. Ignatius of Antioch''] * [http://mb-soft.com/believe/txv/ignatiu8.htm The Short Syriac Version] {{Wayback|url=http://mb-soft.com/believe/txv/ignatiu8.htm |date=20090318035546 }} * [http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.11.en.the_ecclesiology_of_st._ignatius_of_antioch.01.htm The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch] by Fr. John S. Romanides * [http://www.ntcanon.org/Ignatius.shtml Saint Ignatius] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ntcanon.org/Ignatius.shtml |date=20090830050645 }} * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_10_0030-0100-_Ignatius_Antiochensis,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes] * [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0114.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Spurious Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch] * [http://www.bennozuiddam.com/Ignatius.pdf Holy Letters and Syllables, the function and character of Scripture Authority in the writings of St Ignatius ''(Contains biography Ignatius as well. Doctoral thesis University of the Orange Free State 1997, Dutch, pdf)''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bennozuiddam.com/Ignatius.pdf |date=20090922024051 }} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 1]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Siria]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] 06f5gxsq06ka6ab86gl09aiji1xrcxm 0 32283 1600041 1585532 2026-09-24T11:24:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |jinalamchezaji = Lionel Messi |picha = [[File:Leo Messi Argentina v Egypt 7 July 2026-1.jpg|noborder|250px]] |caption = Messi katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]] |jinakamili = Lionel Andrés Messi |tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1987|6|24|df=yes}} |mjialiozaliwa = [[Rosario]] |nchialiozaliwa = [[Argentina]] |urefu = {{height|m=1.70}} |nafasi = [[Mshambuliaji]] |klabuyasasa = [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]] |nambayaklabu = 10 |miakayaujana = 1992–1995 |Timuzaujana = Abanderado Grandoli |miakayaujana2 = 1995–2000 |Timuzaujana2 = [[Newell's Old Boys]] |miakayaujana3 = 2000–2004 |Timuzaujana3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |katikaklabu = Klabu za wakubwa* |years1 = 2003–2004 |clubs1 = Barcelona C |caps1 = 10 |goals1 = 5 |years2 = 2004–2005 |clubs2 = Barcelona B |caps2 = 22 |goals2 = 6 |years3 = 2004–2021 |clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] |caps3 = 520 |goals3 = 474 |years4 = 2021–2023 |clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] |caps4 = 58 |goals4 = 22 |years5 = 2023– |clubs5 = [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]] |caps5 = 56 |goals5 = 53 |nationalyears1 = 2004–2005 |nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 |nationalcaps1 = 18 |nationalgoals1 = 14 |nationalyears2 = 2008 |nationalteam2 = Argentina U23 |nationalcaps2 = 5 |nationalgoals2 = 2 |nationalyears3 = 2005– |nationalteam3 = Argentina |nationalcaps3 = 191 |nationalgoals3 = 112 |medaltemplates = |club-update = 7 Agosti 2026 |nationalteam-update = 7 Agosti 2026 }} [[Picha:Iran vs. Argentina match, 2014 FIFA World Cup 37.jpg|thumb|Messi akiangalia goli lake dhidi ya Iran (2014).]] [[Picha:Lionel Messi - Reus.jpg|thumb|Messi akiwa mazoezini 2014]] '''Lionel Andrés Messi''' ([[matamshi]] ya [[Kihispania]]: [ljonel andɾes mesi]; alizaliwa [[24 Juni]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Argentina]] anayecheza katika [[klabu]] ya [[Inter Miami]] iliyopo nchini [[Marekani]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Argentina]]. Mara nyingi huchukuliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa nyakati zote, Messi kafanikiwa kuchukua tuzo za Ballon d’Or mara nane, kati ya hizo alichukua nne mfululizo, na rekodi ya kunyakua [[viatu]] vya [[dhahabu]] vya [[Ulaya]] mara sita. Maisha yake yote ya soka la kiushindani ameichezea klabu ya [[Barcelona]].<ref name="BarcaProfile">{{cite web |title=Profile: Lionel Andrés Messi |publisher=FC Barcelona |url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi |access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Marsden |first=Sam |url=http://www.espn.in/football/barcelona/story/3255615/lionel-messi-donates-70k-to-charity-after-winning-libel-case-against-newspaper |title=Messi donates to charity after libel case win |publisher=ESPN |date=2 November 2017|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Ameshinda [[mataji]] 34 yakijumuisha kumi ya [[La Liga]], 4 ya [[Ligi ya Mabingwa Ulaya|UEFA Champions League]] na 6 ya [[Copa del Rey|Copas del Rey,]] akiwa mfungaji machachari na kiungo mbunifu, Messi ana [[rekodi]] ya magoli mengi aliyofunga katika [[La Liga]] (419), [[misimu]] katika soka la Ulaya (50) na idadi kubwa ya bao tatu kwa mpigo (hat trick) katika [[UEFA]] (8) na idadi kubwa ya pasi za mwisho La Liga (asisti) (169) na [[Copa Amerika|Copa America]] (12). Kwa ujumla kafunga magoli 921 katika maisha yake ya uchezaji ndani ya klabu na timu ya taifa.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rémy |last=Lacombe |title=Messi, le Cinquième Élément |magazine=France Football |date=11 January 2016 |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/messi-le-cinquieme-element/623615 |access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Messi makes it four FIFA Ballon d'Or wins in a row |url=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=1910623.html |work=UEFA |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=2013-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108071824/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=1910623.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akiwa mzaliwa kutoka katikati nchi ya Argentina, Messi alipata [[ugonjwa]] wa [[homoni]] ya kukua akiwa [[mtoto]]. Alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 13, alihamia [[Hispania]] kujiunga na [[Barcelona]], ambao walikubali kulipa [[matibabu]] yake. Baada ya mafanikio ya haraka kwenye timu ya watoto ya Barcelona, Messi alicheza mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kiushindani akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[2004]]. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Brett |title=Highest-Paid Athletes 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brettknight/2022/05/11/the-worlds-10-highest-paid-athletes-2022/?sh=41f14e681f6c |website=Forbes |access-date=27 May 2022 }}</ref> Licha ya kuwa katika hatari ya kujeruhiwa wakati wa michezo yake ya awali, alifanikiwa kujijenga kuwa [[mchezaji]] muhimu kwa [[klabu]] ndani ya [[miaka]] [[mitatu]] iliyofuata na kufanikiwa kutwaa taji la Ballon d’Or na mchezaji bora wa mwaka wa [[FIFA]] wa [[2007]], na alirudia mwaka uliofuata. Msimu wake wa kwanza bila vikwazo ni wa [[2008]]-[[2009]], ambapo aliisaidia [[Barcelona]] kunyakua mataji matatu kwa mpigo katika soka la Hispania. Akiwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] 22, Messi alishinda Ballon d'Or na [[tuzo]] ya [[Mchezaji]] bora wa Mwaka ya [[FIFA]]. [[Misimu]] mitatu ya mafanikio ilifuatia, Messi akishinda tuzo za [[FIFA]] Ballons d'Or mara tatu mfululizo, ikiwa ni pamoja na ya [[nne]] ambayo haikukabidhishwa. Katika [[msimu]] wa [[2011]]-[[2012]], aliweka rekodi kwenye [[La Liga]] kuwa mchezaji aliyefunga magoli mengi zaidi ndani ya [[msimu]] mmoja (91), Mnamo Machi 2012 alijitangaza kama mfungaji bora wa wakati wote wa [[Barcelona]]. Kwa misimu miwili iliyofuata, alishika nafasi ya pili kwenye kuwania tuzo za Ballon d’Or nyuma ya mshindani wake mkubwa [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. Messi alirudi kwenye kiwango cha juu msimu wa [[2014]]-[[2015]], na kuvunja [[rekodi]] ya magoli mengi kwa msimu mmoja ndani ya [[La Liga]] na ligi ya mabingwa ulaya [[UEFA]] mwezi Novemba [[2014]]. Kama mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Argentina, Messi anashikilia rekodi ya kuwa mfungaji bora wa muda wowote wa Argentina. Mwaka 2005, alinyanyua kombe la FIFA mashindano ya vijana, akipata tuzo ya mchezaji bora na mfungaji bora pia, alipata medali ya dhahabu katika mashindano ya olimpiki yam waka 2008. Aina ya uchezaji, kukokota mipira na matumizi ya mguu wa kushoto kulipelekea wengi kumfananisha na mtangulizi wake [[Diego Maradona]], ambaye alimtangaza Messi kuwa mrithi wake. Mchezo wake wa kwanza katika timu ya taifa mnamo [[Agosti]] [[2005]], ulimfanya Messi kuwa mchezaji mdogo zaidi wa [[Argentina]] kuwahi kucheza katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] ya [[FIFA]] katika toleo la 2006, na alifika fainali za Copa América mwaka [[2007]], ambapo alitwaa tuzo ya [[mchezaji]] mdogo wa [[mashindano]] hayo. Kama [[nahodha]] wa timu ya taifa kutoka [[Agosti]] [[2011]], aliiongoza Argentina kwenye mashindano matatu mfululizo; [[Kombe la Dunia]] la mwaka [[2014]], ambalo alishinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora na Copa América ya mwaka [[2015]] na 2016. Alitangaza kustaafu kuichezea timu ya taifa mwaka 2016 lakini alibadili maamuzi hayo na kusaidia taifa lake kwenye mashindano ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2018|kombe la dunia la FIFA 2018]] na kushika nafasi ya tatu katika copa Anmerica ya 2019. Kulingana na shirika la mpira la Ufaransa, Messi alitajwa kama mchezaji soka anayelipwa ghali Zaidi mwa miaka mitano kati ya sita kuanzia mwaka [[2009]] hadi 2014, na alitajwa kama mwanamichezo anayelipwa ghali Zaidi na jarida la forbes kwa mwaka [[2019]]. Alikua miongoni mwa watu 100 wenye ushawishi zaidi kwa miaka ya 2011 na 2012. Messi anafadhiliwa na kampuni ya Adidas inayotengeneza vifaa vya michezo kuanzaia mwaka 2006. ==Maisha ya awali== Lionel Andrés Messi alizaliwa tarehe 24 Juni 1987 huko Rosario, ni wa tatu kati ya watoto wanne wa Jorge Messi, meneja wa kiwanda cha chuma, na mke wake Celia Cuccittini, ambaye alifanya kazi katika viwanda vya sumaku. Kwa upande wa baba yake, yeye ni wa asili ya [[Italia]] na Hispania, mjukuu wa wahamiaji kutoka [[Marche]] na [[Catalonia]], na kwa upande wa mama yake, ana asili ya Italia tu. Kukulia katika familia yenye mapenzi makubwa sana na soka, "Leo" alijenga mapenzi ya mchezo huo ntangu umri mdogo, alicheza mara kwa mara na kaka zake wakubwa, Rodrigo na Matías, na binamu zake, Maximiliano na Emanuel Biancucchi, ambao kwa sasa wanacheza mpira wa kulipwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Messi {{!}} Ficha del jugador 20/21 {{!}} Delantero |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/es/futbol/primer-equipo/jugadores/4974/lionel-messi|access-date=1 June 2021|work=FC Barcelona|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Maume |title=Lionel Messi: The World at His Feet |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 July 2014 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lionel-messi-the-world-at-his-feet-9601215.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minne alijiunga na klabu ya Grandoli, ambapo baba yake mzazi ndie aliyekua mkufunzi wake, ingawa mvuto wake wa kwanza kama mchezaji ulikuja kutoka kwa bibi yake, Celia, ambaye aliongozana naye kwenye mazoezi na mechi. Aliathirika sana na kifo chake kilichotokea muda mfupi kabla ya sherehe ya kuzaliwa kwake akiwa anatimiza umri wa miaka kumi na moja; tangu wakati huo, kama mkatoliki mwenye kujitolea, amekua akishangilia magoli anyofunga kwa kutazama na kuelezea vidole angani kama ishara ya kumuenzi bibi yake.<ref name="Here">{{cite web |first=Wright |last=Thompson |title=Here and Gone: The Strange Relationship between Lionel Messi and His Hometown in Argentina |work=ESPN |date=22 October 2012 |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/eticket/story?page=Lionel-Messi |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> "Wakati ulipomwona ungefikiri: mtoto huyu hawezi kucheza mpira, yeye ni mdogo, yeye ni tete sana, mdogo sana. Lakini mara moja utajua kwamba alizaliwa tofauti, kwamba alikuwa ni jambo la ajabu na kwamba alikuwa akienda kuwa kitu cha kushangaza." -Newell's Old Boys kocha wa kijana Adrián Coria anahisi hisia yake ya kwanza ya Messi mwenye umri wa miaka 12.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jérôme |last1=Cazadieu |first2=Alexandre |last2=Juillard |first3=Frédéric |last3=Traïni |title=Leo Messi: La Légende d'El Enano |trans-title=Leo Messi: The Legend of El Enano |newspaper=L'Équipe via Irish Independent |date=15 November 2008 |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/rosario-the-old-coach-and-the-kid-26496103.html |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Kama msaidizi mkuu wa Newell's Old Boys, Messi alijiunga na klabu ya Rosario akiwa na umri wa miaka sita. Katika kipindi cha miaka sita aliyoichezea Newell's, aliifungia magoli takribani 500 akiwa kama mwanachama wa "Machine ya '87", vijana wa timu hii ambayo ilicheza michezo mingi bila kupoteza walijipa jina kulingana na mwaka wao wa kuzaliwa, mara kwa mara walikua wakifanya maonyesho kwa kuchezea mipira (freestyle) katika michezo mikubwa wakati wa mapunziko. <ref name="Mission">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Hawkey |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lionel-messi-on-a-mission-6d7lwj26fmw |title=Lionel Messi on a Mission |work=The Times |url-access=subscription |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Maisha yake ya baadaye kama mchezaji wa kimataifa yalitishiwa wakati, akiwa na umri wa miaka 10, alipata ugonjwa wa homoni ya kukua. Bima ya afya ya baba yake ililipia matibabu kwa miaka miwili tu matibabu hayo yaligharimu kiasi cha dola za kimarekani $ 1,000 kwa mwezi, Newell ilikubali kuchangia, lakini baadaye ikatengua tena ahadi zao. Klabu ya Buenos Aires River Plate ilimchukua kutokana na pendekezo la, Pablo Aimar, lakini pia hawakuweza kulipa matibabu yake kutokana na anguko la kiuchumi nchini humo. <ref name="Aimar">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Wilson |title=Pablo Aimar: The Argentinian Wizard Admired by Maradona and Messi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 July 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jul/16/pablo-aimar-next-diego-maradona-argentina-retired-age-35-valencia |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Kwa sababu [[familia]] ya Messi ilikuwa na jamaa huko Catalonia, walijaribu kupanga Messi apate jaribio na klabu ya Barcelona mnamo Septemba 2000. Mkurugenzi wa timu ya kwanza Charly Rexach alitaka kumsajili mara moja, lakini bodi ya wakurugenzi ilikataa; wakati huo ilikuwa si kawaida kwa klabu za Ulaya kusaini wachezaji wa kigeni wa umri mdogo. Mnamo tarehe 14 Desemba, hatimaye Barcelona ilitoa msimamo wake na kukubali usajili wa Messi, na Rexach, bila karatasi nyingine iliyopo, alitoa mkataba juu ya leso. Mnamo Februari 2001, familia yake Messi ilihamia Barcelona, ambapo walipata makazi katika ghorofa moja karibu na uwanja wa klabu, Camp Nou. <ref>{{cite news |title=Messi: Brazil striker Ronaldo my hero |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-brazil-striker-ronaldo-my-hero |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Katika mwaka wake wa kwanza nchini Hispania, Messi mara chache alicheza na Infantiles kutokana na mgogoro wa uhamisho na klabu yake ya awali ya Newell's; akiwa mgeni, alicheza katika mechi za kirafiki tu na mashindano ya katalani. Bila mpira, alijitahidi alipata tabu kujumuika na wachezaji wenzake, alikuwa na utulivu kiasi kwamba wenzake waliamini kuwa alikuwa bubu. Alipata sonona baada ya mama yake kurudi Rosario pamoja na ndugu zake na dada mdogo, María Sol, nay eye kubaki na baba yake Barcelona. <ref name="Serviette">{{cite news |first=Sid |last=Lowe |title=Lionel Messi: How Argentinian Teenager Signed for Barcelona on a Serviette |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/oct/15/lionel-messi-barcelona-decade |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="BoyGenius">{{cite news |first=Jeré |last=Longman |title=Lionel Messi: Boy Genius |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 May 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-boy-genius.html |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Baada ya mwaka akiwa katika shule ya michezo ya Barcelona, La Masia, Messi hatimaye alijiunga na Shirikisho la Soka la Soka la Kihispania (RFEF) mnamo Februari 2002. Sasa aliweza kucheza katika mashindano yote, alianza kujenga urafiki na wachezaji wenzake, kati yao walikuwa Cesc Fàbregas na Gerard Piqué.<ref>{{cite news |first=Pete |last=Jenson |title=Fàbregas, Messi, Piqué: Class of 2002 |newspaper=The Independent |date=27 March 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/fabregas-messi-pique-class-of-2002-1928682.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Alikamilisha tiba yake ya ukuaji wa homoni akiwa na umri wa umri wa miaka 14, Messi akawa sehemu muhimu ya "Timu ya Baby Dream", moja ya timu ya vijana ya Barcelona iliyopata mafanikio sana. Katika msimu wake wa kwanza kamili (2002-03), alikuwa mchezaji bora akiwa na idadi ya bao 36 katika michezo 30 ya Cadet A, ambaye alishinda vikombe vitatu kwa mpigo vikijumuisha kombe la ligi na vikombe vya Hispania na Kikatalani. Mchezo wa fainali wa Copa Catalunya, waliopata ushindi wa 4-1 dhidi ya Espanyol ulisababisha wajulikane kama partido de la máscara. <ref>{{cite news |title=Lionel Messi Could Have Joined Arsenal as a Teenager, Says Arsène Wenger |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/nov/21/arsenal-arsene-wenger-lionel-messi-barcelona |access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Wiki moja baada ya kupata jeraha la taya, Messi aliruhusiwa kuanza mchezo akiwa amevaa kifaa maalum cha kumkinga; kifaa hicho kilimbughudhi na aliamua kukitoa, alifunga magoli mawili kabla ya kupumzishwa dakika kumi baadaye, kuelekea mwishoni mwa msimu, alipata ofa ya kujiunga na Arsenal, ikiwa ofa ya kwanza kutoka klabu ya kigeni, lakini wakati Frabregas na Piqué waliondoka kuelekea England, yeye aliamua kubaki Barcelona. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa tuzo ya Ballon d'Or]] nye7jtythajowqe8z61b1nxnnzgxvgg 0 32407 1599646 1598807 2026-09-23T18:58:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa Nakuru | picha = Overview lakenakuru.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | mahali = | nchi = [[Kenya]] | eneo = 5 to 45 km² | kina = | mito inayoingia = | mito inayotoka = | kimo = | miji = }} '''Ziwa Nakuru''' ni mojawapo ya [[ziwa la magadi|maziwa ya magadi]] katika [[Bonde la Ufa]]. Linapatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[mji]] wa [[Nakuru]], katika eneo la kati nchini [[Kenya]] na linazungukwa na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ziwa Nakuru]]. Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1961]]. Ilianza ndogo, ikizingira ziwa hilo maarufu na maeneo ya [[milima]] yaliyo karibu. Na sasa imeongezwa kujumuisha sehemu kubwa ya maeneo ya [[mbuga]]. Wingi wa [[mwani]] katika [[ziwa]] hili huvutia kwa kiasi kikubwa [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] aina ya [[flamingo]] ambayo hupatikana sana katika ufuo wa ziwa hili. Ndege wengine pia hustawi katika eneo hili, na hata [[wanyamapori]] wakubwa. [[Mito]] inayoingia ziwani ni: [[mto Enchorro (Nakuru)|mto Enchorro]], [[mto Enderit]], [[mto Isirkon]], [[mto Lamuriak]] na mmojawapo kati ya mito inayoitwa [[mto Makalia (Nakuru)|mto Makalia]]. Kiwango cha [[maji]] katika ziwa hili kilishuka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[miaka ya 1990]] lakini hivi karibuni kimeweza kurejea kiwango cha kale. Maana ya Nakuru ni "vumbi" au "Mahali pa vumbi" katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kimaasai]]. Ziwa Nakuru imelindwa chini ya [[Mkataba wa Ramsar]] ya maeneo ya maji. == Mbuga ya Wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Ziwa Nakuru == {{main|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ziwa Nakuru}} [[Picha:Flamingos at lake Nakuru.jpg|thumb|250px|Flamingo wakila katika Ziwa Nakuru]] Mbuga ya kitaifa ya Wanyama ya Ziwa Nakuru (188&nbsp;km ²), ilianzishwa mwaka 1961 kuzunguka Ziwa Nakuru, karibu na mji wa Nakuru. Inajulikana sana kwa maelfu, wakati mwingine mamilioni ya ndege aina ya flamingo yanayokusanyaka ufuoni mwa ziwa Nakuru. Ya usawa wa ziwa vifupi recog Idadi ya flamingo katika ziwa hutegemea maji na hali ya chakula na pahali bora kuwatazama ni juu ya kiinuko kinachoitwa Baboon Cliff. Eneo lingine lenye kivutio ni eneo la 188&nbsp;km ambalo limezingirwa kwa ukuta wa seng'enge kuhifadhi wanyama walio na hatari ya kuangamia kama twiga, Kifaru mweusi na Kifaru mweupe Hifadhi hii ya wanyama hivi karibuni imepanuliwa kupatia hifadhi Kiporu mweusi ili kuwazuia wawindaji haramu kuwavamia. Im Hifadhi maandamano kwa Hifadhi hii ya wanyama sasa (2009) ina zaidi ya vifaru weusi 25, moja ya viwango vya ukubwa nchini, pamoja na takriban vifaru weupe 70. Pia kuna idadi fulani ya twiga aina ya Rothschild, ambazo ziliamishwa kwa usalama kutoka magharibi mwa Kenya mwanzo wa mwaka 1977. Waterbuck ni ya k Kati ya wanyama wanaokula wenzao ni simba na chui, lakini ni chui ambayo imekuwa ikionekana sana hivi karibuni. Hifadhi hii pia ina nyoka wakubwa ambao wanaishi ndani ya msitu na uonekana ya kivuka barabara ama kurukaruka mitini. == Makazi na wanyamapori == Ziwa Nakuru, ziwa ndogo yenye maji ya chumvi kusini mwa mji wa Nakuru inapatikana takriba kilomita 160 kutoka [[Nairobi]]. Hivyo basi inaweza kutumbelewa katika ziara ya siku moja kutoka mji mkuu.Au zaidi, kama sehemu ya mzunguko inayohusisha [[Masai Mara]] au [[Ziwa Baringo]] na Samburu mashariki. Ziwa hili ni maarufu sana duniani kama eneo kubwa ya kusanyiko ya ndege aina ya flamingo ambayo idadi yao ni zaidi ya milioni moja- ama hata milioni mbili!Wao hula mwani, ambayo hupatitakana kwa wingi katika ziwa hili. Wanasayansi wanadhani kuwa flamingo hawa hula takribani kilo 250,000 za mwani kwa kila hekari kila mwaka. Kuna spishi aina mbili ya flamingo; flamingo wale wadogo wanaweza kutofautishwa kwani wana rangi nyekundu nene na ya pinki. Wale flamingo wakubwa wana busu yenye ncha nyeusi. Flamingo wale wadogo ndio ambao huonyeshwa kwenya filamu mara nyingi kwani idadi yao ni kubwa. Idadi ya flamingo imekuwa ikipungua hivi karibuni. Labda ni kwa sababu ya kuongeza kwa watalii,uchafuzi wa mazingira unaosababishwa na viwanda ambavyo vina tupa takataka kwenye maji haya au maji yamebadilika yakawa hayafai kwa maisha. Kawaida, ziwa hupungukiwa na maji wakati wa kiangazi na hufurika wakati wa masika. Hivi karibuni,kumekuwa na tofauti baina ya kiwango cha maji wakati wa kiangazi na wakati wa mvua. Hii imekisiwa kutokana na kuangezeka kwa kubadilisha maeneo muhimu ya uhifadhi wa maji kuwa maneo ya ukulima wa dhati na maendelo mengineyo. Uchafuzi wa mazingara pia unaharibu chakula cha flamingo na kuwasababisha kuhamia maziwa ya karibu yakiwemo: Elmenteita, Simbi Nyaima na Bogoria. Badiliko ya anga ya eneo hili pia imekisiwa kuchangia mabadiliko kwenye mazingira ya eneo hili. Ripoti za vyombo vya habari hivi karibuni zimeashiria wasiwasi uliopo baina ya washika dau kufuatia uhamaji mkuu wa flamingo na pia vifo baina yao huenda ikasababisha hasara kubwa kwenye sekta ya utalii. Flamingo hula mwani ambayo hotokana na mchanganyiko wa kiniesi chao pamoja na maji ya chumvi yaliyo vuguvugu pamoja na chakula cha samaki aina ya plankton. Lakini flamingo sio ndege wa kipekee wa kuvutia kwenye ziwa hili, kunao ndege wala samaki wa aina ya pelican na cormorants.Licha ya maji haya kuwa ya chumvi na vuguvugu,samaki aina ya Tilapia grahami imeonekana kunawiri baada ya kuwekwa mwanzo wa miaka ya 1960. Ziwa hili lina ndege wengi sana. Kuna zaidi ya spishi 400 kwenye ziwa hili na mbuga iizungukayo. Maelfu ya ndege wa aina nyingine pia huonekana. Kunao pia punda milia. == Tazama pia == * [[Maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Mito ya Kenya]] == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Lake Nakuru}} * [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/11/1107_021108_TVflamingo.html National Geographic - "Mysterious Kenya Flamingo Die-awamu ya pili ikiwa imefungwa na Sumu, Masomo Says" (Novemba 2002)] {{Wayback|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/11/1107_021108_TVflamingo.html |date=20021112062553 }} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Kenya|Nakuru]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Nakuru]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya chumvi]] swkz2qgsxo6zv5lpnruluabrxg03v9r 0 32463 1599573 1386687 2026-09-23T18:45:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Erwin Schrodinger2.jpg|thumb|right|Erwin Schrödinger]] [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|right|80px]] '''Erwin Schrödinger''' {{IPA-de|ˈɛrviːn ˈʃrøːdɪŋɐ}} ([[12 Agosti]] [[1887]] – [[4 Januari]] [[1961]]) alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]] kutoka nchi ya [[Austria]]. Hasa alichunguza sifa za [[mawimbi]] ndani ya [[nadharia]] ya [[kwanta]]. Mwaka wa [[1933]], pamoja na [[Paul Dirac]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. Katika mwaka wa 1935, baada ya mawasiliano na rafikiye binafsi [[Albert Einstein]], alipendekeza majaribio ya fikra ya Schrödinger's cat. == Tawasifu == === Miaka ya Mapema === Mnamo 1887 Schrödinger alizaliwa mjini [[Vienna]], Austria na '''Rudolf Schrödinger''' [[(mtayarishaji wa cerecloth]], botanist) na '''Emilia Georgine Brenda''' (bintiye'''Alexander Bauer,''' Profesa wa Kemia, [[k.u.k]] [[Technische Hochschule Wien]]). Mama yake alikuwa nusu muaustria na nusu mwiingereza; upande wa familia yake ya kiingeereza ulitoka [[Leamington Spa]]. Schrödinger alijifunza Kiingereza na Kijerumani wakati sawia kwa vile lugha zote mbili zilisemwa kwao. Baba yake alikuwa [[Katoliki]] na mama yake alikuwa [[Lutheran]]. Mwaka 1898 alihudhuria [[Akademisches Gymnasium]]. Kati ya 1906 na 1910 Schrödinge alisoma jijini Vienna chini ya wakufunzi [[Franz Serafin Exner]] (1849-1926) na [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]] (1874-1915). Pia aliendesha kazi ya majaribio na [[KWF Kohlrausch]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Karl Grandin, ed.|title=Erwin Schrödinger Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html|work=Les Prix Nobel|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|date=1933|accessdate=2008-07-29}}</ref> Mwaka 1911, Schrödinger akawa msaidizi Exner. Katika umri mchanga alishawishika kidhana kwa dhati sana na Schopenhauer <ref>''A Life ya Erwin Schrödinger,'' Sura ya 4</ref> Kama matokeo ya kusoma vitabu vya Schopenhauer's, akawa na uchu maishani mwake katika Michezo nadharia, falsafa <ref>Katika hotuba yake, "Akili na Matter," Mlango wa 4, alisema kuwa phrase "ambayo imekuwa familiar sisi" ni "dunia kupanuliwa katika nafasi na muda lakini uwakilishi wetu ''(Vorstellung)."'' Hii ni marudio ya maneno ya kwanza Schopenhauer's kuu kazi.</ref> mtazamo, na mashariki ya dini, hasa [[Vedanta]]. === Miaka ya Katikati === Katika 1914 Erwin Schrödinger alifaulu [[Habilitation]] ''(venia legendi).'' Kati ya 1914 na 1918 walishiriki katika kazi za nyakati za vita kama afisa utakamilika katika ngome Austria artillery ([[Gorizia]], Duino, Sistiana, Prosecco, Wien). Tarehe 6 Aprili 1920, Schrödinger alifunga ndoa na Annemarie Bertel. Mwaka huo huo,akawa msaidizi wa [[Max Wien]], mjini [[Jena]], na katika tarehe Septemba 1920 alipate msimamo wa ao. Prof (''Ausserordentlicher Profesa),'' mellan sawa na Reader (UK) au Profesa (Marekani), katika [[Stuttgart]]. Mwaka 1921, yeye akawa o. Prof (''Ordentlicher Profesa,'' yaani profesa kamili), katika [[Breslau]] (sasa [[Wroclaw]], Poland). Mwaka 1921, alihamia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Zürich]]. Januari 1926, Schrödinger aliandika ''"Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem" [tr.'' iliyochapishwa katika jarida la [[Annalen der Physik]] "Quantization as an [[Eigenvalue]] Problem] on wave mechanics" ambalo la julikana sasa kama [[Schrödinger equation]]. Katika jarida hili yeye alitoa "derivation" ya kutikiswa kwa muda wa kujitegemea equation mifumo, na ilionyesha kwamba alitoa eigenvalues sahihi kwa [[kwa chembe yaani atoms kama za haidrogen.]] Jarida hili limekuwa kama moja ya mafanikio muhimu ya karne ya ishirini, na umba mapinduzi katika quantum mechanics, na fizikia na kemia kwa jumla. Karatasi la pili likachapishwa wiki nne tu baadaye ikitatua tatizo la [["quantum harmonic oscillator"]], la [["rigid rotor"]] na la [["diatomic molecule" yaani molekuli yenye vichembe viwili tu]], na ikatoa derivation mpya wa Schrödinger equation. Karatasi la tatu mnamo mwezi wa Mei ilionyesha kuwa mtindo wake na ule wa Heisenberg ulikuwa sawia na akawapa tiba ya [[athari ya Stark]].("yaani Stark Effect") A karatasi ya nne katika mfululizo wake wa ajabu ilionyesha jinsi ya kutatua matatizo katika mfumo ambao mabadiliko kwa wakati, kama katika matatizo ya [[kuwasambaza pahali pote]]. Majarida haya yalikuwa mafanikio kuu wa kazi yake na yalikuwa wakati mmoja yakitambulika kama kuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kwa jamii ya wanafizikia. Mwaka 1927, yeye aliiridhi cheo cha [[Max Planck]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Friedrich Wilhelm]] jijini Berlin. Mwaka 1933, hata hivyo, aliamua kuhama Ujerumani; kwa vile hakuupenda utawala wa maNazi [[wa chuki kwa wayahudi.]] Akawa Fellow wa [[Magdalene College]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Punde tu baada ya kuwasili alipokea [[Tuzo]] la [[Nobel]] akiwa na [[Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac]]. Cheo chake Oxford hakikumuendeleza;maisha yake binafsi haikukubalika humo (Schrödinger aliishi na wanawake wawili) {{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2009}}. Mwaka 1934, Schrödinger alihadhiri katika chuo kikuu cha [[Princeton ;]] alipewa cheo cha kudumu huko, lakini hakukubali. Tena, nia yake kuanzisha nyumba kwa mke wake wa ndoa na mchumbaye huenda ilileta tatizo. Yeye alikuwa na matarajio ya cheo katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh]] lakini ucheleweshaji wa visa ilitokea, na mwishowe alichukua nafasi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Graz]] nchini Austria mwaka 1936. Katikati ya haya masuala tata mnamo 1935, baada mawasiliano ya kina na rafikiye binafsi [[Albert Einstein]], alipendekeza majaribio ya "[[Schrödinger's cat though]]t". === Miaka ya Baadaye === Mwaka 1939, baada ya [[Anschluss]], Schrödinger alikuwa na matatizo kwa sababu ya kukimbia kutoka Ujerumani mwaka 1933 na upinzani wake unaojulikana wa [[Nazism]]. Yeye alitoa kauli akikana upinzani huu (baadaye alijuta kufanya hivyo na akamuomba rafikiye [[Einstein]]) amwiye radhi. Hata hivyo, hii haikuwatuliza kikamilifu watawala wapya na chuo kikuu kikafuta kazi kutoka kwa kutowajibika kisiasa. Alinyanyaswa na kupokea maelekezo asiondoke nchini, lakini yeye na mke wake walihamia Italia. Kutoka hapo alikwenda katika nyadhifa ya matembezi katika vyuo vikuu vya [[Oxford]] na [[Ghent]]. Mwaka 1940 alipokea mwaliko kusaidia kuanzisha [[Taasisi ya Masomo ya juu]] jijini [[Dublin]], Ireland. Yeye alihamia [[Clontarf]], Dublin na akawa Mkurugenzi wa Shule ya Fizikia ya kinadharia na alibakia pale kwa miaka 17, wakati ambapo muda akawa raia wa Kiayalandi. Yeye aliandika juu zaidi machapisho 50 juu ya mada mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja majaribio yake katika "unified firld theory". Mwaka 1944, aliandika ''Maisha ni nini?'', Ambayo ina majadiliano ya [[Negentropy]] na dhana ya [[molekuli]] tata na maumbile kificho kwa [[viumbe]] hai. Kulingana na maandishi ya [[James D. Watson]], ''"DNA, siri ya Maisha",'' kitabu cha Schrödinger kilimpa Watson uvuvio wa kufanya utafiti wa [[gene]], ambao ulisababisha ugunduzi wa muundo wa [[DNA wa helix mbili]]. Vilevile, [[Francis Crick]], katika kitabu cha tawasifu ''Mad Ni harakati,'' alielezea jinsi yeye alishawishika kifikra na dhana za Schrödinger kuhusu jinsi habari za kiumbile zinaweza kuhifadhiwa katika Molekiuli. Hata hivyo, geneticist na mshindi wa tuzo ya Nobel 1946 HJ Muller katika makala yake ya 1922 "Tofauti kutokana Binafsi Change katika Gene" <ref>American Naturalist 56 (1922)</ref> alishatayari weka nje sera yote ya msingi ya molekuli ambazo Schrödinger alipata kutoka katika kanuni ya kwanza katika kitabu chake ''[[ni nini maisha?]],'' sera ambazo Muller iliyosafishwa katika makala yake ya 1929 "Gene kama msingi wa Maisha" <ref>Proceedings Congress ya Kimataifa ya Sayansi ya Panda 1 (1929)</ref> na wazi zaidi wakati wa 1930s, muda mrefu kabla ya uchapishaji wa ''Maisha ni nini?'' <ref>Katika harakati ya Gene. Kutoka Darwin na DNA - By James Schwartz. Harvard University Press, 2008</ref>. Schrödinger aliishi jijini Dublin mpaka alipostaafu mwaka 1955. Wakati huo yeye aliendelea kujitahidi na kazi yake; kashfa za mahusiano na wanafunzi zilitokea na akawazalisha watoto wawili na wanawake wawili wa Kiayalandi Yeye alikuwa na riba katika falsafa ya [[Vedanta ya kihindu]], ambayo yalisukuma dhana zake mwishoni mwa kitabu chake ''Maisha ni nini?'' kuhusu uwezekano kwamba fahamu ya mtu ni udhihirisho tu ya umoja wa fahamu ya [[ulimwengu]].<ref>''My View of the World'' Erwin Schroedinger sura iv. Maisha ni nini? kimwili kipengele cha kiini hai &amp; Mind na jambo - By Erwin Schrödinger</ref> Mwaka 1956, alirudi Vienna (mwenyekiti ''ad personam).'' Katika hotuba muhimu wakati wa Mkutano wa Nishati Dunia alikataa kuzungumza juu ya nishati ya nyuklia kwa sababu ya hofu yake kuhusu hilo na alitoa hotuba badala falsafa. Katika kipindi hiki Schrödinger akageuka kutoka tawala quantum mechanics 'ufafanuzi wa wimbi-particle pande mbili na kukuzwa wazo peke kutikiswa sana na kusababisha utata. === Maisha ya binafsi === Schrödinger aliugua [[kifua kikuu]] na mara kadhaa katika 1920 walikaa katika sanatorium huko [[Arosa]]. Ilikuwa kwamba yeye aligundua kuna wimbi wake equation. <ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&amp;pg=PA194&amp;lpg=PA194&amp;dq=schrodinger+arosa&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=kc4OC4gfBO&amp;sig=5Sc3QrQBGVpZI94s4tWw9pxXL5I&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=3XYdSuKTIoSsjAf9rIyRDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=4#PPA194,M1 ''Schrödinger'' na Walter J. Moore: Krismasi saa Arosa]</ref> Schrödinger aliamua mwaka 1933 kwamba hakuweza kuishi katika nchi ambapo mateso ya [[Wayahudi]] walikuwa kuwa sera ya kitaifa. [[Alexander Frederick Lindemann]], mkuu wa fizikia katika chuo kikuu cha [[Oxford]], alitembelea Ujerumani katika mwaka wa 1933 ili kujaribu kupanga nafasi za kazi kule England kwa baadhi ya wanasayansi barobaro wa Kiyahudi kutoka Ujerumani. Yeye alizungumza na Schrödinger kuhusu wadhifa kwa mmoja wa wasaidizi wake na alishangaa kugundua kwamba Schrödinger mwenyewe alikuwa na tamaa ya kuondoka Ujerumani. Schrödinger aliulizia kwa mwenzake, Arthur March, kupewa wadhifa kama msaidizi wake. Ombi wa March ulitokana kwa uhusiano usio halali wa Schrödinger's na wanawake: ingawa mahusiano yake na mkewe Anny yalikuwa mazuri, alikuwa alikuwa na wapenzi wengi kwa maarifa kamili ya mkewe (na kwa kweli, Anny mwenyewe alikuwa na mpenzi wake [[Hermann Weyl]]. Schrödinger akaomba March kuwa msaidizi wake kwa sababu, wakati huo, alikuwa anamchumbia mkewe March, Hilde. Wengi wa wanasayansi ambao walikuwa wametoroka Ujerumani waliishi katika msimu wa kiangazi wa 1933 katika jimbo la Kiitaliano la [[Bolzano]]. Hapa Hilde akawa mjamzito na mtotowe Schrödinger. Tarehe 4 Novemba 1933 Schrödinger, mke wake na Hilde March waliwasili Oxford. Schrödinger alichaguliwa kuwa "fellow" wa [[Magdalene College]]. Punde tu baada ya kuwasili katika Oxford, Schrödinger alisikia kwamba, kwa kazi yake katika "Wave Mechanics", alituzwa na tuzo ya [[Nobel]]. Mapema mwaka 1934 alialikwa kutoa hotuba katika chuo kikuu cha [[Princeton University]] na wakati huo wakamuomba achukue cheo cha kudumu humo. Baada ya kurudi Oxford, alikuwa na mazungumzo kuhusu mishahara na masharti ya pensheni kule Princeton lakini mwisho hakuwa kukubali. Inadhaniwa kwamba ni ukweli kwamba alitaka aishi Princeton pamoja na Hilde na Anny kugawana malezi ya mtoto wake lakini hio haikukubalika. Ukweli kuwa alikuwa wake wawili, hata kama mmoja wao alikuwa ameolewa na mtu mwingine, haikupokelewa vyema katika Oxford pia. Hata hivyo, binti yake Ruth Georgie Erica alizaliwa huko tarehe 30 Mei 1934.<ref>''Schrödinger: Maisha na Thought'' na Walter Yohana Moore, Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0-521-43767-9, discusses Schrödinger's unconventional mahusiano, pamoja na mambo yake na Hildegunde Machi, katika sura ya saba na nane, "Berlin" na " uhamishoni katika Oxford ".</ref> Tarehe 4 Januari 1961, Schrödinger alifariki mjini [[Vienna]] katika umri wa 73 baada ya kuugua kifua kikuu. Aliacha mjane, Anny (kuzaliwa Annemarie Bertel tarehe 3 Desemba 1896, alifariki 3 Oktoba 1965), na alizikwa [[Alpbach]], Austria. == Urithi == [[Picha:Erwin Schrodinger at U Vienna.JPG|thumb|thumb|Kraschlandning ya Schrödinger, katika uani Arcade ya jengo kuu, Chuo Kikuu cha Vienna, Austria.]] Masuala ya falsafa lililotolewa na [[Schrödinger's cat]] bado inabakia kujadiliwa leo na urithi wake wa kudumu zaidi katika [[popular Science]], wakati [[Schrödinger's equation]] ni urithi wake wa kudumu zaidi katika ngazi zaa juu za kiufundi. Volkeno Schrödinger kubwa kwenye [[upande mbali wa Mwezi]] ulipewa jina kwa heshima kwake. The [http://www.esi.ac.at Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics] Vienna ilianzishwa mwaka 1993. == Rangi == Moja ya mchango wa Schrödinger katika sayansi isiyojulikanaa sana ni katika kazi yake kuhusu rangi, mtazamo wa na [[colorimetry]] ''(Farbenmetrik).'' Mwaka 1920, alichapishwa majarida matatu katika eneo hili: * "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft," ''ANNALEN der Physik,'' (4), 62, (1920), 603-622 * "Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen," ''ANNALEN der Physik,'' (4), 63, (1920), 397-426; 427-456; 481-520 (Bendera ya nadharia ya alama kipimo kwa maono mchana) * "Farbenmetrik," ''Zeitschrift für Physik,'' 1, (1920), 459-466 (Color kipimo) Ya pili ya hizi inapatikana kwa Kiingereza kama "Outline of a Theory of Color Measurement for Daylight Vision" katika '''' Sources of Color Science, Ed. David L. MacAdam, The MIT Press (1970), 134-182 == Maandishi == * Nature and the Greeks and Science and Humanism, Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0-521-57550-8. * The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 1-881987-09-4. * Statistical Thermodynamics, Dover Publications (1989) ISBN 0-486-66101-6. * Collected papers, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984) ISBN 3-7001-0573-8. * My View of the World, Ox Bow Press (1983) ISBN 0-918024-30-7. * Expanding Universes, Cambridge University Press (1956). * Space-Time Structure, Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 0-521-31520-4. * ''Maisha ni nini?'' * ''What is Life?'' & Mind and Matter, Cambridge University Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-09397-X. * ''A Life of Erwin Schrödinger,'' Walter J. Moore, Cambridge University Press, Canto Edition (2003) ISBN 0-521-46934-1. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Erwin Schrödinger}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Erwin Schrödinger tarehe ya Austria banknote.] {{Wayback|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm |date=20111213071452 }} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Schrodinger}} * [http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=8GZdZUouzBY 1927 Solvay video pamoja na kufungua risasi ya Schrödinger] * [http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/bio/bio1.htm ''"Biographie"'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/bio/bio1.htm |date=20070305040705 }} (kwa Kijerumani) au * [http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm ''"Wasifu kutoka Austria Central Library ya Fizikia"'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm |date=20061014174500 }} (katika Kiingereza) * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066219/Erwin-Schrodinger EncyclopaediaBritannica makala kuhusu Erwin Schrödinger] * [[Tuzo ya Qur'ani]] s, [[Fizikia]] 1922-1941, [http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html ''"Erwin Schrödinger Biography"'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html |date=20040825074329 }} kutoka NobelPrize.org * Vallabhan, CP Girija, ''[http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html "Indian mvuto juu Quantum Dynamics"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html |date=20030816185613 }} [ed.'' Schrödinger's riba katika [[Vedanta]]] * [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/watoc Schrödinger Medali] ya kinadharia World Association of Oriented Wanasayansi [[(WATOC)]] * [http://holiker.narod.ru/four/schrodinger-speech.html ''Ya Discovery wa New produktiva Fomu ya Atomic Theory'' hotuba ya Nobel Banquet] {{Wayback|url=http://holiker.narod.ru/four/schrodinger-speech.html |date=20051219215407 }} (kwa Kijerumani) * [http://www.harrymaugans.com/2006/05/03/in-search-of-schrodingers-cat/ Quantum Mechanics na Schrödinger's Cat] {{Wayback|url=http://www.harrymaugans.com/2006/05/03/in-search-of-schrodingers-cat/ |date=20120218212515 }} * [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Schrödinger, + Erwin Annotated bibliography for Erwin Schrödinger kutoka Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues] {{Wayback|url=http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FSchr%C3%B6dinger%2C |date=20110606111037 }} * [http://www.hinduwisdom.info/quotes21_40.htm#Q31 Schrödinger na maslahi yake kwa Hinduism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hinduwisdom.info/quotes21_40.htm#Q31 |date=20070106194612 }} * [http://www.disf.org/CosaDevoSapere/Schroedinger.asp Interdisciplinary muhimu mapitio ya Schrödinger's "maisha ni nini?"] {{See also|Schrödinger}} {{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1926-1950}} {{page foot DNA discovery}} {{Persondata | name= Schrödinger, Erwin | alternative names= | short description= [[Physicist]] | date of birth= 1887-8-12 | place of birth= [[Erdberg]], [[Vienna]], Austria | date of death= 1961-1-4 | place of death= [[Vienna]], Austria }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schroedinger, Erwin}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Landstraße]] s2mpafk7s2x44cz5gwmx6mt21bgxafw 0 32474 1600111 1394572 2026-09-24T11:48:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:New Complex at Alliance High School.jpg|thumb|Shule ya alliance]] '''Shule ya Upili ya Alliance''' ilianzishwa 1 Machi 1926 na Muungano wa Makanisa ya Kiprotestanti, Kanisa la Scotland Mission (inayojulikana kama Kanisa la Afrika Mashariki au PCEA [[:en:Presbyterian Church of East Africa]]), Kanisa la Jimbo la Kenya (CPK [[:en:Church of the Province of Kenya]]), African Inland Church (AIC), na Kanisa la Methodist ([[:en:Methodist Church]]). Alliance ilikuwa shule ya kwanza nchini kutoa mafunzo ya sekondari kwa wanafunzi wa asili ya Kiafrika humu nchini [[Kenya]]. Shule hii iko [[Kikuyu]], Kenya, takriban kilomita 22 (maili 12) kutoka [[Nairobi]]. Alliance ni jirani na shule ya wasichana ya Alliance. Shule hizi mbili zimekuwa na uhusiano kama wa ndugu na dada tangu jadi. Shule ya Upili ya Alliance inasifika sana kwa historia yake tajiri na ubora wa elimu. Alliance imekuwa ikiongoza katika uwanja wa elimu kwa zaida ya miongo nane. Imeorodheshwa katika shule kumi bora tangu uanzilishi wake. Iliorodheshwa kama shule bora nchini katika mwaka wa 2005 katika matokeo ya mtihani ya Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education <ref>[http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=37170] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=37170 |date=20071010050702 }}</ref>. Mwaka 2006 iliorodheshwa kama shule ya tatu nchini. Shule hii inajivunia wanafunzi wake ambao wanafunzwa kuwa hudimia wenzao bila kuchoka. Wanafunzi wenye vipaji mbalimbali na tamaduni mbalimbali wanakubaliwa kuendeleza ubora wao katika nyanja zote za shughuli za shule. Alliance inajivunia kuwafunza wengi ambao wamefaulu katika Nyanja zote nchini. Chama cha wanafunzi wa kitambo wa Alliance imezidi kuboreka kila mwaka. Mwalimu Mkuu wa sasa ni David Kariuki aliyeshika uogozi baada ya Christopher Situma Khaemba kwenda kuongoza shule ya [[Africa Leadership Academy]]. ==Mtaala== Alliance High School hufuata mfumo wa 8-4-4 na huwatayarisha wanafunzi wake kufanya mtihani wa [[KCSE]]. Alliance hutoa mafunzo katika masomo zaidi ya ishirini na moja. Baadhi ya masomo yanayotolewa na Alliance yameorodheshwa hapa chini: Hisabati, Kemia, Kiingereza, Jiografia, Historia, Dini ya Kikristo, Kiswahili, Biolojia, Somo la tarakilishi, Kilimo, Fizikia, umekanika, Uchoraji, Somo la Umeme, Kifaransa, Muzuki, Kijerumani na biashara. Mtaala huwapa wanafunzi wa huwapa wanafunzi fursa ya kuchagua masomo ambayo yatawafaidi katika kazi zao za baadae. Alliance huwawezesha wanafunzi wake kuingia katika mipango inayo heshimika katika vyuo kikuu. Wanafunzi waliohitimu kutoka Alliance wanaendeleza masomo yao katika vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kote duniani. Angalau kila mwaka wanafunzi watano husajiliwa katika vyuo vinavyo heshimaka huko marekani(Ivy league). ==Mtaala wa ziada== Katika kutekeleza azma yake ya kuwalea wanafunzi wasio tu wapevu kiakili, bali pia kimwili na kitabia, shule hii inamtaala wa ziada unaowasaidia wanafunzi wake kuboresha vipaji vyao, kukuza ujuzi wa uongozi na kupanua fikira zao. Mtaala huu waziada inajumuisha drama, kwaya, machapisho kama vile gazeti ya shule; uongozi wa shule kupitia ukaranja(ambayo inasifika kote nchini); huduma kwa jamii, Kufunza watoto wadogo na kutembelea wagonjwa na wazee, maskauti, chama cha mjadala, chama cha mazingira, chama cha biashara, chama cha ukulima, chama cha waandishi(linayo chapisha gazeti shule maarufu kama “Bush fire”), chama cha Sayansi, chama cha utarakilishi. Pia kuna fursa ya kutembea nchi mbalimbali kupitia mpango na chuo cha Brooks kule Marekani na chuo cha Sir John Leman kule Uingereza. Wengine hutembelea Ufaransa ilikujifunza kuishi na watu waliona mila tofauti. Mnamo mwaka wa 2004, kwaya ilinyakua tuzo sita katika mashindano ya kitaifa ya muziki. Kwaya ilishinda udhamini wa ziara ya siku 28 kule Marekani katika mwaka wa 2002. Udhamini huu ulitolewa na shirika la Outreach Foundation. ==Michezo== Wanafunzi hupata fursa ya kujiunga na timu mbali mbali za michezo. Wanafunzi wanafunzwa umuhimu wa michezo na ushirikiano katika timu.Michezo hizi zinajumuisha mchezo wa kikapu, raga, kabumbu, riadha, mchezo wa magogo, voliboli, kuogelea na tenisi. Alliance hushindana dhidi ya shule zingine katika michezo hizi zote. Timu hizi zimeshinda medali kadha wa kadha. Timu ya magongo ilipigiwa kura na ikaibuka timu ya tatu bora nchini mnamo mwaka wa 2002. Mwaka huo huo wa 2002 timu ya magongo ilishinda mashindano ya kitaifa. Timu ya raga nayo ilinayakua ushindi katika mashindano ya Prescot mnamo mwaka wa 2003. ==Watu maarufu waliosomea Alliance== # Marehemu George Anyona- Mbunge wa zamani, Kenya; # [[Kiraitu Murungi]] - Waziri wa Nishati, Kenya; # W. Makau Mutua – Buffalo Law School, State University of New York, Mwenyekiti, Kenya, Tume ya Haki za Binadamu; # Mwiraria David - Mbunge wa zamani, Kenya; # Marehemu Paul Ngei - Aliyekuwa Waziri na mpiganaji wa Maumau; # Charles Njonjo - Aliyekuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Kenya; # Anyang’ nyongo - Mjumbe wa Bunge, Kenya; # [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] - Mwandishi na mwalimu; # Amos Wako - Mwanasheria Mkuu, Kenya; # Marehemu Ngala Mwendwa - Aliyekuwa Mbunge na Waziri, Kenya; # Kenneth Matiba - Aliyekuwa mgombea urais, Mbunge na Waziri, Kenya; # Margaret Kenyatta – Mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa Meya wa Nairobi; # Joseph Ole Wagur - Katibu Mkuu, Tume ya Kriegler; ==Wimbo wa shule== Bwana, tukiwaobea wanadamu wote, kutoka kila sehemu, tusikize eeh bwana na usaidie shule yetu, shule tanayoipenda sana.(×3). ==Sala ya Shule== Iweke mikononi mwako, Ee Bwana, shule hii, ilikazi yake iwekamilifu na maisha yake yenye furaha, iwatoe wanaume walioimarika kimwili, kiakili na kitabia na kwa jina lako na nguvu zako wawatumikie wenzao kikamilifu. Amina. Ujumbe wa ziada Shule hii inajulikana na jina la kiutani “BUSH”. Jina hili lilitokana na misitu inayo zunguka Alliance kutoka kila upande. Wanafunzi wa shule ya wasichana ya Alliance huita shule hii “Across”, kwa kuwa shule hizi mbili zimetenganishwa na bonde. ==Viungo vya nje== * Alliance Girls High School [http://www.aghschool.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aghschool.com/ |date=20091030072531 }} * Alliance High School Alumni Foundation [http://www.alliancealumni.org/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alliancealumni.org/ |date=20050210210657 }} * KCSE: Alliance Boys yang'aa makala Eaststandard.net 1 Machi 2006 [http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=37170] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=37170 |date=20071010050702 }} [[Jamii:Shule nchini Kenya]] g00jt1872e9nr5trab58kke1v2w39ma 0 32680 1599465 1211322 2026-09-23T18:20:49Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirika la Riadha la Kenya''' linalojulikana kama '''AK''' ni jumuia linazosimamia Riadha nchini [[Kenya]]. [[Shirika]] hili ni memba wa [[IAAF]] na Shirikisho la Riadha Afrika. AK huratibu mashindano ya Riadha nchini Kenya. Pia hutuma timu ya Kenya kushiriki katika mashindano ya kimataifa. [[Isaiah Kiplagat]] ndiye mwenyekiti sasa hivi wa Riahda nchini Kenya. AK ina ofisi zake kuu katika Riadha House, karibu na Uwanja wa Kitaifa wa Nyayo, [[Nairobi]]. == Historia == Shirika hili lilikuwa likijulikana kama Shirikisho la Amecha Kenya mpaka mwaka wa 2002. Shirikisho ilianzishwa katika ukoloni Kenya mwaka wa 1952 na marehemu Derek Erskine. Kenya ni taifa lenye ustadi katika Riadha, lakini talanta hii huishia katika mbio za mbali. Wanariadha maarufu wa Kenya kwa kawaida hutoka wilaya kama Keiyo, Marakwet na Nandi katika magharibi ya Kenya. Karibu wote huwa kabila la Kalenjin. Mashindano makuu ya kwanza ya kimataifa ambako Kenya ilishiriki ilikuwa michezo ya Ulaya ya 1954, huko Cardiff, lakini Kenya haikushinda medali yoyote. Mashindano ya Kenya hufanyika katika misimu ya joto, lakini majaribio tofauti hutumika kubaini wanariadha kwa michuano ya kimataifa. Wanariadha mabingwa wa Kenya kwa kawaida huhudhuria matukio hayo, manake wale wanaozikosa huenda kuwa wanakosa michuano mikubwa vilevile. Wanariadha wengi wa Kenya hushindana Ulaya, michuano ya kitaifa na majaribu ni tukio tu ambapo watazamaji wanaweza kuwatazama wakishindana. Mashindano mengine yanayoandaliwa na Shirika la Riadha la Kenya ni kama mfululizo wa mbio za nyika na zingine za barabarani. Kenya husimamia matukio ya mbio mara tatu kila mwaka. Mbio za nyika za Nairobi ilianza majuzi, lakini sasa inaongoza katika ushindani na ushiriki. Zingine ni Mbio za nyika za Mombasa na ile ya Ziwa Kuu, inayofanyika mjini Kisumu. Isitoshe, kuna ushindani unaojulikana kama, ambayo inahusisha mashindano mawili sawa na (42&nbsp;km) na nusu Mbio za nyika, lakini ni mbio ya nyika kwa hivyo haiwezi linganishwa na Mbio za nyika. Hata hivyo, tukio la Mbio za nyika za Lewa limewavutia wakenya wakimbiani wengi wa kimataifa na limeshindwa na Paul Tergat, Catherine Ndereba na Joyce Chepchumba katika miaka iliyopita. Wakimbiaji wengi wakenya hujihusisha na mashirika ya kiserikali kama vile Jeshi la Kenya, shirika la magereza Kenya au Polisi wa Kenya, ambayo huwapa riziki pamoja na mazoezi. Aidha, kuna vilabu binafsi kadhaa vya riadha, kama vile Mfae (mjini Nyahururu) na Kiptenden (inayopatikana Kericho). Shirika la Riadha la Kenya hufanya kazi kama makumbusho katika Nyumba ya Riadha, Nairobi. Makumbusho hayo yalifunguliwa tarehe 1 Novemba 2006 [0] Shirika la Riadha la Kenya ilipatiwa tuzo mwaka 2006 kwa kuwa Shirikisho bora Kenya mwakani [1] == Wenyeviti == *[[Derek Erskine]] (1950-1964) *[[Musembi Mbathi]] (1964-1968) *[[Bartonjo Rotich]] (1968-1972) *[[Charles Mukora]] (1972-1974) *[[Sam Ongeri]] (1974-1984) *[[Paulo Boit]] (1984-1992) *[[Isaya Kiplagat]] (1992 -) == Marejeo == * [http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news_s.php?articleid=1143958943 Mheshimiwa Derek: Mwanariadha shupavu aliyeanzisha riadha nchini Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news_s.php?articleid=1143958943 |date=20071007115413 }} * [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kenya/ Tovuti yenye ujumbe kuhusu wanawake wakimbiaji wa Kenya.] * [http://www.athleticskenya.or.ke/management_athletics_kenya.html Wenyeviti wa Shirika la Riadha la Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.athleticskenya.or.ke/management_athletics_kenya.html |date=20090607025608 }} {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.kenyanathlete.com// Mwanariadha mkenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanathlete.com// |date=20091206231729 }} * [http://www.athleticskenya.or.ke// Shirika la Riadha la Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.athleticskenya.or.ke// |date=20090429030659 }} * [http://www.athleticskenya.com/Athletics%20Kenya%20Museum.htm Makumbusho ya Riadha Kenya] * [http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ken.htm Orodha ya Mabingwa wa Kenya] * [http://www.kenyarunners.com Wakimbiaji wa Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyarunners.com/ |date=20100820054329 }} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Michezo nchini Kenya]] 9cf0z4ips744neqb7jo2en58qsb6ihr 0 32708 1599604 1582424 2026-09-23T18:49:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Juba |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Juba Sudan aerial view.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Aerial view |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Sudan Kusini<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =top |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Sudan <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Picha:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2017 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 525,953 (est) |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=4|latm=51|lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=31 |longm=36 |longs=0 |longEW=E |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} [[Picha: Juba City.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Juba, Sudan ]] '''Juba''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Sudan Kusini]] ambao ndio [[mji mkuu]] wa nchi hiyo na wa [[jimbo la Jubek]]. == Idadi ya watu == [[Idadi]] ya watu wake ilikuwa 525,953 mwaka wa 2017. Sensa ya Aprili / Mei 2008 matokeo yake yalikataliwa na [[serikali]] ya Kusini mwa Sudan. <ref>{{cite news|publisher=Sudan Tribune|title=South Sudan parliament throw outs census results|author=Isaac Vuni|date=8 Julai 2009|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|accessdate=2009-12-03|archivedate=2014-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712230242/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746}}</ref> Juba ni mmojawapo wa miji inayokua haraka sana [[duniani]] na unaendelea kutokana na [[fedha]] za [[Mafuta ya petroli|mafuta]] na kuja kwa [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Wachina]] kwa ajili ya [[kazi]] na [[maendeleo]]. Ukuaji wa idadi ya watu: {| class="wikitable" ! mwaka ! Idadi ya Watu |- | 1973 (sensa) | align="right"| 56.737 |- | 1983 (sensa) | align="right"| 83.787 |- | 1993 (sensa) | align="right"| 114.980 |- | 2005 (kadirio) | align="right"| 163.442 |- | 2017 (kadirio) | align="right"| 525,953} |} == Historia == Katika [[karne ya 19]], kituo cha [[biashara]] na [[dini]] kiitwacho [[Gondokoro]] kilikuwa jirani na Juba. Kilikuwa kituo cha [[kusini]] zaidi cha [[jeshi]] la [[Milki ya Osmani|Kituruki]] na kilikuwa na wanajeshi wachache sana, haswa waliokuwa wakiugua [[malaria]] na homa ya blackwater iliyokuwa imeenea kanda hii. Gondokoro ilikuwa pia kituo cha Baker, kwani hangeweza kwenda Kusini zaidi kuliko eneo hilo. Mwaka wa [[1922]], idadi ndogo ya [[Mfanyabiashara|wafanyabiashara]] wa [[Ugiriki|Kigiriki]] waliwasili katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha Juba, kando ya ufuo wa [[mto]] [[Nile Nyeupe|White Nile]]. Wagiriki ambao walikuwa na mahusiano bora na [[kabila]] la Juba ([[Wabari]]) walijenga kinachojulikana leo kama Business District. [[jengo|Majengo]] ambapo leo ni Buffalo Commercial Bank, Nile Commercial Bank, Paradise Hotel, Kinorwe Consul's House na hivyo wengine wengi, walijengwa na Wagiriki na walikuwa miundo ya kudumu tu mtu anaweza kupata mpaka mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1940. Kutoka 1899-1956, Juba ilikuwa katika [[Sudan]] iliyosimamiwa kwa pamoja na [[Uingereza]] na [[Misri]]. [[Uingereza]] inatarajia kujiunga na sehemu ya kusini ya Sudan na [[Uganda]] walikuwa dashed mwaka 1947 kwa makubaliano ya Juba, pia inajulikana kama [[Mkutano wa Juba]], kuunganisha kaskazini na kusini mwa Sudan. Mwaka 1955, na uasi wa kusini mwa askari katika mji ulisababisha [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Sudan]] hadi 1972 na kuzuka tena baadaye hadi mwaka 2005 ilipotekwa na [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] na kufanywa mji mkuu wa kudumu wa mikoa ya [[Kusini mwa Sudan]], ingawa mji mkuu wa mpito ulikuwa [[Rumbek]]. [[Picha:Sudan Juba Hotel 1936.jpg|thumb|left|Juba Hotel mwaka 1936.]] Baada ya ujio wa amani, [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] uliongeza uwepo Juba, [[Kusini mwa Sudan]] wakati ambapo shughuli nyingi zilikuwa zimesimamiwa kutoka [[Kenya]]. Chini ya uongozi wa [[Ofisi]] ya [[Umoja]] wa [[Mataifa ya Kuratibu Masuala ya Kibinadamu, Umoja wa Mataifa]] ilianzisha kambi ijulikanayo kama "OCHA Camp", ambalo lilikuwa kama msingi kwa mashirika mengi ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali. [[Picha:Sudan Juba bridge.jpg|thumb|Daraja la Juba.]] [[Picha:Sudan Juba cattle on street.jpg|thumb|A'AM mitaani mwa Juba.]] == Miundombinu == Kabla ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe Juba ilikuwa pia kitovu cha usafiri, pamoja na kuunganisha barabara hiyo kwa [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Barabara na bandari zimekarabatiwa na Umoja wa Mataifa na serikali ya Sudan Kusini, lakini matengenezo kamili unatarajiwa kuchukua miaka mingi. [[Schweiziska Foundation Mine Action (FSD)]] kwenye 2003 ulianza kwa wazi barabara Juba kupelekea kutoka Uganda na Kenya, inatarajiwa kwamba barabara hizi utakuwa na demined upya kabisa katika mwendo wa 2006-2008. Barabara ya kwanza ambayo imeanza kuwa mpya ni barabara ya Uganda. Barabara hiyo ni muhimu hasa kama wakazi wengi waliokimbilia Uganda wakati wa vita. Barabara ni muhimu mno kwa mchakato wa amani nchini Sudan ili watu waweze kurudi majumbani mwao na kuishi maisha ya kawaida tena. Mwaka 2008 kulikuwa na barabara tatu za lami katika Juba. Moja kuu ni konkreta barabarani, kujengwa na [[Uingereza]] katika miaka ya 1950. Juba hutumika [[Juba Airport]] (JUB / HSSJ), uwanja wa ndege mmojawapo muhimu katika Afrika Mashariki. Mji huu ni eneo la [[Juba National University]] na United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ina kiwanja kikubwa karibu na Juba Airport. [[Picha:Sudan Juba overview march 2006.jpg|thumb|Juba Machi 2006.]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Sudan Kusini]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} * Fisher, J. 2005, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4461663.stm 'kwenda Kusini mwa Sudan mji',] ''BBC News,'' 20 Aprili. * Holt, K. 2007, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6228705.stm 'In pictures: Juba's mitaani Mapambano',] ''BBC News,'' 4 Januari. * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/SU/28/Juba.html FallingRain Map - kimo = 550m]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Juba}} * [http://www.thejubapost.com The Juba Post] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thejubapost.com/ |date=20070531231318 }} {{Coord|4|51|N|31|36|E|region:SD_type:city|display=title}} {{list of African capitals}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Jamii:Juba]] 1bgxnexvs4pezyp4hd0pxo7bexllhhb 0 33027 1599574 1564494 2026-09-23T18:45:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Uchambuzi wa SWOT''' ni uwezo, udhaifu, fursa na vitisho ni mbinu ya kimkakati ambayo hutumika kutathmini '''S''' uwezo, '''W''' udhaifu, '''O''' fursa, na '''T''' vitisho vinavyopatikana katika mradi au biashara husika. Inahusisha ubainishaji wa lengo la biashara au mradi na kutambua mambo ya ndani na ya nje ambayo yanafaa au hayafai katika kufikia lengo hilo. Sifa za mbinu hii ni zake Albert Humphrey, ambaye aliongoza makubaliano katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] mnamo miaka ya 1960 na 1970 kwa kutumia takwimu kutoka makampuni mia tano ya Fortune. Uchambuzi wa SWOT lazima uanze kwa kufafanua mwisho wa jambo linalotamaniwa au lengo lake. Uchambuzi wa uwezo, udhaifu, fursa na vitisho unaweza kujumuishwa katika kielelezo cha mipango ya kimkakati. Mfano wa mbinu ya kimkakati inayojumuisha lengo linaloendeshwa na uchambuzi wa SWOT ni Uchambuzi wa kimkakati bunifu. Mipango ya kimkakati, ikiwemo Uchambuzi wa SWOT na Uchambuzi wa kimkakati bunifu, imekuwa hoja kuu katika utafiti. :* '''S''' Uwezo: sifa za mtu au kampuni ambazo zitamsaidia katika kufikia lengo. :* '''W''' Udhaifu: sifa za mtu au kampuni ambazo zinazuia kufikia lengo. :* '''O''' Nafasi: hali za nje ambazo zinasaidia katika kufikia lengo. :* '''T''' Vitisho: hali za nje zinazoweza kusababisha uharibifu wa lengo. Ubainishaji wa Uchambuzi wa SWOT ni muhimu kwa sababu hatua zinazofuata mchakato wa kupanga mafanikio ya lengo lililochaguliwa au kadiriwa, laweza kutoka kwa SWOT. Kwanza, lazima waamuzi watambue kama lengo laweza kufikiwa kutokana na Uchambuzi wa uwezo,udhaifu,fursa na vitisho. Kama lengo haliwezi kufikiwa, lazima lengo tofauti lichaguliwe na mchakato kurejelewa. Mara nyingi uchambuzi wa SWOT hutumika katika usomi kuonyesha na kutambua uwezo, udhaifu, fursa na vitisho. Ni wa munufaa hasa katika kutambua maeneo kwa ajili ya maendeleo. === Matumizi bunifu ya SWOT: kuzalisha Mikakati === Kama, kwa upande mwingine, lengo linaonekana kufikiwa, SWOT hutumiwa kama pembejeo kwa ubunifu wa kizazi cha mikakati iwezekanayo, kwa kuuliza na kujibu kila moja ya maswali manne yafuatayo, mara nyingi: :* Tunawezaje kutumia na kufaidika katia kila nguvu au uwezo? :* Tunawezaje kuboresha kila Udhaifu? :* Tunawezaje Kutumia na kufaidika kutokana na kila Nafasi au fursa? :* Tunawezaje kupunguza kila Tishio? Kwa kawaida, kikundi kilicho na uamilifu mwingi au jopo kazi liwakilishalo mitazamo mingi ndilo lipasalo kutekeleza uchambuzi wa SWOT. Kwa mfano, timu ya SWOT inaweza kuhusisha mhasibu, muuzaji, meneja mtendaji, mhandisi, na mpokezi wa maswala ya utenda kazi kwa umma. == Kulinganisha na kubadilisha == Njia nyingine ya kutumia SWOT ni kulinganisha na kubadilisha. Ulinganishaji hutumiwa kupata ''faida'' za ''ushindani'' kwa kulinganisha uwezo na nafasi. Kubadilisha ni kutumia mikakati ya kugeuza vitisho au udhaifu kuwa uwezo au fursa. Mfano wa mkakati wa Kugeuza ni kutafuta masoko mapya. Kama vitisho au udhaifu hauwezi kubadilishwa basi yafaa kampuni ijaribu''kuupunguza'' au ''kuuepuka''. ===Ushahidi katika matumizi ya SWOT=== Uchambuzi wa SWOT huweza kupunguza mikakati inayofikiriwa katika tathmini. "Aidha, watu ambao wanatumia SWOT wanaweza kufikiri kuwa wamefanya kazi nzuri ya kupanga na wapuuze mambo yanayostahili kama kufafanua malengo ya kampuni au kuhesabu [[ROI]] kwa mikakati mbadala." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://manyworlds.com/exploreco.aspx?coid=CO85041445304 |title=ManyWorlds.com: usifanye SWOT: Elezo kuhusu Mipango ya Elimu ya Soko |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323073659/http://manyworlds.com/exploreco.aspx?coid=CO85041445304 |archivedate=2009-03-23 }}</ref> Matokeo kutoka Menon na wenzake (1999)[5] <ref>{{cite journal | author = Menon, A. et al. | title = Antecedents and Consequences of Marketing Strategy Making | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marketing_1999-07_63_3/page/18 | journal = Journal of Marketing | volume = 63 | pages = 18–40 | year = 1999 | doi = 10.2307/1251943}}</ref> na Hill na Westbrook (1997) <ref>{{cite journal | author = Hill, T. & R. Westbrook | title = SWOT Analysis: It’s Time for a Product Recall | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_long-range-planning_1997-02_30_1/page/n49 | journal = Long Range Planning | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–52 | year = 1997 | doi = 10.1016/S0024-6301(96)00095-7}}</ref> yameonyesha kwamba SWOT huweza kudhuru utendaji. Kama mbadala wa SWOT, [[J. Scott Armstrong]] anaelezea mbinu mbadala ya hatua tano (5) ambayo hupelekea utendaji bora wa shirika. <ref>{{cite journal | author = J. Scott Armstrong | title = The Value of Formal Planning for Strategic Decisions | journal = Strategic Management Journal | volume = 3 | pages = 197–211 | year = 1982 | doi = 10.1002/smj.4250030303}}</ref> Ukosoaji huu unaelekezwa kwa toleo la zamani la SWOT linalotangulia uchanganuzi wa Uchambuzi wa uwezo,udhaifu,fursa na vitisho ulioelezewa hapo juu, kwa mada "Mkakati na Matumizi bunifu ya uchanganuzi SWOT." Toleo hili la zamani halikuhitaji SWOT zitolewe kutoka kwa lengo lililokubaliwa. Mifano ya uchanganuzi wa SWOT isiyotaja lengo imetolewa hapa chini katika "Rasilimali za kibinadamu" na "elimu ya soko." ==Vipengele vya ndani na nje == Lengo la uchanganuzi wowote wa Uchambuzi wa SWOT ni kutambua vipengele vya ndani na nje ambavyo ni muhimu katika kufikia lengo. Havi huja kutoka ndani ya mkusanyiko wa thamani ya kipekee ya kampuni. Uchanganuzi wa Uchambuzi wa SWOT unajumuisha vipande muhimu kwa makundi mawili makuu: :* Vipengele vya ndani - ''uwezo'' na ''udhaifu'' wa ndani ya shirika. :*Vipengele vya nje - ''nafasi'' na ''vitisho'' vilivyowakilishwa na mazingira ya nje kwa shirika. - Tumia [[hali ya kisiasa,kiuchumi,kijamii,technologia]] au uchambuzi wa[[hali ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kijamii, teknolojia,mazingira na ya uhalali]] kusaidia kutambua vipengele Mambo ya ndani yanaweza kutazamwa kama uwezo au udhaifu kulingana na athari zake kwenye malengo ya shirika. Kile kinachoweza kuwakilisha uwezo na heshima katika lengo moja kinaweza kuwa na udhaifu kwa lengo lingine. Sababu zinaweza kujumuisha [[4P's;]]zote, na vile vile wafanyakazi, fedha, uwezo wa viwanda, na kadhalika. Mambo ya nje yanaweza kujumuisha masuala makubwa ya uchumi, mabadiliko ya teknolojia, sheria, na mabadiliko ya kiutamaduni, na vilevile mabadiliko sokoni au katika nafasi ya ushindani. Mara nyingi matokeo hutolewa kwa namna ya matriki. Uchambuzi wa SWOT ni njia moja tu ya uainishaji na ina udhaifu wake. Kwa mfano, inaweza kushawishi makampuni kuandika orodha badala ya kufikiri kuhusu kilicho muhimu hasa katika kufikia malengo. Pia inatoa orodha bila uchunguzi muhimu na bila mpangilio maalum hivi kwamba, kwa mfano, nafasi dhaifu huweza kuonekana kusawazisha vitisho kviuu. Ni jambo la busara kutoondoa kwa haraka mgombea yeyote anayeingizwa na SWOT. Umuhimu wa kila SWOT utafanuliwa au kuabainika kwa thamani ya mikakati inayozalisha. Bidhaa ya SWOT inayozalisha mikakati ya thamani ni muhimu. Bidhaa ya SWOT isiyozalisha mikakati si muhimu. ==Matumizi ya Uchambuzi wa SWOT== Umuhimu wa uchambuzi wa SWOT haukomi tu kwa mashirika ya kutafuta faidaWa viti You may not post si mdogo kwa faida ya kutafuta mashirika. Uchambuzi wa SWOT unaweza kutumika katika maamuzi yoyote wakati lengo la mwisho linalonuiwa limefafanuliwa. Mifano ni kama: [[mashirika yasiyo ya faida]], vitengo vya kiserikali, na watu binafsi. Uchambuzi wa SWOT pia waweza kutumika katika kupanga mikakati ya kabla ya mgogoro na usimamizi wa kuzuia [[tatizo.]] Uchambuzi wa SWOT unaweza pia kutumika katika kujenga mapendekezo wakati wa[[utafiti]] wa uwezekano wa kitu. ==Uchanganuzi wa kimandhari wa SWOT == [[File:SWOT-landscape.jpg|thumb]] Mandhari ya SWOT huchukua usimamizi wa aina mbalimbali kwa maono mapana ya kutazamia utendaji wa kulinganishwa vitu kulingana na matokeo yake Brendan Kitts, Leif Edvinsson na Tord Beding (2000). <ref>Brendan Kitts, Leif Edvinsson na Tord Beding (2000)Kudhihirisha elimu ya kihistoria ya utendaji wa kampuni iwe ya uingiliano, tilia shaka-uwezo 3D Mazingara http://de.scientificcommons.org/534302 {{Wayback|url=http://de.scientificcommons.org/534302 |date=20090506122059 }}</ref> Mabadiliko katika utendaji wa kadiri huendelea kutambuliwa. Miradi (au vitengo vingine vya vipimo ) ambavyo vingeweza kuwa hatari vinazungumziwa. Mandhari ya SWOT pia huonyesha sababu gande za nguvu / udhaifu ambazo zilikuwa au zitakuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika muktadha wa thamani katika matumizi (kwa mfano:kuyumbayumba kwa thamani ya Mtaji. ) == Mipango ya shirika== Kama sehemu ya maendeleo ya mikakati na mipango ya kuwezesha shirika kufikia malengo yake, basi, hilo shirika litatumia mchakato wenye utaratibu / mkali unaojulikana kama[[mipango]] ya shirika. SWOT pamoja na [[hali ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kijamii na kiteknolojia]] / [[hali ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kijamii, kiteknolojia, kimazingira na ya uhalali]] huweza kutumika kama kigezo cha uchambuzi wa biashara na mambo ya mazingira. <ref> [[Armstrong]]. M. Kitabu cha Maelezo kuhusu simamizi wa desturi za rasilimali ya binadamu (toleo la kumi) 2006, Kogan Page, London ISBN 0-7494-4631-5</ref> :* '''Kuweka malengo''' - kufafanua yakayofanywa na shirika :* '''Ubainishaji wa Mazingira ''' :** Tathmini ya ndani ya SWOT ya shirika, hii inafaa kujumuisha tathmini ya hali ya sasa pamoja na mpangilio wa bidhaa / huduma na uchambuzi wa muda wa kutumika kwa bidhaa /mzunguko huo. :*'''Uchambuzi wa mikakati iliyopo,''' hii itaamua umuhimu kutokana na tathmini ya matokeo ya ndani / nje. Huenda hii ikajumuisha [[uchambuzi pengo]] ambayo itaangalia maswala ya kimazingira :*'''Masuala ya kimikakati yakiwa yameelezwa ''' - vipengele muhimu katika kuendeleza mpango wa shirika unaohitaji kuangaliwa na shirika :* Ibuwa mikakati mipya / iliyopigwa msasa'''''' - mikakati iliyopigwa msasa yaweza kumaanisha kuwa kuna haja ya malengo kubadilishwa :* Tambua vipengele muhimu vya mafanikio - kuafikia malengo na utekelezaji wa mikakati :*'''Maandalizi''' ya uendeshaji, rasilimali, mipango ya miradi kwa utekelezaji mkakati :* '''Ufuatiliaji''' matokeo - kwenda dhidi ya mipango, kuchukua hatua ya kurekebisha ambayo inaweza kumaanisha marekebisho kiasi kwa malengo / mikakati. <ref> Armstrong.M Usimamizi wa Mchakato na Matumizi, 1996, London CIPD ISBN 0-85292-438-0</ref> === Elimu ya soko === Katika uchanganuzi wa washindani wengi, wauzaji huweka maelezo ya kina kuhusu kila mshindani katika soko, wakilenga hasa nguvu na udhaifu wa ushindani huo wakitumia uchambuzi wa SWOT. Mameneja masoko wataangazia muundo gharama wa kila mshindani, vyanzo vya faida, rasilimali na uwezo, kujiekeza kwa ushindani na kutofautiana kwa bidhaa, kiwango cha mahusiano kati ya walio juu na walio chini, majibu ya kihistoria kwa maendeleo ya kiwanda, na mambo mengine. Usimamizi wa masoko mara nyingi hupata kuwa ni muhimu kuwekeza katika utafiti wa kukusanya takwimu sahihi zinazohitajika ili kuendeleza uchanganuzi wa masoko ulio hakika. Kwa hivyo, mara nyingi usimamizi hufanya utafiti wa soko (au masoko ya utafiti) ili kupata habari hii. Wauzaji hutumia mbinu mbalimbali kufanya utafiti wa soko, lakini baadhi ya zile ambazo ni za kawaida ni kama: :*Utafiti wa uzuri wa masoko, kama vile vikundi vinavyoangaziwa :* Utafiti wa wingi wa masoko, kama vile takwimu tafiti :*Mbinu za majaribio kama vile mtihani wa masoko :*Mbinu za kuangalia kama vile uchunguzi wa kiethnografia (za papo hapo) :*Mameneja wa masoko wanaweza pia kubuni na kusimamia michakato mbalimbali ya ubainishaji mazingira na ushindani wenye werevu ili kusaidia kubaini mielekeo na kurekebisha uchambuzi wa masoko ya kampuni. Kutumia SWOT kuchanganua msimamo wa soko wa usimamizi mdogo unaozingatia usimamizi wa rasilimali za binadamu. <ref> Armstrong.M Usimamizi wa Michakato na Matumizi, 1996, London CIPD ISBN 0-85292-438-0</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Uwezo ! width="25%"| Udhaifu ! width="25%"| Nafasi ! width="25%"| Vitisho |- valign="top" | Sifa katika soko | Uhaba wa washauri katika ngazi ya uendeshaji badala ya kiwango cha wenza | Msimamo imara na eneo la soko lililobainishwa vizuri. | Washauri wakubwa wafanyao kazi katika ngazi ya chini |- valign="top" | Utaalamu katika kiwango cha mwenza kwenye ushauri wa usimamizi wa rasilimali za binadamu | Kutoweza kukabiliana na shughuli nyingi ulizopewa kwa sababu ya kiwango au ukosefu wa uwezo | Soko lililobainishwa kwa minajili ya ushauri katika maeneo mengine mbali na usimamizi wa rasilimali za binadamu | Washauri wengine wadogo ambao wanataka kuvamia soko |- valign="top" | Rekodi ya hapo awali na hata sasa - kazi zilizofanikiwa |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.mbatoolbox.org/stories/storyReader$19 Uchambuzi wa misitu na kesi za misitu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mbatoolbox.org/stories/storyReader$19 |date=20120204141117 }} * [http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm Videyo na nakala ya uchambuzi wa uwezo,udhaifu,fursa na vitisho(MindTools.com)] * [http://www.businessballs.com/swotanalysisfreetemplate.htm mbinu na mifano ya uchambuzi wa uwezo,udhaifu,fursa na vitisho (Businessballs.com)] * [http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/swot-analysis.htm uchambuzi wa uwezo,udhaifu,fursa na vitisho(CIPD)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/swot-analysis.htm |date=20100427070945 }} * [http://www.inghenia.com/gadgets/swot/swot_en.php Free online software chombo kwa ajili ya uchambuzi wa uwezo,udhaifu,fursa na vitisho (Inghenia.com)] [[Jamii:Usimamizi]] [[Jamii:Utafiti wa soko]] rnf42vlxf70wahexxi7k6qwaua5n6zc 0 33334 1599775 1573933 2026-09-24T02:00:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Jennifer López | picha = 210120-D-WD757-1975 - Jennifer Lopez at the US Capitol (50860511978) (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Jennifer Lopez, mnamo 2021. | jina la kuzaliwa = Jennifer Lynn López | alizaliwa = [[24 Julai]] [[1969]] [[Picha:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]]<br />[[Marekani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = J.Lo | kazi yake = [[Mwigizaji]]<br />[[Mwimbaji]] | miaka ya kazi = 1986 - | ndoa = Ojani Noa (1997-1998),<br />Cris Judd (2001-2003),<br />Marc Anthony (2004-2011) | rafiki = | watoto = Emme Maribel Muñiz,<br />Maximilian "Max" David Muñiz | wazazi = Guadalupe Lopez,<br />David Lopez | mahusiano = David Cruz (1984-1994),<br />Sean Combs (1999-2001),<br />Ben Affleck (2002-2004) | tovuti = {{URL|jenniferlopez.com}} }} '''Jennifer Lynn Lopez''' (alizaliwa [[New York]], [[24 Julai]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] bora wa [[pop]]/[[R&B]], na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. == Diskografia == === Albamu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya albamu, pamoja na nafasi zilizoshika, mauzo na matunukio. ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Maelezo ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Matunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Marekani <br /><ref name="US album positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/jennifer-lopez/chart-history/billboard-200|title=Jennifer Lopez Chart History: Billboard 200|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=April 17, 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Australia <br /><ref name="Australian positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jennifer+Lopez|title=Discography Jennifer Lopez|work=''australian-charts.com''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=April 23, 2011}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Ubelgiji<br /><ref name="Wallonian positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|title=Discography Jennifer Lopez|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/artist/Jennifer_Lopez|publisher=[[Ultratop]]. Hung Medien|accessdate=April 12, 2018|language=French|}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Canada <br /><ref name="Canadian album positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/Jennifer-Lopez/chart-history/canadian-albums|title=Billboard Canadian Albums|work=Billboard|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Ufaransa <br /><ref name="French positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jennifer+Lopez|title=Discographie Jennifer Lopez|work= ''lescharts.com''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=April 23, 2011|language= French}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Ujeremani <br /><ref name="German album positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez&x=11&y=6&cat=a&country=de|title=Suchen Nach "Jennifer Lopez"|work=''charts.de''|publisher=Media Control GfK International|accessdate=April 26, 2018|format=To access, enter the search parameter "Jennifer Lopez" and click the "Album" tab|language=German|archivedate=2014-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030064224/http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez&x=11&y=6&cat=a&country=de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Italy<br /><ref name="Italian positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Jennifer+Lopez&artist_search=exact&title=&title_search=starts|title=Jennifer Lopez|work=''italiancharts.com''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Spain<br /><ref name="Spanish positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=http://spanishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jennifer%20Lopez|title=Discography of Jennifer Lopez|work=''spanishcharts.com''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=June 8, 2014}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Uswisi <br /><ref name="Swiss positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Jennifer+Lopez&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts|title=Jennifer Lopez|work=''swisscharts.com''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"| Uingereza <br /><ref name="UK album positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/7995/jennifer-lopez/|title=Jennifer Lopez|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=April 26, 2018|format=To access, click the "Albums" tab}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[On the 6]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Juni 1, 1999 * Lebo: Work Group | 8 || 11 || 6 || 5 || 15 || 3 || 15 || 12 || 3 || 14 | * Duniani: 8,000,000.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Jennifer Lopez Gets Better With 'J.Lo'|journal=[[Telegram & Gazette]]|date=February 4, 2001|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WO&p_theme=wo&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADE638DA3B5EA2&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=June 8, 2013|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|archive-date=2013-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213170512/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WO&p_theme=wo&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADE638DA3B5EA2&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Marekani: 2,808,000.<ref name="Billboard 2010">{{cite web|title=Ask Billboard: Analyzing 'American Idol'|url=http://billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/955571/ask-billboard-analyzing-american-idol|work=Billboard|date=October 1, 2010|accessdate=March 11, 2012}}</ref> * Uingereza: 236,000.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Alan|title=The official UK albums charts top 75|url=https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-95682176/official-uk-albums-charts-top-75|website=[[Music Week]]|accessdate=November 6, 2017|date=December 7, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060423/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-95682176/official-uk-albums-charts-top-75|archive-date=November 7, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060423/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-95682176/official-uk-albums-charts-top-75|archivedate=2017-11-07|=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060423/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-95682176/official-uk-albums-charts-top-75}}</ref> | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Jennifer+Lopez#search_section|title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum: Jennifer Lopez|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA 2002 albums">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2002.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2002 Albums|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 1999">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%201999.htm |title=Belgian Awards - 1999|publisher=[[Belgian Entertainment Association]]|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name=BPI>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified|title=BRIT Certified Awards Search|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=April 26, 2018|format=To access, enter the search parameter "Jennifer Lopez"}}</ref> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="BVMI">{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/nc/datenbank/#topSearch|title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank|publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]|accessdate=April 26, 2018|format=To access, enter "Jennifer Lopez" in the "Interpret" field|language=German}}</ref> * IFPI: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards - 1999|url=http://ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1999.html|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=September 16, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127154154/http://ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1999.html|archivedate=November 27, 2013}}</ref> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="Swiss certification for On the 6">{{cite web|title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards |url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=on+the+6|work=''swisscharts.com''|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> * MC: 5× Platinum<ref name="MC">{{cite web|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=Jennifer%20Lopez|title=Music Canada Gold/Platinum|publisher=[[Music Canada]]|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> * PROMUSICAE: 2× Platinum<ref name="Spanish certifications 2000-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediafire.com/?7q55521w7go6vh6|title=Solo Exitos 1959–2002 Ano A Ano: Certificados 2000–2002|work=Solo Exitos 1959–2002 Ano A Ano}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="SNEP">{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=0&awards_awd=0&awards_year=0&awards_artist=Jennifer+Lopez&awards_title=&awards_edit_distrib=&awards_sort=date_certif-desc&awards_nb=30&submitAdvanced=Search|title=SNEP - Les Certifications|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|accessdate=April 26, 2018|language=French|archivedate=2018-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427121024/http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=0&awards_awd=0&awards_year=0&awards_artist=Jennifer+Lopez&awards_title=&awards_edit_distrib=&awards_sort=date_certif-desc&awards_nb=30&submitAdvanced=Search}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[J.Lo (album)|J.Lo]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Januari 23, 2001 * Lebo: Epic Records | 1 || 2 || 4 || 1 || 6 || 1 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 2 | * Duniani: 8,000,000<ref>{{cite web|title=The Return of J. Lo|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|publisher=[[The Slate Group]]|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2011/05/the_return_of_j_lo.html|first=Ann|last=Powers|date=May 11, 2011|accessdate=November 7, 2017|archivedate=24 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224232019/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2011/05/the_return_of_j_lo.html|deadurl=no}}</ref> * Marekani: 3,800,000<ref name="Updated US">{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|title=Ask Billboard: Robin Thicke Makes Chart History|url=http://billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/1566453/ask-billboard-robin-thicke-makes-chart-history|work=Billboard|accessdate=June 12, 2013|date=June 11, 2013}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 234,800<ref>{{cite web|title=Les Meilleurs Ventes d'albums depuis 2000|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php?debut=400|work=Infodisc|accessdate=January 20, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819191946/http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php?debut=400|archivedate=August 19, 2014|language=French}}</ref> * Uingereza: 510,000 | * RIAA: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA 2001 albums">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2001.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Albums|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> * BEA: Platinum<ref name="Belgian certifications 2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%202001.htm|title=Belgian Awards - 2001|publisher=Belgian Entertainment Association|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Platinum<ref name="BVMI"/> * IFPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="IFPI awards 2002">{{cite web|title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2002|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2002.html|publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320014141/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2002.html|archivedate=March 20, 2007|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> * IFPI SWI: 2× Platinum<ref name="Swiss certifications">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez|title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards|work=''swisscharts.com''|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name="MC"/> * PROMUSICAE: Platinum<ref name="Spanish certifications 2000-2002"/> * SNEP: 2× Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[This Is Me... Then]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 19, 2002 * Lebo: Epic | 2 || 14 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 4 || 11 || 12 || 3 || 13 | * Duniani: 6,000,000<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=Molly|title=Why Is Jennifer Lopez’s ‘A.K.A.’ Poised to Flop?|url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/why-is-jennifer-lopezs-a-k-a-poised-to-flop/|website=[[Grantland]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=January 16, 2015|date=June 16, 2014}}</ref> * Marekani: 2,600,000 * Ufaransa: 249,700<ref>{{cite web|title=Les Meilleurs Ventes d'albums depuis 2000|url=http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php?debut=300|work=Infodisc|accessdate=January 20, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819164151/http://infodisc.fr/Ventes_Alb_10Ans.php?debut=300|archivedate=August 19, 2014|language=French}}</ref> | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA 2002 albums"/> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%202002.htm|title=Belgian Awards - 2002|publisher=Belgian Entertainment Association|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="BVMI"/> * IFPI: Platinum<ref name="IFPI awards 2002"/> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * MC: 2× Platinum<ref name="MC"/> * PROMUSICAE: Platinum<ref name="Spanish certifications 2000-2002"/> * SNEP: 2× Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Rebirth (Jennifer Lopez album)|Rebirth]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 1, 2005 * Lebo: Epic | 2 || 10 || 4 || 2 || 7 || 3 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 8 | * Marekani: 745,000.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fekadu|first1=Mesfin|title=Jennifer Lopez's new album was created in a 'challenging' music industry, says singer|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Music/2014/0619/Jennifer-Lopez-s-new-album-was-created-in-a-challenging-music-industry-says-singer|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|publisher=[[Christian Science Publishing Society]]|accessdate=January 4, 2015|date=June 19, 2014}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 92,300.<ref>{{cite web|title=Les Albums Certifications – Or|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=1750|work=Infodisc|accessdate=November 4, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018012928/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=1750|archivedate=October 18, 2011|language=French}}</ref> | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA 2005 albums">{{cite web |url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2005.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Albums|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * MC: Platinum<ref name="MC"/> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Como Ama una Mujer]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Machi 27, 2007 * Lebo: Epic | 10 || — || 12 || 50 || 11 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 131 | * Duniani: 800,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennifer Lopez Biography|url=https://www.sonymusic.de/kuenstler/jennifer-lopez|publisher=[[Sony Music]]|accessdate=April 26, 2018|language=German}}</ref> * Marekani: 213,000 * Uingereza: 7,364.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slow start to fourth quarter album sales|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/slow-start-to-fourth-quarter-album-sales/036274|work=Music Week|accessdate=April 26, 2018|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140308053950/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/slow-start-to-fourth-quarter-album-sales/036274|archivedate=March 8, 2014|deadurl=bot: unknown}}</ref> | * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * PROMUSICAE: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_41.pdf|title=Archived copy|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|accessdate=2014-06-08|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315184914/http://promusicae.es/files/listassemanales/albumes/historial/TOP%20100%20ALBUMES%2007_41.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-15}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Brave (Jennifer Lopez album)|Brave]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Oktoba 9, 2007 * Lebo: Epic | 12 || 46 || 18 || 13 || 28 || 41 || 10 || 21 || 6 || 24 | * Duniani: 650,000.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kevin |last=Rutherford|url=http://billboard.com/articles/news/472891/jennifer-lopez-to-premiere-video-for-on-the-floor-on-american-idol|title=Jennifer Lopez to Premiere Video for 'On the Floor' On 'American Idol'|work=Billboard|date=February 24, 2011|accessdate=July 1, 2013}}</ref> * Marekani: 168,000 * Uingereza: 21,179.<ref>{{cite web|title=Key Releases|url=https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-255473174/key-releases-070511|work=Music Week|accessdate=April 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120454/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-255473174/key-releases-070511|archive-date=April 27, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120454/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-255473174/key-releases-070511|archivedate=2018-04-27|=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120454/https://business.highbeam.com/411456/article-1G1-255473174/key-releases-070511}}</ref> | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Love?]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Mei 3, 2011 * Lebo: Island Records | 5 || 9 || 18 || 2 || 7 || 4 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 6 | * Marekani: 346,000.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gardner|first1=Elysa|title=J. Lo finds 'a different kind of strength'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/06/16/j-lo-finds-a-different-kind-of-strength-on-new-album/10323601/|website=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=January 1, 2015|date=June 16, 2014}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 40,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Série "Les Albums 2011" : Jennifer Lopez avec "Love ?"|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Jennifer-Lopez/news-76984.html|publisher=[[PureMédias]]|accessdate=November 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401131004/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Jennifer-Lopez/news-76984.html|archivedate=April 1, 2014|language=French|date=December 11, 2011}}</ref> | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="BVMI"/> *FIMI: Gold<ref name="Italian album certifications">{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:album/year:2011/page:0/term:Jennifer_Lopez|title=Certificazioni|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|accessdate=April 12, 2018|language=Italian|archive-date=2018-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081416/http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:album/year:2011/page:0/term:Jennifer_Lopez|url-status=dead}}</ref> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * MC: Platinum<ref name="MC"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[A.K.A. (album)|A.K.A.]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Juni 17, 2014 * Lebo: Capitol Records | 8 || 24 || 21 || 12 || 70 || 24 || 13 || 14 || 15 || 41 | * Marekani: 71,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/year-in-music-2014/6397785/albums-flopped-2014|last=Lynch|first=Joe|title=9 Albums That Flopped in 2014 (Or Did They?)|work=Billboard|date=December 9, 2014|accessdate=December 9, 2014}}</ref> * Ufaransa: 5,000.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamard|first1=Jonathan|title=Clip de "Booty" : Jennifer Lopez et Iggy Azalea, brûlantes, rendent hommage à leurs fesses|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Jennifer-Lopez/news-93677.html|publisher=PureMédias|language=French|accessdate=November 9, 2017|date=September 19, 2014}}</ref> | |- !''This Is Me... Now'' | * Ilitolewa: 2024 | | | | | | | | | | | | |} === Nyimbo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo, mwaka iliyotoka, na albamu yake ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10" style="width:1em;"| Nafasi ilishika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Marekani <br /><ref name="US singles positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/jennifer-lopez/chart-history/hot-100|title=Jennifer Lopez Chart History: Hot 100|work=Billboard|accessdate=April 17, 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Australia <br /><ref name="Australian positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Ubelgiji<br /><ref name="Wallonian positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Canada <br /><ref name="Canadian singles positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/Jennifer-Lopez/chart-history/canadian-hot-100|title=Billboard Canadian Hot 100|work=Billboard|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Ufaransa <br /><ref name="French positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Ujerumani <br /><ref name="German singles positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez&x=11&y=6&cat=a&country=de|title=Suchen Nach "Jennifer Lopez"|work=''charts.de''|publisher=Media Control GfK International|accessdate=April 26, 2018|format=To access, enter the search parameter "Jennifer Lopez" and click the "Single" tab|language=German|archivedate=2014-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030064224/http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=Jennifer+Lopez&x=11&y=6&cat=a&country=de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Italy <br /><ref name="Italian positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Spain<br /><ref name="Spanish positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Uswisi<br /><ref name="Swiss positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Uingereza <br /><ref name="UK singles positions for Jennifer Lopez">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/7995/jennifer-lopez/|title=Jennifer Lopez|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=April 26, 2018|format=To access, click the "Singles" tab}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[If You Had My Love]]" | rowspan="3"| 1999 | 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 4 || 5 || 4 || 7 || 5 || 4 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 1999">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1999.htm|title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1999 Singles|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}</ref> * BEA: Platinum<ref name="Belgian certifications 1999"/> * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold<ref name="BVMI"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> | rowspan="5"| ''On the 6'' |- ! scope="row"| "No Me Ames" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Marc Anthony]])}} | —<ref name="Hot Latin Songs">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=jennifer lopez|chart=Latin Songs C}}|title=Jennifer Lopez Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|accessdate=October 25, 2011}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA54&lpg=RA1-PA54&dq=%22no+me+ames%22+%22single%22+intitle:billboard#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Lopez's Historic Double|volume=111|issue=26|page=54|last=Lannert|first=John|work=Billboard|date=June 26, 1999|accessdate=October 24, 2011}}</ref> || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Waiting for Tonight" | 8 || 4 || 4 || 13 || 10 || 15 || 6 || 2 || 14 || 5 | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 1999"/> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 1999"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Feelin' So Good" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Big Pun]] & [[Fat Joe]])}} | rowspan="3"| 2000 | 51 || 20 || 24 || 7 || — || 39 || 27 || — || 22 || 15 | * ARIA Gold<ref name="ARIA singles 2000">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2000.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Singles|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Let's Get Loud" | — || 9 || 21 || — || 40 || 13 || 6 || — || 10 || — | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2000"/> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%202000.htm|title=Belgian Awards - 2000|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Love Don't Cost a Thing" | 3 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 5 || 6 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2001">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2001.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Singles|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}</ref> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2001"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> | rowspan="4"| ''J.Lo'' |- ! scope="row"| "Play" | rowspan="3"| 2001 | 18 || 14 || 8 || 5 || 20 || 19 || 8 || 14 || 10 || 3 | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA singles 2001"/> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2001"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Ain't It Funny" | — || 25 || 5 || — || 13 || 13 || 17 || 10 || 9 || 3 | * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2001"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "I'm Real" | 1 || 3 || 5 || 6 || 3 || 11 || 16 || — || 6 || 4 | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2001"/> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2001"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Ja Rule]] & Caddillac Tah)}} | rowspan="5"| 2002 | 1 || 9 || 24 || 12 || — || 18 || — || 16 || 7 || 4 | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA singles 2002">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2002.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2002 Singles|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}</ref> | rowspan="3"| ''J to tha L–O! The Remixes'' |- ! scope="row"| "Alive" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "I'm Gonna Be Alright" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Nas]])}} | 10 || 16 || 26 || 29 || 12 || 6 || 24 || — || 4 || 3 | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA singles 2002"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Jenny from the Block" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Jadakiss]] & [[Styles P|Styles]])}} | 3 || 5 || 6 || 1 || 5 || 7 || 4 || 2 || 4 || 3 | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2002"/> * BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/xls/Awards%202003.htm]]|title=Belgian Awards - 2003|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> | rowspan="4"| ''This Is Me... Then'' |- ! scope="row"| "All I Have" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[LL Cool J]])}} | 1 || 2 || 16 || 6 || 29 || 19 || 13 || — || 4 || 2 | * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2003">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2003.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Singles|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "I'm Glad" | rowspan="2"| 2003 | 32 || 10 || 30 || 8 || — || 44 || 17 || 19 || 21 || 11 | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA singles 2003"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Baby I Love U!" | 72 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 3 | |- ! scope="row"| "Get Right" | rowspan="2"| 2005 | 12 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 7 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 1 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2005">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2005.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Singles|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}</ref> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * SNEP: Gold<ref name="SNEP"/> | rowspan="2"| ''Rebirth'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hold You Down" <br />{{small|(pamoja na Fat Joe)}} | 64 || 17 || — || — || — || 44 || 22 || 12 || 44 || 6 | |- ! scope="row"| "Qué Hiciste" | rowspan="4"| 2007 | 86 || — || 11 || — || — || 10 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 162 | * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * PROMUSICAE: 8× Platinum<ref name="Spanish certifications 2007">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://promusicae.com/files/imagenes/file/TOP20ANO2007DESCARGASCANCIONESYTONOS.PDF|title=Canciones Top 20 Anual - 2007|accessdate=July 10, 2014|publisher=Productores de Música de España|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715122845/http://www.promusicae.com/files/imagenes/file/TOP20ANO2007DESCARGASCANCIONESYTONOS.PDF|archivedate=July 15, 2011|language=Spanish}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''Como Ama una Mujer'' |- ! scope="row"| "Me Haces Falta" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Do It Well" | 31 || 18 || 20 || 23 || 29 || 30 || 2 || — || 12 || 11 | | rowspan="2"| ''Brave'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hold It Don't Drop It" | —<ref name="Hot Dance Club Songs">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=jennifer lopez|chart=Dance/Club Play Songs}}|title=Jennifer Lopez Album & Song Chart History|work=Billboard|accessdate=October 25, 2011}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || — || — || — || — || — || 4 || — || — || 72 | |- ! scope="row"| "Louboutins" | 2009 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "On the Floor" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} | rowspan="3"| 2011 | 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | * RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: 4× Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2011">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupageshttpwww.aria.com.auSINGLEaccreds2011.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2011 Singles|work=ARIA Charts |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=October 2, 2011}}</ref> * BEA: Platinum<ref name="Belgian certifications 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2012|title=Belgian Awards - 2012|accessdate=April 12, 2018}}</ref> * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: 5× Gold<ref name="BVMI"/> * FIMI: 2x Platinum<ref name="Italian singles certifications">{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:singoli/year:All_years/page:0/term:Jennifer_Lopez|title=Certificazioni|publisher=Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|accessdate=April 12, 2018|language=Italian|archive-date=2018-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081416/http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:singoli/year:All_years/page:0/term:Jennifer_Lopez|url-status=dead}}</ref> * IFPI SWI: 4× Platinum<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * MC: 5× Platinum<ref name="MC"/> * PROMUSICAE: 3× Platinum | rowspan="3"| ''Love?'' |- ! scope="row"| "I'm Into You" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Lil Wayne]])}} | 41 || 45 || 27 || 55 || 38 || 16 || 18 || 17 || 22 || 9 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * FIMI: Gold<ref name="Italian singles certifications"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="MC"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Papi" | 96 || — || 28 || 50 || 28 || — || 3 || 18 || 37 || 67 | * FIMI: Platinum<ref name="Italian singles certifications"/> * MC: Gold<ref name="MC"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Dance Again" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na Pitbull)}} | rowspan="2"| 2012 | 17 || 28 || 9 || 4 || 15 || 14 || 7 || 4 || 14 || 11 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * ARIA: Platinum<ref name="ARIA singles 2012">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesSINGLEaccreds2012.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 Singles|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=July 20, 2011}}</ref> *BEA: Gold<ref name="Belgian certifications 2012"/> * FIMI: Platinum<ref name="Italian singles certifications"/> * MC: Platinum<ref name="MC"/> | ''Dance Again... the Hits'' |- ! scope="row"| "Goin' In" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na [[Flo Rida]])}} | — || — || — || 54 || — || 67 || 92 || — || — || — | | ''Step Up Revolution'' |- ! scope="row"| "Live It Up" <br /> {{small|(pamoja na Pitbull)}} | 2013 | 60 || 20 || 32 || 16 || 67 || 36 || 36 || 10 || 33 || 17 | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA singles 2013">{{cite web|url=http://aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria-charts-accreditations-singles-2013.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles|work=ARIA Charts |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=September 5, 2013}}</ref> * MC: Gold<ref name="MC"/> | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "I Luh Ya Papi"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[French Montana]])}} | rowspan="3"| 2014 | 77 || — || — || 78 || — || — || — || — || — || 170 | | rowspan="3"| ''A.K.A.'' |- ! scope="row"| "First Love" | 87 || — || — || — || 193 || — || 41 || — || — || 63 | |- ! scope="row"| "Booty"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Iggy Azalea]] / Pitbull)}} | 18 || 27 || — || 11 || 93 || 78 || 97 || — || — || 137 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Feel the Light" | rowspan="2"| 2015 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Home'' |- ! scope="row"| "A Selena Tribute" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Ain't Your Mama" | rowspan="2"| 2016 | 76 || 85 || 27 || 34 || 11 || 5 || 32 || 4 || 16 || 182 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> * BVMI: Platinum<ref name="BVMI"/> * FIMI: Platinum<ref name="Italian singles certifications"/> * PROMUSICAE: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennifer Lopez - Ain't Your Mama|url=http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-12224-21624-jennifer-lopez-ain-t-your-mama|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=June 1, 2016|language=Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529094203/http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-12224-21624-jennifer-lopez-ain-t-your-mama|archive-date=May 29, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all|archivedate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529094203/http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-12224-21624-jennifer-lopez-ain-t-your-mama}}</ref> * SNEP: Diamond<ref name="SNEP"/> |- ! scope="row"|"Chegaste"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Roberto Carlos (singer)|Roberto Carlos]])}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Roberto Carlos'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ni Tú Ni Yo"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Gente de Zona]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2017 | —<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/latin-songs/2017-07-22|title=Top Latin Songs: The week of July 22, 2017|work=Billboard|accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || 82 || — || — || 24 || 30 || — | * PROMUSICAE: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennifer Lopez feat Gente de Zona - Ni Tú Ni Yo|url=http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-15078-26096-jennifer-lopez-feat-gente-de-zona-ni-tu-ni-yo|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=August 30, 2017|language=Spanish|archivedate=2017-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721021204/http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-15078-26096-jennifer-lopez-feat-gente-de-zona-ni-tu-ni-yo}}</ref> | rowspan="3" {{TBA}} |- ! scope="row"| "Amor, Amor, Amor"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Wisin]])}} | —<ref name="Bubbling">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/music/jennifer-lopez/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100|title=Jennifer Lopez Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100|work=Billboard|accessdate=May 30, 2018}}</ref> || — || — || — || 120 || — || 99 || 60 || 33 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Us" | rowspan="6"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"|"Se Acabó El Amor"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Abraham Mateo]] & [[Yandel]])}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 64 || 83 || — | | ''A Cámara Lenta'' |- ! scope="row"|"El Anillo" | — || — || — || — || 163<br|| — || — || 9<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/listas/semana/3754-canciones-semana-24-2018|title=Top 100 Canciones – Semana 24: del 8.6.2018 al 14.6.2018|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=June 20, 2018}}</ref> || 93 || — | * RIAA: 2× Platinum </span><ref name="RIAA" /> * PROMUSICAE: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennifer Lopez - El Anillo|url=http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-16869-28588-jennifer-lopez-el-anillo|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=June 13, 2018|language=Spanish|archivedate=2018-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161307/http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-16869-28588-jennifer-lopez-el-anillo}}</ref> | rowspan="3" {{TBA}} |- ! scope="row"|"Dinero"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[DJ Khaled]] & [[Cardi B]])}} | 80 || — || — || 75 || 140 || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"|"Te Guste"<br />{{small|(pamoja na [[Bad Bunny]])}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 52<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/listas/semana/3895-canciones-semana-46-2018|title=Top 100 Canciones – Semana 46: del 9.11.2018 al 15.11.2018|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=November 21, 2018|language=Spanish|format=PDF}}</ref> || — || — |- ! scope="row"|"Limitless" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Second Act'' |- ! scope="row"|"Medicine"<br />{{small|(pamoja na French Montana)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/JLo/status/1108759456609959942|title=Wish I could give you guys a taste of my new single, Medicine, ft. @frenchmontana 😏. I CAN'T WAIT for you guys to hear it. Want to be the first to listen? Pre-save on @Spotify|via=Twitter|date=March 21, 2019|accessdate=March 22, 2019}}</ref> | 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{TBA}} |} === Nyimbo nyingine === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika katika nchi tofauti ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Marekani <br /><ref name="US singles positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Australia <br /><ref name="Australian positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Ubelgiji <br /><ref name="Wallonian positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Canada <br /><ref name="Canadian singles positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Ufaransa <br /><ref name="French positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Ujerumani <br /><ref name="German singles positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Italy <br /><ref name="Italian positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Spain <br /><ref name="Spanish positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Uswisi <br /><ref name="Swiss positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2em; font-size:90%;"| Ungereza <br /><ref name="UK singles positions for Jennifer Lopez"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Control Myself" <br /> {{small|(LL Cool J pamoja na Jennifer Lopez)}} | 2006 | 4 || 17 || — || 4 || — || 25 || — || — || — || 2 | | ''Todd Smith'' |- ! scope="row"| "This Boy's Fire" <br /> {{small|([[Santana (band)|Santana]] pamoja na Jennifer Lopez)}} | 2008 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Ultimate Santana'' |- ! scope="row"| "T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)" <br /> {{small|([[will.i.am]] pamoja na [[Mick Jagger]] & Jennifer Lopez)}} | 2011 | 36 || 57 || — || 10 || — || — || — || — || 41 || 3 | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Follow the Leader" <br /> {{small|([[Wisin & Yandel]] pamoja na Jennifer Lopez)}} | 2012 | — || — || — || — || 177 || — || — || 26 || — || — | * RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Wisin%20&%20Yandel|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-10-08|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151438/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Wisin%20&%20Yandel|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref> | ''Líderes'' |- ! scope="row"| "Sweet Spot" <br /> {{small|(Flo Rida pamoja na Jennifer Lopez)}} | rowspan="2"| 2013 | — || 25 || — || — || 195 || — || — || — || — || — | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="ARIA singles 2013"/> | ''Wild Ones'' |- ! scope="row"| "Quizás, Quizás, Quizás"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/quizas-quizas-quizas-feat./id745691977|title=Quizàs, Quizàs, Quizàs (feat. Jennifer Lopez) - EP by Andrea Bocelli on Apple Music|work=iTunes Store (US)}}</ref><br /> {{small|([[Andrea Bocelli]] pamoja na Jennifer Lopez)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Passione'' |- ! scope="row"| "Adrenalina" <br /> {{small|([[Wisin]] pamoja na Jennifer Lopez & [[Ricky Martin]])}} | rowspan="4"| 2014 | rowspan="2"| 94 || — || — || — || — || — || 52 || — || — || — | * FIMI: Gold<ref name="Italian singles certifications"/> | ''El Regreso del Sobreviviente'' |- ! scope="row"| "Adrenalina" <br /> {{small|(Ricky Martin pamoja na Jennifer Lopez & Wisin)}} | — || — || — || 122 || — || — || 3 || 57 || — | * PROMUSICAE: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 100 Canciones - Semana 1: 29.12.2014 al 04.01.2015 |url=http://www.promusicae.es/listas/semanales|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=April 8, 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "We Are One (Ole Ola)" <br /> {{small|(Pitbull pamoja na Jennifer Lopez & [[Claudia Leitte]])}} | 59 || 61 || 1 || 51 || 3 || 6 || 2 || 4 || 2 || 29 | * BVMI: Gold<ref name="BVMI"/> * FIMI: Platinum<ref name="Italian singles certifications"/> * IFPI SWI: Gold<ref name="Swiss certifications"/> * PROMUSICAE: Gold<ref name="Semana 26: Del 23.06.2014 Al 29.06.2014">{{cite web|title=Top 100 Streaming - Semana 26: Del 23.06.2014 Al 29.06.2014|url=http://promusicae.es/listas/semanales|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=July 7, 2014|language=Spanish|archive-date=2022-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403213914/https://www.promusicae.es/listas/semanales|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ''One Love, One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album'' |- ! scope="row"| "Stressin"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/stressin-single/id907616647|title=Stressin - Single by Fat Joe & J-Lo on Apple Music|publisher=}}</ref><br />{{small|(Fat Joe pamoja na Jennifer Lopez)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Back It Up" <br /> {{small|([[Prince Royce]] pamoja na Jennifer Lopez & Pitbull)}} | rowspan="3"| 2015 | 92 || — || — || 56 || — || — || — || 40 || — || — | | ''Double Vision'' |- ! scope="row"| "El mismo sol" <br /> {{small|([[Álvaro Soler]] pamoja na Jennifer Lopez)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 3 || — || — | * PROMUSICAE: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Alvaro Soler feat Jennifer Lopez - El Mismo Sol (español)|url=http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-10858-19337-alvaro-soler-feat-jennifer-lopez-el-mismo-sol-espanol|publisher=Productores de Música de España|accessdate=January 4, 2016|language=Spanish|archivedate=2017-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624142809/http://www.elportaldemusica.es/cancion-10858-19337-alvaro-soler-feat-jennifer-lopez-el-mismo-sol-espanol}}</ref> | ''[[Eterno Agosto]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Try Me" <br /> {{small|([[Jason Derulo]] pamoja na Jennifer Lopez & [[Matoma]])}} | — || — || — || — || 168 || 39 || — || — || — || — | * BVMI: Gold<ref name="BVMI"/> | ''Everything Is 4'' |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} == Tuzo == ===ALMA Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |rowspan=2|1998 |rowspan=2|Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film |''Selena'' |{{Won}} |rowspan=2|<center><ref>{{cite journal|title='Selena' Captures 4 Prizes in Latino Media Awards|journal=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 20, 1998|page=4|issn=0458-3035}}</ref></center> |- |''Anaconda'' |{{Won}} |- |1999 |Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film |''Out of Sight'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=Latino awards short on entrants|journal=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=April 13, 1999|page=35|issn=1553-8478}}</ref></center> |- |rowspan=2|2000 |Outstanding Music Video Performer |rowspan=2|''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |rowspan=2|<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=ABC to air '2000 ALMA Awards'|journal=[[The Oak Ridger]]|date=June 16, 2000|issn=0890-6009|id=110CAAFEE6259060}}</ref></center> |- |Entertainer of the Year |{{Won}} |- |rowspan=2|2001 |Entertainer of the Year |''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |rowspan=2|<center><ref>{{cite journal|last=Linan|first=Steven|title='ALMA Awards' to Honor Latinos in Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_los-angeles-times_los-angeles-times_2001-06-01_0/page/n195|journal=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 1, 2001|page=28|issn=0458-3035}}</ref></center> |- |Outstanding Host of a Variety or Awards Special |''1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards'' |Aliyetuzwa |- |rowspan=5|2002 |Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film |''Angel Eyes'' |Aliyetuzwa |rowspan=5|<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/76077/j-lo-leads-alma-music-nominees |title=J.Lo Leads ALMA Music Nominees |work=Billboard |date=April 18, 2012 |accessdate=October 25, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |Outstanding Performance in a Music, Variety or Comedy Special |''Jennifer Lopez: Let's Get Loud'' |Aliyetuzwa |- |Album of the Year |''J.Lo'' |Aliyetuzwa |- |People's Choice for Outstanding Music Video |''Love Don't Cost a Thing'' |{{Won}} |- |Outstanding Female Performer |''Mwenyewe'' |Aliyetuzwa |- |2007 |Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film |''El Cantante'' |Aliyetuzwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Ugly Betty Leads Alma Award Nominations|url=http://www.showbizspy.com/article/113980/ugly-betty-leads-alma-award-nominations.html|work=ShowbizSpy|accessdate=July 22, 2013|date=July 22, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082934/http://www.showbizspy.com/article/113980/ugly-betty-leads-alma-award-nominations.html|archivedate=September 27, 2013|=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082934/http://www.showbizspy.com/article/113980/ugly-betty-leads-alma-award-nominations.html}}</ref></center> |- |rowspan=2|2011 |Favorite Reality, Variety or Comedy Personality Act |''American Idol'' |Aliyetuzwa |rowspan=2|<center><ref>{{cite news|last=Powers|first=Lindsay|title='The Voice's' Christina Aguilera, Selena Gomez Among ALMA Award Nominees|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/alma-voice-christina-aguilera-selena-gomez-216530|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=July 28, 2011}}</ref></center> |- |Favorite Female Music Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |Aliyetuzwa |- |rowspan=3|2012 |Favorite Movie Actress – Comedy or Musical |''What to Expect When You're Expecting'' |Aliyetuzwa |rowspan=3|<center><ref>{{cite news|last=Gratereaux|first=Alexandra|title=2012 NCLR/ ALMA Awards Nominees Include Jennifer Lopez, Pitbull & Selena Gomez|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2012/07/10/2012-nclr-alma-awards-nominees-include-jennifer-lopez-pitbull-selena-gomez/|work=Fox News Latino|publisher=[[Fox News Network]]|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=July 10, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |Favorite Reality, Variety or Comedy Personality Act |''American Idol'' |Aliyetuzwa |- |Favorite Female Music Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |Aliyetuzwa |} === American Music Awards === {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |rowspan=2|2000 |American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist | ''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=2|<center><ref name=2000am>{{cite news|title=American Music Awards nominees|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F89AD578A910E72&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=January 17, 2000}}</ref></center> |- |American Music Award for Favorite Latin Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |- |2002 |Hip-Hop/R&B Female Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees for the 30th annual American Music Awards.|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/73407/2002-american-music-awards-nominees|website=Billboard|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=November 19, 2002}}</ref></center> |- |2003 |Hip-Hop/R&B Female Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=30th American Music Awards|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/amas.htm|publisher=Rockonthenet.com|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=January 13, 2003}}</ref></center> |- |2003 |American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|title=McGraw, Vandross win American Music Awards|newspaper=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]|date=November 17, 2003}}</ref></center> |- |2007 |American Music Award for Favorite Latin Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/19/entertainment/main3519877.shtml |title=American Music Awards – Winners List |publisher=CBS News. CBS Interactive |date=November 19, 2007 |accessdate=March 20, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |2011 |American Music Award for Favorite Latin Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|title=Lady Gaga, Adele Lead American Music Awards Noms|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1672323/american-music-awards-nominees-2011.jhtml|publisher=[[MTV News]]. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=October 11, 2011|archive-date=2012-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051342/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1672323/american-music-awards-nominees-2011.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/465045/amas-2011-taylor-swift-nicki-minaj-win-big-on-ladies-night|title=AMAs 2011: Taylor Swift, Nicki Minaj Win Big on Ladies' Night|date= October 11, 2011|work=Billboard |accessdate=January 22, 2012}}</ref></center> |} ===ARIA Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |2011 |Most Popular International Artist | ''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Nominations Announced |url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=February 28, 2012 |date=October 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016020511/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced |archivedate=October 16, 2011 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016020511/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/news/8/the-countdown-beginsnominations-announced }}</ref></center> |} ===BAMBI Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |2000 |Best International Pop Performance | ''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |title=The Bambi Goes To... |url=http://www.bambi-awards.com/history/past-winners |publisher=Bambi Awards |accessdate=July 2, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Ho3xfiD0?url=http://www.bambi-awards.com/history/past-winners |archivedate=July 2, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926224003/http://www.bambi-awards.com/history/past-winners }}</ref></center> |} ===BMI Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |rowspan=2|2004 |rowspan=2|Award-Winning Song | ''[[Jenny from the Block]]'' |{{Won}} |rowspan=2|<center><ref name="2004b">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=52nd Annual BMI Pop Awards Winners |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=May 22, 2004 |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref></center> |- |''All I Have'' |{{Won}} |} ===Best of Las Vegas Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |2016 |Best Production Show | ''Jennifer Lopez: All I Have'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Best of Las Vegas 2016 Award Winners|url=http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016|website=Best of Las Vegas|publisher=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]], Inc.|accessdate=February 16, 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114035251/http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016|archivedate=November 14, 2016|=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114035251/http://bestoflasvegas.com/winners-2016}}</ref></center> |} ===BET Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |2001 |Video of the Year | ''I'm Real'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=Whitney Houston a Sure Bet Singer Honored with Lifetime Achievement Award|journal=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]|date=June 21, 2001|page=3|publisher=Black Press Ltd.}}</ref></center> |} ===Billboard Awards=== ====Billboard Music Video Awards==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |rowspan=7|1999 |Maximum Vision Award |rowspan=4| ''If You Had My Love'' |{{Won}} |rowspan=7|<center><ref name="BB99">{{cite journal|title=Arts Beat|journal=[[Dallas Morning News]]|date=October 10, 1999|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3DBD25179FD13&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=July 2, 2013|id=0ED3DBD25179FD13|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927033947/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3DBD25179FD13&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |Best Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best New-Artist Video |{{Won}} |- |Best Pop-Clip |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Video |rowspan=2|''Waiting for Tonight'' |Aliteuliwa |- |Best New-Artist Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best New Artist |''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |} ====Billboard Music Awards==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |rowspan=4|2001 |Billboard Music Award for Top Artist |rowspan=4| ''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=4|<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Moss|first1=Cory|title=Alicia Keys, Shaggy Top Billboard Music Awards Nominees|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1451229/alicia-keys-shaggy-top-billboard-music-awards-nominees/|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=September 22, 2017|date=November 28, 2011|archive-date=2015-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123170216/http://www.mtv.com/news/1451229/alicia-keys-shaggy-top-billboard-music-awards-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Billboard Music Award for Top Hot 100 Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Female Hot 100 Singles Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2002 |Female Artist of the Year |''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Alicia Keys, Shaggy Top Billboard Music Awards Nominees|url=http://awardsandwinners.com/category/billboard-music-award/2002/|publisher=awardwinners.com|accessdate=March 21, 2018|year=2002|archive-date=2015-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715201240/http://awardsandwinners.com/category/billboard-music-award/2002/|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |2014 |Billboard Icon Award |''Mwenyewe'' |{{Won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lipshut|first1=Jason|title=Jennifer Lopez's 'A.K.A.' Debut: An Icon Reaches a Crossroads|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6141007/jennifer-lopez-aka-debut-sales-pop-column|accessdate=August 7, 2014|work=Billboard|date=June 30, 2014}}</ref></center> |} ====Billboard Latin Music Awards==== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Year ! style="width:40%;"| Kinachotuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="3"|2000 |rowspan="3"|"No Me Ames" |Hot Latin Track of the Year |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="3"|<center><ref name="billboardawards">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA20&dq=no+me+ames+intitle:billboard#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Catch Some Rising Stars: Artist Showcases Offer a Glimpse Into The Future of Latin Music|last=Lannert|first=John|work=Billboard|volume=112|issue=18|page=16|date=April 29, 2000|accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |Best Vocal Duo |{{won}} |- |Tropical/Salsa Track of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2002 |"Play" |Latin Dance Club Play Track of the Year |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="3"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 Billboard Latin Music Awards|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/75808/2002-billboard-latin-music-awards|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=May 10, 2002}}</ref>}} |- |"Amor Se Paga Con Amor" |Latin Dance Maxi-Single of the Year |{{won}} |- |"I'm Real" |Latin Dance Maxi-Single of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2003 |"Alive" |Best-Selling Latin Dance Single of the Year |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=2003 Billboard Latin Music Award Winners|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/71168/2003-billboard-latin-music-award-winners|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=May 9, 2003}}</ref>}} |- |2004 |"I'm Glad" |Best-Selling Latin Dance Single of the Year |{{won}} | |- |rowspan="4"|2008 |rowspan="2"| ''Como Ama Una Mujer'' |Latin Album of the Year |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="4"| |- |Latin Pop Album of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"| "Que Hiciste" |Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year |{{won}} |- | Female Latin Dance Club Play Track of the Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|2012 |Ven A Bailar |Vocal Event Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="3"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Trivino|first1=Jesus|title=2012 Latin Music Billboard Awards Predictions|url=https://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/2012-latin-music-billboard-awards-predictions?page=1|website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=April 25, 2012|archivedate=2017-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923101153/https://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/2012-latin-music-billboard-awards-predictions?page=1|=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923101153/https://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/2012-latin-music-billboard-awards-predictions?page=1}}</ref>}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Female Songs Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |"Ven A Bailar" |Latin Pop Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2013 |Dance Again World Tour Summer Tour 2012 (pamoja na [[Enrique Iglesias]]) |Tour of the Year |{{won}} |rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Salazar |first=Francisco |url=http://www.latinospost.com/articles/11391/20130206/billboard-latin-music-awards-2013-nominations-unveiled.htm |title=Billboard Latin Music Awards 2013 Nominations Unveiled – Jenni Rivera, Don Omar, Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Prince Royce Among Nominees |work=Latinos Post |date=February 6, 2013 |accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref></center> |- |Jennifer Lopez |Songs Artist of the Year, Female |Aliteuliwa |- |"Follow the Leader" (pamoja na [[Wisin & Yandel]]) |Streaming Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3"|2017 |rowspan="6"|Jennifer Lopez |Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cobo|first1=Leila|title=Nicky Jam Wins Big at Billboard Latin Music Awards: See the Full Winners List|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/latin-awards/7776260/billboard-latin-music-awards-2017-winners-list|website=Billboard|publisher=[[Eldridge Industries]]|accessdate=May 1, 2017|date=April 27, 2017}}</ref></center> |- |Social Artist of the Year |{{won}} |- |Telemundo Star Award |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2018 |Social Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Billboard Latin Music Awards: See the Full Nominations List|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2018-billboard-latin-music-awards-nominations-8098517|website=Billboard|publisher=[[Eldridge Industries]]|accessdate=February 8, 2018}}</ref></center> |- |Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2019 |Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female | |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2019 Billboard Latin Music Awards: See the Full Nominations List|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8497865/ozuna-leads-2019-billboard-latin-music-awards-finalists-complete-list|website=Billboard||accessdate=February 14, 2019}}</ref></center> |- |"Jennifer Lopez: All I Have" |Tour of the Year | |} ====Billboard.com Mid-Year Music Awards==== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 |rowspan="3"|Jennifer Lopez |Best Comeback |{{won}} |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469332/britney-spears-lady-gaga-rule-billboardcoms-2011-mid-year-music-awards |title=Britney Spears, Lady Gaga Rule Billboard.com's 2011 Mid-Year Music Awards |accessdate=June 24, 2013 |work=Billboard |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623105821/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469332/britney-spears-lady-gaga-rule-billboardcoms-2011-mid-year-music-awards |archivedate=June 23, 2013}}</ref>}} |- |Comeback of the Year |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|title=Britney Spears, Adele Rule Billboard.com's Readers Poll 2011|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/464714/britney-spears-adele-rule-billboardcoms-readers-poll-2011|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=January 29, 2012|location=New York City|date=December 15, 2011}}</ref></center> |- |2012 |Sexiest Woman in Music |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Music's Sexiest Man & Woman: Poll Results|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/485392/musics-sexiest-man-woman-poll-results|work=Billboard|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=June 12, 2012}}</ref></center> |} ===Blockbuster Entertainment Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Kilichotuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1998 |''Anaconda'' |Favorite Actress – Action & Adventure |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Nominees Announced|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/blockbuster-entertainment-awards-nominees-announced-77915327.html|website=''[[PR Newswire]]''|publisher=[[UBM plc]]|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=December 17, 1997}}</ref></center> |- |2001 |''The Cell'' |Favorite Actress – Science Fiction |{{won}} | |} ===Bravo Otto=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="2"|2000 |rowspan="4"|Mwenyewe |Female Actress |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"|<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Bravo Otto – Sieger 2000|url=http://www.bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=ottosieger2000.php|publisher=[[Bravo Otto]]|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=August 13, 2001}}</ref></center> |- |Female Singer |Aliteuliwa |- |2001 |rowspan="2"|Female Actress |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Bravo Otto – Sieger 2001|url=http://www.bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=ottosieger2001.php|publisher=Bravo Otto|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=August 12, 2002}}</ref></center> |- |2002 |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Bravo Otto – Sieger 2002|url=http://www.bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=ottosieger2002.php|publisher=Bravo Otto|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=August 12, 2003}}</ref></center> |} ===Brit Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Tuzo !Aliyetuzwa !Matokeo !Marejeo |- |rowspan=3|2000 |Best International Female Artist |rowspan=3|''Mwenyewe'' |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|title=Brits 2000: The winners|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2000/brit_awards/625884.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=September 23, 2017|date=March 3, 2000}}</ref> |- |Best International Breakthrough |Aliteuliwa |- |Best International Newcomer |Aliteuliwa |} ===Empire Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1998 |''Out of Sight'' |Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref name="awards2">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024094617/http://www.hollywoodactress.org/Jennifer-Lopez-Profile.php|archivedate=October 24, 2009|url=http://www.hollywoodactress.org/Jennifer-Lopez-Profile.php |title=Jennifer Lopez Profile, Professional Details, Awards and Achievements |publisher=Hollywood Actress|date=July 24, 1969 |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |} ===E! Hot 50 Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2007 |Herself |Best Non-English Performance |{{won}} | |} ===''Entertainment Tonight''=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |Jennifer Lopez |Icon Award |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chestang|first1=Raphael|title=EXCLUSIVE: Jennifer Lopez Reveals She Only Recently Felt Like She Had 'Made It'|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/176187_exclusive_jennifer_lopez_reveals_she_only_recently_felt_like_she_had_made_it|website=[[ETonline]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> |} ===Golden Globe Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1998 |''Selena'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite journal|title='Titanic' tops Golden Globe picks|journal=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]|date=December 19, 1997|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF7C34D0C8990F4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=July 2, 2013|archive-date=2022-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326040705/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF7C34D0C8990F4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> </center> |} ===Golden Raspberry Award=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2001 |''The Wedding Planner''<br />''Angel Eyes'' |rowspan="2"|Worst Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2002 |''Maid in Manhattan''<br />''Enough'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="2"|2003 |rowspan="2"|''Gigli'' |Worst Screen Couple (pamoja na [[Ben Affleck]]) |{{won}} | |- |rowspan="2"|Worst Actress |{{won}} | |- |2006 |''Monster-In-Law'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2010 |''The Wedding Planner''<br />''Angel Eyes''<br />''Jersey Girl''<br />''Gigli''<br />''Maid in Manhattan''<br />''Monster-In-Law''<br />''Enough'' ||Worst Actress of the Decade |Aliteuliwa | |- |2013 |''What to Expect When You're Expecting'' |Worst Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2016 |''The Boy Next Door'' |Worst Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === Grammy Awards === {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- | 2000 | "Waiting for Tonight" | Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording | Aliteuliwa |<center><ref name=Grammy2000>{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/04/grammy.noms.01/list.html|title=42nd Annual Grammy Awards nominations|publisher=CNN|accessdate=June 25, 2010|date=January 4, 2000| archivedate= October 25, 2009| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091025161040/http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/04/grammy.noms.01/list.html}}</ref></center> |- | 2001 | "Let's Get Loud" | [[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording | Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/|title=43rd Grammy Awards|date=February 21, 2001|accessdate=June 25, 2010|publisher=CNN| archivedate= November 6, 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081106040823/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/}}</ref></center> |} === Guinness World records === {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''J to tha L–O! The Remixes'' |First No. 1 Remix Album on the Billboard 200 |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.famousqt.com/profile.asp?celeb=38 |title=Jennifer Lopez Biography Page |accessdate=September 6, 2006 |work=''FamoustQt.com'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312090217/http://www.famousqt.com/profile.asp?celeb=38 |archivedate=March 12, 2007 }}</ref> |- |2012 |"On the Floor" |Highest Viewed Female Music Video of All Time |{{won}} | |} ===Hollywood Walk of Fame=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |Jennifer Lopez |Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|title=Jennifer Lopez to receive star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2013/06/13/jennifer-lopez-to-receive-star-on-hollywood-walk-fame/|publisher=Fox News Latino|accessdate=June 14, 2013|date=June 13, 2013}}</ref></center> |} ===IFPI Top Sales Music Award, Hong Kong=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |-| style="text-align:center;"| 2001 | ''J.Lo'' | Ten Best Sales Releases, Foreign | {{won}} | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2003 | ''This Is Me... Then'' | Ten Best Sales Releases, Foreign | {{won}} | |} ===iHeartRadio Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2016 |Jennifer Lopez |Best Triple Threat |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.iheart.com/articles/trending-104650/new-iheartradio-music-awards-category-added-14470792/ | title=New iHeartRadio Music Awards Category Added: Biggest Triple Threat | publisher=iHeartMedia, Inc. | date=March 9, 2016 | accessdate=March 9, 2016 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414013251/http://news.iheart.com/articles/trending-104650/new-iheartradio-music-awards-category-added-14470792/ | archivedate=2016-04-14 }}</ref></center> |} ===Imagen Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1998 |''Selena'' |Lasting Image Award |{{won}} |<center><ref name="Notable Caribbeans" /></center> |- | rowspan="2"|2016 | ''Shades of Blue'' | Best Primetime Television Program – Drama | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2"|<center><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imagen.org/2016/07/18/nominations-announced-for-the-31st-annual-imagen-awards/|title=Nominations Announced for the 31st Annual Imagen Awards|website=''Imagen.org''|accessdate=July 21, 2016}}</ref></center> |- | Jennifer Lopez | Best Actress – Television | Aliteuliwa |} ===International Dance Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="2"|2000 |Jennifer Lopez |Best New Dance Artist |{{won}} |rowspan="2"|<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2000 |title=27th Annual International Dance Music Awards&nbsp;– Winter Music Conference 2012 – WMC 2012 |publisher=[[Winter Music Conference]] |accessdate=July 11, 2012 |archivedate=2014-08-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814080436/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2000 }}</ref></center> |- |"Waiting For Tonight" |Best Dance Video |{{won}} |- |2007 |"Control Myself" |Best Rap/Hip Hop Dance Track (pamoja na [[LL Cool J]]) |Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="2"|2012 |rowspan="2"|"On The Floor" (pamoja na [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]) |Best Latin/Reggaeton Track |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"|<center><ref name="12D1">{{cite web |url=http://dancemusic.about.com/od/intldancemusicawards/a/27th-Annual-International-Dance-Music-Awards-Nominees-And-Winners.htm |title=27th Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[About.com]]. [[The New York Times Company]] |date=March 22, 2012 |accessdate=April 13, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622032744/http://dancemusic.about.com/od/intldancemusicawards/a/27th-Annual-International-Dance-Music-Awards-Nominees-And-Winners.htm |archivedate=June 22, 2017 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622032744/http://dancemusic.about.com/od/intldancemusicawards/a/27th-Annual-International-Dance-Music-Awards-Nominees-And-Winners.htm }}</ref><br /><ref name=into>{{cite web|title=27th Annual International Dance Music Awards (Nominations) 2012|url=http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2012|publisher=Winter Music Conference|accessdate=March 1, 2012|archivedate=2017-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302102041/http://wintermusicconference.com/events/idmas/index.php?wmcyear=2012}}</ref></center> |- |Best Commercial/Dance Pop Track<ref name="12D1" /> |Aliteuliwa |} ===Israel Teen Choice Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2001 |rowspan="2"|Jennifer Lopez |International Female Singer |Aliteuliwa | |- |2002 |International Female Singer |{{won}} | |- |2003 |Bennifer |Choice Romance |{{won}} | |} === Latin American Music Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;" |+ |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- | 2015 |"Back It Up" {{small|(pamoja na [[Prince Royce]])}} |Favorite Dance Song |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Oyola|first1=Michelle|title=Latin American Music Awards 2015: How to Vote Online?|url=http://heavy.com/entertainment/2015/09/latin-american-music-awards-2015-how-to-vote-online/|website=[[Heavy.com]]|accessdate=September 8, 2015|date=September 2, 2015|archive-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907225207/http://heavy.com/entertainment/2015/09/latin-american-music-awards-2015-how-to-vote-online/|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- | 2016 |"El Mismo Sol" {{small|(pamoja na [[Alvaro Soler]])}} |Favorite Pop/Rock Song |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref name="billboard">{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7494720/2016-latin-american-music-awards-nominees-nicky-jam-becky-g-banda-ms-juan-gabriel-telemundo | title=Latin American Music Awards 2016 Nominees: Nicky Jam, Becky G, Banda MS & More | work=Prometheus Global Media | date=August 31, 2016 | accessdate=September 1, 2016}}</ref> </center> |- | 2017 |"Olvídame y Pega la Vuelta" {{small|(pamoja na [[Marc Anthony]])}} |Favorite Tropical Song |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Fernandez|first1=Suzette|title=Shakira & Maluma Lead 2017 Latin AMAs Awards Nominations: See Full List|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7968822/2017-latin-amas-awards-nominations-full-list|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017|date=September 19, 2017}}</ref></center> |- |rowspan="2"| 2018 |"Jennifer Lopez: All I Have" |Favorite Tour |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| <center><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8481760/2018-latin-amas-winner-list|title=2018 Latin AMA's Awards Winners: Full List|date=October 25, 2018|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=January 10, 2019|dead-url=|accessdate=October 25, 2018}}</ref></center> |- |Jennifer Lopez |Favorite Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |} === Latin Grammy Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;" |+ |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" |2000 | rowspan="2" |No Me Ames |Best Pop Performance by a Duo/Group with Vocals |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<center><ref name="latingrammy">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jul/08/entertainment/ca-49420|title=The 1st Latin Grammy Nominations – The Full Nominations|date=July 8, 2000|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref></center> |- |Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video |Aliteuliwa |} === Latin Music Italian Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;" |+ |- ! style="width:5%;"|Mwaka ! style="width:45%;" |Kilichotuzwa ! style="width:45%;" | Tuzo ! style="width:10%;" | Matokeo |- | rowspan="4" |2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lmiaofficial.wordpress.com/vincitori/vincitori-2012/ |title=VINCITORI 2012 &#124; LATIN MUSIC ITALIAN AWARDS 2016 |publisher=Lmiaofficial.wordpress.com |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref> | Dance Again ft. [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] |Best Latin Song of The Year |{{won}} |- |Follow the Leader ft. Wisin & Yandel |Best Latin Video of The Year |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez |Best Latin Female Artist of The Year |{{won}} |- |Best Latin Fandom |{{won}} |- | rowspan="9" |2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lmiaofficial.wordpress.com/vincitori/vincitori-2014/ |title=VINCITORI 2014 &#124; LATIN MUSIC ITALIAN AWARDS 2016 |publisher=Lmiaofficial.wordpress.com |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref> |We Are One (Ole Ola) ft. Pitbull & [[Claudia Leitte]] |Best Latin Song of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |I Luh Ya Papi ft. [[French Montana]] |Best Latin Urban Song of The Year |{{won}} |- |Booty pamoja na [[Iggy Azalea]] |Best Latin Female Video of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2" | Adrenalina ft. Wisin & [[Ricky Martin]] |Best Collaboration of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2" | My Favorite Lyrics |Aliteuliwa |- |First Love |Aliteuliwa |- |A.K.A. |Best Latin Female Album of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez |Best Latin Female Artist of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Latin #InstaVip |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="7" |2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lmiaofficial.wordpress.com/vincitori/vincitori-2015/ |title=VINCITORI 2015 &#124; LATIN MUSIC ITALIAN AWARDS 2016 |publisher=Lmiaofficial.wordpress.com |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref> |rowspan="4" |Back It Up ft. Pitbull & [[Prince Royce]] |Best Latin Song of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Latin Male Video of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Latin Collaboration of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Latin Dance of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Best Look |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Latin #InstaVip |Aliteuliwa |- |Artist Saga |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="5" |2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lmiaofficial.wordpress.com/ |title=LATIN MUSIC ITALIAN AWARDS 2016 &#124; PREMIO NAZIONALE PER LA MUSICA LATINOAMERICANA |publisher=Lmiaofficial.wordpress.com |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref> |rowspan="2" |Ain't Your Mama |Best Latin Song of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Latin Female Video of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Best Latin Female Artist of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Artist Saga |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Latin Fandom |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="1" |2017<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://latinmusicoficial.com/2017/11/06/latin-music-italian-awards-2017-le-nomination/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-04-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042311/https://latinmusicoficial.com/2017/11/06/latin-music-italian-awards-2017-le-nomination/ |archivedate=2017-12-01 }}</ref> |rowspan="1" |"Ni Tu Ni Yo" ft. Gente de Zona |Best Latin Female Video of The Year |Aliteuliwa |- |} ===Lone Star Film Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1997 |''Selena'' |Best Actress |{{won}} |<center><ref name="Notable Caribbeans">{{cite book|author1=Serafín Mendez Mendez|author2=Neysa Rodríguez Deyne|author3=Gail Cueto|title=Notable Caribbeans and Caribbean Americans: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/notablecaribbean0000mend|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313314438}}</ref></center> |} ===Los Premios 40 Principales=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2"|2007 | Jennifer Lopez | Mejor Artista (Best Artist) | Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2"| |- | Que Hiciste | Mejor Canción (Best Song) | Aliteuliwa |- ||2011 | On The Floor | Best International Song | Aliteuliwa | |- |2012 | Jennifer Lopez | Best International Spanish Language Artist | Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="3"|2016 | Jennifer Lopez | Best International Artist of the Year | Aliteuliwa |rowspan="3"| |- |rowspan="2"|Ain't Your Mama | Best International Song of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- | International Video of the Year | Aliteuliwa | |} ===MTV Awards=== ==== MTV Movie Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1997 |''Selena'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance |Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="2"|1998 |rowspan="2"|''Out of Sight'' |Best Female Performance |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| |- |MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |rowspan="2"|''The Cell'' |Best Female Performance |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| |- |Best Dressed |{{won}} |- |2015 |''The Boy Next Door'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-S**t Performance |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wickman|first1=Kase|title=Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2095540/mtv-movie-awards-nominations-2015/|website=''[[MTV News]]''|accessdate=March 5, 2015|date=March 4, 2015|archive-date=2015-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412072632/http://www.mtv.com/news/2095540/mtv-movie-awards-nominations-2015/|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |} ==== MTV Video Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan=5|1999 |MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video |rowspan=4|"If You Had My Love" |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=5|<center><ref>{{cite journal|title=Asia Pacific Quarterly|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 7, 1999|volume=111|issue=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54-IA2&dq=jennifer+lopez+if+you+had+my+love&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eucDULK3OcndigfQudmUCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=November 29, 2016|issn=0006-2510}}</ref></center> |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Artist Website | www.jenniferlopez.com |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan=2|2000 |Best Dance Video |rowspan=2|"Waiting for Tonight" |{{Won}} |rowspan=2| |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan=2|2001 |Best Female Video |rowspan=2|"Love Don't Cost a Thing" |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=2|<center><ref>{{cite web|last=D'Angelo|first=Joe|title=Britney Spears To Debut New Single at Video Music Awards|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1446661/britney-debut-new-single-at-vmas.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. MTV Networks|accessdate=February 16, 2013|date=August 15, 2001|archive-date=2012-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107203526/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1446661/britney-debut-new-single-at-vmas.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |- |2002 |MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video |"I'm Real" |{{Won}} | |- |rowspan=4|2003 |Best Female Video |rowspan=4|"I'm Glad" |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=4| |- |Best Dance Video |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Choreography in a Video |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan=4|2005 |Best Dance Video |rowspan=4|"Get Right" |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=4| |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Choreography in a Video |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan=2|2012 |Best Choreography |"Dance Again" |Aliteuliwa |rowspan=2|<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaufman|first1=Gil|title=2012 VMA Nominations: The Complete List|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1690827/video-music-awards-nominees-list-2012/|website=''[[MTV News]]''|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=July 30, 2012|archive-date=2016-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311162922/http://www.mtv.com/news/1690827/video-music-awards-nominees-list-2012/|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Latino Artist |Mwenyewe |Aliteuliwa |- |2013 |Best Choreography |"Live It Up" |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Montgomery|first=James|title=2013 Video Music Award Nominations: Get The Full List!|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1710689/vma-nominations-list-2013.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=July 17, 2013|date=July 17, 2013|archive-date=2013-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718183305/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1710689/vma-nominations-list-2013.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |rowspan=3|2018 |MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration |rowspan=2|"Dinero" |{{won}} |rowspan=3| |- |MTV Video Music Award for Best Latino Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award |Mwenyewe |{{won}} |} ==== MTV Europe Music Awards ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1999 |rowspan="7"|Jennifer Lopez |Breakthrough Artist |Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="2"|2000 |Best Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| |- |Best R&B Artist |{{won}} |- |2001 |Best Female Artist |{{won}} | |- |rowspan="2"|2002 |Best R&B Artist |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Europe Music Awards 2002 Nominations|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74018/mtv-europe-music-awards-2002-nominations|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 22, 2017|date=September 30, 2002}}</ref> |- |Best Female Artist |{{won}} |- |2003 |Best R&B Artist |Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="2"|2011 |"On the Floor" |Best Song |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| |- |Jennifer Lopez |Best Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |} ====MTV Video Music Awards Japan==== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |"Jenny From The Block" |Best Female Music Video |Aliteuliwa | |- |2005 |"Get Right" |Best Female Music Video |Aliteuliwa | |- |2014 |"Live It Up" |Best Collaboration |Aliteuliwa | |} ====MTV Video Play Awards==== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2012 |"On the Floor" <small>(pamoja na [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])</small> |Platinum Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Jessie J, Adele Receive MTV Video Play Awards|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/jessie-j/news/jessie-j-adele-receive-mtv-video-play-awards|website=''[[MTV]]''|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=February 8, 2012|archivedate=2014-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222220948/http://www.mtv.co.uk/jessie-j/news/jessie-j-adele-receive-mtv-video-play-awards}}</ref></center> |- |2013 |"Dance Again" <small>(pamoja na Pitbull)</small> |Platinum Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hart|first1=Tina|title=MTV honours most-played music videos of 2012|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/mtv-honours-most-played-music-videos-of-2012/053570|website=[[Music Week]]|publisher=Dave Roberts|accessdate=February 13, 2015|date=February 13, 2013}}</ref></center> |} ===MiTRL Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2007 |Jennifer Lopez |Chica of the Year (Female of the Year) |Aliteuliwa | |} ===MuchMusic Video Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2011 |Jennifer Lopez |People's Choice: Favorite International |Aliteuliwa | |} ===NAACP Image Award=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''Maid in Manhattan'' |NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |} ===NCLR Bravo Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1995 |''Money Train'' |Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film |Aliteuliwa | |} ===Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2000 |rowspan="5"|Mwenyewe |Favorite New Music Artist |{{won}} | |- |2001 |Favorite Female Movie Star |Aliteuliwa | |- |2002 |Favorite Female Movie Star |{{won}} |- |2003 |Favorite Female Movie Star |Aliteuliwa | |- |2004 |Favorite Female Singer |Aliteuliwa | |- |2016 |Home |Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie |Aliteuliwa | |} ===NRJ Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |Jennifer Lopez |International Female Artist of the Year |{{won}} | |- |2003 |JenniferLopez.com |Music Website of the Year |{{won}} | |} ===People's Choice Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |''On the 6'' |Favorite Female Musical Performer |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| |- |''The Cell'' |Favorite Motion Picture Actress |Aliteuliwa |- |2002 |''J.Lo'' |Favorite Female Musical Performer |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|date=December 10, 2002|page=28}}</ref></center> |- |2005 |Mwenyewe |Best Smile |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2005 |title=People's Choice Awards 2005 Nominees |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |2011 |rowspan="3"|''American Idol'' |rowspan="2"|Choice Competition TV Show |{{won}} |rowspan="2"|<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2011 |title=People's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63UOErYYD?url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/mtvmusicawards/2011-08-26-video-music-award-winners-list_n.htm |archivedate=November 26, 2011 |df= }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012 |title=People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175611/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012 |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |df= }}</ref></center> |- |2012 |{{won}} |- |rowspan="4"|2013 |Favorite Celebrity Judge |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="4"|<center><ref name="2013People">{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/nominations/vote.jsp?pollId=120033 |title=Nominate your favorites for People's Choice Awards 2013 |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |accessdate=October 28, 2012}}</ref></center> |- |rowspan="2"|''Dance Again... the Hits'' |Favorite Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Favorite Pop Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |''"Dance Again"'' |Favorite Music Video |Aliteuliwa |- |2015 |''A.K.A.'' |Favorite Pop Artist |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2015: The winner's list|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/01/07/peoples-choice-awards-2015-the-winners-list|website=Entertainment Weekly's EW.com|accessdate=November 19, 2016|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626173259/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/01/07/peoples-choice-awards-2015-the-winners-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|2016 |rowspan="2"|''The Boy Next Door'' |Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2016|title=2016 Nominees & Winners|work=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=October 3, 2015}}</ref> |- |Favorite Thriller Movie |Aliteuliwa |- |2017 |''Shades of Blue'' |Favorite TV Crime Drama Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2017: Full List of Nominees|url=http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/11/15/peoples-choice-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees/|website=People's Choice|accessdate=November 19, 2016|date=November 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063137/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/11/15/peoples-choice-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees/|archivedate=2016-11-17|=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063137/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/11/15/peoples-choice-awards-2017-full-list-of-nominees/}}</ref> |} ===Premios MTV Latinoamérica/MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2007 |Jennifer Lopez |MTV Tr3́s Viewer's Choice Award – Best Pop Artist |Aliteuliwa | |} ===Premios Oye!=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2007 |Jennifer Lopez |Pop Español: Solista Femenina |Aliteuliwa | |} ===Premios Juventud=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2"|2004 | rowspan="16"|Jennifer Lopez | Quiero Vestir como Ella (She's Got Style) | {{won}} | rowspan="2"| |- | En la Mira del Paparazzi (Paparazzi's Favorite Target) | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2"|2005 | Actriz que se Roba la Pantalla (She Steals the Show) for ''Shall We Dance?'' | {{won}} | rowspan="2"| |- | Actriz que se Roba la Pantalla (She Steals the Show) for ''Monster-In-Law'' | {{won}} |- | 2006 | Actriz que se Roba la Pantalla (She Steals the Show) for ''An Unfinished Life'' | Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="3"|2007 | Quiero Vestir Como Ella (She's Got Style) | {{won}} | rowspan="3"| |- | En La Mira Del Paparazzi (Paparazzi's Favorite Target) | Aliteuliwa |- | Chica Que Me Quita El Sueno (Girl of My Dreams) | {{won}} |- | rowspan="4"|2008 | Quiero Vestir como Ella (She's Got Style) | {{won}} | rowspan="4"| |- | Chica que me Quita el Sueno (Girl of My Dreams) | {{won}} |- | En la Mira del Paparazzi (Paparazzi's Favorite Target – solo) | {{won}} |- | Actriz que se Roba la Pantalla (She Steals the Show) for ''[[El Cantante]]'' | Aliteuliwa |- | 2009 | Quiero Vestir Como Ella (She's Got Style) | {{won}} | |- | rowspan="2"|2013 |World Icon Award |{{won}} | rowspan="2"|<center><ref>{{cite news | url=http://voces.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/premios-juventud-2013-jennifer-lopez-canta-premio_n_3576301.html | work=HuffPost | title=Jennifer Lopez y Marc Anthony en 'Premios Juventud' | date=July 10, 2013 | first=Mandy | last=Fridmann | accessdate=2019-04-06 | archivedate=2015-09-13 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913011949/http://voces.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/premios-juventud-2013-jennifer-lopez-canta-premio_n_3576301.html }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latintimes.com/articles/6494/20130718/premios-juventud-2013-winners-list-ganadores-who-won.htm |title=Premios Juventud 2013 Winners List: Who Won? |date=July 18, 2013 |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref></center> |- |Favorite Actress |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2"|2015 | Actriz que se Roba la Pantalla (She Steals the Show) for ''[[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]]'' | {{won}} |rowspan="2"| <center><ref name="valdez1">{{cite news| url=http://www.latintimes.com/premios-juventud-2015-winners-list-luis-coronel-enrique-iglesias-take-most-awards-330119 | work=Latin Times | title=Premios Juventud 2015 Winners List: Luis Coronel, Enrique Iglesias Take Most Awards! | date=July 17, 2015 | first=Maria | last=Valdez}}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="1"|The Boy Next Door | Pantalla Más Padre (Favorite Movie) [[The Boy Next Door (film)|The Boy Next Door]] | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2"|2016 |[[Back It Up (Prince Royce song)|Back It Up]] ft. [[Prince Royce]] & Pitbull |La Combinación Perfecta | Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| <center><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud/premios-juventud-2016-lista-completa-de-ganadores| title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa| accessdate=2019-04-06| archive-date=2017-05-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507065939/http://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud/premios-juventud-2016-lista-completa-de-ganadores| url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |- |Jennifer Lopez |Mi Tuitero Favorito | Aliteuliwa |- |} === Premios TU Mundo === {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="2"|2012 |[[Follow the Leader (Wisin & Yandel song)|Follow the Leader]] |Best Musical Video |{{won}} |rowspan="2"| |- |Jennifer Lopez | Favorite Latino in Hollywood | {{won}} |} ===Premio Lo Nuestro=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="3"|2000 |Jennifer Lopez & [[Marc Anthony]] |Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Group or Duo of the Year |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Rejea habari | last = Anchea | first = Maximo | title = El 5 de mayo entregan Premio Lo Nuestro a Musica Latina en Miami | language = Spanish | newspaper = [[The Jersey Journal|El Nuevo Hudson]] | date = April 27, 2000 | publisher =[[Advance Publications]] | subscription = yes}}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|Jennifer Lopez |Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Female Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|Lo Nuestro Award for Pop New Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2008 |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.terra.com/musica/noticias/todos_los_ganadores_premios_lo_nuestro/oci256730 |title=Todos los ganadores Premios Lo Nuestro |work=[[Terra Networks]] |publisher=[[Telefónica]] |date=February 22, 2008 |accessdate=September 27, 2013 |language=Spanish |archivedate=2017-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703082401/http://www.terra.com/musica/noticias/todos_los_ganadores_premios_lo_nuestro/oci256730 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="3"|2015 |rowspan="3"|"Adrenalina" <small>(pamoja na [[Wisin]] & [[Ricky Martin]])</small> |Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Song of the Year |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.peopleenespanol.com/article/premio-lo-nuestro-2015-la-lista-completa-de-nominados-univision-enrique-iglesias |title=Premio Lo Nuestro 2015: La lista completa de nominados |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=December 2, 2014 |accessdate=December 2, 2014 |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- |Lo Nuestro Award for Collaboration of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |Lo Nuestro Award for Video of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2019 |Jennifer Lopez |Social Media Artist| |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8492724/premio-lo-nuestro-vote-social-artist-year|title=Social Media Artist 2019|last=Premio Lo Nuestros|website=Billboard|dead-url=}}</ref> |} ===Ritmo Latino Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1999 |Jennifer Lopez |New Artist of the Year |{{won}} | |} ===Record of the Year=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2011 |"On The Floor' |Record of the Year |Aliteuliwa | |} ===Saturn Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |1997 |''Anaconda'' |Saturn Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2001 |''The Cell'' |Saturn Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} ===Soul Train Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2000 |''On The 6'' |Best R&B/Soul Album, Female |Aliteuliwa | |} ===Streemy Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2018 |''Fear BOX Challenge '' (with David Dobrik) |Best Performance – Collaboration |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.streamys.org/2018/10/winners-announced-for-the-8th-annual-streamy-awards/ |title=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/8th-annual-nominees/ |accessdate=2019-04-06 |archivedate=2020-12-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205093525/https://www.streamys.org/2018/10/winners-announced-for-the-8th-annual-streamy-awards/ }}</ref> |} ===Teen Choice Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! !Tuzo !Filamu !Matokeo !Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" |1999 |"If You Had My Love" |Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Summer Song |{{won}} | rowspan="2" | |- | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Breakout Artist|Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |Teen Choice Award for Choice Female Hottie|Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Female Artist|Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="6" |2001 |"Play" |Best Dance Track |{{won}} | rowspan="6" | |- | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez |Female Hottie Award |{{won}} |- |Female Artist|Aliteuliwa|- |''The Wedding Planner'' |Choice Chemistry |Aliteuliwa |- |"Love Don't Cost a Thing" |Choice Music Single |Aliteuliwa |- |"J.Lo" |Choice Music Album|Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="6" |2002 | rowspan="2" |Jennifer Lopez |Female Artist |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="6" | |- |Female Hottie Awards|Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="3" |"Ain't It Funny" {{small|(pamoja na [[Ja Rule]] & [[Caddillac Tah]])}} |Choice Music Hook-Up|Aliteuliwa |- |Choice Music Single|Aliteuliwa |- |Best R&B/Hip-Hop/Rap Single |{{won}} |- |Jennifer Lopez – ''Enough'' ''(Slim Hiller)'' |Choice Actress in a Drama/Action or Adventure Film |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="12" |2003 | rowspan="3" |''Maid in Manhattan'' (Jennifer Lopez ''kama Marisa Ventura'') |Choice Movie Actress – Comedy |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="12" | |- |Choice Movie Liar |Aliteuliwa |- |Choice Movie Lip-Lock ''(pamoja na [[Ralph Fiennes]])'' |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" |"All I Have" {{small|(pamoja na [[LL Cool J]])}} |Choice Music Single |Aliteuliwa |- |Choice Music Hook-Up|Aliteuliwa |- |"I'm Glad" |Choice Love Song |Aliteuliwa |- |''This Is Me... Then'' |Choice Music Album |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="6" |Jennifer Lopez |Choice Hip Hop R&B Artist |{{won}} |- |Choice Crossover Artist (Music/Acting) |Aliteuliwa |- |Choice Fashion Icon |{{won}} |- |Female Artist|Aliteuliwa |- |Female Hottie Award|Aliteuliwa |- |2004 |Female Artist|Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="7" |2005 | rowspan="2" |"Get Right" |Choice R&B/Hip-Hop Track |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="6" | |- |Choice Party Starter |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="3" |''Monster-In-Law'' ''(kama Charline Cantilini)'' |Choice Chemistry {{small|(pamoja na [[Jane Fonda]])}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Movie Actress in a Comedy Film |Aliteuliwa |- |Choice Comedy Actress|Aliteuliwa |- |''Shall We Dance?'' |Choice Dance Scene {{small|(pamoja na [[Richard Gere]])}} |Aliteuliwa |- |Jennifer Lopez |Choice Red-Carpet Fashion Icon (Female)|Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="2"|2010 |rowspan="2"|''The Back-Up Plan'' |Best Romantic Comedy Actress |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| |- | Best Romantic Comedy |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|2011 |rowspan="2"|Jennifer Lopez |Choice Red Carpet Fashion Icon (Female) |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"| |- |Television Personality {{small|(kwenye ''[[American Idol]]'')}} |{{won}} |- | rowspan="7" |2012 | rowspan="2" |''What to Expect When You're Expecting'' |Choice Actress |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="7" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=John |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685440/teen-choice-awards-nominations.jhtml |title='Vampire Diaries,' Justin Bieber Lead Teen Choice Award Nominations – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc. |date=May 18, 2012 |accessdate=October 25, 2012 |archive-date=2012-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522045043/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1685440/teen-choice-awards-nominations.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |- |Choice Comedy Actress|Aliteuliwa |- |"Dance Again" {{small|(pamoja na [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} |Choice Music Single – Female |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="3" |Jennifer Lopez |Choice Female Artist |Aliteuliwa |- |Choice Fashion Icon: Female |Aliteuliwa |- |Choice Summer Female Artist|Aliteuliwa |- |''American Idol -'' Jennifer Lopez |Female TV Personality |{{won}} |- |2013 |''The Fosters'' |Choice TV Breakout Show |{{won}} | |- |2014 |''American Idol -'' Jennifer Lopez |Female TV Personality|Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan="2"|2016 |''Shades of Blue'' |Choice TV: Drama |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="2"|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2016/05/24/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-full-list-tv-nominees/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016: CW Dramas, Pretty Little Liars Lead Early Noms|accessdate=May 24, 2016}}</ref>}} |- |Jennifer Lopez |Choice TV Actress: Drama |Aliteuliwa |- |2018 |"Dinero" |Choice Latin Song |Aliteuliwa |{{center|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2018/6/22/selena-gomez-and-cardi-b-lead-second-wave-of-teen-choice-awa.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-04-06 |archivedate=2018-06-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220726/http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2018/6/22/selena-gomez-and-cardi-b-lead-second-wave-of-teen-choice-awa.html }}</ref>}} |- |} ===Top of the Pops Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2001 |Jennifer Lopez |Top of the Pops award for "Artist on Top of the World" |{{won}} | |} ===TMF Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="2"|2001 |rowspan="4"|Jennifer Lopez |Best International Female Artist |{{won}} |rowspan="2"| |- |Best Zangeres (Best Singer) |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|2002 |Best International Female Artist |{{won}} |rowspan="2"| |- |Best Zangeres (Best Singer) |{{won}} |} === VH1 Awards === {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"|Marejeo |- |2011 |200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons |<center>15th</center> |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons Complete Ranked List|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-200-greatest-pop-culture-icons-complete-ranked-list-70807437.html|agency=PR Newswire|accessdate=June 30, 2013}}</ref></center> |- |rowspan="2"|2012 |100 Greatest Women in Music |<center>10th</center> |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Graham |first=Mark |url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |title=The 100 Greatest Women in Music |publisher=VH1. [[Viacom International Inc.]] |date=February 13, 2012 |accessdate=June 14, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65vGgxvII?url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/ |archivedate=March 4, 2012 |df= }}</ref></center> |- |50 Greatest Women of the Video Era |<center>21st</center> |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=50 Greatest Women of the Video Era |url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/episode.jhtml?episodeID=66355 |publisher=VH1. Viacom International Inc. |accessdate=July 2, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061423/http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/episode.jhtml?episodeID=66355 |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |df= }}</ref></center> |- |2013 |100 Sexiest Artists |<center>4th</center> |<center><ref>{{cite web|first=Bené |last=Viera |url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2013-03-05/vh1-100-sexiest-artists-complete-list/97/ |title=VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists |publisher=VH1. Viacom International Inc. |date=March 5, 2013 |accessdate=June 14, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185653/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2013-03-05/vh1-100-sexiest-artists-complete-list/97/ |archivedate=September 27, 2013 |df= }}</ref></center> |} ===Virgin Media Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2012 |"[[I'm into You]]" pamoja na [[Lil Wayne]] |Best Collaboration |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mediacentre.virginmedia.com/Stories/Lady-Gaga-beats-new-Grammy-record-holder-Adele-to-sweep-the-board-in-the-Virgin-Media-Music-Awards-236b.aspx |title=Lady Gaga beats new Grammy record holder Adele to sweep the board in the Virgin Media Music Awards |publisher=Vigin Media Centre |date=February 16, 2012 |accessdate=April 6, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105421/http://mediacentre.virginmedia.com/Stories/Lady-Gaga-beats-new-Grammy-record-holder-Adele-to-sweep-the-board-in-the-Virgin-Media-Music-Awards-236b.aspx |archivedate=2012-03-26 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105421/http://mediacentre.virginmedia.com/Stories/Lady-Gaga-beats-new-Grammy-record-holder-Adele-to-sweep-the-board-in-the-Virgin-Media-Music-Awards-236b.aspx }}</ref></center> |} ===World Music Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |rowspan="4"|Mwenyewe |World's Best-Selling Latin Female Artist |{{won}} | |- |2005 |World's Best-Selling Pop Female Artist |Aliteuliwa | |- |2007 |World's Best-Selling Latin Female Artist |Aliteuliwa | |- |2010 |World Music Award For Outstanding Contribution to the Arts |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldmusicawards.com/index2.html |title=World Music Awards 2010 |publisher=World Music Awards |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918163352/http://www.worldmusicawards.com/index2.html |archivedate=September 18, 2009 |df= }}</ref></center> |- | rowspan="7"|2014 | rowspan="3" | Jennifer Lopez | World's Best Female Artist | Aliteuliwa || |- | Worlds Best Live Act |- | Worlds Best Entertainer of the Year |- | rowspan="2"|"I Luh Ya Papi" | Worlds Best Song |- | Worlds Best Video |- | rowspan="2"|"Live It Up" {{small|(pamoja na [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]])}} | Worlds Best Song |- | Worlds Best Video |} ===You Choice Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="4"|2011 |rowspan="2"|"On The Floor" |Club Song |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="4"| |- |Best Duet |Aliteuliwa |- |rowspan="2"|"I'm into You" |Best Ballad/Love Song |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Choreography |Aliteuliwa |} ===ACE Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aliyetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2006 |Mwenyewe |ACE Fashion Icon of the Year |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=L'Oreal Paris Announces Jennifer Lopez as the Newest Global Brand Ambassador|url=http://www.sys-con.com/node/1638182|work=Sys-Con Media|publisher=Ulitzer, Inc.|accessdate=July 2, 2013|date=December 6, 2010|archive-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406123720/http://www.sys-con.com/node/1638182|url-status=dead}}</ref></center> |} ===VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- | 1999 | rowspan="3"|Jennifer Lopez |Most Fashionable Female Artist |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|title=VH1/Vogue dole out fashion awards|url=http://www.cnn.com/1999/STYLE/fashion/12/06/vh1.vogue/index.html|website=''[[CNN.com]]''|publisher=Cable News Network|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=December 6, 1999|archivedate=2015-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214062408/http://www.cnn.com/1999/STYLE/fashion/12/06/vh1.vogue/index.html}}</ref></center> |- | 2000 |Versace Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vh1vogue-fashion-awards-to-present-versace-award-to-actress-singer-jennifer-lopez-when-gala-special-is-presented-live-friday-october-20-at-900-1100-pm-etpt-74801232.html |title='VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards' to Present Versace Award to Actress-Singer Jennifer Lopez When Gala Special Is Presented Live Friday, October 20 at 9:00–11:00 P.M. (ET/PT) |location=New York |agency=PR Newswire |accessdate=March 20, 2012}}</ref></center> |- | 2002 |Most Influential Artist |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|title=Winners Unveiled at The 2002 'VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards'|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/winners-unveiled-at-the-2002-vh1vogue-fashion-awards-76274087.html|website=''[[PR Newswire]]''|publisher=[[UBM plc]]|accessdate=February 14, 2015|date=October 15, 2002}}</ref></center> |} === American Telemedicine Association (ATA) Humanitarian Award === {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Kinachotuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |Lopez Family Foundation |American Telemedicine Association Humanitarian Award |{{won}} | |} ===AmFAR Award=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Aina ya tuzo ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |Humanitarian Work in Relation to UNICEF |amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fashionweekdaily.com/the-fix/article/josh-wood |title=Josh Wood: The Mind Behind amfAR's Inspiration Gala &#124; Daily Front Row |publisher=Fashionweekdaily.com |date=June 13, 2013 |accessdate=June 14, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102002130/http://www.fashionweekdaily.com/the-fix/article/josh-wood |archivedate=2013-11-02 }}</ref> |} ===Amnesty International Award=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Kinachotuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2007 |''Bordertown'' |Artist for Amnesty International |{{won}} |<ref name="Amnesty">{{Rejea kitabu|first = Robert|last = C. Cottrell|title = Icons of American Popular Culture: From P.T. Barnum to Jennifer Lopez|url = https://archive.org/details/iconsofamericanp0000cott|publisher = [[M.E. Sharpe, Inc.]]|location = New York|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0-7656-2298-3|ref = harv }}</ref> |} ===Celebrity Fight Night Award=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |Jennifer Lopez |Celebrity Fight Night Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.looktothestars.org/news/9657-jennifer-lopez-to-perform-at-celebrity-fight-night-xix-for-charity |title=Jennifer Lopez To Perform at Celebrity Fight Night XIX For Charity |publisher=Look to the Stars |date=February 4, 2013 |accessdate=February 8, 2013 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008142946/https://www.looktothestars.org/news/9657-jennifer-lopez-to-perform-at-celebrity-fight-night-xix-for-charity |url-status=dead }}</ref></center> |} ===Crystal/ Lucy Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2006 |Jennifer Lopez |Crystal Award for Charity Work |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite news|last=Keck |first=William |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-06-07-jlo-crystal_x.htm |title=J. Lo gets love from Women in Film |publisher=''[[USA Today]]''. [[Gannett Company]], Inc.|date=June 7, 2006 |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref></center> |} ===GLAAD Media Award=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2014 |Jennifer Lopez |GLAAD Vanguard Award |{{won}} |<ref name="GlAAD Vanguard">{{cite web|last=Adam|first=Seth|title=Jennifer Lopez to be honored at #glaadawards in Los Angeles|url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/jennifer-lopez-be-honored-glaadawards-los-angeles|publisher=Glaad.org|accessdate=April 5, 2014|date=March 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085802/http://www.glaad.org/blog/jennifer-lopez-be-honored-glaadawards-los-angeles|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ===Human Rights Campaign=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |Jennifer Lopez |Ally for Equality Award |{{won}} |<ref name="HRC">{{cite web|last1=Chasmer|first1=Jessica|title=Jennifer Lopez: Singer-actress to receive Human Rights Campaign award|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/22/human-rights-campaign-honor-jennifer-lopez/|website=[[The Washington Times]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017|date=September 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HRC to Honor Jennifer Lopez with Ally for Equality Award at 2013 National Dinner|url=http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/hrc-to-honor-jennifer-lopez-with-ally-for-equality-award-at-2013-national-d|work=HRC Blog|publisher=Human Rights Campaign|accessdate=September 25, 2013|date=September 20, 2013|archivedate=2013-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143143/http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/hrc-to-honor-jennifer-lopez-with-ally-for-equality-award-at-2013-national-d|=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143143/http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/hrc-to-honor-jennifer-lopez-with-ally-for-equality-award-at-2013-national-d}}</ref> |} ===Unesco=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Kinachotuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2012 |Lopez Family Foundation |UNESCO Award for Charitable Contributions |{{won}} |<ref>{{cite web|last=Lopez |first=Lynda |url=https://twitter.com/LyndaLopez08/status/262267682341130240 |title=LyndaLopez08: Heading home after Unesco event |publisher=Twitter |date=October 27, 2012 |accessdate=October 28, 2012}}{{Primary source inline|date=March 2019}}</ref> |} ===Radio Disney Hero Award=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Kinachotuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2015 |Philanthropic work in the U.S. and around the world |Radio Disney Hero Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/2015-radio-disney-music-awards-jennifer-lopez-hero/story?id=30625481 |title=2015 Radio Disney Music Awards: Jennifer Lopez Gets Hero Award |publisher=ABC News |date=April 27, 2015 |accessdate=November 27, 2016}}</ref> </center> |} ===Empire Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"|Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |Herself |Sexiest Female Movie Star |Aliteuliwa |<center><ref name="awards2"/></center> |} ===''People'' Magazine Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2014 | Jennifer Lopez |Triple Threat Award |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan |first=Julie |url=http://people.com/awards/jennifer-lopez-at-the-people-magazine-awards-wins-triple-threat-award/ |title=PEOPLE Magazine Awards: Jennifer Lopez Wins Triple Threat Award |publisher=''People''. Time Inc. |date=December 18, 2014 |accessdate=November 27, 2016}}</ref></center> |} ===FiFi Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |rowspan="2"|Jennifer Lopez |rowspan="2"|Celebrity Fragrance Star of the Year |{{won}} | |- |2003 |{{won}} | |} ===Glamour Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |2011 |Jennifer Lopez |Glamour Woman of the Year |{{won}} |<center><ref>{{cite web|last=Fonda |first=Jane |url=http://www.glamour.com/women-of-the-year/2011/jennifer-lopez |title=Jennifer Lopez: The All-Star |publisher=''Glamour''. [[Condé Nast Publications]] |date=October 27, 2011 |accessdate=March 20, 2012}}</ref></center> |} ===Shorty Awards=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;" |- ! width=5%|Mwaka ! style="width:40%;"| Anayetuzwa ! style="width:45%;"| Tuzo ! style="width:10%;"| Matokeo ! style="width:5%;"| Marejeo |- |rowspan="4"|2011 |rowspan="4"|Mwenyewe |Celebrity |Aliteuliwa |rowspan="4"|<center><ref>{{cite web |url=http://shortyawards.com/JLo |title=Jennifer Lopez was nominated for a Shorty Award |publisher=[[Shorty Awards]] |date=March 26, 2012 |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122032635/http://shortyawards.com/JLo |archivedate=2012-01-22 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122032635/http://shortyawards.com/JLo }}</ref></center> |- |Music |ALiteuliwa |- |Actress |Aliteuliwa |- |Singer |Aliteuliwa |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://twitter.com/jlo Jennifer Lopez official Twitter] * [http://www.facebook.com/JenniferLopezOfficial Jennifer Lopez official Facebook] * [http://www.jenniferlopezonline.com/default.aspx Jennifer Lopez Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jenniferlopezonline.com/default.aspx |date=20121105215924 }} * [http://www.lyrics.az/jennifer-lopez/ Jennifer Lopez song lyrics] * [http://www.myspace.com/jenniferlopez Jennifer Lopez Myspace] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez, Jennifer}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:New York City]] 2qnxtxfy11slso545jbnbz8t53yoflc 0 33556 1599534 1523030 2026-09-23T18:32:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{viungo vyekundu}} {{TOC right}} Hii ni '''orodha ya vyuo vikuu nchini Uhindi.''' [[Uhindi]] ina [[vyuo vikuu]] binafsi na vya umma ambavyo vimesaidiwa na [[Serikali ya India]] na [[serikali]] ya [[majimbo]]. Mbali navyo kuna vyuo binafsi na mashiriki mbalimbali vilivyopo. Vingi vya vyuo vikuu vilivyorodheshwa kama vyuo vikuu bora Asia kusini viko katika [[Uhindi]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=S_Asia |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-14 |archivedate=2010-03-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105401/http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=S_Asia }}</ref> == Vyuo Vikuu == === [[Andhra Pradesh]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Andhra, Visakhapatnam]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dravidian, Kuppam]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Ranga Acharya NG: Andhra]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Pradesh]], [[Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dr BR Ambedkar: Andhra Pradesh Open University, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Acharya Nagarjuna, Guntur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kiingereza na Lugha za kigeni, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kiteknologia cha Teknisk Jawaharlal Nehru , Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Usanifu na Sanaa cha Jawaharlal Nehru, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kakatiya, Warangal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha KL, Vijayawada.]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kitaifa cha Maulana Azad Kiurdu, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Osmania, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitelugu Potti Sreeramulu, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sri Venkateswara, Tirupati]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sri Krishnadevaraya, Anantapur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sri Sathya Sai, Puttaparthi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]] * [[Taasisi ya Kimataifa la Ujumbe na Teknolojia, Hyderabad]] * [[Taasisi ya India la Teknolojia Hyderabad, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rajiv Gandhi - Taasisi ya kimataifa la Ujumbe na Teknolojia, Kadapa]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rajiv Gandhi - Taasisi ya kimataifa la Ujumbe na Teknolojia, Basra]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rajiv Gandhi - Taasisi ya kimataifa la Ujumbe na Teknolojia, Nuzvid]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha GITAM, Visakhapatnam]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha ICFAI, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sheria cha NALSAR, Hyderabad]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Warangal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Afya cha NTR, Vijayawada]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Krishna, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yogi Vemana, Kadapa]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Telangana, Nizamabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mahatma Gandhi, Nalgonda]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya ya Wanyama cha Sri Venkateswara, Tirupati]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Shatavahana, Karimnagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Qurram, Hyderabad]] 111 * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknisk Jawaharlal Nehru, Kakinada]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknisk Jawaharlal Nehru, Kadapa]] * Chuo Kikuu cha Adikavi Nannaya, [[Rajamundhry]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Teknologia ya fashini, Hyderabad]] * [[Taasisi ya Teknolojia na Sayansi ya Birla, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rayalaseema, Kurnool]] * [[Rahtriya Kisanskriti Vidyapeeth]] Tirupati === [[Arunachal Pradesh]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rajiv Gandhi: Arunachal Kikuu]] === [[Assam]] === * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia Guwahati, Guwahati]] * [[Kikuu cha Assam Chuo, Silchar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Guwahati, Gauhati]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tezpur, Tezpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo Assam, Jorhat]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dibrugarh, Dibrugarh]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Silchar]] === [[Bihar]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bhupendra Narayan Mandal Madhepura]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha BR Ambedkar Bihar, Muzzafarpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nalanda, Patna]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia, Patna]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Patna]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jaiprakash, Chhapra]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Magadh, Gaya]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur, Bhagalpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Patna, Patna]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lalit Narayan Mithila, Darbhanga]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Teknolojia ya Fashini, Patna]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Elimu ya Madawa na Utafiti, Hajipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kitaifa cha Sheria, Patna]] * [[Taasisi ya sayansi ya dawa ya Indira Gandhi, Patna]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Rajendra, Pusa]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kisanskriti Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga, Darbhanga]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nanhe Kunwar Singh, Arrah]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bihar, Patna]] === [[Chandigarh]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Panjab, Chandigarh]] === [[Chhattisgarh]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pandit Ravishankar Shukla, Raipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sheria cha Hidayatullah National, Raipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Indira Gandhi, Raipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kushabhau Thakre Patrakarita Avam Jansanchar, Raipur]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Raipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Kitaaluma, Bhilai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Guru Ghasidas, Bilaspur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Indira Kala Sangeet, Khairagarh]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pandit Sundarlal Sharma, Bilaspur]] === [[Delhi]] === * [[Taasisi ya Sayansi ya Utabibu ya kihindi]] (AIIMS), [[Delhi]] * [[Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Ambedkar, Delhi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Guru Indraprastha Gobind Singh, Delhi]] * [[Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Habari ya Indraprastha, Delhi]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia Delhi, Delhi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kitaifa cha Indira Gandhi, Delhi]] * [[Jamia Hamdard, Delhi]] * [[Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jawaharlal Nehru, Delhi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teri, Delhi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Delhi, Delhi]] * [[Shule ya Mipango na Usanifu, Delhi]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Teknolojia ya Fashini, Delhi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Delhi, Delhi]] === [[Gujarat]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dharmsinh Desai, Nadiad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha of Baroda cha Maharaja Sayajirao]] (MSUniversity), [[Vadodara]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Gujarat, Ahmedabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia Nirma, Ahmedabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bhavnagar, Bhavnagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sardar Patel, Vallabh Vidyanagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nanhe Narmad Gujarat Kusini, Surat]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Saurashtra, Rajkot]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ganpat, Mehsana]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Gujarat Hemchandracharya Kaskazini, Patan]] * [[Taasisi of Usimamizi ya India, Ahmedabad]] * [[Taasisi ya Ujumbe na Teknolojia ya Mawasiliano (DAIICT) Ambani Dhirubhai, Gandhinagar]] * [[UCET Chuo cha Uhandisi naamp; Teknolojia, Gandhinagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha ITUS, KOSAMBA]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad.]] === [[Himachal Pradesh]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Himachal Pradesh, Shimla]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chitkara]], [[Barotiwala, Dist.]][[Solan]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chaudhary Sarwan Singh Kilimo, Palampur, Distt. - Kangra]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha bustani cha Dk, Ys Parmar, Nauni, Solan]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ujumbe na Teknolojia cha Jaypee, Waknaghat, Solan]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia.]] [[Hamirpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Eternal, Baru Sahib, Distt.]] [[Sirmore]] === [[Haryana]] === [Guru Jambheshwar Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia]], [Hisar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana, Hisar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Maharishi Dayanand, Rohtak]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chuadhary Devi Lal, Sirsa]] * * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Naattile]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Naattile, Naattile]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Maharishi Markandeshwar, Ambala]] === [[Jammu na Kashmir]] === * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Srinagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jammu, Jammu]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kashmir, Srinagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia, Pulwama]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah Rajouri]] * [[Sher-e-Kashmir Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Kilimo na Teknolojia ya Jammu, Jammu]] * [[Sher-e-Kashmir Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Kilimo na Teknolojia ya Kashmir, Srinagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Shri Mata Vaishno Devi, Katra]] === [[Jharkhand]] === * [[Birla Taasisi of Teknolojia, Mesra, Ranchi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo Birsa, Ranchi]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Jamshedpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Shule ya India ya madini, Dhanbad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ranchi, Ranchi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sidhhu Kanhu, Dumka]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vinoba Bhave, Hazaribagh]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nilamber Pitamber, Medininagar]] === [[Karnataka]] === * [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru]] na [[Mysuru]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bangalore, Bengaluru]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kristo, Bangalore]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Gulbarga, Gulbarga]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Usimamizi ya Bangalore, Bengaluru]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Sayansi, Bengaluru]] * [[Taasisi ya Takwimu ya India, Bengaluru]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jain, Bangalore]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kikannada, Hampi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Karnatak, Dharwad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Kilimo, Dharwad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Karnataka, Mysore]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya ya wanyama, utumishi wa wanyama na samaki, Bidar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kuvempu, Shimoga]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mangalore, Mangalore]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Manipal, Manipal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mysore]], * [[Kituo cha Taifa cha Biolojia, Bengaluru]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Fashini Teknolojia, Bengaluru]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Afya ya Akili, Bengaluru]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia Karnataka, Surathkal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Taifa cha Sheria cha Shule ya Uhindi, Bengaluru]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha KLE, Belagavi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Afya cha Rajiv Gandhi, Bengaluru]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tumkur, Tumkur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Visvesvaraya teknisk, Belagavi]] === [[Kerala]] === * [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Calicut, Calicut]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia Cochin, Kochi]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Usimamizi Kozhikode]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ya anga, Thiruvananthapuram]] * [[IISER Thiruvananthapuram]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Kerala, Thrissur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kerala, Trivandrum]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mahatma Gandhi, Kottayam]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kannur, Kannur]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Calicut]] * [[Taasisi ya Sayansi ya Utabibu na Teknolojia Chitra Sree Thirunal, Thiruvananthapuram]] === [[Madhya Pradesh]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Barkatullah, Bhopal]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Usimamizi ya Indore, Indore]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia Indore, Indore]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Madhya Pradesh Bhoj, Bhopal]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Sayansi ya Elimu na Utafiti Bhopal, Bhopal]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Kubuni ya Bhopal, Bhopal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Taifa cha Uandishi cha Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Bhopal]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia ya Maulana Azad, Bhopal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Taasisi ya Taifa ya Sheria, Bhopal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaaluma cha Rajiv Gandhi, Bhopal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Devi Ahilya, Indore]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rani Durgavati, Jabalpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dr Hari Singh Gour, Sagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vikram, Ujjain]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kisanskriti Maharshi Panini, Ujjain]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Jawaharlal Nehru, Jabalpur]] * [[PDPM - Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia ya Kubuni, Habari na Viwanda, Jabalpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Utabibu cha Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia, Gwalior]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Raja Mansingh Amar Halisi, Gwalior]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jiwaji, Gwalior]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Laxmibai ya Elimu ya Mwili, Gwalior]] * [[ABV - Taasisi ya India ya Ujumbe Teknolojia naamp; Usimamizi, Gwalior]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vedic Yogi Maharishi Arjun, Katni]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday, Chitrakoot]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Awadhesh Pratap Singh, Rewa]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kikabila na Kitaifa cha Indira Gandhi, Amarkantak]] === [[Maharashtra]] === * [[Taasisi ya kemikali na Teknolojia (Chuo Kikuu cha Deemed), Mumbai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kiteknologia cha Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, Lonere]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sant Gadge Baba Amravati, Amravati]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada, Aurangabad]] * [[Dnyaneshwar Vidyapeeth, Pune]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia Bombay]], [[Mumbai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur: Nagpur University, Nagpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Maharashtra kaskazini, Jalgaon]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Shivaji, Kolhapur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wanawake cha Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey, Mumbai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada, Nanded]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mumbai, Mumbai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha of Pune, Pune]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra, Nasik]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha NMIMS, Mumbai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kimataifa cha Symbiosis, Pune]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sant Gadgebaba Amravati: Chuo Kikuu cha Amravati, Amravati]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia ya Visvesvaraya, Nagpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kilimo cha Marathwada, Parbhani]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kilimo cha Deshmukh Panjabrao, Akola]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha KilimoMahatma Phule, Rahuri]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya wanyama na uvuvi cha Maharashtra, Nagpur]] <ref> www.mafsu.in</ref> * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kilimo cha Konkan, Dapoli]] * [[Taasisi ya sayansi ya kijamii ya Tata, Mumbai]] * [[Taasisi ya kimataifa ya Sayansi ya Watu, Mumbai]] * [[Tilak Maharastra vidyapeeth, Pune]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Solapur, Solapur]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Usimamizi, Mumbai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pravara, Pravaranagar]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Fashini Teknolojia, Mumbai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Afya cha Maharashtra, Nashik]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kisanskriti cha Kavikulaguru Kalidas, Ramtek]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bharti VidyaPeeth, Pune]] === [[Manipur]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kati cha Kilimo, Imphal]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Manipur, Imphal]] === [[Meghalaya]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha North Eastern Hill, Shillong]] === [[Mizoram]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mizoram, Nagaland]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha ICFAI, Nagaland]] === [[Orissa]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Berhampur, Berhampur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Biju Patnaik, Rourkela]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mohan Fakir, Balasore]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia, Bhubaneswar]] * [[Taasisi ya kimataifa ya Ujumbe na Teknolojia, Bhubaneswar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha KIIT, Bhubaneswar]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Rourkela]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Sheria-Orissa, Cuttack]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Orissa kaskazini, Baripada]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo na Teknolojia cha Orissa, Bhubaneswar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ravenshaw, Cuttack]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sambalpur, Sambalpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Siksha O Anusandhan, Chuo Kikuu cha BhubaneswarDeemed]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Utkal, Bhubaneswar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Utamaduni Utkal, Bhubaneswar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vedanta, Puri-Konark]] (Föreslagna) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Veer Surendra Sai, Chuo Kikuu cha BurlaDeemded]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kisanskriti cha Jagannath Shri, Puri]] * [[chuo kikuu cha MPC]], [Takhatpur], [Baripada] (mapendekezo) * [[chuo kikuu cha Sri Sri]], [Cuttack] === [[Pondicherry]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pondicherry, Pondicherry]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Saradha Kariakkal]] === [[Punjab]] === * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia ya BR Ambedkar, Jalandhar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Afya cha Baba Farid, Faridkot]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kati cha Punjab, Bathinda]] * [[Taasisi ya Uhandisi naamp; Usimamizi ya Desh Bhagat, Moga (DBIEM)]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Wanyama ya Guru Angad Dev, Ludhiana]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Guru Nanak Dev, Amritsar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lovely Professional, Jalandhar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo Punjab, Ludhiana]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaaluma cha Punjab, Jalandhar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Punjabi, Patiala]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Thapar, Patiala]] * [[IIT, Ropar]] === [[Rajasthan]] === * [[Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Habari ya LNM, Jaipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Maharshi Dayanand Dharmapala, Ajmer]] * [[Taasisi ya Teknolojia na Sayansi ya Birla, Rajastan]] * Chuo Kikuu cha Suresh Sharma [[Gyanvihar]], [[Jaipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kisanskriti cha Rajasthan, Jaipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha IASE, Sardarshahr]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jai Narain Vyas, Jodhpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mohanlal Sukhadia, Udaipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Rajasthan, Bikaner]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bikaner, Bikaner]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Taifa cha Sheria, Jodhpur, Jodhpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaaluma cha Rajasthan, Kota]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vardhaman Mahaveer, Kota]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia ya Malaviya, Jaipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rajasthan Ayurved, Jodhpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rajasthan Kisanskriti, Jaipur]] === [[Tamil Nadu]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Alagappa, Karaikudi]] * [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi ) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Anna, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Anna, Coimbatore]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Anna, Tiruchirappalli]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Anna, Tirunelveli]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Annamalai, Annamalai Nagar]] (Seni Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Avinashilingam, Coimbatore]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bharat, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bharathiar, Coimbatore]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bharathidasan, Tiruchirappalli]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Taasisi ya Hisabati ya Chennai, Siruseri]] * [[Taasisi ya Gandhigram]], Serikali Kuu [[Dindigul]] (Kikuu) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Hindustan, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kalasalingam, Krishnankovil]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Karunya, Coimbatore]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Madurai Kamaraj, Madurai]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Manonmaniam Sundaranar, Tirunelveli]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha wanawake cha Mama Teresa, Kodaikanal]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Thiruchirapalli]] (Chuo kikuu cha serikali) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu cha Noorul, kumarakovil, kanyakumari]] (chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Periyar, Salem]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Periyar Maniammai, Vallam, Thanjavur]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sathyabama, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha SASTRA, Thirumalaisamudiram, Thanjavur]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo na Taasisi ya Utafiti ya Utabibu ya Sri Ramachandra, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha SRM, Kanchipuram]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo cha Uhandisi cha SRR]] (jeppiar-rohit uaminifu) [http://www.srrenggcollege.in ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.srrenggcollege.in/ |date=20181214165721 }} * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tamil, Thanjavur]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sheria cha Tamil Nadu Dr Ambedkar, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Utabibu cha Tamil Nadu Dr Mgr, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tamil Nadu, Chennai]] (Serikali Kikuu) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya wanyama ya Tamil Nadu, Chennai]] (Serikali Kikuu) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Elimu na Michezo cha Tamil Nadu, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tamil, Chennai]] (State Best Kikuu) * [[Taasisi ya Sayansi ya Hisabati, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia, Chennai]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Thiruvalluvar, Vellore]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Madras, Chennai]] (Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Utafiti cha Shirika la Vinayaka, Salem]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Việt, Vellore]] (Chuo Kikuu binafsi) === [[Tripura]] === * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Agartala]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tripura, Tripura]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha ICFAI, Tripura]] === [[Uttar Pradesh]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Amity]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Allahabad, Allahabad]] * [[Taasisi ya Kilimo ya Allahabad, Chuo Kikuu cha Allahabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu cha Aligarh, Aligarh]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha kihindi cha Chembada, Varanasi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lucknow, Lucknow]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar, Lucknow]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bundelkhand, Jhansi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo na Teknolojia cha Chandra Shekhar Azad, Kanpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chhatrapati Sahu Ji Maharaj, Chuo Kikuu cha Kanpur, Kanpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chaudhary Charan Singh, Meerut University, Meerut]] * [[Taasisi ya Elimu ya Dayalbagh, Agra]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar, Chuo Kikuu cha Agra, Agra]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh, Faizabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Sheria ya Taifa, Lucknow]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Ujumbe na Teknolojia, Allahabad]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia ya Motilal Nehru, Allahabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha SRM, Modinagar]] * [[Taasisi ya Usimamizi ya India ya Lucknow, Lucknow]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Integral, Lucknow]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia Kanpur, Kanpur]] * [[Taasisi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia ya Habari ya Jaypee, Noida]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya utafiti wa afya ya wanyama, Bareilly]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha MJP Rohilkhand, Bareilly]] * [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Purvanchal, Jaunpur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Uttar Rajarshi Tandon, Allahabad]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kisanskriti cha Sampurnanand, Varanasi]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaaluma cha Uttar, Lucknow]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Shobhit, Meerut]] === [[Uttarakhand]] === * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Gurukul Kangri, Haridwar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo na Teknolojia cha Govind Ballabh Pant, Pantnagar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal, Garhwal]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia ya Roorkee, Roorkee]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kumaun, Nainital]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha ICFAI, Dehradun]] === [[West Bengal]] === * [[Shirika la Kiasia]] [http://www.asiaticsocietycal.com/ ] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Aliah]] * [[Taasisi ya Bose]] [http://www.boseinst.ernet.in/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boseinst.ernet.in/ |date=20120326081331 }} * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Uhandisi na Sayansi cha Bengal, Shibpur]] * [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya, Haringhata, Nadia]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Gour banga, Malda]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya biolojia ya kemikali, Kolkata]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Usimamizi ya Calcutta, Joka]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Teknolojia, Kharagpur, Medinipur]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Takwimu, Kolkata]] * [[Shirika la India la uendelezaji wa Sayansi]] * [[Taasisi ya India ya Elimu ya Sayansi na Utafiti, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jadavpur, Kolkata]] * [[Taasisi ya uhandisi wa bahari na Utafiti]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Fashini Teknolojia, Kolkata]] * [[Taasisi ya kitaifa ya Teknolojia, Durgapur]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya kipindupindu na Magonjwa]] * [[Taasisi ya Taifa ya Homoeopathia]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Netaji Subhas, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rabindra Bharati, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ramakrishna Vivekananda, Belur, Bengal Magharibi]] * [[Seneti ya Chuo cha Serampore (Chuo Kikuu), Serampore, Wilaya ya Hooghly]] * [[Taasisi ya Saha ya fizikia ya kinyuklia]] [http://www.saha.ac.in/cs/www/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saha.ac.in/cs/www/ |date=20090917144217 }} * [[Shirika la Kitaifa la SN bose la Sayansi za kawaida]] [http://www.bose.res.in/ ] * [[Taasisi ya Satyajit Ray ya filamu na televisheni]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Burdwan, Bardhaman]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Calcutta, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha North Bengal, Siliguri]] * [[Uttar banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, COOCH Behar]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vidyasagar, Medinipur]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Visva Bharati, Santiniketan]] * [[Shirika la Nishati]] [http://www.veccal.ernet.in ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.veccal.ernet.in/ |date=20080917185100 }} * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bengal magharibi, Barasat]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi za Sheria cha Bengal Magharibi, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Wanyama na Uvuvi cha Bengal Magharibi, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Afya cha Bengal Magharibi, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo Kikuu cha cha Teknolojia cha Bengal Magharibi, Kolkata]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu cha Calcutta]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu na Hospitali ya Ratan nil Sarkar]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu cha RGKar]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu cha Taifa]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu cha SSKM]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu wa meno cha R. Ahmed]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu cha Bankura Sammilani]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu cha Bengal kaskazini]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu na Hospitali ya Midnapore]] * [[Chuo cha Utabibu wa Hari]] * [[Shule ya Sayansi ya Utabibu na Teknolojia]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Asia topic|Orodha ya vyuo vikuu nchini}} [[Jamii:Elimu ya Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Uhindi|!]] [[Jamii:Orodha ya vyuo vikuu|Uhindi]] iv96kj6nzw0dznwrcgxn0wzqzzevgtv 0 33600 1599466 1290852 2026-09-23T18:20:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:John Githongo 2015 Allard Prize ceremony.jpg|thumb|John Githongo Mnamo mwaka 2015]] '''John Githongo''' (alizaliwa mwaka wa [[1965]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa zamani wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alichunguza vitendo vilivyohusiana na rushwa na udanganyifu katika nchi yake ya nyumbani, chini ya rais [[Mwai Kibaki]],na baadaye alichukua nafasi rasmi za kiserikali kupambana na [[rushwa.]] Mwaka wa 2005 aliacha nafasi hiyo, na baadaye kuwakashifu mawaziri kwa udanganyifu wao. Baba yake aliyeitwa Joe Githongo alikuwa na kampuni ya uhasibu, ambapo Rais [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alikuwa mmoja wa wateja wake <ref name="traitor"> The EastAfrican, 14 Februari 2009: 'Traitor' who stayed true to Kenya</ref> John Githongo lienda shule ya kifahari ya [[St Mary's School]] mjini Nairobi. Alisomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]] na kufuzu katika miaka ya tisini <ref name="traitor"/> Pia alisomea uchumi na Falsafa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wales]] kabla ya kurudi nyumbani Kenya. Kwa muda mfupi alifanya kazi kazi kama msimamizi mshauri na mtafiti kabla ya kuhamia katika uandishi <ref name="weforum.org"> Profile of John Githongo at World Economic Forum</ref> Katika jukumu hili aliandika sana gazeti la [[EastAfrican]] lililokuwa mjini Nairobi akishambuli ufisadi nchini Kenya chini ya utawala wa [[Moi.]] ==SAREAT== Katika mwaka wa 1998, Kikundi kisicho cha kiserikali cha mwanasayansi wa kisiasa Mutahi Ngunyi kilichojulikana kama - 'Series for Alternative Research in East Africa' (SAREAT) Kilishirikisha John Githongo kuhariri jarida la kikana kuhusu siasa na uchumi, madadala ya ya gazeti la Afrika mashariki. Jarida hilo lilimalizika baada ya ukaguzi ulioashiriwa na shirikisho lililoongoza kwa msaada litwalo[[Ford Foundation]] na kupatikana kuwa kuna mambo yaliyokuwa si halali upande wa Ngunyi, ambaye alikuwa mkurugenzi mkuu wa SAREAT na Dk [[Jonathan Moyo]], ambaye alikuwa afisa wa programu katika Ford Foundation shughuli za kukipatia raslimali kikundi hiki kisicho cha serikali. Wao wana wawili wamekuwa sued na suala bado ni mahakamani. Inajulikana kuwa shirikisho la Ford limekubali wito wa Githongo kuwa shahidi wa mashtaka katika kesi. Katika mwaka wa 1999, Githongo alianzisha na kuendeleza sura ya Kenya katika uwazi wa kimataifa, Shirika lisilo la kiserikali la kupambana na rushwa na ammekuwa akifanya kazi katika shirika hili kwa muda <ref name="weforum.org" /> ==Kwazo la Anglo Leasing== Januari mwaka wa 2003 aliteuliwa na nafasi ya Katibu Mkuu wa Utawala Bora na Maadili na rais Kibaki, kwa harakati zake za kupambana na ufisadi. Alijiuzulu katika nafasi yake tarehe 7 Februari 2005 <ref> BBC News: Kenya's anti-graft czar resigns</ref> bila sababu, ingawa iliripotiwa kuwa liona kuwa serkali haikujitolea kukomezufisadi na pia alikuwa alipokea vitisho vya kifo <ref> BBC News: Kenya graft fighter 'threatened'</ref> Kama matokeo ya kujiuzulu kwake, misaada ya kimataifa kwa Kenya ilisimamishwa. Bado anabakia kusisitiza kwa nguvu dhidi ya ufisadi. Tarehe 22 Januari mwaka wa 2006, Githongo alimtaja Makamu wa Rais [[Moody Awori]] kama mmoja wa wanasiasa wa wanne (wakiwa na [[Kiraitu Murungi]], aliyekuwa waziri wa haki na sasa waziri wa nishati; [[Mwiraria Daudi]] waziri wa fedha na waziri wa zamani wa usafiri [[Chris Murungaru)]] kama waliohusika katika kashfa iliyokuwa na thamani ya dola milioni 600 - inajulikana kama [[kashfa]] ya [[Anglo Leasing]]. Pia alidai kuwa Rais Kibaki alikuwa makosa katika jambo hilo. Kashfa hii ilihusu tuzo la mkataba uliopewa kampuni ya Anglo-leasing - ambayo ni kampuni haikuwepo. Githongo alidai kuwa fedha zingeweza kusaidia serikali katia kampeni. Madai haya yalikanushwa na Awori na Murungaru na uchunguzi ukaahidiwa<ref> BBC News: Graft claims rock Kenyan cabinet</ref> ==Uhamishoni== Githongo alihamia [[Uingereza]] baada ya kudai kwamba kumekuwa na vitisho dhidi ya maisha yake <ref> BBC News: Kenya 'safe' for anti-graft czar</ref> lakini anafikiria kurejea Kenya kutoa ushahidi katika kamati ya ufisadi<ref> BBC News: Kenya campaigner 'could return'</ref> Alichukua cheo katika chuo cha [[Oxford]] (Memba Washirikisha Mkuu wa chuo cha [[St Antony's]]). Imebainika hivi karibuni kwamba yeye alichukua cheo kingine kama Visiting Fellow wa kituo cha utafiti wa maendeleo ya kimataifa iliyoko huko Ottawa. Katika mahojiano na [[Fergal Keane]] wa kipindi cha [[BBC]] cha [[Newsnight]] tarehe 8 Februari 2006, Githongo alieleza kuwa ana ushahidi iliyoandikwa mkandani ambayo inathibitisha kuwa [[Kiraitu Murungi]] alijaribu kuzuia uchunguzi wake <ref> BBC News: 'Taped evidence' in Kenya scandal (includes 3.3Meg PDF of Githongo's dossier - a blockbuster)</ref><ref> BBC News: Githongo reassured after meeting</ref> Murungi alipendekeza kuwa mkopo wa shilingi milioni 30 kwa baba yake kupitia wakili aliyeitwa A. H. Malik ulikuwa umenunuliwa na [[Anura Pereira]], na angeweza kusamehewa kwa 'kwenda polepole' uchunguzi wa Anglo leasing. Anabainisha kwamba mwishoni mwa uchunguzi wake, yeye alifikia hitimisho ya kwamba kashfa ya Anglo leasing ilihusisha hata viongozi wakubwa, na hivyo kuhatarisha maisha yake. Anglo leasing, na kashfa nyingine zilizofanana, zilisemekana na baadhi ya watu kuwa yalikuwa fedha za kimagendo za kulipia ugombeaji wa NARC katika uchaguzi wa 2007. Huko Uingereza, Githongo kwa siku mbili alitoa ushahidi katika tume ya wabunge wa Kenya ambao walikuwa wakichunguza kashfa hio. Pande zote mbili zilikuwa chanya kuhusu matokeo ya mikutano.<ref>[[BBC News:]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4707424.stm Githongo kuhakikishiwa baada ya mkutano]</ref> ==Angalia pia== * [[Ufisadi nchini Kenya]] * [[Mwai Kibaki]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/print/news.php?articleid=36293 A British spy or whistle-blower] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/print/news.php?articleid=36293 |date=20071007114448 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4697612.stm A fearless Kenyan whistle-blower] * [http://www.kabissa.org/news/githongo_joins_board.html January 2006: John Githongo Joins Kabissa Board of Directors] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kabissa.org/news/githongo_joins_board.html |date=20061119142046 }} * [http://www.newstatesman.com/200602060018 New Statesman profile of John Githongo, 2006] * [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/1c4e2482-a6c0-11db-83e4-0000779e2340.html Financial Times profile of John Githongo, 2007] * [http://www.mentalacrobatics.com/think/archives/2006/01/john_githongo_s.php Kenyan blog the latest on John Githongo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mentalacrobatics.com/think/archives/2006/01/john_githongo_s.php |date=20070223060648 }} * [http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/clips/Mwiraria-Githongo.php Audio and transcript of incriminating remarks by David Mwiraria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/clips/Mwiraria-Githongo.php |date=20070809080247 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Githongo, John}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kenya]] 1g5bvptqjfqh53hmz87sxw259mrk6ar 0 33679 1599467 1181495 2026-09-23T18:21:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Symptoms-diarrhea-nonbloody.jpg|thumb|Ugonjwa wa kuhara]] {{Infobox Disease | Name = | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|03|9|a|00}}, {{ICD10|A|06|0|a|00}}, {{ICD10|A|07|9|a|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|004}}, {{ICD9|007.9}}, {{ICD9|009.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D004403 | }} '''Ugonjwa wa kuhara''' (uliojulikana kama '''kuhara damu ''' au '''kuharisha damu )''' ni [[maradhi]] yanayotokana na machafuko ya [[ini]] na hasa [[matumbo]] ambayo inasababisha [[kuhara]] ambapo kuna [[kamasi]] na / au [[damu]] katika [[kinyesi]]. Bila kutibiwa ugonjwa huu unaweza kusababisha [[kifo]]. == Dalili na matatizo == [[Dalili]] ya ugonjwa huu ni kuhara na mara nyingine [[kutapika]] damu. Kiasi cha kinyesi, na kuwepo wa kamasi na / au damu inategemea [[vimelea]] ambavyo vinasababisha ugonjwa huo. Mara matibabu yanapoanza, kukula kunapendekezwa, Epuka [[vyakula]] vyenye [[sukari]] kwa muda kuepuka [[kutovumilia kwa sukati]] ambao kunaweza kuendelea kwa miaka. <ref name="pmid359524">{{cite journal |author=DuPont HL |title=Interventions in diarrhoeas of infants and young children |journal=J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. |volume=173 |issue=5 Pt 2 |pages=649–53 |year=1978 |pmid=359524 |doi=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid2664748">{{cite journal |author=DeWitt TG |title=Acute diarrhoea in children |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6–13 |year=1989 |pmid=2664748| doi = 10.1542/pir.11-1-6}}</ref> == Sababu == Ugonjwa wa kuhara unasababishwa na [[bakteria]], [[protozoa]], [[vimelea]] au [[minyoo]] <ref> The American Heritage Dictionary wa lugha ya Kiingereza, 4th Edition</ref> lakini pia unaweza kusababishwa na [[kemikali]] au [[virusi]]. <ref> Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3rd Edition</ref> [[Asili]] mbili za ugonjwa huu ni [[bacillus]] wa [[kundi]] la [[Shigella]] na maambukizi kutokana na [[amiba]] [[Entamoeba histolytica]] <ref> Electronic Columbia Encyclopedia</ref> Wakati unasababishwa na bacillus unaitwa [[bacillary kuhara damu]], na wakati unasababishwa na amoeba unaitwa [[amoebic kuhara]]. == Tiba == Kuhara mwanzoni kunatibiwa na kuhakikisha kiwango cha maji kiko sawa kwa kutumia[[tiba ya maji.]] Ikiwa matibabu hayo hayawezi kutosha kutokana na kutapika au kuharisha sana, kulazwa hospitalini kuna manufaa ili [[]]kuwekwa maji mwilini. Kusema ukweli, hakuna tiba ya microbial inafaa kabla ya utafit timamu. Wakati huduma za maabara hazipatikani, inaweza kuwa muhimu kusimamia mchanganyiko wa madawa, ikiwa pamoja na dawa za amoebicidal ili kuua [[vimelea]] na [[Viuavijasumu]] kutibu [[maambukizi]] ya bakteria. Mtu yeyote anayehara damu anafaa matibabu ya haraka. Matibabu mara nyingi huanza na ufumbuzi wa simulizi maji - maji yakichanganywa na chumvi na wanga - ili kuzuia kupungua maji mwilini. ( uduma za dharura mara kwa mara kusambaza pakiti ambazo si ghali sukari na chumvi za madini ambazo zinaweza zinachanganywa na maji safi na kutumika katika kurudisha kiwango cha maji muhimum wilini kwa wato walioadhiriwa na kuhara.) Kama shigella imehutumiwa, daktari anaweza kupendekeza kuachilia ni mkondo huo kuendelea - kwa kawaida chini ya wiki. Mgonjwa utashauriwa kuchukua kurejesha maji yanayopotea anapohara. Kama shigella ni kali, daktari anaweza kuagiza viua, kama ciprofloxacin au TMP-SMX (Bactrim). Bahati mbaya,Matatizo ya shigella imekuwa sugu kwa viua vya kawaida, na mara nyingi dawa fanisi ni chahe katika nchi zinazoendelwea. Ikiwa lazima, daktari anaweza kuwa na akiba ya viua kwa wale walio katika hatari kubwa ya kifo, ikiwa ni pamoja na watoto wadogo, watu zaidi ya 50, na mtu yeyote anayesumbuliwa na kupungua maji mwilini au utapiamlo. Ugonjwa wa kuhara wa amoeba unataka kuvamiwa mara mbili. Matibabu yanapaswa kuanza na kozi ya siku 10-kwa kutumia madawa ya antimicrobial yaitwayo metronidazole (Flagyl). Kumaliza vimelea, daktari anaweza kuagiza kozi ya diloxanide furoate (inapatikana tu katika vituo vya kujihami na kudhibiti kwa maradhi), paromomycin (Humatin), au iodoquinol (Yodoxin). == Angalia Pia == * [[Gastroenteritisi]] * [[Kuharisha kwa msafiri]] * [[Magonjwa ya Taifa Hotel]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} {{Protozoal diseases}} {{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}} {{Digestive system diseases}} [[Jamii:Maradhi ya kuambukiza]] [[Jamii:Magonjwa ya bakteria]] 6q6xooohsqc34mg3uqf70t4jccz10zm 0 33731 1599468 1511792 2026-09-23T18:21:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Enugu.jpg|thumb|250px|View of Enugu]][[Picha:Locator Map Enugu-Nigeria.png|thumb|250px|Location of Enugu nchini Nigeria]] '''Enugu''' (au '''Enugwu)''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[jimbo la Enugu]], [[Nigeria]]. Ina wakazi 2.388.862 (makisio ya [[2007]]). Kwa kiasi kikubwa Watu wa Enugu wametoka katika [[kabila]] la [[Waigbo]], moja ya makabila matatu makubwa nchini Nigeria. Jina Enugu linatokana na maneno mawili ''ENU'' Igbo ''Ugwu,'' au "juu ya kilima." Alama ya mji huu ni ''kilele daima Kiburi.'' == Historia na siasa == Hapo wali Enugu ilikuwa mji mkuu wa [[Mkoa]] wa [[Mashariki]] wakati Nigeria ilipopata uhuru mwaka wa [[1960]]. Tarehe 27 Mei [[1967]], serikali ya Nigeria iligawanya mikoa hii tatu katika majimbo 12. Mkoa wa Mashariki ulivunjwa na Enugu ilifanywa mji mkuu wa [[Jimbo Kuu ya Mashariki.]] Tarehe 30 Mei [[1967]], ilitangazwa kama mji mkuu wa taifa ya [[wa Jamhuri]] ya [[Biafra;]] tarehe [[28 Septemba 1967]], wakati Enugu ilitekwa na askari wa Nigeria,mji mkuu wa Biafran ulihamia [[Umuahia.]] Mwishoni mwa [[Vita vya Nigeria]] mwaka wa [[1970]], Enugu tena ikawa mji mkuu wa Jimbo Kuu ya Mashariki. Tarehe 3 Februari [[1976]], Jimbo Kuu Mashariki lilivunjwa katika majimbo mawili mapya [[Anambra na IMO{/ 0}]]. Enugu ikawa mji mkuu wa jimbo la [[Anambra]]. Mwaka wa [[1991]], udikteta wa kijeshi wa [[Ibrahim Babangida]] uligawanya jimbo la Anambra katika majimbo mawili mapya, [[jimbo la Enugu]] na jimbo la Anambra. Enugu ilibakia kama mji mkuu wa jimbo lipya la Enugu, wakati huo [[Awka]] ikawa mji mkuu wa Anambra. Wazawa kuu ya mji huu ni [[Ogui Nike]] ambao wanaishi katika maeneo yanayozunguka Hotel Rais na Obiagu na Ama-Igbo maeneo, kama vile Onu-Ihewuzi na maeneo ya Asata. Vikundi vingine ni pamoja na [[watu wa Awkunanaw]] ambao wanaishi hasa katika eneo la Achara na maeneo ya Uwani; watu wa Enugwu [[Ngwo]], ambao wanaishi juu ya vilima na mashamba yao yameenea kote bonde. Ugunduzi wa makaa ya mawe katika ardhi yao ilisababisha kuongezeka kwa makazi katika viini vya milima na wakazi walivyoongezeka, mji ulipanika katika maeneo mengine. Mji huu uliitwa Enugwu [[Ngwo]] kabla ya kubadilishwa na kuitwa Enugu. Wakazi wa Nike hasa huishi katika Abakpa, Iji-Nike, na Emene maeneo ya mji mkuu wa jimbo. == Elimu na mawasiliano == Enugu ina taasisi ya elimu ya juu tatu: [[Chuo Kikuu cha Enugu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia]] kwa kiingereza(ESUT); [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria]], Kampasi ya Enugu na Taasisi ya Usimamizi na teknolojia. Pia baadhi ya boasts bora sekondari nchini, hasa [[wa Chuo Imakulata Nyimbo]], unajumuisha Comprehensive shule ya Sekondari (mmoja wa shule ya sekondari hand mpana katika nchi) [[ya Muungano]] na [[Serikali ya Chuo]] Kikuu sekondari. Miongoni mwa vituo vya [[televisheni]] na [[redio]] vya mji huu ni [[Televisheni ya Mamlaka]] ya [[Nigeria]](NTA Enugu), [[Televisheni ya Enugu ya Huduma za Taarifa]] (ESBS-TV), [[Shirikisho la Radio la Nigeria]] (FRCN) [[(Radio Enugu)]], na [[Cosmo FM 93,5]] (Kituo cha radio kinachodaiwa kumilikiwa na gavana wa zamani wa jimbo wa jimbo hilo). Hoteli mashuhuri katika mji huo ni pamoja na [[Presidential Hotel, Enugu, Zodiac Hotels, Enugu, Modotel Enugu]], na [[Nike Resort Resort Hotel.]] [[Uwanja]] mkuu ni, [[Uwanja wa Nnamdi Azikiwe ]], ina uwezo wa 25,000 na mafarakano ya kwanza ya timu katika ligi kitaaluma,ambao ni [[Enugu Rangers.]] == Jiografia == Mji wa Enugu inajumuisha maeneo kadhaa, miongoni mwa ambayo ni [[Abakpa Nike, Trans Ekulu, Emene, Eneo lililohifadhiwa serkali]] au gra, [[Bonde la Iva , Ogui, Coal Camp, Uwani, Akwunanaw, Eneo la Uhuru, Timber Shed]] Maryland, [[eneo lipya la Ogui]], [[Obiagu, Artesan, New Haven, City Layout, Achara Layout, Golf Estate, Ebeano Estate, Chica Linda Estate]], na [[Uwgu Eron.]] Mitaa mikuu ya Enugu ni [[Okpara Avenue]] (ambapo matawi mengi ya benki kuu yako), [[Kiron Avenue, Barabara ya Ogui , Zik Avenue,Barabara ya Agbani ,Barabara Abakpa Nike ,Barabara Abakaliki, Airport Road,Barabara Emene , Presidential Road]], na [[Rangers Avenue.]] == Uchumi == Kwa jina ya utani eneo hili linajulikana kama '''"the Coal City"''' katika miaka ya [[1900]], Enugu ilikuwa kituo kuu cha[[madini]] ya [[makaa ya mawe]] kilichozinduliwa na [[Albert Ernest Kitson]] katika Udi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.loyokezie.com/tag/badagry-golf-course/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707173752/http://www.loyokezie.com/tag/badagry-golf-course/ |archivedate=2011-07-07 }}</ref> Kampuni ya makaa ya Nigeria imekuwa mjini Enugu tangu ianzishwe mwaka wa 1950. Vita ya Biafran vilileta uharibifu ambao ulilazimishwa kupunguka kwa kutengeneza kwa makaa ya mawe kutoka hasara au uharibifu wa vifaa. [1] ingawa makaa ya mawe si tena chanzo kikuu cha mapato, ni kiasi kidogo sana kinachosafirishwa kusini kwa reli hadi Bahari la Harcourt kwa ajili ya kuuza nje. Uchumi wa mji huu mpana unaendeshwa na uuzaji, biashara, na viwanda vidogovidogo. Wengi wa watu wa Enugu huuza bidhaa njiani au katika moja la masoko za Enugu. Baadhi ya masoko maarufu zaidi katika Enugu ni soko la Ogbete, Soko la Artisan, na Nsoko lipya. Masoko haya huuza vyakula vya kawaida, mazao, mavazi, na vilevile mapambo. == Usafiri == Enugu iko karibu na reli kuu inayotoka [[Bahari la Harcourt.]] Kiwanja kikuu cha ndege katika jimbo hili ni [[Uwanja wa kimataifa wa Akanu Ibiam .]] Msingi wa usafiri ni kwa mabasi na teksi hivi juzi kwa okada, ambayo ni pikipiki. == Kilimo == Mkoa wa Mashariki wa zamani uliwahi kuwa na sifa kwa uzalisha nusu ya pato jumla ya dunia ya mitende kerneli. Tangu [[Vita vya Biafran ]], uzalishaji ulipungua, zaidi kwa sababu ya mashamba na vifaa vya usindikaji viliharibiwa au kuangamizwa. Uzalishaji wa mazao ya biashara nyingine muhimu kama vile kakao, korosho, mpunga, mihogo, na pia yam ulipungua baada ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na [[mafuta]] uogezaji wa mafuta. Hivi sasa eneo linaloitwa Enugu, ambalo lilikuwa na uwezo wa kujitegemea na kuuza nje katika kilimo, leo hii wanaagiza chakula. == Haiba == Dr Alban (Alban Nwapa), mwandishi wa ngoma iliyofuma "it's my life," alizaliwa Enugu tarehe 26 Agosti 1957. [[Mchezaji wa kadanda wa Amerika]] [[Kikristo Okoye]] pia alikuwa amezaliwa katika Enugu. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.igboguide.org/index.php Nnöö - Karibu Enugu - An ufahamu mwongozo Igboland's Utamaduni na Lugha ] * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm WorldStatesmen-Nigeria] * {{cite web | url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&des=gamelan&geo=346806750 | title = "The World Gazetteer" | accessdate = 2007-04-04 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220924/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&des=gamelan&geo=346806750 | archivedate = 2007-09-30 | = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220924/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&des=gamelan&geo=346806750 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&des=gamelan&geo=346806750 |date=20070930220924 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/0/Enugu.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 177m (alama nyekundu ni reli)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/0/Enugu.html |date=20081030064036 }} {{coord|6|27|N|7|30|E|region:NG_type:city(688862)|display=title}} [[Jamii:Enugu]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Nigeria]] rlqzxwd4mxiwd814npiqo5jsevlu1e5 0 33903 1599717 1575646 2026-09-23T20:48:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siasa ya Uganda}} '''[[Uganda]]''' inaendelea kuwa na ugumu katika kuheshimu '''[[haki za binadamu]]''' katika masuala mbalimbali, lakini katika ripoti ya [[mwaka]] [[2012]] kuna nafuu fulani. ==Migogoro katika Kaskazini== Mgogoro wa kaskazini mwa nchi kati ya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF) na [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) imeharibu uchumi, kupunguza maendeleo ya maeneo yaliyoathirika na umeleta ukiukaji mwingi wa haki za binadamu. Tangu [[Yoweri Museveni]] awe [[rais]] (mwaka 1986), jumla ya Waganda [[milioni]] 2 wameyakimbia makazi yao <ref name="Amnesty International">[http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/uganda-strikes-deal-lra-trials-20080220 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/uganda-strikes-deal-lra-trials-20080220 |date=20100513084943 }} An Amnesty International article discusses a 2008 mkataba kati ya serikali na LRA kujaribu viongozi wa LRA kwa uhalifu wao.</ref> na makumi ya maelfu wameuawa. Wastani wa [[watoto]] 20,000 wametekwa nyara na LRA kwa matumizi yao kama [[askari watoto]] na [[watumwa]] tangu mwaka [[1987]]. Ila kuepuka kutekwa nyara, maelfu ya watoto huacha [[vijiji]] vyao kila [[usiku]] na kujificha katika [[misitu]], [[hospitali]], na [[Kanisa|makanisa]]. Katika tukio ovu zaidi katika [[historia]] ya [[vita]], zaidi ya [[raia]] 330 waliuawa na LRA katika [[kambi ya wasio na makazi]] [[Barlonyo]] mwezi Februari [[2004]]. ==Mateso ya mashoga== Mnamo Oktoba 2009, muswada ulifikishwa katika Bunge la Uganda unaoitwa [["Anti-Homosexuality Bill 2009"]] unaotoa wito kwa adhabu kali zaidi kwa [[mashoga]], hadi [[adhabu ya kifo]].<ref name="BBCWS">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2009/10/091016_uganda_aggravated_homosexuality_wt_sl.shtml "walawiti uso adhabu ya kifo",] 25 Oktoba 2009</ref> [[Sheria]] hii pia inadai kwamba raia yeyote ambaye anamshuku mtu mwingine kuwa shoga, anahitajika amripoti [[polisi]], la sivyo yeye pia anaweza kupokea [[faini]] au kufungwa [[gereza|gerezani]].<ref name="newvision">[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/697859 "Uganda ANSER Mpya Anti-Gay Sheria",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/697859 |date=20100105230519 }} 25 Oktoba 2009</ref> Mapendekezo ya muswada huo hata huwakataza makabaila wasikodishe nyumba kwa mashoga wanaojulikana, na hupiga marufuku majadiliano ya umma kuhusu ushoga.<ref name="AFP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100413121252/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jEEJXoeBrTi17hexzYZqvmPgpPxg "US slams Uganda's new anti-gay muswada",] 25 Oktoba 2009</ref>Muswada huo, kisha kurekebishwa, umepitishwa na rais tarehe [[24 Februari]] [[2014]]. Basi, nchi mbalimbali na [[Benki ya Dunia]] zimeamua kusitisha misaada na mikopo yao kwa Uganda. ==Dhuluma na vikosi vya walinda usalama nchini Uganda== Wakala wa usalama wa Uganda wamekuwa wakihusishwa na mateso ya haramu na ufungo haramu wa washukiwa, pamoja na waasi wa LRA na wateteaji wao. Mbinu za utesaji ni kama kuwafunga washukiwa kwa mbinu ya [['kandoya']] (mikono na miguu hufungwa nyume ya mheshimiwa) kutumia kamba kutoka dari, kali na kumpiga mateke, na kushikisha waya za stima katika sehemu zake nyeti. :''Tarehe 14 Juni [2003] maafisa wa [Violent Crime Unit crack Green] walimkamata Nsangi Murisidi, wenye umri wa miaka 29, juu ya mashtaka kwamba alikuwa amewezesha marafiki kutenda wizi na kwa madai ya umiliki wa bunduki. '' ''Jamaa walijaribu kumtembelea kizuizini bila mafanikio. '' ''Tarehe 18 Juni wakili aliyekuwa akiwakilisha familia alipokea uthibitisho wa kifo chake kizuizini akiwa katika makao makuu ya VCCU huko Kireka, kitongoji cha Kampala. '' ''Cheti cha kifo kilithabitisha sababu ya kifo kuwa upungufu wa maji na damu, kutoka damu katika ubongo na kuchomwa kwenye makalio. '' ''Mwili pia majeraha 14 makuu. '' ''Mnamo Oktoba Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani aliarifu kuwa uchaguzi ulikuwa umeamrishwa, lakini hatimaye hakuna maendeleo yaliyoripotiwa.'' <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040627143703/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng Source: Amnesty International, Taarifa ya Mwaka 2004]</small> Vyombo vya serikali vilivyoshtakiwa kwa mateso ni pamoja na UPDF's Chieftancy ya Military Intelligence (CMI), [[Internal Security Organisation]] (ISO), [[Violent Crime Crack Unit]] (VCCU) na mashirika ya dharula kama vile [[Joint Anti-Terrorist Task Force]] (JATF.) Mwezi Oktoba [[Uganda]] katika [[Tume ya Haki za Binadamu]] (UHRC), ambayo hupokea sehemu ndogo ya malalamiko ya ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu halisi, ilikuta kuwa mateso yaliendelea kuwa mazoezi yaliyoenea miongoni mwa mashirika ya usalama nchini Uganda. ==Uhuru wa kisiasa== Mwezi Aprili 2005, wabunge wawili wa upinzani walikamatwa kwa mashtaka ya kisiasa. [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/HRW/4261707c6d43856f29fa691a32ab4652.htm ] [[Ronald Reagan Okumu]] na [[Michael Nyeko Ocula]] wametoka kutoka [[Forum for Democratic Change]] ,harakati iliyoaminika kuwa tisho kuu kwa uteuzi wa Rais [[Yoweri Museveni]] mwaka 2006. ==Uhuru wa vyombo vya habari== Kama vile katika nchi nyingi za Afrika, vyombo vya serikali vimeendelea kupinga [[uhuru wa vyombo vya habari]] nchini Uganda. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2002, gazeti la ''[[Monitor]]'' lilikuwa limefungwa kwa muda na jeshi la polisi. Waandishi wa habari kutoka jarida waliendelea kushambuliwa mwaka 2004, wawili ambao waliitwa hadharani kama "washirika wa ugomvi" na msemaji wa UPDF. Mwezi Februari 2004, Mahakama Kuu ilitawala kosa la "uchapishaji wa habari za uongo" kuwa utupu na dhidi ya katiba. [http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR590022004?open&amp;of=ENG-UGA ] {{Wayback|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR590022004?open&of=ENG-UGA |date=20061129091547 }} Habari ya Uganda imepimwa kama 'huru kiasi' na [[Freedom House]] ,shirika linalojitegemea kufuatilia ya uhuru wa habari duniani kote. Katika Press Freedom Survey 2005, Uganda lilipimwa kama nchi ya 13 yenye habari huru kati ya nchi 48 katika [[Afrika]] kusini mwa [[Sahara]] .[https://web.archive.org/web/20050430062615/http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/pressurvey/regionaltables2005.pdf] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081101195954/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/uganda9862.htm Uganda Overview Haki za Binadamu,] [[Human Rights Watch|''Human Rights Watch'']] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040627143703/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng Uganda - Amnesty International, 2004 Taarifa ya Mwaka] *[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/44/ uhuru wa kujieleza nchini Uganda: [[IFEX]]] *[http://www.harpers.org/MidnightsChildren.html Watoto wa manane] ushuhuda wa kutekwa nyara watoto *[http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/northernuganda/default.asp Wakati Sun Sets Sisi Anza kwa Worry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/northernuganda/default.asp |date=20051024082223 }} UN-zilizokusanywa akaunti ya ukatili *[http://www.refugeelawproject.org Mradi wa Sheria ya wakimbizi] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133326/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-11/22/content_3817704.htm Ugandan wanasheria na mgomo juu uhaini watuhumiwa] 22 Novemba 2005 {{Africa topic|Haki za binadamu nchini}} {{Mada Kuhusu Uganda}} [[Jamii:Uganda]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] 5nlq10mynr3pjl524x0r0kcpwzc0ckc 0 33931 1599575 1245016 2026-09-23T18:45:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina = Randy Jackson | Background = solo_singer | Img = Randy_Jackson_cropped.jpg | Jina la kuzaliwa = Steven Randall Jackson | Amezaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1961|10|29}}<br />[[Gary, Indiana]], [[United States]] | Asili yake = [[Los Angeles, California]], United States | Aina = [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[Dance music|dance]], [[Rock music|rock]] | Ala = [[Kuimba|Sauti]], [[Congo Drum|Percussion instrument]], [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]] | Kazi yake = [[Singer–songwriter]], [[Musician]], [[Dancer]] | Miaka ya kazi = 1971–2001 | Studio = [[Motown Records]], [[CBS Records]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[The Jackson 5|The Jackson 5/Jacksons]] | URL = }} [[Picha:Randy_Jackson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|thumb|'''Steven Randall "Bob" Jackson''']] '''Steven Randall "Bob" Jackson''' (alizaliwa 29 Oktoba 1961) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwanamuziki]], mwanachama wa [[Jacksons.]] aliyejulikana kama "Little Randy", yeye ni mdogo wa [[kaka wa Jackson]], na wa pili mdogo wa ndugu tisa wa Jackson, kabla ya dada yao[[Janet.]] Randy alikuwa na miaka tatu tu wakati Jackson 5 iliundwa kwa hivyo hakuwa mwanachama halali. Wakati ndugu zake walienda matembezi, yeye aliboresha ujuzi wake kama mwanamuziki na kujifunza piano. == Maisha ya Kibinafsi. == Bob alizaliwa katika [[Gary, Indiana]] kwa Yusufuna [[Katherine Jackson]] kama mtoto wa nane katika [[familia ya Jackson.]] Mwaka wa 1989, Jackson alimuoa Shaffe Eliza. Tarehe 17 Juni 1990, Eliza amejifungua na binti yao Steveanna. Steveanna Shaffe-Jackson ni mwigizaji / mwimbaji, ambaye alitokea katika ''[[Zoey 101.]]'' Jackson na Eliza walipata talaka mwaka wa1991. Katika ndoa yake na Eliza Shaffe, Jackson alikuwa na uhusinao na Alejandra Genevieve Oaziaza,na kupata binti aitwaye Genevieve. Baada ya talaka na Shaffe, aliendelea uhusiano wake na Oaziaza, aliyemzaa mwana wao mvulana Randy Jr mwaka 1991. Uhusiano wa wanandoa hawa ulifika tamati mwaka wa1994. Mwaka mmoja baadaye, Alejandra alifunga ndoa na kaka yake Randy mkubwa aitwaye Jermaine Jackson na wakapata wana wawili Jaffar Jackson na Jermajesty Jackson. == Kazi == === The Jacksons === Randy aliweza kushiriki na ndugu zake mwishoni mwa mwaka wa1971. Tukio lilikuwa onnyesho la Krismasi na Jackson 5 lililofanyiwa watoto wasioona. Ingawa alikuwa katika kila ziara ya Jackson 5 kuanzia mwaka wa 1972 , Randy hakuwa amejiunga rasmi na bendi ya familia hadi 1975, wakati wao walibadilisha jina na kujiita The Jacksons na kutia saini na [[Epic Records.]] Katika umri wa miaka 16, yeye aliandika wimbo wa Jacksons ambao ulifanikiwa zaidi, [["Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"]] pamoja na [[Michael.]] Anajulikana kwa upana mwenye kipawa zaidi kati ya ndugu wa Jackson cha kucheza vyombo vya sauti. Mbali na kuimba na kucheza kwenye rekodi za Jacksons, alifanya kazi pamoja na [[Michael]] katika albamu yake ''[[Off the Wall]]''. Katika mwanzini wa mwaka wa 1980, Randy alijeruhiwa vibaya katika ajali ya gari. Mwezi wa Juni 1980, yeye alitokea kwenye ukurasa wa kwanza wa jarida la kila wiki la[[A newsmagazine Jet.]] Ukurasa huo ulisoma: "Randy Jackson Atembea Tena: Mazungumzo Kuhusu Usoni wake." <ref>[3] ^ Jarida la Jet; 19 Juni 1980</ref> Jackson aliweza kushiriki kikamilifu katika bendi ya Jacksons mwaka wa 1981 ''[['TruimphTour]]'' na katika miradi ya bendi hiyo baadaye. Baada ya kuweka rekodi [[Ziara la Ushindi]] mwaka wa 1984, Michael na [[Marlon]] walijiondoa kutoka kwa bendi hiyo. Randy na ndugu wake tatu waliobaki walifanya albamu moja ya mwisho iliyoitwa, ''[[2300 Jackson Street.]]'' Alikuwa mmoja wa Kurudiana kwa Jacksons 2001 katika shamba la Madison, lakini alichagua kutoonekana katika 2009 A & E ukweli ''Jack5ons Family Dynasty.'' === Baada ya Jacksons === Baada ya albamu ya mwisho na Jacksons, kikundi hiki kilipasuka kabisa mwaka wa 1989. Baada ya mgawanyiko huu, Jackson alianzisha bendi yake mwenyewe, Randy na akina Gypsy. Kundi hili lilitowa albamu moja kabla ya kugawanyika. Mwaka wa 1998, Jackson alifungua studio yake mwenyewe iitwayo Modern Records. Tarehe 25 Juni 2009, ndugu Michael alikufa baada ya kukabwa na ugonjwa wa moyo katika nyumba yake. Tarehe 7 Julai 2009, Jackson alihudhuria Michael's [[Ibada]] ya michael pamoja na ndugu zake na familia. Jackson ana watoto 3. == Diskografia == {{For|releases with the Jackson 5|Jackson 5 discography}} === Albamu === * [[(1978)]] ''Randy Jackson'' (shelved) * [[(1989)]] ''Randy Jackson and the Gypsys'' === Nyimbo Zake === * 1978 "How Can I Be Sure" / "Love Song for Kids" (akimshirikisha [[Janet Jackson)]] * 1989 "Perpetrators" * 1989 "Love You Honey" == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{jackson5}} {{Jackson family}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Randy}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a096bbozg18j8iwe28s6hddkxsmev0j 0 34016 1599469 1597125 2026-09-23T18:21:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Ben Carson and Anthony Fauci.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Benjamin S.Carson(Kushoto)Katika ikulu ya Marekani 19/06/2008]] '''Benjamin S. Carson''' (amezaliwa [[18 Septemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[daktari]] na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[Nyurolojia]], pia ni [[Mkurugenzi]] wa Idara ya Nyurolojia kwa watoto katika [[hospitali]] ya Johns Hopkins nchini [[Marekani]]. Alitunukiwa na [[rais]] medali ya uhuru mwaka 2008. ==Historia ya elimu== Benjamin Solomon Carso alizaliwa katika eneo la [[Detroit]], jimbo la [[Michigan]]. Mama yake, Sonya Carson, aliacha shule akiwa katika daraja la tatu na kuolewa na Robert Solomon Carson, aliyekuwa mchungaji mzee zaidi katika eneo la Tennesee, wakati mama yake Ben akiwa na umri wa miaka [[kumi na tatu]] tu. Wakati Carson akiwa na umri wa miaka nane tu, wazazi wake waliachana. Mama Carson aliachiwa kuwalea Benjamin na [[kaka]] yake Curtis, yeye mwenyewe. Alifanya kazi katika sehemu mbili au hata tatu kwa mara moja ili aweze kuwatosheleza watoto wake wawili. .<ref name="achievement">[http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/car1bio-1 schoolof Achievement: Museum of Living History. Gifted Hands That Heal: Benjamin Carson Biography.]</ref> Mwanzoni Carson alikuwa na maisha magumu shuleni,<ref>[http://www.kamwilliams.com/2009/02/dr-ben-carson-gifted-hands-interview.html Dr. Ben Carson: The Gifted Hands Interview] KamWilliams.com. 2009-02-06.</ref> hali iliyopelekea kuwa wa mwisho mara kadhaa katika darasa lake. Alikuwa akiitwa majina mbalimbali kutokana na hali hiyo, hivyo ikapelekea kukua kwa hasira kali ndani yake. Akiwa amedhamiria kubadilisha maisha ya mtoto wake, mama yake Carson akazuia muda wake wa kuangalia runinga na kumzuia kutoka nje kila siku hadi pale atakapokuwa amemaliza kazi zake za shule kila siku. Mama yake Carson alimtaka Kusoma vitabu viwili kutoka maktaba na kuandika taarifa juu ya vitabu hivyo kila wiki, bila kujali elimu yake ndogo, hata hivyo hakuweza kusoma vitu ambavyo vilikuwa vmeandikwa. Lakini mapema, Carson alimshangaza mwalimu wake na wanafunzi wenzake kutokana na maendeleo yake. Anakumbuka “Ni wakati ule ndipo nilipogundua kuwa sikuwa mpumbavu” anagundua baadae. Carson anaendelea kuwashangaza wanafunzi wenzake na ndani ya mwaka mmoja alikuwa na ujuzi na kuwa katika nafasi ya juu katika darasa lake.<ref name="achievement" /><blockquote>Baada ya kugundua kuwa alitaka kuwa daktari wa magonjwa ya akili, Carson alimaliza shule na matokeo mazuri yenye heshima na hivyo alijunga na chuo kikuu cha [[Yale]] ambapo alipata shahada yake ya kwanza katika maswala ya saikolojia ya akili. [[Pschology]]. Baada ya kutoka Yale, aliendelea na shule ya udaktari ya Michigan, ambapo hapo ndipo nia yake ya kuwa daktari wa magonjwa ya akili ilipobadilika na kuwa daktari wa mishipa. Uwezo wake mkubwa wa kuona na uwezo wake wa kufikiri haraka ulimfanya awe daktari wa upasuaji mzuri zaidi. Baada ya kumaliza shule yake ya udaktari, alikuwa daktari wa mishipa msaidizi katika hospitali ya Johns Hopkins katika jimbo la Baltimore. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 33, alikuwa profesa wa hospitali na pia mkurugenzi wa idara ya upasuaji mishipa ya watoto</blockquote> ==Kazi zake za mapema== Mwezi wa tisa mwaka 1987, Carson alifanya upasuaji wa kutenganisha mapacha wenye umri wa miezi saba, waliokuwa wameungana katika sehemu ya kichwa. Carson alikuwa ndiye kiongozi wa upasuaji huo mgumu. Mwaka 1997, Carson pamoja na timu yake, walienda Afrika ya Kusini, kuwatenganisha Lukas na Joseph Banda kutoka Zambia. Watoto wote wawili waliweza kuishi baada ya upasuaji na hakuna hata mmoja wao aliyepata uharibifu wa ubongo. Watoto hao wa Banda walikuwa ni watoto wa kwanza walioungana kwa upande wa juu wa vichwa vyao kuweza kuishi baada ya upasuaji. Upasuaji huo ulifanyika kwa saa 28. Mwaka 2003, Carson alikuwa moja kati ya madaktari waliofanya upasuaji wa watu wazima waliokuwa wameungana katika sehemu ya vichwa, [[Ladan na Laleh Bijan]]. Lakini wote hawakuweza kuishi baada ya upasuaji. Alipoulizwa kwa nini alikubali kufanya upasuaji wa kubahatisha kiasi hicho alisema, ndugu hao walikuwa wamekubali bora wafe kuliko kuendelea kuishi wakiwa wameungana. ===Maisha binafsi=== Carson amepokea tuzo mbalimbali katika miaka mbalimbali, kama vile, Shahada za heshima za Udaktari 40, pia ni mwanachama katika chamaChuo Kikuu cha Mafanikio ya Marekani, Chama cha Wamarekani Wanajulikana wa Horatio, Alpha Omega Alpha Waheshimu Medical Society Ushirikiano wa yele, (Bodi ya wakurugenzi wa Chuo kikuu cha Yale) na mashirika mengine mengi. Pia ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Mfuko wa Somo la Carson, ambao huwasaidia wanafunzi kutoka katika historia tofauti tofauti walio na vipaji maalumu katika masomo. Mwaka 2007, Carson alijumuishwa katika Chuo kikuu cha Indiana Wesley Society ya Dunia Mabadiliko na kupokea nishani ya heshima wa udaktari wakati akizungumza katika Chuo. Aliporudi, alirudi na rafiki yake Tony Dungy ambaye naye alikumuishwa katika jamii. Tarehe 19 mwezi wa 9 mwaka 2008, Carson alopokea nishani ya raisi ya uhuru kutoka kwa Rais [[George W. Bush]]. ===Utaalamu na magonjwa=== <blockquote>Carson ameandika vitabu vitatu vilivoongoza katika mauzo na vilivyochapishwa na [[Zondervan]] shirika la kimataifa la uchapaji la kikristo, Vinavoitwa : [[Gifted Hands]] ([[Mikono Yenye Vipawa: Hadithi Ya Ben Carson]]), [[The Big Picture]], na [[Think Big]] Kitabu cha kwanza cha Historia ya maisha ya mtu, na vitabu vingine viwili ni kuhusu falsafa ya maisha yake hususani katika mafanikio yake yanayoenda sambamba na imani yake kwa Mungu. Carson ni [[Mkristo]] wa [[kanisa]] la [[Waadventista Wasabato]].</blockquote> Mwaka 2002, Carson aliamuriwa kusitisha kuonekana katika maeneo yenye umati wa watu, baada ya kupata matatizo ya afya ya kwake mwenyewe. Mwezi wa sita alikutwa na dalili za kuwa na Saratani ya Kibofu cha mkojo, lakini kwa bahati nzuri, saratani hiyo iliweza kukutwa katika muda muafaka. Lakini pamoja na hayo, Carson alibadilisha mfumo wake wa maisha, Bado anafanya upasuaji kwa zaidi ya watoto mia tatu (300) kwa mwaka lakini amekuwa akijaribu kupunguza muda wake.Carson amekuwa akifanya kazi kuanzia saa 7:00 asubuhi na kumaliza saa 8:00 usiku, lakini tangu agundulike kuwa na saratani amekuwa akifanya kazi na kuondoka saa 6:15, jioni. Hii inampa muda zaidi wa kukaa na mke na watoto wake watatu. Makala ya video kuhusu maisha ya Carson inayoitwa Gifted Hands:Kitabu kinachohusu, hadithi ya Ben Carson kilitolewa na Zondervan mwaka 1992, hali iliyopelekea mwaka 2009, filamu ya televisheni ilitolewa ikiwa na jina hilo hilo, katika TNT tarehe 07/02/2009, na kushinda tuzo ya Academi ya Gooding jr ikiongozwa na Kimberly Elise akimwelezea mama yake.<ref>{{IMDb title|1295085|Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story (2009)}}</ref> ==Machapisho== * (2009) [[Mikono Yenye Vipawa: Hadithi Ya Ben Carson]] - ''Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story'', Zondervan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-310-21469-6 * (2008) ''Take The Risk'', Zondervan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-310-25973-8 * (2000) ''The Big Picture'', Zondervan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-310-23834-X * (1996) ''Think Big'', Zondervan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-310-21459-9 * (1990) ''Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story'', Review&Herald Pub. Assoc., ISBN 0-8280-0669-5 ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.freemaninstitute.com/everydayben.htm Everyday Matters Magazine Interview with Dr. Ben Carson] * [http://www.carsonscholars.org/ Home Page of the Carson Scholars Fund] {{Wayback|url=http://www.carsonscholars.org/ |date=20141204041327 }} * [http://www.healthoc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89:gifted-hands-the-ben-carson-story&catid=13:medical&Itemid=98 Dr. Ben Carson M.D.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.healthoc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89:gifted-hands-the-ben-carson-story&catid=13:medical&Itemid=98 |date=20091228053717 }} * [http://wjz.com/local/ben.carson.johns.2.750416.html Benjamin Carson receives a Presidential Medal] {{Wayback|url=http://wjz.com/local/ben.carson.johns.2.750416.html |date=20090501061618 }} * [http://www.hopkinsneuro.org/peds_surgery/carson.cfm Dr. Benjamin Carson - Pediatric Neurosurgery] * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4950531 ''There Is No Job More Important Than Parenting'': NPR Interview With Dr. Benjamin Carson] * [http://www.kamwilliams.com/2009/02/dr-ben-carson-gifted-hands-interview.html Dr. Ben Carson: The Gifted Hands Interview with Kam Williams] {{DEFAULTSORT:Carson, Ben}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] dcf1b8jazyr0rb4rfs15blfhev86bhq 0 34045 1599576 1458362 2026-09-23T18:45:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football club infobox | clubname = AFC Leopards SC| image = | fullname = AFC Leopards SC| nickname = Ingwe| founded = [[1964]]| ground = [[Nyayo Stadium]]<br>[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] | capacity = 30,000| chairman = Alex ole Magelo| coach = | league = [[Kenya Premier League]] | season = 2009 | position = | pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_bluestripes|pattern_ra1=| leftarm1=0000ff|body1=ffffff|rightarm1=0000ff|shorts1=ffffff|socks1=ffffff| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_collarwhite|pattern_ra2=| leftarm2=ff0000|body2=ff0000|rightarm2=ff0000|shorts2=ffffff|socks2=ffffff| }} '''AFC Leopards SC''', mara nyingi hujulikana kama "AFC" au "the Leopards," ni klabu ya soka, mjini [[Nairobi]], ambayo ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1964. Jina lake lingine ni "ingwe" ( "chui" katika lugha ya [[Kiluhya]]), ni klabu maarufu na ya kitamaduni ya Kenya na uwanja wake wa nyumbani ni [[Uwanja wa Taifa wa Nyayo]], ambayo ina nafasi ya watu 30000. Licha ya kuwa na makao katika mji mkuu, Nairobi katika sehemu ya kusini mashariki, ushabiki wake kwa wingi hutoka mkoa wa magharibi. Timu huvalia jesi nyeupe, vinyasa vyeupe na soksi za bluu na wakati mwingine na shati yenye rangi ya bluu na nyeupe; nguo mbadala ni jesi nyekundu na vinyasa vyeupe. Mpinzani wake wa jadi ni [[Gör Mahia]]; makabiliano yao hufurahisha sana, na kutokana na mapenzi ya mashabiki makabiliano ya hawa wawili huchukuliwa kama "derby" maarufu na makali zaidi katika kanda. AFC inachukuliwa kama timu hatari ya Afrika ya mashariki, ya kati na ya kusini kwa sababu ya mechi nyingi ambazo imecheza barani na utawala wake katika michuano ya klabu ya [[CECAFA]], kwa kuongezea wachezaji wake wazuri. ==Historia== AFC Leopards ni mmojwapo wa vilabu ambavyo vimefanikio zaidi katika kanda na hii ni ukweli kutokana mataji 12 ya ligi ambayo klabu hii imeshinda na kombe la Kenya mara 6 pamoja na shindano la klabu la CECAFA mara 5. Klabu hii ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1964 kama '''Abaluhya United FC''' wakati idadi ndogo ya vilabu viliungana Jina lilibadilishwa kuwa Abaluhya FC na baadaye kuwa All Footballers Federation-AFC, bado inadumisha AFC (na ikawa AFC leopards) mwaka wa 1980, wakati serikali ya Kenya ilipiga marufuku majina ya kikabila (Abaluhya inaashiria kabila ya Waluhya). Kama klabu nyingi za Kitamaduni za Kenya, AFC Leopards ilikabiliwa na matatizo ya kifedha kutokana na usimamizi mbaya.Udanganyifuu uliyozunguka mwenendo wa Ligi Kuu ilikamillika na klabu ilienda katika ligi ya chini Kwa sababu ya suala hili klabu hii haikushiriki katika ligi yoyote katika mwaka 2007 lakini ilishiriki sehemu katika kombe la KFF Community ambayo ilianzisha makali yake. Mwaka wa 2008 timu hii ilishiriki katika ligi ya Nationwide, ligi ya pili nchini Kenya na ilishinda katika eneo lao, na hivyo basi kurejea katika Ligi kuu ya Kenya kwa msimu wa 2009 Hata hivyo,"ingwe" imeimarishwe kiwango kinachoheshimika cha kucheza na bado kinashikilia tamaduni ya kihistoria kama timu. Mwaka wa 2009 timu ilishinda Kombe la Kenya baada ya miaka nane kavu bila kombe lolote. Hata hivyo, vilabu vingine viligoma kushiriki katika kombe hilo ==Ufuasi== AFC Leopards SC ina wafuasi wengi tofauti, ambao wanaupinzani mkubwa na vilbu vingine, hasa Gör Mahia. Inaweza kupingwa kuwa klabu hii ndiyo kubwa zaidi na maarufu nchini Kenya na Afrika ya Mashariki – lina wafuasi waliokadiriwa kuwa milioni 6 nchini Kenya. Mashabiki hawa wanajumuishwa katika matawi ya wafuasi yaliyoenea kote nchini. Hata hivyo, ufuasi na umaarufu wake unapita mipaka ya Kenya hadi wa bara zima sansana Afrika ya Mashariki na Kusini mwa Afrika. Kiakili, klabu maarufu zaidi Kenya na Afrika ya Mashariki kamwe halijwahi kucheza mechi ya ugenini - AFC Leopards SC hupata wafuasi zaidi katika mechi za ugenini kuliko timu za upinzani za nyumbani..Hata kwa sasa bado klabu hii inadumisha wastani wa juu zaidi wa kutazamwa na wafuasi wao kuliko vilabu vingine vyote vya Ligi Kuu ya Kenya.Mechi yao ya kwanza waliporudi katika Ligi Kuu mwaka wa 2009 ilibidi isimamishwe kwa sababu ya uhaba wa usalama ulyosababishwa kwa kuanguka kwa mzunguko kutokana na umati wa wafuasi wake ndani na nje ya uwanja. ==Majilio== *'''Ligi kuu ya Kenya''' : :: 1966, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1998 *'''Kombe la Rais''' : :: 1967, 1968, 1985, 1991, 1994, 2001, 2009 *'''Kombe la klabu la CECAFA''' : :: 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1997 ==Utendaji katika mashindano ya CAF== *Ligi ya Mabingwa ya CAF : ::1999 - Raundi ya Kwanza * Kombe la Mabingwa wa klabu la Afrika : Matokeo 12 {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} : :1968: Nusu fainali :1971: Raundi ya kwanza :1972: Ilijitoa katika raundi ya kwanza :1974: Robo fainali {{col-3}} : :1981: Raundi ya kwanza :1982: Raundi ya kwanza :1983: Raundi ya kwanza :1984: Raundi ya kwanza {{col-3}} : :1987: Raundi ya pili :1989: Raundi ya pili :1990: Robo fainali :1993: Raundi ya kwanza {{col-end}} *Kombe la CAF : Matokeo 2 : :1994 - robo fainali :1997 - robo fainali *Kombe la CAF la washindi:Matokeo 5 {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} : :1985 - Nusu fainali :1986 - Raundi ya Pili {{col-3}} : :1988 - robo fainali :1992 - Raundi ya Kwanza {{col-3}} : :2002 - Raundi ya kwanza {{col-end}} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} *The Standard, 23 Julai 2006: [http://eastandard.net/archives/?mnu=details&amp;id=1143955753 Mara kiburi 'Ingwe' bite Mamlaka risasi] * Kenya Premier League, 8 Februari 2009: [http://www.kpl.co.ke/article.asp?id=287458 Under-flowing hatimaye makutano ya 'mgogoro'?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kpl.co.ke/article.asp?id=287458 |date=20090616122143 }}[http://www.kpl.co.ke/article.asp?id=287458 Hope Centre ardhini inashindwa kukabiliana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kpl.co.ke/article.asp?id=287458 |date=20090616122143 }} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.afcleopards.net Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afcleopards.net/ |date=20120409161648 }} * [http://www.kenyapage.net/afc-leopards Unofficial website] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/afc-leopards/startseite/verein/31145 Transfermarkt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/afc-leopards-sc/17117/ Globalsportsarchive] {{Kenyan Premier League}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afc Leopards}} [[Jamii:Michezo mjini Nairobi]] [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Kenya]] o32jy11q3ezg9b6w1ux0jkchu5ixk85 0 34081 1599535 1598830 2026-09-23T18:32:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football biography 2 | jinalamchezaji = Adem Ljajić | picha = [[Picha:Adem Ljajić.JPG|250px]] | jinakamili = Adem Ljajić | tareheyakuzaliwa= {{birth date and age|1991|9|29|df=y}} | mjialiozaliwa = [[Novi Pazar]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] | urefu = {{convert|1.81|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Adem Ljajić|url=http://www.partizan.rs/igrac.php?Jezik=en&ID=22&sec=4&sec1=1 |publisher=partizan.rs |accessdate=14 Septemba 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907005613/http://www.partizan.rs/igrac.php?Jezik=en&ID=22&sec=4&sec1=1 |archivedate=2009-09-07 }}</ref> | nafasi = [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FK Partizan|Partizan]] | clubnumber = 22 | youthyears1 = 2005–2008 |youthclubs1 = [[FK Partizan|Partizan]] | years1 = 2008– |clubs1 = [[FK Partizan|Partizan]] |caps1 = 38 |goals1 = 9 | nationalyears1 = 2007–2008 |nationalteam1 = [[Serbia national under-17 football team|Serbia U17]] |nationalcaps1 = 9 |nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2008–2009 |nationalteam2 = [[Serbia national under-19 football team|Serbia U19]] |nationalcaps2 = 10 |nationalgoals2 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2008– |nationalteam3 = [[Serbia national under-21 football team|Serbia U21]] |nationalcaps3 = 10 |nationalgoals3 = 1 | pcupdate = 16:25, 17 Desemba 2009 (UTC) | ntupdate = 20:52, 15 Novemba 2009 (UTC) }} '''Adem Ljajić''' (kwa [[Kisirili]]: Адем Љајић; kwa [[IPA]]: [aːdɛm ʎajitɕ]; amezaliwa [[tarehe]] [[29 Septemba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Serbia]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuluzi]] au katikati katika [[klabu]] ya [[FK Partizan]] katika [[ligi kuu]] ya Serbia. Ljajić alikuwa tayari kujiunga na klabu ya Uingereza ya [[Manchester United]] mwezi Januari mwaka wa 2010,<ref name="ademq&a1">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=6628268 | title = Exclusive: Adem Ljajic Q&A|accessdate=12 Machi 2009 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 4 Machi 2009}}</ref> lakini, tarehe 2 Desemba 2009, Manchester United ilithibitisha kwamba iliamua kutochukua chaguo lao la saini yake.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Manchester United end interest in Serbian Adem Ljajic|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8392789.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2 Desemba 2009|accessdate=2 Desemba 2009 }}</ref> == Wasifu wa Klabu == === Partizan === Ljajić alizaliwa [[Novi Pazar, Serbia]] kisha [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. Alijiunga na [[FK Partizan]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 mwaka wa 2005. Aliweza kuonekana Partizan katika mguu wa kwanza wa raundi ya pili ya kufuzu atika UEFA ligi ya mabingwa 2008-09, tarehe 29 Julai 2008, aliingia katika kipindi cha pili baada ya mabadiliko.<ref>[6] ^ [http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/fixturesresults/round=15274/match=303498/report=ev.html Ligi kuu ya UEFA- Mechi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/fixturesresults/round=15274/match=303498/report=ev.html |date=20081221125332 }}</ref> Aliweza kuonekana mara ya pili baada ya mabadiliko katika mguu wa pili na baada ya mabadiliko tena katika mguu wa pili wa raundi ya tatu ya kufuzu. Alifungia Partizan bao la kwanza la ushindani tarehe 23 Novemba 2008, katika mechi ya ligi dhidi [[OFK Beograd]]. === Uhusiano na Manchester United === Mnamo Oktoba 2008, [[Manchester United]] ilimpa Ljajić jaribio, ingawa hakuna habari iliyotolewa kuhusu urefu wa jaribio hilo awali.<ref>[http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid = (B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70) &amp; newsid = 6620488 Papers: reds jicho 'wadogo Kaka'?]</ref> Siku iliyofuatia,katibu mkuu wa Partizan Darko Grubor alithibitisha kwamba "Si kweli kwamba Ljajić alikwenda England bila ruhusa. "Tumekuwa tukiwasiliana na Manchester United kwa muda na Ljajić alikuwa pamoja na timu ya kimataifa katika Uingereza, kushiriki katika UEFA, shindano la wachezaji waliochini ya miaka 19 katika mechi za kufuzu, kwa hivyo wakati huu haiwezekani yeye kuenda majaribio. " <ref>[8] ^ [http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11667_4344447,00.html Majaribio ya Manchester United: Partizan kuthibitisha Ljajic hisabu]</ref> Mnamo 2 Januari 2009, Manchester United ilitangaza kutia saini na Ljajić na mchezaji mwenzake wa Partizan, [[Zoran Tošić]]. Tošić alikuwa ajiunge na klabu hiyo ya mara moja, wakati Ljajić alikuwa abaki katika Partizan kwa salio la mwaka wa 2009,na kujiunga na na Manchester mwezi wa Januari mwaka wa 2010.<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = Serbians to join United|url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=6624542 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 2 Januari 2009|accessdate=2 Januari 2009 }}</ref> Licha ya kutojiunga rasmi na klabu hadi Januari 2010, Ljajić alisafiri Manchester katika mwaka wa 2009 ili kujifunza na timu ya kwanza ya United, na hivyo wakufunzi wa klabu hizi mbili wangeweza kufuatilia maendeleo yake.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Ljajić |first=Adem |interviewer=Thompson, Gemma |title=Exclusive: Adem Ljajic interview |url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={B4CEE8FA-9A47-47BC-B069-3F7A2F35DB70}&newsid=6628268 |date=4 Machi 2009 |accessdate=4 Machi 2009 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, licha ya mkataba wa klabu hizi mbili, Manchester United iliamua kutochukua chaguo kumchukua Ljajić kwa sababu ya masuala yaliyokaba klabu hiyo katika maombi ya kibali cha Ljajić cha kazi.<ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Ben |last=Hibbs | title = Reds won't pursue Ljajic|url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&newsid=6643712 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 3 Desemba 2009|accessdate=3 Desemba 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |first=Matt |last=Nichols | title = Ljajic decision explained|url=http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&newsid=6643774 |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United | date = 4 Desemba 2009|accessdate=4 Desemba 2009 }}</ref> Kufuatia kuzimia kwa uhamisho,Meneja wa Partizan [[Goran Stevanović]] alidai kuwa hali hiyo ilimfanya Ljajić kupata "mshtuko wa kisaikolojia ", lakini Ljajić "alitunza hali hiyo vizuri".<ref name="guardian">{{Rejea habari |first1=Daniel |last1=Taylor |first2=Jonathan |last2=Wilson | title = Manchester United accused of causing 'psychological shock' to Adem Ljajic|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/dec/04/manchester-united-adem-ljajic |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian News and Media | date = 4 Desemba 2009|accessdate=6 Desemba 2009 }}</ref> Mkurugenzi wa Kandanda wa Partizan[[Ivan Tomić]] alisema "Nadhani watajuta uamuzi huu baadaye." <ref name="guardian"/> === Urusi === Tarehe 23 Desemba 2009 kalabu zote mbili za Kirusi zinazoongoza [[Rubin Kazan]] na [[CSKA Moscow PFC]] wamejitolea kutia saini na Msabia mchezaji wa kitaifa wa chini wa miaka 21 kutoka [[FK Partizan]]. == Wasifu wa Kimataifa == Ljajić alijitokeza mara ya kwanza katika mechi za kimataifa katika kikosi cha [[Serbia cha wachezaji walio na umri chini wa 21]]katika [[Michuano ya kufuzu katika Ulaya]] mechi dhidi ya [[Hungaria U21]] tarehe 7 Septemba 2008. == Takwimu ya Wasifu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! rowspan="2"|Klabu ! rowspan="2"|Msimu ! colspan="2"|Ligi! ! colspan="2"|Kombe! ! colspan="2"|[[Ulaya]] ! colspan="2"|Zingine <ref>[18] ^ Yajumuisha mashindano mengine, zikiwemo FA Community Shield, UEFA Super Cup, Kombe la bara , Kombe la FIFA la Dunia</ref> ! colspan="2"|Jumla |- !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao !Matokeo !Mabao |- | rowspan="3"|[[Partizan]] | [[2008-09]] | 24 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 6. |- | [[2009-10]] | 14 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 6. |- !Jumla !38 !9. !7 !1 !12 !2 !0 !0 !57 !12 |- ! colspan="2"|Jumla wa wasifu !38 !9. !7 !1 !12 !2 !0 !0 !57 !12 |} == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ljajic, Adem}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Serbia]] 7yl431o0jqpwbn167hnhxr2ci9i7xc3 0 34102 1600050 1434991 2026-09-24T11:40:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox chuo kikuu |jina = Kenyatta University |native_name = Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta |jina_la_picha = Kulogo.jpeg |ukubwa_wa_picha = 150px |kimeanzishwa = 1985 |mji = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] |chansela = Dr. Harris Mule |vice-chancellor = Prof. Olive Mugenda |kampasi = main campus, along Thika Road <br> Parklands campus, located in Nairobi's Parlands suburb <br> Ruiru campus, located in Ruiru, a satellite town of Nairobi <br> Kitui campus |tovuti = http://www.ku.ac.ke/ }} '''Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Kenyatta University''') kilichoko katika mji wa [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], ndicho chuo kikuu cha umma cha pili kwa ukubwa nchini Kenya (baada ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]]). Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta kimo katika eneo la Kahawa, umbali wa kilomita 20 (maili 12) kutoka mji wa Nairobi, katika barabara kuu ya kuelekea mji wa [[Thika]]. == Historia == Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta kina historia yake kutoka kwa kambi la wanjeshi wa ukoloni kwa jina ''Templer Barracks'' ambapo mnamo mwaka wa 1965 ''Templer Barracks'' ilibadlishwa na kuwa Kenyatta University College, yaani taasisi ya mafunzo ya mwalimu wa shule za msingi.Baadaye,ilipata muinuko na kuwa sehemu ya [Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi] katika mwaka wa 1970.Mnamo mwaka wa 1985 chuo hiki kilifanywa kiweze kujisimamia ana aliyekuwa rais wa jamhuri ya [Kenya], [Daniel arap Moi] kisha kikaitwa Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta. Hii ilifanyika baada ya mswada kupitishwa bungeni kulingana na katiba ya Kenya. Wahitimu wake wengi walikuwa kutoka daraja la elimu, kukifanya chuo hiki kuongoza katika masomo ya daraja ya elimu. Jinsi wakati ulivyozidi kusonga chuo hiki kiliendelea kupanuka na kuanzisha masomo katika taaluma na daraja nyinginezo. Leo chuo kikuu kina shule zifuatazo<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/faculty/faculty-by-school |title=Unaweza Kuangalia mashule haya kwa tovuti ya Kenyatta University. |accessdate=2018-08-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902012549/http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/faculty/faculty-by-school |archivedate=2011-09-02 }}</ref>: * Shule ya Kilimo na maendeleo ya viwanda * Shule ya Sayansi za Kibinadamu * Shule ya Biashara (ina idara kuu tatu)<br> (a) Idara ya Akaunti na Fedha <br> (b) Idara ya Sayansi ya Usimamizi <br> (c) Idara ya Usimamizi wa Biashara ** Shule ya Kilimo na maendeleo ya viwanda ** Shule ya Sayansi za Kibinadamu ** Shule ya Biashara (ina idara kuu tatu) (a) Idara ya Akaunti na Fedha (b) Idara ya Sayansi ya Usimamizi (c) Idara ya usimamizi wa biashara ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/business Shule ya Biashara] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/business |date=20180816201443 }}-inatoa masomo ya biashara kwa shule nyingine hasa ile ya Elimu na wale wanafunzi wanaosomea B.Ed (Sanaa). Hata hivyo msingi ni kiini kwa wanafunzi kuchukua B.Com na MBA.) wana maeneo sita idara tatu ambapo wanaweza kufuatilia baada ya kumaliza mwaka wa pili. Chini ya Idara ya Hesabu na Fedha, wanafunzi wanaweza fuatilia katika ha Hesabu au Fedha. Chini ya Idara ya Usimamizi wa Sayansi, wanafunzi wanaweza kufuatilia katika Usimamizi aidha Sayansi au Actuarial Science. Chini ya Idara ya Biashara Utawala, wanafunzi wanaweza kufuatilia katika aidha Marketing au Human Resource Management. Mkuu wa sasa wa shule hii ni Profesa Chege. ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/education Shule ya Elimu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/education |date=20180808043530 }} ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/engineering Shule ya Uhandisi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/engineering |date=20180822210537 }} -ilichukuliwa kutoka SPAS yaani Shule ya "Pure and Applied Sciences" -kozi katika shule hii kawaida huchukua miaka mitano kukamilika na chache zikiwa kozi za miaka minne. ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/environmental Shule ya Masomo ya Mazingara] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/environmental |date=20180823175323 }} ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/graduate Shule ya Masomo ya Uhitimu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/graduate |date=20180210061913 }} ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/health Shule ya Sayansi ya Afya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/health |date=20180204112312 }} ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/humanities Shule ya Ubinadamu na Sayansi ya Kijamii] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/humanities |date=20180820132031 }} ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/law Shule ya Sheria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/law |date=20180820214942 }}. Hivi sasa uko katika mwaka wake wa pili na inafundishwa katika chuo cha Parklands. ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/spas Shule Ya Sayansi Maalum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/spas |date=20180806095705 }} ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/visual_arts Shule Ya Sanaa na Matumbuizo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/visual_arts |date=20180816210309 }} ** [http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/hospitality Shule Ya Utalii na Ukarimu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/hospitality |date=20180818163824 }} == Hali kwa sasa == Chuo kikuu kina mbinu mbalimbali za kufunza, kuanzia kusoma kutoka mbali(open learning), kusoma kutumia technolojia, masomo ya likizo, masomo ya muda na ya kila wakati, hili limegeuza taasisi kuwa chuo kikuu cha pili kwa ukubwa nchini Kenya. Mwaka wa 1997 kilikuwa na wanafunzi 8,000,lakini hivi sasa(2009) kina wanafunzi takriban elfu ishirini na wanne. ===Mikakati ya sasa=== Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta kimeanzisha mikakati ya upanuzi wa haraka kwa lengo la kukifanya chuo kuwa daraja moja na vyuo vikuu duniani na pia kupanua kozi kinazotoa. Ili kuifanikisha hatua hii,chuo kikuu kimeunda miundo msingi ya technologia ya ICT mpya ambayo ni pamoja na mtandao wa chuo kwa msingi wa teknolojia ya fiber optic; kasi ya internti ya gigabit kwa mtandao kwa wanafunzi na wafanyakazi wote kuwezesha upatikanaji wa intaneti na huduma ya habari kwa chuo. Pia imejenga nyumba ya kuhifadhi maiti pamoja na kuanzisha masomo ya upasuaji na utabibu. Chuo kikuu pia kinajenga maabara zaidi na kufufua miradi ambayo ilimekuwa imesimama kwa miaka, ikiwa ni pamoja na kukamilisha ukumbi wa mafunzo ya sanaa. Juhudi zaidi pia zinawekwa kwa mtiririko wa habari kwa kuwekeza katika mitambo ya mawasiliano na kupata maoni kutoka kwa wanafunzi, hii ni pamoja na redio ya jamii, ambayo inatolewa kupitia kwa tovuti kwa matawi yote ya chuo nchini. Hakika, Ukumbi wa mafunzo ya Sanaa tayari umekamalika (awamu ya 1 na 2) na maabara ya Sayansi inazidi kukamilishwa. Maendeleo mengine ni kukamilishwa kwa jumba kubwa la ghorofa tatu lenye viti mia nane linalotumiwa kama maabara ya tarakilishi na lina tarakilishi mpya zilizoundwa na kampuni ya Dell. == Makampasi == Chuo kikuu cha Kenyatta inaendelea kupanuka na kimefungua matawi mengine fauka ya tawi lake kuu. Matawi hayo ni pamoja na: ===Chuo cha Parklands=== Tawi hili liko Parklands karibu na mji wa Nairobi: Hili linatoa masomo ya biashara na masomo ya Tecknolojia.Masomo haya ni ya kiwango cha shahada na shahada za Uzamili. Tawi hili pia hutoa masomo ya sheria. (Bachelors of Law) ===Tawi la Ruiru=== Tawi hili liko katika mji wa Ruiru, kilomita tano kutoka tawi kuu.Kwa jumla ni ugani wa tawi kuu. Tawi hili halitoi masomo mbalimbali kamili kama vile ilivyo katika tawi kuu. ===Tawi la Mombasa=== Liko mjini Mombasa katika pwani ya Kenya. Lilianza kazi Mei 2007. ===Tawi la Kitui=== Hili lilianza operesheni mnamo Oktoba mwaka wa 2007. == Usimamizi == Chansela wa sasa ni Dr Harris Mule na Makamu wa Chansela ni Prof Olive Mugenda, ambaye ni Makamu wa kwanza wa kike wa chuo kikuu cha umma nchini Kenya.Chini ya Makamu wa Chansela, kuna manaibu Makamu wa Chansela watatu na Wasajili watatu. ===Makamu wa Chansela=== * Makamu wa Chansela - Prof Olive mugenda ===Manaibu wa Makamu wa Chansela=== * Naibu Makamu wa Chansela wa Masomo - Prof Mwakio P. Tole (Kaimu) * Naibu Makamu wa Chansela wa Usimamizi - Prof G. Muluvi * Naibu Makamu wa Chansela wa Fedha, Mipango na Maendeleo - Prof D. Mugendi ===Wasajili=== * Msajili wa Masomo - Daktari Gabriel Katana * Msajili wa Usimamizi- Profesa Godfrey Mse * Msajili wa Fedha, Mipango na Maendeleo- Daktari Nelson Karagu ===Mkuu wa Wanafunzi=== * Daktari.Edwin Gimonde ===Maandamano ya 29 Machi 2009=== Tarehe ishirini na tisa mwezi wa Machi mwaka wa 2009, sehemu ya wanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta waligoma huku wakiiba mali na kuchoma majengo katika tawi kuu na tawi ndogo la [Ruiru&#93;. Wanafunzi walikuwa wakiandamana kupinga kufukuzwa kwa viongozi wao na Makamu wa Chansela, Profesa Olive Mugenda.Miongoni mwa masuala mengine ilikuwa kuanzishwa kwa sare za shule, na kutolewa kwa huduma ya uchukuzi ya wanafunzi wakaazi tawi la Ruiru. Majengo yaliyochomwa ni pamoja na malazi ya Nyayo, maabara ya tarakilishi,afisi za viongozi wa wanafunzi na jumba la Harambee. Polisi wa kupambana na ghasia waliotumwa na Olive Mugenda walishutumiwa kuwa walitumia nguvu ya kupindukia ambao ulisababisha vifo vya wanafunzi wawili na majeraha makubwa kwa wanafunzi kumi na wawili. Pia kulikuwa na madai ya ubakaji ya wanafunzi wa kike na polisi hasa katika jumba la malazi la Ngong. Chuo Kikuu kilifungwa kwa muda usiojulikana baada ya ghasia hizo.<ref>[http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/554958/-/u3pxtu/-/index.html]</ref> Chuo Kikuu kilifunguliwa kama ifuatavyo * Vikundi vya 2006 na miakaya ya awali: Jumapili, 27 Septemba 2009 * Vikundi vya 2007 na 2008: Jumatatu 28 Septemba 2009 * mafunzo kwa wanafunzi wa kuendelea: Jumanne 29 Septemba 2009 == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.ku.ac.ke/ Tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/ |date=20171117085816 }} * [http://www.edukenya.com Habari zaidi kuhusu Taasisi na Vyuo Vikuu nchini Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.edukenya.com/ |date=20160111065346 }} * [http://www.kenyaplex.com Vyuo Vikuu vinavyoongoza nchini Kenya] {{en}} * Pia unaweza kusikia redio ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta [KU 99.9 FM][http://www.ku.ac.ke/radio/ KU FM] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/radio/ |date=20180818213218 }} ama kwa kupitia mtandao. [http://www.ku.ac.ke/radio/# {{Wayback|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/radio/ |date=20180818213218 }} {{nairobi}} {{mbegu-elimu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenyatta, Chuo Kikuu}} [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Elimu jijini Nairobi]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] ciyb62f5n6cpp8ndbxrj8azk2zk3zyn 0 34177 1599470 1331333 2026-09-23T18:21:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | playername = Thomas Vermaelen | image = | dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1985|11|14}} | cityofbirth = [[Kapellen, Belgium|Kapellen]] | countryofbirth = [[Belgium]] | height = {{convert|1.82|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Factfile: Belgian defender Thomas Vermaelen |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/factfile-belgian-defender-thomas-vermaelen |work=Arsenal.com |publisher=[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |accessdate=2009-07-08}}</ref> | position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre back|Centre back]], [[Left back]] | currentclub = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | clubnumber = 5 | youthyears1 = {{0|0000}}–1999 | youthyears2 = 1999–2000 | youthyears3 = 2000–2003 | youthclubs1 = [[K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot|Germinal Ekeren]] | youthclubs2 = [[K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot|Germinal Beerschot]] | youthclubs3 = [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] | years1 = 2003–2009 | years2 = 2004–2005 | years3 = 2009– | clubs1 = [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] | clubs2 = → [[RKC Waalwijk]] (loan) | clubs3 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps1 = 94 | goals1 = 8 | caps2 = 13 | goals2 = 2 | caps3 = 18 | goals3 = 4 | nationalyears1 = 2006– | nationalteam1 = [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]] | nationalcaps1 = 23 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | pcupdate = 01:37, 20 Desemba 2009 (UTC) | ntupdate = 01:37, 20 Desemba 2009 (UTC) }} [[Picha:Thomas-vermaelen-3.jpg|thumb|290px]] '''Thomas Vermaelen''' (amezaliwa [[14 Novemba]] [[1985]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Ubelgiji]] ambaye sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya [[Arsenal]] kama [[mlinzi]]. Alianza kucheza mpira wa kitaalamu akiwa [[Ajax]] kabla ya kuhamia Arsenal Juni mwaka wa 2009. ==Wasifu wa klabu== ===Wasifu wa mapema=== Vermaelen alianza kazi yake akiwa nchi nyumbani katika [[Germinal Ekeren]], ambayo imebadilisha jina na kuwa Germinal Beerschot baada kuungana. [[Picha:Thomas Vermaelen.jpg|thumb|right|Vermaelen na Ajax]] ===Ajax=== Mwaka wa 2000 alijiunga na shule ya [[Kiholanzi]] ya klabu ya [[Ajax]]. Alicheza mechi ya kwanza ya kitaalamu tarehe 15 Februari, mwaka wa [[2004]] kwa kushinda 2-0 dhidi ya [[Volendam]]. Hata hivyo ilikuwa meci pekee yake aliweza kucheza msimu huo ambao Ajax walichukua ubingwa wa [[Eredivisie]]. Yeye alitumwa katika [[RKC Waalwijk]]kwa mkopo kwa msimu wa 2004-05. Katika RKC hakuwa katika timu ya kwanza kila wakati, lakini alijiutokeza mara kumkuonekana ambayo yeye alifunga malengo mawili. Uvumi wake ulikuja aliporejea Ajax na wakashinda [[Kombe la KNVB]]. Utaratibu wa msimu ulisababisha wito wake katika [[Timu ya kadanda ya taifa ya Ubelgiji]]. Ajax ilishinda [[Johan Cruijff Shield]] na kombe la KNVB tenamsimu huo na mwaka 2007, ilishinda [[Johan Cruijff Shield]] mara ya pili mfululizo.<ref>{{cite web |title=VZ: De transferobjecten van de Eredivisie |url=http://www.voetbalzone.nl/doc.asp?uid=80130 |date=2009-06-08 |work=Voetbalzone.nl |publisher=Voetbalzone |accessdate=2009-07-08 |archivedate=2009-06-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611165128/http://www.voetbalzone.nl/doc.asp?uid=80130 }}</ref> Alishirikiana na mwenzake kuytoka shule [[Yohana Heitinga]] na baadaye [[Jan Vertonghen]] wakati Heitinga alihamia Uhispania. Kufuatia kuondoka kwa [[Klaas-Jan Huntelaar]] katikati mwa msimu, Vermaelen aliwahi kuwa nahodha wa Ajax kwa salio la msimu wa 2008-09. ===Arsenal=== Vermaelen alijiunga na [[Arsenal]] kutoka [[Ajax]] kwa ada ya awali ya € 10 milioni, iliyopanda hadi € 12 milioni 19 Juni 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Vermaelen joins Arsenal |url=http://english.ajax.nl/News/Archive/Article/Thomas-Vermaelen-joins-Arsenal.htm |date=2009-06-19 |work=Ajax.nl |publisher=[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |accessdate=2009-06-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803130416/http://english.ajax.nl/News/Archive/Article/Thomas-Vermaelen-joins-Arsenal.htm |archivedate=2009-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Vermaelen completes move to Arsenal |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/thomas-vermaelen-completes-move-to-arsenal |date=2009-06-19 |work=Arsenal.com |publisher=[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |accessdate=2009-06-19}}</ref> Alikuwa ashirikiane na [[William Gallas]] katika upinzani kwani [[Kolo Toure]] alikuwa amehamia [[Manchester City]]. <ref>{{citenews|title=Thomas Vermaelen's seamless transition augurs well for Arsenal's defence|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/aug/20/thomas-vermaelen-arsenal-defender|publisher=[[The Guardian newspaper]]|date=20 Agosti 2009|accessdate=31 Oktoba 2009}}</ref> Tarehe 15 Agosti dhidi ya [[Everton]], Vermaelen alifunga, katikia onyesho lake la ligi kuu Uingereza, kwa kichwa mpira uliotoka kwa [[Robin Van Persie]] na kumpita 0}Tim Howard katika dakika ya 37 <ref>{{cite web |title=Everton 1–6 Arsenal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8199120.stm |date=2009-08-15 |work=BBC.co.uk | publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2009-08-16}}</ref> na alifunga bao ya kusawazisha manamo 16 Septemba katika ligi ya mabingwa dhidi ya [[Standard Liege]] na kushinda 3-2. Ingawa alitia mkataba na Gunners katika Julai, jitihada yake imependekezwa na wengi, hasa kutoka [[Arsène Wenger]] ambaye alikiri kwamba "alishangazwa" mchezaji huyu kutoka Ubelgiji jinsi alivyotulia kwa haraka katika ulinzi wa Arsenal.<ref>{{citenews|title=Arsène Wenger admits surprise over Thomas Vermaelen impact for Arsenal|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/aug/19/arsenal-celtic-arsene-wenger-vermaelen|publisher=[[The Guardian newspaper|guardian.co.uk]]|date=19 Agosti 2009|accessdate=31 Oktoba 2009}}</ref> Tarehe 19 Septemba 2009, Vermaelen alifunga bao mbili za kwanza katika ushindi wa Arsenal 4-0 dhidita [[Wigan katika Emirates.]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Arsenal 4–0 Wigan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8256624.stm |date=2009-09-19 |work=BBC.co.uk | publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref> Tarehe 4 Oktoba 2009, y alifunga tena, katika ushindi wa 6-2 dhidi ya [[Blackburn Rovers]] katika [[Emirates]], kama bao lake la tano la msimu huo.<ref>[15] ^ [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=269990&amp;cc=5739 Arsenal 6-2 Blackburn Rovers - Fabregas awamaliza Rovers] {{Wayback|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=269990&cc=5739 |date=20091007114836 }}</ref><ref>{{citenews|title=Premier League: Arsenal 6-2 Blackburn Rovers|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/oct/04/premier-league-arsenal-blackburn-rovers|publisher=[[The Guardian newspaper|guardian.co.uk]]|date=4 Oktoba 2009|accessdate=31 Oktoba 2009}}</ref> Mashabiki katika arsenal.com walimpigia kura kama mchezaji wao wa mwezi mara mbili mfululizo. Katika kutambua mchango wake, alitajwa kama mmoja wa [[Mwanamchezo Mbelgiji wa mwaka]] <ref>{{citenews|title=65 nominés pour les 4 plus prestigieux prix du sport|url=http://www.lalibre.be/sports/omnisports/article/541723/65-nomines-pour-les-4-plus-prestigieux-prix-du-sport.html|publisher=[[La Libre Belgique|lalibre.be]]|date=9 Novemba 2009|language=French}}</ref> ==Wasifu wa kimataifa== Kama kijana wa zamani wa kimataifa, Vermaelen walishiriki katika [[Mabingwa wa U-19]] na [[Mabingwa wa Ulaya 2007 U-21]]. Alichezea [[Ubelgiji]] katika umri wa miaka 20 dhidi ya [[Luxemburg]] Machi 2006. Tarehe 8 Oktoba 2009, aliteuliwa nahodha wa Ubelgiji <ref>{{citenews|title=Vermaelen is de nieuwe kapitein van de Rode Duivels|url=http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/998/Voetbal/article/detail/1012973/2009/10/08/Vermaelen-is-de-nieuwe-kapitein-van-de-Rode-Duivels.dhtml|publisher=[[De Morgen|De Morgen Voetbal]]|date=8 Oktoba 2009|language=Dutch}}</ref> katika michezo dhidi ya Uturuki na Estland katika [[Mechi ya Kufuzu Katika Kombe la Dunia 2010 Q]] lakini hakuweza kuzuia Wabelgiji kuchukua nafasi ya nne katika kundi lao. Alishirikishwa katika kikosi kilichocheza 14 Novemba mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya [[Hungary]] na kufunga bao lake la kwanza la nchi yake kwa kwa kuguza krosi iliyotolewa na [[Edeni Hatari]].<ref>{{citenews|title=Diables Rouges - Quelle équipe samedi contre la Hongrie?|url=http://www.lalibre.be/sports/football/article/542531/diables-rouges-quelle-equipe-samedi-contre-la-hongrie.html|publisher=[[La Libre Belgique|lalibre.be]]|date=13 Novemba 2009|language=French}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/thomas-vermaelen Maelezo mafupi katika Arsenal.com rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/thomas-vermaelen |date=20161214140804 }} * [http://www.goal.com/en/news/9/england/2009/06/22/1339085/goalcom-profile-thomas-vermaelen Maelezo Mafupi katika.com ] * {{soccerbase|id=39608|name=Thomas Vermaelen}} {{Arsenal F.C. squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vermaelen, Thomas}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa AFC Ajax]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Arsenal FC]] 6h8cxs40ukoi3nko9wrx19ye7odjw16 0 34231 1599536 1190007 2026-09-23T18:32:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:University of Ibadan gate, Ibadan5.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa nje wa Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] [[Picha:Wiki club, University of Ibadan.jpg|thumb|Baadhi ya Wanachuo wa Ibadan]] [[Picha:Tekena Tamuno Building, University of Ibadan.jpg|thumb|Chuo kikuu cha Ibadan]] {{Infobox chuo kikuu |name = University of Ibadan |picha = [[Picha:Logoui.png]] |motto = |established = 1948 |chansela = |makamu_wa_chansela = Prof. Olufemi Adebisi Bamiro |mji = [[Ibadan]] |jimbo = [[Oyo State|Oyo]] |nchi = [[Nigeria]] |tovuti = http://www.ui.edu.ng |students = |undergrad = |postgrad = |colours = |aina = [[public university|Public]] |affiliations = }} '''Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan''' ndio [[chuo kikuu]] kikongwe [[Nigeria]] na iko maili tano (kilomita 8) kutoka katikati ya mji wa [[Ibadan]], Magharibi mwa [[Nigeria]]. Chuo hiki kina zaidi ya wanafunzi 12,000. ==Historia== Chuo Kikuu kilianzishwa mahali pake tarehe 17 Novemba 1948. Eneo la Chuo hiki Lilikodishwa kwa mamlaka ya kikoloni na machifu wa Ibadan kwa miaka 999. Wanafunzi wa kwanza walianza kozi zao Januari ya mwaka ya mwaka huo. [[Arthur Creech Jones]], [[Katibu wa Jimbo ya makoloni]], alizindua taasisi hiyo mpya ya elimu. Chuo hiki awalitawi ya nje ya [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[London]], na kuitwa '''Chuo Kikuu Ibadan.''' Baadhi ya majengo ya awali yaliundwa na mafundi kutoka Uingereza [[Maxwell]] modernist [[Fry]] na [[Jane Drew]]. Hospitali ya vitanda 500 iliongezwa mwaka wa [[1957]]. Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan kilikuwa chuo huru mwaka wa [[1962]]. Mwishoni wa mwaka wa 1963, katika uwanja wa chuo hicho wa michezo, pamoja na maadhimisho yaliyokuwa na [[ndarama]], Rt. Mhe. Bwana [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza wa [[Nigeria]], huru aliteuliwa Chansela wa kwanza wa chuo hicho. Makamu wa chansela wa kwanza kutoka Nigeria w alikuwa profesa [[Kenneth Dike]], ambaye maktaba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan imerithi jina lake. Licha ya Chuo cha Utabibu, sasa kuna vitivo vingine kumi: Sanaa, Sayansi, Kilimo na Misitu, Sayansi, Elimu, Utibabu wa wanyama, Teknolojia, Sheria, Afya ya Umma na Udaktari wa meno. Chuo Kikuu kina makazi na vifaa vya michezo kwa ajili ya wafanyakazi na wanafunzi katika kampasi, vilevile bustani za masomo ya wanyama na mimea. Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan kinajivunia kuwa na wanafunzi wake kadhaa maarufu wa zamani ambao ni pamoja, [[Chinua Achebe]], mwandishi wa [[Things Fall Apart]]; Wole Soyinka, mshindi wa mwaka wa 1986 katika [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]]; Odia Ofeimun (mshairi maarufu wa Nigeria); [[Yakobo Ade Ajayi]] (moja wa wanahistoria kutoka Afrika ); Paulo Iyogun ( Profesa wa vitendo vya usimamizi), [[Abiola Irele]] na mwandishi [[Kole Omotosho]]. Kitivo chake pia kinajumuisha mshairi kutoka Nigeria [[Niyi Osundare]], ambaye ni Profesa wa Kiingereza huko. Inabakia kama mwanzilishi mkubwa katika maendeleo ya utafiti kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara. ==Vitivo== * Kilimo na Misitu * Sanaa * Msingi wa Sayansi ya Matibabu * Sayansi ya Kliniki * Udaktari wa meno * Elimu * Sheria * Ujuzi wa dawa * Afya ya Umma * Sayansi * Sayansi ya Kijamii * Teknolojia * Utibabu wa Wanyama ==Viungo== * Msajili * Hazina * Kiungo cha Kazi na Ushawishi * Kiungo cha Wanafunzi wa kigeni * Baraza ya michezo * Maktaba * Kiyuo cha Kompyuta * Nkuru * Duka la Vitabu * Shamba la Ustadi wa Mimea * Bustani ya Ustadi wa Wanyama * Kituo cha Uwasilishaji cha Chuo Kikuu, ambacho kima kituo cha redio ya kampasi, Diamond 101.1 FM. * Kituo cha mawasiliano cha Abadina * Kituo cha maendeleo * Huduma za Afya za Chuo Kikuu * Kazi na Marekebisho * Mipango ya Elimu * Ukaguzi wa Ndani == Majumba ya makazi == Chuo Kikuu kimsingi kina Majumba ya makazi ya kuishi kwa wanafunzi wote wanaume na wanawake. Pia kuna malazi ya wanafunzi waliohitimu, Majumba haya yameorodheshwa hapa chini: * Jumba la Tedder ---- (Wanaume, bado kuhitimu) * Jumba la Malkia Elizabeth II ---- (Wanawake, bado Kuhitimu) * Jumba la Mellanby ---- (Wanaume, Bado kuhitimu) * Jumba la Sultani Bell---- (Mwanaume, Bado) * Jumba la Kuti ----- (Wanaume, Bado kuhitimu) * Jumba la Malkia Idia ----- (Wanamwake, Undergraduate) * Jumba la Obafemi Awolowo ----- (Mchanganyo, Bado kuhitimu &amp; Waliohitimu) * ----- Jumba la Nnamdi Azikiwe (Wanaume, Bado kuhitimu) * Jumba la Uhuru ----- (Wanaume, Bado kuhitimu) * Jumba la Tafawa Balewa ----- (Mchanganyo, Bado Kuhitimu) * Jumba la Alexander Brown ----- (Mchanganyo, wanafunzi wa kliniki ya matibabu ya meno &amp; tiba ya mwili) * Jumba la Mpya ----- (Mchanganyo, Waliohitimu) ==Alumni Mashuhuri== Miongoni mwa Alumnai wa Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, na taasisi nyingine ni: * [[Chinua Achebe]] * [[Yohana Pepper Clark]] * [[William F. Kumuyi]] * [[Christopher Okigbo]] * [[Gamalieli Onosode]] * [[Wole Soyinka]] * [[Martin I Uhomoibhi]] * [[Ken saro Wiwa]] ==Wafanyakazi mashuhuri wa zamani== * Profesa [[Robert Sidney Smith]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.ui.edu.ng Tovti Rasmi ] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ibadan, University of}} [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Nigeria]] [[Category:Ibadan]] [[Category:Shirika la Vyuo Vikuu vya Jumuia ya Madola]] t4fwghm8xk1vicc9tybc4bdzzc06q8n 0 34291 1599577 1519647 2026-09-23T18:45:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football biography 2 | playername = Mario Balotelli Barwuah | image = [[Picha:Mario Balotelli cropped.jpg|240px]] | fullname = Mario Barwuah Balotelli<ref name="inter_fc">{{cite web |url=http://www.inter.it/aas/squadra/player1?codgioc=G0823&L=it&stagione=2008%2F09 |publisher=FC Internazionale Milano |language=Italian |title=Barwuah Balotelli Mario |accessdate=18 Oktoba 2008 |archivedate=2010-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801084025/http://www.inter.it/aas/squadra/player1?codgioc=G0823&L=it&stagione=2008%2F09 }}</ref> | dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1990|8|12|df=y}} | cityofbirth = [[Palermo]] | countryofbirth = [[Italy]] | height = {{height|m=1.89}}<ref name="profile">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.inter.it/aas/squadra/player1?codgioc=G0823&L=en&stagione=2008%2F09 |title=West Ham United<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-04 |archivedate=2008-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703203111/http://www.inter.it/aas/squadra/player1?codgioc=G0823&L=en&stagione=2008%2F09 }}</ref> | position = [[Striker (football)|Striker]], [[Midfielder (football)#Winger|Attacking Midfielder]]<ref name="profile"/> | currentclub = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | clubnumber = 45 | youthyears1 = 2001–2006 |youthclubs1 = [[A.C. Lumezzane|Lumezzane]] | youthyears2 = 2006–2007 |youthclubs2 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] | years1 = 2006 |clubs1 = [[A.C. Lumezzane|Lumezzane]] |caps1 = 2 |goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2007– |clubs2 = [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]] |caps2 = 47 |goals2 = 15 | nationalyears1 = 2008– |nationalteam1 = [[Italy national under-21 football team|Italy U-21]] |nationalcaps1 = 15 |nationalgoals1 = 6 | pcupdate = 5 Desemba 2009 | ntupdate = 13 Novemba 2009 }} [[Picha:Mario Balotelli - Inter Mailand (1).jpg|thumb|Mario Balotelli]] '''Mario Barwuah Balotelli''' (amezaliwa [[12 Agosti]], [[1990]]) ni mwanakandanda wa Kiitalia. Anajulikana sana kwa kasi yake na uwezo wa kiufundi. Balotelli, wakati mwingine hupewa jina Super Mario na watangazaji, anaweza kucheza sehemu yoyote katika safu ya kushambulia, lakini sanasana kama mshambuliaji mkuu. Yeye anajua kupiga 'free-kick" na anaonwa na wengi kama mmoja wa wanakandanda wa Kiitaliano mwenye ahadi na matarajio kwa siku zinazokuja. == Maisha ya awali == Balotelli alizaliwa kwa wavyele ambao walikuwa wahamiaji kutoka nchi ya Ghana, Thomas na Rose Barwuah katika mji mkuu wa Kiitaliano wa [[Palermo]]. Familia hii ilihamia Bagnolo Mella katika mkoa wa Brescia, Lombardy muda mfupi baada ya kuzaliwa kwa Balotelli. Mwaka wa 1993, akiwa na umri wa mika tatu, familia ya Barwuah ilikubali kuipatia familia ya Balotelli Mario huku hatua za kisheria zikipitishwa rasmi na Mahakama ya Brescia. Balotelli baadaye aliwashtaki wazazi wake waliomza kwa kosa la "uwindaji wa utukufu", na kusema kwamba wao walimtaka tu kwa sababu ya umaarufu wake. Wanaishi katika mji wa Concesio katika sehemu ya Brescia. Kulingana na Sheria ya 91 ya 5 Februari 1992, Balotelli alibidi kusubiri hadi siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya 18 ili apeane ombi la uraia wa Kiitaliano, kwani kupeanwa kwake kwa familia ya Balotelli haikuwa kamili, lakini alipata uraia huo rasmi tarehe 13 Agosti 2008. == Wasifu wa Klabu == === Lumezzane === Balotelli alianza wasifu wake na klabu ya Lumezzane. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, alipandishwa ngazi hadi kwa timu kuu, na kucheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya ligi ya Serie C1 dhidi ya [[Padova]]. === Internazionale === Internazionale walimsaini Balotelli kwa mkopo pamoja na chaguo la kumnunua mwaka wa 2006. Alianza katika kikosi chao cha vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 17 kisha alijiunga na timu ya vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 20 ya [[Primavera]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Alifunga mkwaju wa penalti lililovunja sare ya 0-0 katika ushindi wa 1-0 dhidi ya Sampdoria katika fainali ya ligi ya Primavera na alivua sifa kutoka kwa watu pamoja na mwenyekiti wa Inter Massimo Moratti. Balotelli alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya timu kuu mnamo Desemba 2007, kwa kuingia kama mbadala wa [[David Suazo]] katika ushindi wa 2-0 dhidi ya [[Cagliari]]. Siku tatu baadaye, alianzishwa katika mechi ya [[Coppa Italia]] dhidi ya [[Reggina]] na alifunga mabao mawili katika ushindi wa 4-1. Balotelli alipata usikivu wa kitaifa baada ya kufunga mabao mawili dhidi ya [[Juventus]] katika mechi ya marudiano ya robo-fainali ya Coppa Italia, kwa kusisimua katika ushindi wa ''Nerazzurri'' wa 3-2 ugenini. Bao lakek la kwanza la Serie A lilikuja mwezi Aprili mwaka wa 2008 katika ushindi wa 2-0 dhidi ya [[Atalanta]] ugenini. Inter iliendelea na matokeo bora na hatimaye kushinda scudetto-ligi ya Kiitaliano- msimu wa 2007-08. Balotelli alikuwa mbadala katika fainali ya Supercoppa Italiana mwaka wa 2008 dhidi ya [[AS Roma]]. Aliingia kama mbadala wa [[Luis Figo]], na kufunga bao katika dakika ya 83. Inter iliishinda fainali hiyo kupitia mikwaju ya penalti kwa mabao 6 kwa 5 baada ya mechi kumkamilika kwa sare ya 2-2. Kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu wa 2008-09 Balotelli alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na Inter. Mnamo Novemba 2008, alifunga bao lake la kwanza la Ligi ya Mabingwa Barani Ulaya{ /0}, dhidi ya upande wa Cypriotiska Anorthosis Famagusta na kuwa mchezaji mwenye umri mdogo zaidi wa Inter kufunga bao katika Ligi ya Mabingwa barani Ulaya. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 na siku 85 alivunja rekodi ambayo awali ilikuwa inashilikiwa na [[Obafemi Martins]] alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 18 na siku 145. Aprili 2009, Balotelli alifunga bao la Inter katika sare ya 1-1 dhidi ya Juventus, na alinyanyaswa kirangi na mashabiki wa Juventus mechi nzima, pamoja na nyimgo kama "hakuna Mitaliano Mweusi". Hii ilisababisha Massimo Moratti kusema kwamba iwapo angekuwa, angeiambia timu yake iwache kucheza. Nyimbo hizi za kubagua rangi pia yalishutumiwa na mwenyekiti wa Juventus, [[Giovanni Cobolli Gigli]]. Juventus walipigwa marufuku ya mechi moja nyumbani kwa sababu ya tukio hilo. Inter ilishinda taji la Serie A kwa mara ya nne mfululizo. [[Picha:Ibrabalotelli.jpg|thumb|right|Zlatan Ibrahimovic na Balotelli]] Katika msimu wake wa pili na timu ya kwanza ya Inter, Balotelli alikuwa na idadi ya matatizo ya nidhamu, hasa tatizo ambalo lilimshirikisha kocha wa Inter, [[Jose Mourinho]] ambaye alimfukuza kutoka kwa timu ya kwanza katika nusu ya pili ya msimu mwezi wa Januari. Kocha huyu mwenye raia wa Kireno alisema "mimi ninavyojua, kijana kama yeye hawezi kujiruhusu kufanya mazoezi kidogo kama wachezaji kama Figo, [[Cordoba]], na [[Zanetti]]." Mapema msimu huo Mourinho alisema kuwa Balotelli anaonyesha ukosefu wa juhudi katika mazoezi. == Wasifu wa Kimataifa == Kutokana na matatizo ya kisheria ya Balotelli, hakuweza kuzichezea timu za vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 15 na 17, kwani bado alikuwa anafikiriwa kuwa mhamiaji wa Ghana. Mnamo 7 Agosti 2007, siku tano kabla ya siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya 17, Balotelli alipokea ombi lake la kwanza la kimataifa kutoka kwa kocha wa [[Ghana]] [[Claude Le Roy]] kushiriki katika mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya [[Senegal]] katika Uwanja wa New Den katika mji mkuu wa London, Uingereza tarehe 21 Agosti 2007. Hata hivyo, aliikataa ombi hilo kwa kuonyesha tena utashi wake kuichezea timu ya Italia wakati atakuwa na umri wa miaka 18. Pia alisema utashi wake wa kuiwakilisha timu ya Italia katika kiwango cha kimataifa mara tu atakapopewa pasipoti ya Kiitaliano. Kocha wa timu ya Italia ya vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 21, Pierluigi Casiraghi alionyesha nia yake ya kumtaja Balotelli katika kikosi chake punde tu atakapo pata uraia wa Kiitaliano. Mnamo 13 Agosti 2008, hatimaye Balotelli alipewa uraia wa Kiitaliano, na katika mkutano wa waandishi wa habari siku hiyo hiyo alisema ana nia kuichezea timu ya Italia ya vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 21. Mnamo 29 Agosti, Casiraghi hatimaye alimwita aje akajiunge na ''Azzurrini'' kwa mechi dhidi ya [[Ugiriki]] na [[Kroeshia]]. Alifunga bao lake la kwanza la kimataifa katika sare ya 1-1 dhidi ya timu ya Ugiriki ya vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 21, kisha akafunga mabao mawili dhidi ya [[Israeli]] katika mechi za kufuzu kushiriki katika shindano la Ulaya la vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 21 mwaka wa 2009. Mnamo Februari 2009, kocha wa timu ya Italia ya vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 21,Pierluigi Casiraghi, alimshtukumu Balotelli kwa kukosa kusafiri na timu yake kutumia ndege hadi Trieste ambapo Casiraghi alikuwa na kikao cha mazoezi. Ilidaiwa kuwa Balotelli alilala kupindukia na ilimbidi ajiendeshee gari mwenyewe hadi Trieste ndiposa ajiunge na wachezaji wengine wa timu. Balotelli alionyeshwa kadi nyekundu katika dakika ya 36 ya nusu ya kwanza katika mechi dhidi ya wenyeji Uswidi katika mashindano ya vijana wasiozidi umri wa miaka 21 ya Ulaya kwa kuzua vurugu dhidi ya Ponto Wernbloom. Hii ilikuwa baada yake kufunga katika dakika ya 23 na kuiweka timu yake juu 1-0. == Tuzo == ;Internazionale * Trofeo Giacinto Facchetti-2007 * Torneo di Viareggio-2008 * Serie A 2007–08,2007–08,2008–09 na 2008–09 * Supercoppa Italiana-2008 == Takwimu ya Wasifu == Sahihi tangu 10 Oktoba 2008. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! rowspan="2"|Klabu ! rowspan="2"|Msimu ! colspan="3"|Serie A ! colspan="3"|Ulaya ! colspan="3"|Kikombe na Supercup ! colspan="3"|Jumla |- !Matokeo !Mabao !Usaidizi !Matokeo !Mabao !Usaidizi !Matokeo !Mabao !Usaidizi !Matokeo !Mabao !Usaidizi |- | rowspan="3"|Internazionale | 2007-08 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 7 | 3 |- | 2008-09 | 22 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 31 | 10 | 3 |- | 2009-10 | 14 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 21 | 5 | 5 |- ! colspan="2"|Jumla !47 !15 !7 !11 !2 !3 !9. !5 !1 !67 !22 !11 |} == Marejeo == {{reflist|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{official|http://www.mariobalotelli.it/}} * {{it icon}} [http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/statistiche/2008_nw/giocatori/87943.shtml Career profile saa [[La Gazzetta dello Sport&#93;|''La Gazzetta dello Sport&#93;'']] {{F.C. Internazionale Milano squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balotelli, Mario}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Palermo]] 0rki7pv0bwlml2jvii1ge29h4syfn9n 0 34446 1600137 1476275 2026-09-24T11:51:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Automobile | image = [[File:Fuso Canter 3C13, 8th Generation.jpg|thumb|Fuso Canter 3C13, 8 Generation nchini Hispania.]] | name = Mitsubishi Fuso Canter | manufacturer = [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation]] | production = 1963-present | predecessor = | successor = | class = [[Truck]] | platform = | body_style = Truck (standard cab, crew cab) | engine = Mitsubishi 117 HP (1983-1995), Mitsubishi 135 HP (1995-2004), Mitsubishi 175 HP (2004-) | transmission = Mitsubishi (manual), Aisin (automatic) | length = | width = | height = | weight = | wheelbase = | aka = | fuel_economy = | fuel_capacity = | related = | similar = [[Isuzu Elf]], [[UD Atlas]], [[Toyota Dyna]], [[Hino Dutro]] | designer = }} '''Mitsubishi Fuso''' '''Canter''' (kana:]]三菱ふそうキャンター) ni moja ya [[magari madogo ya biashara]] yaliyoundwa na Kampuni ya Mitsubishi Fuso ya lori na basi. Aina hii ya lori ilipatikana katika [[Ujapani]] na baadhi ya nchi nyingine za Asia, ingawa pia iliuzwa katika [[Marekani]] mwishoni wa miaka ya 1980 na hadi sasa. Uundaji ulianza mwaka wa 1962 pamoja na magari ya kwanza ya kwenda Asia. Nchi zingine za Ulaya na Marekani ambazo ziliagiza gari hii au ziliunda ni pamoja na Ulaya, [[Mashariki ya Kati|Mashariki ya kati]] na Amerika Kaskazini. Asia-Pacific ilikuwa soko nyingine mpaka mwanzoni wa miaka ya 1970. Katika masoko mengi Canter ilikuwa ghali sana na nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na lori ya Mitsubishi Fuso wakati kwamba mtindo huu uliweza kupatikana soko ya duniani kote mwanzoni wa miaka ya 1980. [[Australia]] pia ilikuwa soko maarufu ya Canter - kwa kiasi kwamba ilikuwa iliundiwa huko kuanzia miaka ya 1970 kwa kutumia vipengele vya kawaida. Mitindo mingi ya lori hii inatambulika kwa alama ya 'Canter' iliyo mbele ya lori hii, lakini kwa kawaida alama ya Mitsubishi huwa nyuma. Katika [[Amerika]] washindani wakuu ni [[Bering MS, Chevrolet Toleo la W, GMC Toleo la W, Isuzu NPR / NQR]] na [[UD 1200/1300/1400.]] na katika Japani washindani ni [[Isuzu Elf, UD Atlas, Toyota Dyna, Hino Dutro.]] Katika mwishoni wa mwaka wa 2005, Canter mpya ilizunduliwa, pamoja na usalama kuwa suala kuu. Pia lori ilitokana na Canter, [[Canter Eco Hybrid]] ilizinduliwa. Inauzwa tu katika Ujapani. Canter imekuwa ikiundwa na Mitsubishi Fuso katika Tramagal / Ureno tangu mwaka wa 1980. Tramagal iko 150 km kaskazini ya Lisbon. Kiwanda kinafikia na uwezo wa uundaji wa madari 15,000 kwa mwaka na kila muda una wafanyakazi takriban 430 ( Oktoba 2004). Zaidi ya magari 110,000 yameundiwa hapa hadi sasa. Uundaji wa juu, uliodhibitishwa na viwango vya ISO, pamojana majaribio makini na ukaguzi bora husababisha lori ngumu na ya kuaminika. Katika Uingereza [[makao makuu]] ya idara ya Mauzo na Masoko ya Mitsubishi Fusoo yako katika Milton Keynes katika makao makuu ya DaimlerChrysler katika idara ya magari ya Kibiashara sambamba na Mercedes-Benz. Katika ngazi ya mtaa, Mitsubishi Canter Fuso huuzwa kupitia mtandao wa magari ya kibiashara ya Mercedes-Benz. Habari zaidi [http://www.mitsubishifusocanter.com [hapa]] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishifusocanter.com/ |date=20190729100813 }} ==Models== [[Picha:Tatebayashi-Suibou.jpg|thumb|200px|Canter kizazi 5]] [[Picha:KaohsiungCityBus 56 XA982 Front.jpg|thumb|200px|A 6 kizazi Canter chassied bus nchini Taiwan]] [[Picha:Canter Police HK.jpg|200px|thumb|A 6 kizazi Canter katika Hong Kong Polisi]] [[Picha:Canterguts.jpg|thumb|200px|7 kizazi Canter Guts (FB)]] ===Ujapani=== *FB Canter Guts *FD Canter Guts 4WD *Fe *FF Tri-axles *FG Double CAB 4WD ===Amerika &amp; Kanada=== *Nuru Fe Canter Duty **Fe-HD **Fe-SP **Fe-SP640 **FE84 ***FE85D **FE120 **FE140 **FE145 **FE145CC **FE180 **FE335B **FE434 **FE439 **FE444 **FE635 **FE639 **FE639L **FE639T **FE640T **FE649L **FE649T **FE1600 *Canter FG nyepesi 4WD **FG140 **FG439 *Canter FH Uzito wa Kati Duty **FH210 **FH211 *[[Sterling 360]] ===Ulaya=== *Canter FB, Fe, FH **Tani 3.5 **5.5 tani **6.5 tani **Tani 7.5 ===New Zealand=== *Canter FB, Fe, FH **2.0T FE130C1 iliyochini **2.0T FE150C1 Kebu Pana **2.0T FE150E1 Kebu Pana **2.5T FG145C1 4x4 **3.5T FE150E2 Kebu Pana **3.5T FE150W1 Kebu mara mbili **4.0T FE150G1 Kebu Pana **4.5T FE150G2 Iliyo nzito na Fremu pana ===Australia=== *Canter Fe **2.0T SWB / MWB **3.0T SWB Tipper **3.5T MWB / Crew Cab **4.0T MWB / LWB / Crew Cab **4.5T LWB / XLWB *Canter FG **4WD SWB / MWB / Crew Cab ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|Fuso Canter}} *[http://www.mitsubishi-canter.com Ukurasa Rasmi wa Uuzaji wa Canter Uingereza ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishi-canter.com/ |date=20141217142900 }} *[http://rsi-cda.mercedes-benz.com/content/unitedkingdom/retailer-I/orwell_truck___van/en/home/vans/home/fuso.html?pid=orwellhomepage Wauzaji wa Mitsubishi Canter Anglia Mashariki] {{Wayback|url=http://rsi-cda.mercedes-benz.com/content/unitedkingdom/retailer-I/orwell_truck___van/en/home/vans/home/fuso.html?pid=orwellhomepage |date=20110521120615 }} *[http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/jp/lineup/truck/ Mitsubishi Fuso Ujapani (kundi la pili ni Canter's)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/jp/lineup/truck/ |date=20130404004845 }} *Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Duniani - [http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/en/products/truck/5_6series/index.html?a1 1 tovuti,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/en/products/truck/5_6series/index.html?a1 |date=20061029101644 }} [http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/en/products/truck/7_8series/index.html?a2 2 site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/en/products/truck/7_8series/index.html?a2 |date=20061029101754 }} *Mitsubishi Fuso Canter USA - [http://www.mitfuso.com/pages/model_fe.html Fé,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitfuso.com/pages/model_fe.html |date=20060618204255 }} [http://www.mitfuso.com/pages/model_fe_crew.html Fe Crew,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitfuso.com/pages/model_fe_crew.html |date=20060618204923 }} [http://www.mitfuso.com/pages/model_fg.html FG] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitfuso.com/pages/model_fg.html |date=20060618204311 }} *[http://www.mitsubishifuso.com/mitsubishi-MFTE/0-710-474905-1-475786-1-0-0-0-0-1-7493-474905-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Europa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishifuso.com/mitsubishi-MFTE/0-710-474905-1-475786-1-0-0-0-0-1-7493-474905-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |date=20070323204526 }} *[http://www.fuso.com.au/Canter.aspx Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Australia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fuso.com.au/Canter.aspx |date=20100107031425 }} *[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.nz/trucks/canter/canter.html Mitsubishi Fuso Canter New Zealand] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.nz/trucks/canter/canter.html |date=20060714024702 }} *[http://www.fuso.co.za/Modules_FE/layout1/displayfull.asp?id=26 Mitsubishi Canter Fuso Afrika ya Kusini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fuso.co.za/Modules_FE/layout1/displayfull.asp?id=26 |date=20060926054110 }} *[http://www.mitsubishifusocanter.com Taarifa juu Canters nchini Uingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mitsubishifusocanter.com/ |date=20190729100813 }} {{Mitsubishifuso}} [[Jamii:Malori]] [[Jamii:Magari ya Mitsubishi Fuso]] fprbx9pk52woyjc5jxs8j4junda7wtq 0 34482 1599578 1516880 2026-09-23T18:46:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox President | name = Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan [[Picha:Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan-CROPPED.jpg|200px]] | order = [[Rais wa Falme za Kiarabu]] | primeminister = [[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]<br />[[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] | term_start = 3 Novemba 2004 | predecessor = [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] | successor = | royal house = [[Al Nahyan]] | birth_date = 25 Januari 1948 (age 64) | birth_place = [[Al Ain]], [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1657889/bio Khalifa bin Zayed An Nahyan - Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | religion = [[Sunni]] [[Islam]] }} [[Picha:Vladimir Putin in the United Arab Emirates 10 September 2007-5.jpg|thumb|Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan na kisha Rais wa Urusi Vladimir Putin tarehe 10 Septemba 2007.]] '''Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: خليفة بن زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان; anajulikana aidha kama '''Sheikh Nahyan''' au '''Sheikh Khalifa'''; [[25 Januari]] [[1948]] - [[13 Mei]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Umoja wa Falme za Kiarabu]] (UAE) na [[Emir]] wa [[Abu Dhabi]]. Alichukua viti hivyo viwili tarehe 3 Novemba [[2004]], akichukua nafasi ya baba yake [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], ambaye alifariki siku kabla. Alikuwa na kiti cha Urais, tangu baba yake aanze kuwa na afya mbaya. Kufuatia kuanzishwa kwa UAE tarehe 2 Desemba 1971, Sheikh Khalifa akawa Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa serikali ya shirikisho chini ya baba yake, ambaye alikuwa Rais. Mwezi Mei 1976 akawa naibu kamanda wa vikosi vya silaha vya UAE. Yeye pia anaongoza Baraza Kuu la Petroli, ambalo lina nguvu katika masuala ya nishati. Anajulikana kwa upendo wake wa michezo ya jadi ya Uarabuni, hasa [[farasi]] na kushindana kwa ngamia Mapema katika muda wake, mwezi Aprili 2005, aliitikia nyongeza ya asilimia 100 ya mshahara kwa wafanyakazi wa serikali. Tarehe 1 Desemba 2005, Rais alitangaza kuwa nusu ya wajumbe wa Baraza la Taifa la Shirikisho, mwili wa karibu nchini kufanana na Bunge, haitachaguliwa moja kwa moja. Hata hivyo, nusu ya wajumbe wa baraza bado watahitajika kuchaguliwa na viongozi wa emirates. Baraza hili lenye wajumbe 40 hutumiwa kwa ushauri Uchaguzi ulikuwa ufanyike Desemba 2006. Tarehe 4 Januari 2010, jina la [[Burj Dubai]], Jumba refu zaidi duniani lilibadilishwa hadi Burj Khalifa, kwa heshima ya Sheikh [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8439618.stm ] == Uhisani == Kulingana na [[Forbes]], Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ni tajiri zaidi wa tatu duniani wa kifalme, akiwa na mali ya [[dola]] bilioni 19.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thai king world's wealthiest royal: Forbes |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080821/en_afp/usthailandwealthpeopleroyals |publisher=[[Agence France-Press]] via Yahoo! News |date=2008-08-21 |accessdate=2008-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825102944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080821/en_afp/usthailandwealthpeopleroyals |archivedate=2008-08-25 }}</ref> Tarehe 30 Aprili 2007, [[Johns Hopkins Medicine]] ilitangaza zawadi nzuri kabisa kutoka kwa Sheikh Khalifa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2007/04_30a_07.html |title=Major gift to Johns Hopkins Medicine honors U.A.E. Sheikh Zayed bin sultan Al Nahyan |accessdate=2010-01-05 |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810204747/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2007/04_30a_07.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> nyingi ambayo, ilifanywa kwa heshima ya babake, Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], ilikuwa imepangiwa kusaidia ujenzi wa ya jumba la 'cardiovascular' na huduma muhimu katika hospitali ya Johns Hopkins (pia kupewa jina la Sheikh Zayed). Yeye pia alitangaza ufadhili wa [[Mji wa Sheikh Khalifa]] katika eneo la [[Gaza Strip]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/zayed.asp Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/zayed.asp |date=20100125034708 }} Biography oh UAE Rais * [http://www.sheikhzayed.com/index_flash.htm Marehemu Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sheikhzayed.com/index_flash.htm |date=20110807104909 }} Tovuti {{start box}} {{s-hou|[[Al Nahyan|House of Al Nahyan]]||1948||}} {{s-reg}} {{Incumbent succession box | before = [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] | title = [[List of rulers of separate Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Ruler of Abu Dhabi]] | start = 2004 }} {{s-off}} {{Incumbent succession box | title = [[Rais wa Falme za Kiarabu]] | before = [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] | start = 2004 }} {{end box}} {{UAEPres}} {{Abu Dhabi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Falme za Kiarabu]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Falme za Kiarabu]] 3hc604zin3vdyr1doo41yo4h21c4ipx 0 34541 1600051 1291494 2026-09-24T11:40:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_lake |lake_name = Ziwa Onega |image_lake = Lake Onega. Embankment in Petrozavodsk.jpg |caption_lake = |image_bathymetry = la2-demis-onega.png |caption_bathymetry = |location = |coords = {{coord|61|30|N|35|45|E|region:RU_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = |inflow = 58 rivers ([[Shuya River, Karelia|Shuya]], [[Suna River|Suna]], [[Vodla River|Vodla]], [[Vytegra River|Vytegra]], [[Andoma River|Andoma]]) |outflow = [[River Svir]] |catchment = |basin_countries = Russia |length = |width = |area = 9894 km2 |depth = 70 m |max-depth = 120 m |volume = 280 km3 |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = 33 m |islands = 1,369 ([[Kizhi]] Island) |cities = [[Kondopoga]], [[Medvezhyegorsk]], [[Petrozavodsk]], [[Pindushi]], [[Povenets]] }} '''Ziwa Onega''' (pia linajulikana kama '''Onego,''' {{lang-ru|Онежское озеро}} ''Onezhskoe ozero,'' yaani, ''Onezhskoe ziwa;'' [[Kifini]] / [[Kikarelia]] ''Ääninen'' au ''Äänisjärvi)'' ni [[ziwa]] la [[Urusi]]. == Jiografia == Ziwa Onega lina eneo la [[km²]] 9,894, ni kiasi cha km ³ 280 upeo na [[kina]] cha mita 120. Ni ziwa kubwa la pili katika [[Ulaya]], na la 18 duniani. Ina [[visiwa]] 1,369 vyenye eneo la km² 250 kwa jumla. [[Eneo la Vyanzo]] ambalo ni km² 51 540 huingia kwenye ziwa kupitia [[mito]] 58, pamoja na [[Shuya]], [[Suna]], [[Vodla]], [[Vytegra]], na [[Andoma]]. [[Svir]], ambayo ni alama katika mpaka wa kusini wa [[Karelen]], inatoka kusini magharibi mwa pwani ya Ziwa Onega hadi [[Ziwa Ladoga]] na inaendelea kama [[Neva]] hadi [[Ghuba ya Finland]]. Ziwa hili ni changa katika kijiolojia, liliundwa - kama karibu maziwa yote kaskazini mwa Ulaya - kupitia shughuli za c barafu katika sehemu ya mwisho mwisho [[kipindi cha barafu]]. Bonde la Onega liliundwa wakati barafu iliyeyuka miaka 15 000 iliyopita. Makao makubwa katika Ziwa Onega ni [[Petrozavodsk]], mji mkuu [[wa Jamhuri]] ya [[Karelia]]iliyo katika pwani ya magharibi. Jamhuri hii inazunguka ziwa hili katika magharibi, kaskazini na mashariki. Katika kusini ziwa ni mpaka wa [[Leningrad]] na [[Kanda la Vologda]]. == Njia za Majini == Kupitia mtaro wa [[White-Baltic Canal]] Onega imeunganishwa na [[Bahari]] [[nyeupe]], na kupitia [[njia ya Volga-Baltic]]na [[mto Volga]] na hivyo na [[Bahari ya Kaspi]] na [[Bahari nyeusi.]] Njia hii ya [[mtaro wa Onega]], ambayo inafuata hadi kusini wa ziwa, ilikuwa imejengwa katika miaka ya 1800 kama sehemu ya [[njia ya Mariinsk ]], moja ya njia za Volga-Baltic, ili kuepuka mawimbi katika Ziwa Onega yenyewe. == Historia na utamaduni == Eneo linalozunguka ziwa hili limekuwa wakazi tangu Enzi [[Kipindi cha Mawe.]] [[Petroglyph]] imepatikana katika mfuko wake. Misitu mkubwa unaozunguka Onega ulikuwa msingi wa viwanda vya [[sukari]]. Leo, hata hivyo, hii inawakilisha tatizo la kiikolojia ya ziwa. Kituo cha Urithi wa Dunia ya [[UNESCO]] [[Kizhi Pogost]] kiko katika moja visiwa katika Kizhi archipelago katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya ziwa. Makanisa mawili kubwa ya karne ya 18 ndio vituo muhimu katika makumbusho ya usanifu wa mbao katika Kaskazini Urusi mbao usanifu. Katika majira ya joto kuna madau yanayounganisha kisiwa hiki kutoka Petrozavodsk. Uendeshaji wa madau ni shughuli maarufu katika ziwa hili. Kuna klabu ya uendeshaji wa madau katika Petrozavodsk. Mchuano wa wazi katika Urusi wa kuendesha dau una hadhi ya Kimataifa wa Onego Regatta katika jamii ya uendeshaji dau katika Ujrusi. Regatta hushuhulikiwa na kamati Shirikisho la Kirusi katika Utamaduni na Michezo na Shirikisho la uendeshaji wa madau katika Jamhuri ya Karelia. <ref> [http://www.gov.karelia.ru/Power/Committee/Sport/Regata/index_e.html Onego Regatta]</ref> ==Picha== <gallery> File:Wooden Miracle Kizhi.jpg|Kanisa la mbao, Kizhi Island, Ziwa Onega. File:Onego2.jpg|Onega saa Petrozavodsk. </gallery> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Urusi}} [[Jamii:Mto Neva]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Urusi]] adsjq3q2l0o97jjoa3ifvg1m0kc4tfs 0 34547 1600112 1420278 2026-09-24T11:48:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:ヘタリアー単行本.jpg|200px|thumb|right|]] '''Axis Power Hetalia''' ni [[Kibonzo|katuni]] ya [[Kijapani]]. [[Himaruya]] awali aliumba ''Hetalia'' kama [["webcomic"]] na sasa [[tankōbon]] viwili vimechapishwa na kampuni liitwalo [[Gentosha Comics]], cha kwanza lilitozwa tarehe 28 Machi 2008 na cha pili tarehe 10 Desemba 2008. Baadaye diski za maigizo("drama CDS") zilirekodiwa, na anime iliyoendelezwa na [[Studio Deen]] pia ilianza kusambazwa kwa mtandao. Matukio ya kihistoria kuu yanayohusishwa katika tunzo hili yalitokea kati ya [[Vita Kuu I]] na [[Vita Kuu II]] Mara nyingi kuna matumizi ya kejeli, kinaya, tamthilia na kichekesho kushughulikia matukio ya kihistoria yanayojulikana na yasiyojulikana mno. Mahusiano ya kihistoria, kisiasa na kijeshi kati ya nchi yaliwasilishwa katika ''Hetalia'' kwa kutumia maingiliano ya kipenzi na maingiano kati ya wahusika; toleo la "webcomic" hasa hurejelea maingiliano ya kijeshi na kiuchumi kwa kutumia fumbo. == Wahusika Wakuu == Hadi sasa, zaidi ya nchi 40 zimewasilishwa kama wahusika binadamu. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.jp/himaruya/char.html | title = Character listing | publisher = Hidekaz Himaruya | language=Japanese | accessdate = 30 Januari 2009}}</ref> Katika ''Hetalia,'' wahusika hawa kwa kawaida wanajulikana kwa jina la nchi wanayowasilisha. === Ujerumani na Wenzake ("Axis Powers") === "Axis Powers" ni kundi la wahusika linalozingatia nchi za [[Ujerumani]], Italia, na Ujapani, ambao pia ni [[wahusika wakuu]] wa hadithi. Nchi nyingine kama Austria ambazo zilisimama na Ujerumani katika vita yanawasilishwa katika hadithi pia. ;Kaskazini Italia (イタリア- Italia) : Italia, mhusika mkuu, ni kijana wa furaha na asiyepata wasiwasi kwa urahisi. Kulingana na sehemu ya hadithi inayozingatiwa, anawasilishwa kama mtoto mchanga mjukuu wa Himaya la Roma (rejelea [[Roma ya Kale]]), anayetambuliwa kama mhusika hodari kuliko wengine, na kama askari mwoga na terema ambaye mara nyingi hutegemea Ujerumani kutatua masuala. Ustadi wake katika sanaa na upendo wake wa pasta na pizza ni marejeo kwa utamaduni wake wa Kiitaliano. Italia anawakilisha nusu ya nchi ya Italia iliyomo upande ya kaskazini, na kaka yake anawakilisha nusu iliyomo kusini. Majina yao kamili ni [[Italy Veneziano]] na Italia Romano. [[Daisuke Namikawa]] ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Italia katika anime. ;Ujerumani (ドイツ- Doitsu) : Ujerumani ni mfanyikazi anayejitahidi katika kazi, mfanisi, mkiritimba, na asiyemcheshi. Ujerumani ni mhusika anayeheshimiwa sana([[Primus inter Pares]]) miongoni mwa nchi za Axis Powers, na anachukua jukumu la mafunzo ya Italia na Ujapani. Tabia jingine Ujerumani analo ni uzuzu katika mwingiliano na watu wengine na kwa ajili hii huogopa sana kwamba asipotenda mambo kwa njia fulani ataangamia. Ingawa ya hayo, yeye anapata amekuza urafiki na Italia, ambaye anaelezea kama rafiki yake wa pekee. Kuna kivutio cha kipenzi kati ya Ujerumani na Italia ya Kaskazini inayogusiwa katika hadithi, kama vile Ujerumani kuhisi moyo wake ukidunda kwa kasi wakati ambako Italia anajadili naye kuhusu jambo la kibinafsi, lakini kivutio hiki hakijathibitisha moja kwa moja. Saa moja anabainisha kwamba ana mkubwa mwendawazimu ("crazy boss"), akirejelea kiongozi wa Ujerumani [[Hitler]]. Hiroki Yasumoto ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Ujerumani katika anime. ;Ujapani (日本)-Nihon) : Ujapani ni mhusika anayejitahidi katika kazi na ni mtenga. Huonyeshwa kuwa zuzu katika tamaduni za nchi za magharibi ("Western World") , na wakati mwingine hupata mshtuko kutokana na mwonjo wa tamaduni hizo. Yeye huwasilishwa kama kijana aliye na nywele eusi na macho hudhurungi, sifa ya kawaida ya kimwili kati watu wa asili ya Kijapani. Ujumla, yeye ni mtulivu na mwenye tabia za mfanyibiashara mzee. [[Hiroki Takahashi]] ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Ujapani katika anime. === Mataifa ya ushirikiano ("Allied Forces") === Kundi hili lilizingatia nchi za [[Marekani]], Uingereza, [[Ufaransa]], Uchina na Urusi. Katika mikutano yao ya vita wahusika hawa huonyeshwa kama wasioweza kupata maafikiano. Nchi zingine kama Kanada ambazo zilisimama na Mataifa ya Ushirikiano katika vita zinawasilishwa katika hadithi pia. ;Marekani (アメリカ- Amerika) : Marekani ni mhusika mchangamfu na mkaidi. Katika hadithi, alilelewa na Uingereza na baadaye kuipigia uhuru wake. Alijitangaza kama kiongozi wa kundi lake, tamko lake la kawaida ([["catchphrase"]]) ni, "Mimi ni Shujaa!" ('I am the hero!'). Mawazo yake kwa ajili ya kutatua matatizo ya kimataifa mara nyingi ni ya ajabu, lakini kawaida hayatii maoni ya wengine. Mawazo ya Marekani huwa ya kushangaza, lakini ni mara chache ambapo mawazo haya yanafua dafu. Ana hofu mwingi ya vizuka lakini hofu hii inapingana na urafiki yake na [[kijivu]] jinale Tony, ambaye anaishi katika nyumba yake. Marekani mara nyingi huonekana akishika aina ya chakula kiitwacho "hamburger" (nyama iliotiliwa kati ya mkate), au akila wakati anazungumza. [[Katsuyuki Konishi]], ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Marekani katika anime. ;Uingereza (イギリス- Igirisu) : Hurejelewa kama aina ya mhusika anayejulikana kama [[tsundere]], hawa ni wahusika ambao huonekana kama watu wagomvi na wanaokasirika kwa urahisi lakini pia wanaweza kuwa wakarimu na wachangmfu kutegemea na wahusika ambao wana mwingiliano nao. Katika hadithi, anawasilishwa kama kijana anayekasirika kwa haraka. Alikuwa mharamia awali, lakini sasa ni muungwana asiyewaamini watu wengine na ni mteuzi. Baadhi ya sifa zake mashuhuri ni kuwa mpishi mbaya, kutumia matusi, na uwezo wa kuona viumbe kimungu. Uingereza ameonyeshwa pia kuwa mchawi anayefanya laana kwa maadui wake. Uingereza ni adui wa Ufaransa -ambaye amekuwa na ghiliba naye kutoka zamani- na Amerika ambaye alimlea zamani. Sifa zake kimwili ni kuwa mfupi na nyusi nene : Ijapokuwa jina lake linamaana "Britain" ni kawaida kutafsiriwa kama "Uingereza" kwa watafsiri mashabiki na Hidekaz mwenyewe, mhusika Uingereza hutambuliwa kwa bendera ya Uingereza, kwa sababu katika lugha ya kigeni "Uingereza" ni [[kisawe]] cha [["Great Britain"]] na [["UK"]] Katika toleo moja la hadithi anabainisha kwamba yeye ana kaka aitwaye Scotland <ref>{{citeweb | url = http://www.geocities.jp/himaruya/sntr.htm | title = 新大陸アメリカ争奪合戦 | publisher = Hidekaz Himaruya | language=Japanese | accessdate = 17 Aprili 2009}}</ref> na katika toleo lingine,Uingereza anataja ndugu zake wakubwa (huenda ni Scotland na Wales na Jamhuri ya Ireland). [[Noriaki Sugiyama]] ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Uingereza katika anime. ;Ufaransa (フランス- Furansu) : Ufaransa ni mhusika mchangamfu na mpenzi. Katika hadithi tunaona kuwa yeye na Uingereza wamekuwa na ghiliba kwa miaka mingi. Hata hivyo, kufuatilia sifa yake ya uzinifu yeye hupenda kutoa dokezo yanayozingtia ngono kwa nchi kadhaa, ikiwemo Uingereza. Ufaransa anaelezea historia yake ndefu ya kutoshinda katika vita kwa kusema kuwa anadhihakiwa na Mungu. Anajihesabia kama ndugu mkubwa miongoni mwa mataifa ya Ulaya na ni anajulikana kwa cheti hiki kwa baadhi yao, ingawayeye hurejealea Uhispania kama ndugu wake mkubwa. Mara nyingi huwasilishwa akibeba waridi, aidha akilishika mkononi mwake au akilitumia kufunika sehemu zake za siri wakati anatembea uchi. [[Masaya Onosaka]] ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Ufaransa katika anime. ;Uchina (中国- Chūgoku) : China ni moja ya mataifa kongwe, asiyekufa na mwenye umri wa miaka elfu kadhaa, huonekana kama ni ndugu mkubwa miongoni mwa mataifa ya Asia ya Mashariki. Kwa sababu ya [[Sino-Soviet Split]] yeye hamuamini Urusi. Uchina hupenda vyakula vya aina mbalimbali, kwa ajili hii ana upendo wa ladha fulani na hukasirika kama vyakula vina ladha inayofanana. Ni shabiki wa [[Hello Kitty]](mhusika aliyezalishwa na kampuni liitalo Sanrio) na humalizia kila sentensi na kiishio-aru, lakini anapoongea na Uingereza hubadili kiishio na kutumia -ahen, ambayo inamaanisha [[afyuni]] kwa njia hii anazingatia [[Vita ya Afyuni]]. Yeye pia ana muda kovu ndefu mgongoni mwake kutokana na Ujapani kumathiri wakati wa [[Vita baina ya Uchina na Ujapani I]] mara nyingi anawasilishwa na aina ya dubu inayopatikana katika nchi za Asia ya Mashariki ([[pandas]]). [[Yuki Kaida]] ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Uchina katika anime. ;Urusi (ロシア- Roshia) : Hurejelewa kama aina ya mhusika anayejulikana kama [[yandere]]. Huyu ni mhusika ambaye awali anawasilishwa kuwa na ukarimu na upole lakini baadaye hubalika na kuwa katili wa ajabu. Yeye ni mrefu miongoni mwa mataifa yote, lakini ana hatia na ukatili ya mtoto. Anapenda aina ya pombe jinalo vodka na ua la aina la alizeti. Humchukia [[General Winter]] kwa sababu licha ya kutumia baridi kumfaidisha katika vita, yeye hushambuliwa kila mwaka naye katika msimu wa baridi. Urusi ana uso wenye ukarimu, lakini alirukwa na akili kwa ajili ya kakamizi kutokana na umwagaji mwingi wa damu katika historia yake. Mataifa mengine yanamwoqogopa, hasa kundi la nchi tatu jinalo "Baltic Trio" (Lativia, Litwania, na Estonia), ambao anapenda kuwanyanyasa kimwili na kihisia. Saa zingine hupenda kuwafuata nchi zingine, hasa Uchina, akivalia kama dubu ya aina ya panda. Urusi pia ana dada wawili: dada mkubwa, Ukraine na dada mdogo, Belarus. Huwa mlegevu na husononeka anapowaza juu ya Ukraina ambaye ana matiti makubwa mno(jambo hili linambabaisha) na Belarus ambaye ni mnyanyasaji anayependa kurejelea matarajio ya kumlazimisha Urusi amuoe. Inaonekana kuwa Belarus ni nchi kamwe ambayo Urusi anahofia. Urusi hupa ahadi ya kwamba hatimaye [["Wote watakuwa moja pamoja na Urusi".]] Msemo mwingine wake ni, [["kolkolkolkol"]], ambao hutumika anapokasirika. Urusi ni mara nyingi huonekana akibeba buruma la chuma. [[Yasuhiro Takato]] ndiye anayeigiza sauti la Uchina katika anime. == Vyombo vya habari == === Manga === Kibonzo cha mtandao ya asili ya ''Hetalia: Axis Powers'' ilichukuliwa katika [[tankōbon]] mbili na kuchapishwa na [[Gentosha Comics.]] Toleo la kwanza lilitolewa tarehe 28 Machi 2008 na la pili tarehe 10 Desemba 2008. Tankōbon la pili lilitolewa kama toleo la kawaida na toleo maalum ambalo lilikuwa pamoja na kijitabu cha ziada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gentosha-comics.net/hetalia/|title=Gentosha's official ''Hetalia: Axis Powers'' manga site|publisher=[[Gentosha]]|language=Japanese|accessdate=1 Januari 2009|archivedate=2012-04-15|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66wZhtwyc?url=http://www.gentosha-comics.net/hetalia/}}</ref> === Diski za Uigizaji ("Drama CDs") === Hadi sasa, diski nne zimetolewa. Ya kwanza ilitolewa tarehe 15 Agosti 2008, ya pili, 24 Oktoba 2008, ya tatu on 29 Desemba 2008, na ya nne tarehe 3 Juni 2009. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hetalia.com/cd/dramacd.htm|title=Official site for the ''Hetalia Axis Powers'' anime|language=Japanese|accessdate=18 Juni 2009}}</ref> === Anime === Anime ya ''Hetalia: Axis Powers'' yenye vipindi 26 ilitangazwa tarehe 24 Julai 2008. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-07-24/hetalia-axis-powers-web-manga-gets-tv-anime | title = ''Hetalia Axis Powers'' Web Manga Gets TV Anime | publisher = [[Anime News Network]] | date = 24 Julai 2008 | accessdate = 1 Januari 2009}}</ref> Iliyoongozwa na [[Bob Shirohata (aliyeongoza Gravitation, Diamond Daydreams)]] na ni iliendelezwa na [[Studio Deen.]] Awali ilikuwa imepangwa kutangazwa kwa stesheni jinalo [[Kids Station]] tarehe 24 Januari 2009 lakini baadaye ilibatilishwa. Ubatilishi uliathiri tangazo katika Kids Station lakini tangazo katika rununu na mtandao uliendelea. Kigambo kilitokana na waandamanaji waliodhani kuwa mhusika aliyewasilisha Korea aliaibisha wananchiwa Korea na nchi yote kwa ujumla. [[Kids Station]] walidai kwamba sababu la ubatilishi haukutokana na waandamanaji lakini hawakutoa maelezo mengine. Msimu wa vipindi ya pili ya ''Hetalia: axel Powers'' ilitangazwa tarehe 16 Aprili 2009, na msimu ya tatu ilitangazwa tarehe 10 Desemba 2009. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-04-15/hetalia-second-season-green-lit|title=''Hetalia'' Anime's Second Season Green-Lit (Updated)|date=2009-04-15|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=2009-04-16}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-12-10/hetalia-anime-third-season-green-lit|title=''Hetalia'' Anime's Third Season Green-Lit (Updated)|date=2009-12-10|publisher=Anime News Network|accessdate=2009-12-10}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebanzaieffect.com/articles/ooga/hetalia-axis-powers-3rd-season-confirmed/|title=''Hetalia'' Hetalia Axis Powers 3rd Season Confirmed|date=2009-12-10|publisher=The Banzai! Effect|accessdate=2009-12-10|archivedate=2011-07-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716222022/http://www.thebanzaieffect.com/articles/ooga/hetalia-axis-powers-3rd-season-confirmed/}}</ref> === Filamu === Filamu kuhusu wahusika wa hadithi ilitangazwa tarehe 23 Septemba 2009. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-09-23/hetalia-axis-powers-film-green-lit-for-2010 | title = ''Hetalia Axis Powers'' Film Green-Lit for 2010 | publisher = [[Anime News Network]] | date = 23 Septemba 2009 | accessdate = 23 Septemba 2009}}</ref> Itatolewa mwaka 2010. == Utata juu ya yaliyomo == Kihistoria, Japan ilivamia na kuiba vitu Korea, hivyo kusababisha migogoro mikubwa kati ya nchi hizo. Hata hivyo, katika katuni hii, mtunzi anaeleza kwamba Korea ya Kusini anapenda bendera ya Japan, ifuatavyo wengine, na anasisitiza chochote ni chao. Pia, mwandishi alieleza Korea kama kuipotosha au mtu mambo ambao mapigo Japan. Lakini hii si kweli wakati wote. Kuna mengi ya unyenyekevu katika Korea kuliko nchi nyingine yoyote. Hivyo kulikuwa na utata mkubwa katika Korea. == Angalia Pia == * ''[[Afghanis-tan]]'' - a manga yenye Nguzo sawa na APH, lakini inalenga [[Afghanistan]] na nchi jirani. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.geocities.jp/himaruya/hetaria/index.htm Manga's official website "Kitayume"] {{ja icon}} * [http://www.gentosha-comics.net/hetalia/ ''Hetalia: Axis Powers'' ]{{Wayback|url=http://www.gentosha-comics.net/hetalia/ |date=20120421084720 }} kwa Gentosha Comics {{ja icon}} * [http://hetalia.com/ Anime's official website] {{ja icon}} * {{ann|manga|10178}} [[Jamii:Katuni]] 9ca2i3suz0h8kxogl41w7gxtrxlreke 0 34555 1599647 1397824 2026-09-23T18:58:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:World Food Program 2.jpg|thumb|Mwanariadha maarufu wa Kenya{{Flag icon|KEN}}]] '''''Paul Kibii Tergat''''' (amezaliwa [[Riwo]], [[kaunti ya Baringo]], [[17 Juni]] [[1969]]) ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] maarufu kutoka nchini [[Kenya]]. Yeye alishikilia rekodi ya Marathoni tangu mwaka wa 2003 hadi 2007, akiwa amekimbia kwa muda wa 2:04:55, na anaonekana kama mmoja kati ya wakimbiaji bora wa muda wote. Katika hali ya kuzingatia mbio ya masafa marefu tu, Tergat ameshinda tuzo nyingi na kuweka rekodi kadhaa za dunia kwenye uwanja, kwenye mbio za nchi kavu na hata kwenye barabara ya lami. Alipewa jina la utani la "Gentleman". Tergat ni mtu wa kufanya bidii katika kazi zake na hujipa motisha sana. Yeye huishi na hufanya mazoezi yake ya mbio [[Ngong]], karibu na jiji la [[Nairobi]]. == Kazi == Tergat alishinda tuzo ya mashindano ya [[IAAF World Cross Country]] mara tano mfululizo,1995-1999 ambayo ilkuwa rekodi. Tergat alisema, "Mbio za nchi kavu ndizo mimi nilipenda zaidi." Ilikuwa dunia yangu na kitu nilichopenda kabisa. Kabla ya [[IAAF]] kuanzisha mbio fupi mwaka wa 1998,wanariadha dunia yote wa daraja tofauti kutoka kwa 1500 hadi wa mbio za masafa marefu walikuwa katika mbio sawa." Yeye alishinda Mashindano ya mbio ya Lisbon 2000 kwa kuweka rekodi mpya ya mbio hizo na muda bora ya kibinafsi wa 59.06,zote bado zipo hadi mwaka wa 2010. Yeye alishinda mbio hizo tena mwaka wa 2005. Mafanikio ya Tergat pia ni ushindi mara tano katika Mbio ya Barabara za Saint Silvester, mbio muhimu kabisa katika mbio za barabara za [[Amerika Kusini]]. Yeye anashikilia rekodi kwa mbio ya umbali wa kilomita 15, ambayo yeye aliiweka mwaka wa 1995. Umaarufu wake katika mbio ya Saint Silvester umempa sifa sana nchini [[Brazil]]. Yeye amekuwa na mashindano makali na rafiki yake [[Haile Gebrselassie]] wa [[Ethiopia]]. Katika fainali ya mbio ya Olimpiki ya 10,000m [[Olimpiki ya Atlanta]] ya 1996 na za [[Olimpiki ya Sydney]] ya 2000,alishindwa na Gebrselassie kwa muda mdogo sana. Katika mwaka wa 2000, Gebrselassie alipata ushindi kwa tusui wa sekunde tu. Tergat alimaliza mbio akiwa wa pili baada ya Gebrselassie katika mwaka wa 1997 na 1999 kwa Mbio ya Mabingwa wa Dunia katika 10,000 m, na kumaliza akiwa wa tatu katika toleo la mbio hizo la 1995 nyuma ya Gebrselassie na Khalid Skah wa [[Morocco]]. Kwenye treki,Tergat alivunja rekodi ya dunia ya Gebrselassie katika mbio ya 10,000m tarehe 22 Agosti 1997 mjini [[Brussels]] kwa muda wa dakika 26:27.85. Rekodi hii ilivunjwa tena na Gebrselassie katika mwaka wa 1998 (kwa muda wa dakika 26:22.75), lakini muda wa Tergat unabakia kuwa rekodi nchini Kenya. Tergat akavunja rekodi ya dunia ya mbio ya nusu masafa marefu tarehe 4 Aprili 1998 mjini [[Milan]] kwa muda wa dakika 59:17. (Tergat alikuwa amewahi kukimbia kwa dakika 58:51 katika mbio ya nusu masafa marefu za Stramilano nusu marathon mwaka wa 1996, lakini pia ya kuelekeza wanariadha ilikuwa imewekwa vibaya na kuifanya kozi iwe fupi.Hivyo basi,hakuna rekodi iliyokubaliwa kutoka mbio hizo.) Rekodi yake ilipita rekodi ya dakika 59:47 iliyowekwa na Moses Tanui katika mwaka wa 1993. Rekodi yake Tergat ilivunjwa mwaka wa 2005 na Samuel Wanjiru,anayetoka Kenya pia. Tergat na Gebrselassie walipokimbia katika mbio ya [[London]], Tergat alimshinda Gebrselassie alipochukua nafasi ya pili nyuma ya Khalid Khannouchi. Wanariadha hao watatu walikimbia tena katika toleo la 200z la mbio hizo za London lakini Tergat tu ndiye aliyemaliza kati ya wote watatu. ===Wasifu wa Mbio=== [[Picha:World Food Program May 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Paul Tergat,[[Drew Barrymore]] na [[Josette Sheeran Shiner]] walipokutana na [[Condoleezza Rice]]]] Tergat alimaliza katika nafasi ya pili katika mbio zake tatu za kwanza: mbio ya London(mwaka wa 2001 na 2002) na mbio ya Chicago(mwaka 2001). Aliendelea kukimbia mbio hizo refu na kuchukua nafasi ya nne mara mbili: mbio ya Chicago (2002) na mbio ya London (2003). Yeye aliweka rekodi mpya wa muda wa 2:04:55 tarehe 28 Septemba 2003 katika mbio ya Berlin. Hiyo ni kasi ya kilomita moja kwa dakika 0:02:57 yaani kilomita 20.3 kwa kila saa au maili moja kwa dakika 0:04:46. Katika mbio yake aliyovunja nayo rekodi ya dunia, Tergat aliumiza vibaya mguu wake. Baadaye, alisema kuwa alijisikia kama soli ya kiatu ilitoka alipokuwa akikimbia. Yeye ,pia, alipiga kona vibaya alipokuwa akikaribia mwisho wa mbio. Mwanariadha mwenzake kutoka Kenya,Sammy Korir, karibu amfikie. Korir alichukua nafasi ya pili katika muda wa 2:04:56, iliyokuwa muda wa kasi ya pili katika historia ya mbio ya aina hizo. Rekodi ya dunia ya Tergat ilivunjwa katika mwaka wa 2007 na Haile Gebrselassie wa Ethiopia. Muda huo ulibaki kuwa rekodi ya Kenya hadi mwaka wa 2009,Duncan Kibet na James Kwambai(aliyechukua nafasi ya pili) walikuwa na muda wa 2:04:27 katika mbio ya Rotterdam. Tergat alishinda mbio ya [[New York]] tarehe 6 Novemba 2005 alipotimua mbio kali katika mkondo wa mwisho ili kumshinda Bingwa mtetezi Hendrick Ramaala kwa muda wa 2:09:29.90 kwa 2:09:30.22. Katika mbio ya [[Olimpiki ya Athens]] ya 2004, Tergat alikosa maji yake spesheli alioandaliwa na akanywa maji ambayo hutolewa na waandalizi. Yeye alikuwa amezoea kunywa maji spesheli enye joto la kawaida; waandalizi walipena maji baridi, ambayo yalimtaabisha Tergat. Alihitimu nafasi ya 10 katika mbio hizo. Mwaka uo huo,Tergat alizindua Mbio ya nusu masafa marefu za Baringo,akiiunda njia ya mbio hizo kupita karibu na mji wake wa nyumbani. Wiki moja kabla ya mbio ya [[London]] 23 Aprili 2006,Tergat alijitoa kwa kuumia misuli ya miguu. Akisema kuwa kuumia huko ni katili kwake,alilazimishwa kujitoa kwenye mbio hiyo iliyokuwa na Haile Gebrselassie. Felix Limo wa Kenya ndiye aiyeshinda mbio hiyo. Marílson Gomes dos Santos alishinda mbio ya New York ya 2006;huku Tergat akimaliza akiwa nafasi ya tatu. Gomesa aliacha kikundi cha kuongoza katika maili ya 19 lakini Tergat hakumsogea.Tergat alisema baadaye, "Kusema kweli,sikujua yeye ni nani." Tergat alimkaribia Gomes kwa maili tano za mwisho lakini hakumpita. Tergat alimaliza katika nafasi ya sita (muda wa 2:08:06) katika mbio ya London katika mwezi wa Aprili 2007. Katika mbio hiyo kulikuwa na Haile Gebrselassie wa Ethiopia, ambaye aliacha kukimbia baada ya kilomita 30. Martin Lel wa Kenya ndiye aliyeshinda mbio hiyo katika muda wa 2:07.42, baada ya mbio kali hapo mwisho. Tarehe 30 Septemba 2007,mwanariadha wa Ethiopia Haile Gebrselassie alivunja rekodi ya Tergat ya muda wa 2:04.55, alipokamilisha mbio ya Berlin katika muda wa 2:04:26. Muda mfupi baada ya kumaliza mbio, Gebrselassie alimwomba Tergat amwie radhi kwa kuvunja rekodi yake(alipopigiwa simu ya kuambiwa hongera na Tergat). Gebrselassie baadaye alielezea, "Niwie radhi - hii ni rekodi ya Paul Tergat," Gebrselassie aliwaambia wanahabari katika mkutano wa habari. "Paulo ni rafiki yangu,"alisema Haile. Yeye alionyesha azimio la kutaka kushindana katika Olimpiki ya mwaka wa 2008,lakini hakuchaguliwa kuwakilisha Kenya. Alihitimu nafasi ya 4 katika mbio ya mjini New York baadaye katika mwaka wa 2008. Katika mwaka wa 2009, yeye alishinda mbio ya Lake Biwa katika [[Ujapani]], kwa muda wa 2:10:22. Mnamo Oktoba 2009, yeye alikuwa mgeni rasmi katika kuzindua Mbio ya [[Belgrad]] ya Kihistoria. Ingawa hakushinda kamwe mbio zozote kaika miaka ya 1990, alikuwa mshindani pekee kukimbia katika mbio zote nne na kumaliza katika nafasi tatu za kwanza kila mara. Alisema nia yake ilkuwa kufunga kazi yake katika mbio hiyo na akasifiwa njia iliyokuza utamaduni wa Serbia. === Tuzo === 1995 Medali ya dhahabu, [[Mbio ya Dunia ya 1995 IAAF Mabingwa]] Medali ya shaba, Mbio ya 1995 ya Mabingwa wa Dunia katika Riadha (10,000 m) *'''1996''' **Medali y fedha,Mbio ya Olimpiki ya 1996 (10,000 m) **Medali ya dhahabu, [[Mbio ya 1996 IAAF Mabingwa.]] *'''1997''' **Medali ya dhahabu,[[Mbio ya 1997 IAAF World Mabingwa]] **Medali ya fedha, Mbio ya 1997 Mabingwa wa Dunia katika Riadha (10,000 m) *'''1998'''. **Medali ya dhahabu, [[Mbio ya 1998 IAAF ya Mabingwa.]] **Medali ya dhahabu, Mbio ya IAAF ya Dunia ya Mabingwa *'''1999''' **Medali ya dhahabu, [[Mbio ya 1999 IAAF ya Mabingwa]] **Medali ya dhahabu, Mbio ya 1999 Mabingwa wa Dunia katika Riadha(10,000 m) **Medali ya dhahabu, Mbio ya IAAF World Half Marathon Mabingwa '''2000''' **Medali ya shaba,Mbio ya 2000 IAAF World Cross Country ya Mabingwa **Medali ya fedha,Mbio ya [Olimpiki ya 2000] (10,000 m) **Medali ya dhahabu, Mbio ya IAAF World Half Marathon ya Mabingwa === Ubora wa kibinafsi === "+" inamaanisha njia hiyo ilikuwa ndefu zaidi ya kawaida <br /> "a" inamaanisha njia ilikuwa kwa mteremko {| class="wikitable" |- ! Umbali ! Muda aliotumia ! Tarehe ! Mahali Alipokimbia |- | 3,000 m || align=right | 7:28.70 || align=right | 1996-08-10 || [[Monaco]] |- | 5,000 m || align=right | 12:49.87 || align=right | 1997-08-13 || [[Zürich]] |- | 10,000 m || align=right | 26:27.85 || align=right | 1997-08-22 || [[Brussels]] |- | 10&nbsp;km (barabarani) || align=right | 27:45+ || align=right | 2006-03-26 || [[Lisbon]] |- | 15&nbsp;km (barabarani) || align=right | 42:04+ || align=right | 1998-04-04 || [[Milan]] |- | Maili kumi (barabarani) || align=right | 45:12+ || align=right | 1998-04-04 || [[Milan]] |- | 20&nbsp;km (barabarani) || align=right | 56:18+ || align=right | 1998-04-04 || [[Milan]] |- | Nusu masafa marefu || align=right | 59:06a || align=right | 2000-03-26 || [[Lisbon]] |- | 30&nbsp;km (barabarani) || align=right | 1:29:00+ || align=right | 2002-04-14 || [[London]] |- | Masafa marefu || align=right | 2:04:55 || align=right | 2003-09-28 || [[Berlin]] |} == Shughuli nyingine == Tergat aliteuliwa kuwa "Balozi wa Kupambana na Njaa" na UN Mpango wa Chakula Duniani hapo tarehe Januari 2004. Alipokuwa mtoto, Paul Tergat familia ilikuwa maskini sana hawakuweza kumpeleka shule na chakula. Kulingana Tergat, yeye hangepata elimu kamili kama hakungekuwa na Mpango wa Chakula Duniani, ambayo ilitoa chakula cha mchana katika shule yake. Tergat alianzisha Paul Tergat Foundation mwaka 2005. Maana ni kuwasaidia yaliyosahaulika Kenya sportspeople [54] Yeye anaendesha kampuni ya kupigia debe michezo na ya kuendeleza mahusiano mema na raiainayojulikana kama Fine Touch Communications (hii huandaa,pamoja na kampuni ya Safaricom, tuzo za michezo na wachezaji wa mwaka zinazojulikana kama tuzo za SOYA) Yeye pia alikuwa akifikiri juu ya kuzindua aina ya nguo zikiwa na jina "Tergat" katika miezi ijayo. Kama wanariadha wengi wa Kenya, Tergat ni mwanajeshi katika jeshi la Kenya. Makao yake ya jeshi yakiwa Moi Air Base,[[Nairobi]]. == Marejeo == *[http://www.arrs.net/HP_LisHM.htm Washindi wa mbio ya Lisbon] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KD8xz1Vg6Fk Filamu ya Olimpiki ya Sydney ya 2000 YouTube] *[http://www.iaaf.org/WCH09/news/kind=100/newsid=51348.html IAAF, June 27, 2009: Masai hufanya kuchelewa kwa Tergat kuwa na thamani - Mabingwa wa Kenya, Siku ya Pili.] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_world_best_progression Maendeleo katika mbio ya masafa marefu.] *[http://www.iaaf.org/WHM03/news/Kind=8/newsId=23298.html Tergat akimbia chini ya 2:05 Berlin - IAAF] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUAfkNGYY9Y Filamu ya Youtube ya Tergat akivunja rekodi ya dunia.] *[http://www.nation.co.ke/sports/athletics/-/1100/558960/-/t0o8eez/-/index.html Tovuti ya Daily Nation tovuti, Aprili 9, 2009:Duncan Kibet, mwanariadha maarufu.] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Es-TUfJVlA YouTube -Mambo mazuri yaliyofanyika kwenye mbio ya 2006 New York.] *[http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=49524.html IAAF, 1 Machi 2009: Tergat ashinda Mbio ya Lake Biwa katika muda wa 2:10:22] *[http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=54680.html Tergat asaidia kwa Uamsho wa mbio ya Belgrad ya Kihistoria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=54680.html |date=20100118135606 }} *[http://www.iaaf.org/WXC09/news/newsid=48945.html IAAF, Januari 17, 2009: Kiprop na Chepkurui wanashinda mbio ya Kenya Armed Forces Cross Country lakini 'kurudi kwa Tergat ndio yazungumziwa zaidi'] == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.paul-tergat.net/ wakfu kwa Paul Tergat Tovuti ya kwanza kuhusu Tergat pekee yake] {{Wayback|url=http://www.paul-tergat.net/ |date=20070823134710 }} *[http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/tergat.htm Habari kuhusu mbio alizokimbia] *[http://www.rosassociati.com/public/images/atleti/Tergat%20Paul%20Kibii.pdf Maelezo mafupi kuhusu Rosa na Associati.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rosassociati.com/public/images/atleti/Tergat%20Paul%20Kibii.pdf |date=20110715202840 }} *[http://www.paul-tergat.net/tergat-gebre.htm Paul Tergat akipambana Haile Gebrselassie] {{Wayback|url=http://www.paul-tergat.net/tergat-gebre.htm |date=20070927204058 }} *[http://www.wfp.org/newsroom/in_depth/africa/tergat0209.htm Mwanariadha mwenye mpango kabambe] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wfp.org/newsroom/in_depth/africa/tergat0209.htm |date=20070314232058 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tergat, Paul}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] gjdm6rd9zeawu3k2i3avaaa63gzfi4s 0 34740 1599471 1274150 2026-09-23T18:21:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lake_Eyre.JPG|thumbnail|right|280px|Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre]] {{Infobox lake |lake_name = Lake Eyre |image_lake = NEO lake eyre big.jpg |caption_lake = Composite [[Landsat 7]] satellite image using shortwave infrared, near-infrared, and blue wavelengths |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |location = northern [[South Australia]] |coords = {{coord|28|22|00|S|137|22|00|E|region:AU-SA_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = [[endorheic]] |inflow = |outflow = ''[[evaporation]]'' |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Australia]] |length = |width = |area = {{Convert|9500|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} (max) |depth = {{Convert|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (every 3 years), {{Convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (every decade) |max-depth = |volume = |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = {{convert|-15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} |islands = |cities = }} '''Ziwa Eyre''' (hutamkwa "air") ndilo eneo ambalo liko chini zaidi katika [[Australia]], takribam {{Convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[(AHD)]] chini ya [[usawa wa bahari]], na, wakati wa nadra linapojaa, ndilo [[ziwa]] kubwa zaidi katika Australia. Ndiyo kituo cha [[Bonde la Ziwa Eyre]] na hupatikana katika {{Convert|700|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[kaskazini]] kwa [[Adelaide]]. ==Jiografia== Ziwa hili liliitwa baada ya [[Edward Yohane Eyre]] ambaye alikuwa binadamu kutoka kuona ziwa hili mara ya kwanza katika mwaka wa 1840. Iko katika [[majangwa]] ya [[kati ya Australia]], kaskazini mwa [[Australia Kusini]]. [[Bonde la Eyre ni 0} mfumo]]unaozunguka kitanda cha ziwa, sehemu ya chini ambayo ina [[chumvi]]unaosababishwa na misimu ya upanuzi na baadaye [[uvukizi]] wa maji. Hata katika [[kiangazi]] kuna maji yanayobakia katika Ziwa Eyre, kwa kawaida katika kukusanya idadi ndogo ndogo ya maziwa ya Playa. Wakati wa [[msimu]] wa [[mvua]] mito kutoka kaskazini (katika [[Queensland]]) inaelekea katika ziwa hili kupitia [[mtaro wa nchi]]. Kiasi cha maji kutoka [[Monsoon]] huamua iwapo maji yatafikia ziwa na ikiwa hivyo, jinsi urefu wa kina cha ziwa kitakuwa. Katika miaka ya [[La Niña]] ziwa linaweza kujaza. Tangu mwaka wa 1885 hii imetendeka katika 1886-1887, 1889-1890, 1916-1917, [[1950]], 1955, 1974-1976 <ref> Allen, Robert J.; The ''Australasian Summer Monsoon, Teleconnections, na Mafuriko katika Bonde la Ziwa Eyre;'' iliyochapishwa 1985 na Royal Society of Australasia kijiografia, SA Tawi; ISBN 0909112096 </ref> pamoja na gharika kubwa {{Convert|6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} mwaka wa 1974. Mvua ya kawaida pia inaweza kujaza ziwa Eyre kwa 3-4 m (10-13 ft) kama ilivyokuwa mwaka wa 1984 na 1989. Mipandilio iliyoundwa katika pwani zinaonyesha kwamba wakati wa [[Msimu wa joto]] katika karne za awali Ziwa Eyre iliweza kuwa na kiwango cha ''maji'' cha juu kuliko 1974. Mvua ya [[wikt:torrential|Torrential]] katika Januari 2007 ilichukua karibu wiki sita kufikia ziwa lakini kuweka kiasi kidogo cha maji ndani yake. <ref name="ABC8March2007">{{cite news|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200703/s1866774.htm|title=Lake Eyre flooding attracts yachting club interest|work=ABC News Online|publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=8 Machi 2007|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref> Ikiwa na mafuriko ziwa hili huwa na maji safi na samaki wa maji safi, pamoja na [[BONY bream]] ''(Nematolosa erebî),'' Bonde la Ziwa Eyre huwa na aina ya [[dhahabu sangara]] ''(Macquaria ambigua)'' na [[hardyhead]] aina mbalimbali ''(Craterocephalus'' spp.) anaweza kuishi humo. Kiwango cha [[chumvi]] huongezeka kama {{Convert|450|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} jiwe la chumvi huchanganya na maji kipindi cha miezi sita na kusababisha uwaji mkubwa wa [[samaki]]. Wakati wa{{Convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ziwa hili halina chumnvi zaidi ya [[bahari]] kiwango cha[[chumvi]] hupanda wakati [[maji]] yanapovukiza, pamoja na kiwango cha chumvi kuwa juu katika kina cha {{Convert|500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Ziwa hili huwa na rangi ya "pink" wakati ina chumvi kutokana na uwepo wa [[beta-Carotene]] zinazosababishwa na mwani [[i Dunaliella salina]]. Kawaida {{Convert|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} gharika hufanyika baadakila miaka mitatu, {{Convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} mafuriko kila muongo, na kujaza au karibu kujaza mara nne kwa karne. Maji katika ziwa hili [[huvukiza]] na [[mafuriko]] madogo na ya kati kukauka katika mwisho wa majira yafuatayo. ==2009== Mafuriko ya mwaka wa 2009 katika ziwa Eyre yalifika kina cha {{Convert|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} mwishoni mwa Mei ambayo ni robo ya krekodi ya upeo kina chake cha {{Convert|6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} {{Convert|9|km3|mi3|0|abbr=on}} ya maji yaliyovuka mpaka wa [[Queensland]] - [[Australia Kusini]] ambapo mengi ya maji yalikuja kutoka mafuriko mkubwa katika [[Mto]] wa [[Georgina]]. Hata hivyo uwiano mkubwa ulipotelea ndani ya jangwa au kuvukiza katika msafara ya kuelekea kwenye ziwa na kubaki choni ya 1 km ³ (0,24 cu mi) katika ziwa ambayo ilichukua eneo la {{Convert|800|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} au 12% ya ziwa. Kutokana na mafuriko hakuanza kujaza upande wa ziwa wenye kina kirefu ko (Belt Bay) mpaka mwishoni mwa Machi maisha ya [[ndege]] mdogo yalionekana wkuwa sawa kuliko kiota katika fika juu ya Bonde la Ziwa Eyre, kaskazini ya [[Birdsville]], ambapo maziwa makubwa yalitokea Januari kama matokeo ya [[mvua]] ya monsoonal. ===Klabu ya mashau=== ''Klabu ya mashau ya Ziwa Eyre'' <ref> http://www.lakeeyreyc.com</ref> ni kundi wakfu ya watu wanaoendesha mashau katika mafuriko ya ziwa hilii pamoja na safari za hivi karibuni mwaka wa 1997, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2007 na 2009. Idadi {{Convert|6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ya waendeshaji mashau waliendesha mashau katika Ziwa Eyre mwaka wa 1975, 1976 na 1984 wakati kina cha mafuriko kilifikia 3-6 m (10-20 ft). ===Rekodi za majaribio ya kasi=== [[File:EyreCampbellPlaque.JPG|thumb|Campbell Plaque katika kiwango cha ufuko]] Ziwa Eyre limekuwa kituo cha majaribio ya kasi, hasa yale na [[Bwana Campbell]] na [[Donald Bluebird-Proteus CN7.]] ==Hifadhi ya picha== <gallery> File:Lake Eyre February 18, 2009.jpg|Ziwa Eyre wakati wa kiangazi. File:Lake Eyre May 9, 2009.jpg|Ziwa Eyre wakati wa msimu wa mvua. File:Lake Eyre.JPG|Ziwa Eyre Kusini. File:LakeEyreSaltCrust.JPG|Ziwa Eyre mkusanyiko wa chumvi. </gallery> ==Angalia pia== * [[Mbuga ya Wanyama ya Ziwa Eyre]] * [[Bonde la ziwa Eyre]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10841 ] {{Wayback|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10841 |date=20080924195303 }} * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=11763 ] {{Wayback|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=11763 |date=20080921223905 }} * [http://www.LakeEyreYC.com Tovuti ya Klabu ya mashau ya Ziwa Eyre ] * [http://www.aussiepelicans.com/lakeeyre.html Fumbo mwari la Ziwa Eyre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aussiepelicans.com/lakeeyre.html |date=20060410065635 }} * [http://www.k26.com/eyre/ Mafuriko ya ziwa Eyre - Tovuti ya Dk Vincent Kotwicki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.k26.com/eyre/ |date=20060821181629 }} {{mbegu-jio-Australia}} [[Category:Maziwa ya Australia]] 546gv3zqdi4lhd9x5vqvnsvrkgrp5ma 0 34765 1600138 1293578 2026-09-24T11:51:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Otheruses}} [[Picha:Rooster portrait2.jpg|thumb|Jogoo anayeonyesha kilema,kidewe na kadhalika.]] [[Picha:Coq Belle-Ile.jpg|thumb|Jogoo aliye komaa]] '''Jogoo''' (pia: '''Jimbi''') ni [[kuku]] (kwa jina la Kilatini ''Gallus gallus'') wa kiume. Kuku wa kiume wenye umri chini ya mwaka mmoja anaitwa jogoo mdogo. Jina kongwe la [[Kiingereza]] ni ''cock'', kutoka jina la zamani, ''coc''. Wakati mwingine jina hilo hubadilishwa na jina "cockerel" (ambayo kwa kawaida humaanisha kuku changa wa kiume). Lakini "rooster" (jina jipya) hutumiwa nchini [[Uingereza]] na hujulikana karibu kila sehemu ya [[Amerika Kaskazini]] na [[Australia]]. "Roosting" ni kitenzi cha Kiingereza kinachomaanisha kuwaweka ndege hao kulala sehemu ya juu usiku. "Shia" ni katika matumizi ya jumla kama jina kwa ajili ya dume wa aina nyingine za ndege, kwa mfano "Shia sparrow." Jogoo mmoja anaweza kuwasaidia kuku wa kike kutagaa mayai lakini hawezi kuvilinda viota kadhaa vya mayai mara moja. Jogoo huyu hulinda wa eneo la jumla ambapo kuku wake wa kike wana [[viota]] na atawashambulia jogoo wengine ambao wataingia katiak eneo lake. Wakati wa mchana, mara kwa mara yeye huketi juu ya sangara, kwa kawaida fiti 4-5 kutoka kwa ardhi kuhudumu kama mlinzi kwa kundi lake la kuku. Jogoo huyu atawika iwapo kutakuwepo na hatari kutoka kwa wanyama wengine. Jogoo mara nyingi huashiriwa akiwika wakati wa alfajiri na daima ataanza kuwika kabla ya kufika umri wa miezi 4. Mara nyingi anaweza kuonekana amekaa juu ua mbao au vitu vingine, ambapo yeye huwika kutangaza eneo lake. Hata hivyo, wazo hili ni la ukweli halisi, kwani jogoo anaweza na atawika wakati wowote wa siku. Baadhi ya jogoo hasa huwika kwa nguvu na huwika daima, huku wengine wachache wakiwika tu mara chache kwa siku. Tofauti hizi ni tegemezi kwa jamii tofauti za jogoo na tabia za kibinafsi. Ana miito mingine kadhaa pia kwani anaweza kutoa sauti sawa na wa kuku wa kike. Jogoo mara kwa mara watawika mfululizo ili kuwavutia kuku wa kike kwa chanzo cha chakula, njia sawa ambayo kuku wa kike anatumia kuwaita vifaranga wake. == Jogoo wa Capon == ''Capon'' ni jogoo aliyehasiwa; hana uwezo wa uzazu. Katika utaratibu huu makende ya jogoo huondolewa kabisa; utaratibu wa kirurgiska unahitajika kwa uratibu huu kwani vyombo vyake ngono viko ndani ya mwili yake (ndege wengi hawamiliki uume, hata hivyo jogoo wana uume mdogo kuwawezesha kufanya ngono na kuku wa kike). Kama matokeo ya utaratibu huu sifa fulani za kiume mwilini zitajiendeleza lakini zitadumaa: *Shungi na shavu la jogoo huacha kukua baada ya kuhasiwa, hivyo basi kichwa cha capon huwa ni kidogo. *Manyoya mkia na saruji hukua ndefu. [[Picha:Rooster 1 AB.jpg|thumb|left|Jogoo aina ya Sussex]] Utaratibu wa kumfanya kuku awe capon pia huathiri akili ya ndege huyu. Kuondolewa kwa [[makende]] ya ndege huondoa [[homoni]] za kiume za ngono na hivyo basi hupunguza hisia za ngono za kiume na hubadili tabia zao: ndege hawa hubadilika zaidi kuwa kidogo docile na kimatendo na si tenderar kupambana. Utaratibu huu inazalisha aina ya kipekee ya kuku nyama ambayo ni upendeleo maalumu kwa soko. Nyama ya kawaida uncastrated roosters ana tabia ya kuwa coarse, stringy na mgumu kama ndege umri. Utaratibu huu haina kutokea katika capon. Caponized roosters kama kukua polepole zaidi kuliko wanaume wao intact kujilimbikiza mwili zaidi mafuta; na mkusanyiko wa mafuta katika wawili nuru na giza capon maeneo ya nyama ni kubwa kuliko ile ya wanaume uncastrated; ujumla, ni mara nyingi walidhani kwamba capon nyama ni zabuni zaidi, Juicy, na mara flavorful kuliko kuku. Katika China, Huang Yangbi Breed unaweza kukua kuwa jogoo mkubwa katika bara la Asia, hadi 35 cm mrefu. Hii ni wazo kuwa unasababishwa na castration ya roosters alikaribisha na wakulima katika Kaskazini China, ambayo huathiri homoni mizani. == Vita vya jogoo == {{Image stack |align=right |image_size=150 |image1=Cocks Fighting.jpg |image1_cap=Two Roosters fighting |image2=Roosters preparing to fight.jpg |image2_cap=Two Roosters about to fight |image3=Flag of Wallonia.svg |image3_cap=The flag of [[Wallonia]] features a red rooster |image4=Rooster crowing small.ogg |image4_cap=Rooster crowing (with audio) }} Vita vya jogoo hufanyika katika kiwanja mviringo baina ya jogoo wawili wapiganao. Jogoo wakupigana sio kama kuku wakawaida wanaofugwa. Jogoo wenyewe huwa na malezi yasio kawaida kwani wao hufunzwa kustahimili nguvu kwa wakati mrefu. Kilema ambacho huwa juu ya kichwa cha jogoo hukatwa ili kisisababishwe ashindwe katika pigano kwa sababu chaweza kufanya ashindwe kinapodonwa na jogoo mpinzani. Utaratibu huu huitwa "dubbing." Wakati mwingine hupewa madawa ya kuongeza nguvu ambayo husabisha damu iwe mzito na kuongeza nafasi yao ya kushinda Upiganaji wa jogoo unachukuliwa kama desturi ya watu katika jamii zingine na vilevile watu wengine huichukulia kama ukatili kwa wanyama kwa hivyo nchi zingine zimeupiga mchezo wenyewe marufuku. watu huwekeza pesa kwa kuku atakaye shinda.jogoo anayeshinda ni yule ambaye anayewachwa kwenye kiwanja pigano linapo malizika jogoo"Waltz" anapokibia nusu mduara kama mabawa yake yameangalia chini humanisha yeye ndiye anayatawala. kwa hivyo kuku wengine hawana budi kusalimu amri. wakati mwingine kuku hutaka kumpiga kuku kama ishara ya kutaka kutawala. jogoo anapopata uongozi kwa ile uwanja anapoishi,ni vigumu ukiona akijaribu kutoa mabawa yake kuonesha ishara ya kuitisha heshima.lakini mara kwa mara yeye hufanya hii ishara ili kuwaonyesha jogoo wengineo ambao wako karibu kuwa yeye ndiye anayetawala.pia wakati mwingine jogoo wengine hujaribu kuhodhi mabawa yao ili kujaribu kiongozi wao. jogoo pia hupiga mabawa yake anapotolewa na kurudishwa kutoka chumba chake kwa muda uliozidi masaa kumi na manne Baadhi ya jogoo hutoa fujo kwa kupanua mabawa yao na kuinama chini ili jogoo wengine wadogo na kuku kuogoja kwani huonekana kama yeye ni mkubwa kwa kimo kuwazidi na kukimbia kwa duara kama ng'ombe ndume. == Nembo == Jimbi alikuwa ishara ya tajriba ya mtu mle Gaul wakati wa uingiliano wa Julius Ceasar na alikuwa analinganishwa na miungu Lugus. The cockerel ilikuwa tayari ya umuhimu katika [[Gaul]] mfano wakati wa uvamizi wa [[Julius Kaisari]] na alikuwa yanayohusiana na mungu [[Lugus.]] {{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2009}} siku hizi ni ishara ya Ufaransa,Wallonoa na Denizli. Kilabu cha mpira cha Tottenham Hotspur kinaishara ya jogoo juu ya mpira. Jogoo amevikwa jozi la spurs ambayo ni kumbukumbu ya jina badala ya klabu. Imekuwa kwa ngao yao tangu 1901. vilevile,ni ishara ya klabu ya michezo ya Uturuki inayoitwa Denizlispor kilipoanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1966. Pia, wafuasi wa klabu wanaitwa cockerels. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Vyanzo == *Smith, P. ''The Chicken Book,'' North Point Press, 1982, passim. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category-inline|Roosters}} {{Heraldic creatures}} {{Chicken}} [[Jamii:Kuku]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa Biblia]] 0p7t5d1xphspxvpfmst5j31n1yor6fv 0 34772 1600113 1274088 2026-09-24T11:48:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600113 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Toyota Vista 2000.jpg|thumb|Toyota vista]] {{TOCleft}} '''Toyota Vista''' lilikuwa [[gari dhabiti]] lililozinduliwa mwaka wa 1982 kama dada ya [[camry]] na [[kampuni]] ya [[Toyota]] katika [[Ujapani]]. Jina hili lilianzishwa ili kuwa sawa na mtandao wa Vista wa Toyota katika wakati huo huo. Tofauti na camry, ambayo kuanzia mwaka wa 1988 ilikuwa inapatikana kwa injini ya V6 , Vizazi vyote vilipatikana na injini moja ya nne laini ambayo ilitumia mafuta ya dizeli au petroli. Kila mtindo wa Vista lenyewe ni mtindo wa [[Toyota camry]] wa ,soko ya Kijapani ,amapo Camry imekuwa gari ndogo lakini kizazi cha kwanza kilikuwa na mtindo wa [[hatchback.]] Vistas nyingi hadi jamii ya V40 huwa na [[paa]] ngumu. Wakati camry ilibreshwa sura, pia Vista ilifanywa vivyo hivyo. Utaratibu huu uliendelea hadi mwishoni mwa mwaka wa, wakati Camry mpya, kubwa, "ulimwenguni" lilimiliki jina "camry". Kabla ya mwaka wa 1996, huu mtindo mkubwa wa CX / CV uliuzwa katika Ujapani kama [[Scepter]] (MCV10) na camry Gracia (MCV20/MCX20). Kisha mwezi Agosti 1998 kizazi cha mwisho cha Vista kingeundwa, huru ya camry. Vista ni maarufu katika gari za kuagizwa katika [[Ireland]], kama ilivyo maarufu na madereva wa teksi. == Kizazi cha Kwanza V10 (1982-1986) == {{Infobox Automobile generation | name = First generation (V10) | image = [[Picha:1stVista.jpg|250px|1st generation Toyota Vista]] | aka = [[Toyota Camry]] | production = 1982–1986 | assembly = [[Toyota City]], [[Japan]] | body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />5-door [[hatchback]] | layout = [[FF layout]] | engine = 1.8&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota S engine|1S-LU]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br /> 1.8&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota S engine|1S-iLU]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />1.8&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota C engine|1C-TL(C)]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] [[turbodiesel]]<br /> 2.0&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota S engine|2S-ELU]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />2.0&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota S engine|3S-GELU]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br /> 2.0&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota C engine|2C-TL]]'' [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-4|I4]] | transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br />4-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission|A140E]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] | wheelbase = {{convert|2600|mm|in||abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|4415|mm|in||abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1690|mm|in||abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|1395|mm|in||abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|1065|kg|lb||abbr=on}} }} Vista hii ilitokea mara ya kwanza Aprili 1982 kama kiwango cha trimu ya kupendeza ya kizazi cha pili cha [[Toyota camry]] na kuuzwa klwa wingi katika maduka ya Toyota na juina moja, Vista. Miundo ya mwili iliyopatikana ilikuwa sedani ya milango 4 sedan na hatchback ya milango 5 na gia ya kuendeshwaya spidi 5,Toleo ambalo lilikuwa na gia ya kujiendesha lilitolewa baadaye mwezi Agosti 1982. ngazi za trimu zilikuwa VC, VL, VE, na VX ikiwa juu. Jina rasmi ya magari gari haya lilikuwa camry Vista. kioo cha mwangaza katika paa kiipatikana kwa VX ya ngazi ya juu, pamoja na injini ya [[2S-ELU]]. Agosti mwaka wa 1983 injini ya [[1C-TL]] 1.8 L [[turbo ya dizeli]] ilitplewa. Juni 1984 ilipata vidhibiti ambavyo viliipatia sura ya spoti, na injini ya [[DOHC]] 2.0 L ilipatikana katika VS. Injini DOHC katika gari linalosonga na magurudumu ya mbele ilikuwa jambo ambalo si la kawaida wakati huo. Ya dizeli ilipandishwa hadi 2.0 L Agosti 1985. == Kizazi cha pili v20 (1986-1990) == {{Infobox Automobile generation | name = Second generation (V20) | image = [[Picha:Lexus ES250.jpg|250px|2nd generation Toyota Vista (Lexus ES 250 shown)]] | aka = [[Lexus ES#1989-1991|Lexus ES 250]] | production = 1986–1990 | assembly = Tsutsumi, [[Japan]] | body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />4-door [[hardtop]] | layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]] | engine = 1.8&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota S engine|1S]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] (1987-1989)<br />2.0&nbsp;L ''[[Toyota S engine|3S-FE]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] | transmission = 5-speed ''[[Toyota S transmission|S51]]'' [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br />5-speed ''[[Toyota S transmission|S53]]'' [[Manual transmission|manual]] (FF I4)<br />5-speed ''E56F5'' [[Manual transmission|manual]] (F4)<br />4-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission|A140E]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]<br />4-speed ''[[Toyota A transmission|A540H]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] (F4) | wheelbase = {{convert|2600|mm|in||abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|4520|mm|in||abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1690|mm|in||abbr=on}} | height = Sedan: {{convert|1370|mm|in||abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|1210|kg|lb||abbr=on}} | related = [[Toyota Camry]] SV20 }} Vista ya kizazi cha pili inayotolewa kwa mara ya kwanza ili kuuzwa Agosti mwaka wa 1986, na tofauti na binamu yake uya kiwango cha juu, Lexus ES, Vista haikupatikana na injini ya V6. Hatchback ya milango mitano ilibadilshwa na aidha sedani ya milango 4 au mwili wenye paa ngumu, na siura inayofanana na [[Mark II]] kubwa. Vista iliendeleza mazoea ya Toyota ya mtindo wa spoti ina msingi wa sedani, na kuwa katika jamii ya GT. Injini zote hutumia unyunyuzi wa mafuta pekee. Oktoba mwaka wa 1987 4WD ilianzishwa kwenye injini ya 2.0 L 4s-Fi, iliyounganishwa na gia ya kujiendesha, na Etoile Vista ilitumia inmjini ya 4s-Fé. == Kizazi cha tatu V30 (1990-1994) == {{Infobox Automobile generation | name = Third generation (V30) | image = [[Picha:3rdvista.jpg|250px|3rd generation Toyota Vista]] | production = 1990–1994 | assembly = Tsutsumi, [[Japan]] | body_style = 4-door [[hardtop]]<br> 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] | layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]] | engine = 1.8&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]] ([[turbodiesel]]) | length = {{convert|4520|mm|in||abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1695|mm|in||abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|1395|mm|in||abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|1390|kg|lb||abbr=on}} | related = [[Toyota Camry]] SV30 }} Hili toleo la Vista huwa na sura sawa na [[Windom.]] Ilianzishwa Julai 1990. Injini zilizopatikana zilikuwa 4s 1.8 na 3S 2.0. Injini za dizeli zilitumia [[2C-T na injini zote zilikuja na DOHC|2C-T na injini zote zilikuja na [[DOHC]]]]. Gurudumu la kuendesha la yote manne iliweza kupatikana kwenye magari haya na injini ya 2.0 L petroli. Trimu ya VX mara ilitolewa Mei 1991 pamoja na sura ya ndani ya ngozi. Julai 1992 injini ya 3S-GE iliondolewa kwenye ngazi ya juu magari ya trimu, na kidhibiti hewa kubadilishwa kuwa cha R134a CFC-huru badala yake. == Kizazi cha Nne V40 (1994-1998) == {{Infobox Automobile generation | name = Fourth generation (V40) | image = [[Picha:1994 Toyota Vista 01.jpg|250px|4th generation Toyota Vista]] | production = 1994–1998 | assembly = Tsutsumi, [[Japan]] | body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br> 4-door [[hardtop]] | layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]] | engine = 1.8&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />2.2&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]] ([[turbodiesel]]) | length = {{convert|4625|mm|in||abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1695|mm|in||abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|1410|mm|in||abbr=on}}–{{convert|1435|mm|in||abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|1310|kg|lb||abbr=on}} | wheelbase = {{convert|2650|mm|in||abbr=on}} }} Wakati camry ilikuwa mtindo maarufu Marekani na mtindo mwembamba wa Kijapani kuondolewa Vista ndio gari lililoedelea kuundwa katika {{convert|4700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} x {{convert|1700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} urefu-upana, historia ya sheria ya ushuru wa Kijapani. Baada ya marekebisho, Toyota iliamua kubadilisha ubao wa jina. Gari hili lina urefu wa {{convert|100|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} kuliko lililotangulia. Vista hii ni muhimu kwa sababu ni moja ya matunda ya kwanza ya juhudi za kampuni ya Toyota katika nuboreshaji. Utafit kuhusu msingi wa Fwd na ufungaji (sura) ulianza mwaka wa 1993 na kutokea katika soko mwezi wa Februari 1997 katika [[Toyota Prius]], lakini Vista ndiyo gari la kwanza kuundwa kwa wingi,la Fwd Toyota na msingi mpya. Toyota huwa na madai hayo katika uboreshaji na kufikiria upya wa msingi yake ya Fwd tangu 1982 camry / Vista. Katika huu msingi, Toyota hubadilishaMcPherson Struts za nyuma kwa [[boriti ya torsion axle.]] Mfumo wa wishbone mara mbili katika axle ya Nissan Primera inapatikana katika magari yanayosonga kwa miguu yote .Hii itakuwa makalio ya nyuma katika magari yanyodaiwa kwa wingi ya Fwd kama vile [[Toyota Celica]]ya mwisho. Toyota pia inabadilisha mtazamo wa injini ili kuboresha utumiaji wa nafasi vilivyo. == Kizazi cha Tano V50 (1998-2003) == {{Infobox Automobile generation | name = Fifth generation (V50) | image = [[Picha:1998 Toyota Vista 01.jpg|250px|5th generation Toyota Vista]] | production = 1998–2003 | assembly = Tsutsumi, [[Japan]] | body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br> 4-door [[station wagon]] | layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]] | engine = 1.8&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />2.0&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />2.2&nbsp;L [[Straight-4|I4]] ([[turbodiesel]]) | length = {{convert|4670|mm|in||abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1695|mm|in||abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|1505|mm|in||abbr=on}}–{{convert|1515|mm|in||abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|1310|kg|lb||abbr=on}} | wheelbase = {{convert|2700|mm|in||abbr=on}} }} Uundaji wa Vista ulikoma mwezi wa Julai 2003, ambapo Toyota ilkuwa tayari kuunganisha wafanyabiashara wa Vista na mtandao wa wafanibiashara wa Netz. Hatua hili la kurahisisha uuzaji wa Toyota lilikuja katika uzinduzi wa [[Lexus]] katika Ujapani, uliyopangwa kuwa Agosti 2005. Aprili 2005 mchakato huo ulikamilika na wafanyibiashara wote wa Vista walijiunga na Netz. Kizazi tano Vista kilipatikana kama sedani, na Wagon iliyoitwa Vista Ardeo. Injini za 1.8 L na 2.0 L zilipatikana. Pia ndani kuna chombo kinachonyesha urambazaji. Msingi wa gari hili ulitumika katika [[Toyota Prius]] ya kizazi cha kwanza, na pia ulitumika na [[OPA, Wish, Caldina, Avensis]] na [[Celica.]] ==Marejeo== * [http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=3087 GAZOO.com名車館トヨタビスタ4ドアセダン1983年] {{Wayback|url=http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=3087 |date=20110718225339 }} * [http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=3088 GAZOO.com名車館トヨタビスタハードトップ2000VX 1986年] {{Wayback|url=http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=3088 |date=20110718225351 }} * [http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5619 GAZOO.com名車館トヨタビスタ2000GT 4WS 1990年] {{Wayback|url=http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5619 |date=20110718225412 }} * [http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5620 GAZOO.com名車館トヨタビスタツーリング1994年] {{Wayback|url=http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5620 |date=20110718225420 }} * [http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5621 GAZOO.com名車館トヨタビスタN180 1998年] {{Wayback|url=http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5621 |date=20110718225442 }} * [http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5622 GAZOO.com名車館トヨタビスタワゴンアルデオ200WD 1998年] {{Wayback|url=http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=5622 |date=20110718225500 }} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons cat}} {{Toyota}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Magari ya Toyota]] [[Jamii:Magari yanayosonga kwa magurudumu yote]] [[Jamii:Magari]] liump9klg3gour2ww0ic69s5w9bac0m 0 34849 1600139 1464094 2026-09-24T11:51:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moses Kiptanui''' (amezaliwa [[1 Oktoba]] [[1970]] katika [[Wilaya ya Marakwet]], [[Kenya]]) ni mwanariadha wa mbio ya umbali wa wastani na refu.Anajulikana zaidi kwa mbio ya 3000m ya kuruka viunzi alipokuwa mwanariadha bora kabisa kati ya miaka ya [[1991]] hadi [[1995]] na ni bingwa wa IAAF mara tatu mfululizo. Kiptanui,pia, alikuwa mtu wa kwanza kukimbia mita 3000 kwa ,muda wa chini ya dakika nane. Kiptanui aliyejitokeza katika mwaka wa 1991,alikuwa mwanariadha asiyejulikana sana. Yeye alishinda mbio kadhaa za Grand Prix katika msimu huo. Yeye alisherehekea ushindi mmoja kubwa mjini [[Zurich]] alipoanguka katika mkondo wa mwisho lakini bado akashinda kwa urahisi sana. Ushindi wake katika mbio ya ''1991 World Championships'' mjini [[Tokyo]],hivyo basi haikuwashangaza wengi. Waangalizi wengi wa riadha waliudhika sana alipokosa kuchaguliwa kwa timu ya Kenya ya Olimpiki ya [[1992]] mjini [[Barcelona]]. Kiptanui alishindwa kuhitimu muda uliofaa katika mbio ya majaribio mjini [[Nairobi]]. Hata hivyo, muda mfupi baada ya Olimpiki,yeye aliweka rekodi mpya ya dunia ya mbio ya 3000 m mjini [[Cologne]] kwa muda wa 7:28.96 min. Siku tatu tu baadaye, yeye akavunja pia rekodi ya dunia ya 3000 m ya kuruka viunzi kwa muda wa 8:02.08 mjini Zürich. Mwaka uliofuata, yeye alionyesha ubingwa wake kwa mbio ya ''World Championship'' mjini [[Stuttgart]]. Yeye alishinda mbio ya 3000m ya kuruka viunzi katika ''1994 IAAF World Cup'' <ref>gbrathletics.com: [http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/wp.htm IAAF WORLD CUP IN ATHLETICS]</ref>. [13] Mwaka wa 1995, akavunja rekodi ya dunia 5000m huko [[Roma]] katika muda wa dakika 12:55.30 (8 Juni). Baada ya kushinda medali yake ya tatu ya ''World Championship'' huko [[Gothenburg]] na akweka rekodi mpya ya mbio ya 3000m ya kuruka viunzi kwa muda wa dakika 7:59.18 (16 Agosti).Akawa mtu wa kwanza duniani nzima kukimbia mbio hiyo chini ya dakika 8. Mwaka mmoja baadaye, yeye alikosa medali ya dhahabu ya Olimpiki tena alipochukua nafasi ya pili katika fainali ya mbio hiyo katika [[Atlanta]]. Yeye alishindwa mwenzake,kutoka Kenya, [[Joseph Keter]]. Mwaka uliofuata,katika mbio za ''[[1997]] World Championship'' ya [[Athens]],[[Ugiriki]] alishindwa kushinda medali yake ya dhahabu lakini akashinda ya fedha. Wilson Boit Kipketer ndiye alikuwa mshindi, mwanariadha kutoka Kenya. Bado alikuwa akikimbia katika mwaka wa [[2001]] akilenga ''2002 Commonwealth Games'' lakini hakushindana huko. Baada ya kustaafu, akawa kocha wa mbio. Katika mwaka wa [[2008]], yeye alikuwa kocha wa [[Ezekiel Kemboi]] aliyeshinda medali ya dhahabu ya Olimpiki. Yeye,pia,amekuwa mwenyekiti wa tawi la Wilaya ya Marakwet ya [[Athletics Kenya]] [16]<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/olympics/profiles/?hpid=topnews The Washington Post, 31 Julai 2008]</ref>. He has also been the chairman of the Marakwet District branch of [[Athletics Kenya]] <ref>Daily Nation, 5 Juni 2000: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030422161631/http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/05062000/Comment/Editorial1.html Polls open a new chapter in KAAA]</ref>. Silas Kosgei,bingwa mtetezi wa vijana wa dunia katika mbio ya 3000m ya kuruka viunzi kutoka 2007: ni binamu yake. ==Tuzo== * 1990 ** 1990 [[African Championships ya riadha]] - [[Cairo]], [[Misri]]. *** 1500 m [[medali ya dhahabu]] ** 1990 [[IAAF World Junior Championships]] - [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]]. *** 1500 m medali ya dhahabu * 1991 ** 1991 [[World Championships ya riadha]] - [[Tokyo]], [[Ujapani]]. *** 3000 m ya kuruka viunzi medali ya dhahabu ** 1991 [[All-Africa Games]] - Cairo, Egypt. *** 3000 m ya kuruka viunzi medali ya dhahabu * 1993 ** 1993 [[World Championships ya riadha]] - [[Stuttgart]], [[Ujerumani]]. *** 3000 m ya kuruka viunzi gold medal * 1994 ** 1994 [[Goodwill Games]] - [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Urusi]]. *** 5000 m medali ya dhahabu * 1995 ** 1995 [[World Championships ya riadha]] - [[Gothenburg]], [[Uswidi]]. *** 3000 m ya kuruka viunzi medali ya dhahabu * 1996 ** [[1996 Summer Olympics]] - [[Atlanta]], [[Marekani]]. *** 3000 m ya kuruka viunzi [[medali ya fedha]] * 1997 ** [[1997 World Championships in Athletics]] - [[Athens]], [[Ugiriki]]. *** 3000 m kuruka viunzi [[medali ya fedha]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/letter=0/athcode=3615/index.html Moses Kiptanui] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/letter=0/athcode=3615/index.html |date=20110624081507 }} {{start box}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|MAR}} [[Said Aouita]]|title=Mshindi wa mbio ya 3000m|years=16 Agosti 1992 &mdash; 2 Agosti 1994|after={{Flag icon|ALG}} [[Noureddine Morceli]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|ETH}} [[Haile Gebrselassie]] |title=Mshindi wa 5000m|years=6 Juni 1995 &ndash; 16 Agosti 1995 |after={{Flag icon|ETH}} [[Haile Gebrselassie]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Peter Koech]]|title=Mshindi wa mbio ya 3000m ya kuruka viunzi|years=19 Agosti 1992 &mdash; 13 Agosti 1997|after={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Wilson Boit Kipketer]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|GER}} [[Dieter Baumann]]|title=Mwanaume bora kabisa katika 3000m|years=1992|after={{Flag icon|ALG}} [[Noureddine Morceli]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|ALG}} [[Noureddine Morceli]]|title=Mwanaume bora kwa mwaka katika 3000m|years=1995|after={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Daniel Komen]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Yobes Ondieki]]|title=Mwanaume bora kabisa katika mbio ya 5000 katika msimu huo|years=1992|after={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Ismael Kirui]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Peter Koech]]|title=Mwanaume bora kabisa katika 3000m|years=1991 &ndash; 1995|after={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[John Kosgei]]}} {{end box}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kiptanui, Moses}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki wa Kenya]] 98dgfdkgxnunlz57k2pyskxzvag1tig 0 34936 1600140 1119546 2026-09-24T11:51:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:St. Matthew's Church and Smeaton's Bridge.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Mto Tay]] {{lugha}} {{ Mto| Jina = Mto Tay | Picha = St. Matthew's Church and Smeaton's Bridge.jpg|200px | caption = Looking upstream (north) along the Tay from the centre of [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] | Chanzo = Loch Tay | mdomo = Firth of Tay | Eneo la basini = [[Scotland]] | urefu = 120&nbsp;miles (193&nbsp;[[km]]) | elevation = | discharge = 170 m³/s | watershed = 4970 km² }} '''Mto Tay''' (kwa [[Gaelic]]: ''Tatha)'' unaanza [[milimani]] na unatiririka chini kupitia Strathtay na [[Perth]] na katika [[bahari ya Tay]], kusini ya [[Dundee]]. Ndio [[mto]] mrefu katika [[Scotland]] na nafasi ya saba katika mito mirefu zaidi ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. Ni mto mkubwa nchini kwa kiasi cha [[maji]]. [[Vyanzo]] vyake ni wastani wa maili za mraba 2000 ([[Tweed]] ni {{convert|1500|sqmi|km2}} na [[Spey]] ni maili mraba 1097). ==Sababu== [[Picha:Old Bridge over the Tay - geograph.org.uk - 94702.jpg|thumb|left|Tay kupita chini ya daraja ya Smeaton katika Perth.]] [[Picha:Tay.catchment.Scotland.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Chanzo cha Mto Tay ndani ya Scotland.]] Tay, mto maarufu kwa samaki ,huanzia katika [[milima]] na kutiririka chini katikati mwa Scotland kupitia [[Perth]] na [[Dundee.]] Ndio mto mrefu katika Scotland na nafasi ya saba nchini Uingereza. Tay humwaga maji yake mengi katika eneo la chini ya milima hii, chanzo chake huwa juu ya miteremko ya Beinn Laoigh. Chanzo ni c. maili 20 (c. 32&nbsp;km) kutoka pwani ya magharibi ya mji wa Oban, katika Argyll na Bute. Tay hutiririka kupitia Perth na Kinross hadi katika bahari ya Tay na Bahari ya Kaskazini, maili 100 (160&nbsp;km) upande wa mashariki. Mto huu una majina mbalimbali katika vyanzo vyake vya juu : Katika maili zake za kwanza chache mto unajulikana kama Mto Connonish;baadaye huitwa mto Fillan; na kisha jina linabadilika tena na kuwa Mto Dochart mpaka unapita ndani ya loch Tay katika Killin. Mto Tay huibuka kutoka [[loch]] [[Tay]] katika [[Kenmore, Perth na Kinross]], na kutiririka hadi Perth ambayo, katika nyakati za kihistoria,ilikuwa eneo la chini kabisa ambalo mto huu uligawanyika. Chini ya Perth mto huwa na mawimbi na kuingia bahari ya Tay. Mji mkubwa juu ya mto huu ni, Dundee, ambao uko juu ya ufuko wa kaskazini katika eneo ambalo mto huu unashikana na bahari. {{clear}} [[Picha:Tay.catchment.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Chanzo cha Mto Tay.]] [[Picha:Tay.tributaries.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mito midogo ya Mto Tay.]] ==Historia== [[Picha:Kinnoull Hill and the River Tay - geograph.org.uk - 8703.jpg|thumb|right|Mikunjo ya Tay njiani yake mashariki. Mtazamo kutoka mlima Kinnoull katika Perth.]] Rekodi ya upeo wa maji uliokuwa 2269 m ³ / s mara ulirekodiwa tarehe 17 Januari 1993, wakati mto u 6.48 mita juu yake ngazi ya kawaida saa Perth, na husababishwa omfattande mafuriko katika mji. Kama si miradi ya [[kuzalisha umeme]] ambayo ilipunguza kiwango cha maji, kilele kingekuwa juu mno. Mafuriko ya juu katika Perth yalitokea mwaka wa 1814, wakati mto huu ulipanda na mita 7 juu ya kiwango cha kawaida, yaliyosababishwa na barafu kuzuia maji chini ya daraja ya Smeaton. Matuio ya mafuriko mengine yalitokea katika mwaka wa 1210 na 1648 wakati madaraja ya awali juu ya Tay yaliharibiwa. Katika karne ya 19 [[Daraja ya Reli ya Tay]] ilijengwa kupitia juu ya ya bahari katika[[Dundee]] kama sehemu ya [[reli kuu ya pwani ya mashariki]], ambayo iliunganisha[[Aberdeen]] katika kaskazini na [[Edinburgh]] na hatimaye, [[London]] kusini. Tarehe 28 Desemba 1879 daraja hii ilibomoka wakati gari la moshi lilikuwa likipitia juu yake. Gari la moshi lilianguka kenye bahari, na abiria 75 na wafanyikazi wa gari hilo la moshi kuangamia. Tukio hili lilihusuishwa katika shairi, [[The Tay Bridge Disaster]], lililoandikwa na [[William McGonScotlandagall]], mshari mtukutu kutoka. Mwitikio muhimu wa makala yake ilulishugulikiwa kwa sababu alikuwa hapo awali ameandikwa mashairi mawili ya kuadhimisha nguvu na baadhi ya kutokufa kwa daraja ya reli ya Tay. Riwaya ya kwanza ya [[AJ Cronin]], ''[[Hero's Castle]]'' (1931), inahususha tukio katika [[janga la daraja la reli ya Tay]], na [[toleo]] la [[Filmu]] katika 1942 huonyesha picha ya kubomoka kwa daraja hilo. [[Daraja]] la [[reli]] katika eneo hili hatimaye ilijengwa upya,na katika miaka ya 1960 [[daraja la barabara]] lilijengwa karibu. Maeneo kadhaa kando ya Tay huchukua majina yao kutoka myo huu, au inaaminika yamefanya hivyo: * [[Dundee]] - ''Dun Tatha,'' Fort juu ya Tay * [[Broughty Ferry]], unaojulikana kienyeji kama Brochtie - ''Bruach Tatha,'' Benki ya Tay * [[Taymouth]] - Karibu mdomo wa [[loch Tay.]] * [[Tayside]] - Kanda la zamani la serikali ya Scotland ==Feri za Tay == Hadi 18 Agosti 1966 huduma za feri kwa abiria na gari katika Mto Tay ziliendeshwa kati ya Craigie Pier, [[Dundee]] na [[Tayport, Fife.]] Huduma hii ilikoma kutokana na ufunguzi wa [[Daraja la Barabara ya Tay .]] Kulikuwa na vyombo vitatu ambavyo vilibebana - ''[[PS]] BL Nairn'' (a [[iliyotumia maji moto)]] na feri mbili za kisasa zaidi ''MV Abercraig [[MV]] Scotscraig'' (zilizokuwa na propela za [[Voith Schneider]]). Huduma ya feri zilijulikana katika Dundee kama "Fifie". ==Rejea za kitamaduni== Mto Tay umetajwa katika mashairi ya [[William McGonagall]] ''[[The Tay Bridge Disaster]] na [[Railway Bridge]]'' of ''Reli ya FEDHA Tay'' Pia, mshairi [[Theodor]] [[Fontane]] mjerumani ametaja mto tay katika shairi lake la ''Die Brück 'am Tay.'' Pia umetajwa katika wimbo wa [[Span Steeleye]] "The Royal Forester". Mwisho, ni moja ya majina ya mto yanayotumika kama majina ya mitaa kuu katika mji wa [[New Zealand Invercargill.]] ==Angalia pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Scotland]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.tafac.freeuk.com/perthcon/wave.htm Maendeleo ya Burgh ya Perth ya Historia] {{Coord|56|22|N|3|21|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{River Tay}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uskoti]] pxhpizc5xm9z27z8whbcb75b2hwlspw 0 34938 1600052 1243896 2026-09-24T11:40:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Mto | jina = Mto Goyt | image = DSCF0140.JPG|200px | caption = | Chanzo = [[Pennines]] | Mdomo= [[River Mersey]] | Eneo la beseni = England | length = | elevation = 520m<ref name=EA1>{{cite web | url = http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/45f71ee500588b1c273fc0a80296068b/Product/View/GENW0304BHWM&2DE&2DE# | title = The Tame, Goyt and Etherow catchement abstraction management strategy | accessdate = 2007-03-13 | author = Environment Agency | authorlink = Environment Agency | month = Machi | year = 2004 | format = pdf | publisher = Environment Agency North West, Warrington | pages = p6 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182630/http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/45f71ee500588b1c273fc0a80296068b/Product/View/GENW0304BHWM%262DE%262DE | archivedate = 2007-09-27 }}</ref> | mouth_elevation = 40m<ref>{{cite web | url = http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/45f71ee500588b1c273fc0a80296068b/Product/View/GENW0805BJNE&2DE&2DE# | title = Mersey and Bollin Catchment abstraction management strategy | accessdate = 2007-03-13 | author = Boyce, D | authorlink = | month = Agosti | year = 2005 | format = pdf | publisher = Environment Agency North West, Warrington | pages = p5 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183914/http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/45f71ee500588b1c273fc0a80296068b/Product/View/GENW0805BJNE%262DE%262DE | archivedate = 2007-09-27 }}</ref> | discharge = | watershed = }} [[Picha:River Goyt.jpg|thumb|300px|mto Goyt]] [[Picha:River Goyt map.png|thumb|280px|Ramani ya mto Goyt]] '''Mto Goyt''' ni [[mto]] katika Kaskazini Magharibi ya [[Uingereza]]. Ni moja ya [[matawimito]] ya [[Mto Mersey]]. {{Coord|53.41420|-2.15689|display=title|format=dms}} == Chanzo == Mto Goyt huanza kwenye moors ya [[Axe Edge]], karibu na [[Mto Dane Cat na Fiddle Inn]]. Eneo linalojulikana kama [[bonde la juu la Goyt]]. Mto huu unavuka barabara za [[Paka wa zamani]] na [[Fiddle]] kutoka [[Buxton]] hadi [[Macclesfield]] katika daraja ya Derbyshire, ambayo ilikuwa mpaka wa zamani kati ya [[Derbyshire]] na [[Cheshire]]. Unafika pia katika [[Daraja ya packhorse]] ya kale iliondolewa ambapo [[hifadhi Errwood]] ilijengwa katika miaka ya 1960. Chini zaidi kuna [[hifadhi]] nyingine, [[hifadhi]] ya [[Fernilee]]. Laini ya awali ya [[Cromford na Reli ya High Peak]] inaweza kuonekana katika eneo hili. [[Picha:Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG|thumb|Goyt (kulia) kupatana na Tame katika Stockport na kuunda Mersey]] Goyt kisha hupitia [[Taxal]] na [[Horwich End]] ambapo huungwa na [[Todd Brook]]. Baada ya hapo hupitia [[Daraja ya Whaley]], New Mills (ambapo hujiungana na [[mto Sett)]] na [[Daraja ya Marple]]. Baada ya kuungwa na [[mto Etherow]], mto Goyt hujiunga na [[Mto tame]] katika [[Stockport]], na kuunda [[Mto Mersey]]. [[Picha:"Roman Bridge" - geograph.org.uk - 44734.jpg|left|thumb|300px|"Daraja ya Kirumi " juu ya Mto Goyt katika New Mills na Daraja ya Marple katika karne ya 17.]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Greater Manchester}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Goyt}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Cheshire]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Derbyshire]] [[Jamii:Manchester]] 4xo2iuzduk83ux5cj8s09f3r9zvgpwn 0 34967 1599472 1464086 2026-09-23T18:21:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Joseph&henry.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<center>Joseph Kibunja & Henry Wanyoike in Hong Kong, 2008]] '''Henry Wanyoike''' (alizaliwa [[1974]]) ni mwanariadha [[kipofu]] kutoka [[Kenya]]. Anashiriki katika mashindano ya [[Paralympics]] katika mbio za [[Marathon]]. ==Kazi yake== Wanyoike ni mmoja wa wanariadha wa kasi sana duniani. Alianza kukimbia akiwa mtoto na tayari alikuwa na ndoto ya kujiunga na kundi la [[Kenya]] la wanariadha, nchi ambayo inajulikana kwa kuwakuza wanariadha wengi wa masafa marefu wa kimataifa kuliko nchi nyingine yoyote. Alitia fora katika mita 5000 na mita 10,000. Mnamo mwaka [[1995]], Wanyoike alianza kuwa kipofu wakati alipata mshtuko. Alisimulia, "Nilienda kitandani nikiwa mzima, kuamka nikaamka kwa giza". Usiku huo alipoteza karibu asilimia 95 ya uwezo wake wa kuona na polepole akiupoteza wote. "Nilifikiria maisha yangu yamefikia kikomo",<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey/content/articles/2006/09/22/marathon06_henry_wanyoike_feature.shtml World record holder to run in Jersey Marathon] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/jersey/content/articles/2006/09/22/marathon06_henry_wanyoike_feature.shtml |date=20121110173146 }} [[BBC]], accessed 07/11/07</ref> anasimulia. Mamaye Grace alimchukua katika kliniki ya macho ya [[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]]<ref>Kuhusu Henry Wanyoike: [http://www.paralympic.org/Athletes/Athlete_of_the_Month/2008/11_2008.html Paralympics.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.paralympic.org/Athletes/Athlete_of_the_Month/2008/11_2008.html |date=20100529090836 }}</ref>, (Hospitali ya karibu ya macho inayodhminiwa na shirika la [[Christian Blind Mission International]], CBMI), inayotambulika kama moja ya vituo bora zaidi vya watu walio na shida ya macho katika eneo la [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Petra Verweyen, msimamizi wa mradi wa ''Low Vision'' alimsaidia kujipanga tena kimaisha na akampanga kujifunza kushona fulana. Kwa shukrani kubwa alikubali mradi huo na kuahidi kuwasaidia vipofu wengine kujitegemea kimaisha, vile amefanya. Baada ya kushinda Nishani ya Dhahabu kule [[Sydney, Australia]] katika [[Mashindano ya Paralympic]] ya 2000, Wanyoike amenunua mashine nyingi za kushona kutokana na zawadi ya fedha alizokabidhiwa na watu maarufu kama vile [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]. Saa hii yeye ni mwajili wa watu wengine vipofu wa Kenya na kuwafunza kufuma fulana. ==Kiongozi Wake== Mwanariadha kopofu huwa na mtu wa kumwongoza aliyefunganishwa naye mkononi. Kiongozi hutumia kiunganishi hiki kumwashiria mwanariadha, bila kumzidi kasi, wakati wa kugeuka, kupunguza kasi na kuhepa kizuizi, iwe kiwanjani au barabarani. Henry alipozoea kushirikiana na viongoza, alichipuka haraka kama mwanariadha kipofu wa kimataifa. Hili lilimpatia nafasi katika kikundi cha Kenya cha kuwakilisha Kenya katika mashindano ya [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney]] ya Paralympics ya 2000 katika shindano la mita 5000. Tatizo lililoibuka ni kuwa viongozi wake hawangestahimili kasi yake. Hata hivyo, licha ya kushinda medali ya Dhahabu katika mashindano ya Paralympics, aliweka pia rekodi mpya ya Paralympics. Sasa hivi Wanyoike hukimbia na Kiongozi wake na rafiki taangu utoto, '''Joseph Kibunja'''. ==Mashindano Anayoyashiriki== Kinyume na washindani wengi ambao huboresha ujuzi wao katika shindano moja, Henry ni mmoja wa wale ambao wamejiboresha katika mashindano mengi. Katika miaka 10 iliyopita, ameshiriki katika mashindano ya [[Half-Marathon]], mbio za barabarani za kilomita 10, mita 5,000 na mita 1,500. Anashikilia rekodi ya Dunia ya Marathon kwa vipofu ya 2:31:31 aliyoiweka jijini [[Hamburg]] mnamo 2005. ==Mafanikio== * Desemba 2007: Nafasi ya 8 kwa ujumla katika [[Singapore]] half-marathon (1:25:15) * Novemba 2006: Nafasi ya 121 katika mashindano ya New York Marathon (2:40:14) - Washiriki 38,368 * Aprili 2006: Nafasi ya 5 katika mashindano ya [[Bonn]] half-marathon (1:14:44) - washiriki 2,675 * Februari 2006: wa 6 katika mashindano ya [[Hong Kong]] half-marathon (1:16:47) - Washiriki 9000 * Januari 2006: wa 53 kwa mashindano ya [[Mumbai Marathon]] (2:52) - washiriki 177 pekee kati 3000 walimaliza kwa wakati (saa 5) * Desemba 2005: Mshindi wa [[Singapore]] half-marathon (1:16:07) * Oktoba 2005: wa 3 kwa mashindano ya TUI half-marathon mjini [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]], [[Mallorca]] (1:15:24) * Septemba 2005: Mshindi katika mashindano ya half-marathon mjini [[Wetzlar]] (01:14:41) * Mei 2005: wa 3,kwa takribani washiriki 4500 katika mashindano ya half-marathon ya [[Hannover]] (1:11:25) * Aprili 2005 (24 Aprili): Rekodi mpya ya Dunia mjini [[Hamburg]]: 2:31:31 * Aprili 2005 (17 Aprili): Rekodi mpya ya Dunia jijini [[London]]: 2:32:51 * Septemba 2004: Nishani ya Dhahabu na rekodi mpya ya Dunia katika mashindano ya 5,000 m (15:11.07) na 10,000 m (31:37.25) jijini [[Athens]] * Mei 2004: Boston, mudawa kasi zaidi katika shindano la Marathon (2:33:20) * Februari 2004: Hong Kong, mshindi na rekodi mpya ya Dunia ya shindano lahalf marathon (1:10:26) * Desemba 2003: Singapore, shaba katika shindano la mbio za barabarani, akikimbia zaidi ya mita 5,000 * Oktoba 2003: Mashindano ya [[Panafrican Games|Panafrican]], dhahabu katika umbali wa zaidi ya mita 1500 * Agosti 2003: [[Canada]], dhahabu katika mashindano ya mita 5,000 na 10,000 * Mei 200: Mshindi katika mashindano ya [[Boston Marathon]] (2:49:03) * Oktoba 2002: Mshindi wa Kombe la Boston katika mashindano ya barabarani ya Mita 5,000 * Julai 2002: [[Lille]]: dhahabu mbili na rekodi ya Dunia ya mita 5,000 (15:17.75) na mita 10,000 (32:34.31) * Aprili 2002: rekodi ya Dunia na dhahabu katika mashindano ya vipofu ya marathon ya [[Japan]] * Januari 2002: Jijini [[Cairo]]: medali mbili za dhahabu katika mashindano ya mita 800 na 1500, Fedha katika shindano la mita 400 * 2000: Mashindano ya Paralympics ya Sydney: Mshindi na Medali yake ya kwanza ya dhahabu katika shindano la mita 5,000 (15:46.29) ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.henrywanyoikefoundation.org Tovuti ya Henry Wanyoike Foundation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.henrywanyoikefoundation.org/ |date=20161021122933 }} * [http://www.henry4gold.com/engl/htm/news.htm Tovuti ya Henry4Gold] {{Wayback|url=http://www.henry4gold.com/engl/htm/news.htm |date=20100124032326 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wanyoike, Henry}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] 58bylfxpitjqc0kkp92e7o2k2zihlhn 0 34996 1599917 1355013 2026-09-24T07:14:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | jinalamchezaji = Kieran Gibbs | picha = [[Picha:Gibbs, Kieran (1).jpg|250px]] | jinakamili = James Ricardo Kieran Gibbs | tareheyakuzaliwa = 26 Septemba 1989 | mjialiozaliwa = [[Lambeth]], [[London]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Uingereza]] | timuyataifa = [[Uingereza]] | urefu = {{convert|1.80|m|abbr=on}} | nafasi = Difenda | klabuyasasa = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | nambayaklabu = 28 | miakayavijana = 2001–2004<br />2004–2007 | klabuzavijana = [[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon]]<br />[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | miaka = 2007–2017 | vilabu = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]<br />[[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] (mpango wa mkopo) | caps(goals) = | miakayataifa = 2007–2009 | nationalcaps(goals)1 = | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} == Historia == James Ricardo '''Kieran Gibbs''' (alizaliwa [[26 Septemba]] [[1989]]) ni mchezaji wa kandanda wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye huchezea timu ya [[Arsenal]] kama mchezaji wa nyuma. Yeye alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Riddlesdown katika eneo la [[Purley]],Kusini mwa London. == Wasifu == === Wasifu wa Klabu === Gibbs alianza kazi yake katika shule ya [[Wimbledon]] lakini akahamia Arsenal ,pamoja na Abu Ogogo na James Dunne, Wimbledon ilipoachishwa kazi katika mwaka wa 2004 na ikawa [[Milton Keynes Dons]]. Yeye alicheza katika nafasi ya kati na pia kwenye upande wa kushoto. Yeye alihusika mara kwa mara katika timu ya Arsenal ya vijana walio chini ya umri wa miaka 18 na timu hifadhi.Alicheza pia mechi za kirafiki dhidi ya [[Barnet]] na [[Inter Milan]]. Mnamo Septemba 2007, Gibbs alitia saini mkataba na Arsenal, na alikuwa mmojawapo katika timu iliyotajwa kucheza katika msimu wa 2007-08 Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA na akapewa jezi nambari 34. Yeye alichezea timu rasmi ya Arsenal kwa mara ya kwanza alipoashiriki katika mechi ya Shindano la Kombe la League dhidi ya [[Sheffield United]] mnamo 31 Ktoba 2007.Alicheza tena ,kwa mara ya pili, alipoingia kama mchezaji mbadala wa [[Eduardo da Silva]] katika robo fainali dhidi ya [[Blackburn Rovers]],18 Desemba 2007. Tarehe 31 Januari 2008, yeye alikubali mpango wa mkopo ambao angeenda kucheza katika timu ya [[Norwich City]] hadi mwisho wa msimu wa 20007-08. Yeye alirudi Arsenal mwanzoni mwa mwezi wa 29 Aprili 2008 na akachukua nafasi yake katika timu hifadhi ya Arsenal> Yeye alikwenda na kuchaguliwa kama mchezaji mbadala wa kuingia kucheza katika mechi dhidi ya [[Everton]] mnamo 4 Mei 2008 lakini hakucheza. Alicheza katika mechi za kabla ya msimu wa 2008-09,mara nyingi akicheza kama difenda kule nyuma, na akawa mchezaji ambaye hakutumiwa katika mechi dhidi ya Fulham walioshindwa 1-0,24 Agosti 2008, na pia hakutumiwa katika ushindi wao dhidi ya [[Bolton Wanderers]] wa 3-1(Septemba). Gibbs aliendelea kucheza katika Shindano la Kombe la League na akacheza dakika 90 katika ushindi wa 6-0 dhidi ya Sheffield United katika raundi ya tatu ya mechi,23 Septemba 2008. Yeye,pia, alicheza waliposhinda 3-0 dhidi ya Wigan Athletic na vilevile alicheza katika mechi ya kushindwa dhidi ya Burnley katika hatua ya robo fainali. [14] [15] [16] Yeye alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika Shindano la Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA mnamo 10 Desemba 2008 dhidi ya [[Porto FC]] akiwa mchezaji mbadala wa [[Abou Diaby]]. Gibbs alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika Ligi Kuu Ya Uingereza dhidi ya [[Tottenham Hotspurs]] mnamo 8 Februari 2009 akiingia kama mchezaji mbadala wa [[Gael Clichy]] aliyeumia katika mechi hiyo. [[Picha:Kieran Gibbs.png|thumb|300px|left|Gibbs katika mazoezi]] Clichy akiwa ameumia, Gibbs alianza mechi yake ya kwanza katika Ligi ya Mabingwa katika robo fainali dhidi ya [[Villareal]] mnamo 15 Aprili 2009,Arsenal ilishinda 3-0. Gibbs alianza kucheza mechi ya Shindano la Kombe la FA dhidi ya [[Chelsea]] na akamsaidia [[Theo Walcott]] kufunga bao. Alihusika ,pia, wakati Arsenal na Liverpool walipotoka sare dhidi ya [[Liverpool]], 21 Aprili, huko [[Anfield]].Aliokoa timu yake kwa kupiga mpira ulipokuwa karibu kuingia goli. Baada ya kucheza mechi mingi katika timu rasmi kwa kuwa Clichy alikuwa ameumia, Gibbs alicheza katika nusu fainali ya Shindano ya Ligi ya Mabingwa dhidi ya Manchester United,Arsenal walishindwa 1-0. Hata hivyo, katika mkondo wa pili wa mnusu fainali hiyo, Gibbs alifanya kosa lililomwezesha [[Park Ji-Sung]] kufunga bao muhimu sana baada ya dakika 7. [21] Alianza katika mchuano wa kwanza wa Arsenal wa ufunguzi wa msimu dhidi ya Portsmouth na akacheza dakika 90. Clichy alipojeruhiwa na kutoweza kucheza kwa wiki kadhaa,[[Arsene Wenger]] alimpa Gibbs nafasi katika timu. Hata hivyo,mnamo tarehe 24 Novemba, Gibbs alivunjika mfupa mguuni katika mechi dhidi ya [[Standard Liege]] na jeraha hili likamtoaa kwa mchezo kwa wakati usiojulikana,Arsenal ilishinda 2-0. === Wasifu wa Kimataifa === Yeye alikuwa katika timu ya Uingereza ya vijana wa chini ya umri wa miaka 19 ambayo ilishindwa katika mkondo wa vikundi katika Shindano la UEFA la 2008 la vijana wa chini ya umri wa miaka 19.Hata hivyo, walihitimu kucheza katika Shindano la Kombe la Dunia la vijana wa chini ya umri wa miaka 20 nchini [[Misri]] lililoandaliwa na FIFA. Gibbs aliitwa kujiunga na kikosi cha Uingereza cha vijana wa chini ya umri wa miaka 21 akiwa pamoja na mwenzake kutoka Arsenal ,[[Theo Walcott]].Walichaguliwa ili wacheza katika shndano la Uropa la 2009 la vijana wa chini ya umri wa miaka 21 nchin [[Uswidi]]. Yeye alifunga mabao mawili katika mchuano wa kirafiki na [[Azerbaijan]] kabla ya shindano mnamo 8 Juni 2009,walishinda 7-0.Alifunga mkwaju wake wa penalti katika nusu fainali ya shindano hilo dhidi ya [[Uswidi]]. Stuart Pearce alimworodhesha Gibbs katika mechi za kuhitimu kucheza katika shindano la Mabingwa wa Uropa ya 2011. Yeye alifunga bao la kwanza katika ushindi wao wa 6-3 dhidi ya [[Masedonia]] hapo 9 Oktoba. == Takwimu ya Wasifu == :''(sahihi 24 Novemba 2009)'' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Klabu !rowspan="2"|Msimu !colspan="3"|Ligi !colspan="3"|Kombe la FA !colspan="3"|Kombe la League !colspan="3"|Uropa !colspan="3"|Jumla |- !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi wa kufunga bao !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi wa kufunga bao !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi wa kufunga bao !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi wa kufunga bao !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi wa kufunga bao |- |rowspan="1" valign="centre"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[2007-08 in English football|2007–08]] |0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||1||0||0||0||0|2||0||1 |- |rowspan="1" valign="centre"|[[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] (mpango wa aina ya mkopo) |[[2007-08 in English football|2007–08]] |7||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0|7||0||0 |- |rowspan="1" valign="centre"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[2008-09 in English football|2008-09]] |8||0||0||6||0||1||3||0||1||4||0||0||0|21||0||2 |- |rowspan="1" valign="centre"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |[[2009-10 in English football|2009-10]] |3||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||0||2||0||1||0|7||0||1 |- !colspan="2"|Jumla ! 18 !! 0 !! 0 !! 6 !! 0 !! 1 !! 7 !! 0 !! 2 !! 6!! 0 !! 1 !! 37 !! 0 !! 4 |} == Tuzo == ==== Arsenal FC ==== ==== IKimataifa ==== * Nafasi ya pili katika Shindano la Mabingwa ya UEFA kwa vijana walio chini ya umri wa 21(2009) ==== Binafsi ==== == Marejeo == # [http://www.arsenal.com/news/reserves-news/gibbs-and-dunne-delighted-by-pro-contract Gibbs and Dunne delighted by pro contract,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/reserves-news/gibbs-and-dunne-delighted-by-pro-contract |date=20090326091959 }} arsenal.com, # "2007/08 UEFA Champions League - Matchweek Stats Pack". UEFA. https://web.archive.org/web/20080406154207/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2008/e/e_01_md.pdf. # "Sheff Utd 0-3 Arsenal". BBC Sport. 2007-10-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_cup/7065196.stm.. # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/7145781.stm Blackburn 2-3 Arsenal (aet),] bbc.co.uk, # [http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11670_3096817,00.html Sky Sports | Football | Premier League | Arsenal | Canaries swoop for Gibbs] # [http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article=490649&lid=NewsHeadline&sub=Reserves:+Aston+Villa+v+Arsenal+-+Preview&sublid=NewsHeadline&Title=Reserves:+Aston+Villa+v+Arsenal+-+Preview&f=rss Reserves: Aston Villa v Arsenal - Preview] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?article=490649&lid=NewsHeadline&sub=Reserves:+Aston+Villa+v+Arsenal+-+Preview&sublid=NewsHeadline&Title=Reserves:+Aston+Villa+v+Arsenal+-+Preview&f=rss |date=20080430131911 }} # [http://www.arsenal.com/matchreport.asp?thisNav=&fxid=323052&cpid=703&clid=4421 Arsenal.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/matchreport.asp?thisNav=&fxid=323052&cpid=703&clid=4421 |date=20080512150042 }} # "Fulham 1-0 Arsenal". Arsenal.com. http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3003005/first-team/fulham-v-arsenal?tab=report {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/match-menu/3003005/first-team/fulham-v-arsenal?tab=report |date=20080826005632 }}. # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/7626710.stm Arsenal 6-0 Sheff Utd], BBC Sport, # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/7708781.stm Arsenal 3-0 Wigan] , BBC Sport, # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/7749865.stm Burnley 0-2 Arsenal] , BBC Sport, == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=46514 Kieran Gibbs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=46514 |date=20091118060424 }} {{Arsenal F.C. squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibbs, Kieran}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Wimbledon F.C.]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Arsenal FC]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Norwich City F.C.]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Lambeth]] esjzgdcfcgjps4nsgwelzd7q390pgem 0 35064 1599648 1522949 2026-09-23T18:58:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onyi Papa Jey''' (jina kamili '''Bernard Onyango Ranginya''', alizaliwa 1982 [[Kiyembe]], [[Wilaya ya Suba]]) ni muimbaji wa muziki wa mtindo wa [[ohangla]] nchini [[Kenya]] Onyi Papa Jey alianza kucheza [[orutu]] akiwa katika shule ya msingi<ref name="fitting">Daily Nation, 29 Machi 2008: [http://allafrica.com/stories/200803310037.html Onyi Papa - Fitting Replacement for Benga Maestro Misiani?]</ref>. Alilazamika kukatiza masomo yake katika shule ya sekondari ya Tonga kwa kukosa karo<ref name="master">The Standard, 13 Novemba 2009: [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/InsidePage.php?id=1144028302&amp;cid=433&amp; Papa Jey:I am a master of political songs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/InsidePage.php?id=1144028302&cid=433& |date=20091221123842 }}</ref>. Alijunga na bendi ya [[Tony Nyadundo]] mwaka wa 1999 na kutumbuiza naye mwaka wa 2002. Baadaye,alijiumga na kundi la wachezaji wa kitamaduni wa Nyamolo kwa muda. Pia,aliongoza bendi ya Langasta Stars mjini [[Eldoret]] kwa kipindi cha mwaka mmoja. Baadaye,alizuru pamoja na [[Jack Nyadundo]] (kakake mkubwa Tony Nyadundo) nchini Kenya na [[Tanzania]]. Akiwa Tanzania ,aliunda bendi za Super Suba na Koleko Newface. Aliondoka Tanzania baada ya miaka mitatu na kujiunga tena na kundi la wachezaji wa kitamaduni la Nyamolo kabla ya kujitenga kivyake<ref name="fitting"/><ref name="master"/>. Uinbaji wake ulipata umaarufu wa kitaaifa alipotoa album yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa "Raila ODM" na haswa wimbo wenyewe, alioutungia na uliohusu [[Raila Odinga]], mgombezi wa urais wa chama cha [[Orange Democratic Movement]] kwenye [[uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2007]] <ref name="fitting"/>. Onyi Papa Jey amekandarasiwa na kampuni ya SoundAfrica <ref name="master"/>. Aliteuliwa katika vitengo vitatu katika [[Tuzo za Muziki za Kisima]] za mwaka wa 2008 : Msanii wa Mwaka, Msanii bora wa kuchanganya utamaduni na usasa, na Wimbo wa Mwaka ("Raila ODM") <ref>Museke, 22 Oktoba 2009: [http://museke.com/en/node/2312 8th Kisima Music Awards nominees 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://museke.com/en/node/2312 |date=20110809135832 }}</ref>. Hata hivyo,hakushinda katikia kitengo chochote <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners08 |title=Kisima Awards Winners 2008 |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212182824/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners08 |archivedate=2009-12-12 |https://web.archive.org/web/20091212182824/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners08 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212182824/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners08 }}</ref>. == Diskografia == '''Album zake:''' * Raila ODM * Mapatano == Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] 9raiq285jbbi5mhptahxb107y7rs8kr 0 35080 1599579 1331321 2026-09-23T18:46:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | jinalamchezaji= Vito Mannone | picha = [[Picha:Vito Mannone.jpg|250px]] | jinakamili =Vito Mannone | tareheyakuzaliwa = 2 Machi 1988 | mjialiozaliwa = [[Desio]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Italia]] | timuyataifa = [[Italia]] | urefu = 1.91m | nafasi = [[Golikipa]] | klabuyasasa = [[Arsenal]] | nambayaklabu = 24 | miakayavijana = 2003&ndash;2005<br/>2005-2006 | klabuzavijana = [[Atalanta B.C.]]<br/>[[Arsenal FC]] | miaka = 2006<br/>2006- | vilabu = Barnsley FC<br/>Arsenal | caps(goals) = | miakayataifa = 2009- | nationalcaps(goals)1 = | nationalcaps(goals)2 = | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} '''Vito Mannone''' (alizaliwa [[2 Machi]], [[1988]], ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Italia]] anayecheza katika nafasi ya [[golikipa]] katika [[Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza]]. ==Wasifu wa Klabu== ===Wasifu wa hapo awali=== Mannone alitia saini mkataba na [[Arsene Wenger]] katika mwaka wa 2005, akiungana na Arsenal kutoka timu ya [[Atalanta]] katika mkataba wa miaka tatu na kulipa ada ya £ 350.000 ya fidia, kwa kuwa hakuwa ameunda mkataba na timu hiyo ya [[Uitalia]]. Yeye alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya Arsenal katika mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya [[Barnet]] mnamo 16 Julai 2005.Arsenal ilishinda mechi hiyo 4-1. ===Muda wa mkopo akiwa Barnsley=== 18 Agosti 2006, Mannone alihamia timu ya [[Barnsley]] kwa muda wa miezi mitatu katika mpango wa mkopo, alitarajiwa ,kung'ang'ania nafasi ya golikipa na [[Nick Colgan]]. Mannone ,alipokuwa Barnsley, hakufurahia - katika mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya [[Preston North End]] mnamo 22 Septemba 2006, aliingia mechi kama mchezaji mbadala baada ya Colgan kuonyeshwa kadi nyekundu. Alikuwa na bahati mbaya alipofanya [[Preston]] kushinda kwa kupiga mpira na ukagonga kichwa cha [[Patrick Agyemang]] na kuwa bao. Katika mechi iliyofuata dhidi ya [[Luton Town]], alianza katika mechi hiyo badala ya Colgan,akafanya kosa na akafungwa na [[Ahmet Brkovic]],wakashindwa. ===Kurudi Arsenal=== Aliumia katika goti lake,hili jeraha likakatiza muda wake wa mkopo na akarudi Arsenal kwa matibabu. Kulikuwa na uvumi kuwa alikuwa anaenda Ligi Kuu ya Scotland kucheza katika timu ya [[Inverness CT]] hapo Januari 2007. Mpango huo haukufaulu walipokosa kumthibitishia kuwa atacheza katika timu ya kwanza. Alihusishwa na mpango wa mkopo kuenda kucheza katika timu ya [[Gretna]] katika Ligi Kuu ya Scotland katika mwaka wa 2007.Mpango huo haukufaulu pia. Mannone alicheza mara kwa mara chini ya [[Lukasz Fabianski]] katika kampeni ya Arsenal katika Shindano la Kombe la League ya mwaka wa 2007-08. Hata hivyo,hakucheza hata mechi moja katika mechi tano ya klabu hiyo katika shindano hilo.Walitolewa kutoka kwenye shindano na timu ya [[Tottenham Hotspurs]]. Mnamo 19 Desemba 2007, Arsenal ilitangaza kuwa Mannone alikuwa ametiaa saini mkataba mpya wa muda mrefu. [12] Hapo 19 Aprili 2008, yeye alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji waliochaguliwa katika mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya Reading katika [[Uwanja wa Emirates]] lakini hakucheza mechi hiyo.[[Jens Lehmann]] ndiye aliyelinda lango. Kufuatia kuondoka kwa Jens Lehmann katika mwaka wa 2008, Mannone akawa chaguo la tatu katika nafasi ya golikipa, akifuata [[MAnuel Almunia]] na [[Lukasz Fabianski]]. Mannone alibadilisha nambari yake ya jezi kutoka #40 kuwa #24 katika mwanzo wa msimu wa 2008-09 baada ya aliyekuwa #24 ,Almunia, kupewa jezi #1. 19 Julai 2008, yeye alicheza nusu ya pili ya mechi ya kabla ya msimu ya kirafiki dhidi ya [[Barnet]] huko [[Underhill]] huku akikosa kufungwa bao. Kabla ya msimu kuanza, alicheza katika mechi 4 katika timu ya kwnza ya Arsenal akiingia kama mchezaji mbadala wakati wote katika nusu ya mechi. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza muhimu akiwa Arsenal katika mechi ya mwisho ya msimu wa 2008-09,dhidi ya Stoke City mnamo 24 Mei 2009.~ Arsenal ilishinda mechi hiyo 4-1. [14] ===Msimu wa 2009/10=== Manuel Almunia na Lukasz Fabianski walipokuwa wameumia, Vito alicheza katika mechi yake ya kwanza katika Shindano la Mabingwa la [[UEFA]] dhidi ya [[Standard Liege]], mechi ya Arsenal ya kwanza katika mkondo wa vikundi mnamo 16 Septemba 2009. Mechi hiyo ilianza vibaya sana,huku akifungwa mabao mawili katika dakika tano za kwanza,bao moja likiwa mkwaju mkali wa Mangala ambao ulimshinda Vito na kuingia.Bao la pili lilikuwa mkwaju wa penalti baada ya Jovanovic kutendewa maovu na [[William Gallas]]. Hata hivyo, Arsenal ilifanya juhudi na kushinda mechi hiyo 3-2 kwa mabao ya [[Nicklas Bendtner]],[[Thomas Vermaleen]] na Eduardo da SIlva. Manuel Almunia alpokuwa bado nje, Mannone alicheza katika mechi yake ya pili ya Ligi Kuu ya [[Uingereza]] dhidi ya [[Wigan]] mnamo 19 Septemba 2009. Mannone hakufungwa bao lolote katika mechi hiyo walioshinda 4-0. Mannone pia hakufungwa bao lolote katika mechi dhidi ya [[Fulham]] katika uga wa Craven Cottage mnamo 26 Septemba. Katika mechi hiyo,aliokoa Arsenal kwa kulinda lango kwa umahiri mkubwa na akashinda tuzo la Mchezaji Bora Katika Mechi,Arsenal walishinda 1-0. Mannone alisema kuwa mechi hiyo ndiyo iliyokuwa bora kabisa katika kazi yake ya kuwa golikipa. Hakufungwa bao lolote katika ushindi wa 2-0 dhidi ya Olympiakos katika Shindano la Mabingwa la UEFA mnamo 29 Septemba. Tarehe 17 Oktoba 2009,Mannone aliteuliwa kama golikipa katika timu ya kwanza badala ya yule wa hapo awali,Manuel Almunia, aliyekuwa akiugua maradhi fulani.Hii ilionekana kuwa kuonyesha [[imani]] katika Mannone na kuuliza maswali juu ya nafasi ya golikipa ilikuwa ya nani. ==Wasifu wa Kimataifa== Tarehe 13 Novemba 2009, Vito alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza timu ya Uitalia ya vijana walio chini ya umri wa miaka 21 katka mechi dhidi ya [[Hungaria]]. ==Takwimu ya Wasifu== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Klabu !rowspan="2"|Msimu !colspan="3"|Ligi !colspan="3"|Kombe !colspan="3"|Uropa !colspan="3"|Jumla |- !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi katika kufunga bao. !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi katika kufunga bao. !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi katika kufunga bao. !Mechi alizocheza !Mabao !Usaidizi katika kufunga bao. |- |- |rowspan="1" valign="center"|'''[[Arsenal]]''' |2005–06 |0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- |rowspan="1" valign="center"|'''[[Barnsley]]''' |2006–07 |2||0||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||4||0||0 |- |rowspan="3" valign="center"|'''[[Arsenal]]''' |2007–08 |0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- |2008–09 |1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||0 |- |2009–10 |5||0||0||0||0||0||3||0||0||8||0||0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jumla !8!!0!!0!!2!!0!!0!!3!!0!!0!!13!!0!!0 |} ==Marejeo== # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/bsp/hi/football/statistics/players/m/mannone_325859.stm Vito Mannone Bio], BBC Sport, # [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/profile?id=85400&league=ENG.1&season=2009&cc=5739 Squad Profiles,] {{Wayback|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/profile?id=85400&league=ENG.1&season=2009&cc=5739 |date=20100227083339 }} Espn, # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/barnsley/5262864.stm "Tykes loan for Gunners goalkeeper"]. BBC Sport. . # [http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/coca_cola/article1705670.ece "Preston North End 1 Barnsley 0] {{Wayback|url=http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/coca_cola/article1705670.ece |date=20061008054006 }}: Mannone misfortune gifts Preston the points". The Independent. # [http://icscotland.icnetwork.co.uk/sport/sportheadlines/tm_headline=no-1-snag-hits-gretna&method=full&objectid=19545793&siteid=50141-name_page.html. "No. 1 snag hits Gretna".] icScotland. # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8048291.stm "Arsenal 4-1 Stoke".] BBC. 24 Mei 2009. # http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8270588.stm ==Viungo vya nje== * {{soccerbase|41523|Vito Mannone}} * [http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/vito-mannone Vito Mannone katika tovuti ya Arsenal.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arsenal.com/first-team/players/vito-mannone |date=20080817101240 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mannone, Vito}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] bkgn84wjtj63vqi7ig533ov0zt6vgbt 0 35086 1599649 1231007 2026-09-23T18:59:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = River Suir | picha = IMG SuirHolycross4788.jpg | caption = River Suir at Holycross | chanzo = [[Devil's Bit]] Mountain, County Tipperary | mdomo= [[Celtic Sea]] at [[Waterford (city)|Waterford]] }} '''Mto Suir''' {{IPA-ga|ʃuːr}} Irish ''An tSiúr'' au ''Abhainn na Siúire)'' ni mto nchini [[Ireland]] ambao unatiririka hadi katika [[Atlantiki]] karibu na [[Waterford]] baada ya umbali wa [[kilomita]] 184 ( maili 114 ).Ukubwa kwa jumla ni3526 km2. Maarufu kwakujikunja,una hifadhi nyingi za aina wa samaki wa traut wa [[kahawia .]] Pia Suir inashikilia rekodi ya [[Salmoni]] walioshikwa kutoka mto huu wa irelando, (uzito wa kilo 57&nbsp;lb/26 , katika mwaka 1874) <ref>{{cite book|last= Taverner, |first=Eric|coauthors=John Moore|title=The Angler's Weekend Book |publisher=READ BOOKS, |date=2006|pages=495|isbn=9781406797916|url=http://books.google.ie/books?id=tGLnwX93_eQC&pg=PA495&dq=salmon+57+record++maher+suir#v=onepage&q=salmon%2057%20record%20%20maher%20suir&f=false}}</ref> kama ilivyo katika mito mingine ya Atlantiki, Idadi ya salmoni imekuwa ikipunguka katika miaka iliyopita. Unaoanzia katika miteremko ya [[Mlima wa Ibilisi]], kaskazini ya [[Templemore]] katika [[Kata ya Tipperary]], mto Slur huelekea kusini kupitia kupitia [[Loughmore, Thurles, Holycross, Golden]] na [[Knockgraffon.]] Huungana na [[Mto Aherlow]] katika [[Kilmoyler]] na baadaye na [[Tar]], hupinduka mashariki katika [[milima ya Comeragh]] na kutengeneza mpaka kati ya [[kata ya Waterford]] na [[kata ya Kilkenny.]] Baadaye hupitia [[Cahir, Clonmel]] na [[Carrick-on-Suir]] kabla ya kufika [[Waterford.]] Hapa,hupatana na [[Mto Barrow]] na [[Mto Nore]] kuunda kinywa pana kinacho uwezo wa kupitiwa na vyombovya majini. Pamoja na Nore na Barrow, mto ni huu ni moja wa mito inayojulikana kama [[Dada Watatu.]] Suir inajulikana i katika [[ireland]] kama ''Siúr'' na hudhaniwa katika matamshi yake ya kisasa ya Kiingereza yakiwa na u na i kupinduliwa kulitokana na makosa. Basi, baadhi ya watuhuhisi kwamba matamshi katika Kiingereza yanafaa kuwa Siur na matamshi haya huonekana mara kwa mara. {{Fact|date=Februari 2007}}. [[Edmund Spenser]] (1552-1599) mwandishi wa [[The Fairie Queene]], katika maandiko yake wakati wa [[Kipindi cha Elizabethan]] katika [[kata ya Cork]], yaliashiria'mpole Shure', pengine matamshi sahihi zaidi na sahihi zaidi katika kipindi hicho. Katika miaka ya kwanza ya karne ya 21, mabakishi ya makazi ya[[Viking]] yalipatikana katika ufuko wa mto huu juu ya Waterford. Katika [[Clonmel]], Suir huwa na mafuriko katika eneo la mtaa baada ya mvua kubwa sana katika vyanzo vya juu vya 2,173 km2. Ofisi ya kazi za umma, kwa kimombo (OPW), ilikamilisha na kuweka mfumo wa kutabiri mafuriko ambao ulitumika kutabiri mafuriko katika Januari mwaka wa 2008 na Januari mwaka wa 2009, mafuriko ya Januari mwaka wa 2009 kuwa tukio 1 katika kipindi cha miaka 5. Awamu ya 1 ya ulinzi wa mafuriko ya Clonmel (1-100 mwaka) ambayo ilitajwa katika mwaka wa 2007 ilipangiwa kumalizika mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2009 na awamu ya pili na tatu kama mkataba mmoja wa 2011/2012. Ulinzi wa Gharika unahusisha vikwazo, kuta na ufuko wa ardhi. Daraja Gashouse, Coleville Road, Davis Road, ya quays na Old Bridge ni ujumla maeneo yaliyoathirika zaidi. [[Clonmel]] Haina mawimbi. Mawimbi hupindukia juu ya kiwanda cha chokoleti cha [[Miloko]] katika [[Carrick-on-Suir.]] Maji ya mafuriko hutapakaa kwenye ardhi juu Miloko katika upande Waterford ya mto kwenye nchi. [[Carrick-katika-Suir]] ni wimbi na lina miaka 1-50 ya ulinzi wa mafuriko. Ofisi ya kazi za umma (OPW) ina mpango wa kuweka ulinzi wa mwaka 1-200 mafuriko ambapo mto Suir unapitia [[Waterford]] mji. Ambapo mto unapita katika [[Kata ya Kilkenny]] kusini, karibu na mji wa [[Mooncoin]], ulijulikana kama moja ya baladi maarufu zaidi iitwayo, [[The Rose wa Mooncoin]], ambayo inajumuisha "ufuko wa Suir,unaenda chini hadi kwa Mooncoin". == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.salmon-ireland.com/ Salmoni Ireland, taarifa kuhusu mito ya Salmoni katika Ireland] {{Wayback|url=http://www.salmon-ireland.com/ |date=20091228190201 }} {{IrishRivers}} {{coord|52|16|N|7|00|W|display=title|region:IE_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suir}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ireland]] [[Jamii:Mito ya kata ya Kilkenny]] dxzfmsy2jtgfx9rjll10lk6vh7upwx2 0 35094 1600053 1362816 2026-09-24T11:41:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | jinalamchezaji= Patrick Agyemang | picha =[[Picha:Patrick_Agyemang_1.jpg]] | jinakamili = Patrick Agyemang | tareheyakuzaliwa = 29 Septemba 1980 | mjialiozaliwa = [[Walthamstow]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Uingereza]] | timuyataifa = [[Ghana]][[File:Flag-map of Ghana.png|thumb|100px]] | urefu = 1.85m | nafasi = Mshambulizi | klabuyasasa = Queens Park Rangers F.C. | nambayaklabu = 11 | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = | miaka = 1998&ndash;2004<br/>1999&ndash;2000<br/>2004<br/>2004&ndash;2008<br/>2008- | vilabu = Wimbledon FC<br/>Brentford FC<br/>Gillingham FC<br/>Preston North End FC <br/>Queens Park Rangers | caps(goals) = | miakayataifa = 2003&ndash;2006 | nationalcaps(goals) =2(1) | nationalcaps(goals)2 = | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} '''Patrick Agyemang''' (alizaliwa [[Walthamstow]], [[Uingereza]], [[29 Septemba]], [[1980]], alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[kandanda]] wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Ghana]]. ==Historia== Amechezea timu yake ya taifa mechi mbili. Yeye sasa anacheza katika klabu ya [[Queens Park Rangers]] katika michuano ya Ligi ya Soka ya daraja la tatu huko Uingereza. Klabu za zamani za Agyemang ni [[Preston North End]] na [[Wimbledon]]. ==Wasifu wa Klabu== [[File:Deepdalecomplete.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Uwanja wa Deepdale,uwanja wa Preston North End,ambako Agyemang alicheza misimu minne na kufunga mabao]] ===Wasifu wake akiwa Preston North End na klabu zingine za awali=== Agyemang alijiunga na klabu ya [[Preston North End]] katika mkataba uliokuwa na gharama ya takriban £ 300,000 kutoka Gillingham baada ya kuwa [[Priestfield]] kwa muda usiofika mwaka mmoja. Mshambulizi huyoa alipata umaarufu akiwa Wimbledon ambako alikua na akacheza mechi 116 na kufunga mabao 22. Agyemang alicheza mechi31 katika msimu wake wa kwanza huku akifunga mabao manne lakini bado akaorodheshwa kama ako chini ya Nugent na Cresswell katika timu hiyo. Msimu huu, mshambulizi huyu amecheza mechi 49 ingawa 25 ya hizi aliingia kama mchezaji mbadala.Hata hivyo,alimaliza msimu akiwa mshambulizi wa pili katika orodha ya timu akiwa na mabao 6. Mchezo wake mzuri katika msimu huo ilimfanya ateuliwe katika kikosi cha Ghana,miaka tatu baada ya kucheza katika timu ya taifa kwa mara ya kwanza.Alichezea timu ya taifa katika mechi tatu lakini hakuteuliwa katika timu ya watu 23 waliocheza katika Shindano la Kombe la Dunia 2006. Agyemang alicheza sana kama mchezaji mbadala katika misimu yake ya kwanza [[Deepdale]] akiikngia katika nusu ya pili ya mechi.Majeraha yalipowapata wachezaji wa timu ya kwanza ,Agyemang alianza kuchezeshwa kutoka nusu ya kwanza katika mechi kadhaa za misimu ya 2006/07.Alifunga mabao kadhaa mojawapo ikiwa bao la ushindi dhidi ya [[West Bromwich Albion]]. ===Wasifu wake akiwa Queens Park Rangers=== Katika mwezi wa Januari 2008, Agyemang Alihamia QUeens Park Rangers(QPR) kutoka klabu ya Preston kwa bei ya takriban £ 100,000. Alifunga bao lake la kwanza akiwa QPR katika mechi dhidi ya [[Sheffield United]] katika mechi yake ya kwanza katika ligi. Agyemang alinawiri sana akiwa QPR na akafunga mabao matatu katika mechi tatu ya ligi, takwimu ambayo hajapita katika mechi zake zote zingine. Baada ya kushindwa 3-1 na timu ya Watford, mnamo tarehe 7 Desemba 2009, Aygemang ,iliripotiwa ilibidi amzuie meneja wa klabu, Jim Magilton, baada ya kumpiga kwa kichwa Akos Buzsaky. ===Wasifu wa Kimataifa=== Agyemang alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya taifa ya Ghana katika mechi dhidi ya Nigeria mnamo 30 Mei 2003 katika Shindano la Kombe la LG,lilioandaliwa na Nigeria. Alifunga bao baada ya dakika tatu tu.Ghana, ingawaje, walishindwa 3-1. Alicheza katika mechi za kirafiki za kabla ya Shindano la Kombe la Dunia dhidi ya [[Mexico]] mnamo 1 Machi 2006. Hata hivyo alipoteza nafasi katika timu ya Ghana iliyocheza katika Shindano hilo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.qpr.co.uk/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10373~8060,00.html Akiwa QPR] * [http://www.pnefc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10362~8060,00.html Akiwa PNE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pnefc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10362~8060,00.html |date=20080430105719 }} * [http://www.ghanafa.org/ GFA]-Tovuti Rasmi ya Ghana ya Soka * [http://discussions.ghanaweb.com/viewforum.php?f=2/ Ghanaweb] {{Wayback|url=http://discussions.ghanaweb.com/viewforum.php?f=2/ |date=20160303201202 }} - Tovuti ya mashabiki*{{soccerbase|id=16754|name=Patrick Agyemang}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Agyemang, Patrick}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Walthamstow]] kbl10y9au59irnryspi32yxprf4rjtf 0 35104 1599537 1122500 2026-09-23T18:33:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:River_Rouge_City_Hall_(Michigan)_3.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya Mji wa River Rouge, Michigan]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = River Rouge |settlement_type = [[City]] |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_seal = |image_map = Wayne_County_Michigan_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_River_Rouge_highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250x200px |map_caption = Location in [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] and the state of [[Michigan]] |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Michigan|County]] |subdivision_name = [[United States]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Michigan]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]] |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Michael D. Bowdler |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 8.8 |area_total_sq_mi = 3.4 |area_land_km2 = 7 |area_land_sq_mi = 2.7 |area_water_km2 = 1.8 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.7 |elevation_ft = 584 |elevation_m = 178 |population_as_of = 2000 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 9917 |population_metro = |population_density_km2 = 1434.0 |population_density_sq_mi = 3713.9 |timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]] |utc_offset = -5 |latd = 42 |latm = 16 |lats = 17 |latNS = N |longd = 83 |longm = 8 |longs = 5 |longEW = W |timezone_DST = EDT |utc_offset_DST = -4 |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] |postal_code = 48218 |area_code = [[Area code 313|313]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 26-68760{{GR|2}} |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info = 0635965{{GR|3}} |footnotes = |website = }} '''River Rouge''' ni mji katika [[Kata ya Wayne]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[Michigan]], [[Marekani]]. Idadi ya wakaziilikuwa 9,917 katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] wa [[2000]]. Jina lake linatokana na [[Mto Rouge]] (kutoka [[Kifaransa]] ambapo "Rouge" inamaanisha nyekundu), ambayo inapita sehemu ya mji hadi kwenye [[mto Detroit]]. Mji ni pamoja na [[kisiwa cha Zug]] chenye viwanda vingi katika mdomo wa [[Mto Rouge]]. ==Jiografia== Kulingana na [[Shirika la Sensa ya Marekani]], mji huu una eneo la [[maili mraba]] 3.4 s (8,8 [[km ²)]], ambayo, 2,7 maili mraba (6,9 km ²) ni ardhi na 0,7 maili mraba (1,9 km ²) yake (21,70 %) ni maji. ==Demografia== [[File:River Rouge.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Eneo la viwanda kando ya mto Rouge]] Kulingana na [[sensa]] {{GR|2}} wa mwaka wa 2000, kulikuwa na watu 9917, kaya 3640 , familia na wakazi 2504 katika mji huu. Wiani ya wakazi ilikuwa 3,713.9 maili mraba (1,434.1 / km ²). Kulikuwa na makazi 4080 kwa wiani ya wastani 1,528.0 / sq mi (590.0/km ²). Wiani ya kirangi ilikuwa 52.58% [[Weupe]], 42.01% [[Afrika Amerika]], 0,78% [[Amerika]], 0.16% [[Asia, ]] 0.04% [[wakazi wa visiwa vya Pacific ]], 1.63% kutoka [[jamii nyingine]], na 2.80% kutoka jamii mbili au zaidi. [[Wahispani]] au [[Latino]] walikuwa 4.96% ya wakazi. Kulikuwa na kaya 3640 ambazo 36.0% zilikuwa na watoto chini ya umri wa miaka 18 , 31.4% walikuwa wamefunga [[ndoa]], 30.4% zilikuwa na mwanamke bila, na 31.2% zisizo na familia. 26.3% ya kaya zote ni watu binafsi na 8.9%ni mtu anayeishi peke yake ambaye alikuwa na umri wa miaka 65 au zaidi. Ukubwa wa wastani wa kaya ulikuwa 2.72 na ukubwa wa familia ya wastani ilikuwa 3.25. Katika mji idadi ya watu ilienea ambako 31.2% chini ya umri wa miaka 18, 10.2% 18 hadi 24, 29.2% 25 hadi 44, 18.8% 45 hadi 64, na 10.6% ambao walikuwa na umri wa miaka 65 au zaidi. Umri wa wastani julikuwa miaka 31. Kwa kila wanawake 100 kulikuwa wanaume 89.4. Kwa kila wanawake 100 katika umri wa 18 na juu, kulikuwa na wanaume 84.1. Mapato ya wastani kwa kaya katika mji ilikuwa $ 29.214, na wastani wa kipato kwa familia ilikuwa $ 33.875. Wanaume walikuwa na wastani wa kipato cha $ 35.613 dhidi $ 24.391 ya wanawake. [[Pato]] ya mji ilikuwa $ 13.728. Karibu 19,1% ya familia na 22.0% ya idadi ya watu walikuwa chini ya [[mstari wa umaskini]], ikiwa ni pamoja na 30.6% ya wale walio chini ya umri wa miaka 18 na 10.5% ya wale wa umri 65 au zaidi. ==Raslimali ya jamii== Raslimali kadhaa za jamii huwa katika Mto Rouge. Hizi ni pamoja na Kituo cha Wadogo, Kituo cha vijana, Kituo cha Beechwood, Kituo cha jamii cha Walter White, na maktaba ya umma ya mto Rouge. ==Elimu== [[Shule ya Wilaya ya mto Rouge]] hutumikia Mto Rouge. Shule hizi ni pamoja na shule ya Ann Visger, Clarence B. Sabato Elementary / shule ya katil, na [[shule ya upili yamto Rouge]]. ==Marejeo== <references></references> ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.cityofriverrouge.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Mji wa Mto Rouge ] *[http://river-rouge.lib.mi.us/ Tovuti rasmi ya maktaba ya Mto Rouge ] {{Downriver}} {{Cities of Wayne County, Michigan}} {{Metro Detroit}} {{coord|42|16|24|N|83|08|04|W|type:city_region:US-MI|display=title}} [[Category:Wayne County, Michigan]] [[Category:Miji ya Michigan]] 5f247cixk28lq4wnrlv73a5z2lh2a1i 0 35269 1599824 1580564 2026-09-24T04:29:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Justified | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Justin Timberlake]] | Cover = Jus.jpg | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya Justified. | Imetolewa = {{Start date|2002|11|1|df=yes}} | Imerekodiwa = 17 Mei 2002 - 26 Agosti 2002 | Aina = [[muziki wa pop|pop]], [[R&B]] | Urefu = 63:17 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Jive Records|Jive]], [[Zomba Music Group|Zomba]] | Mtayarishaji = [[The Neptunes]], [[Timbaland]], [[Brian McKnight]], [[Claus Norreen]], [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]], [[Scott Storch]] <small>(co-producer)</small> | Review = * [[Allmusic]] {{rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/justified-r610485 link] * [[Robert Christgau]] (A-) [http://robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=justin+timberlake link] * ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (B) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,384410,00.html link] * ''[[The Guardian]]'' {{rating|2|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2002/nov/01/popandrock.artsfeatures6 link] * ''[[NME]]'' (6/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/name/6813 link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|4|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/justintimberlake/albums/album/104698/review/6068220/justified link] * [[Slant Magazine|Slant]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=230 link] * [[Sputnikmusic]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?albumid=3038 link] * [[Stylus Magazine|Stylus]] (B+) [http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/justin-timberlake/justified.htm link] * ''[[The Village Voice|Village Voice]]'' (favorable) [http://www.villagevoice.com/2002-11-26/music/good-old-boys/http link] | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Justified'''''<br>(2002) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[FutureSex/LoveSounds]]''<br>(2006) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = Justified |Type = Studio |Single 1 = [[Like I Love You]] |Single 1 tarehe = Agosti 2002 |Single 2 = [[Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song)|Cry Me a River]] |Single 2 tarehe = 17 Desemba 2002 |Single 3 = [[Rock Your Body]] |Single 3 tarehe = Machi 2003 |Single 4 = [[Señorita (song)|Señorita]] |Single 4 tarehe = 2 Septemba 2003 }} }} '''''Justified''''' ni [[albamu]] ya kwanza kutoka kwa mwimbaji [[Justin Timberlake]]. Albamu hii inawahusisha wanamuziki wengine kama [[Timbaland]], [[Clipse]], [[Bubba Sparxxx]], na [[Janet Jackson]]. Albamu hii ilishinda tuzo mbili za ''Grammy Award'' kwenye sherehe ya [[46th Grammy Awards|2004 Grammy Awards]] mjini [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. Albamu hii iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni tisa kote duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS216299+17-Apr-2008+MW20080417 |title=Reuters - IMG Signs Justin Timberlake for Worldwide Endorsement Representation |accessdate=2010-01-17 |archivedate=2009-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222072538/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS216299+17-Apr-2008+MW20080417 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222072538/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS216299+17-Apr-2008+MW20080417 }}</ref> Albamu hii ilishinda tuzo la ''Best International Album'' kwenye sherehe ya ''2004 Brit Awards''. ==Nyimbo zake== {{Track listing | collapsed = | headline = | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | writing_credits = yes | lyrics_credits = | music_credits = | title1 = [[Señorita (song)|Señorita]] | writer1 = [[Chad Hugo]], [[Pharrell|Pharrell Williams]] | extra1 = [[The Neptunes]] | length1 = 4:54 | title2 = [[Like I Love You]] | note2 = featuring [[Clipse]] | writer2 = Hugo, Williams | extra2 = The Neptunes | length2 = 4:43 | title3 = (Oh No) What You Got | note3 = | writer3 = [[Timbaland|Tim Mosley]] | extra3 = Timbaland | length3 = 4:31 | title4 = Take It from Here | note4 = | writer4 = Hugo, Williams | extra4 = The Neptunes | length4 = 6:14 | title5 = [[Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song)|Cry Me a River]] | note5 = featuring Timbaland | writer5 = Mosley, Storch | extra5 = Timbaland, [[Scott Storch]] | length5 = 4:48 | title6 = [[Rock Your Body]] | note6 = featuring [[Vanessa Marquez (singer)|Vanessa Marquez]] | writer6 = Hugo, Williams | extra6 = The Neptunes | length6 = 4:27 | title7 = Nothin' Else | note7 = | writer7 = Hugo, Williams | extra7 = The Neptunes | length7 = 4:59 | title8 = Last Night | note8 = | writer8 = Hugo, Williams | extra8 = The Neptunes | length8 = 4:47 | title9 = Still on My Brain | note9 = | writer9 = [[Harvey Mason, Jr.]], Damon Thomas | extra9 = [[The Underdogs (duo)|The Underdogs]] | length9 = 4:35 | title10 = (And She Said) Take Me Now | note10 = featuring [[Janet Jackson]] | writer10 = Mosley, Storch | extra10 = Timbaland, Scott Storch | length10 = 5:31 | title11 = Right for Me | note11 = featuring [[Bubba Sparxxx]] | writer11 = Mosley | extra11 = Timbaland | length11 = 4:30 | title12 = Let's Take a Ride | note12 = | writer12 = Hugo, Williams | extra12 = The Neptunes | length12 = 4:44 | title13 = Never Again | note13 = | writer13 = Brian McKnight | extra13 = [[Brian McKnight]] | length13 = 4:34 |}} {{Tracklist | collapsed = | headline = Bonus Tracks | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = | writing_credits = yes | lyrics_credits = | music_credits = | title14 = Worthy Of | note14 = [[Japan]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], [[Australia]] Bonus | writer14 = Ivan Barias, Carvin Haggins, Valvin Roane, Frank Romano | extra14 = | length14 = 4:09 | title15 = Take Away Your Love (Why, When, How?) | note15 = [[iTunes]] Bonus | writer15 = Anthony Dixon, Michael B James, Anthony Kelii Nance | extra15 = [[Dre & Vidal]] | length15 = 3:59 |}} ==Wafanyi kazi== * [[Marsha Ambrosius]] – Vocals (bckgr) * Damen Bennett – Flute * David Betancourt – Assistant Engineer * [[Bubba Sparxxx]] – Rap * [[Clipse]] – Rap * Andrew Coleman – Engineer * Vidal Davis – Percussion * Eddie DeLena – Engineer * Jimmy Douglass – Mixing * Nathan East – Bass * Omar Edwards – Keyboards * Serban Ghenea – Mixing * Larry Gold – Conductor, String Arrangements, String Conductor * Dabling Harward – Engineer * Chad Hugo – Producer, Instrumentation * Janet Jackson – Vocals * Paul James – Hair Stylist * Bernard Kenny – Guitar * Steve Klein – Photography * David Lipman – Creative Director * Vanessa Marquez – Vocals * Carlos "Storm" Martinez – Assistant Engineer * Harvey Mason, Jr. – Producer * Harvey Mason, Sr. – Producer * George "Spanky" McCurdy – Drums * Brian McKnight – Producer, Vocal Arrangement, Instrumentation * Bill Meyers – Conductor, String Arrangements * Steve Penny – Engineer * Dave Pensado – Mixing * Bill Pettaway – Guitar * Arianne Phillips – Stylist * Herb Powers – Mastering * Jimmy Randolph – Digital Editing, Pro-Tools * Tim Roberts – Assistant Engineer * Senator Jimmy D – Engineer * Mary Ann Souza – Assistant Engineer * Steamy – Assistant Engineer * Scott Storch – Clavinet, Producer, Coordination * Damon Thomas – Producer * Timothy Moseley – Vocals, Vocals (bckgr), Producer, Mixing * Justin Timberlake – Vocals (bckgr), Vocal Arrangement * Thaddeus T. Tribbett – Bass * Tye Tribbett & G.A. – Vocals (bckgr) * Charles Veal – Strings * Tommy Vicari – Engineer, String Engineer * Marla Weinhoff – Set Design * Pharrell Williams – Vocals, Producer, Vocal Arrangement, Instrumentation * Ethan Willoughby – Assistant Engineer * Chris Wood – Engineer * Benjamin Wright – Conductor, String Arrangements ==Chati== {|class="wikitable" |- !align="left"|Chati<ref>{{cite web | author=Hit Parade | title=European charts | publisher=hitparade.ch | year=2002 | url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?key=4296&cat=a | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> !align="left"|Namba !align="left"|Thibitisho !align="left"|Mauzo |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]] |align="center"|9 |align="center"|3× platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=Australian Recording Industry Association | title=ARIA Charts — Accreditations | publisher=aria.com.au | year=2007 | url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center"|210,000<ref>{{cite web | author=Australian Recording Industry Association | title=Criteria | publisher=aria.com.au | year= | url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |- |align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart |align="center"|33 |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry — Austria | title=Austrian certification (search) | publisher=ifpi.at | date=28 Oktoba 2003 | url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archive-date=2008-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161149/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin | url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|15,000<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry — Austria | title=Criteria | publisher=ifpi.at | year= | url=http://www.ifpi.at/uploads/IFPI_Marktbericht_2004.pdf | accessdate=2008-08-15 | format=PDF | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706092952/http://www.ifpi.at/uploads/IFPI_Marktbericht_2004.pdf | archivedate=2011-07-06 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Belgian Walloon Albums Chart |align="center"|8 |align="center" rowspan="2"|Gold<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry — Belgium | title=Belgian certification | publisher=ultratop.be | date=26 Julai 2003 | url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/weekchart.asp?year=2003&date=20030726&cat=a | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center" rowspan="2"|25,000<ref name="riaj"/> |- |align="left"|Belgian Flemish Albums Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref name="billboard"/> |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2× platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=Canadian Recording Industry Association | title=Canadian certification (search) | publisher=cria.ca | date=22 Julai 2003 | url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archivedate=2016-01-11 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074458/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php }}</ref> |align="center"|200,000<ref>{{cite web | author=Canadian Recording Industry Association | title=Criteria | publisher=cria.ca | year= | url=http://www.cria.ca/cert.php | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124091223/http://www.cria.ca/cert.php | archivedate=2009-11-24 | =https://web.archive.org/web/20091124091223/http://www.cria.ca/cert.php }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Danish Albums Chart |align="center"|4 |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=NVPI | title=Danish certification | publisher=hitlisterne.dk | year=Week 40, 2003 | url=http://www.hitlisterne.dk/ | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center"|30,000<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry — Denmark | title=Criteria | publisher=ifpi.dk | year=2003 | url=http://www.ifpi.dk/index.php?pk_menu=13 | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Megacharts|Dutch Albums Chart]] |align="center"|4 |align="center"|2× platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=NVPI | title=Dutch certification (search) | publisher=nvpi.nl | year=2003 | url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216171246/http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 | archivedate=2006-02-16 }}</ref> |align="center"|160,000<ref name="riaj">{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of Japan | title=Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries | publisher=riaj.or.jp | year=2005 | url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2005E.pdf | accessdate=2008-08-15 | format=PDF | archive-date=2012-02-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002411/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2005E.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[European Top 100 Albums]] |align="center"|n/a |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry | title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards | publisher=ifpi.org | year=2003 | url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2003.html | accessdate=2008-08-15 | =https://web.archive.org/web/20071019035223/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2003.html | archivedate=2010-02-11 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211191352/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2003.html }}</ref> |align="center"|1 million<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry | title=Criteria | publisher=ifpi.org | year= | url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/platinum_intro.html | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archivedate=2014-01-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120115717/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/platinum_intro.html | =https://web.archive.org/web/20140120115717/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/platinum_intro.html }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart |align="center"|7 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|French Albums Chart |align="center"|30 |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{cite web | author=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique | title=French certification | publisher=disqueenfrance.com | date=19 Novemba 2003 | url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=6&forme_certif=8&annee=20 | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222061341/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/certifications/album.asp?suite=6&forme_certif=8&annee=20 | archivedate=2008-12-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|210,500<ref>{{cite web | title=French sales | publisher=fanofmusic.free.fr | year=2005 | url=http://fanofmusic.free.fr/ParcoursAlbum-M.php | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=German Albums Chart (Search) | publisher=charts-surfer.de | year=2002 | url=http://www.charts-surfer.de/ | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center"|11 |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry — Germany | title=German certification | publisher=musikindustrie.de | year=2003 | url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=Justified | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center"|300,000<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry | title=Criteria | publisher=musikindustrie.de | year=2002 | url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/uploads/media/TT-Formular_blanko_02.pdf | accessdate=2008-08-15|format=PDF}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|36 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Italian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Italian Albums Chart (Search) | publisher=charts-surfer.de | year=2002 | url=http://www.charts.us/ | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archive-date=2009-10-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006024738/http://www.charts.us/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|47 |align="center"| |- |align="left"|[[RIANZ|New Zealand RIANZ Albums Chart]] |align="center"|5 |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of New Zealand | title=New Zealand certification (search) | publisher=rianz.org.nz | date=30 Novemba 2003 | url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp | archivedate=2007-06-21 | =https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|15,000<ref>{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of New Zealand | title=Criteria | publisher=rianz.org.nz | year= | url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/print-ChartInfo.asp?id=118 | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014112916/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/print-ChartInfo.asp?id=118 | archivedate=2008-10-14 | =https://web.archive.org/web/20081014112916/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/print-ChartInfo.asp?id=118 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart |align="center"|9 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart |align="center"|21 |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|20,000<ref>{{cite web | author=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry — Sweden | title=Criteria | publisher=ifpi.se | year= | url=http://www.ifpi.se/?page_id=67 | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120527032307/http://www.ifpi.se/?page_id=67 | archivedate=2012-05-27 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart |align="center"|22 |align="center"|Platinum<ref name="switzerland">{{cite web | author=HitParade | title=Swiss certification | publisher=hitparade.ch | year=2003 | url=http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp?year=2003 | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center"|40,000<ref name="switzerland"/> |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web | author=Every Hit | title=UK Albums Chart | publisher=everyhit.com | month=Januari | year=2003 | url=http://www.everyhit.com/ | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|5× platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=British Phonographic Industry | title=U.K. certification | publisher=bpi.co.uk | date=21 Novemba 2003 | url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=31228 | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archivedate=2008-02-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220133205/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumRight.asp?rq=search_plat }}</ref> |align="center"|1.8 million<ref>{{cite web | author=Bill Harris | title=Queen rules - in album sales | publisher=Toronto Sun | year= | url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/Q/Queen/2006/11/17/2391437.html | accessdate=2008-08-15}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="billboard">{{cite web | title=Billboard charts | publisher=Allmusic | year=2002 | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003120537 | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121210050753/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003120537%23/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003120537 | archivedate=2012-12-10 }}</ref> |align="center" rowspan="2"|2 |align="center" rowspan="2"|4× platinum<ref>{{cite web | author=Recording Industry Association of America | title=U.S. certification (search) | publisher=riaa.com | date=5 Agosti 2003 | url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH | accessdate=2008-08-15}}</ref> |align="center" rowspan="2"|4.5 million<ref name="soundscan">{{cite web | author=Keith Caulfield | title=Born 'Sexy' | publisher=Billboard magazine | date=11 Septemba 2006 | url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003120537 | accessdate=2008-08-15 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121210050753/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003120537%23/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003120537 | archivedate=2012-12-10 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]<ref name="billboard"/> |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:albamu za 2002]] 0oomj06kqunov8eufcur2qwdhbdtk11 0 35285 1599538 1487212 2026-09-23T18:33:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luigi Bassi480.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Katika opera iliyoitwa ''Don Giovanni'',Don Giovanni(mhusika mkuu) aliitisha glasi ya Marzemino kabla ya kuhukumiwa kwenda jehanamu]] '''Marzemino''' ni [[divai]] nyekundu ya [[Italia]] iliyoundwa kutoka zabibu zinazopandwa katika eneo karibu na [[Isera]], kusini mwa [[Trentino]]. Divai hii inajulikana sana kwa kutajwa kwake katika opera iliyoitwa ''Don Giovanni'' ya [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] (''Versa il vino! Eccellente Marzemino!''). Mzabibu huo huiva kama umechelewa na una urahisi wa kukabiliwa na magonjwa mengi ya zabibu,oidium ikiwa moja yao. Mvinyo uliotayarishwa kutoka kwa zabibu hizi una rangi nyekundu na weusi mdogo unaoutofautisha na divai nyinginezo na una ladha tofauti pia. Wanasayansi katika uwanja huu wa zabibu na mizabibu wanapendekeza kuwa asili ya zabibu hii ni kaskazini mwa [[Uitalia]]. Uchunguzi wa kisayansi wa mfumo wa DNA uliofanyika,katika kituo cha sayansi cha [[San Michele all'Adige]],ulionyesha kuwa Marzemino ulikuwa na uhusiano wa uzazi na zabibu za ''Friuli-Venezia Giulia'' za '' Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso'' na ''Teroldego''. Huu ukawa ushahidi zaidi wa asili yake kuwa eneo lake. [[File:Arco (Trentino).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Eneo la Trentino,[[Uitalia]] ambalo Marzemino hupandwa]] ==Mikoa ya Mvinyo== Marzemino unapatikana kote kaskazini mwa Uitalia hasa maeneo ya [[Lombardia]],[[Veneto]] na Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Katika eneo la Lombardy,mara nyingi hutumiwa kama zabibu za kuchanganya na zingine kama Barbera, Gropello, Merlot au Sangiovese katika kuunda divai. Katika eneo la Trentino, Marzemino hutumika pia. Ingawa inaamanika kuwa na jukumu dogo katika historia ya [[Chianti]],hivi leo haipatikani kwa urahisi katika eneo la [[Tuscany]]. ==Upanzi wa mizabibu na utayarishaji divai== Marzemino huwa na urahisi wa kuathirirwa na maradhi mbalimbali na pia huweza kuzalisha sana. Mzabibu huu unahitaji msimu mrefu wa kumea na huiva kwa kuchelewa. Marzemino inaweza kuzalisha divai nyepesi yenye ladha ya asidi kali kidogo. Katika hali ya anga baridi,ladha hiyo ya asidi inaweza kuonja kama nyasi na ladha ya matunda ya cheri. Baadhi ya mifano mitamu ya ''passito'' ya Marzemino,mara nyingi hutumika kuchanganywa na zabibu nyinginezo, inaweza kupatikana kote kaskazini mwa Uitalia. ==Katika sanaa== Katika opera iliyoitwa ''Don Giovanni'', mhusika Don Giovanni anaitisha glasi moja ya Marzemino kabla ya kutupwa jehanamu. [7] ==Visawe== Marzemino inajulikana chini ya majina mbalimbali kote Uitalia. Majina haya ni kama Balsamina Nėra, Barzemin, Bassamino, Berzemino Calopico, Bossamino, Magnacan, Marsemina, Marzamino, Marzemin, Marzemino d'Isera, Marzemino Mataifa, Marzemino Padovano, Merzemina na UVA Tedesco. ==Marejeo== # J. Robinson Vines, Grapes & Wines ukurasa wa 211 Mitchell Beazley 1986 ISBN 978-1-85732-999-5 # J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Toleo la tatu ukurasa wa 429 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 # Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes ukurasa wa 122 Vitabu vya Harcourt 2001 ISBN 0151007144 # [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/06/21/DD43187.DTL&type=food J. Kosman "THE SCENE: Wataalamu wakichagua divai"'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/06/21/DD43187.DTL&type=food |date=20040119040811 }} San Francisco Chronicle 21 Juni 2002 [[Category:Vinywaji]] 5fww8gu28fz7o0u471nevgxhwwcipjs 0 35328 1599473 1151016 2026-09-23T18:21:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:ganyona.jpg|right|thumb|250px|George Anyona]] '''George Moseti Anyona''' ([[1945]]-[[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kenya]]. Alikuwa [[mbunge]] akiwakilisha [[Eneo Bunge la Kitutu Masaba]]. Anajulikana kwa [[ujasiri]] wake wa kutetea [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] nchini wakati kulikuwa na chama kimoja tu, [[KANU]] ==Maisha ya awali== Anyona alizaliwa mnamo 1945 katika [[Kijiji cha Tombe]], [[eneo Bunge la Kitutu Masaba|Kitutu Masaba]], [[Wilaya ya Kisii Kati]] iliyokuwa [[Mkoa wa Nyanza|Mkoani Nyanza]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Alihudhuria masomo katika [[Shule ya Msingi ya Tombe]] na [[Shule ya Sengera|Sengera]]. Hatimaye alijiunga na [[Shule ya Upili ya Alliance]]. Kutoka huko alienda [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] nchini [[Uganda]] ambapo alisomea [[Sayansi ya Siasa]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Elimu ya Uchumi|Biashara]] na [[Historia]]. ==Siasa== Anyona alishinda kiti cha ubunge cha Kitutu East mwaka ule ule aliojitosa kwenye ulingo wa siasa. Shida zake za Kisiasa zilianza mnamo 1977 wakati alitiwa kifungoni bila kuhukumiwa kufuatia amri ya rais [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. Alifunguliwa mwaka mmoja baadaye na rais [[Daniel arap Moi]] punde alipochukua madaraka baada ya kifo cha [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 1982 Anyona alijikuta matatani tena, wakati huu akitiwa gerezani tena bila hukumu pamoja na mwendani wake wa muda [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]], kwa kujaribu kuunda chama cha kisiasa [[Kenya African Social Alliance]] (KASA) kupinga chama tawala cha KANU.<ref>REPORT FROM TROUBLED KENYA http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/PI/lib00187,0EB2944A57B605E3.html</ref>. Punde baada ya kutiwa gerezani, serikali ya Kenya ilinusa hatari ambayo wangeisababisha na ikaharakisha kuziiba mianya katika [[Katiba ya Kenya|Katiba]]. Matokeo ni kupitishwa kwa kifungo kilichoifanya Kenya kuwa na [[Mfumo wa Chama Kimoja]] mwaka huo huo<ref>http://web.peacelink.it/wajibu/18_issue/p1.html</ref>. Anyona aliachiliwa mnamo 1984 na tangu hapo akajiondoa kutoka siasa kwa muda. Marejeo yake katika ulingo huo yaliyokuwa yakitarajiwa na wengi yalitimia mnamo 1990 wakati wa kupiigania mfumo wa vyama vingi nchini Kenya. Kwa wakenya wengi, hivi vilikuwa vita ambavyo Anyona na Jaramogi hawangelenga kwa vile ni wao walivianzisha mnamo 1982. Punde baada ya kurudi katika siasa, Anyona alitiwa mbaroni tena katika hoteli ya [[Nairobi]] pamoja na wengine kama vile Profesa [[Edward Oyugi]], [[Isiah Ngotho Kariuki]] na [[Augustus Njeru Kathangu]]. Walishtakiwa kwa kosa la kupanga mapinduzi dhidi ya serikali. Walihukumiwa miaka saba gerezani baada ya kesi kali<ref>4 KENYANS FOUND GUILTY OF SEDITION http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BG/lib00065,0EADDF6A5448C0BB.html</ref>. Kulingana na stakabadhi zilizokabidiwa wakati wa Kesi, ilidaiwa kuwa Anyona hata alikuwa ameunda Baraza la mawazili la ‘’kivuli’’ ili kuingia madarakani baada ya upinduzi. Baadaye Waziri katika Ofisi ya Rais John Keen alidhibitisha kuwa stakabadhi hizo zilikuwa njama ya serikali kumnyamazisha Anyona. Baada ya kusikizwa kwa malalamiko ya kesi yao wane hao waliachiliwa kwa dhamana mnamo 1992. Hatimaye waliachiliwa huru baada ya serikali kuamua kutoipinga malalamiko ya kesi yao. ==Mfumo wa Vyama Vingi== Kuachiliwa kwa Anyona kulikuja wakati wa uchaguzi wa Desemba 1992 chini ya Mfumo wa Vyama vingi. Macho ya vyama vyote vya upinzani yalimwelekea kuviunga mkono. Hata hivyo Anyona aliamua kuunda chama chake cha [[Kenya Social Congress]] licha ya kutarajiwa kujiunga na chama cha mwendani wake [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]] cha [[FORD-Kenya]] ambapo hata alikuwa amechaguliwa mwenyekiti wa tawi la [[Wilaya ya Nyamira|Nyamira]]. Ni kutoka chama hiki chake ambapo alisimama kwa kiti cha urais lakini akashindwa. Licha ya kushinda kiti cha ubunge katika eneo la [[Jimbo la Uchaguzi la Kitutu Masaba|Kitutu Masaba]], watu hawakuwa wanamtaka kama rais. Alikuwa mbunge wa pekee nchi nzima kutoka chama cha [[Kenya Social Congress]]. Licha ya kutokuwa rais, kujitolea kwake kulimfanya kuwa mfano usioweza kufutika katika akili za watu. ==Kifo== Anyona aliaga mnamo 2003 katika ajali ya gari katika sehemu za Nairobi. == Viungo vya Nje == *http://www.kisii.com/site/politics.htm *http://kenyasocialist.org/kswsfiles/anyona_a_pioneer_socialist.htm {{Wayback|url=http://kenyasocialist.org/kswsfiles/anyona_a_pioneer_socialist.htm |date=20060619000826 }} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anyona, George}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] 2jmlssl6w88pnflcayzmpsvzc7yc8x5 0 35361 1599539 1326041 2026-09-23T18:33:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Keebler Chips Deluxe Chocolate Lovers cookies.JPG|thumb|400px|right|Kuki za Keebler za aina ya Chips Deluxe zilizopikwa kwa ajili ya wapenzi wa chokoleti.<br>'''Kampuni ya Keebler ilianzishwa:''' 1853<br>'''Makao makuu:''' [[Elmhurst]][[Illinois]]<br>''' Tovuti rasmi ya Keebler''': http://www.keebler.com]] '''Kampuni ya Keebler''' ni [[kampuni]] ya pili kwa ukubwa ya kuzalisha kuki katika nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Ilianzishwa katika mwaka wa 1853, imezalisha baadhi ya vitafunio vingi sana vya kuokwa. Keebler inauza bidhaa kama: * [[Cheez-Its]](ambayo ina nembo ya [[Sunshine Biscuits]]) * Chips Deluxe, * Club Crackers, * EL Fudge Cookies, * Famous Amos Cookies, * Fudge Shoppe Cookies, * Murray, * Austin, Plantation, * [[Vienna Fingers]], * Town House Crackers, * Wheatables, * Sandie's Shortbread, * Zesta Crackers, miongoni mwa zingine. Kaulimbiu ya Keebler ni "Uncommonly Good" ikimaanisha nzuri sana kawa nji isiyoya kawaida. Tom Shutter na Leo Burnett ndio walioandika wimbo wa matangazo ya Keebler unaojulikana sana. ==Historia ya Kampuni== Godfrey Keebler alianza kwa kufungua jumba la kuoka mjini [[Philadelphia]],[[Pennyslvania]] katika mwaka wa 1853. Katika mwaka wa 1927,jumba hilo la uokaji na mengine yaliyoundwa na Kampuni ya [[United Biscuits]], ambayo ilikuwa,wakati fulani, na makao yake makuu [[West Drayton]], [[Middlesex]], [[Uingereza]]. Jumba la uokaji la Keebler-Wyl likawa mwokaji rasmi wa kuki za ''Girl Scout Cookie'' katika mwaka wa 1936, ikawa kampuni ya kwanza ya kibiashara iliyooka biskuti hizo(hapo awali wanaskauti na akina mama ndio waliooka kuki hizo). Ilipofika mwaka wa 1978,kampuni nne zilikuwa zikioka kuki hizi. ''Little Brownie Bakers'' ndiyo sehemu ya Keebler iliyo na kibali cha kutayarsha kuki hizo. Katika mwezi wa Machi 2001,Kampuni ya Keebler ilinunuliwa na kampuni ya Kellog. Wakati huo, makao yao makuu yalikuwa mjini [[Elmhurst]],katika eneo la [[Illinois]]. [5] ==''Keebler Elves''== Katuni za ''Keebler Elves'',wakiongozwa na '''Ernest J. Keebler''' au '''Ernie''',wanajulikana sana katika katuni za matangazo. Katuni hizi zilihusishwa katika matangazo mengi ya televisheni katika miaka iliyopita zikionyeshwa zikioka bidhaa mbalimbali. Nembo ya Keebler ya mti inaonyesha katuni hizi. Kampuni ya Burnett iliunda katuni hizo katika mwaka wa 1968,wakiita jumba la uokaji la katuni hizo:''The Hollow Tree Factory''. JJ Keebler ndiye aliyekuwa katuni mkuu katika mwaka wa 1969. Ernie Keebler akawa katuni mkuu katika mwaka wa 1970. [9] Ernie ana nywele nyeupe,koti ya kijani kibichi,shati nyeupe,tai ya manjano na viatu vikubwa. Katuni zingine zilikuwa:Fryer Tuck (ambaye alihusishwa na "Munch-ems"), Zoot na JJ (wanaajulikana sana kwa Pizzarias), mama yake Ernie- Ma Keebler,Elmer Keebler,Buckets (ambaye hutupa chokoleti kwenye kuki),Fast Eddie (ambaye hupakia bidhaa ),Sam (muundaji wa siagi ya njugu),Roger (muuzaji wa mapambio),Doc (daktari na mwokaji wa kuki),Zack (msimamizi wa duka ),Flo (mhasibu), Leonardo (msanii), Elwood, Profesa, Edison, Larry na Art. Nembo ya ''The Hollow Tree'' ilirudiwa katika viwanda vya Keebler na Kellog katika [[Columbus]],[[Georgia]] na [[Elmhurst]],[[Illinois]] ambavyo barabara zao ziaitwa 1 Hollow Tree Lane. ==Marejeo== # http://www.brilliant-marketing.com/products/index.php?cPath=22 {{Wayback|url=http://www.brilliant-marketing.com/products/index.php?cPath=22 |date=20100402012021 }}, # http://www.tvacres.com/admascots_keebler.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120913182332/http://www.tvacres.com/admascots_keebler.htm |date=2012-09-13 }}, # http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/GirlScoutCookies.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/GirlScoutCookies.html |date=20100610195201 }}, # http://www.illinois.com/details/city.php?cityFips=1723620 {{Wayback|url=http://www.illinois.com/details/city.php?cityFips=1723620 |date=20090903005210 }}, ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.keebler.com Tovuti rasmi ya Keebler] {{Kellogg's}} [[Category:Biskuti]] [[Category:Bidhaa za Kellogg]] [[Jamii:kampuni za Marekani]] ev4t486xivut2xq3h67wgulb0l8j5o3 0 35394 1599580 1058646 2026-09-23T18:46:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = World of Our Own | Cover = 200px-WorldOfOurOwnCD11.jpg | Msanii = [[Westlife]] | Kutoka Albamu = [[World of Our Own]] | Imetolewa = UK 18 Februari 2002<br>{{Flag icon|US}} 14 Mei 2002 | Muundo = CD single | Imerekodiwa = 2002 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = | Studio = [[Sony BMG]] | Mtunzi = | Mtayarishaji = | Certification = Silver | Single iliyopita = "[[Queen of My Heart]]"<br />([[2001]])<br>(12) | Single ya sasa = "'''World of Our Own'''"<br />([[2002]])<br>(13) | Single ijayo = "[[Bop Bop Baby]]"<br />([[2002]])<br>(14) }} "'''World of Our Own'''" ni wimbo kutoka kwa kundi la [[Westlife]], wimbo huu pia ndio umebeba jina la albamu yao ya "[[World of Our Own]]". Wimbo huu ulitoka kama single mwaka 2002. Wimbo huu ulitumika katika kituo cha televisheni cha [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] katika filamu ya ''[[You Wish!]]''. "World of Our Own" ulishika nafasi ya #1 nchini Uingereza na kuwa wimbo wa 10 kutoka katika kundi hili kufikai katika nafasi ya kwanza. Wimbo huu ulishika nafasi ya 40 katika single zilizoongoza kwa mauzo kwa mwaka 2002 nchini Uingereza, kwa kufanikiwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala 200,000 ==Muziki wa Video== Video ya wimbo huu inawaonesha waimbaji wa kundi hili wakiwa wavalia mavazi ya kihuni. Hadi katika kiitio cha pili, waimbaji hawa walikuwa wamekaa chini ya daraja, baadae wanahamia katika baraza la jumba, na baadae wanaenda katika daraja kwa mara ya pili. Wimbo unaisha kwa mandhari kubadilika kutoka juu ya jengo hadi chini ya daraja ambapo ndipo wimbo huu ulipanzia. ====Kukumbusha==== Kuna video nyingine ikiwaonesha wanamuziki wa kundi hili wakiimba katika studio. ==Orodha ya Nyimbo== ===CD ya kwanza=== # "World of Our Own" <small>(Single Remix)</small> - 3:28 # "Crying Girl" - 3:39 # "Angel" (Remix) - 4:22 # "World of Our Own" <small>(Video)</small> - 3:28 ===CD ya pili=== # "World of Our Own" <small>(Single Remix)</small> - 3:28 # "I Promise You That" - 3:35 # "Angel" <small>(Video)</small> - 4:22 ===Japan EP=== # "World of Our Own" <small>(Single Remix)</small> - 3:28 # "Queen of My Heart" <small>(Radio Edit)</small> - 4:08 # "Crying Girl" - 3:39 # "Uptown Girl" <small>(Radio Edit)</small> - 3:06 # "My Love" <small>(Radio Edit)</small> - 3:52 # "Against All Odds" <small>(Mariah Carey featuring Westlife)</small> - 3:21 # "En Ti Deje Mi Amor" <small>("I Lay My Love on You" - Single Remix)</small> - 3:29 # "Con Lo Bien Que Te" <small>("When You're Looking Like That" - Single Remix)</small> - 3:52 ==Chati== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|[[Austria]]n Singles Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|[[Denmark|Danish]] Singles Chart |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40|Netherlands Singles Chart]] |align="center"|29 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]] |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]] |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Italy|Italian]] Singles Chart |align="center"|41 |- |align="left"|[[Japan]]ese <small>(Tokio Hot 100)</small> |align="center"|42 |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]] |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|[[Sweden|Swedish]] Singles Chart |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|[[Switzerland|Swiss]] Singles Chart |align="center"|26 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|UK Airplay Chart |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[United States|U.S.]] Pop [[Radio and Records|Airplay Chart]] |align="center"|41 |- |} Note: *^AWimbo huu ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya #5 katika chati ya VIVA Lesercharts. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHNXYL2qeZc "'''World of Our Own'''" (UK version) official music video] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8cf4JgK9FM "'''World of Our Own'''" (US version) official music video] *[http://www.westlife.com Official Westlife website] {{Westlife}} {{Westlife singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2002]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Westlife]] oo2s13oh6rbhk1pj41ayoi6v13svy0e 0 35406 1599650 1465259 2026-09-23T18:59:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sheri-Ann Brooks Osaka07.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Mwanariadha wa nchi ya [[Jamaika]]<br>'''Michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola'''<br>2006 - Medali ya [[dhahabu]] - [[Melbourne]] - Mbio ya 100m<br>2006 - Medali ya [[dhahabu]] - Melbourne - Mbio ya 4 x 100m<br>'''Mashindano ya Mabingwa Duniani'''<br>2007 - Medali ya [[fedha]] - [[Osaka]] - Mbio ya 4 x 100m]] '''Sheri-Ann Brooks''' (alizaliwa 11 Februari [[1983]] katika mji wa [[Kingston]]) ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] wa [[Jamaika]] ambaye ni mtaalamu katika mbio ya mita 100. ==Wasifu== Brooks aliwakilisha nchi ya [[Jamaika]] katika Olimpiki ya [[2008]] mjini [[Beijing]]. Akiwa pamoja na [[Shelly-Ann Fraser]], [[Aleen Bailey]] and [[Veronica Campbell-Brown]] walishiriki katika mbio za 4 x 100m. Katika mzunguko wa kwanza, Jamaika ilishinda nchi za[[Urusi]], [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uchina]]. Muda wa Jamaika wa sekunde 42.24 ulikuwa wa kwanza katika mataifa 16 yaliyoshiriki katika mbio hiyo. Kutokana na matokeo hayo, Jamaika walihitimu kushiriki katika fainali, Brooks na Bailey wakibadilishwa na Sherone Simpson na Kerron Stewart. Jamaika hawakumaliza mbio hiyo kutokana na kosa la kubadilisha nafasi kati ya wanariadha wawili. [10] [[File:Osaka07 D9A W4-100 VC.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Sheri-Ann Brooks(kushoto kabisa) akiwa na wenzake wa [[Jamaika]] na washindi wengine katika mashindano ya [[Osaka]],[[Ujapani]]]] Alihitimu kushindana katika mbio ya 100m katika Shindano la Dunia la Riadha la 2009 alipokuwa #3 katika mashindano ya kitaifa ya Jamaica akiwafuata Fraser na Stewart. Mnamo mwezi [[Juni]] [[2009]], Brooks alikuwa mmoja wa wanariadha watano wa timu ya Jamaika walioripotiwa kuwa sampuli ya mikojo yao ilionyesha ishara za kuwa na kemikali zilizopigwa marufuku. Brooks aliachiliwa kuendelea kushiriki katika riadha kwa kuwa Tume dhidi ya Utumiaji wa Dawa Haramu nchini Jamaika ilikuwa imefanya majaribio ya kisayansi kwa sampuli yake bila Brooks kujua. Hata hivyo, Muungano wa Riadha ya Jamaika ilimtoa kutoka mbio za 4 x 100 katika Mashindano ya Mabingwa kama tahadhari. ==Mafanikio== {| class=wikitable |- bgcolor="cccccc" !Mwaka !Shindano !Pahali pa kushindana !Matokeo !Aina ya mbio |- |rowspan=3|2006 |rowspan=3|Michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola |rowspan=3|[[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] |bgcolor="gold" align="center" | 1 |100 m |- |align="center" | 5 |200 m |- |bgcolor="gold" align="center" | 1 |4 x 100 m |- |rowspan=3|2007 |rowspan=2|Shindano la Pan Amerika |rowspan=2|[[Rio de Janeiro|Rio]], [[Brazil]] |bgcolor="silver" align="center" | 2 |200 m |- |bgcolor="gold" align="center" | 1 |4 x 400 m |- |Shindano la Mabingwa Duniani 2007 |[[Osaka]], [[Japan]] |bgcolor="silver" align="center" | 2 |4 x 100 m |} ===Muda bora za kibinafsi=== * 100 mita - 11.05 s (2007) * 200 mita - 22.78 s (2007) * 400 mita - 53.95 s (2006) ==Marejeo== # [https://web.archive.org/web/20080903083732/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/5/8001975.shtml Athlete biography: Sheri-Ann Brooks], beijing2008.cn, # Foster, Anthony (2009-06-28). [http://www.iaaf.org/WCH09/news/kind=100/newsid=51359.html Bolt 9.86 and Fraser 10.88; Walker and Phillips excel over hurdles - JAM Champs ], . IAAF. # [http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/aug/06/sheri-ann-brooks-cleared-to-run-for-jamaica. "Sherri Ann Brooks cleared to run for Jamaica"]. The Guardian (The Guardian). # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/8194466.stm IAAF wait for Jamaica drug ruling ]. BBC Sport (2009-08-11). # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/8209246.stm Jamaican five withdrawn by team ]. BBC Sport (2009-08-19). ==Viungo vya nje== * {{iaaf name|id=203904}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brooks, Sheri-Ann}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki ya 2008]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki wa Jamaika]] kyg639nfs8mpmlmnlnetct9i8dxkk1z 0 35431 1599754 1140689 2026-09-23T23:23:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = If Tomorrow Never Comes | Cover = | Msanii = [[Garth Brooks]] | Albamu = [[Garth Brooks (albamu)|Garth Brooks]] | B-side = "[[Much Too Young (To Feel This Damn Old)]]" | Imetolewa = 21 Agosti 1989<ref>Garth Brooks single info at LP discography.com [http://lpdiscography.com/elpe.htm link]</ref> | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[7" single]] | Imerekodiwa = 1988 | Aina = [[Muziki wa country|Country]] | Urefu = 3:37 | Studio = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] 44430 | Mtunzi = [[Garth Brooks]], [[Kent Blazy]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Allen Reynolds]] | Single iliyopita = "[[Much Too Young (To Feel This Damn Old)]]"<br>(1989) | Single ya sasa = '''"If Tomorrow Never Comes"'''<br />(1989) | Single ijayo = "[[Not Counting You]]"<br>(1990) }} "'''If Tomorrow Never Comes'''" ni wimbo uliorekodiwa mara ya kwanza na mwanamuziki wa aina ya ‘’’Country’’’ wa [[Marekani]] [[Garth Brooks]], Wimbo huu uliotungwa na Brooks na Kent Blazy, ulitolewa katika albamu ya mwanzo ya 1989 ''[[Garth Brooks (album)|Garth Brooks]]'' kwa jina lilo hilo. Pia inajumuishwa katika albamu ya [[The Hits]], ''The Limited Series'' na ''[[Double Live]]'' Hii ilikuwa single yake ya kwanza kufika #1 katika chati za [[Billboard Country Singles]]. Wakati mwingine pia huitwa ‘’wimbo wake wa sahihi’’. Wimbo huu pia ulitajwa kuwa bora zaidi katika kundi la Country Singles katika Tuzo la [[American Music Awards]] la 1999. Umekuwa mmoja kati ya nyimbo maarufu zaidi za Brook kwa wasanii wengine kutumbuiza nao. ==Wimbo== *Key: G Major *Urefu: 3:27 Huu ndio wimbo wa kimapenzi wa mwondoko wa Country ambao Brook aliutoa. Unazungumzia mwanaume akikosa usingizi usiku akitafakari ni mawazo yapi yangekuwa kwa mpenziwe iwapo yeye angekufa peke yake. Mshororo wa kwanza wa pambio unasomeka kwa kiingereza, "''If tomorrow never comes, will she know how much I love her?''". Anaendelea kwa kulinganisha hali hii na wapenziwe wengine ambao amewapoteza, na vile aliahidi kuwambia kila siku vile wao ni muhimu kwake. Wimbo unaanza na zauti nyororo ya guitar ya solo na polepole unajengeka na mdundo na mwingiliano wa kiokestra. Tangia hgapo Brook ameandika nyimbo nyingi za kimapenzi. ==Video ya Wimbo Huo== Katika wimbo wote, video inaonyesha Brook akicheza gitaa katika chumba kilicho na mwangiza uliofifia.Pia kuna vijisehemu vya video ambavyo mara kwa mara huonyesha mtoto mdogo, sehemu ambayo inachezwa na mtoto wa Steve Gatlin, kakake [[Larry Gatlin]]. Yeye ndiye lengo la wimbo huu hasa. Video hii pia inamshirikisha aliyekuwa mkewe Brook, Sandy. "If Tomorrow Never Comes" uliorodheshwa katika nafasi ya tatu katika chati za [[CMT]] za ''The Greatest: 20 Greatest First Videos''. ==Nafasi katika Chati== "If Tomorrow Never Comes" iliingia kwa chati mnamo 9 Septemba 1989 na ikafikia kilele katika #1 mnamo 9 Desemba. {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1989) !align="center"|Kilele |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Country Singles & Tracks |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Canadian ''RPM'' Country Tracks |align="center"|2 |} {{start box}} {{s-bef | before="[[It's Just a Matter of Time]]"<BR>na [[Randy Travis]]}} {{s-ttl | title=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Hot Country Songs|Hot Country Singles]]<br />single bora zaidi | years=9 Desemba 1989}} {{s-aft | after="[[Two Dozen Roses]]"<BR>ya [[Shenandoah (band)|Shenandoah]]}} {{end box}} ==Toleo la Ronan Keating== {{Infobox single | Jina = If Tomorrow Never Comes | Cover = iftomorrownevercomes-ronan.jpg | Msanii = [[Ronan Keating]] | Albamu = [[Destination]] | Imetolewa = 6 Mei 2002 | Muundo = [[CD single]] | Imerekodiwa = Dec 2001 | Aina = [[Muziki wa Pop|Pop]] | Urefu = | Studio = [[Universal Music|UMVD]] | Mtunzi = [[Garth Brooks]], Kent Blazy | Mtayarishaji = | Certification = Platinum <small>([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])</small> | Single iliyopita = "[[Lovin' Each Day]]"<br>(2001) | Single ya sasa = "If Tomorrow Never Comes"<br />(2002) | Single ijayo = "[[I Love It When We Do]]"<br>(2002) }} Mnamo Desemba 2001, mwimbaji wa [[Ireland]], [[Ronan Keating]] aliirekodi wimbo wa "If Tomorrow Never Comes" kwa albamu yake ya ''[[Destination]]''. Wimbo huo uliibuka kuwa wimbo uliobobea kwake, ukichukua nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za [[UK Singles Chart]] na kuwa katika kumi bora katika chati za [[Ireland]], [[Uswidi]], [[Switzerland]], [[Austria]], [[Ujerumani]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Australia]]. ===Miondoko na Mpangilio wa Nyimbo=== ;UK Single #1 #"If Tomorrow Never Comes" #"If Tomorrow Never Comes" (Groove Brothers Mix) #"Interview with [[Westlife]]" ;UK Single #2 #"If Tomorrow Never Comes" #"Megamix" #"Sea Of Love" #"If Tomorrow Neber Comes" (Video) ===Nafasi katika Chati=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2002) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />ya juu zaidi |- |align="left"|Chati ya Australia Singles |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"| Chati ya Australia Singles |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Chati ya Belgium Singles |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Chati ya Denmark Singles |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Chati ya France Singles |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|Chati ya Ireland Singles |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Chati ya Netherlands Singles |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Chati ya New Zealand Singles |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Chati ya Norway Singles |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Chati ya Sweden Singles |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Chati ya Switzerland Singles |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Chati ya U.K. Singles |align="center"|1 |} ===Nafasi za Mwisho wa Mwongo=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chati (2000-2009) !Nafasi |- |[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|85<ref>Radio 1 Chart of the Decade, as presented by Nihal on Tuesday 29th Desemba 2009</ref> |} {{start box}} {{succession box | before = "[[Kiss Kiss (song)]]" iliyofanywa na [[Holly Valance]] | title = Single inayoongoza UK (Ronan Keating) | years = 12 Mei 2002 – 18 Mei 2002 | after = "[[Just a Little]]" ya [[Liberty X]] }} {{end box}} ==Matoleo Mengine== [[Joose]] alikuwa na ngoma ya nafasi ya kwanza nchini [[New Zealand]] na If Tomorrow Never Comes" ya 1997. pia ilikuwa moja katika ‘’concert repertoire’’ ya [[Barry Manilow]] na ilishirikishwa katika albamu ya 2004 ''[[2 Nights Live!]]''. Katika miaka ya 2000, wimbo huu ulipokea umaarufu kutokana na tamasha katika mashindano ya show ya [[reality television]], huku mshindi wa nafasi ya tatu [[Elliott Yamin]] akiuimba katika msimu wa tano wa ''[[American Idol]]''. Mshindi wa Msimu wa pili wa ''[[:en:The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'' [[Shayne Ward]] alitumbuiza na wimbo huo wakati wa mkondo wa penultimate wa mtiririko huo huku mshindi wa ''[[Australian Idol 2006]]'' [[Damien Leith]] akiuimba katika tamasha ya Top 10: Number One's Night. [[Foster & Allen]] waliurekodi toleo jingine la wimbo huo ambalo walilitoa katika albamu yao ya 2005, ''Foster & Allen - Sing The Number 1's''. Mnamo 30 Juni 2009, [[Kevin Skinner]] aliuimba wimbo huo wakati wa majaribio katika mtiririko wa NBC ‘’America's Got Talent’’. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.planetgarth.com/lyrics/if_tomorrow_never_comes.shtml "If Tomorrow Never Comes" Lyrics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.planetgarth.com/lyrics/if_tomorrow_never_comes.shtml |date=20100327070444 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090406074143/http://www.cmt.com/shows/dyn/greatest_series/88232/episode_countdown.jhtml CMT's ''The Greatest: 20 Greatest First Videos''] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYV8E_09NVc "If Tomorrow Never Comes" (Ronan Keating music video)] {{Garth Brooks singles}} {{Ronan Keating}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1989]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2002]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Garth Brooks]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Ronan Keating]] qloz5jg6sx7huusmojgrmy7ubm3mfsy 0 35516 1600054 1544486 2026-09-24T11:41:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|51.180|-0.750|display=title|region:GB-HAM_scale:50000}} {{Geobox|River <!-- *** Name section *** --> | name = Wey | native_name = | other_name = | other_name1 = <!-- *** Image *** ---> | image = wey source farringdon.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = River Wey near its north source at [[Farringdon, Hampshire|Farringdon]], [[Hampshire]] <!-- *** Etymology *** ---> | etymology = <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country_flag = true | country = England | country1 = | state = | state1 = | region_type = Counties | region = [[West Sussex]] | region1 = [[Hampshire]] | region2 = [[Surrey]] | district_type = Districts / Boroughs | district = [[Chichester (district)]] | district1 = [[East Hampshire]] | district2 = [[Waverley]] | district3 = [[Guildford (borough)]] | district4 = [[Woking (borough)]] | district5 = [[Elmbridge]] | city_type = Towns | city = [[Farnham]] | city1 = [[Haslemere]] | city2 = [[Godalming]] | city3 = [[Guildford]] | city4 = [[Weybridge]] | city5 = [[Alton, Hampshire]] | landmark = [[Surrey Hills AONB]] | landmark1 = | landmark2 = | landmark3 = | landmark4 = <!-- *** Geography *** --> | length = | watershed = 904 | discharge_location = [[Weybridge]] | discharge = 6.76 | discharge_max = 74.8 | discharge_max_note = 29th Desemba 1979 | discharge_min = 1.30 | discharge_min_note = 12th Agosti 1990 | discharge1_location = Farnham | discharge1_average = 0.73 | discharge2_location = Tilford | discharge2_average = 3.25 | discharge3_location = Guildford | discharge3_average = 5.17 | discharge4_location = | discharge4_average = <!-- *** Source *** --> | source_name = | source_location = [[Farringdon, Hampshire|Farringdon]] /[[Blackdown]] | source_district = [[Alton]] / [[Haslemere]] | source_region = [[Hampshire]]/[[West Sussex]] | source_state = | source_country = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = | source_elevation = | source_length_imperial = <!-- *** Mouth *** --> | mouth_name = [[River Thames]] | mouth_location = [[Weybridge]] | mouth_district = [[Elmbridge]] | mouth_region = [[Surrey]] | mouth_state = | mouth_country = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = | mouth_elevation = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = [[River Tillingbourne]] | tributary_left1 = [[River Ock, Surrey|River Ock]] | tributary_left2 = | tributary_left3 = | tributary_left4 = | tributary_right = | tributary_right1 = | tributary_right2 = | tributary_right3 = | tributary_right4 = <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free_name = | free_value = <!-- *** Map section *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = }} [[Picha:Elstead Bridge DSC 1620.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px| Mto Wey]] '''Mto Wey''' katika [[Surrey]], [[Hampshire]] na [[West Sussex]] ni [[tawimto]] la [[Mto Thames]] na matawi mawili tofauti ambayo huungana katika [[Tilford]]. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] cha tawi la kaskazini kiko katika [[Alton, Hampshire]] na tawi la kusini kiko katika [[Blackdown]] kusini ya[[Haslemere]] kusini, na pia karibu na Gibbet Hill, karibu [[Hindhead]] (tawi la kusini hujigawanya katika mito ndogo miwili). Mto Wey una ujumla wa eneo {{Convert|904|km2|sqmi|sigfig=2}} na kupitia sehemu za [[Surrey, Hampshire]] na [[West Sussex]]. <ref>{{cite web | title=About the Wey Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy | work=The Environment Agency website | url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/thames/323150/323314/176905/315312/ | accessdate=2007-10-23|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060804192918/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/thames/323150/323314/176905/315312/|archivedate=2006-08-04}}</ref> Hujiunga na Mto Thames karibu na [[Weybridge]], ambayo jina lake ni baada ya mto, chini ya [[Shepperton Lock]]. ==Mkondo== ===Wey Kaskazini=== Tawi la Wey Kaskazini huanzia katika Alton katika Hampshire na huelekea mashariki kupitia [[Froyle]] ya juu na [[Bentley]], na kugeuka kueleklea kusini katika [[Farnham]] hadi Tilford.<ref name="weyriver.co.uk"> [http://www.weyriver.co.uk/theriver Eneo la Mto Wey na njia za maji]</ref> Chanzo cha tawi hili mara kilikuwa chanzo cha awali cha [[Blackwater]], ambayo kisha ulielekea kaskazini kupitia ambapo sasa ni Farnham. Wey ulipata Blackwater karibu na Tilford; mkamato huu ulienedelea hadi Farnham, hivyo kubadilisha mtiririko kusini kati ya Farnham na Tilford. Blackwater umebakia kama mto mfupi kaskazini ya Farnham, na [[pengo la upepo]] (bonde tupu ) kati yake na Wey. ===Wey Kusini=== Tawi la Wey Kusini huanzia katika mito mfupi inayoongoza kutoka vyanzo viwili tofauti. Moja iko katika [[Black Down]] karibu na [[Haslemere]] na kupitia [[Liphook]], [[Bramshott]], [[Bordon]], [[Lindford]] na [[Frensham]] hadi Tilford. Huo mwingine unaanza karibu na Gibbet Hill, [[Hindhead]]. Huu unajiunga na chanzo cha Blackdown tawi la kusini karibu na [[Haslemere]]. Matawimto mengine madogo ya tawi la kusini ni [[Cooper Stream]] na [[Mto Slea]].<ref name="weyriver.co.uk" /> ===Wey kuungana=== Kutoka Tilford mto huu hupitia [[Elstead, Eashing, Godalming, Peasmarsh, Shalford, Guildford, Old Woking, Pyrford, Byfleet, Addlestone]] na [[Weybridge.]] Kutoka Godalming mto huu unapatana na njia za maji za [[Wey na Godalming.]] <ref name="weyriver.co.uk" /> [[Mto Ock]] hujiunga na Godalming, [[Maji ya Cranleigh]] na [[Mto Tillingbourne]] katika Shalford na Hoe Stream katika Woking. Maili 19 ½ za njia ya towpath huwa wazi kwa watembeaji. ==Historia== [[Picha:Eashingbridge-4At8-0647.jpg|thumb|Kwenye Wey. Daraja maradufu la Mediaeval lililojengwa na wamonaki kutoka Waverley Abbey]] [[Picha:bank full river wey near pyrford.jpg|right|thumb|Mto Wey karibu na Pyrford ambapo umejitenga na njia maji ya Wey.]] Katika karne ya 17 mto uliundwa njia hadi [[Guildford]] na kupanuliwa katika karne ya kumi na nane hadi [[Godalming.]] Mtaro wa [[Basingstoke]] na Wey na mtaro wa makutano ya [[Arun]] yaliunganishwa na mto huu baadaye. Njia za majini sasa ziko chini ya [[National Trust.]] Mto huu kwa muda mrefu umetumika kama chanzo cha nguvu katika viwanda na vingi vimerekodiwa katika kitabu cha [[Domesday]]. Katika wakati mmoja kulikuwa na viwanda 22 juu ya mto huu, na zaidi juu tawimito yake. Katika nyakati mbalimbali vimetumika kusaga nafaka, kutayarisha sufu, kusaga keki ya ng'ombe, ngozi, uundaji wa karatasi na utengenezaji wa Baruti. Kiwanda cha Willey bado kilitumika katika mwaka wa 1953.<ref>{{cite web | title=All About Watermills & Their Millers | work=The River Wey & Navigations website | url=http://www.weyriver.co.uk/theriver/industry_2_watermills.htm | accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref> ===Kiwanda cha Guildford cha Jiji=== Kumekuwa na kiwanda katika mahala pa kiwanda cha [[Guildford]] tangu 1649. Kutoka mwaka wa 1770, [[gurudumu la maji]] liliongezwa ili kusukuma maji kwenye hifadhi katika [[Pewley Down]]. Nafasi hii ilichukuliwa na [[magurudumu ya stima]] katika mwaka wa 1896, kisha gurudumu moja katika mwaka wa 1930 mpaka mwaka wa 1952 nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na pampu za umeme. Mwaka wa 2003, Baraza la Guildford Boroughilipanga uboreshaji wa magurudumu ya stima kama mfano wa utumiaji wa nguvu tena. Badala ya kusukumia maji, magurudumu haya husukuma genereta inayozalisha umeme wa hadi 260.000 [[kWh]] katika [[gridi]] ya [[Taifa]], kila mwaka. Gurudumu hili lilistawi mwaka wa 2006.<ref>{{cite web | title = Guildford Borough Council wins "green" award for commitment to renewable energy for the hydro project | work = | publisher = Government Office for the South East | date = 13 Novemba 2006 | url = http://www.go-se.gov.uk/gose/news/newsarchive/467693/ | accessdate = 2008-04-04 | archivedate = 2007-10-18 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071018222142/http://www.go-se.gov.uk/gose/news/newsarchive/467693/ }}</ref> (Gurudumu la 1930 limehifadhiwa na linaweza kuonekana katika [[Dapdune Wharf]]). ==Mazingira ya asili== Eneo kubwa la fika ya juu ya mto huu liko katika [[Vilima vya Surrey]]. Eneo la ubora asili. Mto hupitia katika makazi mbalimbali pamoja na heathland, watermeadow Woodland na kusababisha upana wa wanyamapori mbalimbali. Kuna maeneo mengi ya kisayansi na hifadhi za kiasili katika mto huu Kuna vilabu vingi kando ya mto huu, na aina ya samaki wengi pamoja Chub, Barbel, HIM, Pike, Bream, Carp, Perch na Ele. ==Angalia pia== * [[Mito ya Uingereza]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://byfleetboatclub.com Klabu ya boti ya Byfleet ] * [http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-riverwey_godalmingnavigations_dapdunewharf Mto Wey na njia ya Godalming na Dapdune Wharf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-riverwey_godalmingnavigations_dapdunewharf |date=20110911150330 }} * [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040723013340/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/flood/floodwarning/S03 Maonyo ya mafuriko katika Wey ] * [http://www.guildfordrowingclub.org.uk/ Klabu ya mashau ya Guildford ] * [http://www.weykayak.co.uk/ Klabu ya Wey Kayak ] * [http://www.weyriver.co.uk/theriver Eneo la Mto Wey na jamii ya njia katika Wey] * [http://www.wildlifetrusts.org/index.php?section=news:archive&amp;id=461 Otters kurudi Mto Wey katika Farnham (2003 habari)] {{DEFAULTSORT:Wey}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Mto Thames]] gpwe49575pq6onezlc3o18afw98hz4a 0 35517 1600055 1086732 2026-09-24T11:41:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = River Wharfe | picha = Linton_Falls,_River_Wharfe.jpg | caption = Linton Falls, on the upper Wharfe near [[Grassington]] | chanzo = Beckermonds, [[Langstrothdale Chase]] | mdomo = [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] at Wharfe's Mouth, near Cawood | Eneo la beseni = [[England]] | urefu = 97 km (60 mi) | elevation = 305 m (1150 ft) | discharge = | watershed = }} '''Mto Wharfe''' ni [[mto]] katika [[Yorkshire]], [[Uingereza]]. [[Urefu]] wake mkubwa uko katika mpaka wa [[kata]] kati ya [[Yorkshire Magharibi]] na [[Yorkshire Kaskazini]]. [[Jina]] ''Wharfe'' katika [[Kiselti]] linamaanisha "kusokota". ==Mkondo== Bonde la mto Wharfe linajulikana kama [[Wharfedale.]] Chanzo chake kiko katika [[Camm Fell]] katika Mbuga la taifa la [[Yorkshire Dales ]], na kupitia katika [[Kettlewell, Grassington, Bolton Abbey, Addingham, Ilkley, Burley katika Wharfedale, Otley, Wetherby, Tadcaster]], kisha unajiunga na [[Mto Ouse]] karibu na [[Cawood.]] Sehemu ya mto huu kuanzia katika chanzo chake karibu na Addingham unajulikana kama ''Upper Wharfedale'' na una tabia tofauti katika upande wa chini. Mto Wharfe ni mto tete zaidi, kuongezeka kwa kasi katika Dunia. Wharfe una sifa ya kuwa hatari sana, kwa kuwa watu wengi wamezama wanapoogelea ndani yake. Mto huu una urefu takriban 97&nbsp;km kabla ya kujiunga na Mto Ouse.<ref name="Ian Crofton 2005"> Yohana Ayto na Ian Crofton, ''Mgema Uingereza &amp; Ireland,'' Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 2005.</ref> Mto Wharfe ni urambazaji wa umma kutoka kwenye ukuta katika makutano wa Tadcaster katika Ouse Mto karibu na Cawood. Wharfe una mawimbi kuanzia [[Ulleskelf]]. ==Strid== Kidogo kaskazini mwa [[Bolton Abbey]] kuna Strid, kituo ambacho mto wote umeelekezwa katika [[korongo]] nyembamba. Eneo lake konda kabisa, ni ndogo kuliko mita mbili. Pengo hili hudhaniwa kuwa na uwezo wa kurukwa lakini huu ni uwongo kwa sababu ya mawe yanayoteleza. Barry na Lyn Collett, wapenzi waliokuwa kwenye raha zao, walizama katika eneo hili katika mwezi wa Agosti 1998 na miili yao haikuweza kupatikana katika wiki kadhaa.<ref>[3] ^ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/217851.stm Habari za BBC | UK | kifo cha wapenzi wawili kuwa fumbo]</ref> Mawimbi ya kuogofya huvuta binadamu ambapo anakwama katika mawe yaliyochini ya maji na moshi. ==Makazi== [[Picha:River Wharfe at Otley.jpg|thumb|220px|Mto Wharfe katika Otley]] [[Picha:Wharfe-linton.png|thumb|220px|Wharfe kupita kati ya Linton na Collingham]] [[Picha:WharfeWetherby.png|thumb|220px|Ukuta na daraja juu ya Wharfe katika Wetherby]] * Deepdale * [[Yockenthwaite]] * [[Hubberholme]] * [[Buckden]] * [[Starbotton]] * [[Kettlewell]] * [[Conistone]] * [[Grassington]] * [[Linton]] * [[Hebden]] * [[Burnsall]] * [[Appletreewick]] * [[Bolton Abbey]] * [[Beamsley]] * [[Addingham]] * [[Nesfield]] * [[Ilkley]] * [[Burley katika Wharfedale]] * [[Otley]] * [[Dimbwi]] * [[Castley]] * [[Netherby]] * [[Chapel Hill]] * [[Collingham]] * [[Linton]] * [[Wetherby]] * [[Boston Spa]] * [[Thorp Arch]] * [[Newton Kyme]] * [[Tadcaster]] * [[Kirkby Wharfe]] * [[Ulleskelf]] * [[Ryther]] ==Angalia pia== * [[Mito ya Uingereza]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=7735780 Picha za Strid katika Mto Wharfe katika www.geograph.org.uk] * [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=7735817 Picha za mto Wharfe na maeneo yanayozunguka katika geograph.org.uk] {{coord|53|51|N|1|08|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wharfe}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Yorkshire]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Bradford]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Leeds]] bp1cha875dsx6sz5jn1ft4lzh8tic63 0 35623 1599540 1336739 2026-09-23T18:33:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Mfuko wa jamii''' kimsingi ni mpango wa [[bima]] ya [[kijamii]] inayotoa ulinzi wa kijamii dhidi ya hali kama umaskini, uzee, ulemavu, ukosefu wa ajira na mengine. Usalama wa kijamii unaweza kumaanisha: * '''Bima ya kijamii,''' ambapo watu hupokea manufaa au huduma katika kutambua michango kwa mpango wa bima. Huduma hizi kwa kawaida ni pamoja na utoaji [[pensheni ya kustaafu, bima ya ulemavu, faida ya kunusurika]] na [[bima ya kukosa ajira.]] * '''Mapato ya kujikimu''' - hasa usambazaji wa fedha katika tukio la kukatizwa kwa ajira, ikiwa ni pamoja na kustaafu, ulemavu na ukosefu wa ajira * '''Huduma''' zinazotolewa na tawala kuwajibika kwa usalama wa kijamii. Katika nchi tofauti hii inaweza kujumuisha matibabu, vipengele vya kazi za kijamii na hata mahusiano katika viwanda. * Mara chache zaidi, neno hili pia hutumika kumaanisha '''usalama wa kimsingi,''' neno lililo karibu sawa na kupata mahitaji msingi-vitu kama [[chakula, mavazi]], malazi, [[elimu]] na [[matibabu.]] == Bima ya kijamii == Taaluma za kibima zinaelezea bima ya kijamii kuwa ni mpango wa [[bima]] unaofadhiliwa na serikali iliyowekwa kwa amri, inayotumikia idadi fulani ya watu, na kufadhiliwa kupitia kwa malipo madogo au kodi inayolipwa na au kwa niaba ya washiriki. Ushiriki aidha ni wa lazima au ni mpango wa ruzuku iliyopunguzwa ya kutosha kiasi kwamba wengi wa watu wanaohitimu huchagua kushiriki. Nchini Marekani, mipango inayolingana na ufafanuzi huu ni pamoja na [[Social Security, Medicare]], mpango wa [[PBGC]], mpango wa [[reli]] [[wa kustaafu]] na mipango [[ya bima]] ya [[ajira]] inayofadhiliwa na majimbo.<ref>[3] ^ [http://www.actuarialstandardsboard.org/pdf/asops/asop032_062.pdf "Social Insurance,"] Actuarial Standard of Practice Nambari 32, Bodi ya Actuarial Standards , Januari 1998</ref> == Mapato ya kujikimu == Sera hii kwa kawaida hutumiwa kwa kupitia mipango mbalimbali iliyoundwa kutoa mapato kwa idadi fulani ya watu mara wanapokuwa hawawezi kujikimu wenyewe. Mapato ya kujikimu yana msingi katika mchanganyiko wa aina tano kuu za mpango: * '''Bima ya kijamii,''' imeelezwa hapo juu * faida '''iliyopimwa kwa hali'''. Huu ni msaada wa kifedha unaotolewa kwa wale ambao hawawezi kugharamia mahitaji yao msingi, kama vile chakula, mavazi na makazi, kutokana na [[umaskini]] au ukosefu wa mapato kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa ajira, ugonjwa, ulemavu, au kutunza watoto. Wakati misaada mara nyingi ikiwa katika mfumo wa malipo ya fedha, wale wanaotafuta ustawi wa jamii kwa kawaida wanaweza kupata huduma za afya na elimu bure bila malipo. Kiasi cha msaada kinatosha kugharamia mahitaji ya msingi na kuhitimu mara nyingi ni baada ya kueleweka na kutathminiwa tata kwa hali ya kijamii na kifedha ya mwombaji. Angalia pia, [[Usaidizi wa Kimapato.]] * faida '''zisizohitaji mchango'''. Nchi kadhaa zina mipango maalum, zinazotolewa bila kuhitajika kwa michango na vipimo vya hali, kwa watu katika makundi fulani ya haja - kwa mfano, wastaafu wa vikosi vya kijeshi, watu wenye ulemavu na wazee wakongwe. * faida za '''hiari'''. Baadhi ya mifumo yana misingi katika busara ya afisa, kama mfanyakazi wa kijamii. * faida ya '''kila mtu''' au faida ya vikundi, pia inajulikana kama '''demogrants.''' Hizi ni faida zisizohitaji michango zinazotolewa kwa sehemu nzima ya wakazi bila vipimo vya hali au haja, kama vile posho za familia au pensheni ya umma katika New Zealand (inayojulikana kama New Zealand Superannuation). == Ulinzi wa kijamii == Ulinzi wa kijamii unahusu seti ya faida zinazopatikana (au zisizopatikana) kutoka kwa serikali, soko, vyama vya kiraia na kaya, au kupitia mseto wa njia hizi, kwa mtu / kaya ili kupunguza [[kulemewa]] kutoka pande zote Upungufu huu wa kutoka pande zote unaweza kuwa unawaathiri watu maskini wasio na shughuli nyingi (mfano wazee, walemavu) na watu ambao hushughulika (mfano wasio na ajira). Mpango huu mpana hufanya dhana hii kukubalika zaidi katika nchi zinazoendelea kuliko dhana ya usalama ya kijamii. Usalama wa kijamii zaidi hutumika katika hali, ambapo idadi kubwa ya wananchi hutegemea uchumi rasmi kwa ajili ya kuendesha maisha yao. Kupitia mchango uliowekwa, usalama huu wa kijamii unaweza kutunzwa na kusimamiwa. Lakini, katika muktadha wa uchumi usio rasmi ulioenea, mipangilio rasmi ya usalama wa kijamii karibu haiko kwa idadi kubwa ya wakazi wa wanaofanya kazi. Mbali na hilo, katika nchi zinazoendelea, uwezo wa serikali kufikia idadi kubwa ya watu maskini unaweza kuwa mdogo kwa sababu ya rasilimali zake chache. Katika mazingira kama haya, mashirika mbalimbali ambayo yanaweza kutoa ulinzi wa kijamii ni muhimu katika kuzingatia sera. Mfumo wa ulinzi wa kijamii kwa hivyo una uwezo wa kuifanya serikali kuwajibika kuhudumia sehemu maskini kwa kusimamia mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali. Utafiti shirikishi kutoka kwa [[Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Maendeleo]] ukijadili Ulinzi wa Kijamii kutoka katika mtazamo wa kimataifa, unapendekeza kuwa watetezi wa ulinzi wa kijamii wanaangukia katika makundi mawili pana: 'wanainstrumentalisti' na 'wanaharakati'. 'Wanainstrumentalisti' wanasema kuwa umaskini uliokithiri, kukosekana kwa usawa na mazingira magumu, ni kizingiti katika kufanikisha malengo ya maendeleo (kwa mfano Malengo ya Millenia). Katika mtazamo huu ni ulinzi wa kijamii unahusu kuweka mipango ya kukabiliana na hatari ambayo itafidia bima isiyo nzima au inayokosa (na) masoko mengine, mpaka wakati bima za kibinafsi zitaweza kuchukua nafasi kubwa zaidi katika jamii. Hoja za 'Kikereketwa' zinaangalia usugu wa umaskini uliokithiri, kukosekana kwa usawa na mazingira magumu, kama dalili za kukiukwa kwa haki za jamii na kutokuwepo kwa usawa kimiundo na huona ulinzi wa kijamii kama haki ya uraia. Ustawi uliolengwa ni hatua muhimu kati ya imani ya kiutu na ubora wa 'kiwango cha chini zaidi cha kijamii kilichohakikishwa' ambapo haki inaenea zaidi ya fedha au chakula na ina msingi msingi katika uraia, sio uhisani. <ref>[5] ^ [http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=987 'Debating Social Protection'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=987 |date=20160304035216 }} Devereux, S na Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2007) IDS Bulletin 38 .3, Brighton: Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Maendeleo</ref> == Angalia Pia == *[[Haki za binadamu]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Kujisomea== * 'Reforming European Pension Sytems' [[(Arun Muralidhar]] na [[Serge Allegreza]] (Eds.)), Amsterdam, NL na West Lafayette, Indiana, USA: Dutch University Press, Rozenberg Publishers na [[Purdue University Press]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|Usalama wa kijamii}} *[http://www.issa.int Tovuti ya mtandao ya usalama wa kijamii au Ruzuku] ya [[Muungano wa Kimataifa wa Usalama wa Kijamii]] *[http://www.worldbank.org/sp Mpango wa Ulinzi wa Kijamii na Ajira] wa [[Benki]] ya [[Dunia]] *[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/SPLP/0,,menuPK:461694~pagePK:64156143~piPK:64154155~theSitePK:461654,00.html Mpango wa Ulinzi wa Kijamii] {{Wayback|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/SPLP/0,,menuPK:461694~pagePK:64156143~piPK:64154155~theSitePK:461654,00.html |date=20181215154146 }} wa [[Taasisi ya Benki]] ya [[Dunia]] *[http://www.socialprotection.net Mwongozo wa mtandao wa dhana na masuala ya ulinzi wa kijamii ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.socialprotection.net/ |date=20090206022843 }} * Rasilimali zaidi juu ya ulinzi wa kijamii (hasa ikilenga nchi zinazoendelea) zinapatikana kwenye [http://gsdrc.ids.ac.uk/go/topic-guides/social-protection mwongozo wa mada juu ya ulinzi wa kijamii] {{Wayback|url=http://gsdrc.ids.ac.uk/go/topic-guides/social-protection |date=20150131174032 }} wa Kituo cha Raslimali cha Utawala na Maendeleo ya Jamii *[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=976586 Arno Tausch (2005), World Bank Pension reforms and development patterns in the world system and in the "Wider Europe". ][http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=976586 Uchunguzi wa nchi 109 yenye msingi katika viashiria 33 vya uchumi, na ustawi wa kibinadamu, kijamii na kiekolojia, na utafiti wa kikanda wa Ulaya. ][http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=976586 Toleo la karatasi lililosahihishwa kidogo, lililotolewa hapo awali kwenye Mkutano wa "Kurekebisha mifumo ya pensheni ya Ulaya. ][http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=976586 Katika kumbukumbu ya Profesa Franco Modigliani. Septemba 24 na 25, 2004 ", Jumba la Schengen, Luxemburg Taasisi ya Masomo ya Ulaya na ya Kimataifa] *[http://www.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure OECD - Tovuti ya Mbegu ya Matumizi ya Raslimali katika Jamii(SOCX) ] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] 44w1swax8voifsknbpr5k54pdjbegdu 0 35638 1599750 1591875 2026-09-23T23:09:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = I'll Be There | Cover = J5-ill-be-there-45.jpg | Msanii = [[The Jackson 5]] | Albamu = [[Third Album]] | B-side = "One More Chance" | Imetolewa = {{Start date|1970|8|28}} | Muundo = [[Gramophone record|7" 45 RPM]] | Imerekodiwa = Hitsville West, [[Los Angeles]] in 1970 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[bubblegum pop]] | Urefu = 3:57 | Studio = [[Motown Records|Motown]] <br /> <small>M 1171</small> | Writer = [[Berry Gordy]], Bob West, [[Hal Davis]], [[Willie Hutch]] | Mtayarishaji = Berry Gordy, Bob West, Hal Davis, Willie Hutch | Single iliyopita = "[[The Love You Save]]" <br>(1970) | Single ya sasa = "'''I'll Be There'''" <br>(1970) | Single ya ijayo = "[[Santa Claus Is Coming to Town]]" <br>(1970) }} "'''I'll Be There'''" ni wimbo uliotungwa na [[Berry Gordy]], Bob West, [[Hal Davis]] na [[Willie Hutch]] ambapo baadae ulikuja kutokea nyimbo mbili , yaani wimbo ambao ulikuja kurekodiwa na kundi la nchini [[Marekani]] la [[The Jackson 5]] . Mwaka 1992 na wimbo huu uliimbwa na mwanamziki wa Marekani [[Mariah Carey]] katika onesho la moja kwa moja pamoja na mwanamuziki mwingine ambaye pia ni wa nchini Marekani [[Trey Lorenz]]. Wimbo wa kundi la The Jackson 5, ulirekodiwa katika studio za [[Motown Records]] na kutolewa rasmi kama single ya kwanza katika albamu ya kundi hili, iliyoitwa ''[[Third Album]]'' . Hii ikiwa ni mwaka 1970. Ukiwa umetengenezwa na watunzi maahiri, wimbo wa ''I'll Be There'' ilikuwa wimbo wa tano wa kundi hili kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo ukifuatia nyimbo za "[[I Want You Back]]," "[[ABC]]," na "[[The Love You Save]]." Wimbo wa "I'll Be There" umesemekana kuwa ndio wimbo wenye mafanikio zaidi kuwahi kutengenezwa katika studio za Motown katika kipindi chake cha Detroit ambacho ni kuanzia mwaka 1959-1972. Pia ni wimbo wa nne kutoka kwa kundi hili kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo na hivyo kulifanya kundi hili kuwa kundi la kwanza la wavulana wenye asili ya [[Afrika]] kuwahi kufika katika nafasi hiyo. Mwanamuziki mwingine wa Marekani [[Mariah Carey]] na Trey Lorez pia waliurudiwa wimbo huu katika kipindi cha ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' mwaka 1992, na kuutoa katika albamu yake ya EP ''[[MTV]]'', katika nusu ya tatu ya mwaka 1992. Wimbo huupia ulirekodiwa na Mwariah Carey kwa kushirikiana na [[Walter Afanasieff]] na wimbo huu ukawa wimbo wa sita Kutoka kwa Mariah Kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya single ya Marekani na pia ulikuwa wimbo uliofanya vizuri katika maeneo mbambali duniani. ==Toleo la The Jackson 5== ===Kuhusu rekodi hii=== Baada ya nyimbo tatu kutoka kwa kundi la The Jackson ambazo ziliwahi kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza ni ("[[I Want You Back]]," "[[ABC]]," na "[[The Love You Save]]"). Mtunzi wa nyimbo [[Berry Gordy]] ndipo akaamua kutunga mashairi kwa ajili ya kundi hili. Alifanya hivi kwa kuwashirikisha watunzi mbalimbali kama vile [[Hal Davis]], Willie Hutch, na Bob West, hii ikiwa ni tofauti na watunzi walioshiriki katika kutunga nyimbo tatu za kwanza. ===Kutolewa na mapekeo=== Katika maandishi yake, Michael Jackson ansema kuwa wimbo wa ''I'll Be There'' umesaidia katika kurudisha umoja miongoni mwa The Jackson 5 kuwarudisha pamoja kuuthiitishia umma kuwa, kundi hili bado lina uwezo na nguvu wa kutoa nyimbo nzuri." Wimbo huu ulifanya vizuri katika nafasi mbalimbali na kufanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi milioni 4.2 nchini [[Marekani]] na nakala milioni 6.1 duniani pote, kuchukua nafasi ya nyimbo za [[Marvin Gaye]] "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" zilizopata mafanikio ikiwa ni pamoja na kushina nafasi za juu katika chati za muziki nchini Marekani. Nafasi hii ilichukuliwa na wimbo ulitolewa na wimbo kutoka kwa [[Lionel Richie]] akishirikiana na [[Diana Ross]] katika wimbo wa ''[[Endless Love]]'' wa mwaka 1981. Nji ya nchi ya Marekani wimbo uliobakia maarufu kutoka studio za Motown ni wimbo wa "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" kwa kufanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 7 dunia nzima. Wimbo huu ulishika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] kwa muda wa wiki 5, kuanzia tarehe 17 Oktoba hadi 14 Novemba, na kuchukua nafasi ya wimbo wa ''[[Cracklin Rosie]]'' ulioimbwa na Neil Diamond, na kiuchukua nafasi ya ''[[I Think I Love You]]'' ulioimbwa na Partidge Family. Wimbo wa "I'll Be There" pia ulikuwa wimbo bora na kushika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[R&B singles chart]] kwa muda wa wiki sita,<ref>{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=287}}</ref> na kushika nafasi ya nne katika chati muziki ya nchini Uingereza. ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1970) !align="center"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40|Dutch Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Jackson+Five&titel=I%27ll+Be+There&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/19701212.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archivedate=2015-03-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328125454/http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/19701212.html }}</ref> |align="center"|34 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. ''Billboard'' Black Singles]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks|U.S. ''Billboard'' Easy Listening]] |align="center"|24 |- !Chart (2009) !align="center"|Kilele |- |[[UK Singles Chart]] |align=center|65<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php |title=UK Singles Chart|publisher=The Official UK Charts Company |accessdate=6 Julai 2009}}</ref> |} ==Toleo la Mariah Carey== {{Infobox single | Jina = I'll Be There | Cover = IBTS.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Trey Lorenz]] | Albamu = [[MTV Unplugged (Mariah Carey EP)|MTV Unplugged]] | Imetolewa = {{Start date|1992|5|26}} | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]] | Imerekodiwa = [[Kaufman Astoria Studios]] on 16 Machi 1992 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] | Urefu = 4:25/4:42 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]] | Certification = Gold <small>(New Zealand)</small> | Chronology = [[Mariah Carey]] singles | Single iliyopita = "[[Make It Happen (song)|Make It Happen]]" <br>(1992) | Single ya sasa = "'''I'll Be There'''" <br>(1992) | Single ijayo = "[[If It's Over]]" <br>(1992) }} [[Mariah Carey]] pia alijumisha wimbo hu katika onesho la MTV Unpluged na kuwa wimbo wa sita hii ikiwa ni tarehe 16 Machi 1992. Wimbo huu pia uliimbwa na Mariah Kwa kushirikiana na Michael Jackson pamoja na Trey Lorenz. na kuimba katika mashari aliyoimba Jarmaine Jackson. "I'll Be There" ulichaguliwa katika moja ya nyimbo zilizokuwa katika kushindania tuzo ya[[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]], kwa mwaka 1993. Katika kumbukumbu ya Michael Jackson , tarehe 7Julai 2009, Carey na Lorez waliimba wimbo huu kama kumbukumbu ya Michael Jackoson ===Orodha ya nyimbo=== '''Worldwide CD single''' #"I'll Be There" #"So Blessed" '''European CD maxi-single''' #"I'll Be There" #"So Blessed" #"Vanishing" '''UK CD maxi-single''' #"I'll Be There" #"[[Vision of Love]]" (live) #"[[If It's Over]] #"All in Your Mind" ====Chart performance==== Wimbo huu, umekuwa katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya nyimbo 100 bora kuanzia terehe 13 Juni mwaka 1992 hadi tarehe 27. Hii ikiwa ni mara ya pili kwa wimbo huu kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza, na kuchukua nafasi ya wimbo wa "[[Jump (Kris Kross song)|Jump]]" ulioimbwa na [[Kris Kross]], a baadae nafasi hii ilichukuliwa na wimbo wa ''[[Baby Got Bacj]]'' ulioimbwa na [[Sir Mix-a-Lot]]'' . Wimbo huu uliongoza katika nyimbo zilizokuwa na mafanikio zaidi nchini Marekani katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]. Hata hivyo wimbo huu unabakia kuwa wimbo pekee, uliotolewa nastudio za ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' na kufika gadi nafasi ya kwanza. ''I'll Be There'' ulikuwa wimbo wa kwanza kutoka kwa Caey kufanya vizuri nje ya Marekani ya Kasazini, na kuwa wimbo wenye mafanikio katika masoko mbalimbali. Uliweza kushika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya single ya [[Canada]] kwa kipindi cha wiki mbili, na kuwa wimbo wake wa kwanza kuwahi kufanya vizuri katika soko la Uingereza ambapo ilishika nafasi ya 2, na nchini Australia ulishika nafasi ya 9. Ulishika nafasi mbalimbali katika nyimbo ishirini bora katika soko la Ulaya ambapo Mariah Carey hakuweza kufanya hivyo hapo kabla. {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+Washiriki !Toleo !Data !Watayarishaji |- |rowspan=4|[[The Jackson 5]] |rowspan=4| *Lead vocals by [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Jermaine Jackson]] *Background vocals by [[Michael Jackson]], [[Jermaine Jackson]], [[Tito Jackson]], [[Jackie Jackson]], [[Marlon Jackson]] |[[Berry Gordy]] |- |Bob West |- |[[Hal Davis]] |- |[[Willie Hutch]] |- |rowspan=2|[[Mariah Carey]] |rowspan=2| *All vocals by Mariah Carey and [[Trey Lorenz]] *Carey also performed this song at [[Madison Square Garden]] with [[Wanya Morris]] from [[Boyz II Men]] *Carey performed this song at [[Michael Jackson]]'s memorial on Julai 7th, 2009 |Mariah Carey |- |[[Walter Afanasieff]] |} ===Chati=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1992) !align="center"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[French Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|33 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|26 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?key=2478&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|11 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Provider ! Sales ! Certification |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 1,000,000+ | Platinum |- {{col-end}} ==Wengine waliourudia== Kundi la [[The Temptations]] waliurudia wimbo huu katika albamu yao ya ''[[Reflections]]''. Halikadhalika kundi la [[Westlife]] waliurudia wimbo huu katika albamu yenye jina lao wenyewe. [[New Kids on the Block]] waliuimba katika kifo cha Jackson. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1970]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1992]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za The Jackson 5]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Westlife]] jpshixo028mtemdequano3xx05gmnuc 0 35703 1599753 1514422 2026-09-23T23:11:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = I Still Believe | Cover = Brenda K12.jpg | Msanii = [[Brenda K. Starr]] | Albamu = [[Brenda K. Starr (album)|Brenda K. Starr]] | Ilitolewa = 1988 | Muundo = [[CD single]] | Ilirekodiwa = | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 3:50 | Studio = [[MCA Records|MCA]] | Mtunzi = [[Antonina Armato]], Giuseppe Cantarelli | Mtayarishaji = E. Deodato | Single iliyopita = "Breakfast in Bed" <br>(1987) | Single ya sasa = "'''I Still Believe'''" <br>(1988) | Single ijayo = "What You See Is What You Get" <br>(1988) }} "'''I Still Believe'''" ni wimbo wenye miondoko ya pop uliotungwa na [[Antonina Armato]] kwa kushirikiana na Giuseppe Cantarelli na kwa mara ya kwanza ulirekodiwa na [[Brenda K. Starr]]. Ni wimbo wa mapenzi wenye mashairi yanayoelezea jinsi yeye na mpenzi wake ambavyo hawatakuwa pamoja tena, lakini anaamini kuwa ipo siku watakuwa pamoja. Wimbo huu ulirudiwa na mwanamuziki wa [[Mariah Carey]] na pia mwimbaji mwingine aitwae [[Sandy Lam]] ==Toleo la Brenda K. Starr== Brenda K. Starr alirekodi wimbo huu katika albamu yake ya ''[[Brenda K. Star]]'', iliyotayarishwa na E.Deadato. Wimbo huu unaelezea historia ya kweli iliyowahi kumtokea moja ya waandishi wake wa nyimbo aitwaye, Antonia Armato. Ambapo mchumba wa Arnato alimwomba waoane lakini Armato akaona si muda muafaka, lakini mchumba wake huyo, akmpa masharti kuwa, ni aidha waoane au waachane. Japokuwa Armato alimpenda mwezi wake huyo, lakini kwa vile hakuwa tayari kuolewa kwa wakati ule, uhusiano wao wa kimapenzi ukavunjika. Katika hali ya kujifariji, Armato aliandika wimbo huu. Ulitoka kama single ya kwanza katika albamu ya Starr iliyotoka mwaka 1988, na kushika nafasi ya 13 katika chati ya [[Marekani]] ya [[Billboard Hot 100]], na kuufa nya wimbo huu, kuwa ndio wimbo pekee kutoka kwa Starr kufika katika nyimbo ishirini bora za Marekani. Video ya wimbo huu, inamwonesha Starr akiwa anaimba katika nyumba huku akipita katika makundi ya wapenzi. Wimbo huu ndio unasemekana kuwa ndio wimbo wenye kumtambulisha japokuwa mwaka 1996, alirekodi toleo lingine la wimbo huu huu. ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1988) !align="left"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks |align="center"|14 |} ==Toleo la Mariah Carey== {{Infobox single | Jina = I Still Believe | Cover = Mariahcareysingle isb.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Number 1's (Mariah Carey album)|#1's]] | Ilitolewa = 13 Aprili 1999 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]] | Ilirekodiwa = | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 3:54 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, [[Stevie J]], Mike Mason | Certification = Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small> | Single iliypita = "[[When You Believe]]" <br />(1998) | Single ya sasa = "'''I Still Believe'''" <br />(1999) | Single ijayo = "[[Heartbreaker (Mariah Carey song)|Heartbreaker]]" <br />(1999) }} [[Mariah Carey]] aliimba wimbo huu na kuujumuisha katika albamu yake yake ya nane akishirikiana na [[Stevie J]] na Mike Mason ya '[[Number 1]]'', ambapo wimbo huu ulitolwa kama single ya tatu kutoka katika albamu hii mnamo mwaka 1999. Pia alirekodi wimbo huu kwa ajili ya Starr katika kutangaza single ya Starr katika kipindi cha mwaka 1980, na ambapo Starr ndiye aliyemsaidia Carey katika kuanza shughuli za muziki kwa kumtambulisha kwa mkurugenzi wa studio za [[Sony Music Entertainment]] aitwa ye [[Tommy Mottola]], ambaye ndiye aliyeandika mkataba wa kwanza na Carey. Tofauti na single zilizotangulia na kupata nafasi mbalimbali katika chati za nchini humo, wimbo wa ''I Still Belive'' ulipata mafanikio zaid nchini [[Uingereza]] ukilinganisha na maeneo mengine. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya nne katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]]. Halikadhalika wimbo huu uliweza kufika katika nafasi ya 36, katika nyimbo 100 bora za mwaka 1999. Nje ya Marekani, wimbo huu uliweza kufika katika nafasi za wastani kama vile, Nchini Uingereza uliweza kuingia katika nyimbo ishirini bora. Nchini [[Canada]] wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kuingia katika nyimbo kumi bora, lakini haukufanikiwa kuingia katika nyimbo arobaini bora nchini [[Australia]] au [[Ujerumani]] ===Video ya Muzik=== [[Image:Mariah Carey4 Edwards Dec 1998 uncropped.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Carey wakati wa kutengeneza video ya wimbo wa "I Still Believe".]] Video ya wimbo huu iliongozwa na [[Brett Ratner]] ambapo ailihamasikwa na kitendo cha [[Marilyn Monroe]] kutembelea nchini vikosi vya kijeshi ya Marekani vilivyokuwa nchini Korea mwaka 1953. Inamwonesha Carey ambaye alikuwa amefananisha nywele zake na za Monroe huku akijaribu kucheza kama [[Judy Garland]], alipokuwa ametembelea katika vikosi vya anga vya Edwards katika jimbo la Califonia, na kuimba kwa ajili ya wanaanga hawa kama vile Monroe alivyofanya wakati wa vita vya [[Korean War]] ===Muundo na orodha ya nyimbo=== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''Australian CD single''' #"I Still Believe" (Album Version) #"I Still Believe" (David Morales Remix Edit) #"I Still Believe" (The Eve Of Sould Mix) '''European CD single''' #"I Still Believe" (Album Version) #"I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix Edit) '''U.S. CD single''' #"I Still Believe / Pure imagination" (Damizza Reemix Edit featuring Krayzie Bone & Da Brat) #"I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix Edit) '''Australian CD maxi-single''' #"I Still Believe" (Album Version) #"I Still Believe" (David Morales Remix Edit) #"I Still Believe" (The Eve Of Sould Mix) #"I Still Believe / Pure imagination" (Damizza Reemix featuring Krayzie Bone & Da Brat) #"I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Clean Remix featuring Mocha & Amil) '''European CD maxi-single #1''' #"I Still Believe" (Album Version) #"I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix Edit) #"I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix) #"I Still Believe" (The Eve Of Souls Mix) #"I Still Believe" (The Kings Mix) #"I Still Believe" (The Kings Mix Instrumental) '''European CD maxi-single #2''' #"I Still Believe" (Album Version) #"I Still Believe / Pure imagination" (Damizza Reemix featuring Krayzie Bone & Da Brat) #"I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Remix featuring Mocha & Amil) #"I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Clean Remix featuring Mocha & Amil) #"I Still Believe / Pure imagination" (Damizza Reemix A Cappella featuring Krayzie Bone & Da Brat) {{col-2}} '''Japanese-U.S. CD maxi-single''' #"I Still Believe" (Album Version) #"I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Clean Remix featuring Mocha & Amil) #"I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix) #"I Still Believe / Pure imagination" (Damizza Reemix featuring Krayzie Bone & Da Brat) #"I Still Believe" (The Kings Mix) '''UK CD maxi-single #1''' #"I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix) #"I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix - UK Edit) #"I Still Believe" (The Eve Of Souls Mix - UK Edit) '''UK CD maxi-single #2''' #"I Still Believe" (Album Version) #"I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Remix featuring Mocha & Amil) #"I Still Believe / Pure imagination" (Damizza Reemix featuring Krayzie Bone & Da Brat) {{col-end}} ===Chati=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1999) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/weekchart.asp?cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|54 |- |align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I+Still+Believe&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|48 |- |align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart (Wallonia)<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I+Still+Believe&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I+Still+Believe&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|51 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|30 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I+Still+Believe&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|33 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|58 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I+Still+Believe&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416003834/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah%20Carey&titel=I%20Still%20Believe&cat=s |archivedate=2012-04-16 |https://web.archive.org/web/20120416003834/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah%20Carey&titel=I%20Still%20Believe&cat=s |=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416003834/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah%20Carey&titel=I%20Still%20Believe&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|24 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afyvecharts.blogspot.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-24 |archivedate=2011-07-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708022113/http://www.afyvecharts.blogspot.com/ }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I+Still+Believe&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|31 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|3¹ |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Wasambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[United States]] | 1,000,000+ | Platinum |- {{col-end}} ¹ "I Still Believe / Pure Imagination" ==Matole mengine== Mwaka 1989, Mwanamuziki wa [[Hong Kong]] aitwaye [[Sandy Lam]] aliurudia wimbo huu na kuuita jina moja la ("Still"). na pia aliwahi kurudia wimbo huu kwa kiingereza mwaka 1990. Mwanamuziki wa nchini [[Jamaica]] [[Beenie Man]] alitumia mashairi mengi kutoka katika wimbo huu katika wimbo wa ''Crazy Notion'' uliokuwa katika albamu yake ya ''[[Art and Life]]'' iliyotoka mwaka 2000 ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1988]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1999]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] niv96jpcxp20dvzanp48o6hq70iqtne 0 35822 1599747 1417805 2026-09-23T22:55:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kampu | jina = | jina la kampuni = | picha = [[File:Le Reine Élizabeth (hôtel), Montréal 2005-09-02.JPG|thumb|200px|Hoteli ya Queen Elizabeth]] | ilianzishwa = [[1958]] | mwanzilishi = | huduma = | makaomakuu = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Kanada]] | bidhaa = | aina = '''Hoteli'''<br> Vyumba: 1039<br>'''Vyumba vya aina ya suiti''': 100<br>'''Mikahawa''': 4<br> '''Magorofa''' : 21 | mmiliki = [[Hoteli za Fairmont]] | nchi = | ilikwisha = | tovuti = http://www.fairmont.com/queenelizabeth }} '''Hoteli Le Reine Élizabeth'''<ref>Jina la Kifaransa, ''Le Reine Elizabeth'', inaweza kusumbua mtu akili kwa sababu ya matumizi ya neno la kuashiria wanaume ''le''. Maelezo yake ni kuwa neno hilo halitumiki hapo kwa ajili ya nomino ''Reine'' bali ni kwa nomino ''Hôtel''.</ref> au '''Queen Elizabeth''' ([[jina rasmi]] la [[Kifaransa]] ni '''Fairmont Le Reine Élizabeth''', jina rasmi la [[Kiingereza]] ni '''Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth''') ni [[hoteli]] kubwa iliyo [[Jiji|jijini]] [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]. ==Historia== Ujenzi ulikamilika mwaka 1958 chini ya Shirika la reli la Kanada ([[Canadian National Railway]]) lakini likauzwa hapo baadaye kwa kampuni ya [[Hoteli za Canadian Pacific]], hivi sasa [[Hoteli za Fairmont]]. Hoteli hii ilikuwa na vyumba 1039 na magorofa 21 na kuifanya iwe hoteli kubwa kabisa karika Mkoa wa Quebec, [[Kanada]] na hoteli ya pili kubwa nchini [[Kanada]] ya Hoteli za Fairmont. Hoteli kubwa kabisa ya Fairmont nchini Kanada ni [[Royal York]] jijini [[Toronto]], ambayo ina vyumba 1365. Inapatikana katika anwani ya 900 Boulevard René Lévesque Ouest, katikati mwa Montreal, na hivyo basi imeshikamana na [[stesheni]] ya [[treni]]. Wageni wengi mashuhuri walikaa huko, wakiwa ni pamoja na [[Malkia Elizabeth II]] (mara nne) na [[Duke wa Edinburgh]], [[Malkia Mama]], [[Prince Charles]], [[Fidel Castro]], ambaye alikuwa mkuu wa nchi wa kwanza kutembelea hoteli hiyo, [[Charles de Gaulle]], na [[Princess Grace]] wa [[Monako]], wakati wa Expo '67, [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Jacques Chirac]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Dalai Lama]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Perry Como]], [[Joan Crawford]], [[John Travolta]], na [[Mikhail Baryshnikov]]. Hoteli hii ilipata umaarufu dunia nzima wakati John Lennon na Yoko Ono, walikuwa wamekatazwa kuingia [[Marekani]] walipolala huko wakarekodi wimbo wao ''Give Peace a Chance'' katika chumba cha 1742 cha hoteli hiyo, hapo kati ya 26 Mei na 2 Juni 1969. Tamasha la Orodha ya Wachezaji waliochaguliwa na NHL liliandaliwa mara 10 katika hoteli hiyo kati ya miaka 1963 na 1979. Katika mwaka wa 1970, serikali ya Quebec ilihamisha kituo cha operesheni zake ikawa ndani ya hoteli hii wakati wa shida za Oktoba wa mwaka huo. Watu wachache hukumbuka utata uliozuka katika kulipa hoteli hiyo jina. Wapenzi wa Quebec walitaka iitwe Château Maisonneuve kwa makumbusho ya mwanzilishi wa Montreal, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve. Rais wa CN,[[Donald Gordon]] alisisitiza kuwa iitwe jina la malkia ,ambaye alikuwa amepanda na kuchukua kiti cha utawala kwa ghafla bila kutarajiwa. Alipokuwa anakuwa malkia,hoteli hiyo ilikuwa ikichorwa na wataalamu. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.fairmont.com/queenelizabeth/ Fairmont: The Queen Elizabeth Hotel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fairmont.com/queenelizabeth/ |date=20100124122638 }} (Tovuti rasmi) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313171346/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=112377 Emporis Listing] *[http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/story.html?id=285e9e38-9e58-46a9-9ecb-a56cd6527762&k=94108 Landmark has opened its doors to politicians and pachyderms] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/story.html?id=285e9e38-9e58-46a9-9ecb-a56cd6527762&k=94108 |date=20121104042010 }} [[Category:Hoteli]] [[Category:Montreal, Quebec]] pdh0bp61z9ka1x0x15pmtzbo0t7ugjn 0 35838 1599581 1243982 2026-09-23T18:46:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kampu | jina = Kampuni ya Viatu ya Goodwill | jina la kampuni = Kampuni ya Viatu ya Goodwill | picha = | ilianzishwa = [[1909]], [[Massachusetts]] | mwanzilishi = Arthur A. Williams | huduma = Utengenezaji | makaomakuu = 26-28 Water Street [[Holliston]],[[Massachusetts]] | bidhaa = Viatu kama:<br>* buti<br>* viatu vya ngozi | aina = | mmiliki = | nchi = [[Marekani]] | ilikwisha = | tovuti = }} [[Picha:Safety Shoe Presevative Tin.JPG|thumbnail|right|200px|mkebe wa kihifadhi viatu mapema karne ya 20]] '''[[Kampuni ya Viatu ya Goodwill]]''' (pia, hujulikana kama '''Viatu vya Arthur A. Williams''', likiitwa jina hili kwa makumbusho ya mwanzilishi wake). Kampuni hii huunda viatu vya ngozi na vya kutiwa chuma ndani vya aina ya "Safety First" (yaani vya kujichunga kutokana na kujiumiza).Kampuni hii ilikuwa miongoni mwa kampuni za kwanza kuunda viatu vya aina hii. Haswa, ilikuwa mojawapo wa kampuni kubwa kabisa zilizounda buti za viwanda katika miaka ya 1930. Kampuni hii ilitumbukia katika dimbwi la madeni hapo katikati mwa karne ya ishirini. Kiwanda cha Kampuni ya Viatu ya Goodwill(kilichojengwa katika mwaka wa 1909), kinapatikana katika barabara ya 26-28 Water Street [[Holliston]],[[Massachusetts]]. "Huu ni mfano wa kihistoria wa kiwanda kikubwa cha maonyesho kilichojengwa katika kilele cha ujenzi katika sekta ya viwanda vya maonyesho. Kiwanda hiki kilijengwa kwa faida ya utengenezaji wa viatu vizito vya wakulima na wanamichezo. Majengo yao mawili ya mbao yanapatikana katika pande mbili zote za barabara ya Water Street na yalikuwa yameunganishwa kwa daraja katika gorofa la pili na lilipita juu ya barabara hiyo. Vilevile,kulikuwa na njia ya kupitia iliyokuwa chini ya ardhi ya barabara ya Water Street. Jengo lililokuwa katika upande wa mashariki wa barabara hii lilikuwa la magorofa manne, upana wa futi 190 na mnara ambao ulikuwa na paa ya sleti.Jengo lililokuwa katika upande wa magharibi lilikuwa la magorofa matatu na upana wa futi 10. Majengo yote yanaonyesha mabango yao ya hapo awali yaliyokuwa na alama za 6/6." Hii ni ripoti ya Idara ya Ndani ambayo ni muhtasari ikieleza vizuri kuhusu majengo hayo. Mwandishi wa makala haya ni Monica E. Hawley,[[mwanahistoria]]. ==Marejeo== *[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.ma1229 "MA1229." Historic American Buildings Survey.] 2005. 16 Sep 2006. *Hulbert, Joane. Holliston: A Good Town. Boston: Penebscot Press, 2000. [[Category:Kampuni za viatu]] [[Category:Kampuni za Massachusetts]] [[Category:Kampuni za viatu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:kampuni za Marekani]] qx6e4fz5mogfb47ogl4dqxaasnnmf81 0 35858 1599651 1417971 2026-09-23T18:59:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Toronto Royal York Hotel 1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|'''Royal York'''<br> '''Habari ya Jumla''' <br>'''Jiji:''' [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] [[Kanada]], M5J 1E3<br> '''Hali yake:''' Ujenzi Umemalizika<br>'''Mwaka wa Ujenzi:''' [[1929]]<br>'''Magorofa:''' 19<br>'''Wataalam husika:'''<br>Ross & Macdonald; Sproatt & Rolph]] [[File:Fairmont Royal York Toronto.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Fairmont Royal York inavyonekana kutoka juu ya Jengo la CN Tower.]] Hoteli ya '''Fairmont Royal York''' (hujulikana kwa kawaida kama "Royal York"), ilijulikana hapo zamani kama Hoteli ya '''Royal York''', ni hoteli kubwa na yenye historia katika eneo la [[Toronto]],[[Ontario]] nchini [[Kanada]] katika barabara ya 100 Front Street West. Ilifunguliwa tarehe 11 Juni 1929, mipango ya Royal York ilichorwa na kupangwa na wataalamu wa kazi hiyo Ross na Macdonald(pamoja na [[Sproatt]] na Rolph) na ikajengwa na shirika la reli la Canadian Pacific Railway karibu na stesheni ya [[Union Station]]. Likiwa ma magorofa 28, jengo hilo lenye muundo wa Château lilikuwa jengo kubwa kabisa katika ufalme wa [[Uingereza]] mpaka walipojenga mnara wa Benki ya Kanada jijini Toronto kwenye barabara ya King Street. ==Historia== Hoteli hii ilikuwa hoteli ya tatu kujengwa katika kipande hicho cha ardhi. Katika mwaka wa [[1843]], hoteli ya Ontario Terrace ilifunguliwa katika kipande hiki cha ardhi na ikaitwa Hoteli ya Sword hapo baadaye, katika mwaka wa 1853. Hoteli hiyo ilibadilishwa jina tena ikawa Revere House na kisha Hoteli ya Queen katika mwaka wa 1862. Kabla ya kubomolewa kwa hoteli hiyo, Hoteli ya Queen ilikuwa mojawapo ya hoteli bora sana jijini [[Toronto]]. Hoteli hiyo ilimilikiwa na Winnett na McGaw. Winnett na McGaw walikuwa wamiliki wa hoteli nyingi katika upande wa juu wa Kanada hapo mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini. Walimiliki Hoteli ya Queens Royal (Niagara) na walikuwa washirika katika usimamizi wa Tecumsie House huko [[London]], [[Ontario]]. Henry Winnett alinunua hisa zote za Dick McGaw za hoteli baada ya kifo chake. Hatimaye, Hoteli ya Queen iliuziwa shirika la reli la Canadian Pacific Railway kisha shirika hilo likabomoa hoteli hiyo ili kujenga Royal York. Thomas Dick McGaw na Henry Winnett walizikwa katika pahali pa kuzikwa pa Mt. Pleasant pamoja na watu kadhaa wa jamaa yao. Ilipojengwa, ilikuwa hoteli iliyokuwa imeendelea kiteknolojia huku ikiwa na eleveta kumi, redio katika vyumba vyote 1048 na bafu ya kibinafsi katika kila chumba. Ilihusisha ,pia, ukumbi mkubwa uliokuwa na ala kubwa ya muziki ya aina ya ''pipe organ'', Casavant Frères. Ala hiyo ilikuwa kubwa kabisa ya aina yake nchini Kanada. Bodi ya upokeaji simu ilikuwa futi 66 kwa urefu na ulihitaji waendeshaji 35 kuiendesha. Hoteli ilipanuliwa katika mwaka wa 1959 kwa kuongezwa kwa upande wa mashariki ikawa na vyumba 1600 na ikawa hoteli kubwa kabisa katika maeneo ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] kwa miaka mingi. Hoteli imekuwa makazi kwa Malkia Elizabeth II na wanachama wengine wa familia ya kifalme ya Kanada wanapozuru Toronto. Malkia hutumia gorofa moja zima akiwa yeye na wafanyikazi wake, yeye hulala katika chumba cha Royal Suite. Baada ya Hoteli za Fairmont kununua Hoteli za Kanada Pacific, iliamua kutumia jina lake la "Fairmont" katika hoteli zake zote. Kukawa na kilio cha umma dhidi ya kutoa kwa bango la kihistoria la "Royal York" na kuweka lile jipya la "Fairmont". Kama matokeo ya kilio hicho, bango la "Fairmont Royal York" likawekwa likihusisha majina yote mawili. Mfumo wa barabara iliyo chini ya ardhi wa ''PATH'' hutumika kuunganisha hoteli hiyo na Royal Bank Plaza na stesheni ya Union Station. Chai ya rangi ya kijani kibichi ya Ujapani huwa chakula spesheli katika hoteli hii na hupatikana katika kila chumba. ===Nyuki=== Mnamo Julai 2008, Royal York iliweka mizinga mitatu katika gorofa lake la 13 ili nyuki watumikie shamba dogo lililokuwa katika gorofa hilo. Shamba hilo hutumikia mikahawa tisa kwa kuiuzia mboga na maua. Malkia watatu nyuki na nyuki 40000 wa kazi huzalisha paundi 700 za asali. Hoteli waliipa majina mizinga hiyo mitatu haswa,- Honey Moon Suite, Royal Sweet na V.I. Bee Suite. ==Marejeo== # canada.com, [http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=4ed95f2e-b1ce-495f-8957-f48ef7024ad0 Toronto hotel producing its own honey] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=4ed95f2e-b1ce-495f-8957-f48ef7024ad0 |date=20121106084700 }} # reuters.com, [http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN0826907120080708 Toronto hotel boasts own honey from rooftop hives] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.fairmont.com/royalyork Tovuti Rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fairmont.com/royalyork |date=20100128153838 }} * [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=112668 Orodha ya Emporis] {{start box}} {{succession box| before=[[Sterling Tower]]| title=Jengo Refu Kabisa Jijini Toronto| years=1929-1931<br/><small>124m</small>| after=[[Commerce Court North]]}} {{succession box| before=[[Old Royal Bank Building, Montreal]]| title=Jengo Refu Kabisa Jijini Toronto| years=1929&mdash;1931<br/><small>124m</small>| after=[[Commerce Court North]]}} [[Category:Hoteli za Kanada]] [[Category:Toronto, Ontario]] qzx6qa8iismc1dso70qvrf8lo6dnoaj 0 35859 1599652 1465243 2026-09-23T18:59:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Amos Biwott 1968.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Amos Biwott]] {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport|Riadha ya Wanaume}} {{MedalGold| [[1968]] [[Mexico City]] | Mbio ya 3000 m ya urukaji wa viunzi}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Amos Biwott''' (alizaliwa [[kaunti ya Nandi]], [[8 Septemba]] [[1947]]) ni mwanariadha wa zamani wa [[Kenya]]. Yeye alikuwa mshindi wa mbio ya mita 3000 ya urukaji viunzi katika [[Olimpiki]] ya [[1968]]. Amos Biwott alikuwa wa kwanza katika orodha ndefu ya wanariadha wa Kenya waliomfuata na kushiriki katika mbio ya 3000m ya urukaji viunzi. Tangu kushinda mbio hiyo ,kwa njia ya kiajabu, katika michezo ya Olimpiki ya Mexico City, Biwott alifungulia Waafrika wengine njia katika kushinda mbio za masafa marefu.<ref name="r1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417174431/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bi/amos-biwott-1.html Amos Biwott]. sports-reference.com</ref> Biwott hakuwa amekimbia mbio nyingi za urukaji viunzi kabla ya kushiriki katika michezo ya Olimpiki hiyo, alikuwa amekimbia mbio tatu tu. Hivyo basi, mtindo wake haukuwa bora na wa kawaida hasa katika kuruka viunzi. Alitumia njia ya iliyochekesha sana. Alikuwa mtu wa kwanza kuwa na ujasiri wa kuruka kikwazo chote bila kukikanyaga, mbinu hii ilihitaji kuruka kwa nguvu kwelikweli. Alipotumia mbinu hiyo ya kuruka hivyo, alipunguza muda wa kuruka viunzi (uliokuwa sekunde 1.1) kwa nusu ukawa sekunde 0.55. Yeye ndiye alikuwa mwanariadha pekee kumaliza mbio hiyo na miguu kavu bila maji hata kidogo katika mbio ya uhitimu na hata katika fainali. Alishinda mbio ya fainali akiwa mbele ya mwanariadha mwenzake kutoka Kenya, Benjamin Kogo. Alimshindia muda wa sekunde 0.6. Baada ya kushinda mbio hizi, Biwott alianza kufeli katika mbio zake. Alichukua nafasi ya tatu katika Michezo ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] ya [[1970]], akawa nambari sita katika Olimpiki ya 1972 na akamaliza mbio yake ya mwisho akiwa nafasi ya nane katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya [[1974]].<ref name="r2">[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2004/02/28/2003100515 Kenyan steeplechase pioneer lives life of squalor]. Reuters via Taipei Times. 28 February 2004</ref><nowiki> }}</nowiki> Baada ya kufeli katika riadha, Biwott alifanya kazi katika Idara ya Kenya Prisons mpaka alipotoka huko katika mwaka wa 1978 aliposhtakiwa kwa wizi. Baadaye, akawa bawabu wa uwanja wa mazoezi. Alimwoa Cherono Maiyo, aliyeshiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[1972]] akawa mmojawapo wa wanawake wa Kenya wa kwanza kushiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki. Walifunga ndoa katika mwaka wa [[1973]] na wana watoto watano. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2004/02/28/2003100515 Kenyan steeplechase pioneer lives life of squalor] {{Footer Olympic Champions 3000 m Steeplechase Men}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Biwott, Amos}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki ya 1968]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki ya 1972]] 09h68qke1mt5s0gugurlt4fr0vis7v1 0 35865 1599752 1514421 2026-09-23T23:11:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = I Stay In Love | Cover = 200px-I Stay In Love - Cover.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | kutoka Albamu = [[E=MC2 (Mariah Carey album)|E=MC²]] | A-side = | B-side = | Ilitolewa = 28 Oktoba 2008 <small>(see [[I Stay In Love#Release history|release history]])</small> | Muundo = [[Music download|Digital download]], [[CD single]] | Ilirekosiwa = 2007 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 3:32 | Studio = [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Bryan-Michael Cox]], [[WyldCard]], Roderick Hollingsworth | Mtayarishaji = Bryan-Michael Cox, Mariah Carey | Audio sample? = | Single iliyopita = "[[I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time]]"<br />(2008) | Single ya sasa = "'''I Stay in Love'''"<br />(2008) | Single ya baadae = "[[Right to Dream]]" <br /> (2008) }} "'''I Stay in Love'''" ni wimbo uliandikwa na [[Mariah Carey]], [[Bryan-Michael Cox]], [[WyldCard]], wakishirikiana na Roderick Hollingsworth kwa ajili ya albamu ya studio kutoka kwa Carey ya kumi na moja ''[[E=MC2 (Mariah Carey album)|E=MC²]]''. Albamu hii iliandaliwa na Carey akishirikiana na Cox. Wimbo wa '''Stay in Love''' ulitolewa kama single ya nne na ya mwisho kutoka katika albamu hii. Wimbo huu ulichezwa katika tuzo za [[American Music Award]] zilizofanyika tarehe 23 Novemba 2008. Wimbo huu ilifanikiwa kufika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]].<ref name="billboard.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |title=Billboard |accessdate=2006-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317003856/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |archivedate=2006-03-17 }}</ref> == Mapokezi == Wadadisi wa mambo wanasema kuwa wimbo wa '''I Stay in Love''' ulipata mapokezi mazuri, katika kupitia matokeo ya albamu hii ya ''[[E=MC2 (Mariah Carey album)|E=MC²]]'', Toleo la katika wavuti juu ya wimbo huu ''[[The Republican (Springfield)|The Republican]]'' yanasema kuwa Carey anang'ara katika wimno huu,<ref>O'Hare, Kevin. [http://blog.masslive.com/playback/2008/04/carey_gets_the_formula_right_o.html Carey gets the Formula Right on 'E=MC2']. ''[[The Republican (Springfield)|MassLive.com]]''. 13 Aprili 2008. Retrieved 6 Oktoba 2008.</ref> wakati [[Fox News Channel]] akiuelezea wimbo huu kama wenye mashairi mazito, == Matangazo == Carey aliimba wimbo katika onesho la moja kwa moja lililofanyika nchini Uingereza la vipaji linalojulikana kama ''[[The X Factor]]'' tarehe 8 Novemba 2008, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuimba wimbo wa "[[Hero]]" na washiriki wa enesho hilo. Pia aliumba wimbo huu katika onesho la tuzo za [[American Music Award]] lililofanyika tarehe 23 Novemba 2008 katika eneo la [[L.A. Live#Nokia Theatre|Nokia Theatre]].<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20239358,00.html Mariah Carey to Perform at the American Music Awards] {{Wayback|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20239358,00.html |date=20100420074115 }}. ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''. 10 Novemba 2008. Retrieved 12 Novemba 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2338 Mariah to Perform at 36th Annual "American Music Awards" November 23 on ABC] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2338 |date=20081112150749 }}. ''MariahCarey.com''. 11 Novemba 2008. Retrieved 12 Novemba 2008.</ref> == Video ya Muziki == [[Picha:170px-IStayInLove.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Maria Carey akiwa Las Vegas katika kutengeneza video ya "I Stay In Love"]] Ikiongozwa na mumewe Carey aitwaye [[Nick Cannon]], video ya muziki hii ilitengenezwa katika eneola [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], kwa kutumia hadithi ambayo Cannon na Carey waliwahi kushiriki kuiandika <ref>[http://mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2306 Mariah Set to Shoot Video for New Single I Stay In Love] {{Wayback|url=http://mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2306 |date=20081208190449 }}. ''MariahCarey.com''. Tuesday, 3 Oktoba 2008. Retrieved Tuesday, 3 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Carey alipiga picha kwa ajili ya video hii katika ukumbi usiku katika hoteli ya [[Bellagio]] tarehe 5 Oktoba 2008.<ref>Clarke, Norm. [http://www.lvrj.com/news/30506429.html NORM: Bobbitt trains for boxing bout in LV]. ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]''. 6 Oktoba 2008. Retrieved 6 Oktoba 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,433024,00.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archive-date=2008-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102030751/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,433024,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://thevegaseye.com/home/2008/10/6/carey-and-cannon-break-the-bank.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archive-date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211082229/http://thevegaseye.com/home/2008/10/6/carey-and-cannon-break-the-bank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Carey aliendelea na upigaji picha kwa ajili ya video ya wimbo huu tarehe 6 Oktoba 2008, katika jangwa la Mojave. Akiwa katika mohajiano na [[Ryan Seacrest]], Cannon akiongea kuhusu video hii anasema kuwa, kuna wakati ambapo Carey anakuwa katika kitanda na mwanaume( aliyecheza nafasi hiyo alikuwa Andrew Karelis),...."<ref>[http://www.kiisfm.com/cc-common/mediaplayer/player.html?redir=yes&mps=kiisfm.php&mid=http://a1135.g.akamai.net/f/1135/18227/1h/cchannel.download.akamai.com/18227/podcast/LOSANGELES-CA/KIIS-FM/nickcannon101308.mp3?CPROG=PCAST&CPROG=RICHMEDIA&MARKET=LOSANGELES-CA&NG_FORMAT=chrrhythmic&NG_ID=kiis102fm&OR_NEWSFORMAT=chr&OWNER=&SERVER_NAME=www.kiisfm.com&SITE_ID=842&STATION_ID=KIIS-FM&TRACK=]</ref> Video hii iliingia katika chati ya ''[[Billboard]]'' na kushika nafasi ya 16 tarehe 6 Desemba 2008. == Orodha ya nyimbo na muundo == ;U.S. Digital Remix # "I Stay In Love" (Jody den Broeder Radio Edit) – 4:08 # "I Stay In Love" (Ralphi Rosario Melodic Radio Edit) – 3:50 # "I Stay In Love" (Jody den Broeder House Mix) – 8:29 # "I Stay In Love" (Ralphi Rosario Big Vocal) – 8:12 == Chati == Wimbo huu uliingia katika chati ya ''[[Billboard]]'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] na kufikia katika nafasi ya 97 hii ikiwa ni tarehe 15 Novemba 2008 na kupanda hadi kufikia nafasi ya 81.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2006-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317003856/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |archivedate=2006-03-17 }}</ref> Single hii iliingia katika chati ya ''Billboard'' ya [[Rhythmic Airplay Chart]] katika nafasi ya 38 tarehe 20 Desemba na kuoanda hadi nafasi ya 37 tarehe 27 mwezi huo huo, 2008. Pia wimbo huu ulishika nafasi ya 4 katika chati ya ''Billboard'' ya [[Marekani]] ya [[Hot 100 Singles Sales]]. Na kufikia mwishoni mwa mwezi Desemba, wimbo huu ulikuwa katika nafasi ya 81. == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2008) !align="center"|Ilipata<br />nafasi |- |{{singlechart|UKchartstats|95|artist=Mariah Carey|songid=34117}} |- |{{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|1|artist=Mariah Carey|artistid=48340}} |- |{{singlechart|Billboardrandbhiphop|81|artist=Mariah Carey|artistid=48340}} |} == Historia ya kutoka == {| class="wikitable" ! Eneo ! Tarehe ! Muundo |- |rowspan="1"| Marekani |rowspan="1"| 28 Oktoba 2008 |rowspan="1"| Airplay |- |rowspan="1"| Marekani, Kanada |rowspan="1"| 16 Desemba 2008 |rowspan="1"| [[Music download|Digital download]] |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2008]] 374qkm5byifiti6vfpiibfc18nmbut2 1599877 1599752 2026-09-24T05:41:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = I Stay In Love | Cover = 200px-I Stay In Love - Cover.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | kutoka Albamu = [[E=MC2 (Mariah Carey album)|E=MC²]] | A-side = | B-side = | Ilitolewa = 28 Oktoba 2008 <small>(see [[I Stay In Love#Release history|release history]])</small> | Muundo = [[Music download|Digital download]], [[CD single]] | Ilirekosiwa = 2007 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 3:32 | Studio = [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Bryan-Michael Cox]], [[WyldCard]], Roderick Hollingsworth | Mtayarishaji = Bryan-Michael Cox, Mariah Carey | Audio sample? = | Single iliyopita = "[[I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time]]"<br />(2008) | Single ya sasa = "'''I Stay in Love'''"<br />(2008) | Single ya baadae = "[[Right to Dream]]" <br /> (2008) }} "'''I Stay in Love'''" ni wimbo uliandikwa na [[Mariah Carey]], [[Bryan-Michael Cox]], [[WyldCard]], wakishirikiana na Roderick Hollingsworth kwa ajili ya albamu ya studio kutoka kwa Carey ya kumi na moja ''[[E=MC2 (Mariah Carey album)|E=MC²]]''. Albamu hii iliandaliwa na Carey akishirikiana na Cox. Wimbo wa '''Stay in Love''' ulitolewa kama single ya nne na ya mwisho kutoka katika albamu hii. Wimbo huu ulichezwa katika tuzo za [[American Music Award]] zilizofanyika tarehe 23 Novemba 2008. Wimbo huu ilifanikiwa kufika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]].<ref name="billboard.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |title=Billboard |accessdate=2006-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317003856/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |archivedate=2006-03-17 }}</ref> == Mapokezi == Wadadisi wa mambo wanasema kuwa wimbo wa '''I Stay in Love''' ulipata mapokezi mazuri, katika kupitia matokeo ya albamu hii ya ''[[E=MC2 (Mariah Carey album)|E=MC²]]'', Toleo la katika wavuti juu ya wimbo huu ''[[The Republican (Springfield)|The Republican]]'' yanasema kuwa Carey anang'ara katika wimno huu,<ref>O'Hare, Kevin. [http://blog.masslive.com/playback/2008/04/carey_gets_the_formula_right_o.html Carey gets the Formula Right on 'E=MC2']. ''[[The Republican (Springfield)|MassLive.com]]''. 13 Aprili 2008. Retrieved 6 Oktoba 2008.</ref> wakati [[Fox News Channel]] akiuelezea wimbo huu kama wenye mashairi mazito, == Matangazo == Carey aliimba wimbo katika onesho la moja kwa moja lililofanyika nchini Uingereza la vipaji linalojulikana kama ''[[The X Factor]]'' tarehe 8 Novemba 2008, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuimba wimbo wa "[[Hero]]" na washiriki wa enesho hilo. Pia aliumba wimbo huu katika onesho la tuzo za [[American Music Award]] lililofanyika tarehe 23 Novemba 2008 katika eneo la [[L.A. Live#Nokia Theatre|Nokia Theatre]].<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20239358,00.html Mariah Carey to Perform at the American Music Awards] {{Wayback|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20239358,00.html |date=20100420074115 }}. ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''. 10 Novemba 2008. Retrieved 12 Novemba 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2338 Mariah to Perform at 36th Annual "American Music Awards" November 23 on ABC] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2338 |date=20081112150749 }}. ''MariahCarey.com''. 11 Novemba 2008. Retrieved 12 Novemba 2008.</ref> == Video ya Muziki == [[Picha:170px-IStayInLove.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Maria Carey akiwa Las Vegas katika kutengeneza video ya "I Stay In Love"]] Ikiongozwa na mumewe Carey aitwaye [[Nick Cannon]], video ya muziki hii ilitengenezwa katika eneola [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], kwa kutumia hadithi ambayo Cannon na Carey waliwahi kushiriki kuiandika <ref>[http://mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2306 Mariah Set to Shoot Video for New Single I Stay In Love] {{Wayback|url=http://mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2306 |date=20081208190449 }}. ''MariahCarey.com''. Tuesday, 3 Oktoba 2008. Retrieved Tuesday, 3 Oktoba 2008.</ref> Carey alipiga picha kwa ajili ya video hii katika ukumbi usiku katika hoteli ya [[Bellagio]] tarehe 5 Oktoba 2008.<ref>Clarke, Norm. [http://www.lvrj.com/news/30506429.html NORM: Bobbitt trains for boxing bout in LV]. ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]''. 6 Oktoba 2008. Retrieved 6 Oktoba 2008.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,433024,00.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archive-date=2008-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102030751/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,433024,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://thevegaseye.com/home/2008/10/6/carey-and-cannon-break-the-bank.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-26 |archive-date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211082229/http://thevegaseye.com/home/2008/10/6/carey-and-cannon-break-the-bank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Carey aliendelea na upigaji picha kwa ajili ya video ya wimbo huu tarehe 6 Oktoba 2008, katika jangwa la Mojave. Akiwa katika mohajiano na [[Ryan Seacrest]], Cannon akiongea kuhusu video hii anasema kuwa, kuna wakati ambapo Carey anakuwa katika kitanda na mwanaume( aliyecheza nafasi hiyo alikuwa Andrew Karelis),...."<ref>[http://www.kiisfm.com/cc-common/mediaplayer/player.html?redir=yes&mps=kiisfm.php&mid=http://a1135.g.akamai.net/f/1135/18227/1h/cchannel.download.akamai.com/18227/podcast/LOSANGELES-CA/KIIS-FM/nickcannon101308.mp3?CPROG=PCAST&CPROG=RICHMEDIA&MARKET=LOSANGELES-CA&NG_FORMAT=chrrhythmic&NG_ID=kiis102fm&OR_NEWSFORMAT=chr&OWNER=&SERVER_NAME=www.kiisfm.com&SITE_ID=842&STATION_ID=KIIS-FM&TRACK=]</ref> Video hii iliingia katika chati ya ''[[Billboard]]'' na kushika nafasi ya 16 tarehe 6 Desemba 2008. == Orodha ya nyimbo na muundo == ;U.S. Digital Remix # "I Stay In Love" (Jody den Broeder Radio Edit) – 4:08 # "I Stay In Love" (Ralphi Rosario Melodic Radio Edit) – 3:50 # "I Stay In Love" (Jody den Broeder House Mix) – 8:29 # "I Stay In Love" (Ralphi Rosario Big Vocal) – 8:12 == Chati == Wimbo huu uliingia katika chati ya ''[[Billboard]]'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] na kufikia katika nafasi ya 97 hii ikiwa ni tarehe 15 Novemba 2008 na kupanda hadi kufikia nafasi ya 81.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2006-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317003856/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=668708 |archivedate=2006-03-17 }}</ref> Single hii iliingia katika chati ya ''Billboard'' ya [[Rhythmic Airplay Chart]] katika nafasi ya 38 tarehe 20 Desemba na kuoanda hadi nafasi ya 37 tarehe 27 mwezi huo huo, 2008. Pia wimbo huu ulishika nafasi ya 4 katika chati ya ''Billboard'' ya [[Marekani]] ya [[Hot 100 Singles Sales]]. Na kufikia mwishoni mwa mwezi Desemba, wimbo huu ulikuwa katika nafasi ya 81. == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (2008) !align="center"|Ilipata<br />nafasi |- |{{singlechart|UKchartstats|95|artist=Mariah Carey|songid=34117}} |- |{{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|1|artist=Mariah Carey|artistid=48340}} |- |{{singlechart|Billboardrandbhiphop|81|artist=Mariah Carey|artistid=48340}} |} == Historia ya kutoka == {| class="wikitable" ! Eneo ! Tarehe ! Muundo |- |rowspan="1"| Marekani |rowspan="1"| 28 Oktoba 2008 |rowspan="1"| Airplay |- |rowspan="1"| Marekani, Kanada |rowspan="1"| 16 Desemba 2008 |rowspan="1"| [[Music download|Digital download]] |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2008]] mj3d5r45bk605rd0mpnrtpbheoe6nju 0 35936 1599653 1203627 2026-09-23T18:59:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gazo | jina = The Austin Chronicle | jina la gazeti = The Austin Chronicle | picha = | aina = Gazeti badala la kila wiki | lilianzishwa = [[1981]] | eneo = [[Austin]],[[Texas]] | mwanzilishi = | nchi = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Marekani]] | mhariri = Louis Black | mmiliki = Shirika la Austin Chronicle | makaomakuu = 000 N I H 35<br> [[Austin]], [[Texas]] 78751 | mchapishaji = Nick Barbaro | usambazaji = 89,834 | lilikwisha = | machapisho =*.''Chronic'' <br> *. ''The Score'' | tovuti = [http://www.austinchronicle.com www.austinchronicle.com] }} [[Picha:Austin_Chronicle_Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Ofisi kuu ya '''The Austin Chronicle'''.]] '''The Austin Chronicle''' ni gazeti badala linalochapishwa kila wiki hasa katika siku ya Alhamisi. Mtindo wake wa uchapishaji ni ule wa gazeti la porojo na huchapishwa [[Austin]],[[Texas]] [[Marekani]]. Gazeti hili husambazwa katika maduka ya magazeti yanayopatikana karibu na barabara, katika hoteli na katika mikahawa ambayo wasomaji wanaolengwa huzuru. Gazeti liliripoti kuwa lina wasomaji takriban 230,000. Gazeti la ''The Chronicle'' lilianzishwa katika mwaka wa 1981 na mchapishaji Nick Barbaro na mhariri Louis Black, wakipata usaidizi kutoka kwa wenzao waliopatana katika programu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Texas ya masomo ya filamu. Barbaro na Black ,pia, ni waanzilishi wa Tamasha la South by Southwest ingawa tamasha hili huendeshwa na kampuni ingine tofauti. ''The Chronicle'' huhusisha ,mara kwa mara, makala ya maoni na vipengele kuhusu vyakula, sinema,sanaa na muziki. Jarida hili huwa na makala mengine maalum ya kila mwaka kama tuzo za "''Best of Austin''", toleo la Halloween, toleo la [[Aprili Fool's]] na shindano la hadithi fupi. ''The Chronicle'' huwa ni mdhamini wa Tamasha la Austin Chronicle Hot Sauce, linaloandaliwa katika mwisho wa Agosti na hujulikana kwa kuwa na malengo ya kulinda mazingira. Katika mwaka wa 2006, ''the Chronicle'' lilianzisha makala mawili katika tovuti yao yaliyoandikwa na waandishi wao: ''Chronic'',linahusisha mitaa,jimbo,habari za kitaifa na habari za kisiasa; na ''The Score'' ,hili linaripoti kuhusu habari za michezo na halipatikani katika toleo la karatasi. Wakosoaji wa filamu, Marjorie Baumgarten na Marc Savlov, ni waandishi wa makala ya ''The Chronicle'' na ,vilevile, ni wanachama wa Muungano wa wakosoaji wa Austin Film Critics. ==Marejeo== # [http://aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewCompany?oid=oid%3A5 "Austin Chronicle".] {{Wayback|url=http://aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewCompany?oid=oid%3A5 |date=20070927194326 }} Association of Alternative Newsweeklies. # [http://governor.state.tx.us/music/files/directory/2001-tmid.pdf "Texas Music Industry Directory".] {{Wayback|url=http://governor.state.tx.us/music/files/directory/2001-tmid.pdf |date=20090106213805 }} Texas Music Office. 2001. pp.&nbsp;23. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.austinchronicle.com/ Tovuti Rasmi] {{DEFAULTSORT:Austin Chronicle, The}} [[Jamii:Magazeti ya kila wiki ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Texas]] 248tvpymvwzhk20yxixajzdr4thr6d3 0 35956 1599582 1543970 2026-09-23T18:46:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hydroxlarge.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Kuki za Hydrox<br> '''Zilianza kutayarishwa:''' [[1908]] <br> '''Kampuni:''' Kellog's]] [[File:Hydrox100 jeh.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Pakiti ya Hydrox iliyonunuliwa katika duka jijini [[New York]] katika mwezi wa Oktoba 2008]] '''Hydrox''' ni aina ya kuki iliyojazwa chokoleti ambayo ilianzishwa katika mwaka wa [[1908]] na ikatayarishwa na Kampuni ya [[Sunshine Biscuits]]. Jina lake la ''Hydrox'' linatokana na vipengele vya atomu vinavyounda maji: hasa [[haidrojeni]] na [[oksijeni]]. Baadhi ya ripoti kadhaa ,inasemekana kuwa [[Oreo]] ,iliyoanzishwa baadaye katika mwaka wa [[1912]], ilikuwa imeundwa ikiiga mfano wa Hydrox. Ingawaje, Hydrox imeshambuliwa na wengi kuwa bidhaa hii ilikuwa ikiiga Oreo. Ikilinganishwa na Oreo, kuki ya Hydrox ilikuwa inaonja "tamu kidogo" na ilikuwa ngumu na bora kuliwa na maziwa. ==Uzalishaji== Sunshine Biscuits ilinunuliwa na kampuni ya [[Keebler]] katika mwaka wa [[1996]] na katika mwaka wa [[1999]] ,Keebler ilibadilisha Hydrox na kuki zinazofanana na hizo mpya zilizoitwa Droxies. Keebler ilinunuliwa, baadaye, na kampuni ya Kellog's katika mwaka wa 2001. Kellog's ilitoa bidhaa za aina ya Droxies kutoka kwenye soko katika mwaka wa 2003. Kellog's ,hivi sasa, inauza kuki za chokoleti chini ya jina la ''Famous Amos''. Mashabiki kadhaa wa Hydrox ya hapo awali hushuku kuwa hizi ni ni kuki za Hydrox zinazoanzishwa tena huku wengine wakitafuta furaha kwa kuki zingine kama za Newman-O's na zingine mbalimbali. Kampuni ya Kellog's husema upishi wa Hydrox ni wa kipekee usiojulikana na kampuni zingine. Katika mwaka wa mia wa kuki hizi, Kellog's ilianzisha tena usambazaji wa Hydrox chini ya jina la Sunshine. Bidhaa za kwanza zilianza kusambazwa katika mwisho wa mwezi wa Agosti 2008. Mashabiki wa Hydrox waliisumbua kampuni ya Kellog's huku maelfu wakipiga simu na kuandika ombi la kutaka kuki hizo zitayarishwe tena. Upishi wa Hydrox mpya ulibadilishwa kidogo kutoka ile ya zamani; walitoa mafuta ya aina ya ''trans-fats'' kutoka matumizi katika upishi. Kuki hizo zilikuwa zinafaa kupatikana katika taifa zima kwa muda mfupi lakini baada ya muda chini wa mwaka mmoja Kellog's ilitoa Hydrox kutoka tovuti yao. Kampuni ya Carvel ya kuunda vyakula vya aina ya ''ice cream'' huuza ''ice cream'' zilizotayarishwa na makombo ya kuki za "Hydrox". Carvel inatumia hali ya kuki hizo ya ''all-kosher'' kama mbinu ya kuongeza mauzo kama vile Oreo ya hapo awali ilitumia mafuta ya nguruwe. Kuki hizi hazitajwi kwa jina katika tovuti ya Carvel lakini katika mabango yake yaliyowekwa ndani ya maduka kuki hizo zimeandikwa kama kuki za hydrox (jina likiwa na "h" ndogo). ==Marejeo== # Paul Lukas (15 Machi 1999). [http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/03/15/256478/index.htm "Oreos to Hydrox: Resistance Is Futile".] {{Wayback|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/03/15/256478/index.htm |date=20090527151419 }} ''Fortune''. # Christopher Rhoads (19 Januari 2008). [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120069573721101481.html "The Hydrox Cookie Is Dead, and Fans Won't Get Over It".] ''The Wall Street Journal.'' # Christopher Rhoads (28 Mei 2008). [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121193695783324733.html "Hydrox Redux: Cookie Duels Oreo, Again".] ''The Wall Street Journal.'' # [http://www.carvel.com/ Carvel] ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.spacefem.com/hydrox Ukurasa wa Hydrox Cookie] {{Wayback|url=http://www.spacefem.com/hydrox |date=20100125031104 }} *[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121193695783324733.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Hydrox Redux: Cookie Duels Oreo, Again] *[http://www.carvel.com/ Carvel] {{Kellogg's}} [[Category:Bidhaa za Kellogg]] kpnf1e1kbacn02xpupjaunglzvdwx5y 0 36010 1600141 1575816 2026-09-24T11:51:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|40.95|-112.21|display=title}} [[File:Antelope Island State Park Map.jpg|thumb|left|Ramani ya Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope]] [[File:Bison On Antelope Island.jpg|thumb|right|Kundi la baisani katika kisiwa cha Antelope]] [[File:Fielding Garr Ranch on Antelope Island.jpg|thumb|right|Shamba la Fielding Garr katika kisiwa cha Antelope .]] [[File:Coast of Antelope Island as seen from the causeway.jpg|thumb|right|Pwani ya kisiwa cha Antelope kutoka kwenye njia iliyo juu ya maji.]] [[File:WaveCutPlatformsAntelopeIslandUT.jpg|thumb|right|Maeneo ya mawimbi kutoka Ziwa Bonneville (Pleistocene) katika kisiwa cha Antelope, ziwa kuu la chumvi, Utah.]] '''Kisiwa cha Antelope''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Antelope Island''') ni [[kisiwa]] cha [[Marekani]]. Kipo ndani ya [[Ziwa Kuu la Chumvi]] (Great Salt Lake) katika [[Utah|Jimbo la Utah]]. Hili ni [[ziwa la chumvi]] kubwa zaidi katika [[Marekani]] <ref>Czerny, Peter G. (1976). ''Ziwa kuu la chumvi.'' Provo, Utah: Kundi la uchapishaji la chuo kikuu cha Brigham. ISBN 0-8425-1073-7</ref> na [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[maji ya chumvi]] katika [[Amerika|Bara la Amerika]] <ref>www.utah.com / stateparks / great_salt_lake.htm</ref>. Eneo la kisiwa ni {{Convert|42|sqmi|km2|0}}. Kiutawala kisiwa hiki kiko ndani ya [[Kata ya Davis]], katika sehemu ya [[kusini]] ya ziwa na kuwa eneo linalostawi wakati ziwa liko katika kiwango cha chini. Kisiwa cha Antelope huwa na [[Paa (Bovidae)|paa]], [[nungunungu]], [[melesi]], [[koyote]], [[linxi mkia-mfupi]], [[kondoo pembe-kubwa]], [[baisani]] wa Amerika 600 na [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] wa maji. Baisani alikaribishwa katika kisiwa hiki mwaka wa [[1893]], na kuwa na kudhibitishwa kuwa eneo la uzalishaji wa baisani kwa makusudi ya kuhifadhi. ==Mbuga ya Jimbo== [[Mbuga ya jimbo katika kisiwa cha Antelope]] ni [[mbuga]] iliyo kwenye kisiwa hicho, iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa [[1981]], kama sehemu ya mfumo wa Mbuga za jimbo la [[Utah]]. Kisiwa hiki kinaweza kufikiwa kwa njia ya [[maili]] 7 (11&nbsp;km) kutoka [[Syracuse]] katika [[Kata ya Davis]]. Uwezo wa kufikia kisiwa hiki kutoka [[1-15]] ni kupitia 332,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.udot.utah.gov/mileposts/progress_i15.html |title=UDOT mradi wa Milepost: Maelezo ya uendelezaji mimi-15 |accessdate=2010-01-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018233021/http://www.udot.utah.gov/mileposts/progress_i15.html |archivedate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> njia ya Antelope (SR-108). [[Pwani]] ya kisiwa huwa (kote isipokuwa magharibi ya kisiwa hiki) sawa na fukwe na tambarare katika wigo wa milima katika kisiwa hiki. Milima huonekana kutoka kaskazini ya [[Wasatch Front]], kufikia upeo wa mwinuko wa {{Convert|6596|ft|m|0}} ambayo ni takriban {{Convert|2500|ft|m|0}} juu ya ngazi ya ziwa. Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope huwa na stesheni ya 10-watt ya habari kwa wasafiri ya katika 530 [[kHz AM.]] Mtandao huu huwa kusini ya njia iliyo juu ya maji karibu na kisiwa hiki. Kituo kinaweza kusikizwa katika jirani [[Ogden]] na kamakusini hadi katika [[Jiji la ziwa la maji ya chumvi.]] <ref>[7] ^ [http://www.ubstudios.com/slcdx.html Jiji la ziwa la chumvi DX Ingia]</ref> Huwa na habari kuhusu masaa ya kazi katika mbuga hii, na pia kutangaza matukio ambayo huendezwaa mamlaka ya mbuga hii.<ref>[8] ^ [http://www.smeter.net/antelope-island/wpwa752-transmitter.php WPWA752 Eneo la mtandao wa stesheni ya wasafiri ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smeter.net/antelope-island/wpwa752-transmitter.php |date=20100611234530 }}</ref> Katika upande wa mashariki wa kisiwa hiki, {{Convert|11|mi|km|0}} kusini ya njia iliyo juu ya maji ni shamba la Fielding Garr. Hapa mtu anaweza kuona jengo kongwe (Anglo) katika Utah ambalo liko juu ya misingi wake wa awali. ==Viumbe vya mwituni== [[File:AntelopeIsland jackrabbit.JPG|thumb|left]] Kisiwa cha Antelope huwa na safu ya pekee ya wanyamapori na ni maarufu kwa wingi wa bisoni. Kundi hili hubadilika kati ya 550 na 700 na ni moja kubwa linalomilikiwa hadharani katika taifa hili. Mamalia wengine hupatikana katika kisiwa hiki ni pamoja na [[Kulungu (Cervidae)|kulungu]], koyote, linxi mkia-mfupi, melesi, nungunungu, [[sungura]] na aina kadhaa ya [[panya]]. Kisiwa cha Antelope na Ziwa kuu la chumvi huvutia ndege mbalimbali wa viota. Kando ya mkondo wa pwani huwa na, mbao zenye shingo nyeusi, sanderlings zinaweza kutazamwa. Maeneo ya nyasi katika eneo hili huwa makao ya ndege wenye miguu refu, bundi, chuckars na aina kadhaa ya rapta. ==Angalia pia== * [[Kisiwa cha Fremont]] * [[Kisiwa cha Stansbury]] ==Maelezo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Antelope Island}} *[http://stateparks.utah.gov/stateparks/parks/antelope-island/ Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope] *[http://curiouscat.com/travels/2007/great_salt_lake/ Picha za Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope] *[http://faculty.weber.edu/sharley/AIFT/home.htm Kurasa wa nyumbani wa matembezi katika kisiwa Antelope] {{Wayback|url=http://faculty.weber.edu/sharley/AIFT/home.htm |date=20100804040214 }} Chuo kikuu cha Weber Idara ya mimea *[http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm Njia ya baiskeli ya kisiwa cha Antelope] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm |date=20080921041334 }} Utah.com *[http://www.scenicutah.com/antelope-island/antelope-island.php Picha za kisiwa cha Antelope ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scenicutah.com/antelope-island/antelope-island.php |date=20100529015703 }} *[http://www.frankstehno.com/sagemesa/destinations/utah/antelopeislandsp/aispintro.htm Kitabu cha maelezo ya kupiga kambi katika nchi ya Canyon : Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope] {{Wayback|url=http://www.frankstehno.com/sagemesa/destinations/utah/antelopeislandsp/aispintro.htm |date=20080602195924 }} [[Jamii:Utah]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Marekani]] eofbnx4iy7gnljbkiy7h0majkfzdnka 0 36126 1599566 1337155 2026-09-23T18:41:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirika la Viwango Katika Kenya''', linalojulikana kwa kawaida kwa Kiingereza kama Kenya Bureau of Standards ''(KEBS)'' ni [[shirika la serikali]] ambalo kudumisha viwango na mazoea ya metrologi nchini [[Kenya]]. Lilianzishwa kutokana na Sheria ya [[Bunge la Kenya]], sheria ya viwango sura ya 496 katika sheria za Kenya. Shirika hili lilianza shughuli zake mwezi wa Julai 1974. Lina ofisi kuu mjini [[Nairobi]], na ofisi za mikoa kote nchini Kenya.<ref> [http://www.kebs.org/index.php?view=contacts KEBS, Anwani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kebs.org/index.php?view=contacts |date=20090705014032 }}</ref> Bodi ya Wakurugenzi wa KEBS inajulikana kama Baraza la Taifa la Viwango na kundi la maamuzi ya sera mwili kwa kusimamia na kudhibiti uendeshaji na usimamizi wa fedha wa katika shirika hili. Afisa mkuu wa shirika hili ndiye Mkurugenzi mkuu. Malengo na madhumuni ya KEBS ni pamoja na maandalizi ya viwango vinavyohusiana na bidhaa, vipimo, vifaa, taratibu, nk na uendelezaji wao katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda na kimataifa; udhibitishaji wa bidhaa viwandani; msaada katika uzalishaji wa bidhaa bora; ukaguzi wa hali ya juu wa bidhaa zinazoingia katika bandari; uboreshaji wa vipimo na usambazaji wa taarifa zinazohusiana na viwango. Ili kuwa na uhusiano wakaribu na huduma bora kwa viwanda, biashara na katika maeneo mbalimbali ya nchi, KEBS imefungua ofisi katika miji ya [[Mombasa]], [[Kisumu]], [[Nakuru]], [[Garissa]], [[Nyeri]] na ina ofisi muhimu za ukaguzi katika vingilio vyote Kenya. KEBS ni mwanachama wa [[Shirika]] la [[Kimataifa la viwango]], linalojulikana kwa kawaida kama ([[ISO]]). ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.kebs.org Shirika la Viwango Katika Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kebs.org/ |date=20100203084502 }} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya serikali ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nairobi]] qdoe8ry3w61aogocmn6cc7a8ndbq3xp 0 36171 1599584 1354976 2026-09-23T18:46:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gazo | jina = Business Line | jina la gazeti = Business Line au <br> The Hindu Business Line | picha = | aina = *. Gazeti la lugha ya Kiingereza<br> *. Gazeti la kila siku | lilianzishwa = [[1994]] | eneo = Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], Kochi, Kolkata, Madurai <br> Mangalore, [[Mumbai]], Thiruvananthapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Vijayawada na Visakhapatnam. | mwanzilishi = | nchi = [[Uhindi]] | mhariri =*. Bw. N. Ram <br> *. Bw. K Venugopal | mmiliki = | makaomakuu = | mchapishaji = | usambazaji = 130,000 <br> Nakala nyingi husambazwa Jumapili | lilikwisha = | machapisho = *. ''eWORLD''<br> *. ''Smartbuy''<br>*. ''BrandLine''<br>*. ''Life'' | tovuti = [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com Tovuti Rasmi] }} '''''Business Line''''' au '''''The Hindu Business Line''''' ni gazeti la kibiashara la Kihindi linalochapishwa na Kasturi & Sons ambao huchapisha ,pia, gazeti la ''The Hindu''. Hili ndilo gazeti jeupe tu katika biashara. ==Historia== ''Business Line'' lilianza kuchapishwa katika mwaka wa 1994. Huchapishwa kwa mtindo wa gazeti pana na huwa na usambazaji wa nakala takriban 130,000. Nakala za ''Business Line'' husambazwa sana katika siku ya Jumapili kulik siku zingine. ''Business Line'' huchapishwa katika maeneo 14:Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], Kochi, Kolkata, Madurai, Mangalore, [[Mumbai]], Thiruvananthapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Vijayawada na Visakhapatnam. Mhariri mkuu ni Bw. N. Ram na Mhariri Mshiriki ni Bw. K Venugopal. Mwandishi [[Mohan Padmanabhan]] huandika makala mengi katika gazeti hili. Wafanyakazi wake wengi ni waandishi na watafiti. Hili ndilo gazeti pekee lililo na sehemu ya utafiti. ==Vipengele== ===Jumanne hadi Jumamosi=== Kutoka Jumanne hadi Jumamosi, sehemu kuu ya ''Business Line'' ina kurasa 20 - 24. Vichwa vya kurasa ni kama ''Corporate''(Kampuni), ''Information Technology''(Teknolojia ya Mawasiliano), ''Marketing''(Masoko),''Editorial & Opinion''(Makala ya Mhariri & Maoni) - kurasa mbili, ''Commodities & AgriBusiness''(Bidhaa & Biashara ya Ukulima),''Economy''(Uchumi), ''International Business''(Biashara ya Kimataifa), ''Stock Market News''(Habari za Soko la Hisa), ''Stocks & Mutual Fund'' (kurasa tano), ''States Variety'' ,''Logistics'' na ''Market Watch''. ==Jumapili== Jumapili,sehemu kuu ya ''Business Line'' ina kurasa 18. Vichwa vya kurasa ni kama ''Economy''(Uchumi),''Commodities''(Bidhaa),''Corporate''(Kampuni), ''International''(Kimataifa),''Variety'', ''Young Investor''(Mwekezaji kijana) na ''Investment World''(Dunia ya Uwezekaji) - kutoka ukurasa wa 8 hadi ukurasa wa 17(mawaidha kuhusu hisa, fedha na amana). ==Jumatatu== Jumatatu,sehemu kuu ya ''Business Line'' ina kurasa 16. Vichwa vya kurasa ni kama ''Market Mood''(hali ya Masoko),''Economy''Uchumi, ''Information Technology''(Teknolojia ya Mawasiliano),''AgroBusiness''(Biashara ya Ukulima), ''Transport''(Usafiri),'''Commodities Investment''(Uwekezaji wa Bidhaa), ''New Manager''(Meneja Mpya) - hufahamisha kuhusu viongozi katika dunia ya biashara, ''Mentor'' - hufahamisha watu kuhusu kodi, mifumo ya biashara na vitabu, ''Money & Banking''(Pesa na Benki), ''Editorial & Opinion''(Maoni ya Mhariri na Maoni) na ''States''(Majimbo) na ''Variety''. ==Machapisho shirika== {| class="wikitable" |- | '''Jumatatu''' | ''eWORLD'' |- | '''Jumatano''' | ''Smartbuy'' |- | '''Alhamisi''' | ''BrandLine'' |- | '''Ijumaa''' | ''Life'' |} ==Kwenye mtandao wa tarakilishi== Tovuti ya ''BUSINESSLINE Online'' ilianzishwa kwenye mtandao katika mwezi wa Juni 1995. Kurasa za tovuti hii huangaliwa mara milioni 14 kila mwezi duniani kote. Misemo ya Sensex kwenye ukurasa wa kwanza huvutia wengi. ==Bei== Gazeti hili huuzwa kwa bei ya rupia 4 ($0.10) ya Kihindi katika siku za Jumatatu hadi Jumamosi na bei ya Jumapili ni rupia 3 ($0.075). Magazeti mengine kama ''The Economic Times'' na ''The Financial Express'' huuza bei sawa katika matoleo yao ya Jumamosi na Jumapili (rupia 7 - rupia 10).''Business Line'' limekuwa na bei sawa wiki nzima isipokuwa Jumapili. Magazeti mengine kama ''Mint'' na ''Business Standard'' hayachapishwi Jumapili. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com Tovuti Rasmi] * [http://epaper.thehindubusinessline.com ''Business Line'' kwenye mtandao; usajili unahitajika] [[Category:Magazeti ya Kiingereza]] [[jamii:magazeti ya Uhindi]] [[Category:Kolkata]] lxkmcc2z24axg7x2qjrljgnerrt5jzb 0 36241 1599746 1591874 2026-09-23T22:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Honey | Cover = Mariahcareysingle honey.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Butterfly (Mariah Carey album)|Butterfly]] | Ilitolewa = 26 Agosti 1997 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]], [[VHS]] | Ulirekodiwa = Februari 1997<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1426980/19970219/carey_mariah.jhtml |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-29 |archive-date=2007-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510103244/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1426980/19970219/carey_mariah.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 4:58 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]], [[Stevie J]], [[Q-Tip (rapper)|Q-Tip (The Ummah)]], [[Bobby Robinson (record producer)|Bobby Robinson]], [[Stephen Hague]], Ronald Larkins, [[Malcolm McLaren]], Larry Price | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, Puff Daddy, Stevie J, Q-Tip (The Ummah) | Certification = Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small><br />Gold <small>(Australia)</small> | Single iliyopita = "[[Forever (Mariah Carey song)|Forever]]" <br>(1996) | Single ya sasa = "'''Honey'''" <br>(1997) | Singr ijayo = "[[Butterfly (Mariah Carey song)|Butterfly]]" <br>(1997) }} "'''Honey'''" ni [[wimbo]] ulioandaliwa na kutungwa na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] [[Mariah Carey]] kwa kushirikiana na [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]], [[Stevie J]] na [[Q-Tip (rapper)|Q-Tip]] [[The Ummah]]"), na ulirekodiwa kwa ajili ya [[albamu]] ya saba ya Carey iliyoitwa ''[[Butterfly]]'' iliyotoka mwaka [[1997]]. Wimbo huu ulitoka kama single ya kwanza katika albamu hii na kufanikiwa kushika nafasi ya kwanza nchini [[Marekani]] Wimbo huu unajulikana zaidi kutokana na [[video]] yake ambayo inamwonesha Mariah akiwa katika mwonekano wa kuvutia zaidi kuliko alivyokuwa akionekana hapo awali. Wimbo huu uliweza kumtoa katika nyimbo za aina ya pop na kumpeleka mbele zaidi katika nyimbo za aina hiyo. Mwaka 1998, wimbo huu ulichaguliwa kugombea tuzo za [[Grammy]] katika jamii, Wanamuziki wa kike wenye sauti nzuri wanaoimba nyimbo aina ya R&B. na pia tuzo ya Grammy wa kwa wimbo bora ==Muundo na orodha ya nyimbo== '''Worldwide CD single''' #"Honey" (LP Version) #"Honey" (Bad Boy Remix) '''Australian/European/U.S. CD maxi-single''' #"Honey" (LP Version) #"Honey" (Bad Boy Remix featuring Mase & The Lox) #"Honey" (Classic Mix) #"Honey" (So So Def Mix featuring Da Brat & JD) #"Honey" (Classic Instrumental) '''UK CD maxi-single #1''' #"Honey" (LP Version) #"Honey" (Bad Boy Remix featuring Mase & The Lox) #"Honey" (Smooth Version With Intro) #"Honey" (So So Def Mix featuring Da Brat & JD) '''UK CD maxi-single #2''' #"Honey" (LP Version) #"Honey" (Classic Mix) #"Honey" (Morales Club Dub) #"Honey" (Mo' Honey Dub) #"Honey" (Classic Instrumental) ==Chati== "Honey" ni wimbo wa Mariah wa kumi na mbili kuwahi kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] na kuwa single yake ya tatu kuwahi kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza, na kumafanya kuwa msanii mwenye nyimbo nyingi zaidi kuwahi kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza, huku single zake nyingine zilizowahi kufika katika nafasi hiyo zikiwa ni pamoja na "[[Fantasy]]" na "[[One Sweet Day]]" zate za mwaka 1995, ambazo baada ya kutoka zilikaa kwa majuma matatu katika nafasi ya kwanza ya chati, yaani kuanzia tarehe 7 mwezi Septemba hadi tarehe 27, mwezi huo huo. Nafsi hii, ilikuja kuchukuliwa na wimbio wa "[[Mo Money]] ulioimbwa na [[Nortorious B.I.G]] akishirikiana na [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]] pamoja na [[Mase]]. Wimbo wa "Honey" ulisalia katika nyimbo arobaini bora kwa majuma kumi na nane. {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1997) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=3529&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|39 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flanders Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|30 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|29 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-29 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|39 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-29 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|38 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-29 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|19 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|39 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Fantasy&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-29 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AmdrywjG?url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey |archivedate=2012-09-19 |https://www.webcitation.org/6AmdrywjG?url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey |=https://www.webcitation.org/6AmdrywjG?url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afyvecharts.blogspot.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-29 |archivedate=2011-07-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708022113/http://www.afyvecharts.blogspot.com/ }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Honey&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|23 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Top 40<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Msambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australia]] | 35,000+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 1,000,000 | Platinum |- {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1997]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] lko2056g81l89gt112y7ruawpfgz3yr 0 36242 1599930 994125 2026-09-24T07:46:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Kima | picha = BlueMonkey.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kima buluu | domeni = [[Eukaryota]] <small>(Viumbe walio na seli zenye kiini)</small> | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mamalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Primates]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana kiasi na [[binadamu]])</small> | nusuoda = [[Haplorrhini]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana zaidi na [[kima]])</small> | oda_ya_chini = [[Simiiformes]] <small>(Wanyama kama kima)</small> | subdivision = '''Oda ndogo 2:''' * [[Catarrhini]] <small>(Kima wa Dunia ya Kale)</small> * [[Platyrrhini]] <small>(Kima wa Dunia Mpya)</small> }} [[Picha:Cebus_albifrons_edit.jpg|thumb|Dume mdogo wa Kapuchini Paji-jeupe (''Cebus albifrons'')]] '''Kima''' ni [[mamalia]] yeyote wa hali ya juu katika [[familia ya juu]] [[Cercopithecoidea]] (kima wa Dunia ya Kale) na [[oda ndogo]] [[Platyrrhini]] (Kima wa Dunia Mpya), kwa hivyo kima wa juu wasio [[Prosimii]] ([[nusuoda]] ya zamani) au [[sokwe|masokwe]] na [[nyani]]. Kuna takriban [[spishi]] 264 wanaofahamika wa kima wanaowakilisha kundi kubwa la mamalia wa hali ya juu. Kima huonwa kama ni mwenye akili sana na tofauti na masokwe; kima daima huwa na [[mkia]]. Kima wa Dunia ya Kale wanafanana zaidi na masokwe kuliko kima wa Dunia Mpya. == Tabia == Kima wana ukubwa tofauti kutoka milimita za urefu 140 – 160 (pamoja na mkia) na uzito wa gramu 120 mpaka 140, mpaka urefu wa mita moja wa kilo 35. Wachache huishi kwenye miti wakati mwingine huishi kwenye savana. Chakula chao ni matunda, majani, mbegu, maua, mayai na wanyama wadogo (ikijumuishwa wadudu na buibui). Kima wote wa Dunia Mpya wana mikia tofauti na wa Dunia ya Kale. Baadhi ya kima wana uoni wa rangi na wengine hawana. Huku kima wa Dunia Mpya wakiwa na macho kwa mbele walionekana tofauti hata baina yao hasa pua, mashavu na sehemu ya nyuma kwa ujumla. == Uainishaji == [[Picha:Saimiri_sciureus-1_Luc_Viatour.jpg|thumb|Kima-kindi]] [[Picha:Macaca_fascicularis_in_Lopburi.JPG|thumb|Kaku mlakaa katika [[Uthai]]]] Ifuatayo ni orodha ikionesha familia za kima. :ODA PRIMATES ::Nusuoda Strepsirrhini: [[komba]], [[koni]] na [[lemuri]] ::Nusuoda Haplorrhini :::Oda ya chini Tarsiiformes ::::Familia Tarsiidae: [[komba vidole-virefu]] :::Oda ya chini Simiiformes: [[kima]] ::::Oda ndogo Platyrrhini: kima wa Dunia Mpya :::::Familia Cebidae :::::Familia Aotidae :::::Familia Pitheciidae :::::Familia Atelidae ::::Oda ndogo Catarrhini: kima wa Dunia ya Kale :::::Familia ya juu Cercopithecoidea ::::::Familia Cercopithecidae: [[kima (kabila)|kima]], [[ngedere]], [[mbega]], [[kaku|makaku]] na [[nyani]] :::::Familia ya juu Hominoidea ::::::Familia Hylobatidae: [[sokwe mdogo|masokwe wadogo]] ::::::Familia Hominidae: [[Sokwe (Hominidae)|masokwe wakubwa]] na [[binadamu]] == Mahusiano na binadamu == Spishi tofauti za kima wana mahusiano na binadamu, baadhi yao hufugwa kama wanyama wa nyumbani na hutumika kama kifani cha binadamu kwenye maabara na safari ya angani. Pia huwahudumia binadamu wenye udhaifu. Kuna baadhi ya kima huonekana kama wanyama waharibifu wa mazao.<ref name="Hill2000">{{Cite doi|10.1023/A:1005481605637}}</ref> Kima ambao pia wapo kwenye mbuga ya watalii lakini hugeuka kama kitishio kwa watalii huona kama kuna kikwazo kwa binadamu hivyo tatizo dogo. Kwenye dini huwakilisha werevu. == Kama huduma kwa watu wasiojiweza == Baadhi ya mashirika yamekuwa yakiwafunza kima wa wakapuchini kama wasaidizi kuwasaidia watu wenye matatizo ya uti wa mgongo na matatizo mengine ya kutembea. Baada ya mafunzo kutosha kima hawa huweza kuwahudumia barabara walemavu wakiwa ndani ya nyumba, kima husaidia kupika, kuosha uso na kufungua chupa za vinywaji. == Kwenye tafiti == [[Picha:AnimaltestingMonkeyCovance2.jpg|thumb|left|Kima wa maabara katika kizimba cha kampuni Covance huko Vienna, Virginia, 2004–05]] Kima aina ya Macaques wale wa Afrika Green Monkeys, hutumika kwenye tafiti nyingi aidha kwa kukamatwa porini au kulazimishwa. Hutumika sana kutokana na uwezo wao mkubwa wa kubeba vitu, kuzaliana kwa muda mfupi na kufanana kwao sana kisaikolojia na kimaumbile na binadamu. == Angani == [[Picha:Monkey_Sam_Before_The_Flight_On_Little_Joe_2.jpg|thumb|Sam, kaku-rhesus, alirushwa angani, umbali wa maili 55 (89 km) na NASA katika 1959.]] Nchi nyingi zinawatumia kima kama sehemu yao ya tafiti za anga kujumuisha Marekani na Ufaransa. Kima wa kwanza kwenda angani aliitwa Albert II, ambaye aliruka angani na roketi ya Marekani, mnamo Juni 14, 1949. == Kama chakula == Ubongo wa kima unaliwa kama chakula kitamu huko Asia ya Kusini, China na Afrika.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bonné, J. |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9687163/page/7/ |title=Some bravery as a side dish |publisher=msnbc.com |accessdate=2009-08-15 |date=2005-10-28 |archive-date=2009-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125004411/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9687163/page/7/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa taratibu ya dini ya kiislamu kula nyani ni marufuku kabisa. Hata hivyo kima huliwa sehemu nyingine za Afrika, ambako nyama yake huuzwa kama nyama ya msituni. == Tanbihi == {{reflist|30em}} {{Primates}} [[Jamii:Kima na jamaa]] 4x89yfb3tqsist68ecwxamujbuun9n5 0 37042 1599691 1313441 2026-09-23T19:23:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film | jina = Ghost | picha = GhostA.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Theatrical release poster | mwongozaji = [[Jerry Zucker]] | mtayarishaji = Steven-Charles Jaffe<br />[[Bruce Joel Rubin]]<br />[[Howard W. Koch]]<br />Lisa Weinstein<br />Lauren Ray | mtunzi = [[Bruce Joel Rubin]] | nyota = [[Patrick Swayze]]<br />[[Demi Moore]]<br />[[Whoopi Goldberg]]<br />[[Tony Goldwyn]]<br />[[Rick Aviles]]<br />[[Vincent Schiavelli]] | muziki = [[Maurice Jarre]] (score)<br />[[Alex North]] | sinematografia = Adam Greenberg, [[ASC]] | mhariri = [[Walter Murch]] | msambazaji = [[Paramount Pictures]] | imetolewa = {{start date|1990|7|13}} | muda = D.k. 128 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = Milioni $21 | mapato = $505,702,588 }} '''''Ghost''''' ni [[filamu]] ya drama na njozi ya mwaka wa [[1990]]. Ndani yake anakuja [[Patrick Swayze]], [[Demi Moore]], [[Tony Goldwyn]] na [[Whoopi Goldberg]], imetungwa na [[Bruce Joel Rubin]] na kuongozwa na [[Jerry Zucker]]. Ilichaguliwa kedekede na [[Academy Award]]s, ikiwa ni pamoja na Filamu Bora, na kushinda [[Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]], vilevile [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] imekwenda kwa [[Whoopi Goldberg]]. ==Hadithi== [[Image:Ghost pottery wheel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Demi Moore]] na [[Patrick Swayze]], katika moja ya kipande mashuhuri sana kutoka katika filamu hii<ref name="variety.com">http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000919.html?categoryid=15&cs=1 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>]] Sam Wheat ([[Patrick Swayze]]), [[mkurugenzi]] wa benki, na Molly Jensen ([[Demi Moore]]) ni wapendanao wanaoishi mjini [[New York City]]. Sam amegundua tofauti katika moja ya akaunti za washirika wake. Akamshauri rafiki na mtu mwenziwe katika kazi Carl Bruner ([[Tony Goldwyn]]), ambaye alitoa msaada wa kuchunguza, lakini Sam akaamua kuchunguza yeye mwenyewe. Muda mfupi baadaye Sam na Molly wakavamiwa na Willy Lopez ([[Rick Aviles]]). Sam akaauawa, lakini akabaki Duniani akiwa kama mzuka. Sam akaonana na Oda Mae Brown ([[Whoopi Goldberg]]), tapeli msanii anayesimama kama mtu wa kati baina ya wafu na walio hai. Sam akagundua kwamba yule Oda Mae anaweza kumsikia. Sam akagundua kwamba uvamizi juu yake ulipangwa. Oda Mae akajaribu kumshawishi Molly kwamba mzuka wa Sam una muonya Molly juu ya hatari liomuhusisha Willy, lakini Molly akakataa kusikiliza. Carl akashitukia mpango mzima na kumshawishi Molly kwamba Oda Mae ni mlaghai. Sam akagundua kwamba Carl ndiye aliyepanga mauaji yake. Carl alihusika kinamna moja au nyingine katika njama za kuiba mamilioni ya mapesa ambayo Sam aliyashtukia - hivyo upelelezi wa Sam ungeharibu kila kitu. Wakati Carl anajaribu kumtongoza Molly, Sam mwenye jazba akakurupuka, kwa bahati mbaya akagusa picha mjengoni pale. Sam akaenda kuomba msaada kutoka kwa mzuka ulio-katika njia za chini za reli ([[Vincent Schiavelli]]) ili ajue namna ya kuinua vitu vizito kwa akili bila kushika. Sam akamshawishi Oda Mae kuzuia mpango wa Carl kwa kuigiza kama ndiye mmiliki wa akaunti ya uongo ya Carl na kutoa fedha zote zilizopo kwenye akaunti hiyo, halafu kaifunga akaunti yenyewe. Molly akaenda kituo cha poli kutoa taarifa juu ya mauaji ya Sam, lakini wakamshawishi na kumweleza kwamba ni mbinu za kujiamini tu za Oda Mae, almaarufu kama mlaghai. Carl akajaribu kuingia katika akaunti ile ya benki lakini kaikuta imefungwa. Sam akafanya uwepo wake kwa Carl, ambaye punde alijua kama ni kweli inatokea. Akamtakia Sam kwamba iwapo fedha hazitorudishwa, basi atamwua Molly. Sam akashika zake njia mpaka nyumbani kwa Oda Mae kwenye kumuonya juu ya hatari inayotakiwa kufanywa na Carl na Willy. Sam akamkamata Willy kule, kamkandamiza kisawasawa. Willy akakimbilia mtaani na kugongwa na gari na hatimaye kufa. Oda Mae na Sam wakarudi nyumbani kwa Molly, kumshawishi Molly kwamba Oda Mae anaeleza ukweli mtupu. Oda Mae akamruhusu Sam na Molly kuwa pamoja kwa mara ya mwisho. Carl akajiri akiwa na mijazba ya kuua - Molly na Oda Mae wakatoroka. Sam, kaishiwa nguvu baada ya kumuingia Oda Mae, amedhoofikia kiasi kwamba vigumu sana kulipiza kisasi. Sam akarudisha nguvu zake na kuwasaidia Molly na Oda Mae, na kumshinda Carl. Safari yake imeisha, Sam akasema kwaheri yake kwa mara ya mwisho na kuondoka zake mbinguni. ==Washiki== * [[Patrick Swayze]] kama Sam Wheat * [[Demi Moore]] kama Molly Jensen * [[Whoopi Goldberg]] kama Oda Mae Brown * [[Tony Goldwyn]] kama Carl Bruner * [[Vincent Schiavelli]] kama kizuka wa njia za chini ya reli * [[Rick Aviles]] kama Willy Lopez * [[Angelina Estrada]] kama Rosa Santiago [[Stephen Root]] na [[mama]] wa mwongozaji Charlotte Zucker ameonekana katika filamu, akiwa kama jinsi alivyoonekana [[Phil Leeds]] akiwa kama mzuka wa hospitali. ==Tanbihi== * Kipande cha kutengeneza vyungu vya mfinyanzi ni maarufu sana na mara kwa mara hutajwa katika (k.m. ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', [[Eastenders]], [[Naked Gun 2 1/2]], [[The Penguins of Madagascar]]). ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * {{imdb title|0099653|Ghost}} * {{tcmdb title|id=76186|title=Ghost}} * {{Amg title|19626|Ghost}} * {{mojo title|ghost|Ghost}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghost}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 1990]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] n71mgc6pzmcbv0k2nmc1pmlexwwwv19 0 37306 1599338 1591770 2026-09-23T14:46:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Endless Love | Cover = 200px-Diana-Ross-Endless-Love.jpg | Msanii = [[Diana Ross]] na [[Lionel Richie]] | Albamu = [[Endless Love (soundtrack)|Endless Love: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]] | Ilitolewa = Agosti 1981 | Muundo = [[Gramophone record|7" single]] | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 4:24 | Studio = [[Motown]] | Mtunzi = Lionel Richie | Mtayarishaji = Lionel Richie }} "'''Endless Love'''" ni wimbo uliotungwa kama wimbo wa kushirikiana kati ya wanamuziki wanaoimba nyimbo za miondondoko ya Soul [[Diana Ross]] wakishirikiana na [[Lionel Richie]], ambaye yeye ndiye aliyeandika wimbo huu. Katik wimbo huu, kila mwimbaji anamwambia mwenzake juu ya mapenzi yake uu yake yasiyokuwa na mwisho juu ya mwenzake. Wimbo huu uliridiwa na mwanamzuiki mwingine anayeimba nyimbo zenye mahadhi ya Sul [[Luther Vandross]] kwa kushirikiana na mwanamuziki anayeimba miondoko ya Pop [[Maria Carey]], lakini pia wimbo huu ulirudia na mwanamuziki mwingine aitwaye [[Kenny Rogers]] lakini halikadhalika kundi la [[Glee]] pia walirudia wimbo huu ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1981) !align="left"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. Billboard Black Singles |align="center"|1 |} ==Toleo la Luther Vandross na Mariah Carey== {{Infobox single | Jina = Endless Love | Cover = Endlesslove.jpg | Msanii = [[Luther Vandross]] and [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Songs (Luther Vandross album)|Songs]] | Ilitolewa = {{Start date|1994|8|29}} | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]] | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 4:21 | Studio = [[Epic Records|Epic]] | Mtunzi = Lionel Richie | Mayarishaji = [[Walter Afanasieff]] | }} Wimbo huu pia ulirudiwa na Luther Vandross akishirikiana na Mariah Carey, na utayarishwa na [[Walter Afanasieff]] ===Chati=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1994) !align="left"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=2870&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+%26+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+%26+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-04-01 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Finnish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722122648/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Anytime+You+Need+A+Friend&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-04-01 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-04-01 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+%26+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014214331/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+&+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s |archivedate=2015-10-14 |https://web.archive.org/web/20151014214331/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+&+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s }} {{Wayback|url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+%26+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s |date=20151014214331 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+%26+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+%26+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Luther+Vandross+%26+Mariah+Carey&titel=Endless+Love&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |align="center"|7 |} ===Mauzo na Tuzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Msambazaji ! Mauzo ! Tuzo |- | [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | 75,000+ | Platinum |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 500,000+ | Gold |- {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Diana Ross}} {{Diana Ross singles}} {{Lionel Richie}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Diana Ross]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] p8k1hz89guajt1uuhcirvzwtrqp5gvt 0 39348 1599336 1511728 2026-09-23T14:41:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Emotions | Aina = studio | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Cover = Mariahcareyemotions.jpg | Ilitolewa = 17 Septemba 1991 <small>(U.S.)</small><br />14 Oktoba 1991 <small>(UK)</small> | Ilirekodiwa = Januari—Julai 1991 at Skywalker Sound, Marin County, The Plant Recording Studios ([[Sausalito, CA]]), Right Track Recording, Axis Studios, Skyline Studios, Electric Lady Studios, Battery Studios, & Giant Recording Studios ([[NYC]]) | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dance-pop]] | Urefu = 47:01 | Sudio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]<br /><small>CK-47980</small> | Mtayarishaji = [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[David Cole (producer)|David Cole]], [[Robert Clivillés]], & [[Mariah Carey]] | Reviews = *''[[About.com]]'' {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://top40.about.com/od/reviews/gr/mcemotion.htm link] * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:8s120r8ac48p link] * {{Review-Christgau|dud|artist=877}} * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|2|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/323012/emotions link] | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Mariah Carey (album)|Mariah Carey]]''<br />(1990) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Emotions'''''<br />(1991) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Music Box (album)|Music Box]]''<br />(1993) }} '''''Emotions''''' ni albamu ya pili kutoka kwa mwimbaji wa nchini [[Marekani]], [[Mariah Carey]]. Albamu hii ilitoka nchini Marekani tarehe 17 mwezi septemba 1991, kupita katika studion za [[Columbia Record]]. Albamu hii imejumuisha nyimbo mbalimbali zilizoandikwa na Mariah mwenyewe pamoja na watunzi wengine wa nyimbo kama vile [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Clivillés & Cole]] (of C+C Music Factory), na [[Carole King]]. Wimbo unaobeba jina la albamu hii, ulikuwa wimbo wa tano kutoka kwa Maria kuweza kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya muziki ya [[Billboard 100]]. Hii iilimfanya Mariah kuwa mwanamuziki wa kwanza kuweza kupata mafanikio katika kiwango hiki. Albamu hii pia iliweza kutoa single tatu bora ambazo ni [[Can't Let Go]] na wimbo wa [[Make It Happen (song)|Make It Happen]]. Katika albamu hii, Mariah ameweza kuandika na kuwa mtayarishaji msaidizi wa nyimbo zote kumi katika albamu hii, ikiwa ni pamoja na kutunga mashairi ya nyimbo zote kumi. Mariah aliteuliwa kuwa moja kati ya wasanii wanaowania tuzo za [[Grammy Awards]] mara mbili yaani [[Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical|Producer of the Year]] na [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]]. A Albamu hii ya ''Emotions'' imefanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya 3,584,000.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-madonna-vs-whitney-vs-mariah-1004005695.story]</ref> == Kutunga na Kurekodi == Kutokana na mafanikio makubwa aliyoyapata kutokana na albamu hii, Mariah sambamba na studio alizokuwa akirekodia nyimbo zake za [[Sony Music Entertainment]] ikiongozwa na [[Tommy Mottola]] na [[Don Ienner]], ulikuwa ni wakati muafaka kwa wao kuanza kujadili na kupangalia mipangilio ya baadae katika maisha ya kimuziki ya Mariah. Kuanzia hapa, Mariah aliruhusiwa kutengeneza nyimbo na kufanya kaza na mtayarishaji atakayemchagua mwenyewe (suala ambalo hapo awali, hakuwa akiruhusiwa katika takribani albamu tatu). Ndipo alipoanza kufanya kazi na watengenezaji wa muziki kama vile [[Walter Afanasieff]], wa [[C+C Music Factory|Clivilles & Cole]] (of C+C Music Factory) na [[Carole King]]. == Mapokezi na Matangazo == Albamu ya ''Emotions'' ilipata mapokezi ya wastani, kama vile albamu yake iliyopita. Mariah aliweza kupata malalamiko ya hapa na pale klutokana na yeye kukataa kwenda kufanya matamasha ya albamu yake hiyo. Kashfa kadhaa ziliibuka kama vile [[Milli Vanilli]]. Malalamiko yalimshtumu Mariah kuwa yeye ni mwanamuziki anayeweza kuimba na kurekodi katika studio pekee, na si msanii anayeweza kuimba katika matamasha ya moja kwa moja, na kuwa umaahirin wa sauti yake ulikuwa si kitu zaidi ya kutengenezwa kwa kutumia santuri mbalimbali ndani ya studio. Lakini baadae Mariah mwenyewe alikiri kuwa, alikuwa hapendi kufaya maonesho ya moja kwa moja kutokana na kukosa ujasiri wa kuweza kusimama na kuimba mbele za watu, aliongeza kuwa, wasanii wengi huweza kuimba katika maonesho ya moja kwa moja kutokana na kuwa huanza kuimba katika majukwaa kabla ya kupata mikataba ya kurekodi katika studio suala ambalo halikutokea kwake.Lakini pamoja na haya, Mariah aliweza kufaanya onesho la siku ya jumamosi ya NBC, na kuimba nyimbo kama vilr "Can't Let Go" na wimbo mwingine wa "If It's Over. Albamu hii, imefanikiwa kupata nafasi ya kuchaguliwa kugombea tuzo 1992 za [[Grammy]] katika [[Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical|Producer of the Year]] na [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] lakini hakufanikiwa kupata tuzo hata moja katika vifungo vyote. Nchini [[Marekani]] Albamu ya ''Emotions'' iliweza kufika katika nafasi ya 4 katika chati ya [[Billboard 200]] na kufanikiwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala 129,000. Katika hali iliyowashangaza wengi, kufuatia mafanikio ya albamu ya ''[[Mariah Carey (albamu)]]'', ilifanikiwa kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kiasi cha wiki ishirini na saba [[27]]. Albamu hii ya ''Emotions'' ilikuwa albamu ya kwanza katika albamu nne za Mariah zilizotangulia kushindwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya Billboard 200. na pia ilikuwa ndiyo albamu yake iliyoshika nafasi ya chini zaidi hadi ilipotoka albamu ya ''[[Glitter]]'' mwaka 2001. Albamu hii ilipata mafanikio ya wastani nchini [[Canada]] na [[Australia]], lakini kama ilivyotokea kwa nchini Marekani, haikuweza kupata mauzo mazuri kama ilivotokea kwa albamu ya [[Mariah Carey (albamu)]] == Orodha ya Nyimbo == # "[[Emotions (song)|Emotions]]" <small>([[Mariah Carey]], [[David Cole (producer)|David Cole]], [[Robert Clivillés]])</small> – 4:09 # "And You Don't Remember" <small>(Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]])</small> – 4:26 # "[[Can't Let Go (Mariah Carey song)|Can't Let Go]]" <small>(Carey, Afanasieff)</small> – 4:27 # "[[Make It Happen (song)|Make It Happen]]" <small>(Carey, Cole, Clivillés) </small> – 5:07 # "[[If It's Over]]" <small>(Carey, [[Carole King]])</small> – 4:38 # "You're So Cold" <small>(Carey, Cole, Clivillés)</small> – 5:05 # "So Blessed" <small>(Carey, Afanasieff)</small> – 4:13 # "To Be Around You" <small>(Carey, Cole, Clivillés)</small> – 4:37 # "Till the End of Time" <small>(Carey, Afanasieff)</small> – 5:35 # "The Wind" <small>(Carey, [[Russ Freeman (pianist)|Russell Freeman]])</small> – 4:41 == Wafanyakazi == === Wanamuziki === * Mariah Carey - lead vocals, background vocals * David Cole - keyboards, keyboard arrangements, drum programming, background vocals (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8) * Robert Clivilles - keyboard arrangements, drums, drum programming (tracks 1, 4, 6) * Walter Afanasieff - keyboards, synthesizers, Hammond B3 organ, synthesizer bass, drums, percussion, strings, vibes, instrument arrangements, programming, Synclavier (strings, acoustic guitar, acoustic bass) tambourine, Bosendorfer SE grand piano (tracks 1-3, 5, 7, 9-10) * Ren Klyce - [[Synclavier]], Akai programming (track 2-3, 5, 7, 9-10) * Gary Cirimelli - Synclavier, MacIntosh programming (track 2-3, 5, 7, 9-10) * Paul Pesco - guitars (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8) * [[Michael Landau]] - guitars (tracks 2-3, 7, 9) * [[Cornell Dupree]] - guitars (track 5) * Vernon "Ice" Black - guitars (track 10) * Carl James - bass guitar (track 4) * [[Will Lee (bassist)|Will Lee]] - bass guitar (track 5) * Earl Gardner - trumpet (track 5) * Keith O'Quinn - trombone (track 5) * George Young - tenor saxophone (track 5) * Larry Feldman - tenor saxophone (track 5) * Lewis Delgatto - baritone saxophone, horn arrangements (track 5) * [[Steve Smith (musician)|Steve Smith]] - drums (tracks 5, 10) * Alan Friedman - programming (YIPE!) (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8) * [[Trey Lorenz]] - background vocals (tracks 1, 4-5, 8) * Patrique McMillan - background vocals (tracks 4-5) * Cindy Mizelle - background vocals (tracks 5, 8) * Jamillah Muhammed - background vocals (track 6) * [[Deborah Cooper]] - background vocals (track 8) === Watayarishaji === * Acar S. Key - engineer (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8) * Bruce Miller - engineer (tracks 1, 6) * John Mathias - engineer (track 4) * [[Tony Maserati]] - engineer (track 8) * Dana Jon Chappelle - engineer, mixing (tracks 2-3, 5, 7, 9) * Bruce Calder - assistant engineer (tracks 2-3, 5, 7, 9-10) * Craig Silvey - assistant engineer (tracks 2-3, 7, 9-10) * Manny LaCarrubba - assistnat engineer (tracks 2-3, 7, 9-10) * M.T. Silva - assistant engineer (tracks 2-3, 7, 9-10) * Lolly Grodner - assistnat engineer (tracks 2-3, 9) * Bob Edwards - additional engineering (track 10) * [[Bob Rosa]] - mix engineer (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8) * Mariah Carey - vocal arrangements, arranger * David Cole - vocal arrangements, arranger (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8) * Walter Afanasieff - vocal arrangements, arranger (tracks 2-3, 5, 7, 9-10) * Robert Clivilles - arranger (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8) * [[Bob Ludwig]] - mastering, [[Masterdisk]], NY * Josephine DiDonato - mwongozaji wa picha * Phillip Dixon - mpiga picha * [[Tommy Mottola]] - msimanzi mkuu == Chati na Tuzi == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} === Chati === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chati !Ilipata<br />nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1G50 Australian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart<ref>[http://oe3.orf.at/charts/ Austrian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|39 |- |align="left"|Canadian Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html Canadian Albums Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=a Dutch Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://pop.yle.fi/lista/albumit |title=Finnish Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903045220/http://pop.yle.fi/lista/albumit |archivedate=2009-09-03 }}</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|French Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/charts/albums.php French Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|38 |- |align="left"|German Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts |title=German Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archivedate=2012-03-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316041103/http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts }}</ref> |align="center"|46 |- |align="left"|Italian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 |title=Italian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archivedate=2007-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506200247/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 }}</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|Japanese Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ Oricon Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Norwegian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722122648/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Spanish Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|38 |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.hitlistan.se/ Swedish Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=a Swiss Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|15 |- |align="left"|UK Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_albums.php UK Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=The+Billboard+200 |title=U.S. Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archivedate=2010-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504062334/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=albums&f=the+billboard+200 }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |} {{col-2}} === Mapokeo === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country <small>(Provider)</small> ![[Music recording sales certifications|Certification]]<br /><small>([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])</small> |- |align="left"|Australia <small>([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm ARIA]</ref> |- |align="left"|Canada <small>([[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]])</small> |align="center"|4x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php/ |title=CRIA |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111063331/http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |archivedate=2016-01-11 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|France <small>([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])</small> |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.disqueenfrance.com SNEP]</ref> |- |align="left"|Italy <small>([[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|FIMI]])</small> |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/ FIMI]</ref> |- |align="left"|Japan <small>([[Recording Industry Association of Japan|RIAJ]])</small> |align="center"|Million<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ RIAJ]</ref> |- |align="left"|Netherlands <small>([[NVPI]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |title=NVPI |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand <small>([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |title=RIANZ |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ACPUiNu?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |archivedate=2012-03-14 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Singapore <small>(RIAS)</small> |align="center"|3x Platinum<ref>http://www.mariahjournal.com/infozone/charts/albums/singapore/index.shtml</ref> |- |align="left"|South Korea <small>(Hanteo)</small> |align="center"|3x Platinum<ref>http://www.mariahjournal.com/infozone/charts/albums/southkorea/index.shtml</ref> |- |align="left"|Sweden <small>([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.se/goldplatinum.aspx |title=IFPI Sweden |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217054255/http://www.ifpi.se/goldplatinum.aspx |archivedate=2007-02-17 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Switzerland <small>([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])</small> |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2009 IFPI Switzerland]</ref> |- |align="left"|United Kingdom <small>([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]])</small> |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-05-02 |archivedate=2010-01-17 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr0Evm3j?url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx }}</ref> |- |align="left"|United States <small>([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])</small> |align="center"|4x Multi-Platinum<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH Riaa.com]</ref> |- |} {{col-end}} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} [[Jamii:Albamu za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Albamu za 1991]] jxbqdpat7ftoqxu30nesow889z8uwvk 0 39840 1599711 1580090 2026-09-23T20:11:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tuzo 2 | jina = Grammy Legend Award | maelezo = Michango endelevu na athira katika tasnia ya muziki | picha = | ukubwa wa picha = | caption = | hutolewa na =[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] | nchi = Marekani | miaka = 1990 | tovuti = [http://www.grammy.com/ grammy.com] }} '''Grammy Legend Award''', au '''Grammy Living Legend Award''',<ref name="Liza: Life in the limelight">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4506978/|title=Liza: Life in the limelight|last=Kotb|first=Hoda|date=12 Machi 2004|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|archive-date=2012-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812193349/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4506978/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Billy Joel biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/joel_billy/artist.jhtml|title=Billy Joel biography|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|archive-date=2009-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227085849/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/joel_billy/artist.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni tuzo maalumu inayotolewa na [[Grammy Awards]] kwa ajili ya wakongwe wa muziki walio hai , sherehe ambazo zilianzishwa tangu 1958 na hapo awali iliitwa Gramophone Awards.<ref name="Seen and heard at the 50th Grammy Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2008-02-10-3988122778_x.htm|title=Seen and heard at the 50th Grammy Awards|date=11 Februari 2008|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009}}</ref><ref name="The 2001 Grammys">{{cite web|http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/18/entertainment/ca-26779|title=The 2001 Grammys|last=Henken|first=John|date=18 Februari 2001|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]}}</ref> ==Waliopokea tuzo hii== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center;" ! width=100 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Mwaka{{ref|1|[I]}} ! class=unsortable width=100 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Picha ! width=400 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Mpokeaji ! width=100 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Maisha ! width=200 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Utaifa ! class=unsortable style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Marejeo |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:AndrewLloydWebber3.png|100px|alt=An upperbody shot of a middle-aged man in a dark suit.]] || {{sortname|Andrew|Lloyd Webber}} || {{sort|1948|amezaliwa 1948}} || {{UK}} || <ref name="cader 545">Cader Books, p. 545</ref> |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:Liza Minnelli.jpg|100px|alt=A woman in a red dress, jacket and scarf smiles toward the camera.]] || {{sortname|Liza|Minnelli}} || {{sort|1946|amezaliwa 1946}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Liza: Life in the limelight" /> |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:Smokey Robinson 2.jpg|100px|alt=A man in a light-colored suit sings into a microphone]] || {{sortname|Smokey|Robinson}} || {{sort|1940|amezaliwa 1940}} || {{USA}}|| <ref name="kalte 117">Kalte, p. 117</ref> |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:WillieNelson.jpg|100px|alt=An elderly man holds a guitar while in front of a microphone. He has white facial hair and wears a United States flag bandana.]] || {{sortname|Willie|Nelson}} || {{sort|1933|amezaliwa 1933}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Grammy Legend Award">{{cite web|url=http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Legends/|title=Grammy Legend Award|publisher=Grammy.com|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207040854/http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Legends/|archivedate=2010-12-07}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:Arethafranklin.jpg|100px|alt=A woman stands on stage and sings into a microphone. She wears a blue dress and has a blue feather boa around her arms.]] || {{sortname|Aretha|Franklin}} || {{sort|1942|amezaliwa 1942}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Franklin not ready to rest on another laurel">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lCcqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LkUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5316,4612077&dq=grammy+legend+1991+aretha-franklin&hl=en|title=Franklin not ready to rest on another laurel|last=Barrera|first=Sandra|date=6 Septemba 2005|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Journal Communications]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095700/https://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lCcqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LkUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5316,4612077&dq=grammy+legend+1991+aretha-franklin&hl=en|archivedate=2016-03-05}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:Billy Joel Shankbone NYC 2009.jpg|100px|alt=An upper body shot of a man wearing a shirt, suit and tie. He is balding and his smiling mouth is framed by a white goatee beard.]] || {{sortname|Billy|Joel}} || {{sort|1949|amezaliwa 1949}} || {{USA}} || |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|100px|alt6=A man with dark hair looks forlornly down to his left. He rests his chin between his thumb and finger.]] || {{sortname|Johnny|Cash}} || {{sort|1932–2003|1932–2003}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Critic's choice">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8DDFDE5B8966&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Critic's choice|date=15 Februari 1991|work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]]|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172719/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8DDFDE5B8966&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:Quincy Jones 2006.jpg|100px|alt=A man in a blue jacket looks ahead. The balding male's dark sunglasses conceal his eyes.]] ||{{sortname|Quincy|Jones}} || {{sort|1933|amezaliwa 1933}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="‘Melody’ Missing from Music Industry, Quincy Jones Says">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/56271|title=‘Melody’ Missing from Music Industry, Quincy Jones Says|last=Ballasy|first=Nicholas|date=29 Oktoba 2009|publisher=[[CNSNews.com]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128023937/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/56271|archivedate=2010-01-28}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[34th Grammy Awards|1992]] || [[File:Barbra Streisand.jpg|100px|alt=A blond-haired woman looks down to the ground. She wears a white dress and a silver necklace.]] || {{sortname|Barbra|Streisand}} || {{sort|1942|amezaliwa 1942}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="The 1992 Grammys an 'unforgettable' night for Natalie Cole, Bonnie Raitt and R.E.M">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB2A30592416810&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=The 1992 Grammys an 'unforgettable' night for Natalie Cole, Bonnie Raitt and R.E.M|date=26 Februari 1992|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Philadelphia Media Holdings]]|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023108/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB2A30592416810&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[35th Grammy Awards|1993]] || [[File:Michael 1988 by himself.jpg|100px|alt=A headshot of a man wearing a red baseball cap and shirt. He has long black hair and is smiling towards the camera.]] ||{{sortname|Michael|Jackson}} || {{sort|1958–2009|1958–2009}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Grammy moments - memorable and forgettable">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=Z04pAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y4QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3702,4129430&dq=michael-jackson+legend-award&hl=en|title=Grammy moments - memorable and forgettable|last=McShane|first=Larry|date=25 Februari 1993|work=[[Deseret News]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[36th Grammy Awards|1994]] || [[File:Curtis Mayfield.png|100px]] || {{sortname|Curtis|Mayfield}} || {{sort|1942–2999|1942–1999}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Curtis Mayfield, 57, entertainer, songwriter">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WO&p_theme=wo&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADFAF47039E50C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Curtis Mayfield, 57, entertainer, songwriter|date=27 Desemba 1999|work=[[Telegram & Gazette]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=The New York Times Company|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023103/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WO&p_theme=wo&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADFAF47039E50C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[36th Grammy Awards|1994]] || [[File:Franksinatra.jpg|100px|alt=A middle-aged man in a tuxedo sits and smiles into the distance.]] || {{sortname|Frank|Sinatra}} || {{sort|1915–1998|1915–1998}} || {{USA}} || |- |align="center"|[[40th Grammy Awards|1998]] || [[File:Luciano Pavarotti 15.06.02 cropped.jpg|100px|alt=A man in a dress coat and white shirt opens his mouth, which is framed by dark facial hair.]] || {{sortname|Luciano|Pavarotti}} || {{sort|1935–2007|1935–2007}} || {{ITA}} || <ref name="Prince among tenors, undisputed king of high C's">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/people/prince-among-tenors-undisputed-king-of-high-cs/2007/09/06/1188783415787.html|title=Prince among tenors, undisputed king of high C's|last=Shmith|first=Michael|date=7 Septemba 2007|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[41st Grammy Awards|1999]] || [[File:Elton John on stage, 2008.jpg|100px|alt=A blond-haired middle-aged man stands with his arms open and fists clenched. He wears a dark suit and red shirt. He also sports a cross pendant around his neck, and wears purple sunglasses.]] || {{sortname|Elton|John}} || {{sort|1947|amezaliwa 1947}} || {{UK}} || <ref name="Grammy Legend Award" /> |- |align="center"|[[45th Grammy Awards|2003]] || [[File:The Bee Gees.png|100px|The Bee Gees]] || {{sortname|Bee|Gees}} || &mdash; || {{UK}} || <ref name="The 45th Annual Grammy Awards">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F96BA72E6C4286F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=The 45th Annual Grammy Awards|date=24 Februari 2003|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=Philadelphia Media Holdings|archive-date=2018-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232449/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F96BA72E6C4286F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Tazama pia== *[[Grammy Award]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|author=''[[People (magazine)|People]]''|others=Cader Books|title=2001 People Entertainment Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/peopleentertainm0000unse|publisher=People Books|date=2000|isbn=1929049072}} *{{cite book|last=Kalte|first=Pamela M.|title=Contemporary Black Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryblac0049unse|publisher=Gale Group|date=2005|isbn=0787679216}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.grammy.com/ Official website] of the [[Grammy Awards]] [[Category:Tuzo za Grammy|Legend Award]] l8wi3b18dbw7xyc84uoxevmci9q4icv 1600056 1599711 2026-09-24T11:41:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tuzo 2 | jina = Grammy Legend Award | maelezo = Michango endelevu na athira katika tasnia ya muziki | picha = | ukubwa wa picha = | caption = | hutolewa na =[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] | nchi = Marekani | miaka = 1990 | tovuti = [http://www.grammy.com/ grammy.com] }} '''Grammy Legend Award''', au '''Grammy Living Legend Award''',<ref name="Liza: Life in the limelight">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4506978/|title=Liza: Life in the limelight|last=Kotb|first=Hoda|date=12 Machi 2004|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|archive-date=2012-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812193349/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4506978/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Billy Joel biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/joel_billy/artist.jhtml|title=Billy Joel biography|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|archive-date=2009-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227085849/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/joel_billy/artist.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni tuzo maalumu inayotolewa na [[Grammy Awards]] kwa ajili ya wakongwe wa muziki walio hai, sherehe ambazo zilianzishwa tangu 1958 na hapo awali iliitwa Gramophone Awards.<ref name="Seen and heard at the 50th Grammy Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2008-02-10-3988122778_x.htm|title=Seen and heard at the 50th Grammy Awards|date=11 Februari 2008|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009}}</ref><ref name="The 2001 Grammys">{{cite web|http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/18/entertainment/ca-26779|title=The 2001 Grammys|last=Henken|first=John|date=18 Februari 2001|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]}}</ref> ==Waliopokea tuzo hii== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:center;" ! width=100 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Mwaka{{ref|1|[I]}} ! class=unsortable width=100 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Picha ! width=400 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Mpokeaji ! width=100 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Maisha ! width=200 style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Utaifa ! class=unsortable style="background:#FFE4C4;"|Marejeo |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:AndrewLloydWebber3.png|100px|alt=An upperbody shot of a middle-aged man in a dark suit.]] || {{sortname|Andrew|Lloyd Webber}} || {{sort|1948|amezaliwa 1948}} || {{UK}} || <ref name="cader 545">Cader Books, p. 545</ref> |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:Liza Minnelli.jpg|100px|alt=A woman in a red dress, jacket and scarf smiles toward the camera.]] || {{sortname|Liza|Minnelli}} || {{sort|1946|amezaliwa 1946}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Liza: Life in the limelight" /> |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:Smokey Robinson 2.jpg|100px|alt=A man in a light-colored suit sings into a microphone]] || {{sortname|Smokey|Robinson}} || {{sort|1940|amezaliwa 1940}} || {{USA}}|| <ref name="kalte 117">Kalte, p. 117</ref> |- |align="center"|[[32nd Grammy Awards|1990]] || [[File:WillieNelson.jpg|100px|alt=An elderly man holds a guitar while in front of a microphone. He has white facial hair and wears a United States flag bandana.]] || {{sortname|Willie|Nelson}} || {{sort|1933|amezaliwa 1933}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Grammy Legend Award">{{cite web|url=http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Legends/|title=Grammy Legend Award|publisher=Grammy.com|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207040854/http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Legends/|archivedate=2010-12-07}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:Arethafranklin.jpg|100px|alt=A woman stands on stage and sings into a microphone. She wears a blue dress and has a blue feather boa around her arms.]] || {{sortname|Aretha|Franklin}} || {{sort|1942|amezaliwa 1942}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Franklin not ready to rest on another laurel">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lCcqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LkUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5316,4612077&dq=grammy+legend+1991+aretha-franklin&hl=en|title=Franklin not ready to rest on another laurel|last=Barrera|first=Sandra|date=6 Septemba 2005|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Journal Communications]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095700/https://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lCcqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LkUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5316,4612077&dq=grammy+legend+1991+aretha-franklin&hl=en|archivedate=2016-03-05}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:Billy Joel Shankbone NYC 2009.jpg|100px|alt=An upper body shot of a man wearing a shirt, suit and tie. He is balding and his smiling mouth is framed by a white goatee beard.]] || {{sortname|Billy|Joel}} || {{sort|1949|amezaliwa 1949}} || {{USA}} || |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|100px|alt6=A man with dark hair looks forlornly down to his left. He rests his chin between his thumb and finger.]] || {{sortname|Johnny|Cash}} || {{sort|1932–2003|1932–2003}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Critic's choice">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8DDFDE5B8966&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Critic's choice|date=15 Februari 1991|work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]]|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172719/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8DDFDE5B8966&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[33rd Grammy Awards|1991]] || [[File:Quincy Jones 2006.jpg|100px|alt=A man in a blue jacket looks ahead. The balding male's dark sunglasses conceal his eyes.]] ||{{sortname|Quincy|Jones}} || {{sort|1933|amezaliwa 1933}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="‘Melody’ Missing from Music Industry, Quincy Jones Says">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/56271|title=‘Melody’ Missing from Music Industry, Quincy Jones Says|last=Ballasy|first=Nicholas|date=29 Oktoba 2009|publisher=[[CNSNews.com]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128023937/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/56271|archivedate=2010-01-28}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[34th Grammy Awards|1992]] || [[File:Barbra Streisand.jpg|100px|alt=A blond-haired woman looks down to the ground. She wears a white dress and a silver necklace.]] || {{sortname|Barbra|Streisand}} || {{sort|1942|amezaliwa 1942}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="The 1992 Grammys an 'unforgettable' night for Natalie Cole, Bonnie Raitt and R.E.M">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB2A30592416810&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=The 1992 Grammys an 'unforgettable' night for Natalie Cole, Bonnie Raitt and R.E.M|date=26 Februari 1992|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Philadelphia Media Holdings]]|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023108/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB2A30592416810&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[35th Grammy Awards|1993]] || [[File:Michael 1988 by himself.jpg|100px|alt=A headshot of a man wearing a red baseball cap and shirt. He has long black hair and is smiling towards the camera.]] ||{{sortname|Michael|Jackson}} || {{sort|1958–2009|1958–2009}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Grammy moments - memorable and forgettable">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=Z04pAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y4QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3702,4129430&dq=michael-jackson+legend-award&hl=en|title=Grammy moments - memorable and forgettable|last=McShane|first=Larry|date=25 Februari 1993|work=[[Deseret News]]|accessdate=31 Desemba 2009}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[36th Grammy Awards|1994]] || [[File:Curtis Mayfield.png|100px]] || {{sortname|Curtis|Mayfield}} || {{sort|1942–2999|1942–1999}} || {{USA}} || <ref name="Curtis Mayfield, 57, entertainer, songwriter">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WO&p_theme=wo&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADFAF47039E50C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Curtis Mayfield, 57, entertainer, songwriter|date=27 Desemba 1999|work=[[Telegram & Gazette]]|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=The New York Times Company|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023103/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WO&p_theme=wo&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADFAF47039E50C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[36th Grammy Awards|1994]] || [[File:Franksinatra.jpg|100px|alt=A middle-aged man in a tuxedo sits and smiles into the distance.]] || {{sortname|Frank|Sinatra}} || {{sort|1915–1998|1915–1998}} || {{USA}} || |- |align="center"|[[40th Grammy Awards|1998]] || [[File:Luciano Pavarotti 15.06.02 cropped.jpg|100px|alt=A man in a dress coat and white shirt opens his mouth, which is framed by dark facial hair.]] || {{sortname|Luciano|Pavarotti}} || {{sort|1935–2007|1935–2007}} || {{ITA}} || <ref name="Prince among tenors, undisputed king of high C's">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/people/prince-among-tenors-undisputed-king-of-high-cs/2007/09/06/1188783415787.html|title=Prince among tenors, undisputed king of high C's|last=Shmith|first=Michael|date=7 Septemba 2007|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]}}</ref> |- |align="center"|[[41st Grammy Awards|1999]] || [[File:Elton John on stage, 2008.jpg|100px|alt=A blond-haired middle-aged man stands with his arms open and fists clenched. He wears a dark suit and red shirt. He also sports a cross pendant around his neck, and wears purple sunglasses.]] || {{sortname|Elton|John}} || {{sort|1947|amezaliwa 1947}} || {{UK}} || <ref name="Grammy Legend Award" /> |- |align="center"|[[45th Grammy Awards|2003]] || [[File:The Bee Gees.png|100px|The Bee Gees]] || {{sortname|Bee|Gees}} || &mdash; || {{UK}} || <ref name="The 45th Annual Grammy Awards">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F96BA72E6C4286F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=The 45th Annual Grammy Awards|date=24 Februari 2003|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|format=Payment required to access full article|accessdate=20 Desemba 2009|publisher=Philadelphia Media Holdings|archive-date=2018-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232449/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F96BA72E6C4286F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} ==Tazama pia== *[[Grammy Award]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|author=''[[People (magazine)|People]]''|others=Cader Books|title=2001 People Entertainment Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/peopleentertainm0000unse|publisher=People Books|date=2000|isbn=1929049072}} *{{cite book|last=Kalte|first=Pamela M.|title=Contemporary Black Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryblac0049unse|publisher=Gale Group|date=2005|isbn=0787679216}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.grammy.com/ Official website] of the [[Grammy Awards]] [[Category:Tuzo za Grammy|Legend Award]] iqlfgliblx1gkywca1atsgb4abfipei 0 43310 1600114 897177 2026-09-24T11:48:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Television episode |Picha=[[Image:Heroes s01 e08.jpg|250px]] |Maelezo= [[Mohinder Suresh|Mohinder]] ana ndoto za ajabu - zinazofanana na ukweli kuhusu [[Sanjog Iyer]]. |Jina=Seven Minutes to Midnight |Mfululizo=[[Heroes]] |Msimu=1 |Sehemu=8 |Tarehe ya kurushwa=13 Novemba 2006 |Matayarisho=108 |Mtunzi= [[Tim Kring]] |Mwongozaji= [[Paul Edwards (cinematographer)|Paul Edwards]] |Wageni= * [[Clea DuVall]] * [[Nora Zehetner]] * [[James Kyson Lee]] * [[Erick Avari]] * [[Jayma Mays]] * [[Matthew John Armstrong]] * [[Lisa Lackey]] * [[Stacy Haiduk]] * [[Shishir Kurup]] * [[Sakina Jaffrey]] * Kavi Ladnier * [[Zachary Quinto]] * [[Karri Turner]] * [[Jack Coleman]] |Iliyopita=[[Nothing to Hide]] |Ijayo=[[Homecoming (Heroes)|Homecoming]] |Orodha ya sehemu =[[Orodha ya sehemu za Heroes]] }} "'''Seven Minutes to Midnight'''" ni sehemu ya nane ya msimu wa kwanza wa mfululizo wa igizo la ubunifu wa kisayansi linalorushwa hewani na kituo cha televisheni cha [[NBC]], ''[[Heroes]]''. ==Hadithi== Mohinder anarudi India kutawanya majivu ya baba yake. Anajijadili, je, arejee kazi yake kama profesa wa chuo. Msichana wake wa zamani Mira anamwalika kwenye majaribio ya kazi katikia kampuni ya utafiti wa vinasabai ambapo yeye atachaguliwa kuwa mkuu wa kitengo. Hata hivyo, anasema ni lazima asitaje tafiti za baba'ke kuhusu mageko ya nguvu za ajabu au hata kuthubutu kuendeleza sera za utafiti wa namna hiyo kwenye kitengo. Anaelekea kwenye ofisi ya baba'ke, Mohinder anaona programu inatembea kwenye kompyuta; baada ya bonyeza futa, ujumbe unamwuuliza "are you sure you want to quit" unatokea kwenye kioo na Mohinder anasita kuchagua "yes". Mohinder anazungumza na mama'ke kuhusu uamuzi wake wa kumruhusu baba'ke aende Marekani kumtafuta Sylar. Kwa mara ya kwanza mama yake ana mwambia kuhusu dada yake, Shanti, ambaye amefariki akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano, miaka miwili baada ya Mohinder kuzaliwa. Shanti alikuwa wa "namna ya pekee", kwa mujibu wa mama'ke, na baba yao alimpenda sana Shanti kiasi kwamba alihofia Mohinder angegundua mapenzi yake na angetaka usawa. Pia Mohinder anamfululizo wa ndoto, zinamwonesha bwana mdogo wa Kihindi ambaye anamwongoza kwenye matukio kadha wa kadha ikiwa ni pamoja na kumwonesha hata mauaji ya baba'ke kwenye taxi na mtu ambaye sura yake imefumbwa, lakini amevaa saa iliyovunjika kioo, ikionesha saa sita na dakika saba usiku. Ndoto nyingine ni pale bwana mdogo alipokuwa akijaribu kuingia kwenye sanduku la kwenye meza ya Mohinder, Mohinder kaona funguo kwenye kabrasha la baba'ke ambayo ilikuwa ndani ya lile droo, na kulifungua, na kukuta faili lililoitwa "SANJOG, Iyer", likiwa na picha ya bwana mdogo yule. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.nbc.com/Video/rewind/full_episodes/heroes.shtml?show=heroes08 Watch "Seven Minutes to Midnight"] at NBC.com * {{IMDb title|0879074|Seven Minutes to Midnight}} {{Heroes Series}} {{Heroes}} [[Jamii:Sehemu za Heroes]] [[Jamii:Sehemu za televisheni]] p2a3a5q9fatdsccspezk61ep7tgityq 0 55015 1599541 1530681 2026-09-23T18:33:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=Julai 2007}} [[File:Blastulation.png|thumb|240px|right|1 - morula, 2 - blastula]] [[File:Gastrulation.png|thumb|240px|1 - blastula, 2 - gastrula na blastopore, rangi ya machungwa - ectoderm, rangi nyekundu - endoderm.]] '''Embriolojia''' (kutoka [[Kigiriki]] ἔμβρυον, ''embryon,'' "hajazaliwa, kiinitete" na λογία ''-logia'' elimu, taaluma) ni sayansi inayojishughulisha na ukuaji wa [[kiinitete]] kutoka kwa utungisho wa yai kukua hadi kipindi cha [[kijusi]]. Baada ya utengano, seli zinazojigawanya ziitwazo [[morula]], zinakuwa tufe shimo au [[blastula]], kinachomoka kitundu kwa upande mmoja. Katika wanyama wenye pande mbili zinazofanana, blastula inakua katika moja ya njia mbili. Jinsi blastula inavyokua inatumika kupanga ufalme mzima wa wanyama katika vipande viwili (tazama: ''Asili ya kiembriolojia ya mdomo na mkundu).'' Kama kitundu cha kwanza (blastopore) kinakuwa mdomo, mnyama huitwa protostome, kikiwa mkundu, mnyama huitwa deuterostome. Hakina protostome wanazingatia wingi wa wanyama wanaokosa [[uti wa mgongo]], kama vile [[wadudu]], [[minyoo]], na [[konokono]], wakati hakina deuterostome ndio [[kodata]] au wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo kwa mfano [[binadamu]], [[ndege]], na [[samaki]]. Baada ya kipindi, lazima blastula ijitofautishe ili iwe na muundo mbalimbali zaidi uitwao gastrula. Gastrula yenye blastopore yake inajipanga kwenye rusu tatu za chembe hai (rusu vyanzo) ambazo zinaunga viungo vyote mwili pamoja na tishu: * Rusu ya ndani (inayopakana na mashimo ya blastula), inayoitwa endoderimu, ndiyo chanzo cha vyombo vya mmeng'enyo, mapafu, na kibofu cha mkojo. * Rusu ya katikati, inayoitwa mesoderimu, inaunga misuli, mifupa na mfumo wa damu. * Rusu ya nje, inayoitwa ectoderimu, inakuwa mfumo wa neva na ngozi. Kwa binadamu, neno "kiinitete" linahusu tufe ya chembe hai zinazojigawanya (zaigoti) kutoka wakati wa kujiingiza ukuta wa tumbo la kizazi (uterasi) wa mpaka mwisho wa wiki nane baada ya kutungwa. Zaidi ya wiki ya nane, kinitete kinakuwa kinaitwa kijusi. Viinitete vya spishi nyingi vinafanana katika hatua za ukuaji za mwanzo kwa sababu spishi hizo zina asili moja ya mabadiliko. Milingano hiyo kwenye spishi huitwa miundo homalagasi ambayo ni miundo yenye kutenda kazi moja na utaratibu mmoja ama inayofanana utendaji kazi na utaratibu kwa kuwa spishi zenye miundo hiyo zimetofautiana kutoka asili moja. ==Historia== [[File:6 weeks pregnant.png|thumb|150px|right|Viinitete vya binadamu vyenye umri wa ujauzito wiki sita]] [[File:10dayMouseEmb.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Filamu ya histologia ya kiinitete cha panya kwenye umri wa ujauzito wa siku 10]] [[File:Beetle larvae filtered sw.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Viluwiluwi vya bungo]] Hivi karibuni kama karne ya 18, wazo lililoongeza katika embriologia liliitwa muundo wa kwanza kwa sababu watu walidhani mtoto mchanga mdogo kabisa anaitwa "homunkulus" alikuwa amekwishaumbwa kabisa kwenye shahawa. Wazo hilo linasema mtoto huyu anakuwa mkubwa wakati yumo kwenye tumbo la kizazi. maelezo ya shindano la maendeleo ya kiinitete liliitwa epigenesisi na lilielezeka mapema miaka 2,000 na Aristotle. Wazo hilo la epigenesisi, umbo la mnyama linakua hatua kwa hatua kutoka yai linalokosa umbo maalum. Kama somo la hadumini liliboreka wakati wa karne ya 19, wasomi wa viumbe hai waliona viinitete vikikua hatua hadi hatua na wakapendelea maelezo yale la Aristotle yaani epigenesisi. Kwenye kundi la waanzilishi wa embriologia ya kisasa wamo Gavin de Beer, [[Charles Darwin]], [[Ernst Haeckel]], J.B.S. Haldane, na Joseph Needham, wakati embriologia ya msingi sana ilitoka katika kazi ya Aristotle na wasomi wakubwa wa viungo vya ndani wa kiitaliano: Aldrovandi, Aranzio, [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Marcello Malpighi, Gabriele Falloppia, Girolamo Cardano, Emilio Parisano, Fortunio Liceti, Stefano Lorenzini, Spallanzani, Enrico Sertoli, Mauro Rusconi, nk <ref>[4] ^ Massimo De Felici, Gregorio Siracus, ''[http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.0009/ft515.pdf The rise of embryology in Italy: from the Renaissance to the early 20th Century,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.0009/ft515.pdf |date=20100105181855 }}'' Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44: 515-521 (2000).</ref> Wengine wachangiaji muhimu ni William Harvey, Kaspar Friedrich Wolff, Heinz Christian Pander, Karl Ernst von Baer, na Agosti Weismann. Baada ya miaka ya 1950, waligundua muundo wa helikali wa [[DNA]] pamoja na kuongezeka ujuzi katika somo la baiolojia, maendeleo yalijitokeza kama shamba la utafiti kwenye malengo matatu: la kwanza kugundua mahusiano kati ya vinasaba na mabadiliko ya kiumbo, la pili kuamua ni kinasaba gani kinachosababisha kila badiliko la kiinitete, na la tatu kuelewa jinsi hivyo vinasaba vinarekebishwa. ==Embriologia ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo na wasio na uti wa mgongo== Kanuni nyingi za embriologia zinahusu wanyama wasio na uti wa mgongo pamoja na wale wenye uti wa mgongo. <ref> Parker, Sybil. "Invertebrate Embryology," ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0079115047&amp;id=CMC32Rmo9tYC&amp;q=%22invertebrate+embryology%22+and+%22mcgraw-hill%22&amp;dq=%22invertebrate+embryology%22+and+%22mcgraw-hill%22&amp;pgis=1 McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science &amp; Technology]'' (McGraw-Hill 1997).</ref> Kwa hiyo, somo la embriologia ya wasio na uti wa mgongo limesogeza mbele somo la embriologia ya wenye uti wa mgongo. Hata hivyo, kuna tofauti pia. Kwa mfano, aina mbalimbali ya wasio na uti wa mgongo wanatolea viluwiluwi kabla havijakamilika maendeleo kamili; katika mwisho wa kipindi cha kiluwiluwi, mdudu kwa mara ya kwanza anafanana na mdudu mzima yuko sawa na mzazi au wazazi wake. Embriologia ya wasio na uti wa mgongo yenyewe inatofautiana kati ya aina moja ya mdudu kwenda nyingine. Kwa mfano, wakati buibui wanatamia wakiwa wazima wadudu wengi hukua kwa kupitia hata kipindi kimoja cha kiluwiluwi. ==Utafiti wa embriolojia wa kisasa== Hivi sasa, embriolojia imekuwa ni muhimu kwa ajili ya utafiti wa udhibiti wa vinasaba kwa utaratibu wa kimaendeleo (kwa mfano morphogeni), uhusiano wake na ishara za seli, umuhimu wake kwa ajili ya utafiti wa magonjwa fulani na wa mabadiliko ya vinasaba na uhusiano wake na utafiti wa seli shina. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *Embryology - History of embryology as a science. " Science Encyclopedia. Web. 6 Nov 2009. <http://science.jrank.org/pages/2452/Embryology.html {{Wayback|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/2452/Embryology.html |date=20200203211847 }}>. *"Germ layer." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 6 Nov 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230597/germ-layer>. ==Marejeo zaidi== * Scott F. Gilbert. ''Developmental Biology.'' Sinauer, 2003. ISBN 0-87893-258-5. * Lewis Wolpert. ''Principles of Development.'' Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-927536-X. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Embryology}} * [http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/embryo_main/index.html Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana Uhuishaji za Embriologia ya Binadamu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/embryo_main/index.html |date=20191016062333 }} * [http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/views/biolines Kiinitete cha binadamu ndicho nini?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/views/biolines |date=20120225084041 }} * [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/ UNSW Embriologia] rasilimali kubwa ya maarifa na vyombo vya habari * [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&amp;va=embryo Ufafanuzi wa kiniitete kulingana na Webster] {{Wayback|url=http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=embryo |date=20100130235336 }} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Category:Embriolojia]] l1n121vcui4cjsqax7fohep3kfq8700 0 55045 1600142 1578185 2026-09-24T11:51:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utumizi mzuri wa dawa''' (pia: '''uzingativu''') katika [[taaluma]] ya [[uuguzi]], inaelezea kiwango ambacho [[mgonjwa]] huzingatia [[ushauri]] wa [[daktari]]. Kwa kawaida, humaanisha uzingativu katika matumizi ya [[dawa]], lakini pia ina maana ya matumizi ya vifaa vya matibabu kama vile stockings compression, utunzi wa [[jeraha sugu]], [[Mazoezi ya mwili|mazoezi ya binafsi]], au kuhudhuria ushauri au [[kozi]] nyingine za matibabu. [[Muuguzi]] na [[mgonjwa]] wote huathiri utumizi mzuri wa dawa, na uhusiano mwema baina ya daktari na mgonjwa huathiri pakubwa katika kuboresha utumizi bora wa dawa, ingawa [[gharama]] kubwa za dawa pia huchangia pakubwa. Kutozingatia utumizi bora wa dawa ni kikwazo kikubwa katika utoaji wa [[huduma]] bora ya [[afya]]. Makadirio ya [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] yanaonyesha kwamba ni karibu 50[[%]] ya wagonjwa wanaougua [[magonjwa sugu]] wanaoishi katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]] hufuata mapendekezo ya matibabu. Haswa, viwango vya chini vya kuzingatia matibabu ya [[pumu]], [[kisukari]] na [[Shinikizo la damu]] huchangia kwa kiwango fulani gharama na mzigo wa kiuchumi wa hali hiyo. Makadirio ya viwango vya uzingativu yaweza kuwa juu katika maandiko ya utabibu, kwani kiwango cha uzingativu huwa juu katika uundaji wa majaribio ya kliniki lakini hushuka katika "ulimwengu wa halisi". <ref name="BandolierStatins2004"/> Vikwazo vikuu katika uzingativu wa dawa ni kama vile mfumo wa matibabu wa kisasa ulio na utaratibu, ukosefu wa "elimu ya afya" na ukosefu wa ufahamu wa faida za matibabu, matukio ya adhari za kando za dawa zisizojadiliwa, gharama ya madawa ya kuagizwa na daktari, na mawasiliano duni au ukosefu wa uaminifu baina ya mgonjwa na muuguzi au muhuduma wake wa afya. Juhudi za kuboresha utumiaji mzuri wa dawa zimelengwa katika kurahisisha ufungashaji dawa, kutoa kumbusho za dawa bora, kuboresha elimu ya wagonjwa,na kuweka vikwazo kwenye idadi ya dawa zinazoagizwa kwa wakati mmoja. ==Istilahi== Jumla ya nusu ya watu ambao mfumo wa utaratibu wa matibabu wameagiziwa,hawauzingatii ipasavyo. <ref name="WhoReport"/> Hadi hivi karibuni, ilijulikana kama "kutozingatia", ambayo wakati mwingine ilimaniisha kutofuata maagizo ya matibabu na ilitokana na tabia za kihuni au kupuuza maelekezo kwa makusudi. Leo, wataalamu wa afya hutumia kwa kawaida zaidi "uzingatifu wa mfumo ulio na utaratibu" kuliko "utumizi bora wa dawa", kwa sababu maneno haya hukisiwa kuwasilisha haswa sababu ambazo huwafanya wagonjwa hauri wa daktari.<ref name="Ngoh">{{cite journal |author=Ngoh LN |title=Health literacy: a barrier to pharmacist-patient communication and medication adherence |journal=J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=e132–46; quiz e147–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19748861 |doi=10.1331/JAPhA.2009.07075 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, istilahi kamili bado suala la mjadala. <ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050100 |author=Osterberg L, Blaschke T |title=Adherence to Medication |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2005-08-04_353_5/page/487 |journal=[[N Engl J Med]] |year=2005 |volume=353 |issue=5 |pages=487–97 |pmid=16079372}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Aronson JK |title=Compliance, concordance, adherence |journal=[[Br J Clin Pharmacol]] |year=2007 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=383–4 |pmid=17378797 |pmc=2203247 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02893.x }}</ref> Katika baadhi ya matukio, upatano hutumika hasa kwa mgonjwa kuzingatia mfumo ulio na utaratibu wa matibabu ambao umeundwa kwa ushirikiano wake na daktari, na kuutofautisha na uaminifu, ambao ni mfumo ambao ni daktari pekee anayetoa utaratibu wa tiba.<ref>{{cite web |author=US NIH Office of Behavior and Social Sciences Research |url=http://obssr.od.nih.gov/pdf/Workshop_final_report.pdf |title=Framework for adherence research and translation: a blueprint for the next ten years |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-09-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528015152/http://obssr.od.nih.gov/pdf/Workshop_final_report.pdf |archivedate=2010-05-28 }}</ref> Licha ya mjadala unaoendelea, uaminifu ndio neno linalopendelewa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]], Shirika la Wafamasia wa Marekani na Taasisi ya Utafiti na Mtandao wa Afya ya Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |author=Office of Behavior and Social Sciences Research |publisher=U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] |title=Adherence Research Network |url=http://obssr.od.nih.gov/scientific_areas/health_behaviour/adherence/adherenceresearchnetwork.aspx |accessdate=12 Mei 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502064804/http://obssr.od.nih.gov/scientific_areas/health_behaviour/adherence/adherenceresearchnetwork.aspx |archivedate=2010-05-02 }}</ref> Upatano pia unahusu mpango wa [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] NHS wa kuhusisha mgonjwa katika mchakato wa kutibiwa ili kuboresha ukubalifu. <ref name="BMJ">{{cite journal |title=Not to be taken as directed - Putting concordance for taking medicines into practice |journal=[[BMJ]] |year=2003 |volume=326 |issue=7385 |pages=348–9 |date=15 Februari 2003 |author=Marinker and Shaw |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7385.348}}</ref> Katika muktadha huu, mgonjwa anajulishwa hali yao na matibabu yaliyoko. Hushirikiana na timu ya matibabu katika uamuzi utakaochukuliwa na kuwajibika kwa kufuatilia na kuripoti kwa timu hiyo. Uzingativu wa matibabu ni huboreshwa kwa: * Kupendekeza matibabu ambayo ni bora katika muktadha ulioko * Kuchagua matibabu yaliyo na kiwango kidogo cha chini ya athari au matatizo machache kwa ajili ya matumizi ya muda mrefu * Kuagizia idadi ya chini ya dawa mbalimbali, kwa mfano, kuagizia dozi moja ya kiua vijasumu ambayo inatibu maambukizi mawili kwa wakati mmoja (ingawa kuhatarisha kuchangia ukuaji wa usugu wakiua vijasumu) * Kurahisisha mfumo ulio na utaratibu wa kipimo cha dawa kwa kuchagua dawa tofauti au kutumia kipimo cha dawa kinacho tolewa kwa uwendelevu na kuhitaji maandalizi na vipimo cha chini wakati wa siku <ref name="Bandolier117">{{cite journal |title=Dosing and compliance? |journal=[[Bandolier (journal)|Bandolier]] |volume=117 |date=Novemba 2003 |url=http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band117/b117-8.html |at=Figure 1 |access-date=2010-09-20 |archive-date=2012-12-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224190522/http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band117/b117-8.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * Kujadili athari zinazowezekana, na kama kuna umuhimu wa kuendelea kutumia dawa hizo bila kujali athari * Ushauri juu ya kupunguza au kukabiliana na madhara, kwa mfano, kama kuchukua dawa ukiwa na njaa au kama umeshiba. * Kujenga uaminifu ili wagonjwa wasiwe na hofu,aibu au hasira kama hawawezi kuchukua dawa pekee, na kuruhusu daktari kujaribu njia mbadala ya muhula bora == Athari za jamii == Makadirio ya utafiti wa Shirika la Afya Ulimwengu yaonyesha kuwa ni 50% tu ya wagonjwa wanaosumbuliwa na magonjwa sugu katika nchi zilizoendelea hufuata mapendekezo ya matibabu. <ref name="WhoReport"/> Hii inaweza kuathiri afya ya mgonjwa, na kuathiri jamii pana wakati inasababisha matatizo kutokana na magonjwa sugu, kusababisha maambukizi sugu, au bila kutibiwa, ugonjwa wa akili. Viwango vya utumiaji mzuri wa dawa wakati wa kisomo cha kufuatiliwa kwa karibu huwa kwa kawaida juu zaidi ikilinganishwa na hali halisia duniani. Kwa mfano, taarifa ya utafiti mmoja uliripoti 97% kufuata katika kiwango cha mwanzo wa matibabu na statins lakini 50% ya wagonjwa walikuwa bado wanafanya inavyotakikana baada ya miezi sita. <ref name="BandolierStatins2004">{{cite journal |title=Patient Compliance with statins |journal=[[Bandolier (journal)|Bandolier]] |url=http://medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/cardiac/patcomp.html |year=2004 |access-date=2010-09-20 |archive-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164817/http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/cardiac/patcomp.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Masuala ya utumizi mzuri wa dawa == === Viwango vya kuagiza dawa kwa daktari === Ingawa mhuduma wa afya akikumbana na mgonjwa huweza kusababisha mgonjwa kuondoka na dawa kwa ajili ya ugonjwa, si wagonjwa wote watachukuwa dawa hiyo katika duka la dawa. Nchini Marekani, ni 20-30% ya maagizo ya dawa kutoka kwa daktari ambayo hujazwa katika duka la dawa. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Fischer MA, Stedman MR, Lii J, ''et al.'' |title=Primary medication non-adherence: analysis of 195,930 electronic prescriptions |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=284–90 |year=2010 |month=Aprili |pmid=20131023 |doi=10.1007/s11606-010-1253-9 |pmc=2842539 }}</ref> <ref> Norton M. (Reuters Health) ''Many patients may not fill their prescriptions'' (2010), [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61G3QX20100217 ] Accessed 12 Mei 2010</ref> Kuna sababu nyingi zinazowafanya wagonjwa kutojaza maagizo ikiwa nipamoja na gharama ya dawa, mashaka haja ya dawa, au upendeleo kwa-huduma hatua binafsi kuliko dawa nyingine. Gharama ndio kizuizi kikuu kwa kufuata maagizo ya madawa. Utafiti wa kitaifa wa Marekani uliofanyiwa watu wazima ya 1,010 mwaka wa 2001 uligundua kuwa 22% walichagua kutojaza maagizo kwa sababu ya bei, ambayo ni sawa na kiwango cha jumla 20-30% ya maagizo ambayo huwa hayajazwi. <ref name="Harris"/> === Kumaliza tiba === Mara baada ya kuanza, wagonjwa mara si haba hawafuati mfumo wa matibabu kama ilivyoagizwa, na mara nyingi kumaliza kozi ya tiba. <ref name="APA"/> <ref name="Ngoh"/> Gharama na uelewaji mbaya wa maelekezo kwa ajili ya matibabu (inajulikana kama elimu ya afya '') ni vikwazo vikuu katika ukamilisho wa matibabu. Kama ilivyotajwa awali, Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) lina makadirio ya kwamba ni 50% tu ya watu ambao hukamilisha tiba ya ya muda mrefu kwa ajili ya matibabu ya muda mrefu illnesses as they were prescribed, which puts patient health at risk.<ref name="WhoReport"/> Aina mbalimbali ya mbinu zimependekezwa ili kusaidia wagonjwa kukamilisha ya matibabu kama walivyoagizwa. Mbinu hizi ni pamoja na miundo zinazosaidia kurahisisha kukumbuka mfumo wa matibabu na kipimo na pia maandiko mbalimbali kwa ajili ya kuongeza uelewano na subira ya maelekezo. Kwa mfano, dawa wakati mwingine hupakiwa na mifumo ya kukumbusha siku na / au muda wa wiki wa kuchukua dawa. Kwa lengo la kusaidia uzingativu wa dawa na wagonjwa, shirika lisilo na kibiashara ( '''Healthcare Compliance Packaging Council of Europe/HCPC-Europe )''' [http://www.hcpc-europe.org/cms/front_content.php?idcat=94 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hcpc-europe.org/cms/front_content.php?idcat=94 |date=20081019100628 }}[58] ilianzishwa kati ya wanasekta wa dawa, sekta ya upakiaji na wawakilishi, wa mashirika ya wagonjwa wa Ulaya. Maudhui ya HCPC-Ulaya ni kusaidia na kuelimisha sekta ya afya katika uboreshaji wa ufuataji wa matumizi ya dawa na wagojwa kupitia upakiaji mzuri. Aina mbalimbali ya upakiaji zimeendelezwa na ushirikiano huu ili kusaidia katika kufuata maagizo ya dawa. Kushindwa kukamilisha mfumo wa matibabu kama ilivyo agizwa ina athari mbaya ya afya duniani kote. <ref name="WhoReport"/> Mifano ya kiwango na matokeo ya kutozingatia mfumo wa matibabu kwa magonjwa kadha ni kama ifuatavyo: * Kutozingatia matumizi kwa Ugonjwa wa kisukari (98% katika Marekani) ni sababu kuu ya matatizo kuhusiana na ugonjwa wa kisukari yakiwa ni pamoja na uharibifu wa neva na kuharibika kwa figo. * Kutozingatia kwa Shinikizo la damu (93% nchini Marekani, 70% katika Uingereza) ni sababu kubwa ya mmambukizi ya ghafla ya moyo na kiharusi. * Kutozingatia kwa ugonjwa wa Pumu ni (28-70% duniani kote) huongeza hatari ya mashambulizi makali ya pumu yanayohitaji kulazwa hospaitalini. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|refs= <ref name=APA>{{Rejea tovuti |work=APA Highlights Newsletter |title=Enhancing Patient Adherence: Proceedings of the Pinnacle Roundtable Discussion |date=Oktoba 2004 |volume=7 |issue=4 |url=http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home2&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=11174 |accessdate=2021-12-29 |archivedate=2011-06-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092834/http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home2&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=11174 }}</ref> <ref name=Harris>{{Rejea habari |publisher=Harris Interactive |title=Out-of-pocket costs may be a substantial barrier to prescription drug compliance |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/newsletters/healthnews/HI_HealthCareNews2001Vol1_iss32.pdf |accessdate=12 Mei 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103211324/http://harrisinteractive.com/news/newsletters/healthnews/HI_HealthCareNews2001Vol1_iss32.pdf |archivedate=2010-01-03 }}</ref> <ref name=WhoReport>{{Rejea kitabu |author=World Health Organization |title=Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action |publisher=World Health Organisation |location=Geneva |date=2003 |isbn=92-4-154599-2 |format=PDF |url=http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_full_report.pdf}}</ref> }} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_full_report.pdf Adherence to Long-Term Therapies], ripoti kutoka kwa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]]. [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Madawa]] mm9kpfge8bowt4gzjvuewzm0zwrdfsq 0 55301 1599585 1341563 2026-09-23T18:46:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Symptom | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = 17771 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|42||r|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|780.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = neuro | eMedicineTopic = 693 | MeshID = D004244 }} '''Kizunguzungu''' ni hali ya kupoteza utambuzi na uimara <ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000031973|dizziness}}</ref> inaweza kutumika kwa maana ya kuhisi kuzunguka, udhaifu wa misuli, inachukuliwa kama kutokuwa na uimara <ref name="urlChapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient">{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_2/chapter_14.html#chpt_14_presyncope |title=Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-08-06 |archivedate=2018-11-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127215038/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_2/chapter_14.html#chpt_14_presyncope |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706143716/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dons/part_2/chapter_14.html#chpt_14_presyncope }}</ref> au kwa [[hisia]] zisizo maalum kama vile kizunguzungu au upumbavu. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=genneuro/6268&selectedTitle=1~150&source=search_result |title=UpToDate Inc. |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Mtu anaweza kupata kizunguzungu kwa kushiriki shughuli kama za kuzunguka. * Kisulisuli ni neno maalumu la kimatibabu linalotumika kuelezea hisia ya kuzunguka au kuhisi vitu vya mazingira vinakuzunguka Watu wengi wamekuta kisulisuli kusumbua sana na mara nyingi inatarifiwa kuhusiana na [[kichefuchefu]] na kutapika Hii inawakilisha asilimia 25 za kesi za matukio ya kizunguzungu. <ref name="Epi09"></ref> * Ukosefu wa msawazo ni hisia za kutokuwa kwenye usawa,na mara nyingi kuanguka kwa kufuata mwelekeo maalumu ni sifa yake kuu Hali hii mara nyingi haihusishwi na kichefuchefu au kutapika. * hali yakupoteza fahamu ni [[ubongo]] hewa, udhaifu wa misuli na hisia za kukata tamaa kinyume na kuzirai, ambayo ni kweli watazimia. * kizunguzungu kisicho lasimi mara nyingi ni chanzo cha magonjwa ya akili. Ni utambuzi wa kuzingatiwa kwa upekee na wakati mwingine kinaweza kusababiswa na kupumua kwa kasi. [11] {0kiharusi{/0} ni chanzo cha kizunguzungu pekee katika 0.7% ya watu waliokuwamo kwenye chumba cha dharura. <ref name="Epi09"></ref> ==Hali zinazoendana na uuguzi (tiba)== Hii ni orodha ndogo kwa sababu kizunguzungu ni dalili ya kawaida Ya magonjwa mengi. Hata hivyo, vipengele vya kawaida vinaweza kuhahinishw kama ifuatavyo: 40% vestiburi ya pembeni inayofanya kazi vibaya, 10%jeraha kwenye mfumo mkuu wa fahamu, 15% ugonjwa wa akili, 25% kuzirai / kukosa msawazo, na 10%kizunguzungu kisicho lasimi. <ref name="chan">{{cite journal |author=Chan Y |title=Differential diagnosis of dizziness |journal=Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=200–3 |year=2009 |month=Juni |pmid=19365263 |doi=10.1097/MOO.0b013e32832b2594 |url=}}</ref> Hali ya matibabu ambayo mara nyingi ina'kizunguzungu' kama dalili ni pamoja na: <ref name="chan"></ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Tusa RJ |title=Dizziness |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=263–71, vii |year=2009 |month=Machi |pmid=19272508 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2008.09.005 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2009-03_93_2/page/263}}</ref> <ref name="merck"></ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bronstein AM, Lempert T |title=Management of the patient with chronic dizziness |journal=Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=83–90 |year=2010 |pmid=20086285 |doi=10.3233/RNN-2010-0530 |url=}}</ref> *ujauzito *shinikizo ya damu kuwa chini (msukumo kuwa chini)) *upungufu wa hewa safi (haipoksemia) *upungufu wa madini chuma mwilini(safura) *sukari kushuka(hypoglesia) *matatizo kwenye homoni (kwa mfano, ugonjwa wa tezi, hedhi, mimba) *tatizo la kuwa na hofu au wasiwasi *kupumua kwa kasi *wasiwasi *kunyongonyea au kufadhaika *kupoteza uwezo wa kuona, usawa, na uwezo wa kupokea matambuzi harisi *kupatwa tatizo la misuli *ugonjwa wa minere *vestibuli ya mishipa ya fahamu *uvimbe katika sikio la ndani *uvimbe katika sikio la *kupoteza hisia za kusikia *kuwa na mwendelezo wa magonjwa sugu *gonjwa linalosababishwa na mdudu anayeitwa Tolosa *kipanda uso *kushikwa na misuli ==Taratibu== hali nyingi husababisha kizunguzungu kwa sababu sehemu mbalimbali za mwili zinahitajika kutunza usawa ikiwa ni pamoja na kudumisha usawa ndani ya sikio, macho, misuli, mifupa, na mfumo wa fahamu. <ref name="merck">[21] ^ [http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec08/ch084/ch084e.html?qt=dizziness&amp;alt=sh kizunguzungu na Msongo kwenye kazi(mwongozo) wa merk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec08/ch084/ch084e.html?qt=dizziness&alt=sh |date=20180705010644 }}</ref> sababu za kawaida zinazoweza kusababisha kizunguzungu ni pamoja na: *damu kidogo kupelekwa kwenye ubongo kutokana na: **kuanguka ghafla kwa shinikizo la damu <ref name="merck"></ref> **matatizo ya moyo au kupasuka kwa ateri<ref name="merck"></ref> *kupoteza uwezo wa kuona vizuri<ref name="merck"></ref> *matatizo ndani ya sikio <ref name="merck"></ref> *katika uponyaji wa ubongo na mishipa ya fahamu kwa kutumia madawa <ref name="merck"></ref> ==Epidemolojia== Kiasi cha 20-30% ya watu imeripoti kuwa wamepatwa na kizunguzungu mwakka jana <ref name="Epi09">{{cite journal |author=Neuhauser HK, Lempert T |title=Vertigo: epidemiologic aspects |journal=Semin Neurol |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=473–81 |year=2009 |month=Novemba |pmid=19834858 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1241043 |url=}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.dizzytimes.com/ Dizzytimes.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dizzytimes.com/ |date=20100805084950 }} Online Community kwa wanaosumbuliwa na Msongo wa kizunguzungu * [http://www.dynakids.org disautonomia mtandao wa vijana wa marekani, Inc] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dynakids.org/ |date=20190807142430 }} [[Category:nyurolojia]] [[Category:Otologia]] [[Category:Saikolojia]] iabjtiz866ro3z5561mdj5pum4wy7rj 0 55734 1599372 1578170 2026-09-23T16:00:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgrey | status = | image = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg | image_width = 250px | domain = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Proteobacteria]] | classis = [[Gammaproteobacteria]] | ordo = [[Enterobacteriaceae|Enterobacteriales]] | familia = [[Enterobacteriaceae]] | genus = ''[[Escherichia]]'' | species = '''''E. coli''''' | binomial = ''Escherichia coli'' | binomial_authority = ([[Walter Migula|Migula]] 1895)<br>[[Castellani]] and [[Chalmers]] 1919 | synonyms = ''Bacillus coli communis'' <small>[[Theodor Escherich|Escherich]] 1885</small> }} '''''Escherichia coli''''' (ilipewa jina la Theodor Escherich; kwa kawaida hufupisha kama '''''E. coli''''', tamka: ɛʃɘˈrɪɣiɑ ˈkoʊli) ni bakteria ya Gramu hasi yenye umbo la fimbo ambayo kwa kawaida hupatikana katika utumbo wa chini wa viumbe wenye damu moto (endothamu). Aina nyingi za''E.'' ''koli'' si hatari, lakini nyingine, kama vile serotaipu [[Escherichia coli O157:H7|O157: H7]], zinaweza kusababisha madhara makubwa ya sumu ya chakula katika [[Binadamu|binadamu]], na mara kwa mara husababisha bidhaa kurejeshwa kwa watengenezaji.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web | title=''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7| work=CDC Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm | accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref><ref name="Vogt">{{cite journal |author=Vogt RL, Dippold L |title=''Escherichia coli O157:H7'' outbreak associated with consumption of ground beef, June-July 2002 |journal=Public Health Rep |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=174–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15842119 |pmc=1497708 }}</ref> Zile zisizo hatari ni sehemu ya kawaida ya viumbe vya utumbo, na zinaweza kufaidi wenyeji kwa kuzalisha vitamini K_2,<ref name="Bentley">{{cite journal |author=Bentley R, Meganathan R |title=Biosynthesis of vitamin K (menaquinone) in bacteria |journal=Microbiol. Rev. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=241–80 |date=1 Septemba 1982|pmid=6127606 |pmc=281544 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6127606 }}</ref> na kwa kuzuia kuanzishwa kwa bakteria ya kusababisha magonjwa ndani ya utumbo.<ref name="Hudault">{{cite journal |author=Hudault S, Guignot J, Servin AL |title=''Escherichia coli'' strains colonising the gastrointestinal tract protect germfree mice against ''Salmonella typhimurium'' infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2001-07_49_1/page/47 |journal=Gut |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=47–55 |year=2001 |month=Julai |pmid=11413110 |pmc=1728375 |doi=10.1136/gut.49.1.47 }}</ref><ref name="Reid">{{cite journal |author=Reid G, Howard J, Gan BS |title=Can bacterial interference prevent infection? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2001-09_9_9/page/424 |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=424–8 |year=2001 |month=Septemba |pmid=11553454 |doi=10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02132-1 }}</ref> ''E. koli'' hazikai tu kwenye utumbo, na uwezo wao wa kuishi kwa muda mfupi nje ya mwili inazifanya viumbe viashiria halisi kupima sampuli za mazingira kwa ukolezi wa kinyesi.<ref name="Feng_2002"></ref><ref name="Thompson">{{cite news |first=Andrea |last=Thompson |title=E. coli Thrives in Beach Sands |url=http://www.livescience.com/health/070604_beach_ecoli.html |work= |publisher=Live Science |date=2007-06-04 |accessdate=2007-12-03 }}</ref> Bakteria hii inaweza kukuzwa kwa urahisi na jeni yake ni rahisi na inaweza kufanywa kwa urahisi au kurudiwa kwa kupitia mchakato wa metajeni, na kuifanya moja ya viumbe vya prokarioti ambavyo mifano yao imetafitiwa sana, na aina muhimu katika teknolojia ya mimea na mikrobiolojia. ''E. koli'' iligunduliwa na daktari wa watoto na mtafiti wa bakteria Mjerumani Theodor Escherich katika 1885,<ref name="Feng_2002">{{cite web | author=Feng P, Weagant S, Grant, M | title=Enumeration of ''Escherichia coli'' and the Coliform Bacteria | work=Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th ed.) | publisher=FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition | date=2002-09-01 | url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-4.html | accessdate=2007-01-25 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519200935/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-4.html | archivedate=2009-05-19 }}</ref> na kwa sasa imeainishwa kama sehemu ya familia ya Enterobacteriaceae ya gamma proteobacteria[[.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=561&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=''Escherichia'' |accessdate=2007-11-30 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work=Taxonomy Browser |publisher=NCBI}}</ref> == Aina == [[File:Life cycle of Escherichia coli.png|thumb|right|Mfano wa mfululizo wa mpasuko jozi katika E. koli]] Aina ya ''E. koli'' ni kikundi kidogo ndani ya jamii hiyo ambacho kina sifa za kipekee ambazo zinaitofautisha kutokana aina nyingine za ''E.'' ''koli.'' Tofauti hizi mara nyingi huweza kuonekana tu katika ngazi ya Masi, hata hivyo, zinaweza kuleta mabadiliko katika fiziolojia au maisha ya bakteria hii. Kwa mfano, aina inaweza kupata uwezo kusababisha magonjwa, uwezo wa matumizi ya chanzo cha kipekee cha kaboni , uwezo wa kupambana na shubaka fulani ya kimazingira au uwezo wa kupinga mawakala wa kumaliza mikrobu. Aina mbalimbali za ''E. koli'' mara nyingi hutegemea kimelea, na kuifanya rahisi kujua chanzo cha Ukolezi wa kinyesi katika sampuli ya mazingira.<ref name="Feng_2002"></ref><ref name="Thompson"></ref> Kwa mfano, kujua aina ya ''E.'' ''koli'' iliopo katika sampuli ya maji inaruhusu kufanya uamuzi kuhusu asili ya ukolezi kama umetoka kutoka kwa binadamu, [[mamalia]] mwingine au [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege.]] Aina mpya za ''E. koli'' hufuka kwa njia ya mchakato wa asili wa kibiolojia na kupitia mabadiliko ya jeni na kupitia uhamisho wa upande<ref> Lawrence, JG na Ochman, H. (1998) Akiolojia ya Masi ya ''jenomu'' ya ''Esicherichia koli'' Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:9413-9417 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21352/?tool=pubmed PMC21352]</ref>. Baadhi ya aina huendeleza sifa ambazo zinaweza kudhuru mnyama kimelea. Aina hizi zenye madhara kawaida husababisha wimbi la kuhara ambayo ni kero katika watu wazima na mara nyingi ni hatari kwa afya ya watoto katika nchi zinazoendelea duniani. <ref name="Nataro">{{cite journal |author=Nataro JP, Kaper JB |title=Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_1998-01_11_1/page/142 |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=142–201 |year=1998 |month=Januari |pmid=9457432 |pmc=121379}}</ref> Aina hatari zaidi, kama vile [[Escherichia coli O157:H7|O157: H7]] husababisha ugonjwa mkubwa ugonjwa au kifo kwa wazee, wachanga sana au wenye kinga dhoofu.<ref name="Hudault"/><ref name="Nataro"></ref> == Biolojia na biokemia == ''E. koli'' ni Gramu-hasi, enerobu zinazozalisha ATP na zisizozalisha vijimbegu. Seli kwa kawaida huwa na umbo la fimbo na zina ukubwa wa karibu 2 [[Mikromita]]2 (μm) na kipenyo cha 0.5 μm , kwa kiasi cha kiini cha 0.6-0.7 μm ^3.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kubitschek HE |title=Cell volume increase in Escherichia coli after shifts to richer media |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=172 |issue=1 |pages=94–101 |date=1 Januari 1990|pmid=2403552 |pmc=208405 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2403552 }}</ref> Inaweza kuishi kwa aina mbalimbali ya nyenzo. ''E. koli'' inatumia kugandisha mchanganyiko-asidi katika hali anaerobiki, inayozalisha lakteti, susineti, ethanoli, asetati na [[Dioksidi kabonia|kaboni dioksidi.]] Kwa vile njia nyingi katika kugandisha asidi-mchanganyiko huzalisha gesi ya [[Hidrojeni|hidrojeni]], hizi njia uhitaji viwango vya hidrojeni kuwa chini, kama ilivyo wakati ''E. koli'' inapoishi pamoja naviumbe vinavyotumnia hidrojeni kama vile methanojeni au bakteria zinazopunguza salfeti.<ref>{{cite book | title=Brock Biology of microorganisms| author=Madigan MT, Martinko JM| year=2006| publisher=Pearson| isbn=0-13-196893-9| edition=11th}}</ref> Ukuaji wa juu wa ''E. koli'' hutokea katika kiwango cha joto cha 37 ° C (98.6 ° F) lakini aina nyingine za maabara zinaweza kuongezeka kwa joto la juu ya 49 ° C (120.2 ° F).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fotadar U, Zaveloff P, Terracio L |title=Growth of Escherichia coli at elevated temperatures |journal=J. Basic Microbiol. |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=403–4 |year=2005 |pmid=16187264 | doi = 10.1002/jobm.200410542 }}</ref> Ukuaji inaweza kuendeshwa na kupumua anaerobiki au aerobiki, kwa kutumia aina kubwa ya jozi redoksi, ikiwa ni pamoja na uoksidisha wa asidi piruvati, asidi fomi, [[hidrojeni]] na asidi amino, na kupunguza nyenzo kama vile [[Oksijeni|oksijeni]], nitrati, dimethili salfoksidi na trimethilamini oksidi-N.<ref name="Ingledew">{{cite journal |author=Ingledew WJ, Poole RK |title=The respiratory chains of Escherichia coli |journal=Microbiol. Rev. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=222&ndash;71 |year=1984 |pmid=6387427 |pmc=373010}}</ref> Aina ambazo zina flajela zinaweza kuogelea na ni sogezi. flajela zina utaratibu wa viungo vya pembeni.<ref>[36] ^ Darnton NC, Turner L, Rojevsky S, Berg HC, Kuhusu msongonyo katika Esicherichia koli ya kuogelea. J Bacteriol. 2007 Machi, 189 (5) :1756-64. Epub 2006 22 Desemba.</ref> ''E. koli'' na bacteria zinazohusiana humiliki uwezo wa kuhamisha [[DNA]] kupitia bakteria za muungano, uhamisho wa DNA kutoka kwa seli ya bakteria hadi nyingine au mabadiliko, ambayo inaruhusu nyenzo za kijenetiki kueneza kiupande kwa jamii iliyopo. Utaratibu huu ulisababisha kuenea kwa mwandiko wa jeni wa sumu shiga kutoka ''Shigella'' hadi [[E. coli O157:H7]] , inayoenezwa kwa kilabakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brüssow H, Canchaya C, Hardt WD |title=Phages and the evolution of bacterial pathogens: from genomic rearrangements to lysogenic conversion |journal=Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. |volume=68 |issue=3 |pagesteuhqw89-ty389q=560–602 |year=2004 |month=Septemba |pmid=15353570 |pmc=515249 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.3.560-602.2004 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15353570 |pages=560–602}}</ref> == Wajibu kama mikrobiota ya kawaida == ''E. koli'' kwa kawaida humiliki njia ya utumbo wa mtoto mchanga ndani ya masaa 40 baada ya kuzaliwa, huwasili kwa chakula au maji au kupitia kwa watu wanaombeba mtoto. Katika utumbo, hushikamana na kamasi ya utumbo mkubwa. Ni enerobu ya msingi ya kutengeneza ATP katika njia ya utumbo <ref name="Todar"></ref>wa binadamu. (Enerobu za kuzalisha ATP ni viumbe ambavyo vinaweza kukua katika uwepo au bila uwepo wa oksijeni.) Bora tu bakteria zisipate vipengele vya kijenetiki vya kusababisha madhara, hizo hazisababishi madhara.<ref name="Evans"></ref> === Matumizi ya kimatibabu ya ''E. ''koli'' '' isiyosababisha magonjwa === Aina ya ''Esicherichia koli'' ya Nissle 1917 pia ijulikanayo kama Mutaflor hutumika kama hamira katika dawa, hasa kwa ajili ya kutibu magonjwa mbalimbali ya njia ya utumbo, <ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Grozdanov | first1 = L | last2 = Raasch | first2 = C | last3 = Schulze | first3 = J | last4 = Sonnenborn | first4 = U | last5 = Gottschalk | first5 = G | last6 = Hacker | first6 = J | last7 = Dobrindt | first7 = U | title = Analysis of the genome structure of the nonpathogenic probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. | journal = J Bacteriol | volume = 186 | issue = 16 | pages = 5432–41 | month= Agosti| year = 2004 | doi = 10.1128/JB.186.16.5432-5441.2004 | pmid = 15292145 | author2 = Raasch | author3 = Schulze | author4 = Sonnenborn | author5 = Gottschalk | author6 = Hacker | author7 = Dobrindt | pmc = 490877 }}</ref> ikiwa ni pamoja na ugonjwa wa uvimbe wa tumbo.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Kamada | first1 = N | last2 = Inoue | first2 = N | last3 = Hisamatsu | first3 = T | last4 = Okamoto | first4 = S | last5 = Matsuoka | first5 = K | last6 = Sato | first6 = T | last7 = Chinen | first7 = H | last8 = Hong | first8 = KS | last9 = Yamada | first9 = T | title = Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle1917 prevents murine acute and chronic colitis. | journal = Inflamm Bowel Dis | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 455–63 | month = Mei | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1097/01.MIB.0000158158.55955.de| pmid = 15867585 | author2 = Inoue | author3 = Hisamatsu | author4 = Okamoto | author5 = Matsuoka | author6 = Sato | author7 = Chinen | author8 = Hong | author9 = Yamada }}</ref> == Wajibu katika ugonjwa == Aina zenye madhara za ''E. koli'' zinaweza kusababisha gastroenteritisi, maambukizi ya njia ya mkojo, na [[Meningitis|ugonjwa wa uvimbe wa tando za uti wa mgongo na ubongo]] katika mwezi wa kwanza wa utotoni. Katika kesi adimu, aina zenye madhara husababisha ugonjwa wa haemoliti uremiki (HUS), peritonitisi, mastitisi, septikemia na kichomi cha Gramu-hasi.<ref name="Todar"></ref> === Maambukizi ya Utumbo === [[File:E coli at 10000x, original.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mikrografu ya kielektroni ya joto la chini ya nguzo za bakteria za E. koli, akasifiwa mara 10,000. Bakteria moja ni silinda ya mviringo.]] Baadhi ya aina za ''E. koli,'' kama vile [[Escherichia coli O157:H7|O157: H7]], O121 na [[Escherichia coli O104:H21|O104: H21]], huzalisha sumu zinazoweza kuwa hatari. Sumu ya chakula inayotokana na ''E. koli'' husababishwa na kula mboga amabzo hazikuoshwa au nyama ambayo haikupikwa vizuri. O157: H7 pia ina sifa mbaya ya kusababisha athari kubwa na hata kusababisha matatizo yenye kutishia maisha kama vile ugonjwa wa hemoliti-uremiki (HUS). Aina hii inahusishwa na mkurupuko wa 2006 wa ''E. coli'' huko [[Marekani]] kutokana na mchicha mbichi. Ukali wa ugonjwa unatofautiana mno, hivyo unaweza kuwa mbaya, hasa kwa watoto wadogo, wazee au walio na upungufu wa kinga, lakini ni mara nyingi si kali. Awali, njia zisizozingatia usafi katika kuandaa nyama nchini Uskoti kuliwaua watu saba mwaka 1996 kutokana na sumu ya ''E. koli'' , na kuacha mamia zaidi wakiwa wameambukizwa. ''E. koli'' inaweza kuhifadhi enterotoksini zisizoathiriwa na joto na zinazoathiriwa na joto. Hiyo ya mwisho, huitwa LT, ina sehemu moja A na tano za B zilizopangwa katika holotoksini moja, na ni sawa sana katika umbo na utendajikazi na sumu ya [[Kipindupindu|kipindupindu.]] Sehemu za B husaidia katika kushikilia na kuingia kwa sumu ndani ya seli za matumbo ya kimelea, wakati sehemu ya A hupasuliwa na kuzuia seli kufonyonza maji, na kusababisha kuhara. LT ni huzalishwa na njia ya uzalisha ya Aina ya 2.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tauschek M, Gorrell R, Robins-Browne RM, |title=Identification of a protein secretory pathway for the secretion of heat-labile enterotoxin by an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli | journal=PNAS | volume=99 |pages=7066–71 | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/10/7066 | pmid = 12011463 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.092152899 }}</ref> Iwapo bakteria za ''E. koli'' zitatoka kwenye njia ya utumbo kupitia utoboaji (kwa mfano kutoka kwa kidonda, na kiambatanisho kilichopasuka, au kutokana na makosa ya upasuaji a) na kuingia katika tumbo, kawaida husababisha peritonitisi ambayo inaweza kuwa hatari isipotibiwa haraka. Hata hivyo, ''E. koli'' ni nyeti sana kwa Antibiotiki kama vile streptomisini au gentamisini. Hii inaweza kubadilika kwani, kama ilivyobainishwa awali, ''E. koli'' hupata upinzani kwa dawa haraka.<ref name="SciDaily_2001">{{cite web | title=Gene Sequence Of Deadly E. Coli Reveals Surprisingly Dynamic Genome | publisher=Science Daily | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/01/010125082330.htm | date=2001-01-25 | accessdate=2007-02-08}}</ref> Utafiti wa karibuni unaonyesha kwamba matibabu ya antibiotiki hayaboreshi matokeo ya ugonjwa huo, na yanaweza kuongeza pakubwa uwezekano wa kuugua ugonjwa wa haemolitiki uraemiki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, et al. |title= The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections.| journal=N Engl J Med | volume=342 | issue=26 |pages=1930–6| pmid =10874060| date=29 Juni 2000}}</ref> Mukosa ya matumbo inayohusishwa na ''E. koli'' huonekana kwa idadi iliongezeka katika uvimbe wa tumbo ugonjwa, na ugonjwa wa Crohn na colitis ya vidonda.<ref name="Rolhion">{{cite journal |author=Rolhion N, Darfeuille-Michaud A |title=Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Inflamm. Bowel Dis. |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=1277–83 |year=2007 |pmid=17476674 |doi=10.1002/ibd.20176}}</ref> Aina za kuingilia za ''E. koli'' huwepo kwa idadi kubwa katika tishu zilizovimba, na idadi ya bakteria katika sehemu zilizofura zinawiana na ukali wa kuvimba tumbo.<ref name="Baumgart">{{cite journal |author=Baumgart M, Dogan B, Rishniw M, ''et al.'' |title=Culture independent analysis of ileal mucosa reveals a selective increase in invasive Escherichia coli of novel phylogeny relative to depletion of Clostridiales in Crohn's disease involving the ileum |journal=ISME J |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=403–18 |year=2007 |pmid=18043660 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2007.52}}</ref> ====Sifa hatari==== ''E. koli'' za matumbo (EC) huanishwa kwa misingi ya sifa za majimaji ya damu na tabia za uhatari.<ref name="Todar">{{cite web |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/e.coli.html |title=Pathogenic ''E. coli'' |accessdate=2007-11-30 |last=Todar |first=K. |coauthors= |date= |work=Online Textbook of Bacteriology |publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology |archive-date=2018-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729144111/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/e.coli.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Virotaipu ni pamoja na: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Jina ! Vimelea ! Maelezo |- | ''E. koli'' '''Enterotoksijeniki ''' (ETEC) | chanzo cha kuhara (bila homa) kwa binadamu, nguruwe, kondoo, mbuzi, ng'ombe, mbwa, farasi | ETEC hutumia vinato vya fimbriali (vichomozi kutoka eneo la kiini cha bakteria ) kufunga seli za enterosaiti katika utumbo mdogo. ETEC unaweza kuzalisha enterotoksini mbili zenye [[Protini|protini:]]aina za ETEC haziingilii, na hazitoki kwenye lumeni ya matumbo. ETEC ni sababu ya bakteria inayoongoza ya kuhara kwa watoto katika nchi zinazoendelea duniani, na pia ni chanzo kikuu cha kuharisha kwa msafiri. Kila mwaka, ETEC husababisha milioni 200 kesi zaidi ya kuhara na vifo 380,000, wengi wao wakiwa watoto katika nchi zinazoendelea. <ref>[http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html Shirika la Afya Duniani.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html |date=20120515142857 }}[http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html Enterotoksijeniki ''Esicherichia koli'' (ETEC).] {{Wayback|url=http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/diarrhoeal/en/index4.html |date=20120515142857 }}</ref> * protini kubwa kwa hizi mbili, ''' enterotoksini ya LT,''' ni sawa na sumu ya kipindupindu kimuundo na utendajikazi. |- | ''E. koli'' '''Enteropathojeniki ''' (EPEC) | Sababu ya kuhara kwa binadamu, sungura, mbwa, paka na farasi | Kama ETEC, EPEC pia husababisha kuhara, lakini utaratibu wa Masi wa ukoloni na etiolojia ni tofauti. EPEC hukosa fimbriae, na sumu ya ST na LT, lakini hutumia kinatisha kinachojulikana kama intimini kufunga seli za matumbo. Virotaipu hii ina mpangilio wa vipengele hatari ambazo ni sawa na zile zinazopatikana katika ''Shigela,'' na zinazweza kuwa na sumu shiga. Kunata kwa mukosa ya matumbo husababisha ya kupangwa tena kwa aktini katika seli kimelea, inayosababisha kulemaa sana. Seli za EPEC huvamia kwa kiasi (yaani hizo huingia katika seli kimelea) na kusababisha athari ya uvimbe Mabadiliko katika muundo wa msingi wa seli za matumbo kutokana na "kunatisha na kufutilia mbali" kunaweza kuwa sababu kuu ya kuhara kwa wale walioathiriwa na EPEC. |- | ''E. koli'' '''Vamizi ''' (EIEC) | hupatikana tu kwa binadamu | maambukizi ya EIEC husababisha ugonjwa unaofanana na Shigelosisi, na kuhara sana na homa kali. |- | ''E. koli'' ya '''Kuharisha damu ''' (EHEC) | hupatikana kwa binadamu, mifugo, na mbuzi | Mwanachama maarufu sana kwa virotaipu hii ni aina ya [[O157:H7]] , ambayo husababisha kuhara damu na haina homa. EHEC inaweza kusababisha ugonjwa hemolaiti-uremiki na kufeli ghafla kwa figo. Inatumia fimbriae ya kibakteria kwa kunata (pilusi ya kawaida ya E. koli , ECP), <ref>{{cite journal |last=Rendón |first=M. A. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2007 |title=Commensal and pathogenic ''Escherichia coli'' use a common pilus adherence factor for epithelial cell colonization |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=104 |issue=25 |pages=10637–42 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0704104104 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-06-19_104_25/page/10637|accessdate= |quote= |pmid=17563352 |pmc=1890562 }}</ref> huvamia kwa kiasi na ina sumu ya shiga ambayo inaweza kusababisha uvimbe wenye uchungu mwingi. |- | '''''E. koli'' Ya kukusanya ''' (EAEC) | hupatikana tu kwa binadamu | Imeitwa hivyo kwa sababu ina fimbriae ambazo hukusanya seli za tishu, EAEC hunata kwenye mukosa ya matumbo na kusababisha kuhara majimaji bila homa. EAEC si vamizi. Hizo huzalisha hemolaisini na enterotoksini ya ST sawa na ile ya ETEC. |} ==== Epidemolojia ya maambukizi ya utumbo ==== Kusambaa kwa ''E.'' ''koli'' inayosababisha magonjwa mara nyingi hutokea kwa kinyesi kuingia mdomoni.<ref name="Evans">{{cite web |url=http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch025.htm |title=Escherichia Coli |accessdate=2007-12-02 |last=Evans Jr. |first=Doyle J. |coauthors=Dolores G. Evans |date= |work=Medical Microbiology, 4th edition |publisher=The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |archive-date=2007-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102062813/http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch025.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="haccp">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hret2-a3.html |title=Retail Establishments; Annex 3 - Hazard Analysis |accessdate=2007-12-02 |last= |first= |coauthors= |month=Aprili |year=2006 |work=Managing Food Safety: A Manual for the Voluntary Use of HACCP Principles for Operators of Food Service and Retail Establishments |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607221204/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hret2-a3.html |archivedate=2007-06-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gehlbach |first=S.H. |coauthors=J.N. MacCormack, B.M. Drake, W.V. Thompson |year=1973 |month=Aprili |title=Spread of disease by fecal-oral route in day nurseries |journal=Health Service Reports |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=320–322 |pmid=4574421 |url= |quote= |pmc=1616047 }}</ref> Njia za kawaida za kusambaa ni pamoja na: maandalizi ya chakula yasiyozingatia usafi,<ref name="haccp"></ref>Ukolezi wa shamba kutokana na kuwekwa mbolea,<ref name="spinach">{{cite news |author=Sabin Russell |coauthors= |title=Spinach E. coli linked to cattle; Manure on pasture had same strain as bacteria in outbreak |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/10/13/MNG71LOT711.DTL |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |id= |date= 13 Oktoba 2006 |accessdate=2007-12-02 }}</ref> umwagiliaji maji wa mazao kwa maji taka kutoka bafu au jikoni yaliyosibikwa au maji taka yenye kinyesi, nguruwe mwitu katika nchi za kilimo,<ref name="DeGregori">{{cite web |author=Thomas R. DeGregori |date=2007-08-17 |url=http://www.cgfi.org/cgficommentary/maddening-media-misinformation-on-biotech-and-industrial-agriculture-part-5-of-5 |title=CGFI: Maddening Media Misinformation on Biotech and Industrial Agriculture |accessdate=2007-12-08 |format= |work= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013030645/http://www.cgfi.org/cgficommentary/maddening-media-misinformation-on-biotech-and-industrial-agriculture-part-5-of-5 |archivedate=2007-10-13 }}</ref> au matumizi ya moja kwa moja ya maji-taka yaliyosibikwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chalmers |first=R.M. |coauthors=H. Aird, F.J. Bolton |year=2000 |title=Waterborne ''Escherichia coli'' O157 |journal=Society for Applied Microbiology Symposium Series |volume= |issue=29 |pages=124S–132S |pmid=10880187}}</ref> Ng'ombe wa maziwa na nyama ni hifadhi ya msingi ya ''E. koli'' O157: H7,<ref name="bach"></ref> na wanaweza kuibeba bila dalili na kuimwaga katika vinyesi vyao. Bidhaa za chakula zinazohusiana na kuzuka kwa ''E. koli'' ni pamoja na nyama mbichi,<ref>{{cite book |last=Institute of Medicine of the National Academies |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7 in Ground Beef: Review of a Draft Risk Assessment |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10528 |edition= |series= |year=2002 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-309-08627-2 |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |author=Committee on the Review of the USDA E. coli O157:H7 Farm-to-Table Process Risk Assessment, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. }}</ref> mbegu ghafi zinazootesha au mchicha,<ref name="spinach"></ref> maziwa ghafi, juisi ambayo haijaondolewa vijidudu, siagi ambayo haijaondolewa vijidudu na vyakula vilivyosibikwa na wafanyakazi wa chakula kupitia njia ya kinyesi na mdomo.<ref name="haccp"></ref> Kwa mujibu wa Tawala za Marekani za Chakula na Dawa ,mzunguko wa njia ya kinyesi na mdomo wa usambazaji unaweza kukatizwa kwa kupika vyakula vizuri, kuzuia kusabikiwa, kuanzisha vikwazo kama vile glavu za mipira kwa wafanyakazi wa vyakula, kuanzisha sera za huduma ya afya ili wafanyakazi wa sekta ya chakula kutafuta matibabu wakati wao ni wagonjwa, kuondoa vijidudu kwa maziwa au juisi na mahitaji halisi ya kuosha mkono.<ref name="haccp"></ref> ''E. koli zinazozalisha sumu ya '' Shiga (STEC), hasa serotaipu O157: H7, pia husambazwa na nzi,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Szalanski A, Owens C, McKay T, Steelman C |title=Detection of ''Campylobacter'' and ''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7 from filth flies by polymerase chain reaction |journal=Med Vet Entomol |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=241–6 |year=2004 |url=http://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00502.x | pmid = 15347391 | doi = 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00502.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M |title=Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2005-07_71_7/page/4052 |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=4052–6 |year=2005 |pmid = 16000820 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alam M, Zurek L |title=Association of ''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7 with houseflies on a cattle farm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2004-12_70_12/page/7578 |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=7578–80 |year=2004 |pmid=15574966 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.70.12.7578-7580.2004 }}</ref> na pia kugusana moja kwa moja na wanyama wa shambani,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rahn |first=K. |coauthors=S.A. Renwick, R.P. Johnson, J.B. Wilson, R.C. Clarke, D. Alves, S.A. McEwen, H. Lior, J. Spika |title=Follow-up study of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-04_177_4/page/1139 |journal=Journal of Infectious Disease |volume=177 |issue=4 |pages=1139–1140 |year=1998 |month=Aprili |pmid=9535003 |doi=10.1086/517394}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Trevena |first=W.B. |coauthors=G.A Willshaw, T. Cheasty, G. Domingue, C. Wray |title=Transmission of Vero cytotoxin producing ''Escherichia coli'' O157 infection from farm animals to humans in Cornwall and west Devon |journal=Community Disease and Public Health |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=263–268 |year=1999 |month=Desemba |pmid=10598383}}</ref> kuwagusa wanyama wa pori waliofugwa,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heuvelink |first=A.E. |coauthors=C. van Heerwaarden, J.T. Zwartkruis-Nahuis, R. van Oosterom, K. Edink, Y.T. van Duynhoven and E. de Boer |title=''Escherichia coli'' O157 infection associated with a petting zoo |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_2002-10_129_2/page/n62 |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=295–302 |year=2002 |month=Oktoba |pmid=12403105 | doi = 10.1017/S095026880200732X }}</ref> na chembechembe zinazopeperuka hewani zinazopatikana katika mazingira ya ufugaji wanyama.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Varma |first=J.K. |coauthors=K.D. Greene, M.E. Reller, S.M. DeLong, J. Trottier, S.F. Nowicki, M. DiOrio, E.M. Koch, T.L. Bannerman, S.T. York, M.A. Lambert-Fair, J.G. Wells, P.S. Mead |title=An outbreak of ''Escherichia coli'' O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2003-11-26_290_20/page/n82 |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=20 |pages=2709–2712 |year=2003 |month=26 Novemba |pmid=14645313 | doi = 10.1001/jama.290.20.2709 }}</ref> === Maambukizi ya njia ya mkojo === [[File:E choli Gram.JPG|thumb|200px|Bakteria ya E. koli, viumbe wenye gramu-hasi wanaopatikana kwa wingi sana katika utumbo <ref> [100] </ref>.]] ''E. koli'' ya Uropathojeniki (UPEC) huwa chanzo cha takriban 90% ya maambukizi ya njia ya mkojo (UTI) kuonekanako katika watu wenye maumbile ya kawaida.<ref name="Todar"></ref> Katika ''maambukizi yanayoongezeka,'' bakteria ya kinyesi hutawala yurethra na kuenea kwenda juu kwa njia ya mkojo na kibofu cha mkojo na vilevile mafigo (kusababisha athari ya kuvimba kwa mafigo na fupanyonga lake),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicolle LE |title=Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2008-02_35_1/page/n14 |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–12, v |year=2008 |month=Februari |pmid=18061019 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004}}</ref> au tezi kibofu katika wanaume. Kwa sababu wanawake wana yurethra fupi kuliko wanaume, wao wana uwezekano mara 14 zaidi kuugua kutokana na kupanda kwa UTI.<ref name="Todar"></ref> Uropathojeniki za ''E. koli'' hutumia fimbriae P (kuvimba kwa mafigo na fupanyonga lake inayohusiana na pili) ili [[wikt:bind|kufunga]] seli za endotheli za njia ya mkojo na kutawala kibofu cha mkojo. [[wikt:adhesin|Vinata]] hivi hufunga D-galaktosi-D-galaktosi [[wiktionary:moiety|ya kundi tendakazi la molekuli]] kwenye kundi P la antijeni ya damu ya erythrosaiti na seli uroepitheli.<ref name="Todar"></ref> Takriban 1% ya binadamu hawana hukosa vipokezi hivi, na uwepo au ukosefu wake huamua uwezekano wa mtu kuathiriwa na ''E.'' ''koli'' ya njia ya mkojo. Uropathojeniki za ''E. koli'' huzalisha hemolaisini za alpha na beta, hiyo husababisha lisisi ya seli za njia ya mkojo. UPEC inaweza kuepuka kinga ya ndani ya mwili (kwa mfano mfumo wa kusaidia) kwa kuvamia mwavuli wa juu juu wa seli na kuunda jamii ya bakteria ndani ya seli(IBC s).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Justice S, Hunstad D, Seed P, Hultgren S |title=Filamentation by Escherichia coli subverts innate defenses during urinary tract infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-12-26_103_52/page/19884 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=103 |issue=52 |pages=19884–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17172451 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0606329104 }}</ref> Hizo pia zina uwezo wa kuunda antijeni K, polisakaraidi zenye umbo la kapsuli ambazo huchangia ukuaji wa viumbe vinavyokuwa vimeshikamana. ''E. koli'' zinazozalisha viumbe vinavyokuwa vimeshikamana ni kinzani kwa vipengele vya kinga na tiba ya [[Antibaotiki|antibiotiki]] na mara nyingi huwa chanzo cha maambukizi sugu ya njia ya mkojo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ehrlich G, Hu F, Shen K, Stoodley P, Post J |title=Bacterial plurality as a general mechanism driving persistence in chronic infections |journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res |volume= |issue=437 |pages=20–4 |year=2005 |month=Agosti |pmid=16056021 |pmc=1351326 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0606329104 }}</ref> Maambukizi ya ''E.'' ''koli'' yanayozalisha antijeni-K kwa kawaida hupatikana katika sehemu ya juu ya njia ya mkojo.<ref name="Todar"></ref> ''Maambukizi yanayoshuka,'' ingawa kwa kiasi ni nadra, hutokea wakati seli za ''E. koli'' huingia katika viungo vya juu vya njia ya mkojo ([[Figo|figo]], kibofu cha mkojo au ureta) kutoka mkondo wa damu. ===Ugonjwa wa uvimbe wa tando za uti wa mgongo na ubongo wa utotoni=== Huzalishwa na serotaipu ya ''Esicherichia koli'' ambayo ina antijeni ya kikapsuli iitwayo K1. Ukoloni wa matumbo ya mtoto mchanga kwa mashina haya, ambayo yako katika uke wa mama, husababisha bakteriemia, ambayo inapelekea kwa [[Meningitis|ugonjwa uvimbe wa tando za uti wa mgongo na ubongo.]] Na kwa sababu ya kukosekana kwa kingamwili ya IgM kutoka kwa mama (hizi hazivuki kondo kwa sababu FcRn husimamia uhamisho wa IgG), pamoja na kuwa mwili hutambua antijeni K1 kama yake, kwa kuwa inafanana na serebali ya glikopeptidi, hii husababisha ugonjwa mkali wa uvimbe wa tando za uti wa mgongo na ubongo katika watoto wachanga. == Uaguzi wa kimaabara == Katika sampuli za kinyesi masomo ya hadumini huonyesha fimbo za Gramu hasi, bila mpango maalum wa seli. Kisha, aidha agari MacConkey au agari EMB (au zote) inachanjwa kwa kinyesi. Katika agari MacConkey, makoloni nyekundu ya kina huzalishwa kwa kiumbe kina laktosi, na kuchachishwa kwa sukari hii husababisha [[Thamani pH|pH]] ya chombo kushuka, na hivyo kusababisha chombo kuwa giza. Ukuaji katika agari Levini EMB hutoa koloni nyeusi na mngaro wa kimetali wa rangi ya nyeusi-kijani. Huu niutambuzi wa ''E. koli.'' Kiumbe pia kina laisini, na hukua kwa TSI iliyopinda kwa mtazamo wa (A / A / g + / H ₂S-). Pia, IMViC ni + + - kwa ''E. koli,'' kama ni 2}indoli yake chanya (pete nyekundu) na methili nyekundu chanya (nyekundu angavu), lakini VP hasi (hakuna mabadiliko-haina rangi) na sitreti hasi (rangi ya kijani-hakuna mabadiliko). Vipimo vya uzalishaji wa sumu viaweza kutumia seli za mamalia katika tishu, ambazo huuawa haraka kwa sumu shiga. Ingawa inaathirika kwa urahisi sana na ni maalum sana, utaratibu huu ni wa polepole na wa gharama kubwa. Utambuzi wa kawaida umefanyika kwa kukuza viini kwa chombo cha sobitoli cha MacConkey kisha kutumia antiserumu ya kuandika. Hata hivyo, mipira ya kuchanganua kiasi cha dutu na baadhi antiserumu za kuandika umeonyesha athari za kuvuka na koloni zisizo za E koli O157. Aidha, si aina zote za E. coli O157 zinazohusiana na HUS ni vichachishaji vya sobitoli. Baraza la Jimbo na Wanaepidemiolojia wa Wamaeneo walipendekeza kwamba maabara ya kliniki angalau yapime vinyesi vyote vyenye damu kwa uwepo wa pathojeni hii. Chama cha Marekani cha Msingi wa Magonjwa ya Njia ya Tumbo(AGAF) kilipendekeza katika Julai 1994 kuwa sampuli zote za kinyesi zipimwe mara kwa mara kwa uwepo wa E. koli O157: H7.{{Citation needed|date=Novemba 2008}} Inapendekezwa kwamba Tabibu awasiliane na idara ya hali ya afya zao au na Kituo cha Kudhibiti Ugonjwa na Kuzuia kuamua sampuli ambazo ni lazima zipimwe na kama matokeo yanafaa kuripotiwa. Njia nyingine za kuchunguza ''E.'' ''koli'' O157 kwenye kinyesi ni pamoja na vipimo vya ELISA, koloni ya vipimo vya kupima protini, masomo ya moja kwa moja ya hadumini ya imunofloresensi ya vichungi, pamoja na mbinu za kutenga viumbe maalum kwa kutumia shanga za kisumaku.<ref>{{cite journal |author=De Boer E, Heuvelink AE |title=Methods for the detection and isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli |journal=Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol |volume= |issue=29 |pages=133S–143S |year=2000 |pmid=10880188}}</ref> Changanuzi hizi zimekusudiwa kama chombo kuruhusu uchunguzi wa haraka kwa ajili ya kupima uwepo wa ''E. koli'' O157 bila ya kukuza viini kwanza kwa sampuli hiyo ya kinyesi. == Tiba ya Antibiotiki na upinzani == {{Main|Antibiotic resistance}} Maambukizi ya bakteria kwa kawaida hutibiwa kwa [[Antibaotiki|antibiotiki]] Hata hivyo kiwango cha kuathiriwa na antibiotiki cha aina mbalimbali za ''E. koli'' kinatofautiana sana. Kama viumbe vya Gramu-hasi, ''E. koli'' ni stahimilivu kwa antibiotiki nyingi ambazo hufanyakazi dhidi ya Gramu-chanya. Antibiotiki ambazo zinaweza kutumika kutibu maambukizi ya ''E.'' ''koli'' ni pamoja na amoksilini pamoja na penisilini nyingine zilizosanisiwa nusu, sefalosporini nyingi, kabapenemi, aztreonami, trimethoprim-sulfamethoksazoli, ciprofloksasini, nitrofurantoini na aminoglaikosidi. Kustahimili Antibiotiki ni tatizo linalokua. Baadhi ya hii inatokana na kutumika sana kwa antibiotiki na binadamu, lakini baadhi yake pengine ni kutokana na matumizi ya antibiotiki kama viendelezi ukuaji wa chakula cha wanyama.<ref name="Johnson_2006">{{cite journal |author=Johnson J, Kuskowski M, Menard M, Gajewski A, Xercavins M, Garau J |title=Similarity between human and chicken Escherichia coli isolates in relation to ciprofloxacin resistance status |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=194 |issue=1 |pages=71–8 |year=2006 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v194n1/35787/35787.html | pmid=16741884 | doi = 10.1086/504921 }}</ref> Utafiti uliochapishwa katika jarida la ''Sayansi'' katika Agosti 2007 ulipata kuwa kiwango cha mabadiliko katika ''E. koli'' ni "juu ya mara 10 ^-5 kwa kila jenomu kwa kizazi, ambayo ni mara 1000 zaidi ya makadirio ya awali," matokeo ambayo yanaweza kuwa na maana kwa ajili ya utafiti na uthibiti wa ustahimilivu kwa antibiotiki wa bakteria.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/317/5839/813?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=isabel+gordo&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT|title= Adaptive Mutations in Bacteria: High Rate and Small Effects|publisher=Science Magazine|date=10 Agosti 2007|accessdate=10 Septemba 2007}}</ref> ''E. koli'' inayostahimili Antibiotiki pia inaweza kupitisha jeni zinazosababisha ustahimilivu kwa antibiotiki kwenda kwa aina nyingine ya bakteria, kama vile ''Stafilokokasi aureasi,'' kupitia mchakato uitwao uhamisho wa upande wa jeni . ''E. koli'' mara nyingi hubeba plasmidi zinazostahimili madawa mengi na uzihamisha kwa urahisi iwapo ina shinikizo kwenda kwa aina nyingine. Hakika, ''E. koli'' ni mwanachama wa mara kwa mara wa jamii ya viumbe ambapo aina nyingi za bakteria huishi kwa karibu karibu. Mchanganyiko huu wa aina unaruhusu aina za ''E.'' ''koli'' ambazo zimefunikwa na pili ili kukubali na kuhamisha plasmidi kutoka na kwenda kwa bakteria zingine. Hivyo ''E. koli'' na enterobakteria nyingine ni hifadhi muhimu ya ustahimilivu wa antibiotiki unaoweza kuhamishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y |title=Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2004-09_12_9/page/412 |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=412–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15337162 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004 }}</ref> === Aina ya laktamisi beta === Ustahimilivu kwa antibiotiki laktamu beta umekuwa tatizo hasa katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, kama aina ya bakteria ambazo huzalisha laktamasi beta zimekuwa za kawaida zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Paterson DL, Bonomo RA |title=Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=657–86 |year=2005 |pmid=16223952 |pmc=1265908 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005 }}</ref> Vimeng'enya hivi vya laktamsi beta hufanya penisilini sefalosporini nyingi, kuwa tiba isiyofanya kazi. Laktamasi beta za wigo uliopanuliwa zinazozalisha ''E. koli'' ni stahimilivu sana kwa aina nyingi ya antibiotiki na maambukizi ya aina hizi ni magumu kutibu. Katika matukio mengi, mbili tu ya antibiotiki simulizi na kiasi kidogo sana cha antibiotiki za ndani ya mishipa bado zina ufanisi. Katika 2009, jeni iitwayo New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamasi (kwa kifupi NDM-1) ambayo inatoa ustahimilivu kwa antibiotiki kabapenemu ya ndani ya mifupa, ziligunduliwa katika [[Uhindi|India]] na [[Pakistan]] katika bakteria za ''E. koli'' . Kuongezeka kwa wasiwasi kuhusu maambukizi ya aina hii ya "bakteria hatari" [[Ufalme wa Muungano|nchini]] Uingereza kumesababisha wito wa ufuatiliaji zaidi na mkakati wa Uingereza nzima wa kukabiliana na maambukizi na vifo.<ref>{{cite web |title= HPA Press Statement: Infections caused by ESBL-producing E. coli |url= http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/news/articles/press_releases/2007/070924_esbl.htm |accessdate= 2010-11-30 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717232443/http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/news/articles/press_releases/2007/070924_esbl.htm |archivedate= 2011-07-17 }}</ref> Vipimo vya uwezekano wa kuathiriwa vinafaa kuongoza tiba katika magonjwa yote ambayo viumbe vinaweza kutengwa kwa ajili ya kukuza viini. == Tiba ya feji == Tiba ya bakteriafeji virusi ambavyo hasa vinalenga baketria ya kipathojeni imekuwa ikiendelezwa kwa zaidi ya miaka 80 iliyopita, hasa katika [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti|Urusi]] ya zamani, ambapo ilitumika kuzuia kuhara kulikosababishwa na ''E. koli.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitd.pan.wroc.pl/phages/phages.html|title=Therapeutic use of bacteriophages in bacterial infections|publisher=Polish Academy of Sciences|accessdate=2010-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208092017/http://www.iitd.pan.wroc.pl/phages/phages.html|archivedate=2006-02-08}}</ref> Hivi sasa, tiba ya kilabakteria kwa binadamu inapatikana tu katika Kituo cha Tiba ya kilabakteria katika Jamhuri ya Jeojia na [[Polandi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phagetherapycenter.com/pii/PatientServlet?command=static_conditions&language=0|title=Medical conditions treated with phage therapy|publisher=Phage Therapy Center}}</ref> Hata hivyo, tarehe 2 Januari 2007, shirika la Marekani la FDA lilitoa kibali kwa Omnilytics kutumia Tiba yake ya kilabakteria ya kuua''E.'' ''koli'' O157: H7 katika ukungu, kinyunyizio au safisha ya wanyama hai watakaochinjwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070102005459&newsLang=en|title=OmniLytics Announces USDA/FSIS Approval for Bacteriophage Treatment of ''E. coli'' O157:H7 on Livestock|publisher=OmniLytics|accessdate=2010-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035711/http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070102005459&newsLang=en|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> Bakteriafeji T4 ni feji iliyotafitiwa sana kwa malengo ya kuambukiza E. koli. == Chanjo == Watafiti wamefanya juhudi kuendeleza chanjo yenye usalama, na ufanisi wa kupunguza matukio ya maambukizi duniani kote ya ''E. koli'' .<ref name="Girard_2006">{{cite journal |author=Girard M, Steele D, Chaignat C, Kieny M |title=A review of vaccine research and development: human enteric infections |journal=Vaccine |volume=24 |issue=15 |pages=2732–50 |year=2006 |pmid=16483695 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.014 }}</ref> Katika Machi 2006, chanjo iliyosababisha jibu la kinga dhidi ya ''E. koli'' O157: H7 O-maalum polisakaraidi ilo unganishwa tena kwa eksotoksini ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' (O157-rEPA) iliripotiwa kuwa salama kwa watoto wa umri wa miaka miwili hadi mitano. Kazi ya awali ilikuwa tayari imeonyesha kuwa ni salama kwa watu wazima.<ref name="Ahmed_2006">{{cite journal |author=Ahmed A, Li J, Shiloach Y, Robbins J, Szu S |title=Safety and immunogenicity of ''Escherichia coli'' O157 O-specific polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in 2-5-year-old children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-02-15_193_4/page/n48 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=193 |issue=4 |pages=515–21 |year=2006 |pmid=16425130 | doi = 10.1086/499821 }}</ref> Awamu ya III ya majaribio ya kimatibabu ya kuthibitisha ufanisi kwa kiwango kikubwa wa matibabu imepangwa.<ref name="Ahmed_2006"></ref> Katika 2006 Afya ya Wanyama ya Fort Dodge (Wyeth) ilianzisha chanjo madhubuti ya virusi visoukali ili kudhibiti aisakulitisi na peritonitisi katika kuku. Chanjo hii ni chanjo nasaba isosumu ambayo imethibitisha kinga dhidi ya O78 na aina zisizoweza kupigwa chapa .<ref name="Watt poultry.com_2008">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.wattpoultry.com/PoultryInternational/Article.aspx?id=22434%2F |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108174255/http://www.wattpoultry.com/PoultryInternational/Article.aspx?id=22434%2F |archivedate=2009-01-08 }}</ref> Katika Januari 2007 kampuni ya Kanada Madawa, Bioniche ilitangaza kuwa imetengeneza chanjo ya mifugo ambayo inapunguza idadi ya O157: H7 inayomwaga katika mbolea kwa mara 1000, hadi karibu bakteria pathojeni 1000 kwa kila gramu ya mbolea.<ref name="Pearson_2007">{{cite journal |author=Pearson H |title=The dark side of ''E. coli'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-01-04_445_7123/page/n22 |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7123 |pages=8–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17203031 | doi = 10.1038/445008a}}</ref><ref name="CanadaAM_2007">{{cite web | title=New cattle vaccine controls ''E. coli'' infections | work=Canada AM | url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070111/ecoli_vaccine_cattle_070111/20070111?hub=CanadaAM | date=2007-01-11 | accessdate=2007-02-08 | archivedate=2007-01-13 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113092506/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070111/ecoli_vaccine_cattle_070111/20070111?hub=CanadaAM | =https://web.archive.org/web/20070113092506/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070111/ecoli_vaccine_cattle_070111/20070111?hub=CanadaAM }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070111/ecoli_vaccine_cattle_070111/20070111?hub=CanadaAM |date=20070113092506 }}</ref><ref name="BionichePR_2007">{{cite press release | title = Canadian Research Collaboration Produces World's First Food Safety Vaccine: Against ''E. coli'' O157:H7 | publisher = Bioniche Life Sciences Inc. | date = 2007-01-10 | url = http://www.cnxmarketlink.com/en/releases/archive/January2007/10/c4698.html | accessdate = 2007-02-08 | archivedate = 2007-10-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011103738/http://cnxmarketlink.com/en/releases/archive/January2007/10/c4698.html | deadurl = yes }}</ref> Katika Aprili 2009 mtafiti wa Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Michigan alitangaza kwamba ameanzisha chanjo inayofanya kazi kwa aina ya ''E. koli.'' Mahdi Saeed, profesa wa Epidemolojia na maradhi ya kuambukiza katika vyuo vya MSU vya Tiba Wanyama na Dawa za Binadamu, ametuma maombi kwa ajili ya hataza kwa ugunduzi wake na amefanya mawasiliano na makampuni ya dawa kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa kibiashara.<ref> http://www.physorg.com/news158951048.html</ref> == Wajibu katika bioteknolojia == Kwa sababu ya historia yake ndefu ya utamaduni wa maabara na urahisi wa kushughulikiwa, ''E. koli'' pia ina jukumu muhimu katika uhandisi wa kibiolojia wa kisasa na mikrobiolojia ya kiviwanda.<ref name="lee1996">{{cite journal |author=Lee SY |title=High cell-density culture of Escherichia coli |url=https://archive.org/details/trends-in-biotechnology_1996-03_14_3/page/98 |journal=Trends Biotechnol. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=98–105 |year=1996 |pmid=8867291 |doi=10.1016/0167-7799(96)80930-9}}</ref> Kazi ya Stanley Cohen Norman na Herbert Boyer katika ''E. koli,'' kwa kutumia plasmidi na vimeng'enya vya kuzuia kuunda DNA inayoshikana tena, ikawa msingi wa bioteknolojia.<ref name="birth">{{cite journal |author=Russo E |title=The birth of biotechnology |journal=Nature |volume=421 |issue=6921 |pages=456–7 |year=2003 |month=Januari |pmid=12540923 |doi=10.1038/nj6921-456a |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6921/full/nj6921-456a.html}}</ref> Hufikiriwa kuwa kimelea chenye uwezo mkubwa sana kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa [[protini]] heterologu,<ref name="Cornelis"></ref> watafiti wanaweza kujumuisha jeni katika vijiumbe maradhi kwa kutumia plasmidi, kuruhusu uzalishaji kwa wingi wa protini katika mchakato uchachishaji wa kiviwanda. Mifumo ya maumbile pia imeendelezwa ambayo inaruhusu uzalishaji wa protini inayoweza kuunganishwa tena kwa kutumia ''E. koli.'' Moja ya matumizi muhimu ya kwanza ya teknolojia ya DNA inayoweza kuungana tena ilikuwa kughilibiwa kwa ''E. koli'' kuzalisha insulini binadamu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.littletree.com.au/dna.htm |title=Recombinant DNA Technology in the Synthesis of Human Insulin |accessdate=2007-11-30 |last=Tof |first=Ilanit |coauthors= |year=1994 |work= |publisher=Little Tree Pty. Ltd.}}</ref> ''E. koli'' zilizobadilishwa zimetumika katika maendelezo ya chanjo, kutumia viumbe kurejesha mazingira ya awali, na uzalishaji wa[[Kimeng'enya| vimeng'enya]] visivyoweza kusonga.<ref name="Cornelis">{{cite journal |author=Cornelis P |title=Expressing genes in different Escherichia coli compartments |journal=Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=450–4 |year=2000 |pmid=11024362 |doi=10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00131-2}}</ref> Hata hivyo,''E. koli'' haiwezi, kutumika kuzalisha baadhi ya protini tata kubwa zaidi, ambazo zina bondi za disulfidi nyingi na, hasa, thiol zisizopacha, au protini zinazohitaji pia kubadilishwa baada ya kutafsiriwa kimuundo kwa ajili ya utendajikazi.<ref name="lee1996"></ref> Tafiti pia zinafanywa katika kuweka programu katika ''E. koli'' ili labda iweze kutatua matatizo ya hisabati magumu kama vile tatizo la njia la Hamilton. == Ubora wa Mazingira == Bakteria za ''E. koli'' kwa kawaida zimekuwa zikipatikana katika maji ya burudani na uwepo wao hutumika kuashiria uwepo wa kuhasibika kwa kinyesi kwa hivi karibuni, lakini uwepo wa ''E. koli'' inaweza kosa kuwa dalili ya kinyesi cha binadamu. ''E. koli'' ni mkadhania katika wanyama wote wasioathiriwa na joto: ndege na mamalia. Bakteria ya ''E. koli'' pia zimepatikana katika [http://www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks/lab/Hansen%20et%20al%202008%20JGLR%2034.pdf samaki] na kasa. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es0623156?cookieSet=1 Mchanga] na [http://www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks/lab/Ishii%20et%20al%202006%20AEM%2072.pdf udongo] pia huifadhi bakteria ya ''E.'' ''koli'' na baadhi ya aina za ''E. koli'' ambazo [http://www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks/lab/Ksoll%20et%20al%202007%20AEM%2073.pdf asilishwa] . Baadhi ya maeneo ya kijiografia yanaweza kusaidia aina za kipekee za ''E. koli'' na kinyume, baadhi aina za ''E.'' ''koli'' zina asili tofauti[http://www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks/lab/Hansen%20et%20al%202009%20AEM%2075(6).pdf ]. == Viumbe Mifano == ''E. koli'' mara nyingi hutumika kama viumbe mfano katika masomo ya mikrobiolojia. Aina zilizokuzwa (km ''E. koli'' K12) zinaishi vizuri katika mazingira ya maabara, na, tofauti na aina zisizokuzwa, zimepoteza uwezo wao wa kustawi katika utumbo. Aina nyingi za maabara hupoteza uwezo wao wa kuunda muungano wa seli tofauti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fux CA, Shirtliff M, Stoodley P, Costerton JW |title=Can laboratory reference strains mirror "real-world" pathogenesis? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-02_13_2/page/58 |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=58–63 |year=2005 |pmid=15680764 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vidal O, Longin R, Prigent-Combaret C, Dorel C, Hooreman M, Lejeune P |title=Isolation of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant strain able to form biofilms on inert surfaces: involvement of a new ompR allele that increases curli expression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1998-05_180_9/page/2442 |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=180 |issue=9 |pages=2442–9 |year=1998 |pmid=9573197 |doi= |pmc=107187}}</ref> Maumbile haya hulinda aina zisizokuzwa kutokana na kingamwili na mashambulizi mengine ya kemikali, lakini uhitaji matumizi makubwa ya nishati na rasilimali. Katika 1946, [[Joshua Lederberg]] na Edward Tatum kwanza walielezea jambo lililojulikana kama kuunganisha bakteria kwa kutumia bakteria ya ''E. koli'' kama mfano,<ref>[164] ^ {{cite journal |last=Lederberg |first=Joshua |coauthors=E.L. Tatum |year=1946 |month=19 Oktoba |title=Gene recombination in E. coli |journal=Nature |volume=158 |issue= |pages=558 |id= |url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/G/A/S/Z/_/bbgasz.pdf |doi=10.1038/158558a0|format=PDF}} Chanzo: [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/G/A/S/Z/ Maktaba ya Kitaifa ya Tiba - Machapisho ya Joshua Lederberg ]</ref> na inabakia kuwa mfano wa msingi wa kutafiti muungano.{{Citation needed|date=Desemba 2007}} ''E. koli'' ilikuwa ni sehemu muhimu ya majaribio ya kwanza ya kuelewa jenetiki za kilabakteria,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cshl.edu/History/phagecourse.html |title=The Phage Course - Origins |accessdate=2007-12-03 |last= |first= |coauthors= |year=2006 |work= |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020720094306/http://www.cshl.edu/History/phagecourse.html |archivedate=2002-07-20 }}</ref> na watafiti mapema, kama vile Seymour Benzer, alitumia ''E. koli'' na kilabakteria ya T4 kuelewa topografia ya muundo wa jeni.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Benzer |first=Seymour |coauthors= |year=1961 |month=Machi |title=On the topography of the genetic fine structure |journal=PNAS |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=403–15 |pmc=221592 |doi=10.1073/pnas.47.3.403 }}</ref> Kabla ya utafiti wa Benzer, haikuwa inayojulikana kama jeni ilikuwa na utaratibu kimstari, au kama ulikuwa na muundo wa kimatawi. ''E. koli'' ilikuwa moja ya viumbe vya kwanza kuwa na jenomu iliyotaratibiwa; jenomu kamili ya ''E.'' ''koli'' K12 ilichapishwa na ''Sayansi'' katika 1997.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Frederick R. Blattner, Guy Plunkett III, Craig Bloch, Nicole Perna, Valerie Burland, Monica Riley, Julio Collado-Vides, Jeremy Glasner, Christopher Rode, George Mayhew, Jason Gregor, Nelson Davis, Heather Kirkpatrick, Michael Goeden, Debra Rose, Bob Mau, Ying Shao|year=1997 |month=5 Septemba |title=The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12|journal=Science |volume=277 |issue=5331 |pages=1453–1462 |pmc=9278503 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5331.1453}}</ref> Majaribio ya muda mrefu ya mabadiliko kwa kutumia ''E. koli,'' yalianzishwa na Richard Lenski mwaka 1988, yameruhusu kushuhudiwa moja kwa moja kwa mabadiliko makubwa katika maabara.<ref>[172] ^ [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn14094-bacteria-make-major-evolutionary-shift-in-the-lab.html Bakteria zafanya mabadiliko makubwa katika maabara] ''Mwanasayansi Mpya'' </ref> Katika jaribio hili, moja ya idadi ya ''E. koli'' bila kutarajia ilitoa uwezo wa kumetaboli siterati kwa kutumia oksijeni. Uwezo huu ni nadra sana katika ''E. koli.'' Kwa kuwa kukosa uwezo na kukua kukiwepo oksijeni kwa kawaida hutumika kama njia ya kutofautisha ''E. koli'' kutokana nyingine, zinazohusiana kwa karibu sana kibakteria kama vile ''Salmonella,'' uvumbuzi huu unaweza kuashiria tukio la kipekee kuonekana katika maabara. Kwa kuchanganya nanoteknolojia na ikolojia ya kimazingira Mandhari ya mazingira magumu yanaweza kutolewa na maaelezo katika skeli ya nano.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Keymer J.E., P. Galajda, C. Muldoon R., and R. Austin|year=2006 |month=Novemba |title=Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-11-14_103_46/page/17290|journal=PNAS |volume=103 |issue=46 |pages= 17290–295 |pmc= |doi=10.1073/pnas.0607971103 }}</ref> Kwa mazingira sanisi kama haya majaribio ya mabadiliko kwa kutumia ''E. koli'' yamefanywa ili kutafiti biofizikia ya kukabiliana na hali katika kisiwa cha biojiografia kwenye . == Tazama Pia == * [[Escherichia coli O157:H7]] * Majaribio ya mageuzi ya muda mrefu ya ''E. koli'' * Kanuni za Kimataifa za majina ya Bakteria * Mfumo wa T4 ''rII'' * uchambuzi wa bakteria ya maji * Bakteria kolifomu * Kudhibiti ukolezi * Sumu ya chakula * Kolifomu ya kinyesi * uzalishaji wa gesi kutoka glukosi na E. koli [http://www.tgw1916.net/movies2.html maonyesho ya video] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tgw1916.net/movies2.html |date=20121124075912 }} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} == Sehemu nyingine == {{wikispecies}} {{Commons category|Escherichia coli}} ;Jumla * [http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi Takwimu za ''E. koli'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi |date=20060717052111 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090511215840/http://www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/spinach.html Mchicha na kuzuka kwa ''E. koli'' - Marekani FDA] * [http://www.cdc.gov/foodborne/ecolispinach/ ''E. koli'' kuzuka Kutokana na Mchicha bichi - Marekani CDC] * [http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/eco.html Utafiti wa sasa kuhusu ''Escherichia coli'' katika Norwich Research Park] * [http://www.microbeid.com/Media/mac_img.html Picha ya E. koli katika Agari ya MacConkey ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.microbeid.com/Media/mac_img.html |date=20100528080703 }} ;Hifadhidata * [http://www.ecosal.org/ EcoSal] rasilimali ya mtandao ambayo daima inafanywa kulingana na uchapishaji wa jadi wa ASM Press ''Esicherichia koli'' ''na Salmonella: seli na Masi ya Biolojia'' * [http://www.genome.wisc.edu/sequencing/upec.htm Uropathojeniki Esicherichia koli (UPEC)] * [http://www.casper.organ.su.se/ECODAB/ ECODAB] muundo wa O-Antigeni ambayo inaunda msingi ya Uainishaji wa seroloji wa ''E. koli'' *[http://2dbase.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/cgi-bin/2d/2d.cgi 2DBase] {{Wayback|url=http://2dbase.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/cgi-bin/2d/2d.cgi |date=20110511112533 }} 2D-PAGE hifadhidata ya Esicherichia koli Chuo Kikuu cha Bielefeld - Fermentation Engineering Group (AGFT) *[http://biobases.ibch.poznan.pl/5SData/ Hifadhidata ya 5S rRNA] Habari juu ya Utaratibu wa nukleotidi ya rRNAs 5S na jeni zao *[http://aclame.ulb.ac.be/ ACLAME] {{Wayback|url=http://aclame.ulb.ac.be/ |date=20110706132209 }} Ainisho ya Vipengele vya maumbile yanayohamahama *[http://arep.med.harvard.edu/ecoli_matrices/ AlignACE] Makalibu ambayo hutafuta maeneo ya ziada ya kujishikilia katika mlolongo wa jenomu ya E. koli *[http://www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray-as/ae/ ArrayExpress] Hifadhidata ya majaribio ya jenomu zinazofanya kazi *[Https: / / asap.ahabs.wisc.edu / ASAP / home.php ASAP] habari kamili ya jenomu kuhusu bakteria kadhaa enteriki kwa vidokezo vya jamii *[http://www.compsysbio.org/bacteriome/ Bacteriome] {{Wayback|url=http://www.compsysbio.org/bacteriome/ |date=20101126112431 }} Sehemu za kunatisha za DNA ya ''E. koli'' iliyotumika kwa Jenomu kamilifu ya ''E.'' ''koli K-12 '' *[http://biogps.gnf.org/#goto=welcome BioGPS] {{Wayback|url=http://biogps.gnf.org/#goto=welcome |date=20091230141946 }} kitovu cha jeni *[http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/ Brenda] Mfumo wa habari kaili juu ya vimeng'enya *[http://sgen.bri.nrc.ca/brimsg/bsgi.html BSGI] {{Wayback|url=http://sgen.bri.nrc.ca/brimsg/bsgi.html |date=20110706190822 }} uanzilishi wa muundo wa jenomu ya bakteria *[http://www.cathdb.info/ CATH]Ainisho ya Muundo wa protini *[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/GenomeAtlas/ CBS Kitabu cha ramani ya Jenomu ] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516135600/http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/GenomeAtlas |date=2016-05-16 }} *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cdd.shtml CDD] Hifadhidata ya hifadhi ya miliki *[http://cibex.nig.ac.jp/index.jsp CIBEX] {{Wayback|url=http://cibex.nig.ac.jp/index.jsp |date=20100302194313 }} Kituo cha Hifadhidata ya Habari ya Biolojia ya Kujieleza kwa Jeni *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100313050531/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/old/ COGS] *[http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/index.php Kituo cha Hifadhi ya Maumbile ya Koli] {{Wayback|url=http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/index.php |date=20100311130121 }} Aina na habari za maumbile ya ''E. koli'' K-12 *[http://xbase.bham.ac.uk/colibase/ coliBASE] {{Wayback|url=http://xbase.bham.ac.uk/colibase/ |date=20090620110902 }} *[http://ecolihub.org EcoliHub] {{Wayback|url=http://ecolihub.org/ |date=20101201013920 }} - unaofadhiliwa na NIH na rasilimali ya kina ya takwimu za ''E. koli'' K-12 na kilabakteria yake, plasmidi, na vipengele vya maumbile yanayobadilikabadilika *[http://ecoliwiki.net EcoliWiki] {{Wayback|url=http://ecoliwiki.net/ |date=20080828091310 }} ni sehemu ya jamii ya vidokezo ya [http://www.ecolihub.org EcoliHub] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ecolihub.org/ |date=20101201013920 }} {{Model Organisms}} {{Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Escherichia Coli}} [[Category:bakteria]] s4inbvveeelzy2i5dj13puo8gmjt1mc 0 55904 1599474 1365320 2026-09-23T18:21:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox birth control |name = Contraceptive patch |image = Contraceptivepatch.jpg |width = 200 |caption = Ortho Evra brand of contraceptive patch |bc_type = Hormonal (combined estrogen + progestin) |date_first_use = 2002 |rate_type = Failure |perfect_failure% = ≈1 |typical_failure% = ≈1-2 |duration_effect = |reversibility = |user_reminders = Weekly application for 3 weeks |clinic_interval = 3-6 monthly |STD_protection_YesNo = No |periods_advantage = Regulated, may be lighter and less painful |benefits = Compared to oral pills, may be less affected by antibiotics |periods_disadvantage = |weight_gain_loss = No proven effect |risks = [[DVT]]s rates similar to oral combined pills |medical_notes = }} '''Kiraka mimba''' ni kiraka cha kupitisha dawa kwenye ngozi na hupakwa kwenye ngozi kutoa homoni ya kusanisi, estrogini, {na{/2} [[projestini]] homoni ili kuzuia mimba. Kiraka ya kuzuia mimba imeonyeshwa kama enye kuthirika kama kuunganisha dawa ya kuzuia mimba kidonge vyema.kiraka yaweza kuwa vyema katika matumizi ya kawaida Viraka vya mpango wa uzazi vinavyopatikana kwa sasa ni '''Ortho Evra''', ambavyo huuzwa [[Marekani]] na Ortho-McNeil, na Evra, huuzwa Kanada na Janssen-Ortho na katika Uingereza na nchi nyingine kwa Janssen-Cilag. Viraka hivi ni vifurushi ambavyo vimepakiwa katika masanduku kwa utatu na vinapatikana kwa agizo la daktari pekee. Kirasmi, kiraka mimba mara nyingi hujulikana kama "Kiraka." ==Utaratibu wa kutumia== Katika matumizi ya kiraka,Mwanamke anaweza kupaka sehemu tofauti mwilini.Sehemu hizi ni kama vile sehemu ya juu ya mkono,tako, tumbo au paja kwa siku ya kwanza ya hedhi ama Jumapili ya kwanza inayo fuata hiyo siku au vyovyote anavyo taka. Siku ya kupaka inajulikana kutoka hiyo siku kama siku ya kubadili ncha ya kiraka Baada ya Siku saba, wakati wa kubadili ncha ya kiraka inapofika tena mwanamke ana paswa kukitoa kiraka na kukipaka tena katika sehemu zilizo kubaliwa mwilini. hio mwelekeo inarudiwa tena katika siku ya kubadili kiraka Baada ya kubandika kiraka kwa siku kumi na nne,kiraka hutolewa na hairegeshwi. Mwanamke anafaa angoja siku saba bila kiraka kwenye sehemu yeyote na siku nyingine ya kubadili kiraka anapo wadia anatia kiraka kipya. Nyoosha ya kutumia mfumo ulio na utaratibu,mahali kiraka hutumika kwa wiki kadha kabla ya kiraka ya bure kwenye wiki imetafitiawa ===Mpango uzazi badala=== :* Mwanamke akiamua kuanza siku yake ya kubadilisha kiraka kama siku yake ya kwanza ya mzunguko wa hedhi, kiraka kina uwezo wa kuchukua athari katika muda wa kuzuia utegaji wa mayai (angalia utekelezaji wa dawa hapo chini)na hakuna namna ya mpango wa uzazi badala itahitajika kamwe. :** Kwa mwanamke ambaye anataka kuanza kutumia kiraka kufuatia trimesta ya kwanza, kuavya mimba au uavyaji ghafla, matumizi ya kiraka yanaweza kufanyika mara moja baadaye. Hii inaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa sawa na siku ya kwanza ya kuanzia na hakuna namna ya mpango wa uzazi badala itahitajika. :* Ikiwa mwanamke atachagua kuanzia na siku ya kubadilisha kiraka kama Jumapili ya kwanza kufuatia siku ya kwanza, ni muhimu kutumia namna badala ya mpango wa uzazi Kama kiua manii au kondomu kwa wiki ya kwanza ya kuvalia kiraka. == Ufundi mitambo na vitendo == Kama homoni zote za dawa za kuzuia mimba zingeunganishawa,Ortho Evra / Evra huzuia kazi hasa kwa kuzuia utegaji mayai. Utaratibu wa pili wa kitendo ni kuzuia upenyaji wa manii kwa kubadili ute kwenye vimbechungu la kizazi. Homoni za dawa za kuzuia mimba pia zina athari kwenye gamba la maji wa mimba na kwa kuandika zaweza kuleta athari za pandikizo.Hata hivo hakua mwana sayansi aliyetoa hushuhuda kuonyesha kwamba kuzuia pandikizo inatokana na matumizi ya dawa za kuzuia mimba. Dawa ya kuzuia mimba kiraka ya kipimo cha 20 sentimita ² Ortho Evra iko na 750 μg ethini estradio( na estrojini) na 6,000 μg norelgestromin(projestini) Dawa ya kuzuia mimba kiraka ya kipimo cha 20 sentimita ² Evra iko na ina 600 ethini estradio na 6,000µg nerolgestromin. Dawa ya kuzuia mimba kiraka ya Ortho Evra na Evra zote zinahitajika kutoka polepole hadi kwenye mfumo wa mzunguko takriban 20 μg siku ya ethini estradio na 150 μg / siku ya norelgestromin. ==Mwingiliano na Utata== Uthirikishaji wa kiraka au dawa nyingine yoyote ya kuzuia mimba ya homoni zinaweza kupunguzwa kwa kiasi kikubwa iwapo zitaandamana na viua vijasumu, vizuia vimelea, vinza-msukosuko, au dawa zozote zingine ambazo huongeza umetaboli wa dawa za kuzuia mimba za steroidi. Hata hivyo, licha ya ushirikiano pamoja na viua vijasumu vingine, utafiti wa kikliniki kuhusu mwingiliano wa dawa ulionyesha kuwa umezaji wa tetrasaiklini HCl 500 mg kwa siku tatu kabla ya matumizi na siku saba katika wakati wa matumizi ya Ortho Evra "haikupunguza uathirikishaji wa Ortho Evra." hii ni sababu kubwa katika uamuzi wa kawaida kutumia viua vijasumu vilivyo na tetrasaiklini kufuatia uavyaji wa mimba (kuzuia na kupigana nauwezo wakuambukizwa) wakati dawa za kusanisi za homoni za kuzuia mimba zinafaa kutumika baadaye. Madawa zilizo na St. John's Wort zinajulikana kuathari uathirikishaji wa madawa za kuzuiaSt vyenye dawa John's Wort pia inajulikana kwa kuathiri ufanisi wa homoni za uzazi wa mpango. ==Madhara== Katika utafiti tatu kubwa za kiafya iliyo husisha jumla ya wanawake 3,330 wanao tumia kiraka ya Evra Ortho / Evra kwa mwaka mmoja,asili mia kumi na mbili ya watumizi wa kiraka waliacha kutumia kwasababu ya matukio mbaya Matukio ya mara kwa mara iliosababisha kukomesha matumizi ya kiraka ni kama: Washiriki 2.4%,walihisi kichefuchefu na / au kutapika (2.4%), mmenyuko katika sehemu ya kiraka(1.9%), usumbufu wa titi, au maumivu (1.9%), kuumwa na kichwa (1.1%), na Kudunishwa kihisia ( 1.0%). <ref name="sibai 2002">{{cite journal |author=Sibai BM, Odlind V, Meador ML, Shangold GA, Fisher AC, Creasy GW |year=2002 |title=A comparative and pooled analysis of the safety and tolerability of the contraceptive patch (Ortho Evra/Evra) |journal=Fertil Steril |volume=77 |issue=2 Suppl 2 |pages=S19–26 |pmid=11849632 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03264-2}}</ref> Taarifa ilionyesha kuwa matukio ya mara kwa mara zaidi mbaya wakati kwa kutumia Evra Ortho / Evra kiraka ilikuwa: usumbufu kifua, maumivu (asili mia ishirini na moja), kuumwa na kichwa (asili mia ishirini na moja), mmenyuko katika sehemu ya kiraka (asili mia kumi na saba), kichefuchefu (asili mia kumi na saba), maambukizi katika sehemu ya upumuaji (asili mia kumi), kumwa na tumbo wakati wa hedhi (asili mia kumi), na maumivu ya sehemu ya chini ya tumbo (asili mia tisa). <ref name="sibai 2002"></ref> Kuvuja damu na / au tone wakati wa kutumia kiraka ya Evra Ortho / Evra kuripotiwa na:asili mia kumi na nane katika mzunguko wa kwanza, asili mia kumi na mbili katika mzunguko wa tatu,asili mia nane katika mzunguko wa sita na mzunguko wa kumi na tatu 13. Kuvuja damu wakati wa hedhi(huitaji zaidi ya pedi moja au kisodo pedi kwa siku) kuripotiwa na:asili mia nne katika mzunguko wa kwanza,asili mia tatu katika mzunguko wa tatu na mzunguko wa sita, na asili moja katika mzunguko wa kumi na tatu. <ref name="zieman 2002">{{cite journal |author=Zieman M, Guillebaud J, Weisberg E, Shangold GA, Fisher AC, Creasy GW GW |year=2002 |title=Contraceptive efficacy and cycle control with the Ortho Evra/Evra transdermal system: the analysis of pooled data |journal=Fertil Steril |volume=77 |issue=2 Suppl 2 |pages=S13–8 |pmid=11849631 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03275-7}}</ref> Habari zaidi za mathara hutolewa katika maandishi iliyobandikwa kwa pakiti cha ortho Evra na SPC Evra na PIL. ===Hatari ya Kufungika kwa mshipa kwasababu ya mvilio=== Homoni za kudhibiti uzazi zao zikijumulishwa zina kiwango kidogo sana kuongeza hatari ya zito au msiba wa kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio wa mara kwa mmara. Kuna utafiti unaoendelea katika hatari ya kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio ya Ortho Evra ikilinganishwa na dawa ya kupanga uzazi kidonge. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni imedhibitisha kwamba watumiaji wa uzazi wa mpango wa kiraka anaweza kuwa na kuongezeka kwa hatari mbili kwa-mbaya ndani vena kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio.Ikilinganishwa na wanawake ambao walichukua norgestimate-vyenye simulizi mimba na 35 μg wa estrogeni. <ref name="Alert">Medpage leo. [http://www.medpagetoday.com/ProductAlert/Prescriptions/tb/2697 Ushahidi Ortho Patch Thrombosis Hatari Evra Je motstridiga] {{Wayback|url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/ProductAlert/Prescriptions/tb/2697 |date=20060301110459 }} . Published 17 Februari 2006.</ref> <ref name="Cole2007"> Cole JA, Norman H, Doherty M, Walker asubuhi. Venous thromboembolism, infarction myocardial, na herufi kati ya watumiaji wa mfumo wa uzazi wa mpango transdermal. ''Obstet Gynecol.'' 2007, 109 (2 Pt 1) :339-46. PMID 17267834 </ref> Hata hivyo, utafiti tofauti ilihitimisha kuwa hatari ya ndani vena kufingika kwa mishipa kwa sababu ya mvilio kwa ajili ya uzazi wa mpango kiraka ni sawa na ya hatari kwa ajili ya uzazi wa mpango simulizi containing 35 μg ya ethini estradio na norgestimate. Mkanganyiko katika matokeo kati ya ufiti mbili,sio rahisi kutatua, kwa sababu ya ujasirikatika utafiti hizi mbili Zinaambatana. Katika utafiti wa dawa ya kupanga uzazi ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa (kufingika kwa mishipa ) imeongezaka kwa wanawake ambao wana umri wa miaka 35 ambao pia huvuta tumbaku <ref name="smoking"> Pitsavos C, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. mpango wa uzazi kwa wanawake katika hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa au na imara. ''Ann NY Acad Sci.'' 2000; 900:215-27. PMID 10818409</ref> . Kwa hiyo, inasema pakiti ya Ortho-Evra inatahatharisha: "Wanawake ambao wanatumia homoni za kupanga uzazi, ikiwa ni pamoja na ORTHO EVRA, Wanashawishiwa kutovuta sigara." Kulingana na mtengenezaji wa kiraka anatujulisha ngazi ya asili mia sitini ya juu ya estrogini kwenya mfumo damu ikilinganishwa na uzazi wa mpango mdomo, hata hivyo, umuhimu kliniki ya tofauti hii haijulikani. Tarehe 10 Novemba 2005 Ortho McNeil, kwa kushirikiana na FDA, walifanya marekebisho ya alama ya Ortho Evra,pamoja na mwezi onyo kuhusu mfiduo juu ya estrogini kwa wanawake kutumia kiraka kila wiki ikilinganishwa na kuchukua udhibiti wa uzazi kidonge ikiwa na 35 μg ya estrogini, akibainisha kwamba ngazi ya juu ya estrogini hutia wanawake wengine katika hatari ya kuongezeka kwa kupata damu ilioganda. Septemba 2006 alama ilirekebishwa, na tarehe 18 Januari 2008, kwa FDA tena wakahi imarisha studio ya kutafakari matokeo ya utafiti. "The FDA anaamini kwamba Ortho Evra ni salama na njia bora ya kuzuia mimba inapo tumika kutokana na maagizo, ambayo inapendekeza kwamba wanawake na matatizo au hatari kuganda damu kuongea na mtoa huduma ya afya juu ya huduma zao kwa kutumia Ortho Evra kulinganisha na aina zingine za upanga uzazi. " <ref name="FDA2008"> [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01781.html FDA imeidhinisha Mwisho na studio ya kuzaliwa Patch Udhibiti] . FDA. 18 Januari 2008</ref> == Mashtaka == Kiraka kimehusishwa na viharusi na mvilio na utaratibu kwa kuingia kwa homoni na kutoka kwenye tishu za mwili ni tofauti na "kidonge." Mashtaka kadhaa wamekuwa instigated juu ya maswala haya. Mashtaka yalifikishwa katika Mahakama ya Koti huko New Jersey tarehe 2 Septemba 2005 na mwanamke wa Georgia aliye ugua mgando wa damu mshipani kwa mapafu, akidai kuwa kampuni hiyo ili endeleza utumizi wa kiraka licha ya kufahamu hatari za kiafya ili kupata ongezeko wa fedha, na kutohadhari kuhusu hatari za vidonge vya damu na majeraha mengine. Mwezi wa Novemba 2005, jumba la utangazaji la CBS walitoa hadithi kuhusu hati zilizojitokeza kwa lawsuit kuhusiana na mama mchanga aliyepoozwa na kiharusi na kubaki mtu asiyejiweza ambayo ilionyesha kuwa kampuni ilikuwa amepokea karibu ripoti mia tano ya matukio mbaya kati ya Aprili 2002 na Desemba 2004. Katika wakati sawa na huo, ripoti sitini na moja pekee za matukio mbaya zilifikishwa kotini zikiwa na muungano wa aina zote za vidonge vya kudhibiti uzazi. [http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/31895 ] Wazazi wa msichana wa miaka kumi na nne kutoka Wisconsin walifikisha mashtaka dhidi ya Johnson &amp; Johnson kwa sababu wanadai ya kuwa alifariki kutokana na damu iliyoganda kutokana na kutumia Kiraka. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.fwhc.org/birth-control/patch.htm Afya ya wanawake ya Wanawake Center] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fwhc.org/birth-control/patch.htm |date=20050126093817 }} * [http://www.orthoevra.com/ Ortho Evra] {{Wayback|url=http://www.orthoevra.com/ |date=20151021062710 }} * [http://www.plannedparenthood.org/birth-control-pregnancy/birth-control/the-patch.htm Planned kifamilia: The Patch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/birth-control-pregnancy/birth-control/the-patch.htm |date=20080107020229 }} [[Category:Uzazi wa mpango]] bxn7tf1lmsm4p9limgkvrg6dw7st4t2 0 55910 1599586 1350700 2026-09-23T18:46:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Infobox_Disease | Name = Brain herniation | Image = Brain herniation MRI.jpg| Caption = MRI showing injury due to brain herniation| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|93|5|g|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|348.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001421 | eMedicineSubj = radio | eMedicineTopic = 98 | MeshID = | }} '''Upenyezi ya ubongo''' ni jeraha la upande athari za juu shinikizo ndani ya ubongo ambapo ubongo unahama kutoka katika sehemu yake ya kawaida hususani ubongo katika fuvu la kichwa. Ubongo huweza kuhama na miundo vile kama falksi ya ubongo, tentoriumu serebeli, na hata kwa njia ya tundu liitwalo forameni magnamu katika mwisho wa kitako cha fuvu la kichwa (ambapo uti wa mgongo unaunganishwa na ubongo). kujipenyeza kwa ubongo husababishwa na mambo kadhaa ambayo husababisha athari ya molekuli na kuongeza shinikizo ndani ya ubongo (ICP): ambayo inajumuisha{2,}kiwewe,kuumia ubongo, [[Kiharusi|kiharusi]], au kusababisha uvimbe kwenye ubongo. Kwa sababu kupenyeza kwa ubongo kunaweka shinikizo kubwa katika sehemu ya ubongo na hivyo kupunguza mzunguko wa damu katika sehemu mbalimbali ya ubongo, mara nyingi hii ina madhara kwa mwili. Kwa hiyo, hatua madhubuti zinachukuliwa katika hospitalini ili kuzuia hali ili kupunguza shinikizo la ndani ya fuu la kichwa. kujipenyeza kwa ubongo pia kunaweza pia kutokea vilevile pasipo ongezeko la ICP kwa mfano wakati hematomas umetendeka kwa mpaka katika sehemu moja ya ubongo. ==Uainishaji== [[File:Brain herniation types-2.svg|right|thumb|250px|Aina ya ubongo <ref upenyezi jinae="isbn1-4051-2627-2">[5] </ REF> 1) anka 2)kati 3) singulamu 4) Transcalvarial 5) zaidi 6)findo]] Kupenyeza kwa ubongo kumegawanyika katika makundi makubwa mawili: juu ya tentoriamu na chini ya tentoriamu. Mpenyezo wa ubongo juu ya tentoriumu ni ya miundo ya kawaida juu ya kifundo cha tentoriumu na chini ya tentoriamu ni ya miundo ya kawaida chini yake. <ref name="Orlando Regional">[6] ^ Orlando eneo ya afya, Elimu na Maendeleo. 2004. [http://www.orlandoregional.org/pdf%20folder/overview%20adult%20brain%20injury.pdf "Muhtasari wa Majerahaya mtu mzima kiwewe ya ubongo ."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.orlandoregional.org/pdf%20folder/overview%20adult%20brain%20injury.pdf |date=20080227162001 }} Tarehe 14 Januari 2008.</ref> * '''Mpenyezo wa ubongo juu ya tentorium''' # Anka # katikati (transtentorial) # Singulamu (subfalcine) # Transcalvarial * '''mpenyezo wa ubongo chini ya tentorium''' <ol> <li>upane wa juu (zaidi ubongo wa mbele au <u>upande wa juu</u> ikikatish akwenye tentoriamu)<u></u></li> <li>Tonsillar (upande wachini wa ubongo wa mbele)</li> </ol> ===mpenyezo wa ankal=== Katika mpenyezo wa ankal,pamoja aina nyingine za mpenyezo wa transtentorial, sehemu ya ndani kabisa ya tundu la panja, anka, inawezekana ikasukumwa kiasi kwamba ikahamia kwenye tentoriamu na ikaweka shinikizo kwenye shina la ubongo hasa huonekana sana kwenye ubongokati. <ref name="Shepherd"> Mchungaji S. 2004. [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2820.htm "Mkuu kiwewe."] Emedicine.com. Tarehe 14 Januari 2008.</ref> tentoriamu ni muundo wa ndani ya fuvu la kichwaambayo inaundwa na utando wa ubongo rusu inayoitwa dura. Tishu zinaweza kuwa zimekwanguliwa kutoka kwenye tabaka la juu la ubongo katika mchakato uitwao ubambuaji. <ref name="McCaffrey">McCaffrey P. 2001. [http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA336/336unit11.html "The sayansi ya neva katika mfululizo wa mtandao: 336 CMSD neuropatholojia wa lugha na utambuzi."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA336/336unit11.html |date=20070406174458 }} chuo kikuu cha california, Chico. Rudishwa tarehe 7 Agosti 2007.</ref> Ankla inaweza ikaukandamiza neva ya tatu ya fuvu, ambao unaweza kuathiri parasimpathetiki kwenye [[jicho]] la upande ambao mshipa wake ume athirika na, kusababisha athari kwenye mboni ya jicho ambalo limeathiriwa na kutanuka kwa misuli ya jicho na kushindwa kujikunja katika kukabiliana na mwanga kama inavyolipasa. mboni ya jicho / inapo tanuka mara nyingi huendelea na utafiti unaonyesha baadaye kwenye neva ya fuvu (III) hukandamizwa (mishipa ya parasimpathetiki ambayo imeelekezwa maungo ya mshipa ya kutoa nyuzi jumla katika CNIII), ambayo husababisha jicho kuhama sehemu yake kwenda "chini na nje" kutokana na upungufu wamzunguko wa damu kwenye misuli ya jicho isipokuwa kwa msuli uitwao misuli ya kando ya rekta (ambao umeunganiswa na neva ya fuvu namba nne VI) na msuli uitwao mkuu wa mshazari(ambao umeingiwa na neva ya fuvu namba nne IV). Dalili za kutokea kwa mtiririko huu kwa sababu ya kipekee parasimpathetiki unyuzi unao ungania jicho na ubongo upo karibu, hivyo, huwa wa kwanza kwa kukandamizwa. Mkandamizo wa upande mmoja kwenye ateri ya nyuma ya ubongo itasababisha ukosefu wa mzunguko wa damu kwa upande mmoja wa ubongo unao husika na kuona na pande zote zilizounganishwa na macho na kusababisha kutoona vizuri katika macho yote (upembeni ya majina sawa hemianopia). Utafiti mwingine muhimu ni ''ishara isiyo halisi ,'' ambayo huitwa Kernohan ya mkatowa umbo la kitu, ambayo hutokana na kukandamizwa kwa pandezote mbili za ubongo krusi ambazo zinajumuisha uti wa kotesksi inayoshuka na kiunga-bongo. Hii husababisha (upande huohuo upande mmoja kama mpenyezo wa ubongo) unyonge kwa sababu uti wa kotesksi mfumo wa viungo vya mwili huwa mara nyingi zinaunganisha misuli zinazoyofanya mikunjo, kunyooka kwa mguu pia huweza kuonekana. Pamoja na shinikizo kuongeza na kuendelea kwa mpenyezo kutakuwa uharibifu wa shina la ubongo kusababisha kuvilia kwa damu kutoa mkojo (kuchanika kwa mishipa midogo midogo katika parenkaima) katika wastani na paramedian maeneo ya mesencephaloni na ponisi. kuchanika kwa tezi inasababisha mstari ama kuvunja umbo la hemoraji uharibifu au usumbufu wa shina la ubongo inaweza kusababisha ubambuaji wa mkao,uharibifu wa kituo cha kupumua ,huzuni na kusababisha kifo. Uwezekano mwingine unaotokana na shina la ubongo kuharibiwa ni kama uchovu, kiwango cha upigaji wa moyo polepole, na mpanuko wa mboni. <ref name="McCaffrey"></ref> mpenyezo wa ankla huweza kuendelea na kuwa mpenyezo wa kati. <ref name="Orlando Regional"></ref> ===mpenyezo wa kati=== Katika ''mpenyezo huu wa kati,'' (pia huitwa "transtentorial herniation") ubongo wa mbele na sehemu ya tundu la panja ya pande zote mbili za ubongo wa mbele,unakandamizwa kupitia mkato wa umbo la kitu iliyopo katika tentoriamu serebeli. <ref name="Shepherd"></ref> <ref name="Cornell"> Cornell. (1998). Utangulizi neuropatholojia Mmenyuko na jeraha: historia ya ubongo " Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell uuguzi. </ref> Mpenyezo wa kati unaweza kutokea wakati ubongo umesogea upande wa juu au chini katika tentoriamu itwayo mpenyezo wa kupanda na mpenyezo wakushuka na wakupanda katika mtiririko huo, hata hivyo mpenyezo wa kushuka hujitokeza zaidi ya kawaida. <ref name="Barr07"></ref> Mpenyezo wa kushuka unaweza kunyoosha matawi ya ateri basila ya (pontine samhället), kusababisha athari kama vile kuchanika na kutokwa na damu, unaojulikana kama duretic hemoraji. Matokeo yake ni hatari mno. <ref name="Cornell"></ref> "Radiographically", kushuka ni sifa ya obliteration ya suprasellar sisteni kutoka tundu la panja la mpenyezo katika tentoriamu la kitundu kwa compression kuhusishwa katika ubongo. Mpenyezo kwenda juu, kwa upande mwingine, unaweza kuwa na sifa "radiographically" obliteration ya sisteni ya "quadrigeminal". Ndani ya fuu la kichwa la dalili ya ugonjwa wa mskumo wa damu imekuwa inajulikana kwa igizi kwenda chini "transtentorial herniation". ===mpenyezo wa singulamu=== Katika singulamu au mpenyezo wa (subfalcine), aina ya kawaida, yaliyomo sehemu ya tundu la mbele ni scraped chini ya sehemu ya falx cerebri, ya Skubi dura saa ya juu ya kichwa kati ya pande mbili za ubongo. [15] [16] mpenyezo wa singulate unaweza kusababishwa wakati upande mmoja wa ubongo ukiwa umetanuka na inasukuma ncha ya singulate gyrus na falksi ya ubongo. <ref name="Orlando Regional"></ref> Hii haiweki shinikizo kubwa juu ya shingo la ubongo kama aina nyingine ya upenyezi, lakini inaweza kuingiliana na mishipa ya damu katika tundu la fupa la paji ambayo ipo karibu na tovuti ya (ubongo mbele ateri jeraha), au inaweza kusababisha mwendelezo wa mpenyezo kuu. <ref name="Shepherd"></ref> Kuingiliwa na usambazaji wa damu kunaweza kusababisha ongezeko la hatari katika ICP ambayo inaweza kusababisha hatari aina zaidi ya upenyezi. <ref name="hudson">Kristi Hudson. mwaka wa (2006) [http://dynamicnursingeducation.com/class.php?class_id=37 Brain Herniation Syndromes - 2 Nursing CEs.] {{Wayback|url=http://dynamicnursingeducation.com/class.php?class_id=37 |date=20110710160657 }} Dynamic Nursing Elimu. Rudishwa tarehe 6 Septemba 2007.</ref> Dalili kwa upenyezi singulamu ni vizuri hufafanuliwa. <ref name="hudson"></ref> Kawaida kutokea kwa kuongeza upenyezi wa ankla, singulamu ya upenyezi inaweza sasa na mkao ambayo si ya kawaida na kukosa fahamu. <ref name="Orlando Regional"></ref> upenyezi wa singulamu ni mara nyingi kuamini kuwa mtangulizi na aina nyingine ya upenyezi. <ref name="hudson"></ref> ===mpenyezo wa "transcalvarial" === Katika ''upenyezo wa "transcalvarial",'' ubongo kubana kupitia fracture au katika tovuti ya kichwa. <ref name="Orlando Regional"></ref> Pia huitwa "nje upenyezi", aina hii ya herniation yanaweza kutokea wakati upasuaji wa fuvu, upasuaji ambao flapi ya fuvu unaondolewa, kuzuia kipande cha fuvu kubadilishwa. <ref name="Barr07"></ref> ===upenyezi wa juu=== Kuongezeka kwa shinikizo katika nyuma fossa unaweza kusababisha serebelamu kutoa hoja juu kupitia tentorial ufunguzi katika ''zaidi,'' au ''upenyezi wa selebramu.'' <ref name="Shepherd"></ref> {ubongokati{/0} ni msukumo kwa tentoriamu wa mkato wa umbo la kitu. Hii pia inasukuma ubongokati chini. ===findo ya upenyezi === Katika ''upenzi wa findo,'' pia hujulikana ''kushuka upenyezi wa selebramu,'' <ref name="Orlando Regional"></ref> au "coning", na tonsils cerebellar larhoja kushuka kwa forameni magnamu ya uwezekano wa kusababishashina la ubongo unafinyika chini na juu ya kizazi la uti la mgongo kama kupita forameni magnamu. <ref name="Shepherd"></ref> Kuongezeka kwa shinikizo shina la ubongo unaweza kusababisha utendakazi mbaya ya vituo katika ubongo kuwajibika kwa kudhibiti upumuaji na ugonjwa wa moyo kufanya kazi. upenyezi wa findo ya serebelamu pia anajulikana kama "Chiari Malformation" (CM), au awali ya "Arnold Chiari Malformation2" (ACM). Kuna aina tatu za angalau "Chiari malformation" kwamba ni kutambuliwa sana, na kuwakilisha taratibu sana na magonjwa mbalimbali pamoja na dalili tofauti na prognosi. mazingira haya yanaweza kupatikana kwa wagonjwa na dalili kama kutafuta ni muafaka, au inaweza kuwa hivyo kali kama ina kutishia maisha. Hali hii ni sasa kuwa mara kwa mara kwa matibabu zaidi "radiologists" , kama wagonjwa zaidi kunyang MRI maandishi ya vichwa vyao. selebramu ektopia ni muda kutumiwa na radiologists kuelezea findo ya selebramu kwamba ni "Asili ya uongo" lakini si kufikia vigezo "radiographic" kwa ufafanuzi kama (malformation Chiari). Sasa kukubaliwa "radiographic" ufafanuzi kwa (malformation Chiari) ni kwamba findo ya selebramu angalau 5mm uongo chini ya kiwango cha foremeni magnamu. Baadhi ya matabibu na taarifa kwamba baadhi ya wagonjwa kuonekana kwa uzoefu dalili thabiti na ulemavu wa Chiari bila ushahidi radiographic ya findo ya upenyezi. Wakati mwingine wagonjwa hawa ni kama ilivyoelezwa kuwa na 'Chiari [aina] 0'. Kuna sababu nyingi watuhumiwa wa findo wa upenyezi ikiwa ni pamoja na: kamba uti wa mgongo ukifungwa au siri iliyoshikana terminale uzi (kuunganisha chini ya shina la ubongo na miundo a); ulipungua au hitilafu fossa nyuma (ya chini, sehemu ya nyuma ya kichwa) na wala siyo kutoa nafasi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya selebramu; kukusanyika kwa maji ndani ya kichwa au isiyo ys kawaida CSF kiasi kusukuma findo ya nje. ugonjwa wa tishu unganifu, kama vile {0ugonjwa wa Ehler-danlos,{/0} inaweza kuhusishwa. Kwa tathmini ya zaidi ya findo ya upenyezi, masomo kati yake CINE ni kutumika. Aina hii ya MRI haionyeshi mtiririko wa CSF saa pamoja na cranio-ya kizazi. Kwa watu kupitia dalili na ndogo upenyezi inaonekana, hasa kama dalili ni bora katika nafasi kimgongo na mbaya zaidi juu ya msimamo / wema, na wema MRI inaweza kuwa na manufaa. <ref name="Gruen02"></ref> ==Ishara na dalili== [[File:Decorticate.PNG|thumb|450px|right|ubambuaji wa mkao, na kiwiko cha mkono, mikono na vidole kupinda, na miguu kupanuliwa na kuzunguka ndani]] upenyezi wa ubongo mara nyingi inatoa kwa mkao ambao si wa kawida0} <ref name="Gruen02"></ref> na nafasi ya tabia ya viungo ya dalili ya ubongo uharibifu mkubwa. Wagonjwa hawa kuwa na kiwango cha chinichini ya fahamu, na "Glasgow Score" ya kukosa fahamu ya 3-5. <ref name="Gruen02"></ref> Moja au wanafunzi wote wanaweza panukana kushindwa mbano katika kukabiliana na mwanga. <ref name="Gruen02"></ref> Kutapika pia kutokea kutokana na kufinyika wa kituo cha kutapika katika medula oblongata ya. ==Matibabu na prognosi== [[File:Brain injury with herniation MRI.jpg|thumb|right|MRI kuonyesha uharibifu kutokana na upenyezi. mgonjwa huu umebadilisha kushoto na ulemavu mabaki ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwashirikisha harakati na hotuba <ref> [32] <> REF /.]] Tiba unahusisha kuondolewa kwa wingi wa somo la kiini na upasuaji wa gandamua. upenyezi wa ubongo unaweza kusababisha na ulemavu kali au kifo. Kwa kweli, wakati upenyezi ni wazi juu ya skani ya CT, kwa maana ya prognosi ahueni ya kazi kuhusu neva ni maskini. <ref name="Gruen02"></ref> mgonjwa huweza kuwa aliyepooza tarehe hiyo upande wa kama lesion kusababisha athari ya mvuke, au uharibifu wa sehemu ya ubongo unaosababishwa na upenyezi inaweza kusababisha kupooza upande kinyume kidonda <ref name="Cornell"></ref> Uharibifu wa ubongokati, ambayo ina mtandao ilyo wavu inleda (fastställ) fahamu mapenzi kuleta kukosa fahamu. <ref name="Cornell"></ref> Uharibifu wa moyo-upumuaji vituo katika medula oblongata mapenzi kusababisha kupumua na ugonjwa wa moyo kukamatwa. <ref name="Cornell"></ref> uchunguzi unaendelea sasa ni kuhusu matumizi ya mawakala neuroprotective wakati wa kipindi cha muda mrefu baada ya kiwewe ya ubongo kuhisi kupita kiasi yanayohusiana na dalili za ugonjwa. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/medpix_image.html?pt_id=0&amp;imageid=17922&amp;quiz=no#top michoro upenyezi ya ubongo] {{Wayback|url=http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/medpix_image.html?pt_id=0&imageid=17922&quiz=no#top |date=20070927220125 }} * upenyezi ya ubongo "Tutorial" Download karatasi ya mazoezi [[Category:neva]] [[Jamii:ubongo]] 6bro4hqtb5jdsof8rwv24nqa4w8tuni 0 55913 1599974 1598976 2026-09-24T09:25:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:Smoke-by-a-window-in-a-pub.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Moshi wa tumbaku katika pub ya Ireland kabla ya kupiga marufuku ya kuvuta sigara tarehe 29 Machi 2004.]] '''Kupatwa na moshi wa sigara za wengine''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Second hand smoke'') ni hali ya kuvuta [[hewa]] yenye [[moshi]] unaotokana na [[mtu]] anayevuta [[sigara]] au [[mazingira]] ya moshi wa [[tumbaku]] (ETS), kutoka bidhaa za [[Mtumbaku]] zinazotumiwa na watu wengine. Hutokea wakati moshi wa tumbaku unapoenea katika mazingira yoyote na kusababisha athari ya kuvuta hewa kwa watu wanaoishi hapo. Ushahidi wa kisayansi unaonyesha kwamba kuvuta hewa ya moshi utokanao na mtu anayevuta tumbaku husababisha [[ugonjwa]], [[ulemavu]] na hata [[kifo]]. <ref name="sg-report">{{cite web |url = http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke |title = The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |publisher = [[Surgeon General of the United States]] |date = 2006-06-27 |accessdate = 2009-01-12 |quote = Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke}}</ref> <ref name="iarc-monograph">{{cite web |url = http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php |title = Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking |publisher = [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |year = 2004 |accessdate = 2009-01-12 |quote = There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans |format = PDF |archivedate = 2018-06-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180607085206/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php }}</ref> Kuvuta moshi wa sigara inayotumiwa na mtu mwingine kumechangia pakubwa mjadala juu ya madhara na udhibiti wa bidhaa za tumbaku. Tangu mapema [[miaka ya 1970]], sekta ya tumbaku imekuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu kuvuta moshi wa sigara inayotumiwa na mtu mwingine kama tishio kubwa kwa maslahi ya [[biashara]] yake, madhara kwa walioko ambao hawavuti sigara. Ilionekana kama shinikizo kuu la kudhibiti bidhaa za tumbaku. Licha ya ufahamu wa mapema kuhusu uwezekano wa kuwepo madhara ya moshi wa sigara inayovutwa na mtu mwingine, sekta ya tumbaku iliratibu [[uhandisi]] wa pambano la kisayansi kwa lengo la kuzuia udhibiti wa bidhaa zao. <ref name="kessler"></ref> Hivi sasa, hatari za [[Afya|kiafya]] za moshi wa sigara ni suala la makubaliano ya kisayansi, na hizi hatari zimekuwa moja ya motisha kubwa kwa ajili ya kupiga [[marufuku]] kuvuta sigara katika maeneo ya [[kazi]] na ndani ya maeneo ya [[umma]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Mgahawa|mikahawa]], [[baa]] na [[klabu za usiku]]. == Madhara ya muda mrefu == Kuna ushahidi wa kutosha wa kisayansi kwamba moshi usiokuwa moja kwa moja husababisha magonjwa sawa kama sigara inayovutwa moja kwa moja, ikiwa ni pamoja na ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa, mapafu, na ugonjwa wa upumuaji. Magonjwa haya ni kama: * Saratani: ** Jumla: hatari zilizoongezeka, <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=30–46}}</ref> kupitia ushahidi uliokusanywa duniani kote, na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa [[Saratani]] ilitamatishwa mwaka wa 2004 kuwadhibitika na utashi "Kushinikizwa kuvuta hewa ya sigara,au kuwekwa hatarini ya moshi wa tumbaku au 'mazingira' yenye moshi wa tumbaku) husababisha [[kansa]] kwa binadamu". <ref name="iarc-monograph"></ref> ** Kansa ya mapafu: mathari za sigara isiyo vutwa moja kwa moja juu ya kansa ya mapafu imefanyiwa uchunguzi sana. Mfululizo wa masomo kutoka Marekani kuanzia 1986-2003, Uingereza mwaka 1998, Australia mwaka 1997 na kimataifa katika 2004 umeonyesha mara kwa mara kuwa na ongezeko kubwa la hatari miongoni mwa wale kwenye hatari ya hewa ya moshi usiovutwa moja kwa moja. ** Kansa ya matiti: Shirika la Ulinzi wa mazingira la Kalifornia lilitamatisha mwaka 2005 kuwa uvutaji wa hewa ya moshi wa sigara huongeza hatari ya saratani ya matiti kwa wanawake wachanga ambao hawajakoma hedhi kwa asilimia. 70% Na mpasuaji mkuu wa Marekani amebainisha kwamba ushahidi "unakisia tu," lakini bado hautoshi kuleta uhusiano vile. Kwa kinyume, Wakala wa Kimataifa wa Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Saratani ulitamatisha mwaka 2004 kuwa kulikuwa "hakuna thibitisho kwa uhusiano baina ya hewa ya moshi wa tumbaku na kansa ya matiti katika wasiovutwa sigara kamwe ". ** Mafigo Saratani ya chembechembe za Figo (RCC): Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuongezeka kwa hatari ya (RCC) miongoni mwa wasio vuta sigara kamwe ingawa nyubani/kazini walikumbana na hiya hewa nyumbani au kazini<ref>{{cite journal |author=Theis RP, Dolwick Grieb SM, Burr D, Siddiqui T, Asal NR |title=Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=8 |pages=387 |year=2008 |pmid=19108730 |pmc=2633310 |doi=10.1186/1471-2407-8-387 |ref=harv }}</ref> ** Hewa ya moshi wa sigara haionekani kuwa uhusiano na kansa ya uvimbe wa kongosho. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Hassan MM, Abbruzzese JL, Bondy ML, ''et al.'' |title=Passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in association with risk for pancreatic cancer: a case-control study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer_2007-06-15_109_12/page/2546 |journal=Cancer |volume=109 |issue=12 |pages=2547–56 |year=2007 |pmid=17492688 |pmc=2215306 |doi=10.1002/cncr.22724 |ref=harv}}</ref> ** Uvimbe wa ubongo: hatari huongezeka kwa watoto kwa kiasi kikubwa zaidi hata kama mama havuti lakini amehatarishwa na hiyo hewa ya moshi, hivyo si kuzuia hatari kwa mtoto wakati wa ujauzito. * Sikio, pua na koo: maambukizi hatari ya sikio. <ref>{{cite book |last=Bull |first=P.D. |title=Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat |url=https://archive.org/details/lecturenotesondi0000bull_a3x1 |publisher=Blackwell Science |year=1996 |isbn=0-86542-634-1 }}</ref> * Mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu: hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo, <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|loc=Ch. 8}}</ref> kupunguza kiwango cha upigaji moyo, kiwango cha juu cha upigaji moyo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Dietrich DF, Schwartz J, Schindler C, ''et al.'' |title=Effects of passive smoking on heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure: an observational study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_2007-08_36_4/page/834 |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=834–40 |year=2007 |pmid=17440032 |doi=10.1093/ije/dym031 |ref=harv}}</ref> **Masomo juu ya magonjwa inaonyesha kwamba kuvuta sigara kwenyewe na kuingiza hewa ya aliyevuta huongeza hatari ya atherosklerosi. * Matatizo ya mapafu: ** Hatari ya pumu. <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=555–8}}</ref> * Kuharibika kwa uelewaji na shida ya akili: Mfiduo kwa hewa ya moshi huweza kuongeza hatari ya kuharibika kwa utambuzi na shida ya akili kwa watu wazima miaka 50 na zaidi. * Ujauzito ** Uzito wa kuzaliwa wa chini, sehemu B, ch.^3. <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=198–205}}</ref> ** Kuzaliwa kabla ya kupevuka, sehemu B, ch.3 (Kumbuka kwamba ushahidi wa uhusiano umeelezewa tu kama "kukisia" na Mpasuaji mkuu wa Marekani katika taarifa yake ya mwaka wa 2006.) * Kwa ujumla: ** Kuongezeka kwa pumu, mzio na hali nyingine. * Hatari kwa watoto: <ref>{{cite news |title=Parents warned not to smoke at home |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2110076,00.html |work = [[The Guardian]] |accessdate = 2007-06-24 |location=London |first=Denis |last=Campbell |date=24 Juni 2007}}</ref> ** Dalili za kifo cha ghafla cha watoto au (SIDS). <ref>{{cite journal |author=McMartin KI, Platt MS, Hackman R, Klein J, Smialek JE, Vigorito R, Koren G |title=Lung tissue concentrations of nicotine in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_2002-02_140_2/page/205 |journal=[[Journal of Pediatrics|J. Pediatr.]] |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=205–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11865272 |doi=10.1067/mpd.2002.121937 |ref=harv }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Milerad J, Vege A, Opdal SH, Rognum TO |title=Objective measurements of nicotine exposure in victims of sudden infant death syndrome and in other unexpected child deaths |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_1999-07_135_1/page/132 |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=132–3 |year=1999 |pmid=9709711 |ref=harv }}</ref> Katika taarifa yake 2006, Mpasuaji Mkuu wa Marekani anasema:"Ushahidi huo ni wa kutosha kuleta uhusiano sababishi kati ya kuvuta hewa ya moshi wa sigara na dalili za kifo cha ghafla cha mtoto ". ** Pumu <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|pp=311–9}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Vork KL, Broadwin RL, Blaisdell RJ |title=Developing asthma in childhood from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke: insights from a meta-regression |journal=[[Environ. Health Perspect.]] |volume=115 |issue=10 |pages=1394–400 |year=2007 |pmid=17938726 |pmc=2022647 |doi=10.1289/ehp.10155 |ref=harv}}</ref> ** Maambukizi ya mapafu <ref>{{cite journal |author=Spencer N, Coe C |title=Parent reported longstanding health problems in early childhood: a cohort study |journal=[[Arch. Dis. Child.]] |volume=88 |issue=7 |pages=570–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12818898 |pmc=1763148 |doi=10.1136/adc.88.7.570 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=de Jongste JC, Shields MD |title=Cough. 2: Chronic cough in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_thorax_2003-11_58_11/page/998 |journal=Thorax |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=998–1003 |year=2003 |pmid=14586058 |pmc=1746521 |doi=10.1136/thorax.58.11.998 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Dybing E, Sanner T |title=Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-and-experimental-toxicology_1999-04_18_4/page/202 |journal=Hum Exp Toxicol |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=202–5 |year=1999 |pmid=10333302|doi=10.1191/096032799678839914 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref name="Difranza 2004">{{cite journal |author=DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M |title=Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=113 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1007–15 |year=2004 |pmid=15060193 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.4.S1.1007 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/4/S1/1007 |ref=harv |doi_brokendate=2010-06-20 |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2010-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203081032/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/4/S1/1007 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ** Magonjwa makali zaidi yakiwa na bronkioiolitis, na matokeo mabaya zaidi ** Kuongezeka kwa hatari ya kupatwa na kifua kikuu kama ikipata mwenezaji ** Mzio ** Ugonjwa wa Chrohn. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mahid SS, Minor KS, Stromberg AJ, Galandiuk S |title=Active and passive smoking in childhood is related to the development of inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Inflamm. Bowel Dis. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=431–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17206676 |doi=10.1002/ibd.20070 |ref=harv}}</ref> ** Ugumu wa kujifunza, ucheleweshaji wa kukua, na kuathiri mienendo ya kiakili. Mifano ya wanyama hupendekeza jukumu kwa Nikotini na monoksidi ya kaboni katika matatizo ya mishipa ya akili. <ref name="Difranza 2004"></ref> ** Ongezeko katika kuoza kwa meno (pamoja na kuhusiana biyoishara za mate umeshirikishwa na hewa ya moshi wa sigara kwa watoto. ** Kuongezeka kwa hatari ya maambukizi ya sikiokati. * Kuongezeka kwa ujumla hatari ya kifo katika watu wazima, ambapo inakadiriwa kuua wasiovuta sigara 53,000 kwa mwaka, na kuifanya nambari 3 baadhi ya sababu za 1} vifo vinavyoweza kuzuiliwa nchini Marekani na kwa watoto. == Utaratibu wa visababu == Utafiti wa 2004 na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani ya Shirika la Afya Duniani lilitamatisha kuwa wasiovuta sigara wamehatarishwa na kasinojeni sawa za kusababisha kansa kama wale wanaovuta. Moshi wa kando una zaidi ya kemikali 4,000, ikiwa ni pamoja na kasinojeni 69 zinazojulikana. Wasiwasi maalum ni polinyukilia hidrokaboni zenye kunukia, N-naitrosamini maalum za tumbaku na amaini zenye kunukia, kama vile 4-Aminobiphenyl, ambayo imejulikana kuwa yenye kusababisha kansa. Moshi wa moja kwa moja, moshi wa kando, na moshi wa sigara unaopumuliwa bila hiari na mtu asiyevuta sigara una vipengele sawa, hata hivyo ukolezi wake unatofautiana kulingana na aina ya moshi. Kasinojeni kadhaa zenye nguvu zimeonyeshwa na 'makampuni ya tumbaku yenyewe kupitia utafiti kuwa sasa wa viwango vya juu katika moshi wa kando kuliko katika moshi tawala. Moshi wa tumbaku kwenye mazingira (ETS) umebainika kuwa unazalisha uchafuzi wa mazingira katika chembechembe ya mata zaidi (PM) kuliko injini ya dizeli iliyo na mchirizo wa chini Katika majaribio yaliofanywa na Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa la Italia, sigara tatu ziliachwa zikiwaka, moja baada ya nyingine, katika karakana 60m³ na hewa kidogo ikibadilishwa. Hizo sigara zilizalisha uchafuzi wa PM mno hadi mipaka ya nje, kama vile viwango vya mchana hadi mara 10 ile ya injini inayonguruma. Uvutaji kuwekwa kwenye hatari ya moshi wa tumbaku kuna madhara makubwa ya haraka juu ya damu na mishipa ya damu katika njia ambayo huongeza hatari ya mashambulizi ya moyo, hasa katika watu walio tayari kwenye hatari. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Barnoya J, Glantz SA |title=Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2005-05-24_111_20/page/n159 |journal=Circulation |volume=111 |issue=20 |pages=2684–98 |year=2005 |pmid=15911719 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215 |ref=harv}}</ref> Kuwekwa kwenye hatari ya moshi wa tumbaku kwa muda wa dakika 30 kwa kiasi kikubwa hupunguza hifadhi ya kasimwelekeo kwenye mtiririko wa moyo katika watu wasiovuta sigara na wenye afya. Ugonjwa wa mapafu ambao hukatiza kupumua unaweza sababishwa katika panya kutokana na moshi mkali wa kando wa tumbaku (sigara 30 kwa siku) kwa kipindi cha siku 45. Kuharibiwa kwa seli za masti} na kuchangia uharibifu wa mapafu pia umegunduliwa. Neno "moshi wa aina ya mkono wa tatu" umebuniwa hivi karibuni kutambua uchafuzi kutokana na mabaki ya moshi wa tumbaku unaosalia baada ya sigara kuzimwa na moshi uliotolewa inje na mvutaji kuondolewa kutoka kwa hewa. Utafiti wa awali unaonyesha kwamba matokeo ya moshi wa aina ya mkono wa tatu yanaweza kuhatarisha afya, ingawa ukubwa wa hatari, kama upo, bado haujulikani. == Masomo ya Epidemologia == Masomo ya Epidemologia yanaonyesha kuwa watu wasiovuta sigara wakipumua hewa ya moshi wa sigara huhatarishwa kiafya na matatizo yanayohusiana na uvutaji wa moja kwa moja. Mwaka wa 1992, ''gazeti la American Medical Association'' lilichapisha mapitio ya ushahidi wa kutosha kuhusu uhusiano kati ya moshi wa sigara inayopumuliwa bila hiari na mtu asiyevuta sigara na maradhi ya moyo, na inakadiriwa kuwa sigara tulivu iliwajibika kwa vifo 35,000 kufikia 40,000 kwa mwaka katika [[Marekani|nchi]] ya [[Marekani]] mapema miaka ya 1980. <ref name="steenland">{{cite journal |author=Steenland K |title=Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease |journal=JAMA |volume=267 |issue=1 |pages=94–9 |year=1992 |month=Januari |pmid=1727204 |doi= 10.1001/jama.267.1.94|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/267/1/94 |ref=harv}}</ref> Hatari halisi ya ongezeko la maradhi ya moyo kutokana na ETS ilikuwa 2.2%, huku asilimia ya hatari husishi ikiwa asilimia 23%. Utafiti kwa kutumia hatua halisi zaidi ya mfiduo kwa moshi usiovutwa moja kwa moja unaonyesha kuwa hatari kwa wasiovuta sigara inaweza kuwa hata zaidi kuliko makisio haya. Utafiti wa Uingereza ulisema kwamba mfiduo kwa moshi usiovutwa moja kwa moja huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo kati-ya wasio vuta kwa kiasi kama 60%, sawa na sigara mwanga. Ushahidi pia unaonyesha kwamba kuvuta pumzi ya moshi wa kando, ambayo ndio sehemu kubwa ya moshi usio kuwa moja kuwa moja kwa moja, una sumu mara nne zaidi kuliko moshi tawala, ukweli ambao umejulikana kwa sekta ya tumbaku tangu miaka ya 1980, matoke ambayo yaliwekwa siri. <ref name="glantz2005">{{cite journal |author=Schick S, Glantz S |title=Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke |journal=Tobacco control |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=396–404 |year=2005 |pmid=16319363 |doi=10.1136/tc.2005.011288 |pmc=1748121 |ref=harv}}</ref> <ref name="schick2006">{{cite journal |author=Schick S, Glantz SA |title=Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration |journal=Tobacco control |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=424–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17130369 |doi=10.1136/tc.2006.016162 |pmc=2563675 |ref=harv}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanasayansi wanaamini kwamba hatari ya uvutaji tulivu, hasa katika hatari ya kupatwa na magonjwa ya koronari ya moyo, inaweza kuwa ilikadiriwa chini sana. Wanaepidemiolojia wachache huona ugumu kuelewa jinsi mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku, ambayo yame zimua zaidi kuliko pumzi ya moshi uliovutwa moja kwa moja, inaweza kuwa na athari ambayo ni sehemu kubwa kama hiyo inayoongeza hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo kati ya uvutaji halisi. Mojawapo ya maelezo yaliyopendekezwa ni kwamba moshi usiokuwa wa moja kwa moja siyo tu 'ugeuzi uliyozimuliwa kutoka kwa moshi tawala', lakini ina muundo tofauti wenye dutu sumu zaidi kwa kila gramu ya chembechembe jumla. Sigara tulivu inaonekana kuwa na uwezo wa kutuama papo hapo maonyesho-ya magonjwa ya utomvu wa moyo(atherothrombosis) na pia kuwa na athari hasi juu ya matokeo ya wagonjwa wanaoteseka ugonjwa hatari wa moyo. Mwaka wa 2004, Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani (IARC) la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] (WHO) lilirejelea ushahidi wote muhimu uliochapishwa kuhusiana na uvutaji wa tumbaku na saratani. Ilihitimisha: {{quote|These meta-analyses show that there is a statistically significant and consistent association between lung cancer risk in spouses of smokers and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke from the spouse who smokes. The excess risk is of the order of 20% for women and 30% for men and remains after controlling for some potential sources of bias and confounding.<ref name="iarc-monograph"/>}} Uchambuzi zaidi wa baadaye umethibitisha matokeo hayo, na masomo ya ziada yamebainisha kuwa mfiduo wa jumla wa juu kwa moshi tulivu hata kati ya watu wenye wapenzi ambao hawavuti sigara imehusishwa na hatari kubwa zaidi kuliko mpenzi mvutaji na imeenea katika wasio vuta. Baraza la kitaifa la pumu la Australia linataja tafiti zinazo onyesha kuwa mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku (ETS) pengine ndio muhimu katika uchafuzi wa mazingira ya ndani, hasa karibu na watoto wadogo: * Kuvuta sigara na aidha mzazi, hasa mama, huongeza hatari ya pumu kwa watoto. * Matazamio ya pumu mapema utotoni hayatiliwi maanani katika boma zenye kuvuta sigara. * Watoto wenye pumu ambao wamewekwa wazi kwa sigara nyumbani kwa ujumla huwa na ugonjwa mkali zaidi. * Baadhi ya watu wazima wenye pumu hutambua ETS kama chanzo kwa dalili zao. * Pumu ilio tambuliwa na Daktari ya kawaida zaidi miongoni mwa watu wazima wasio vuta sigara na waliowekwa wazi kwa ETS kuliko wale ambao hawajawekwa wazi. Kati ya watu wenye pumu, mfiduo wa juu kwa ETS umehusishwa na hatari ya zaidi ya mashambulizi makali. Ufaransa, sigara tulivu imekuwa inakadiriwa kusababisha vifo vya mapema kati ya 3,000 na 5000 kwa mwaka, na takwimu kubwa ikitajwa na Waziri Mkuu Dominique de Villepin wakati wa matangazo yake ya kitaifa ya kupiga marufuku uvutaji: "Hiyo inafikisha zaidi ya vifo 13 kwa siku. Ni ukweli ambao haukubaliki kwenye nchi yetu katika suala la afya ya umma". Kuna ushahidi mzuri kuwa sheria ya kutovuta sigara hupunguza idadi ya wanaolazwa hospitalini kwa ajili ya maradhi ya moyo. Katika 2009 masomo mawili nchini Marekani yalithibitisha ufanisi wa kupiga marufuku uvutaji kwa umma katika kuzuia mashambulizi ya moyo. Utafiti wa kwanza kufanyika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kalifornia, San Francisco ukifadhiliwa na Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa, ulikuta kushuka na asilimia 15 katika waliolazwa hospitali na mashambulizi ya moyo katika mwaka wa kwanza baada ya sheria ya kutovuta sigara kupitishwa, na asilimia 36 baada ya miaka mitatu. Utafiti wa pili uliofanyika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas Shule ya Tiba, ulionyesha matokeo sawa. Kwa ujumla, wanawake wasiovuta, na watu chini ya umri wa miaka 60 walikuwa na hatari iliopunguka zaidi juu ya mashambulizi ya moyo. Wengi wa walionufaika walikuwa wafanyikazi wa sekta ya hoteli na burudani. ===Masomo katika wanyama=== ====Mfiduo wa moja kwa moja katika mazingira ya majaribio==== Kumbukumbu ya kwanza ya majaribio kusababisha uvimbe katika wanyama kwa njia ya kutia bidhaa za tumbaku ilitokea katika 1911. Mfululizo wa 2004 wa monographs uliyotolewa na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani, sehemu ya Shirika la Afya Duniani, lilitoa muhtasari wa utafiti kutoka miaka ya 1960 na kuendelea juu ya kazi yakasinojeni ya tumbaku katika maabara ya wanyama mbalimbali. =====Mbinu===== Kwa mujibu wa mono-grafi za IARC,sumu ya kasinojeni ya moshi wa sigara huamuliwa kwa njia mbili. Ya kwanza ni kwa njia ya kuweka tonesha za moshi wa sigara kwa ngozi. Hizi tonesha za moshi wa sigara hukusanywa kwa kupitisha moshi kenye mitego ya baridi na kisha kuchukua hizo nyezo. Sigara kawaida huvutwa na mashine na nyenzo inaoshwa kutoka kwenye mitego kwa kutumia dutu fukivu kama vile asetoni, ambayo huondolewa baadaye. Taratibu mingi za kukusanya hizi tonesha za moshi wa sigara hazijasanifishwa katika maabara, ikiwa ni pamoja na jinsi ya kuhifadhi tonesha, kwa idadi gani na mtindo wa kuvuta sigara, na aina ya kiyeyusha kilichotumika. Mara tu tonesha inapokusanywa, inapakwa kwenye ngozi ya wanyama wa kujaribiwa, ambao baadaye huchunguzwa kwa ukuaji wa uvimbe katika vipindi vilivyowekwa. Njia ya pili, kama ilivyoelezwa na monografi ya IARC, ambayo hutumika kupima kasinojeni ya moshi wa sigara kwa wanyama ni kwa kuwasababishia wao kuingiza moshi wa sigara. Monografi ya IARC inaelezea moshi wa sigara tawala kama ule ambao unatolewa kwa kinywa cha mwisho wa sigara na kwa hivyo moshi ule binadamu wanaovuta huhatarishwa nao zaidi. Uwandikishanji wa IARC kueleza mbinu na vifaa vya kwamba wanasayansi kuwa na maendeleo na kufanya bora zaidi na vya ya ukombozi wa moshi tawala sigara. Hivi vifaa hutofautiana kati ya mwili mzima na mfiduo wa pua-tu, lakini kwa kawaida kuhusisha moshi uliovutwa na mashine na kupulizwa kwenye chumba kidogo ambacho kina wanyama walioko katika uchunguzi. Baadhi ya visababu hutofautisha uzoefu wa binadamu mvutaji kutokana na hawa wanyama walioko katika uchunguzi. Binadamu wanaovuta sigara huvuta ndani moshikwa hiari na hivyo kufanya hivyo kwa undani zaidi kuliko wanyama wanyama wanaochunguzwa ambao kwa kawaida hu hemahema iwapo kuna moshi. Wanyama walio kwenye uchunguzi, hasa panya na mbwa, pia kwa kiasi kikubwa wana mofolojia tofauti za mfumo wa kupumukutoka kwa binadamu. Pamoja na tofauti hizi, vipimo vya moshi unaopatiwa wanyama hao vinaweza kudhamiria kwa kuchunguza tishu na sampuli ya damu. Mbwa, ambao hawawezi kuwa wazi kwa moshi kupitia vyumba vya kuvuta sigara kwa urahisi kama panya wadogo, wanahitaji mbinu tofauti ya mfiduo kwa moshi wa sigara. Mbinu hizi ni pamoja na thrakeostomi, ambapo moshi hupulizwa kwa njia ya neli moja kwa moja kwenye shimo lililokatwa katika koo la mbwa au kupitia barakoa iliowekwa usoni mwa umbwa. =====Matokeo===== Monografia za IARC zilihitimisha kuwa kupaka tonesha za moshi wa sigara kwenye ngozi ya panya husababisha uvimbe hafifu na hata vidonda vyenye kudhuru. Ingawa kasinojeni za moshi wa tombako zilitambulika kwa mara ya kwanza katika binadamu, aina mbalimbali ya wanyama pia wamepata kuwekwa wazi kwa kuvuta moshi wa tumbaku katika majaribio ya mavuno zaidi ya ushahidi na udhibiti kwa ajili ya mambo mbalimbali ya majaribio, ikiwa ni pamoja na aina ya tumbaku na kiwango cha mfiduo, ambayo haingekuwa na utu katika masomo ya binadamu. Monografia za IARC, zikihusisha masomo yaliyotumia mbinu mbalimbali za kuvuta moshi, zilihitimisha kuwa kikubwa zaidi uvimbe wa mapafu ulitokea kati ya panya waliopata moshi kuliko wale wa makundi ya kudhibiti. Tangu miaka wa 1960, mnyama aliyetumika sana kwa majaribio ya kasinogeni ya moshi wa tumbaku amekuwa Golden Hamster wa Siria kutokana na upinzani wake kwa maambukizi ya mapafu na kiasi kidogo ambacho anapata uvimbe wa mapafu. <ref name="iarc-monograph"></ref> Kwa mujibu wa monografi za IARC, utafiti huo umebainisha na kurudia kuthibitisha ukasinojeni wa moshi wa tumbaku kwa wanyama wa hamsters. Masomo yanayotazamwa na monografi za IARC pia yalipata kuwa moja, lakini si wote kwenye makundi ya panya ikipata moshi tawala kuna uwezekano wa uvimbe wa mapafu kukua. Monografi za IARC pia zilitazama masomo yanayohusiana na sungura na mbwa ambazo yalikuwa kidogo bainifu. Waandishi, hata hivyo, walitoa mfano wa majaribio ya upungufu mbalimbali, kama vile idadi ndogo ya vikundi vya uchunguzi au kudhibiti na data iliokosekana, ambayo inaweza kuelezea sababu ya ukosefu wa matokeo ya kutamatisha. ====Mathara ya Moshi wa Tombako ulio kwenye Mazingira==== Baadhi ya utafiti pia umefanyika ili kubainisha ukasinojenecity wa moshi wa tumbaku kwa wanyama. Utafiti huu kawaida huwa chini ya makundi yaliyosawa na mazingira ya moshi wa tombako, upakaji wa tonesha za moshi wa kando kando au masomo ya utazamaji wa kansa miongoni mwa wanyama wapendwa. =====Uigaji wa mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku===== Kuiga mazingira ya moshi wa tumbaku, wanasayansi huleta moshi wa kando kando kwenye wanyama,ambao huanza hutoka katika koni ya sigara inayochomeka na kwa karatasi yake, au mchanganyiko wa moshi tawala na moshi wa kando kando. Monografi ya IARC zinatimisha kwamba panya waliowekwa wazi kwa mazingira yaliyoigwa ya moshi wa tumbaku kwa muda mrefu, kama masaa 6 kwa siku, siku 5 kwa wiki, kwa muda wa miezi mitano kisha nafasi ya miezi 4 kabla ya kuchanguliwa, itakuwa na msururu wa uvimbe kuliko kwa vikundi dhibiti. =====Tonesha za Moshi wa kandokando===== Monografi za IARC zilihitimisha kuwa tonesha za moshi wa kandokando zilikuwa na athari za kansa ya kiasi kikubwa kenye panya kuliko tonesha za moshi tawala. =====Utambuzi wa Utafiti katika wanyama wapendwa===== Moshi wa sigara inayopumuliwa bila hiari na mtu asiyevuta sigara una umaarufu kwa hatari zake kwa ajili ya saratani katika wanyama wapendwa. Utafiti uliofanywa na Chuo Kikuu cha Tufts Shule ya Tiba ya Mifugo na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts wanaohusishwa tukio la kansa ya mdomo feline na yatokanayo na tombako moshi wa mazingira kwa njia ya overexpression ya p53 gene. Utafiti mwingine uliofanywa katika moja ya vyuo vikuu alihitimisha kuwa paka wanaoishi na mvutaji ni walikuwa zaidi uwezekano wa kupata feline lymphoma, hatari ya kuongezeka kwa muda wa yatokanayo na moshi secondhand na idadi ya wavutaji katika kaya. <ref>{{cite journal |author= Bertone ER, Snyder LA, Moore AS. |title= Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Pet Cats. |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=268–273 |year=2002 |pmid=12142262 |doi= 10.1093/aje/kwf044 |ref= harv}}</ref> Utafiti na watafiti wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kolorado Nchi, kuangalia matukio ya kansa ya mapafu canine, inconclusive kwa ujumla, ingawa waandishi taarifa ya uhusiano dhaifu kwa kansa ya uvimbe katika mbwa wazi kwa tumbaku moshi wa mazingira. Idadi ya smokers ndani ya nyumba, idadi ya Packs kuvuta katika nyumba kwa siku, na kiasi cha wakati huo mbwa alitumia ndani ya nyumba hawakuwa na athari mbwa hatari ya kansa ya mapafu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Reif JS, Dunn K, Ogilvie GK, Harris CK. |title=Passive smoking and canine lung cancer risk. |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=234–9 |year=1992 |pmid=1546698 |ref=harv}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1990, sekta ya-mtafiti wa tumbaku nchini [[Ujerumani]] mapendekezo ya utafiti wa madhara ya wanyama yatokanayo na maisha ya Secondhand moshi. Mapendekezo ya utafiti ilikuwa imefungwa na Philip Morris, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Drope J, Chapman S |title=Tobacco industry efforts at discrediting scientific knowledge of environmental tobacco smoke: a review of internal industry documents |journal=Journal of epidemiology and community health |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=588–94 |year=2001 |pmid=11449018|doi=10.1136/jech.55.8.588 |pmc=1731959 |ref=harv}}</ref> kama ilivyoelezwa katika ripoti ya kampuni ya ndani: {{quote|PM [Philip Morris] recently succeeded in blocking Adlkofer's plan to conduct lifetime animal inhalation study of sidestream smoke. (. . .an INBIFO study has shown that in 90-day inhalation test, no non-reversible changes has [sic] been detected. In a lifetime study, the results were almost certain to be less favorable. Based on the analysis, the other members of the German industry agreed that the proposed study should not proceed).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2023036828_6838_0.PDF |title = Smoking and health research activities in Europe |publisher = [http://www.pmdocs.com/ Philip Morris document archive] |accessdate = 2007-08-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091927/http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2023036828_6838_0.PDF |archivedate = 2020-04-14 }}</ref>}} Utafiti wa 2008 uliofanywa na Henry Ford Mfumo wa Afya kupatikana kuwa taarifa kutolewa kuhusu madhara ya madhara ya sigara passiv juu ya wanyama wao, asilimia 28.4% ya wamiliki wa mnyama ambaye moshi itakuwa motisha kwa kujiondoa, asilimia 8.7% bila kuuliza wale ambao wanaishi pamoja nao kwa kujiondoa, asilimia 14.2% na bila kuacha sigara ndani ya nyumba. ====Maoni ya Wanaharakati wa Haki za wanyama==== Utata sana juu ya mnyama ipo kupima hasa kwa Nikotini na bidhaa za tumbaku. Wanyama harakati za makundi ni hasa mijadala kuhusu madai ya makampuni kama Phillip Morris utafiti wa fedha za wanyama tombako. Baadhi ya makundi ya kijamii mabadiliko kama change.org kutangaza kwamba makampuni ya tumbaku fedha kupima wanyama katika majaribio Nikotini, pamoja na baadhi ya masomo haya kuwa mtoto au mimba wanyama. change.org pia madai kwamba NIH ina unafadhiliwa milioni $ 16,500,000 katika Nikotini utafiti ya wanyama. Kuna mengi daima mvutano kati ya wanaharakati wa makundi ya wanyama, na watafiti na hii kuwa hasa yanayoonekana kwa shambulizi kubwa dhidi ya mtafiti wa. Edythe D. London, profesa UCLA mwaka kuongoza utafiti 3 alikuwa walengwa na wanaharakati na nyumba yake mafuriko na wanyama Liberation Front. Pia kulikuwa firebomb kushoto mbele ya nyumba yake na Amerika ya Kaskazini wanyama Ukombozi. <ref>{{cite web |last=Hermes |first=JJ |title=Animal Rights|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Animal-Rights-Militants/160 |date of access= 28 Aprili 2010}}</ref>. Baada ya tukio Edyth London, aliandika makala yenye kichwa "Kwa nini mimi kutumia wanyama katika utafiti wangu" <ref>{{cite news |last=London |first=Edythe |title=Why I Use Animals In My Research |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/01/opinion/oe-london1/2 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=1 Novemba 2007 |accessdate=2010-05-21 |archivedate=2012-07-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709171754/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/01/opinion/oe-london1/2 }}</ref>. Katika makala, London inasisitiza upendo wake kwa ajili ya kutatua tatizo la madawa ya kulevya na kusaidia sadaka kwa wale wanaotaka na anahitaji msaada wa kuacha tumbaku yao kulevya. Yeye hakuwa na kukubali kwa kuwa unafadhiliwa na Philip Morris Marekani na anaona hakuna tatizo na hilo. Juu ya Philip Morris tovuti <ref>{{cite web |last=PhillipMorrisUSA |title=Philip Morris USA |url=http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Research_Development/Animal_Care_Use_Statement/default.aspx |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201052953/http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Research_Development/Animal_Care_Use_Statement/default.aspx |archivedate=2015-02-01 }}</ref> wanadai kwamba hawana sasa kufanya utafiti wa ndani na matumizi ya wanyama maabara. Wao kufanya utafiti wa mfuko wa nje, lakini madai ya kufanya hivyo katika awali na namna ya kuwajibika kama inavyoonekana kwa kupewa leseni zao na Chama kwa ajili ya Tathmini na kupewa leseni ya Maabara ya wanyama. Mwaka 2001, American Spirit ilidai kurejea kwa-free sigara ukatili katika kampuni ambayo haina mwenendo sigara kupima kwa kutumia wanyama. <ref>{{cite web |title=Smoking Animals |url=http://www.smokinganimals.com/aspirit.html |date of access=28 Aprili 2010 |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725025914/http://www.smokinganimals.com/aspirit.html |archivedate=2010-07-25 }}</ref>. Hatua hii ilikuwa kusifiwa na makundi ya wanyama wanaharakati na kutumika kuhamasisha makampuni ya tumbaku nyingine kufanya kufuata uongozi wa America Spirit. Hoja kuu ya wanaharakati wa wanyama, badala ya matibabu ya wanyama ni hakuna uhakika katika kuendelea kufanya majaribio hayo ya wanyama kuthibitisha madhara mabaya ya tumbaku, ambayo tayari yanajulikana. Uvumi wa uatagazaji kama madai kwamba "katika majaribio moja, kukata vivisectors mashimo katika 'kooni beagles na alimfanya kupumua moshi iliyokolea sigara kwa mwaka mzima wa" <ref>{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Healther |title=Dying For a Cigarette |url= http://www.impactpress.com/articles/febmar02/cigs2302.html }}</ref>. Kikundi pia madai kwamba katika Mkoa Oregon nyani Kituo cha Utafiti, ya nyani rhesus kuishi katika tight, mabwawa chuma na nyani mimba ni wazi nikotini. Pia kuna wanyama disapproval na wanaharakati wa Machi ya utafiti unafadhiliwa Dimes ambayo Nikotini ilitolewa kwa panya na mimba, na kisha watoto walikuwa kupimwa ili kuona namna ya kutumbuiza katika maze a " <ref>{{cite web |last= Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine |title= Concerns About the March of Dimes |url= http://www.pcrm.org/resch/charities/mod_common_qs.html |accessdate= 2010-12-14 |archivedate= 2010-07-16 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100716211005/http://www.pcrm.org/resch/charities/mod_common_qs.html }}</ref> .Makundi kama PETA ni kutumia misemo kama "Je, si kupata kuchomwa na Philip Morris. Wao ni kutumia pesa yako ya kuumiza wanyama. PETA pia madai kwamba bado kuna swali la kuaminika wa kupima matokeo ya wanyama kwa ajili ya masomo ya tumbaku lakini makala ya "nini Maabara Wanyama bado wanatumia" <ref>{{cite web |last=Wanjek |first= Christopher |title=Why Lab Animals Are Still Used |url=http://www.livescience.com/health/080212-bad-animal-testing.html }}</ref> asserts kuwa serikali kadhaa udhibiti na vyombo vya utafiti na kipimo kilichopo karibu kwamba njia 200 kuhakikisha ufanisi katika masomo ya wanyama. Kamati ya Uratibu ya Interagency juu ya Njia Mbadala ipo kwa ajili ya mapitio ya njia hizi. Kuna longitudomasomo wa sigara huathiri kwamba bado ni haja ya kuwa uliofanywa, na hivyo watafiti wenyewe kuona sasa wanyama masomo na si lazima kuwa chepesi, lakini muhimu. ====Nikotini wanyama sumu==== Wanyama kama mbwa, paka, kichakuro, na wanyama wengine wadogo walioathirika na si ya pili mkono moshi kuvuta pumzi tu, bali pia Nikotini sumu. Pets ya ndani, hasa mbwa, kwa kawaida kuanguka vibaya wakati wamiliki kuondoka Nikotini bidhaa kama liwato la sigara, ugolo, au fizi nikotini ndani ya kufikia ya mnyama. Imejaa liwato la sigara kutoka kwa wavutaji sigara ni tatizo kwa wanyama wadogo makosa yao kwa ajili ya chakula kama kupata yao sidewalks au trashcans. Liwato la sigara ni bado ya sigara baada ya sigara ambayo yana filter ambayo ni maana ya zina lami chembe,, na sumu kutoka kwenye sigara kama vile amonia, arseniki, benzini, tapentaini na sumu nyingine. Liwato la sigara inaweza kupatikana kwa wingi mkubwa kama uchafu. Inaweza kuchukua muda wa miezi 18 na miaka 10 kwa ajili ya chujio na kuharibu <ref>{{cite web|last= Martin|first= Terry|title= Cigarette Litter and How It Affects Us|url= http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cigaretteingredients/a/ciglitter.htm|accessdate= 2010-12-14|archivedate= 2010-12-02|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101202124428/http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cigaretteingredients/a/ciglitter.htm}}</ref>. Ingawa machela ya sigara ufahamu kampeni <ref>{{cite web |title=Butt out!|url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/061103/LOCcigbutts.shtml }}</ref>. moyo smokers kuepuka littering na hata kubeba ashtrays mfukoni, sigara cheo liwato la sigara namba moja katika orodha ya matatizo mbaya uchafu katika Marekani inafanya huu rahisi kwa wanyama wadogo kama puppies, squirrels, na raccoons kupata na unsuspectingly kutosheleza Nikotini. A taarifa 4500000000000 sigara butts upepo juu kama uchafu duniani kote kwa mwaka. Sigara butts zimeripotiwa akaunti ya asilimia 30% ya kupoteza vitu ya kupatikana shorelines Marekani <ref>{{cite web |last=Carlozo |first=Louis R. |title=Kicking butts |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-06-18/features/0806170174_1_cigarette-butts-secondhand-beach-house |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050558/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-06-18/features/0806170174_1_cigarette-butts-secondhand-beach-house |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Hii ni hatari kwa wanyama kama seagulls na turtles kwa sababu wakati kuwekwa katika miili kubwa ya maji kama bahari, na Sumu ya kitako sigara inaweza kuwa madhara kwa maisha ya viumbe wa majini. Watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo San Diego kudai kwamba filter-tipped butts sigara ni sumu hasa kwa ajili ya maji safi na samaki baharini <ref>{{cite web |last=Joyce |first=Ed |title=SDSU Study Says Cigarette Butts Kill Fish |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2009/may/01/sdsu-study-says-cigarette-butts-kill-fish}}</ref>. Hata moja tu sigara kitako peke yake soaking kwenye maji kwa siku ni madhara ya kutosha kwa kuua 50% ya samaki katika lita moja ya maji <ref>{{cite web |last=Ramos |first=Will |title=Cigarette Butts Toxic to Fish |url=http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/cigarette-butts-toxic-to-fish/ |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archivedate=2013-01-13 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130113095222/http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/cigarette-butts-toxic-to-fish/ }}</ref>. Pombo kuwa na blubber wengi katika majini maisha na sumu kujihusisha pale, hivyo pombo hasa ni wengi walioathirika na sumu ya <ref>{{cite web |title= Effect of cigarette butt pollution on marine life |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/22910665/Effect-of-cigarette-butt-pollution-on-marine-life/ }}</ref> . Ya sumu ya kitako sigara unaweza kusababisha matatizo ya afya kwa wanyama kama kutapika kutetemeka, na hypersalivation. Dawa za mifugo iliyochapishwa kesi ya retriever 10 na umri wa miaka kike Labrador ingesting butts sigara. Ya Labrador vomited mara kadhaa na alikuwa na kuongezeka kwa damu urea nitrojeni, protini jumla, na viwango albumin na kupasuka kwa chembe na lipemia pia aliona. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Hackendahl NC, Sereda CW |title=The Dangers of Nicotine Ingestion In Dogs |journal=Veterinary Medicine |pages=218–224 |month=Machi |year=2004 |url=http://www.aspcapro.org/animal-poison-control/documents/zj-toxbrief_0304.pdf |format=PDF |ref=harv |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2011-10-07 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111007155524/http://www.aspcapro.org/animal-poison-control/documents/zj-toxbrief_0304.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>. Apomorphia HYDROCHLORIDE na mkaa ulioamilishwa alikuwa na unasimamiwa pamoja na vinywaji vingine. siku 5 baada ya tukio hilo, afya ya mbwa akarudi kawaida. Ngazi ya sumu ya nikotini katika mbwa au paka ni taarifa kama 2-10 mg ambayo ni kuhusu 04:59 sigara. A mpya Nikotini bidhaa katika soko ni Nikotini dissolvables ambayo ina kuhusu 1 mg ya nikotini kwa kidonge. Bidhaa nyingine kama bidragen Ngamia ambayo yana 0.6 mg ya Nikotini kwa kufinya ili kuondoa na vijiti <ref>{{cite web |publisher=Harvard School of Public Health|title=Tobacco company’s new, dissolvable nicotine products could lead to accidental poisoning |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100419090943.htm }}</ref>. Ingawa maudhui hii Nikotini ni ndogo kwa kulinganisha na sigara, vitu hivi inaweza kuwa zaidi ya kuvutia na wanyama unwary ndogo kama puppies. === Ngazi ya hatari === <span class="wikiEditor-tab"></span> Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani ya Shirika la Afya Duniani alihitimisha mwaka wa 2004 kwamba kuna ushahidi wa kutosha kwamba Secondhand moshi uliosababishwa na kansa kwa binadamu. <span class="wikiEditor-tab"></span> Wataalamu wengi kuamini kwamba wastani, wakavumilia yatokanayo na moshi Secondhand inatoa ndogo lakini kupimika kansa ya hatari kwa nonsmokers. Hatari ya jumla inategemea kipimo cha ufanisi walipata muda. Ngazi ya hatari ni kubwa kama non-smokers kutumia masaa mengi katika mazingira ambayo sigara moshi sana, kama vile biashara ambapo wafanyakazi au wateja wengi ni sigara kwa siku, au makazi kituo huduma ambapo wakazi wa moshi kwa uhuru. <ref name="environmental1440">{{cite journal |author=Boffetta P, Agudo A, Ahrens W, ''et al.'' |title=Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_1998-10-07_90_19/page/n33 |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=90 |issue=19 |pages=1440–50 |year=1998 |pmid=9776409|doi=10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440 |ref=harv}}</ref> <span class="wikiEditor-tab"></span> Marekani upasuaji Mkuu, katika ripoti yake ya 2006, inakadiriwa kuwa hai au kufanya kazi katika mahali ambapo sigara inaruhusiwa kuongeza yasiyo ya wavuta 'hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo zinazoendelea na asilimia 25-30% na saratani ya mapafu na 20-30%. Hata hivyo, wakosoaji wa masomo vile kumbuka kuwa jamaa hatari (au tabia mbaya uwiano) chini ya 2.0, hasa wakati wa vipindi kujiamini ni kubwa, ni kiasi uhakika katika kuamua mahusiano causal. == Maoni ya mamlaka ya afya ya umma == Kuna mkubwa wa kisayansi makubaliano kuwa yatokanayo na Secondhand moshi ni ya hatari. <ref name="kessler">{{harvnb|Kessler|2006}}</ref> kiungo kati ya sigara passiv na hatari ya afya ni kukubaliwa na shirika karibu kila kuu ya kimatibabu na kisayansi, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] <ref name="iarc-monograph"></ref> * Marekani ya Taifa ya Mashirika ya Afya <ref>{{cite web |url = http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf |title = Environmental Tobacco Smoke |work = 11th Report on Carcinogens |publisher = U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] |accessdate = 2007-08-27}}</ref> * Kituo cha Udhibiti wa Magonjwa <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/secondhandsmoke.htm |title = Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet |publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |accessdate = 2007-08-27}}</ref> * Marekani ya Taifa ya Mashirika ya Afya * Marekani Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/healtheffects.html |title = Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke |publisher = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |accessdate = 2007-09-24 |archive-date = 2015-09-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141939/http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/healtheffects.html |url-status = dead}}</ref> * Kalifornia Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira <ref name="calepa2005"></ref> * Ya Moyo American Association, American Lung Association, na Marekani Cancer Society * The Matokeo ya Utafutaji kwa Amerika <ref>{{cite press release |url = http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/16496.html |title = AMA: Surgeon General's secondhand smoke report a wake-up call to lawmakers |publisher = [[American Medical Association]] |accessdate = 2007-08-27 |archivedate = 2016-03-05 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094448/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/16496.html |deadurl = yes }}</ref> * American Academy of Pediatrics <ref>{{cite web |url = http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics%3b107/4/794 |title = Tobacco's Toll: Implications for the Pediatrician |publisher = [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |accessdate = 2007-10-02 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120227154536/http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;107/4/794 |archivedate = 2012-02-27 }}</ref> * Ya Australia ya Taifa ya Afya na Medical Research Council <ref name="nphp">{{cite web |url = http://www.nphp.gov.au/publications/legislation/smoke_passive.pdf |title = National Response to Passive Smoking in Enclosed Public Places and Workplaces |publisher = Australian National Public Health Partnership |date = Novemba 2000 |accessdate = 2007-09-11 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140212191352/http://www.nphp.gov.au/publications/legislation/smoke_passive.pdf |archivedate = 2014-02-12 }}</ref> * [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] Kamati ya kisayansi juu ya Tumbaku na Afya <ref>ripoti mbili husika na kuchapishwa na Kamati ya kisayansi: * [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/part-2.htm Ripoti ya mwaka wa 1998 ya SCOTH ya] alihitimisha kuwa sigara passiv ilikuwa ni sababu ya kansa ya mapafu, maradhi ya moyo, na afya matatizo mengine. * [http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4101474 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4101474 |date=20120206182922 }}Sasisha 2,004 kwa SCOTH ya , kupitia ushahidi mpya iliyochapishwa tangu ripoti ya 1998, kukuta kwamba utafiti wa hivi karibuni alikuwa alithibitisha taarifa kuhusiana awali kati ya sigara passiv na hatari ya afya.</ref> * Serikali ya mataifa 168 saini na sasa 170 na kuridhiwa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] Mfumo wa Mkataba wa Kudhibiti Tumbaku, ambayo inasema kwamba "Vyama kutambua kwamba ushahidi wa kisayansi inaunga imara kwamba yatokanayo na moshi wa tumbaku husababisha mauti, magonjwa na ulemavu." == Maoni ya umma == Makubwa hivi karibuni tafiti uliofanywa na Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa ya Marekani na Kituo cha Udhibiti wa Magonjwa nimepata kuenea umma imani kwamba moshi Secondhand ni ya hatari. Katika tafiti zote mbili 1992 na 2000, zaidi ya 80% ya washiriki walikubaliana na kauli kwamba moshi Secondhand kilikuwa hatari. Utafiti 2001 iligundua kwamba 95% ya watu wazima walikubaliana kuwa moshi Secondhand kilikuwa hatari kwa watoto, na 96% kuchukuliwa-sekta madai kuwa moshi wa tumbaku Secondhand haikuwa na madhara kwa kuwa untruthful. <ref>{{harvnb|Surgeon General|2006|p=588 Ch. 10}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2007 Gallup uchaguzi kukuta kwamba asilimia 56% ya washiriki waliona kuwa moshi Secondhand ilikuwa "hatari sana", idadi ambayo ina uliofanyika kiasi thabiti tangu mwaka wa 1997. Mwingine asilimia 29% kuamini kwamba moshi Secondhand ni "madhara fulani "; 10% akajibu "si madhara", wakati asilimia 5% alisema "si wakati wote madhara." == Utata juu ya madhara == Kama sehemu ya jitihada zake za kuzuia au kuchelewesha stramare udhibiti wa sigara, sekta ya tumbaku unafadhiliwa na idadi ya masomo ya sayansi na, ambapo matokeo ya kutupwa shaka juu ya hatari zinazohusiana na sigara passiv, walitaka PR hela kwa ajili ya matokeo hayo. Sekta hiyo pia unafadhiliwa na kihafidhina libertarian kufikiri, mizinga kama vile Taasisi ya Cato katika Umoja wa Mataifa na Taasisi ya Masuala ya Umma nchini Australia ambayo kukosoa wote utafiti wa kisayansi katika uvutaji passiv na mapendekezo ya sera ya kuzuia uvutaji wa sigara. Sekta hizi hela uratibu wa shughuli za kuanzisha moja ya kwanza ya maneno ya kunyimwa haki ya ushirika. Leo, si upinzani wote huja kutoka sekta ya tumbaku au mbele vikundi: kujenga juu ya kuenea kwa tumbaku desinformation sekta, na ''tumbaku kunyimwa haki harakati imeibuka, kushirikiana sifa nyingi za aina nyingine ya kunyimwa haki, kama vile '' kunyimwa haki ya UKIMWI. ===Sekta unaofadhiliwa na masomo na ufafanuzi=== ====Enstrom na Kabat==== Utafiti wa 2003 na Enstrom na Kabat, iliyochapishwa katika ''British Medical Journal,'' alisema kuwa inaleta madhara ya kuvuta sigara passiv alikuwa overstated. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Enstrom JE, Kabat GC |title=Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98 |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7398 |page=1057 |year=2003 |pmid=12750205 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1057 |pmc=155687 |ref=harv}}</ref> uchambuzi wao hakuna taarifa muhimu uhusiano kati ya kitakwimu sigara passiv na saratani ya mapafu, ingawa wahariri kompletterande alibainisha kuwa "wanaweza overemphasise asili hasi ya matokeo yao." <ref>{{cite journal |author=Davey Smith G |title=Effect of passive smoking on health |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7398 |pages=1048–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12750182 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1048 |pmc=1125974 |ref=harv}}</ref> Makaratasi huu umebadilisha sana kukuzwa na sekta ya tumbaku kama ushahidi kwamba skadar wa sigara passiv walikuwa unproven. <ref>{{harvnb|Kessler|2006|p=1383}}</ref> <ref name="tong2007">{{cite journal |author=Tong EK, Glantz SA |title=Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking secondhand smoke with cardiovascular disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2007-10-16_116_16/page/n120 |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=16 |pages=1845–54 |year=2007 |pmid=17938301 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888 |ref=harv}}</ref> The American Cancer Society (ACS), ambaye database Enstrom na Kabat kutumika kukusanya data zao, kukosoa karatasi kama "wala kuaminika wala huru", na kusema kuwa wanasayansi katika ACS alikuwa kurudia alisema dosari kubwa katika na Kabat ya mbinu Enstrom kabla ya kuchapishwa. Hasa, utafiti walishindwa kubaini kundi kulinganisha unexposed "watu". <ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/327/7418/E237.pdf |author=Thun MJC |title=More misleading science from the tobacco industry |journal=BMJ |volume=327 |page=E237-E238 |year=2003 |doi=10.1136/bmjusa.03070002 |ref=harv |doi_brokendate=2010-06-20}}</ref> Enstrom ya uhusiano na sekta ya tumbaku pia akauchomoa uchunguzi, katika barua 1,997 na Philip Morris, Enstrom aliomba "kikubwa utafiti ili kujitoa ... kwa ajili yangu na kwa ufanisi mkubwa kushindana dhidi ya mlima wa data epidemiologic na maoni kwamba tayari zipo kuhusu afya madhara ya ETS na sigara hai. " Katika racketeering lawsuit Marekani dhidi ya makampuni ya tumbaku, Enstrom na Kabat karatasi alikuwa alitoa na Marekani na Mahakama ya Wilaya kama "mkuu mfano wa jinsi makampuni ya tumbaku tisa kushiriki katika racketeering jinai na udanganyifu na kuficha hatari ya moshi wa tumbaku." Mahakama iligundua kuwa utafiti alikuwa unafadhiliwa na kusimamiwa na Kituo Indoor Air Utafiti, sekta ya tumbaku mbele ya kikundi kazi ya "offsetting" masomo kuharibu katika uvutaji passiv, pamoja na Phillip Morris ambaye alisema kwamba kazi Ernstrom ilikuwa "wazi madai ya -oriented. " Enstrom limetetea usahihi wa utafiti wake dhidi ya kile suala yeye "upinzani haramu na wale ambao wana kujaribu kuzuia na jina baya hivyo." <ref>{{cite journal |author=Enstrom JE |title=Defending legitimate epidemiologic research: combating Lysenko pseudoscience |journal=Epidemiol Perspect Innov|volume=4 |issue=1 |page=11 |year=2007 |pmid=17927827 |doi=10.1186/1742-5573-4-11 |pmc=2164936 |ref=harv}}</ref> ====Gori==== Gio Batta Gori, sekta ya tumbaku msemaji na mshauri na mtaalam wa hatari ya matumizi na utafiti wa kisayansi, aliandika katika [[libertarian [[Taasisi ya Cato s 'journal '''' ]]]]Kanuni ya kuwa "... ya kuchapishwa masomo 75 ya ETS na saratani ya mapafu, baadhi ya asilimia 70 hawakuwa si ripoti ya takwimu tofauti kubwa ya hatari na ni moot. Takribani asilimia 17 kudai ongezeko la hatari na kuashiria asilimia 13 ya kupunguza hatari ". <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gori, Gio Batta |title=Stoking the Rigged Terror of Secondhand Smoke |journal=Regulation |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=14–7 |date=Spring 2007 |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv30n1/v30n1-5.pdf |ref=harv |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116012647/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv30n1/v30n1-5.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ====Milloy==== Steven Milloy ya " [[Junk sayansi "maoni kwa ajili ya Fox News na wa zamani Philip Morris mshauri, alidai kwamba "... ya 37 ya masomo [juu passiv sigara], tu 7 - chini ya asilimia 19 - taarifa muhimu ongezeko kitakwimu katika kansa ya mapafu matukio. " Sehemu nyingine ya upinzani kukuzwa na Milloy ililenga katika hatari ya jamaa na mazoea epidemiological katika masomo ya sigara passiv. Milloy alisema kuwa masomo ya kujitoa hatari jamaa wa chini ya 2 walikuwa na maana Junk sayansi. Mbinu hii ya uchambuzi epidemiological alikosolewa katika ''Journal Marekani ya Afya ya Umma:'' {{quote|A major component of the industry attack was the mounting of a campaign to establish a "bar" for "sound science" that could not be fully met by most individual investigations, leaving studies that did not meet the criteria to be dismissed as "junk science."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Samet JM, Burke TA |title=Turning science into junk: the tobacco industry and passive smoking |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2001-11_91_11/page/1742 |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1742–4 |year=2001 |pmid=11684591 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1742 |pmc=1446866 |ref=harv}}</ref>}} Sekta ya tumbaku na wanasayansi kuviimarisha pia kuweka mbele seti ya "Good Epidemologia Desturi" ambayo itakuwa na athari ya vitendo ya kuingilia uhusiano kati ya moshi Secondhand na saratani ya mapafu, na lengo binafsi alisema ya viwango hivyo alikuwa na "kuzuia sheria mbaya." Hata hivyo, juhudi hii kwa kiasi kikubwa kutelekezwa wakati ikawa wazi kuwa hakuna uhuru shirika epidemiological ingekuwa kukubaliana na viwango vya uliopendekezwa na Morris et al Filipo. <ref name="pmid11684593">{{cite journal |author=Ong EK, Glantz SA |title=Constructing "sound science" and "good epidemiology": tobacco, lawyers, and public relations firms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2001-11_91_11/page/1749 |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1749–57 |year=2001 |pmid=11684593 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749 |pmc=1446868 |ref=harv}}</ref> ==== Shirika la Afya Duniani utata ==== Ripoti ya mwaka 1998 na Shirika la Kimataifa la Utafiti wa Saratani (IARC) juu ya tumbaku moshi wa mazingira (ETS) found "ushahidi dhaifu wa a-jibu uhusiano kati ya kipimo cha hatari ya kansa ya mapafu na yatokanayo na mahali pa kazi ETS utashi wake." Machi 1998, kabla ya utafiti ilikuwa kutolewa, taarifa za kuonekana katika vyombo vya habari kwa madai kwamba IARC na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] (WHO) walikuwa kukandamiza habari. Ripoti, kuonekana katika Uingereza ''Jumapili Telegraph'' na '' The Economist, miongoni mwa vyanzo vingine, alidai kuwa WHO hukunizuilia kutoka machapisho ya ripoti yake mwenyewe kwamba allegiance alishindwa kuthibitisha chama kati ya sigara passiv na idadi ya magonjwa mengine (kansa ya mapafu hasa). Katika kujibu, WHO ilitoa vyombo vya habari na kusema kuwa matokeo ya utafiti alikuwa "kabisa misrepresented" katika vyombo vya habari maarufu na walikuwa kwa kweli sana kulingana na masomo sawa na visa inaleta madhara ya kuvuta sigara passiv. <ref>{{cite web |title=Passive Smoking Does Cause Lung Cancer, Do Not Let Them Fool You |url=http://www.who.int/inf-pr-1998/en/pr98-29.html}}</ref> Utafiti huo uliochapishwa katika ''jarida la Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa'' katika Oktoba ya mwaka huohuo. Tahariri kompletterande muhtasari: {{quote|When all the evidence, including the important new data reported in this issue of the Journal, is assessed, the inescapable scientific conclusion is that ETS is a low-level lung carcinogen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK |title=Passive smoking and lung cancer risk: what is the story now? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_1998-10-07_90_19/page/n9 |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=90 |issue=19 |pages=1416–7 |year=1998 |pmid=9776401|doi=10.1093/jnci/90.19.1416 |ref=harv}}</ref>}} Pamoja na kutolewa kwa zamani classified hati sekta ya tumbaku kwa njia ya Tumbaku Mwalimu Makazi Mkataba, ilibainika kuwa utata juu ya WHO madai ya ukandamizaji wa takwimu alikuwa engineered na [[Philip Morris]] British American Tobacco, na tumbaku makampuni mengine katika jitihada za discredit kisayansi matokeo ambayo madhara maslahi yao ya biashara. Tume ya uchunguzi wa WHO, uliofanywa baada ya kutolewa kwa hati ya tumbaku ya viwanda, iligundua kuwa utata huu yanayotokana na sekta ya tumbaku kama sehemu ya kampeni yake kubwa ya kupunguza bajeti ya WHO, kupotosha matokeo ya tafiti za kisayansi katika uvutaji passiv, na discredit WHO kama taasisi. Kampeni hii ilifanyika kwa kutumia mtandao wa mashirika ya kujitegemea mbele ostensibly na kisayansi na wataalamu wa kimataifa pamoja na mahusiano ya siri ya fedha kwa sekta ya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tobacco Companies Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities at the World Health Organization |url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/who_inquiry.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-12-30}}</ref> ==== EPA lawsuit ==== Mwaka 1993, Marekani Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira (EPA) ilitoa taarifa kukadiria kwamba kansa 3,000 vifo kuhusiana katika Marekani walikuwa unasababishwa na sigara passiv kila mwaka. Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, na vikundi vya wakulima anayewakilisha wasambazaji na wauzaji wa tumbaku alichukua hatua za kisheria, kwa madai kuwa EPA alikuwa manipulated utafiti huu na kupuuzwa kukubaliwa na mazoea ya takwimu za kisayansi. Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Marekani kwa ajili ya Wilaya ya Kati ya North Carolina ilitawala katika neema ya tumbaku sekta ya mwaka 1998, kutafuta kuwa EPA walishindwa kufuata kisayansi na mazoea epidemiologic sahihi na alikuwa na "Cherry ilichukua" ushahidi kwa msaada slutsatser ambao walikuwa na nia ya mapema. Mahakama alisema katika sehemu, "EPA hadharani nia ya kuhitimisha kabla ya utafiti ilikuwa imeanza ... kurekebishwa kuanzisha utaratibu na kanuni za kisayansi kuhalalisha Shirika la umma hitimisho ... Katika kufanya ETS Hatari ya upimaji, disregarded habari na matokeo yaliyotolewa katika taarifa kuchagua, si kusambaza taarifa muhimu epidemiologic; deviated kutoka Hatari yake Miongozo Tathmini; alishindwa kuweka wazi matokeo muhimu na hoja ... " Mwaka 2002, EPA mafanikio rufaa uamuzi huu na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Nne mzingo. EPA ya kukata rufaa mara fann juu ya awali kwa misingi ya kwamba ripoti yao hakuwa na uzito udhibiti, na mapema kutafuta alikuwa vacated. <ref>{{cite web|title=Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative vs. EPA|url=http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/982407.P.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-12-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206204403/http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/982407.P.pdf|archivedate=2012-02-06}}</ref> Mwaka 1998, Idara ya Marekani ya Afya na Huduma za Binadamu, kwa njia ya uchapishaji na Programu yake ya Taifa ya Toxicology ya Ripoti ya 9 Carcinogens, waliotajwa mazingira tumbaku moshi kati kusababisha kansa ya kujulikana, kwa kufuata wa tathmini ya EPA kuwa "masomo ya mtu binafsi walikuwa makini na muhtasari Nakala ". <ref>{{cite book|url=https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/newhomeroc/other_background/environmentalts_noapps_508.pdf|title=Meeting of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors - Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee|last=|first=|date=2 Desemba–3, 1998|publisher=|year=|isbn=|editor=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program|location=Research Triangle Park, North Carolina|page=24|pages=|contribution=Final Report on Carcinogens - Background Document for Environmental Tobacco Smoke|format=PDF|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> ==== Tumbaku sekta ya fedha ya utafiti ==== Sekta ya tumbaku Jukumu la fedha katika utafiti wa kisayansi katika uvutaji passiv imekuwa na utata. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Thun MJ |title=Passive smoking: tobacco industry publishes disinformation |journal=BMJ |volume=327 |issue=7413 |pages=502–3; author reply 504–5 |year=2003 |pmid=12946979 |doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7413.502-c |pmc=188400 |ref=harv}}</ref> Mapitio ya masomo ya kuchapishwa found kwamba sekta ya tumbaku affilation alikuwa correlated sana na matokeo exonerating sigara passiv, watafiti kuviimarisha na sekta ya tumbaku ilikuwa mara 88 zaidi kuliko watafiti wa kujitegemea ili kuhitimisha kwamba sigara passiv alikuwa madhara. <ref name="pmid9605902">{{cite journal |author=Barnes DE, Bero LA |title=Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1998-05-20_279_19/page/n93 |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=19 |pages=1566–70 |year=1998 |pmid=9605902|doi=10.1001/jama.279.19.1566 |ref=harv}}</ref> Katika maalum mfano ambayo alikuja mwanga pamoja na kutolewa kwa hati ya viwanda tumbaku, Philip Morris watendaji mafanikio moyo mwandishi kusahihisha sekta unaofadhiliwa na mapitio yake makala downplay jukumu la moshi Secondhand katika watoto wachanga kifo syndrome ghafla. Ripoti ya 2006 ya Marekani upasuaji Mkuu wa kukosoa jukumu sekta ya tumbaku katika mjadala wa kisayansi: {{quote|The industry has funded or carried out research that has been judged to be biased, supported scientists to generate letters to editors that criticized research publications, attempted to undermine the findings of key studies, assisted in establishing a scientific society with a journal, and attempted to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus.<ref>[http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf Executive Summary of the U.S. Surgeon General's 2006 report on passive smoking]; see p. 21.</ref>}} Mkakati huu alikuwa ilivyoainishwa katika mkutano wa kimataifa wa makampuni ya tumbaku mwaka 1988, ambapo Philip Morris mapendekezo ya kuanzisha timu ya wanasayansi, iliyoandaliwa na kampuni ya wanasheria, na "kufanya kazi ETS kushika utata hai." <ref name="whitecoat">{{cite web |url = http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/2063791182-1187.html |title = Minutes of a meeting of Philip Morris with British tobacco companies to discuss tobacco-industry strategy on passive smoking |accessdate = 2007-08-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013185238/http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/2063791182-1187.html |archivedate = 2007-10-13 }}</ref> Yote ya utafiti wa kisayansi alikuwa chini ya uangalizi na "filtering" na wanasheria tumbaku ya viwanda; {{quote |Philip Morris then expect the group of scientists to operate within the confines of decisions taken by PM scientists to determine the general direction of research, which apparently would then be 'filtered' by lawyers to eliminate areas of sensitivity.<ref name="whitecoat"/> }} Philip Morris taarifa ya kuwa ni kuweka "... kiasi kikubwa cha fedha katika miradi hii ... katika kujaribu kuratibu na kulipa wanasayansi wengi hivyo kwenye msingi ya kimataifa ya kuhifadhi utata ETS hai." <ref name="whitecoat"></ref> === Tumbaku sekta ya kujibu=== Sigara unaleta suala tishio kubwa kiuchumi na sekta ya tumbaku. Vidgas ina maana ya sigara zaidi tabia ya mtu binafsi na kitu fulani na athari ya kijamii. Katika ripoti ya siri 1978, sekta ya tumbaku ilivyoelezwa kuongeza wasiwasi umma kuhusu sigara passiv kama "hatari zaidi maendeleo ya uwezekano wa sekta ya tumbaku kwamba bado ilitokea." <ref> [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qra99d00 A Study ya mitazamo ya umma kwa Uvutaji sigara na Viwanda Tobacco katika 1978], zinazozalishwa kwa ajili ya Taasisi ya Tumbaku na ilitolewa chini ya sheria ya Makazi Mwalimu Tobacco Mkataba.</ref> Katika ''Marekani v. Philip Morris et al.,'' Mahakama ya Wilaya kwa ajili ya Wilaya ya Columbia kupatikana kwamba sekta ya tumbaku "... kutambuliwa kutoka katikati ya miaka ya 1970 mbele ya kuwa madhara ya afya ya sigara passiv tishio makubwa ya sekta ya uwezekano na sigara faida, "na kwamba sekta ya alijibu kwa" jitihada ya kudhoofisha na jina baya makubaliano ya kisayansi kwamba ETS husababisha ugonjwa. " Ipasavyo, sekta ya tumbaku na mikakati kadhaa ya kupunguza madhara yake katika biashara zao: * Sekta hiyo ina hamu ya msimamo wa passiv sigara mjadala kama kimsingi na wasiwasi na uhuru wa raia na wavuta ' haki badala ya afya, na makundi ya fedha kama vile [[Msitu]]. * Fedha za upendeleo katika utafiti, katika mapitio yote ya madhara ya sigara kwa afya ya kuchapishwa passiv kati ya 1980 na 1995, sababu tu inayohusika na kumaliza kwamba sigara passiv si madhara alikuwa kama mwandishi alikuwa uhusiano na sekta ya tumbaku. Hata hivyo, si wote masomo ambayo imeshindwa kupata ushahidi wa madhara walikuwa na waandishi viwanda-husika. * Kuchelewesha na discrediting utafiti halali (tazama <ref name="smoke-screen"></ref> kwa mfano wa jinsi sekta ya jaribio kwa jina baya la kihistoria Hirayama utafiti, na <ref>{{cite journal |author=Trotter L, Chapman S |title="Conclusions about exposure to ETS and health that will be unhelpful to us": how the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the 1997 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council report on passive smoking. |journal=Tob Control |volume=12 |issue=Suppl 3:iii |pages=102–6 |year=2003 |pmid=14645955 |doi=10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii102 |pmc=1766130 |ref=harv}}</ref> kwa mfano wa jinsi gani alijaribu kuchelewesha na jina baya kubwa ya Australia taarifa juu ya sigara passiv) * Kukuza "nzuri Epidemologia" na kushambulia kinachojulikana Junk sayansi (neno umaarufu na sekta lobbyist [[Steven Milloy ): kushambulia mbinu nyuma ya utafiti kuonyesha hatari ya afya kama kiujanja na kujaribu kukuza [[sayansi ya sauti [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;contentId=A13994-2004Feb27&amp;notFound=true]]]]] {{Wayback|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A13994-2004Feb27&notFound=true |date=20200114062756 }}[334]. Ong &amp; Glantz (2,001) wanaelezea ya ndani Phillip Morris memo kutoa ushahidi wa kama kampuni ya sera hii <ref name="pmid11684593"></ref> * Uumbaji wa maduka kwa ajili ya utafiti mazuri. Mwaka 1989, sekta ya tumbaku imara Society ya Kimataifa ya Built Mazingira, ambayo iliyochapishwa peer-reviewed journal ''Indoor na Built Mazingira.'' jarida hili hawakuwa zinahitaji migogoro ya maslahi matangazo yanayotolewa na waandishi wake. Na hati kupatikana kwa njia ya Makazi Mwalimu, ilibainika kuwa mtendaji wa bodi ya jamii na bodi ya wahariri wa jarida walikuwa inaongozwa na sekta ya tumbaku washauri kulipwa. journal ya kuchapishwa kiasi kikubwa cha nyenzo sigara passiv, mengi ambayo ilikuwa "viwanda-chanya". <ref>{{cite journal |author=Garne D, Watson M, Chapman S, Byrne F |title=Environmental tobacco smoke research published in the journal Indoor and Built Environment and associations with the tobacco industry |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-26-march-4-2005_365_9461/page/804 |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9461 |pages=804–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15733724 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17990-2 |ref=harv}}</ref> Akitoa mfano wa uzalishaji wa sekta ya tumbaku ya utafiti wa upendeleo na juhudi za kudhoofisha matokeo ya kisayansi, ripoti ya 2006 Marekani upasuaji Mkuu wa alihitimisha kuwa sekta ya alikuwa na "kujaribu kuendeleza utata hata kama jumuiya ya kisayansi kufikiwa makubaliano ... sekta ya nyaraka zinaonyesha kuwa sekta ya tumbaku ina wanaohusika katika shughuli za kuenea ... kwamba wamekwenda zaidi ya mipaka ya mazoezi ya kukubalika ya kisayansi. " Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Marekani, nchini ''Marekani v. Philip Morris et al.'' Kupatikana kwamba "... licha ya kukiri yao ndani ya hatari ya moshi Secondhand, watetezi na fraudulently alikana kwamba ETS husababisha ugonjwa." <ref>{{harvnb|Kessler|2006|p=1523}}</ref> ==== Nafasi ya makampuni makubwa ya tumbaku ==== Kwa ujumla, makampuni ya tumbaku imeendelea kuhoji njia ya tafiti kuonyesha kuwa sigara passiv ni ya hatari. Baadhi (kama vile British American Tobacco na Philip Morris) kukubali makubaliano ya matibabu kwamba sigara passiv hubeba hatari ya afya, wakati wengine wanaendelea kudai kuwa ushahidi ni inconclusive. Tobacco Imperial inaeleza secondhand moshi kama "annoying" na "unpleasant", lakini anakanusha yanayohusiana afya hatari yoyote. Tumbaku makampuni kadhaa wakili wa uumbaji maeneo moshi ndani ya majengo ya umma kama mbadala kwa wazi kupiga marufuku uvutaji. <ref>sasa nafasi zaidi ya tumbaku makampuni makubwa juu ya suala la sigara passiv inaweza kupatikana kwenye tovuti zao. 13 Januari 2009, ya Nje zifuatazo zina nafasi ya tumbaku sekta ya juu ya mada: * British American Tobacco: [http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO52AMJ4 ] * Imperial Tumbaku: [http://www.imperial-tobacco.com/index.asp?page=82 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.imperial-tobacco.com/index.asp?page=82 |date=20090116015146 }} * Philip Morris : [http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Health_Issues/Secondhand_Smoke/default.aspx USA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/cms/Products/Cigarettes/Health_Issues/Secondhand_Smoke/default.aspx |date=20101006025905 }} na [http://www.philipmorrisinternational.com/PMINTL/pages/eng/smoking/Secondhand_smoke.asp ]Kimataifa * RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company: [http://www.rjrt.com/smoking/summaryCover.asp ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rjrt.com/smoking/summaryCover.asp |date=20140222145559 }}</ref> === Marekani racketeering lawsuit dhidi ya makampuni ya tumbaku === 22 Septemba 1999, Idara ya Marekani ya Haki filed a lawsuit racketeering dhidi Philip Morris na mengine ya wazalishaji sigara kubwa. <ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/civil/cases/tobacco2/index.htm rättstvister Dhidi ya Makampuni ya Tumbaku] Idara ya Haki za Marekani</ref> Karibu miaka 7 baadaye, tarehe 17 Agosti 2006 Marekani Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Jaji Gladys Kessler kupatikana kuwa Serikali ilikuwa kuthibitika kesi yake na kwamba kampuni ya tumbaku watuhumiwa alikuwa vunja ya Racketeer Kusukumwa Mashirika ya Sheria ya Rushwa (Rico). Hasa, Jaji Kessler iligundua kuwa mchana na mengine ya tumbaku makampuni na: * fitina na kupunguza, kupotosha na kuwavurugia ya umma kuhusu hatari za afya ya sigara; * alikana hadharani, wakati ndani ya kutambua, kuwa Secondhand moshi wa tumbaku ni hatari kwa nonsmokers, na * kuharibu nyaraka muhimu za madai. tawala ya kupatikana kwamba makampuni ya tumbaku ilifanya jitihada za pamoja na jina baya kudhoofisha makubaliano ya kisayansi kwamba sigara husababisha ugonjwa passiv, hasa kwa kudhibiti matokeo ya utafiti kupitia washauri kulipwa. tawala pia alihitimisha kuwa makampuni ya tumbaku kuendelea leo fraudulently kukataa afya na madhara yatokanayo na ETS. <ref name="kessler"></ref> 22 Mei 2009, jopo la majaji watatu-jaji wa Washington, DCUS Mahakama ya Rufaa bila kupingwa fann ya mahakama chini ya 2,006 tawala. == Sigara marufuku == Kama matokeo ya afya ya hatari ya kuhusishwa na uvutaji passiv, sigara marufuku katika maeneo ya umma ya ndani, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[migahawa]], na klabu ya usiku ya imeanzishwa katika idadi ya mamlaka, saa au ya ndani ya ngazi ya taifa. [[Eire|Jamhuri ya Ireland]] ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza duniani kwa taasisi ya kitaifa ya wazi kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara katika maeneo ya kazi zote inomhus 29 Machi 2004. Tangu wakati huo, wengine wengi walifuata nyayo. Ya nchi ambazo zimeridhia WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) kuwa na wajibu wa kisheria na kutekeleza sheria ''ufanisi'' "kwa ajili ya ulinzi kutoka yatokanayo na moshi wa tumbaku katika maeneo ya kazi ya ndani, usafiri wa umma, inomhus maeneo ya umma, na kama inafaa sehemu nyingine za umma." (Ibara ya 8 ya FCTC) ya vyama na FCTC kuwa zaidi antog '''' Miongozo juu ya Ulinzi kutoka Mfiduo Secondhand Moshi ambayo hali ya kuwa "hatua madhubuti kutoa ulinzi yatokanayo na moshi wa tumbaku ... zinahitaji ya kuondoa jumla ya sigara na moshi wa tumbaku katika nafasi fulani au mazingira ili kujenga% moshi 100 bure mazingira." Maoni uchaguzi umeonyesha msaada makubwa kwa ajili ya kusitisha. Mwezi Juni 2007, na utafiti wa nchi 15 kupatikana idhini ya 80% ya kusitisha sigara. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1619&Itemid= |title=Utafiti wa Soko la Dunia |accessdate=2024-07-11 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414094658/http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1619&Itemid= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Utafiti nchini Ufaransa, reputedly taifa ya smokers, ilionyesha 70% kusaidia marufuku. <ref name="France to ban smoking"></ref> === Matokeo ya marufuku uvutaji === Mbalimbali athari chanya na hasi kuwa ulitokana na inapiga marufuku sigara, ambayo baadhi ni utata. ====Chanya madhara==== Katika miezi 18 ya kwanza baada ya mji wa [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]], [[Colorado]] enacted ya kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara katika 2003, hospitali kwa ajili ya mashambulizi ya moyo admissions imeshuka asilimia 27%. Waliolazwa katika miji jirani bila marufuku uvutaji ilionyesha hakuna mabadiliko. Raymond Gibbons, MD, American Heart Association rais alisema, "Kushuka kwa idadi ya hospitalini mshtuko wa moyo ndani ya kwanza ya mwaka na nusu baada ya-sigara marufuku yasiyo kuwa mara aliona katika utafiti huu ni uwezekano mkubwa kutokana na kupungua kwa athari moshi Secondhand kama kuchochea sababu kwa ajili ya mashambulizi ya moyo. " Mwezi Aprili 2010 ya Canada Medical Association Journal kuchapishwa na utafiti wa kutathmini athari za a-hatua ya kupiga marufuku uvutaji tatu katika [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] juu ya moyo na mishipa na ugonjwa wa kupumua. Utafiti kufunikwa muda wa miaka 10 1996-2006 wakati ambao Toronto marufuku kuvuta sigara katika hatua, kuanzia na maeneo ya umma na maeneo ya kazi katika 1999, na kufuatiwa na mahoteli na vituo vya Bowling katika 2001, na kumaliza na baa, kasinon, na racetracks mwaka 2004. Utafiti huo iligundua kuwa wakati wa utekelezaji wa kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara katika mikahawa, Toronto hospitali admissions kwa hali ya moyo na mishipa ulipungua kwa asilimia 39%, na admissions kwa hali ya upumuaji ulipungua kwa asilimia 33%. Hakuna kupunguza muhimu katika hospitali admissions ilitokea katika miji mingine ambayo hawakuwa kusitisha sigara. Waandishi alihitimisha kwamba utafiti haki juhudi zaidi kupunguza mfiduo umma moshi wa tumbaku. Mei 2006, Ontario aliweka ya kueleweka jimbo hela kupiga marufuku kuvuta sigara ambayo hadi vikwazo kwa miji yote na manispaa katika Ontario. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Naiman A, Glazier RH, Moineddin R |title=Association of anti-smoking legislation with rates of hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions |journal=CMAJ |year=2010 |month=Aprili |pmid=20385737 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.091130 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/cmaj.091130v1 |volume=182 |issue=8 |pages=761–7 |pmc=2871198 |ref=harv}}</ref> Hata hivyo, si wote watafiti kukubaliana kwamba hii ilikuwa ni uhusiano causal, na utafiti wa 2009 ya kusitisha sigara wengi katika Umoja wa Mataifa unapingana na matamshi hayo. <ref>{{cite paper |author=Shetty, Kanaka D.,'' et al.'' |title=Changes in U.S. Hospitalization and Mortality Rates Following Smoking Bans |journal=NBER |year=2009 |month=Aprili |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1359506}}</ref> ====Athari Hasi==== Baadhi ya masomo kupatikana madhara ya marufuku kuvuta sigara katika maeneo ya umma, hasa baa. Utafiti mmoja ana kupatikana na athari mbaya ya uchumi wa kusitisha vile katika baa na migahawa, <ref>http://www.smokersclubinc.com/economic.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/economic.html |date=20170214054151 }}, kiuchumi hasara kutokana na sigara ya kusitisha I California na majimbo mengine, By David W. Kuneman na Michael J. McFadden, 2005</ref> ingawa hii inapingana na masomo mengine juu ya suala hilo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S. |title=Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry. |journal=Tobacco Control |year=2003 |month=Mar |pmid=12612356 |pmc=PMC1759095 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12612356|volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=108 |ref=harv}}</ref> Aidha, utafiti mwingine ameona kwamba marufuku kuvuta sigara katika baa mara yanayohusiana na kunywa kuendesha vifo kuongezeka, labda kutoka smokers kuendesha umbali mrefu na baa noncompliant, mamlaka ili kuruhusu sigara, na / au baa na Seating nje. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Adams S, Cotti C |title=Drunk driving after the passage of smoking bans in bars |journal=Journal of Public Economics |year=2008 |month=Juni |doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.001 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V76-4RHWP04-2&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=23&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235834%232008%23999079994%23683681%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5834&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=34&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8216c409f343787f02fa9e4dea9ae231 |volume=92 |issue=5-6 |pages=1288–1305 |ref=harv |access-date=2010-12-14 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091917/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V76-4RHWP04-2&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=23&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235834%232008%23999079994%23683681%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5834&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=34&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8216c409f343787f02fa9e4dea9ae231 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> === Mbadala aina ya kukabiliana na === Njia mbadala ya kusitisha sigara pia wamekuwa mapendekezo kama njia ya kupunguza madhara, hasa katika baa na migahawa. Kwa mfano, wakosoaji wa kusitisha masomo wanaelezea kupendekeza uingizaji hewa kama njia ya kupunguza uchafuzi moshi wa tumbaku na kuboresha hewa. <ref>{{cite web |work = Building Sustainable Design |url = http://www.bsjonline.co.uk/story.asp?storyType=85&sectioncode=95&storyCode=3047478 |title = No ifs or butts |date = Machi 2005 |accessdate = 2009-01-28 |first = Andrew |last = Geens |coauthors = Max Graham |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090106002930/http://www.bsjonline.co.uk/story.asp?storyType=85&sectioncode=95&storyCode=3047478 |archivedate = 2009-01-06 }}</ref> Uingizaji hewa pia imekuwa uzito kukuzwa na sekta ya tumbaku kama mbadala kwa kusitisha wazi, kupitia mtandao wa kujitegemea wataalamu ostensibly na undisclosed mahusiano ya mara kwa mara ili sekta hiyo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Drope J, Bialous SA, Glantz SA |title=Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America |journal=Tob Control |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=i41–7 |year=2004 |month=Machi |pmid=14985616 |pmc=1766145 |doi= 10.1136/tc.2003.004101|url=http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14985616 |quote = The industry developed a network of ventilation 'experts' to promote its position that smoke-free environments were not necessary, often without disclosing the financial relationship between these experts and the industry. |ref=harv}}</ref> Hata hivyo, si wote wakosoaji uhusiano na sekta hiyo. Society ya Marekani ya Kukanza, Refrigerating na viyoyozi Wahandisi (ASHRAE) alihitimisha rasmi mwaka 2005 kuwa wakati wametengwa kabisa sigara vyumba kufanya kuondokana na hatari kwa wasio-sigara maeneo ya jirani, sigara marufuku ni njia pekee ya kuondoa kabisa hatari ya afya zinazohusiana na ya ndani kuambukizwa. Wao zaidi alihitimisha kuwa hakuna mfumo wa dilution au kusafisha alikuwa bora katika kuondoa hatari. <ref name="ASHRAE">{{cite web |url = http://www.ashrae.org/content/ASHRAE/ASHRAE/ArticleAltFormat/20058211239_347.pdf |format = PDF |publisher = [[American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers]] |date = 30 Juni 2005 |accessdate = 2009-01-28 |title = Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Position Document |archivedate = 2009-03-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327101819/http://www.ashrae.org/content/ASHRAE/ASHRAE/ArticleAltFormat/20058211239_347.pdf }}</ref> Marekani upasuaji Mkuu na Tume ya Ulaya Pamoja wa Kituo cha Utafiti na kufikiwa slutsatser sawa. <ref name="sg-exec-summary">{{cite web |title = The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke |publisher = [[Surgeon General of the United States]] |work = Executive Summary |year = 2006 |accessdate =2009-01-28 |url = http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf |format = PDF}}</ref> <ref name="ecjrc">{{cite web |publisher = [[European Commission]] [[Joint Research Centre]] |title = Institute for Health and Consumer Protection Activity Report 2003 |year = 2003 |url = http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/IHCP_annual_report/ihcp03.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate =2009-01-28}}</ref> miongozo ya utekelezaji wa Mkakati wa WHO Mkataba juu ya Udhibiti wa majimbo Tobacco kwamba uhandisi, mbinu kama vile uingizaji hewa, ni ineffektiv wala kulinda dhidi ya moshi mfiduo secondhand. <ref name="fctc-guidelines"></ref> Hata hivyo, hii ''haimaanishi'' kuwa hatua hiyo ni ya bure katika kupunguza madhara, ila ni kupungukiwa na lengo la kupunguza mfiduo kabisa na sifuri. Wengine wamependekeza mfumo wa tradable vibali uchafuzi sigara, sawa na wa-na-biashara uchafuzi cap vibali mifumo ya kutumiwa na Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira katika miongo ya hivi karibuni ili kuzuia aina nyingine ya uchafuzi wa mazingira. <ref>{{cite news |title = Let Bars Buy, Sell Smoking Permits |url = http://www.madison.com/archives/read.php?ref=/madison.com/html/archive_files/wsj/2005/09/25/0509240280.php |first = Robert |last = Haveman |coauthors = John Mullahy |work = [[Wisconsin State Journal]] |date = 25 Septemba 2005 |accessdate =2009-01-28 |page = B2}}</ref> Hii inaweza kuhakikisha kwamba sehemu ya baa / migahawa katika mamlaka a itakuwa moshi huru, wakati akitoka uamuzi wa soko. == Tazama pia == * [[Madhara ya kuvuta sigara]] == Marejeo == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Viungo vya nje == ;Kisayansi miili {{refbegin}} * [http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html Madhara ya afya yatokanayo na mazingira ya Tumbaku Moshi] {{Wayback|url=http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html |date=20070905172350 }} , kutoka Taasisi ya Saratani ya Taifa ya Marekani * {{PDFlink|[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf Environmental Tobacco Smoke]|219&nbsp;KB}}. Kutokana na Ripoti ya 11 ya kusababisha kansa ya Marekani ya Taifa ya Mashirika ya Afya *{{cite paper |author1=U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services |author2=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |author3=Coordinating Center for Health Promotion |author4=National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |author5=Office on Smoking and Health |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke |title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |publisher=[[Surgeon General of the United States]] |date=2006-06-27 |location=Atlanta, Ga. |id=O2NLM: WA 754 H4325 2006<br/> |ref=CITEREFSurgeon_General2006 |quote=Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke }} * [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf Tumbaku Moshi na Involuntary Uvutaji] , a monograph wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] na Shirika la Kimataifa ya Utafiti wa Saratani * [http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/SecondhandSmoke.htm Karatasi ya Ukweli Moshi Secondhand] kutoka vituo vya Marekani Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa * [http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/environmental_tobacco/2005etsfinal.html Madhara ya afya yatokanayo na mazingira ya Tumbaku Moshi] , kutoka Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira California {{refend}} ;Sekta ya tumbaku {{refbegin}} * {{PDFlink|[http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/who_inquiry.pdf Tobacco Company Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities]|1.55&nbsp;MB}} : Ripoti ya Kamati ya Wataalamu juu ya Tumbaku Documents Viwanda kutoka [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] * [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ Documents Tobacco ya urithi Library] na [http://bat.library.ucsf.edu British American Tobacco Documents Archive] {{Wayback|url=http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/ |date=20040604015252 }} kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, San Francisco * [http://www.pmdocs.com/ Philip Morris USA Hati Archive] , kwa umma kama matokeo ya Makazi Mwalimu Tobacco Mkataba {{refend}} ;Viungo vingine {{refbegin}} * [http://www.who.int/fctc/cop/art%208%20guidelines_english.pdf Miongozo ya Ulinzi kutoka Mfiduo Secondhand Moshi] , na WHO Mfumo wa Mkataba wa Kudhibiti Tumbaku * [http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/wntd/2007/pol_recommendations/en/index.html Sera WHO mapendekezo juu ya ulinzi yatokanayo na mkono wa pili moshi wa tumbaku] * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091208132536.htm Moshi panya screen: wadudu mfano inaonyesha tumbaku moshi mfiduo induces mabadiliko ubongo dalili ya utegemezi Nikotini] , katika Sayansi Daily *{{cite web |url=http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/litigation/cases/DOJ/20060817KESSLEROPINIONAMENDED.pdf |title=United States of America v. Philip Morris ''et al.'': Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler |publisher=[[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]] |last=Kessler |first=Gladys |date=17 Agosti 2006 |format=PDF |ref=CITEREFKessler2006 |accessdate=2010-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310000811/http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/litigation/cases/DOJ/20060817KESSLEROPINIONAMENDED.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-10 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2012103,00.html "Jinsi Secondhand sigara Moshi Mabadiliko jeni yako"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2012103,00.html |date=20130817124311 }} {{refend}} [[Category:Afya]] [[Category:Tumbaku]] g0hwf1tzeqcms8knl6k88taaifmtryn 0 61943 1599476 1517818 2026-09-23T18:22:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Larry Abramson 2.jpg|thumb|Larry Abramson (2005).]] '''Larry Abramson''' (1954) ni msanii kutoka nchi ya [[Israeli]]. == Wasifu== Abramson alizaliwa mwaka 1954 katika [[Afrika Kusini]] mnamo mwaka wa 1961 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.imj.org.il/artcenter/default.asp?artist=269918 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2011-10-30 |archivedate=2015-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105132500/http://www.imj.org.il/artcenter/default.asp?artist=269918 }}</ref>, familia yake ilihamia Israeli na kuanzisha makazi mjini [[Yerusalemu]]. Mnamo Mwaka wa 1970, kama mwandamizi katika shule ya sekondari, yeye alikuwa mmoja wa wale waliotia sahihi barua ya kupinga uvamizi wa kijeshi wa Gaza. Mwaka 1973, Abramson alikwenda kujifunza sanaa katika Chuo cha Chelsea ya Sanaa na ubunivu, [[London]]. Pindi tu aliporudi Israeli yeye alichukua nafasi ya uchapishaji na mtunza ya maonyesho katika Warsha Print Yerusalemu, ambako alifanya kazi kwa miaka tisa, hadi 1986. Maonyesho yake ya kwanza kibinafsi yalikuwa mwaka 1975. Kazi yake katika miaka ya 1980 yalishughulikia aina ya sanaa ya kisasa ishara kutoka Ulaya, hasa "Black Square" iliyoundwa na KAŽIMÍR Malevich, aliyoitumia kujenga hali ya nguvu kuchanganya mtindo wa kurahisisha na mfano wa sanaa ya kuchora. Katika mwaka 1993 na 1994 Abramson aliunda mfululizo wa sanaa "Tsuba," iliyoonyeshwa katika Nyumba ya sanaa ya Kibbutz. Mfululizo huo ilijumuisha michoro asili 38 (mafuta kwenye turubai), michapisho 38 kwenye karatasi ya michoro ya asili, na picha za kisimama, kutokana na sampuli za [[Mmea|mimea]] zilizochukuliwa kwenya maeneo. Mfululizo huu wa kazi inahusiana na magofu ya kiakeolojia iliyo karibu kibbutz Tzova, eneo ambayo ulitolewa muongo kabla yake na msanii Joseph Zaritsky (chini ya jina "Tsuba)." Wakati Zaritsky alipuuza magofu ya Waarabu yaliyopatikana kwenye eneo hilo kwa kulainisha uchoraji wake, Abramson alichora kihalisi. Kwa kujumuisha magofu ya kijiji Kiarabu, yeye alikosoa Zaritsky, ambaye inatakaali kutoa utambulisho wa Kiarabu kutoka kwenye eneo hilo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelartguide.co.il/abramson/article.html |title=Lessons in seeing |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=1998-11-06 |accessdate=2011-09-20 |first=Angela |last=Levine}}</ref> Mnamo Mwaka 1984, Abramson alijiunga na idara ya sanaa katika chuo cha Sanaa na ubunifu Bezaleli iliyoko [[Yerusalemu]]. Mwaka 1992, aliteuliwa mkuu wa idara ya sanaa na mkuu wa mipango Bezaleli kwa ajili ya wasanii chipukizi(shahada ya juu). Kwa mwaka wa masomo 2002-2003, yeye alialikwa kama mhadhiri mgeni na taasisi ya sanaa ya [[San Francisco]]; kwa wakati huo, huo alianza mchakato wa kuanzisha idara ya sanaa na ubunivu katika Chuo cha Uhandisi na ubunivu cha Shenkar katika eneo la Ramat Gan, Israeli. Mwezi tano 2002, Abramson alichapisha makala katika jarida Studio haki "We're all Felix Nussbaum," ambapo walijadili hali ya matatizo ya kujenga uchoraji wa kihistoria katika zama za baada ya ya mauaji ya wayahudi nchini ujerumani. Mnamo Mwaka 2004, Abramson aliweka maonyesho ya kazi chini ya jina "piles" kwa kutumia makaa. hii ilikuwa ni pamoja na michoro ya marundiko na uchafu ya ujenzi na yalikuwa yanahusiana na suala la magofu ikionyesha katika sanaa na sanamu ya mchoraji Felix Nussbaum wa Kijerumani aliyekuwa na asili ya Kiyahudi. Mfululizo huu iliwasilishwa katika Makavazi ya Felix Nussbaum katika Osnabrück, [[Ujerumani]] na katika makavazi ya Chaim Atar ya Sanaa katika kibbutz Ein Harod katika Bonde la Yezreeli. Mnamo Mwaka 2007, Abramson aliwasilisha maonyesho ya uchoraji wake katika sanaa Gordon mjini Tel Aviv. ==Tiniwayo== {{Reflist}} ==Picha== <gallery> Picha:B94 0723 a-h~Larry Abramson-Fro the series Beams.jpg|Beam XXIII (Kutoka kwa mfululizo wa "Beams"), 1992<br> Mkusanyiko ya makavazi ya Israeli: B94.0723 Picha:Larry Abramson 002.jpg|Hevel, 1989-1990<br>Mkusanyiko ya makavazi ya Israeli<br>B94.0029 File:Abramson, larry, return of the black square~b92 1558 1.jpg|Marejeo ya mraba nyeusi IV, 1990<br>Mkusanyiko ya makavazi ya Israeli<br>B92.1558 </gallery> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Israeli]] hchojq6nblz858gx349hxk4bw2gizbu 0 63181 1599804 1431884 2026-09-24T04:04:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | rangi = Khaki | jina = Judy Garland | picha = Judy_Garland_publicity_photo.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Judy mnamo 1945 | jina la kuzaliwa = Frances Ethel Gumm | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1922|6|10}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Grand Rapids, Minnesota]], [[Marekani|US]] | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1969|6|22|1922|6|10}} | mahala alipofia = [[Chelsea, London]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] | kazi yake = Mwigizaji<br />Mwimbaji | miaka ya kazi = 1924-1969 (mwimbaji) <br /> 1929-1967 (mwigizaji) | ndoa = [[David Rose]] (1941–1944)<br />[[Vincente Minnelli]] (1945–1951)<br />[[Sid Luft]] (1952–1965)<br />[[Mark Herron]] (1965–1967)<br />[[Mickey Deans]] (1969, yake ya kifo) | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Judy Garland''' (alizaliwa tar. [[10 Juni]] [[1922]] - [[22 Juni]] [[1969]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] filamu na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name = tvguide>{{cite web | title =Judy Garland: Biography | publisher =TV Guide | url =http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/judy-garland/bio/159192 | accessdate =2011-12-23 | archive-date =2019-10-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113711/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/judy-garland/bio/159192/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> Uhusika wake maarufu ni ule wa Dorothy Gale kutoka katika filamu ya ''The Wizard of Oz'' ([[1939]]). Pia ni mshindi wa [[Tuzo za Oscar]] na ameshinda tuzo zingine kadha wa kadha kwa ajili ya shughuli zake za uigizaji na uimbaji. Huyu ni [[mama]] wa mwigizaji na mwimbaji [[Liza Minnelli]]. Mwaka wa [[1999]], [[Taasisi]] ya Filamu ya Marekani imempa nafasi ya kumi katika orodha ya waigizaji nyota wa Marekani na historia yake kwa ujumla.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/stars.aspx|title=AFI's 100 YEARS...100 STARS}}</ref> == Filamu == * 1929 - ''The Big Revue'' * 1929 - ''A Holiday in Storyland'' * 1929 - ''The Wedding of Jack and Jill'' * 1929 - ''Bubbles'' * 1935 - ''La Fiesta de Santa Barbara'' * 1936 - ''Every Sunday'' * 1936 - ''Pigskin Parade'' * 1937 - ''Broadway Melody of 1938'' * 1937 - ''Thoroughbreds Don't Cry'' * 1937 - ''Silent Night'' * 1938 - ''Everybody Sing'' * 1938 - ''Love Finds Andy Hardy'' * 1938 - ''Listen, Darling'' * 1939 - ''The Wizard of Oz'' * 1939 - ''Babes in Arms'' * 1940 - ''If I Forget You'' * 1940 - ''Andy Hardy Meets Debutante'' * 1940 - ''Strike Up the Band'' * 1940 - ''Little Nellie Kelly'' * 1941 - ''Ziegfeld Girl'' * 1941 - ''Life Begins for Andy Hardy'' * 1941 - ''Babes on Broadway'' * 1941 - ''We Must Have Music'' * 1942 - ''For Me and My Gal'' * 1943 - ''Presenting Lily Mars'' * 1943 - ''Girl Crazy'' * 1943 - ''Thousands Cheer'' * 1944 - ''Meet Me in St. Louis'' * 1945 - ''The Clock'' * 1946 - ''The Harvey Girls'' * 1946 - ''Ziegfeld Follies'' * 1946 - ''Till the Clouds Roll By'' * 1948 - ''The Pirate'' * 1948 - ''Easter Parade'' * 1948 - ''Words and Music'' * 1949 - ''In the Good Old Summertime'' * 1950 - ''Summer Stock'' * 1954 - ''A Star Is Born'' * 1960 - ''Pepe'' * 1961 - ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' * 1963 - ''Gay Purr-ee'' * 1963 - ''A Child Is Waiting'' * 1963 - ''I Could Go On Singing'' == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons|Judy Garland}} * {{IMDb name | id=0000023 | name=Judy Garland}} * {{tcmdb name | id=68689 | name=Judy Garland }} * {{ibdb name|id=79610|name=Judy Garland}} * [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-GarlandJ.html Judy Garland at HighBeam] * [http://www.jgdb.com The Judy Garland Database] * [http://www.thejudyroom.com The Judy Room] * [http://www.judy-garland.org/discography/index.html The Judy Garland Online Discography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.judy-garland.org/discography/index.html |date=20080703180110 }} * [http://judygarlandmuseum.com/ The Judy Garland Birthplace and Museum in Grand Rapids, MN] * [http://www.judygarlandclub.org The Judy Garland Club: established 1963; official international Club supported by Judy during her lifetime] * [http://rainbowz.deltacomm.com/ Judy Garland - The Live Performances] * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/garland_j.html Judy Garland: By Myself - American Masters special] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/garland_j.html |date=20091106104854 }} * {{tvtome person|id=86783|name=Judy Garland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Garland, Judy}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1969]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} p4o7e35srefsovmjpfuuyawchzlozrx 0 65635 1599626 1596513 2026-09-23T18:52:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | jina = Gary Oldman | picha = Gary Oldman at the London premiere of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy.png | ukubwa wa picha = 200px | maelezo ya picha = Gary Oldman kwenye uzinduzi wa filamu ya *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy* jijini London (2011). | jina la kuzaliwa = Gary Leonard Oldman | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1958|3|21}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[New Cross]], [[London]], [[Uingereza]] | kazi = Mwigizaji, mtayarishaji wa filamu, mwongozaji wa filamu | miaka ya kazi = 1979–sasa | mke = Lesley Manville (k. 1987; k. 1990)<br />Uma Thurman (k. 1990; k. 1992)<br />Donya Fiorentino (k. 1997; k. 2001)<br />Alexandra Edenborough (k. 2008; k. 2015)<br />Gisele Schmidt (k. 2017) | watoto = 3 }} '''Sir Gary Leonard Oldman''' (amezaliwa [[21 Machi]] [[1958]]) ni mwigizaji na mwongozaji wa filamu kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gary-Oldman|title=Gary Oldman Biography|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref> Anajulikana sana kwa uwezo wake wa kubadilika na kuigiza wahusika mbalimbali wenye utata. Ametunukiwa tuzo mbalimbali zikiwemo Tuzo ya Akademi (Oscar), Tuzo za [[BAFTA]], na [[Golden Globe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/mar/05/gary-oldman-wins-best-actor-for-darkest-hour-at-oscars-2018|title=Gary Oldman wins best actor Oscar for Darkest Hour|publisher=The Guardian|access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref> Anajulikana sana kwa kuigiza wahusika mashuhuri kama vile [[Sirius Black]] katika mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[Harry Potter]]'', James Gordon katika mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[The Dark Knight (filamu)|The Dark Knight]]'' (Batman), Count Dracula katika ''Bram Stoker's Dracula'' (1992), Norman Stansfield katika ''[[Léon: The Professional]]'' (1994), na [[Winston Churchill]] katika filamu ya ''Darkest Hour'' (2017) ambapo alishinda Tuzo ya Oscar kama Mwigizaji Bora.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-43282218|title=Gary Oldman's path to Oscar glory|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2026-09-13}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Filmografia zilizochaguliwa == === Filamu === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mwaka ! Jina la Filamu ! Nafasi ! Maelezo |- | 1986 | ''Sid and Nancy'' | Sid Vicious | |- | 1987 | ''Prick Up Your Ears'' | Joe Orton | Aliteuliwa Tuzo ya BAFTA ya Mwigizaji Bora |- | 1991 | ''JFK'' | Lee Harvey Oswald | |- | 1992 | ''Bram Stoker's Dracula'' | Count Dracula | Alishinda Tuzo ya Saturn ya Mwigizaji Bora |- | 1993 | ''True Romance'' | Drexl Spivey | |- | 1994 | ''Léon: The Professional'' | Norman Stansfield | |- | 1997 | ''The Fifth Element'' | Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg | |- | 1997 | ''Air Force One'' | Egor Korshunov | |- | 1997 | ''Nil by Mouth'' | — | Mwongozaji, mwandishi na mtayarishaji; alishinda Tuzo mbili za BAFTA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/471018/index.html|title=Oldman, Gary (1958-) Biography|publisher=BFI Screenonline|access-date=2026-09-13}}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''The Contender'' | Sheldon Runyon | Pia mtayarishaji |- | 2004 | ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'' | Sirius Black | |- | 2005 | ''Batman Begins'' | James Gordon | |- | 2007 | ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' | Sirius Black | |- | 2008 | ''The Dark Knight'' | James Gordon | |- | 2011 | ''Kung Fu Panda 2'' | Lord Shen | Sauti tu |- | 2011 | ''Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy'' | George Smiley | Aliteuliwa Tuzo ya Akademi ya Mwigizaji Bora |- | 2012 | ''The Dark Knight Rises'' | James Gordon | |- | 2017 | ''Darkest Hour'' | Winston Churchill | Alishinda Tuzo ya Akademi (Oscar), BAFTA, na Golden Globe ya Mwigizaji Bora |- | 2020 | ''Mank'' | Herman J. Mankiewicz | Aliteuliwa Tuzo ya Akademi ya Mwigizaji Bora |- | 2023 | ''Oppenheimer'' | Harry S. Truman | Muonekano wa heshima |} === Runinga === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mwaka ! Jina la Kipindi ! Nafasi ! Maelezo |- | 2001 | ''Friends'' | Richard Crosby | Vipindi 2; aliteuliwa Tuzo ya Emmy |- | 2022–sasa | ''Slow Horses'' | Jackson Lamb | Nafasi kuu; aliteuliwa Tuzo ya Emmy na BAFTA |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{IMDb name|id=198|name=Gary Oldman}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1958||Oldman, Gary}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji filamu wa Uingereza]] 1py07arxhsfoji914mexra3h8cl4gyn 0 67570 1599966 1208115 2026-09-24T09:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Kristine Sutherland | picha = Kristine Sutherland.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|04|17}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Boise]], [[Idaho]], [[Marekani]] | jina la kuzaliwa = Kristine Young | ndoa = [[John Pankow]] (1986-hadi sasa) | emmyawards = }} '''Kristine Sutherland''' ([[jina]] la awali: '''Kristine Young'''; amezaliwa [[Boise, Idaho]], [[17 Aprili]] [[1955]] ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] na [[tamthilia]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kucheza uhusika akiwa kama mama mzazi wa [[Buffy Summers]] (alicheza kwa jina la [[Joyce Summers]]) kwenye mfululizo wa [[televisheni]] wa ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (mfululizo wa TV)|Buffy The Vampire Slayer]]''. ==Maisha ya awali== Alibadilisha jina lake kwa vile mara kwa mara alikuwa anachanganywa jina lake na mwigizaji mwingine mwenye jina sawa na lake. Jina lake la mwisho "Sutherland" lilikuwa jina la paka wake, ambaye alimwita jina la "Donald" kutokana na mwigizaji filamu maarufu [[Donald Sutherland]], ambaye, imetokea tu kwa bahati, amecheza awali katika filamu ya ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (filamu)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ambapo lilikuwa jaribio lake la kwanza la [[Joss Whedon]] kumleta Buffy katika hali ya wapenzi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/joss-whedon,13730/ |title=AV Club Joss Whedon Interview |accessdate=2013-01-23 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224014725/http://www.avclub.com/articles/joss-whedon%2C13730/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisoma elimu yake ya juu huko mjini [[Lexington, Kentucky]], ambapo alijisomea masuala ya ugizaji (Tates Creek Drama). Baada ya kuhitimu, akajiunga katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kentucky]]. Kristine Sutherland hana uhusiano wowote ule na [[Donald Sutherland]] au mtoto wake [[Kiefer Sutherland]].<ref>[http://www.buffyguide.com/players/int_kristine.shtml Buffyguide.com]</ref> ==Kazi== Uhusika wake wa kwanza kwa Sutherland ulikuwa katika filamu ya ''[[Honey, I Shrunk the Kids]]'' ya mwaka wa 1989 ambamo alicheza kama Mae Thompson. Mwaka wa 1997, alisailiwa na uhusika wa Joyce Summers kwenye mfululizo wa TV wa ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' kupitia televisheni ya [[The WB Television Network]]. Mtunzi wa tamthilia hiyo [[Joss Whedon]] baadaye alitoa sababu zilizomfanya amchague Sutherland kwa uhusika huo kwamba kiukweli alitoka na kijasho chembamba cha kuonesha dalili za kuwa na uwezo wa kucheza uhusika huo. Vilevile kwa kuwa na imani ya kwamba anafanana na mwigizaji [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]], ambaye alicheza kama binti yake katika tamthilia hiyo. Ameonekana kama muhusika wa kawaida kwenye kipindi hicho katika misimu mitano ya kwanza kabla ya kuondoka, na akarudi tena katika misimu mitatu zaidi, katika msimu wa 1 na 6, 2, na 7 akiwa kama mgeni mwalikwa. Mwezi wa Aprili 2008, alipata uhusika wa ugeni kwenye mfululizo wa ''New Amsterdam'' akiwa kama mke wa John Amsterdam, katika kisa cha "Reclassified". Baada ya kuondoka katika ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' mnamo 2002, Sutherland ameamua kujiunga na kozi ya masuala ya upigaji picha katika chuo cha [[Santa Monica College]] na baadaye kachukua miezi 12 ya makazi-mapumziko huko nchini Italia akiwa na mume wake na binti yake. Alipendezewa na sanaa ya upigaji picha kitu ambacho kimemfanya afungue studio yake mwenyewe. ==Maisha binafsi== Sutherland ameolewa na mwigizaji [[John Pankow]], ambaye kwa sasa anacheza kama "Merc Lapidus" kwenye kipindi cha ''[[Episodes]]''. Wana binti mmoja. ==Filmografia== * 1986 ''[[Legal Eagles]]'' * 1989 ''[[Honey, I Shrunk the Kids]]'' * 2002 ''[[The Cat Returns]]'' * 2012 ''[[The Perfect Wedding]]'' ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * {{IMDb name|0840133}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sutherland, Kristine}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] 0nqhnockn52ty3h6l8gmnfg2iqpfr0n 0 68340 1599654 1580231 2026-09-23T18:59:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Hypertension | Image = Grade 1 hypertension.jpg | Caption = Automated arm [[sphygmomanometer|blood pressure meter]] showing [[artery|arterial]] hypertension (shown a [[systolic blood pressure]] 158&nbsp;mmHg, [[diastolic blood pressure]] 99&nbsp;mmHg and [[heart rate]] of 80 beats per minute). | DiseasesDB = 6330 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|10||i|10}},{{ICD10|I|11||i|10}},{{ICD10|I|12||i|10}},<br/>{{ICD10|I|13||i|10}},{{ICD10|I|15||i|10}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|401}} | OMIM = 145500 | MedlinePlus = 000468 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1106 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|1097}} {{eMedicine2|emerg|267}} | MeshID = D006973 }} '''Shinikizo la juu la damu''' (HTN) au '''presha ya juu ya damu''' (pia huitwa '''shinikizo la mishipa ya damu''', HBP), ni [[ugonjwa]] sugu ambapo [[nguvu ya msukumo wa damu]] katika [[mshipa|mishipa]] ni kubwa kuliko kawaida. Ongezeko hilo husababisha [[moyo]] kufanya kazi kupita kiasi ili uzungushe [[damu]] katika [[mishipa ya damu]]. Kwa kawaida halina dalili, ila likidumu lina madhara makubwa kwa [[afya]]. Shinikizo la juu la damu ndilo sababu kubwa ([[kihatarishi]]) ya [[upoozaji]], [[mshtuko wa moyo]] (mashambulizi ya moyo), [[moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi]], [[kutuna kwa ukuta]] wa mishipa (k.m., [[kutuna kwa ukuta wa aota au mkole]]), [[chujio la mshipa wa kupeleka damu kwenye moyo au peripheral arterial disease]], na inasababishwa na [[ugonjwa sugu wa figo]]. Hata ongezeko la wastani la shinikizo la damu hupunguza [[matarajio ya muda wa kuishi]]. Kuna vipimo viwili vya shinikizo la damu, yaani systolic na diastolic: shinikizo au presha ya systolic ni [[kipimo]] cha damu ambacho kinapima nguvu ya msukumo wa damu katika mishipa ya damu wakati moyo unadunda. Shinikizo au presha ya diastole inapima nguvu ya msukumo wa damu katika mishipa ya damu wakati moyo umetulia au kati ya [[mapigo ya moyo]] (diastole). Kipimo cha kawaida cha shinikizo la damu ni 100–140&nbsp;[[milimita]] za [[zebaki]] (mmHg) upande wa systolic (kipimo cha juu) na 60–90&nbsp; milimita za zebaki upande wa diastolic (kipimo cha chini). Shinikizo la juu la damu hutokea kama kipimo kikiwa zaidi ya 140/90&nbsp;mmHg kwa muda mrefu. Kuna aina mbili za shinikizo la juu la damu: [[shinikizo la juu la damu la asili]] na [[shinikizo la damu linalosababishwa na magonjwa mengine]]. Kadiri ya [[asilimia]] 90–95 za watu wanaathiriwa na "shinikizo la juu la damu la asili", yaani wana ugonjwa huu bila kuwa na chanzo cha kisayansi kinachofahamika.<ref name="pmid10645931">{{cite journal |author=Carretero OA, Oparil S |title=Essential hypertension. Part I: Definition and etiology |journal=Circulation |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=329–35 |year=2000 |month=January |pmid=10645931 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/3/329.long |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.329}}</ref> Magonjwa mengine ya [[mafigo]], mishipa, moyo, [[mfumo wa homoni]] huathiri asilimia 5–10 iliyobaki ya watu wenye shinikizo la damu (ndilo shinikizo la damu linalosababishwa na magonjwa mengine). Ili kudhibiti shinikizo la damu, [[lishe bora]] na mabadiliko katika mtindo wa kuishi lazima yazingatiwe pamoja na kupunguza matatizo yanayoathiri [[afya]]. Hata hivyo, matumizi ya [[dawa]] ni muhimu kwa watu ambao mabadiliko ya mtindo wa maisha hautoshelezi kupunguza shinikizo la juu la damu, kutuna kwa [[ukuta wa ateri]] mithili ya puto kutokana na udhaifu wa sehemu hiyo. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Uainishaji wa shinikizo la damu== {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |- ! rowspan=2 | Classification (JNC7)<ref name="jnc7">{{cite journal |author=Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, ''et al.'' |title=Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure |journal=Hypertension |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1206–52 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14656957 |doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2 |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/42/6/1206.long}}</ref> ! colspan=2 | Systolic pressure ! colspan=2 | Diastolic pressure |- ! [[mmHg]] ! [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] ! mmHg ! kPa |- | Kawaida | 90–119 | 12–15.9 | 60–79 | 8.0–10.5 |- | Dalili ya shinikizo la juu la damu | 120–139 | 16.0–18.5 | 80–89 | 10.7–11.9 |- | Aina ya 1 shinikizo la juu la damu - kali | 140–159 | 18.7–21.2 | 90–99 | 12.0–13.2 |- | Aina ya 2 shinikizo la juu la damu - kali kiasi | ≥160 | ≥21.3 | ≥100 | ≥13.3 |- | [[Isolated systolic hypertension|Isolated systolic<br/>shinikizo la juu la damu - kali sana]] | ≥140 | ≥18.7 | <90 | <12.0 |} ===Watu wazima=== Kwa watu wenye umri wa miaka 18 au zaidi, shinikizo la juu la damu linaweza kuwa systolic na/au diastolic kama kipimo hicho ni zaidi kuliko kipimo cha kawaida kinachokubalika ambacho ni (139&nbsp;mmHg systolic, 89&nbsp;mmHg diastolic: tazama table — Uainishaji (JNC7)). Kama vipimo vinapatikana baada ya kutumia chombo kinachopima presha kwa masaa 24 (24-hour ambulatory) au kufanya maangalizi nyumbani, vipimo vya chini vinatumiwa (135&nbsp;mmHg systolic or 85&nbsp;mmHg diastolic). Pia miongozo ya kimataifa ya hivi karibuni imegawanya shinikizo la damu katika vikundi mbali mbali vyenye vipimo chini ya kipimo cha shinikizo la juu la damu ili kuthibitisha hatari iliyopo ya shinikizo la juu la damu. JNC7 (2003)<ref name="jnc7" /> anatumia neno dalili ya kuwa na shinikizo la juu la kwa presha ya damu iliyo kati ya 120 na 139&nbsp;mmHg systolic na/au 80–89&nbsp;mmHg diastolic, wakati Miongozo ya ESH-ESC (2007)<ref name=ESH-ESC>{{cite journal |author=Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, ''et al.'' |title=2007 ESH-ESC Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension |journal=J. Hypertens. |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1751–62 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17762635 |doi=10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f0580f |url=}}</ref> and BHS IV (2004)<ref name=BHSIV>{{cite journal |author=Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, ''et al.'' |title=Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV |journal=J Hum Hypertens |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=139–85 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=14973512 |doi=10.1038/sj.jhh.1001683 |url=}}</ref> inatenganisha katika vikundi vya hali inayofaa, vya kawaida, na vya kawaida kiasi kutofautisha presha zilizopo chini ya 140&nbsp;mmHg systolic na 90&nbsp;mmHg diastolic. Shinikizo la juu la damu pia imegawanywa katika vikundi vifuatavyo: JNC7 inatofautisha shinikizo la juu la damu aina ya I, shinikizo la juu la damu aina ya II, na shinikizo la juu la damu hatua kali sana. Shinikizo la juu la damu ambayo ni kali sana (Isolated systolic hypertension) ni presha ya juu sana inayoambatana na presha ya kawaida ya diastolic, hali hii huwatokea sana wazee.<ref name="jnc7"/> The ESH-ESC Guidelines (2007)<ref name=ESH-ESC /> and BHS IV (2004),<ref name = BHSIV /> inatambua aina ya tatu (aina ya III) ya shinikizo la juu la damu kwa watu ambao wana presha ya juu ya systolic inayozidi 179&nbsp;mmHg au presha ya diastolic inayozidi 109&nbsp;mmHg. Shinikizo la juu la damu liko katika kundi la "sugu" kama [[madawa]] hayapunguzi shinikizo la damu hadi vipimo vya kawaida.<ref name="jnc7"/> ===Watoto wadogo na wachanga=== Si kawaida kwa [[watoto waliozaliwa karibuni]] kuwa na shinikizo la juu la damu na ni asilimia 0.2 hadi 3% ya watoto wachanga ambao wanapata. Shinikizo la damu haipimwi mara kwa mara kama watoto ni wadogo na wana afya nzuri. <ref name=Dionne>{{cite journal |author=Dionne JM, Abitbol CL, Flynn JT |title=Hypertension in infancy: diagnosis, management and outcome |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=17–32 |year=2012 |month=January |pmid=21258818 |doi=10.1007/s00467-010-1755-z |url=}}</ref> Shinikizo la damu huwapata watoto ambao wako katika hatari kubwa. Kuna masuala tofauti ya kuangalia, kama vile [[kipindi cha ujazito]], umri baada ya utungaji mimba, na [[uzito wakati wa kuzaliwa]] kabla ya kuamua kama kipimo cha shinikizo la damu ni cha kawaida kwa mtoto mchanga.<ref name=Dionne /> ===Watoto na vijana=== Ni kawaida kwa watoto na vijana kupata shinikizo la damu (asilimia 2–9% hutegemea na umri, jinsia, na asili)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F |title=High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002 |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1488–96 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17846287 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683243 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2007-09-25_116_13/page/n73}}</ref> and is associated with long-term risks of ill-health.<ref name=fourth>{{cite journal |author= |title=The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents |journal=Pediatrics |volume=114 |issue=2 Suppl 4th Report |pages=555–76 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15286277 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2004-08_114_2/page/n294}}</ref> Hivi sasa kuna pendekezo la kuwapima damu watoto wenye zaidi ya miaka mitatu na kuangalia kama wana shinikizo la juu la damu kila wanapoenda kupimwa afya yao. Kabla ya kuthibitisha kama mtoto ana shinikizo la juu la damu mtoto lazima apimwe mara kadhaa.<ref name = fourth /> Shinikizo la damu huongezeka utotoni kufuatana na umri, wa watoto, shinikizo la damu linatambulika kama ni systolic ya kawaida au diastolic baada ya kupimwa zaidi ya mara tatu au zaidi ya asilimia 95 ambayo ni kawaida kufuatana na jinsia, umri na urefu wa mtoto. Dalili ya shinikizo la juu la damu (Prehypertension) kwa watoto linatambulika kama shinikizo au presha ya kawaida ya systolic au shinikizo au presha ya diastolic kama ni zaidi au sawa na asilimia 90, lakini ni chini ya asilimia 95.<ref name=fourth />Kwa vijana, inapendekezwa kwamba shinikizo la juu la damu na dalili ya shinikizo la juu la damu zichunguzwe na kuainisha kwa kutumia vigezo vya watu wazima.<ref name=fourth /> ==Ishara na dalili== Mara nyingi watu wenye shinikizo la damu hawana dalili yoyote, na huwa inagundulika baada ya kufanya uchunguzi kwa kawaida kupitia [[Uchunguzi (medicine)|screening]], au wakati maangalizi ya afya yanafanywa kwa sababu nyingine. Watu wengine wenye shinikizo la damu huwa wanapata [[maumivu ya kichwa]] (haswa nyuma ya kichwa na asubuhi), pamoja na [[kuchanganyikiwa]], [[kizunguzungu]], [[sikio kelele]] (mvumo au mazomeo masikioni), kutoweza kuona vizuri au [[Syncope (medicine)|matukio ya kuzirai]].<ref name=Fisher2005>{{cite book |author=Fisher ND, Williams GH |editor=Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, ''et al.'' |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=16th |year=2005 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-07-139140-1 |pages=1463–81 |chapter=Hypertensive vascular disease}}</ref> Baada ya [[uchunguzi wa mwili]], kunakuwa na wasiwasi wa shinikizo la juu la damu kama [[kuna upanuzi wa mishipa ya damu ya retina]] baada ya kufanya uchunguzi wa [[optic fundus]] iliyopo nyuma ya jicho kwa kutumia [[chombo cha kufanyia uchunguzi yaani ophthalmoscopy]].<ref name=Wong2007>{{cite journal |author=Wong T, Mitchell P |title=The eye in hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-3-9-2007_369_9559/page/425 |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=425–35 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17276782 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60198-6}}</ref> Classically, ukali wa mabadiliko ya shinikizo la damu ya retina linagawanya kwenye vikundi kuanzia I hadi IV, ingawa inaweza kuwa vigumu kuzitofautisha aina kali kiasi.<ref name=Wong2007/> Chombo cha kufanyia uchunguzi wa macho kinaweza kuonyesha muda ambao mtu amekuwa na shinikizo la juu la damu=Fisher2005/> ===Shinikizo la juu la damu litokanalo na magonjwa mengine=== Dalili zingine zinaweza kusababishwa na [[magonjwa mengine]], yani shinikizo la damu linaloletwa na sababu zingine zinazojulikana kama vile [[magonjwa ya figo]] au [[mabadiliko ya mfumo wa homoni]]. Kwa mfano, unene wa kifua na tumbo, [[uthibiti mbaya wa sukari]], [[moon facies]] au mkusanyiko wa mafuta usoni, mkusanyiko wa mafuta mgongoni ("buffalo hump") na purple [[striae]] au alama za unene huonyesha dalili ya [[ugonjwa wa homoni wa Cushing's syndrome]].<ref name=ABC>{{cite book |author=O'Brien, Eoin; Beevers, D. G.; Lip, Gregory Y. H. |title=ABC of hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/abcofhypertensio0000unse |publisher=BMJ Books |location=London |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4051-3061-X |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Ugonjwa unaoathiri kikoromeo]] na [[acromegaly]] yaani mwili hutengeneza homoni ya kukuza umbo pia huweza kuleta shinikizo la juu la damu na dalili zake za kawaida huonekana.<ref name="ABC" /> Wembamba wa mishipa ya tumbo au abdominal [[bruit]] inaweza kuwa ni ishara ya [[renal artery stenosis]] au kuziba kwa mishipa ya damu ipelekayo damu kwenye figo. Shinikizo la chini la damu katika miguu au mapigo ya mshipa wa mguu yanayochelewa au ukosefu wa mapigo [[mshipa wa mguu|mapigo ya mshipa wa mguu]] inaweza kuwa ni dalili ya [[aortic coarctation]] (kupungua kwa upana wa mshipa mkuu utoao damu kwenye moyo kwenda mwilini). Shinikizo la damu ambalo linalotofautiana sana na kuumwa kwa kichwa, mpapatiko wa moyo, kubadilika rangi ya ngozi, na utoaji jasho ni lazima kuwe na wasiwasi wa [[pheochromocytoma yaani saratani ya tezi iliyo juu ya figo]].<ref name="ABC" /> ===Hali ya hatari ya shinikizo la juu la damu=== Shinikizo la damu lililo juu kupita kiasi (sawa au zaidi ya 180 au diastolic ya 110, wakati mwingine huitwa shinikizo la damu linaloweza kuleta kifo au linaloharakisha kifo) inatambulika kama "hali ya hatari ya shinikizo la juu la damu." Shinikizo la damu vinavyozidi vipimo hivi vinaonyesha hali kubwa ya hatari ya ugonjwa huu. Watu wenye viwango hivi vya shinikizo la damu wanaweza wasiwe na dalili zozote, ila wanaweza kulalamika kuumwa kwa kichwa (asilimia 22% ya wagonjwa)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Papadopoulos DP, Mourouzis I, Thomopoulos C, Makris T, Papademetriou V |title=Hypertension crisis |journal=Blood Press. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=328–36 |year=2010 |month=December |pmid=20504242 |doi=10.3109/08037051.2010.488052 |url=}}</ref> na kuwa na kizunguzungu kuliko watu wa kawaida.<ref name=Fisher2005/> Dalili zingine za hali ya hatari ya shinikizo la damu ni kutoona vizuri au kutopumua vizuri kwa sababu moyo haufanyi kazi vizuri au kutojisikia vizuri [[uchovu]] kwa sababu mafigo yanashindwa kufanya kazi.<ref name="ABC" /> Watu wengi wenye hali ya hatari ya shinikizo la damu wanatambulika kuwa na msukumo mkubwa wa damu, lakini vichocheo vingine vinaweza kuongezea msukumo.<ref name=Marik2007>{{cite journal |author=Marik PE, Varon J |title=Hypertensive crises: challenges and management |journal=Chest |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1949–62 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17565029 |doi=10.1378/chest.06-2490 |url=http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/131/6/1949.long |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2012-12-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204174126/http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/131/6/1949.long |dead-url=yes }}</ref> "Shinikizo la damu la ghafla", zamani ilikuwa inajulikana kama "shinikizo la damu inayodhuru", hutokea ikiwa kuna ithibati ya madhara yanayotokea katika ogani za mwili kwa sababu ya shinikizo la juu la damu. Madhara haya yanaweza kuwa [[hypertensive encephalopathy]] au shinikizo kichwani, inasababishwa na uvimbe wa ubongo na kutofanya kazi vizuri, na husababisha kichwa kuumwa na [[kupoteza fahamu]] (kuchanganyikiwa au kusinzia). Retinal [[papilloedema]] and fundal [[kuvuja damu kutokana na mpasuko wa mishipa midogo ya macho]] na [[kutoa usaha au maji]] ni dalili nyingine ya madhara ya ogani. [[Maumivu ya kifua]] yanaweza kuwa ni dalili ya uharibifu wa misuli ya moyo (ambayo baadaye yanaleta [[upungufu wa damu kati ya misuli ya moyo]]) au wakati mwingine [[ukuta wa ndani wa aorta huchanika na damu]], kuchanika kwa ukuta wa mshipa mkuu uitwao [[aota/mkole]]. Kukosa pumzi, kukohoa, na kukohoa makohozi yenye damu ni dalili ya [[pulmonary edema au mapafu kujaa maji]]. Hali hii inaleta uvimbe wa seli za mapafu unaosababishwa na [[udhaifu wa upande wa kushoto wa moyo]], na uwezo mdogo wa [[upande wa kushoto]] wa moyo kusukuma damu kutoka kwenye mapafu hadi mishipa ya damu.<ref name=Marik2007/> Figo kupoteza uwezo wake wa kufanya kazi upesi (figo kushindwa kufanya kazi kwa ghafla) na [[microangiopathic hemolytic anemia au upungufu wa damu]] (uharibifu wa seli za damu) unaweza kutokea.<ref name=Marik2007/> Katika hali hizi, shinikizo la chini la damu ni muhimu ili kupunguza madhara ya ogani.<ref name=Marik2007/> Kwa upande mwingine, hakuna ushahidi unaonyesha kuwa shinikizo la damu linatakiwa kupunguzwa kwa kasi wakati wa matatizo ya dharura ya shinikizo la juu la damu iwapo kuna ogani iliyoathirika. Upunguzaji wa ghafla wa shinikizo la damu unaweza kuwa ni hatari.<ref name="ABC" /> Matumizi ya dawa ya kushusha shinikizo la damu hatua kwa hatua zaidi ya masaa 24 hadi 48 yanapendekezwa wakati wa dharura inayotokana na shinikizo la juu la damu.<ref name=Marik2007/> ===Ujauzito=== Shinikizo juu la damu hutokea takriban 8-10% za ujauzito. Wanawake karibu wote wenye shinikizo juu la damu wakiwa na mimba walikwishaumwa na shinikizio la damu la kawaida. Hali hiyo ikitokea katika ujaa uzito ni dalili ya kwanza ya kifafa cha mimba kabla hakijashikika kabisa. Maradhi hayo hutokea katika muda wa pili wa ujaa uzito na majuma machache baada ya kujifungua. Uaguzi wa maradhi hayo ni pamoja na shinikizo la damu kuongezeka na dalili za protini ndani ya mkojo. Maradhi hayo hutokea takribin 5% ya ujaa uzito yakisababisha takribin 16% ya vifo vya wenye ujaa uzito. Hatari ya kifo cha mtoto inaongezeka maradufu kutokana na maradhi hayo dunia nzima. Kwa kawaida hakuna dalili maalum za kifafa cha mimba kabla hakijashikika kabisa hugunduliwa na uchujaji wa kawaida. Zinapotokea dalili za maradhi hayo hizo ndizo ni kuumwa kichwani, taabu za kuona vizuri (mwanga wa kumulika ghafla) kutapika, maumivu ya epigastriumu na kuvimba. Kifafaa cha mimba kabla hakijashikika kabisa wakati mwingine inaweza kuletea hali inayotisha maisha inayoitwa kifafa cha mimba. Kifafa cha mimba kinaleta hali ya dharura ya shinikizo la damu inayotatiza sana. Matatizo hayo ni pamoja na upofu, kuvimba kwa ubongo, utendaji wa kiklonasi ulio katika hali ya kukazika au kuvutika na kutia kifafa, kuharibika kwa mafigo, edema ya mapafu, disseminated intravascular coagulation (kutoganda vizuri kwa damu). Shinikizo juu ya damu ikiathiri uja uzito: Dawa Ukunga na Elimuuzazi:<ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/261435-overview title=Hypertension and Pregnancy author=Gibson, Paul coauthors= date=July 30 2009 work=eMedicine Obstetrics and Gynecology publisher=Medscape pages= accessdate=2009-06=16}</ref> ===Watoto wadogo na wachanga=== Kushindwa kustawi, kutiliwa kifafa, usumbufu, uchovu/kukosa nguvu, hali inayorudiarudia ya kudhikisha kwa mapofu kushindwa kuhema vizuri Shinikizo Juu la Damu: <ref>eMedicine Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine” url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-overview title=Hypertension author=Rodriguez-Cruz, Edwin coauthorsw=Ettinger, Leigh M date=April 6, 2010 wor4k=eMedicine Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine publisher=Medscape pages= accessdate=2009-06-16}</ref> can be associated with hypertension in neonates and young infants. Kuhusu watoto wachanga ambao wameshahitimu umri zaidi pamoja na wana, shinikizo la juu la damu linaweza kuumiza kichwa, usumbufu usioelezeka, uchovu (uchovu wa kiganga), kushindwa kustawi, macho kutiliwa kiwi, kutokwa na damu puani, hatimaye kiharusi uso kupoozwa baadaye. <ref>Name=Dionne ref name=”urlHpertension: eMedicine Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine.</ref> ===Kuzidi kwa ukali wa shinikizo la juu la damu=== Shinikizo la juu la damu linachangia vifo vya watoto wachanga kuliko athari nyingine, nalo linaweza kupatiwa kinga.<ref>{{cite web|title= Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks.|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf|work=World Health Organization|year=2009|accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> It increases the risk of [[ischemic heart disease]]<ref name=pmid12493255>{{cite journal |author=Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R |title=Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9349 |pages=1903–13 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12493255 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-12-14_360_9349/page/n13}}</ref> [[strokes]],<ref name="ABC" /> [[peripheral vascular disease]],<ref name="pmid18375152">{{cite journal |author=Singer DR, Kite A |title=Management of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease: does the choice of drugs matter? |journal=European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=701–8 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18375152 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.007}}</ref> and other cardiovascular diseases, including [[heart failure]], [[aortic aneurysm]]s, diffuse [[atherosclerosis]], and [[pulmonary embolism]].<ref name="ABC" /> Hypertension is also a risk factor for [[cognitive impairment]], [[dementia]], and [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="ABC" /> Other complications include: *[[Hypertensive retinopathy]] *[[Hypertensive nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid19330604">{{cite journal |author=Zeng C, Villar VA, Yu P, Zhou L, Jose PA |title=Reactive oxygen species and dopamine receptor function in essential hypertension |journal=Clinical and Experimental Hypertension |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=156–78 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19330604 |doi=10.1080/10641960802621283}}</ref> ==Sababu== ===Shinikizo la juu la damu la msingi=== Shinikizo la juu la damu la msingi ni aina inayojulikana zaidi, ikiwa chanzo cha 90-95% za waathirika wa shinikizo la juu la damu<ref name="pmid10645931"/> Takriban katika jamii zote za kisasa shinikizo la damu linapanda juu katika nyakati za kuzeeka.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vasan|first=RS|coauthors=Beiser, A, Seshadri, S, Larson, MG, Kannel, WB, D'Agostino, RB, Levy, D|title=Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2002-02-27_287_8/page/1003|journal=JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association|date=2002 Feb 27|volume=287|issue=8|pages=1003-10|pmid=11866648}}</ref> Shinikizo la juu la damu linatokana katika ushirikiano wa viini-urithi na athari za mazingira. Viini-urithi vingi vya kawaida vikiwa na athari ndogo juu ya shinikizo la damu vimeshatambulika<ref>The International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature 2011; 478: 103–109 doi:10.1038/nature10405</ref> na vilevile vingine vya nadra lakini vyenye athari kubwa katika hilo<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lifton|first=RP|coauthors=Gharavi, AG, Geller, DS|title=Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension.|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2001-02-23_104_4/page/545|journal=Cell|date=2001 Feb 23|volume=104|issue=4|pages=545-56|pmid=11239411}}</ref> lakini shinikizo juu la damu linalotokana na viini-athari halijaeleweka vizuri hadi leo hii. [[Chumvi]] kidogo tu,<ref>{{cite journal|last=He|first=FJ|coauthors=MacGregor, GA|title=A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes.|journal=Journal of human hypertension|date=2009 Jun|volume=23|issue=6|pages=363-84|pmid=19110538}}</ref> matunda na vyakula visivyo na [[mafuta]] mengi (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ([[DASH diet]])), [[mazoezi]],<ref name="ReferenceA">Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Cook JV, Williams B, Ford GA. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2006;24:215-33.</ref> [[weight loss]]<ref name=HaslamJames>{{cite journal |author=Haslam DW, James WP |title=Obesity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-1-7-2005_366_9492/page/1197 |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9492 |pages=1197–209 |year=2005 |pmid=16198769 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1}}</ref> na kutokunywa [[vileo]] sana ni misaada dhidi ya presha kupanda.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, Cutler JA, Havas S, Kotchen TA ''et al.'' | year = 2002 | title = Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program | url = | journal = JAMA | volume = 288 | issue = 15| pages = 1882–8 | doi = 10.1001/jama.288.15.1882 | pmid = 12377087 }}</ref> Jinsi [[uchovu]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[kahawa]],<ref>Mesas AE, Leon-Muñoz LM, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E. The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:1113–26.</ref> na upungufu wa [[vitamini D]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vaidya A, Forman JP |title=Vitamin D and hypertension: current evidence and future directions |journal=Hypertension |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=774–9 |year=2010 |month=November |pmid=20937970 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140160 |url=}}</ref> vinavyochangia presha ya juu haieleweki vizuri. Kinzano dhidi ya [[insulin]] inafikiriwa pia kupandisha presha.<ref name="pmid12364344">{{cite journal |author=Sorof J, Daniels S |title=Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions |journal=Hypertension |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=441–447 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12364344 |doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000032940.33466.12 |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364344 |accessdate=2009-06-03 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205010228/http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364344 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni umedhulumu matukio ya maisha ya watoto wachanga kwa mfano, [[uzito mdogo wa mtoto mchanga]], tabia ya uvutaji sigara ya akina mama, na [[kutowanyonyesha watoto]] kama athari za hatari zinazoumiza watu wazima na shinikizo la damu la kimsingi.<ref name = "Lawlor 2005">{{cite journal|last=Lawlor|first=DA|coauthors=Smith, GD|title=Early life determinants of adult blood pressure.|journal=Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension|date=2005 May|volume=14|issue=3|pages=259-64|pmid=15821420}}</ref> Hata hivyo, mahusiano hayo yanabaki fumbo.<ref name = "Lawlor 2005"/> ===Shinikizo la juu la damu la hatua ya pili=== Shinikizo la juu la damu la hatua ya pili linatokana na chanzo kinachojulikana. Maradhi ya mafigo ni chanzo kinachozidi cha shinikizo la juu la damu hatua ya pili.<ref name="ABC" /> Chanzo kingine cha shinikizo la juu la damu ni hali tofauti za tezi zenye kunyesa ndani kwa ndani kama kwa mfano [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[acromegaly]], [[Conn's syndrome]] or [[hyperaldosteronism]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], and [[pheochromocytoma]].<ref name="ABC" /><ref>Dluhy RG, Williams GH. Endocrine hypertension. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1998:729-49.</ref> Vyanzo vingine vya shinikizo la juu la damu hatua ya pili ni pamoja na [unene], [kushindwa kupumua kunakoleta usingizi wa mang’amung’amu], [kuwa na mimba], [kufinyika kwa aota], ulaji zaidi wa [urukususu] na dawa fulani zilizo halali zikiwa na zile zote zisizo halali pamoja na dawa za kienyeji.<ref name="ABC" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Grossman E, Messerli FH |title=Drug-induced Hypertension: An Unappreciated Cause of Secondary Hypertension |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=14–22 |year=2012 |month=January |pmid=22195528 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.05.024 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2012-01_125_1/page/14}}</ref> ==Pathophysiology== [[Image:Arterial pressure diagram.png|thumb|right|350px|A diagram explaining factors affecting [[arterial pressure]]]] Watu karibu wote wakiumia shinikizo la juu la damu la kimsingi linalowekwa imara, kinzi inayoongezeka kwa utiririko wa damu ([[kinzi kabisa ukingoni]]) inasababisha shinikizo la hali ya juu wakati utiririko wa damu kutoka moyoni unaendelea kama kawaida.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Conway J |title=Hemodynamic aspects of essential hypertension in humans |journal=Physiol. Rev. |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=617–60 |year=1984 |month=April |pmid=6369352 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_1984-04_64_2/page/617}}</ref> Uthibitisho upo kubainisha vijana wengine wanaoumia shinikizo la juu la damu ambalo halijashikana kabisa wana utiririko wa damu kutoka moyoni wa kiwango cha juu, pigo linalozidi kawaida la moyo na kinzi ya kawaida ukingoni (hyperkinetic borderline hypertension).<ref name = Palatini>{{cite journal |author=Palatini P, Julius S |title=The role of cardiac autonomic function in hypertension and cardiovascular disease |journal=Curr. Hypertens. Rep. |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=199–205 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19442329 |doi= |url=}}</ref> These individuals develop typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral resistance rises with age.<ref name = Palatini /> Whether this pattern is typical of all people who ultimately develop hypertension is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andersson OK, Lingman M, Himmelmann A, Sivertsson R, Widgren BR |title=Prediction of future hypertension by casual blood pressure or invasive hemodynamics? A 30-year follow-up study |journal=Blood Press. |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=350–4 |year=2004 |pmid=15771219 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and arterioles.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Folkow B |title=Physiological aspects of primary hypertension |journal=Physiol. Rev. |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=347–504 |year=1982 |month=April |pmid=6461865 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_1982-04_62_2/page/n2}}</ref> Reduction in number or density of capillaries may also contribute to peripheral resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Struijker Boudier HA, le Noble JL, Messing MW, Huijberts MS, le Noble FA, van Essen H |title=The microcirculation and hypertension |journal=J Hypertens Suppl |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=S147–56 |year=1992 |month=December |pmid=1291649 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Shinikizo juu la damu pia linahusika na ukosefu wa ujikunjaji wa mishipa iliyoko ukingoni,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Safar ME, London GM |title=Arterial and venous compliance in sustained essential hypertension |journal=Hypertension |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=133–9 |year=1987 |month=August |pmid=3301662 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypertension_1987-08_10_2/page/133}}</ref> which may increase return of blood to the heart, increase cardiac [[Preload (cardiology)|preload]], and ultimately cause [[diastolic dysfunction]]. Ikiwa kuongezeka kwa finyo linaloendelea la mishipa ya damu huchangia shinikizo la juu la damu la kimsingi linalowekwa imara hakujathibitishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schiffrin EL |title=Reactivity of small blood vessels in hypertension: relation with structural changes. State of the art lecture |journal=Hypertension |volume=19 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=II1-9 year=1992 month=February pmid=1735561 doi= }</ref> [[Pulse pressure]] (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension. This situation can involve systolic pressure that is abnormally high, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low. This condition is called [[isolated systolic hypertension]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chobanian AV |title=Clinical practice. Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=357 |issue=8 |pages=789–96 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17715411 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp071137 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2007-08-23_357_8/page/788}}</ref> High pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased [[arterial stiffness]], which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA |title=Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=932–43 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15731494 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000160548.78317.29 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arteriosclerosis-thrombosis-and-vascular-biology_2005-05_25_5/page/932}}</ref> Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for rise in resistance seen within arterial system in hypertension. Most evidence implicates one or both of these causes: * Disturbances in renal salt and water handling, particularly abnormalities of intrarenal [[renin-angiotensin system]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Navar LG |title=Counterpoint: Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system is the dominant contributor to systemic hypertension |journal=J. Appl. Physiol. |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=1998–2000; discussion 2015 |year=2010 |month=December |pmid=21148349 |pmc=3006411 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00182.2010a |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_2010-12_109_6/page/1998}}</ref> * Abnormalities of [[sympathetic nervous system]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Esler M, Lambert E, Schlaich M |title=Point: Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system is the dominant contributor to systemic hypertension |journal=J. Appl. Physiol. |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=1996–8; discussion 2016 |year=2010 |month=December |pmid=20185633 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00182.2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_2010-12_109_6/page/1996}}</ref> These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension. Limedokezwa kuwa kutofanya vizuri kwa kuta za ndani za mishipa ya damu pamoja na inflamesheni ya mishipa huenda inachangia kinzi inayoongezeka ukingoni pamoja na kuharibika kwa mishipa<ref>{{cite journal |author=Versari D, Daghini E, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S |title=Endothelium-dependent contractions and endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension |journal=Br. J. Pharmacol. |volume=157 |issue=4 |pages=527–36 |year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19630832 |pmc=2707964 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00240.x |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Marchesi C, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL |title=Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular inflammation |journal=Trends Pharmacol. Sci. |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=367–74 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18579222 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.003 |url=}}</ref> == Utambuzi == {| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left: 15px; text-align: center" |- |+ Mfano vipimo kutumbukiza katika shinikizo la damu ! Mfumo ! Majaribio |- | [[mfumo mkojo ya figo]] | [[Urinalysis Microscopic urinalysis]], [[proteinuria]], serum bun [[blood urea nitrogen BUN]] <small> ([[damu urea nitrojeni]]) </small> na /au [[creatinine]] |- | [[Endokrini mfumo Endokrini]] | Serum [[sodiamu]], [[potasiamu]], [[calcium]], [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|TSH]] <small> ([[thyroid-stimulating hormone]]) </small>. |- | [[Umetaboli]] | [[kufunga damu glucose]], cholesterol jumla, [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]] na [[LDL]] cholesterol, [[triglycerides]] |- | Wengine | [[Hematocrit]], [[electrocardiogram]], na [[radiograph kifua]] |- | colspan=2 | Vyanzo: ''Harrison's ya kanuni ya dawa za ndani''<ref name="isbn0-07-147691-1">{{cite book |author=Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. |editor= |others= |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |edition= |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-07-147691-1 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip0000unse_b7u9|accessdate=}}</ref> ''others''<ref name="pmid19417858">{{cite journal |author=Padwal RS |title=The 2009 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1 – blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=279–86 |year=2009 |month=May |pmid=19417858 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(09)70491-X|url= |pmc=2707176 |author-separator=, |author2=Hemmelgarn BR |author3=Khan NA |display-authors=3 |last4=Grover |first4=S |last5=McKay |first5=DW |last6=Wilson |first6=T |last7=Penner |first7=B |last8=Burgess |first8=E |last9=McAlister |first9=FA}}</ref><ref name="pmid18548142">{{cite journal |author=Padwal RJ |title=The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1 – blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=455–63 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18548142 |pmc=2643189 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70619-6|url= |author-separator=, |author2=Hemmelgarn BR |author3=Khan NA |display-authors=3 |last4=Grover |first4=S |last5=McAlister |first5=FA |last6=McKay |first6=DW |last7=Wilson |first7=T |last8=Penner |first8=B |last9=Burgess |first9=E}}</ref><ref name="pmid17534459">{{cite journal |author=Padwal RS |title=The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1 – blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=529–38 |year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17534459 |pmc=2650756 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70797-3|url= |author-separator=, |author2=Hemmelgarn BR |author3=McAlister FA |display-authors=3 |last4=McKay |first4=DW |last5=Grover |first5=S |last6=Wilson |first6=T |last7=Penner |first7=B |last8=Burgess |first8=E |last9=Bolli |first9=P}}</ref><ref name="pmid16755312">{{cite journal |author=Hemmelgarn BR |title=The 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part I – Blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=573–81 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16755312 |pmc=2560864 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(06)70279-3|url= |author-separator=, |author2=McAlister FA |author3=Grover S |display-authors=3 |last4=Myers |first4=MG |last5=McKay |first5=DW |last6=Bolli |first6=P |last7=Abbott |first7=C |last8=Schiffrin |first8=EL |last9=Honos |first9=G}}</ref><ref name="pmid16003448">{{cite journal |author=Hemmelgarn BR |title=The 2005 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 1- blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=645–56 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=16003448 |doi= |url= |author-separator=, |author2=McAllister FA |author3=Myers MG |display-authors=3 |last4=McKay |first4=DW |last5=Bolli |first5=P |last6=Abbott |first6=C |last7=Schiffrin |first7=EL |last8=Grover |first8=S |last9=Honos |first9=G}}</ref> |} Shinikizo la damu ni kupatikana wakati mgonjwa ana vinavyoendelea shinikizo la damu. Kijadi,<ref name="NICE127 full"/> utambuzi unahitaji vipimo vitatu vya sphygmomanometer tofauti kwa vipindi vya mwezi mmoja.<ref>{{cite book |author=North of England Hypertension Guideline Development Group |chapter=Frequency of measurements |page=53 |title=Essential hypertension (NICE CG18) |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] |date=1 August 2004 |url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/index.jsp?action=download&o=48384 |accessdate=2011-12-22 |archive-date=2012-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714085714/http://guidance.nice.org.uk/index.jsp?action=download&o=48384 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ya awali ya ukaguzi ya wagonjwa la damu ni pamoja na historia na uchunguzi wa kimwili [[Medical history|history]] na [[physical examination]]. Pamoja na Upatikanaji wa saa 24 [[ambulatory wachunguzi wa shinikizo la damu]] mashine ya damu nyumbani shinikizo, muhimu wa kuepuka utambuzi sahihi ya wagonjwa na shinikizo la damu kanzu nyeupe imesababisha mabadiliko katika itifaki. Katika Uingereza, sasa ni bora kufuatilia moja alimfufua kliniki ya kusoma na kipimo ambulatory. Kufuatilia pia inaweza kufanyika, lakini chini ya walau, na nyumbani ufuatiliaji shinikizo la damu katika kipindi cha siku saba.<ref name="NICE127 full">{{cite book |author=National Clinical Guideline Centre |title=Hypertension (NICE CG 127) |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] |chapter=7 Diagnosis of Hypertension, 7.5 Link from evidence to recommendations |page=102 |date=August 2011 |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13561/56007/56007.pdf |accessdate=2011-12-22 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014309/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13561/56007/56007.pdf |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014309/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13561/56007/56007.pdf }}</ref> Mara baada ya uchunguzi wa shinikizo la damu yamepatikana, madaktari kujaribu kubaini sababu ya msingi juu ya hatari na dalili nyingine, kama sasa. [[shinikizo la damu sekondari]] ni ya kawaida zaidi kwa watoto karibisha kijani na kesi nyingi husababiswa na ugonjwa wa figo [[renal disease]]. Msingi au shinikizo la damu ni muhimu zaidi ya kawaida katika Vijana na ina hatari nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na hatima na historia ya familia ya shinikizo la damu.<ref name="pmid16719248">{{cite journal | author = Luma GB, Spiotta RT | title = Hypertension in children and adolescents | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2006-05-01_73_9/page/n79 | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 73 | issue = 9 | pages = 1558–68 | month = may | year = 2006 | pmid = 16719248}}</ref> Vipimo vya maabara pia kuwa walifanya kubainisha sababu ya uwezekano wa shinikizo la damu ya sekondari, na kuamua kama shinikizo la damu unaosababisha uharibifu wa moyo, macho, na mafigo. Vipimo vya ziada kama ajali ya ugonjwa wa[[kisukari]] na Viwango vya juu vya cholesterol ni kutumbukiza kwa sababu hizi ni hali ya hatari kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya [[ugonjwa wa moyo]] na kuhitaji matibabu.<ref name="pmid10645931"/> Creatinine [[Serum]] ni kipimo cha kupima kwa uwepo wa ugonjwa wa figo, ambao unaweza kuwa ama sababu au matokeo ya shinikizo la damu. Serum creatinine peke inaweza kuza thamani [[kiwango ya glomerular filtration]]. Miongozo ya hivi karibuni kutetea matumizi ya mamlinganyo uingizaji kama vile [[Muundo wa mpangilio wa chakula katika formula figo Magonjwa]] (MDRD) na makisio ya kiwango cha glomerular filtration (eGFR). <ref name = JNC7 /> eGFR pia yanaweza kutoa kipimo msingi ya kazi ya figo ambayo yanaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya kufuatilia madhara ya dawa kadhaa antihypertensive juu ya kazi ya figo. Upimaji wa sampuli za mkojo kwa ajili ya [[proteinuria|protini]] kutumika kama kiashiria cha sekondari ya ugonjwa wa figo. [[Electrocardiogram]] (EKG/ECG) ni kufanyika kwa kuangalia kwa ushahidi kwamba moyo upo katika matatizo kutokana na shinikizo la damu. Inaweza pia kuonyesha kugandamana kwa misuli ya moyo ([[kushoto ventrikali hypertrophy]]) au kama moyo una uzoefu kabla madogo ya usumbufu kama vile mashambulizi ya kimya moyo. [[Kifua X-ray]] au [[echocardiogram]] pia inaweza kufanywa kwa kuangalia kwa ishara ya moyo utvidgningen au uharibifu wa moyo. <ref name="ABC" /> ==Kinga== Idadi ya watu ambao wanashinikiza la juu la damu ni kubwa japo hawatambui.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=B|coauthors=Poulter, NR, Brown, MJ, Davis, M, McInnes, GT, Potter, JF, Sever, PS, McG Thom, S, British Hypertension, Society|title=Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV.|journal=Journal of human hypertension date=2004 Mar|volume=18|issue=3|pages=139-85|pmid=14973512}}</ref> Hutua ya kushughulikia idadi ya watu wote wanaotakiwa kupunguza madhara ya shinikizo la damu na kupunguza haja ya tiba ya antihypertensive dawa za kulevya. Mabadiliko ya maisha Ilipendekeza kuwa shinikizo la damu liwe chini, kabla ya kuanza dawa za tiba. 2004 Uingereza shinikizo la damu Society la miongozo<ref name="ReferenceB"/> mapendekezo ya mabadiliko ya maisha yafuatayo sambamba na miongozo ilivyoainishwa na Marekani ya taifa ya mipango ya High BP elimu ya mwaka 2002<ref>{{cite journal | author = Whelton PK ''et al.'' | year = 2002 | title = Primary prevention of hypertension. Clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program | url = | journal = JAMA | volume = 288 | issue = 15| pages = 1882–1888 | doi = 10.1001/jama.288.15.1882 | pmid = 12377087 }}</ref> kwa ajili ya kuzuia msingi wa shinikizo la damu ni kama ifuatavyo: * Kudumisha kawaida uzito wa mwili (kwa mfano. mwili molekuli index 20–25&nbsp;kg/m²). * Kupunguza malazi sodium ujali kwa mmol <100&nbsp; mmol/ siku (<6 g ya kloridi sodium au<2.4 g ya sodium kwa siku). * Kushiriki katika shughuli za mara kwa mara aerobic kimwili kama vile kutembea upesi (≥30 min kwa siku, wengi siku za juma). * Punguza pombe kwa vitengo visivyozidi 3 units/ kwa siku kwa wanaume na vitengo visivyozidi 2 units/ kwa siku kwa wanawake. * Hutumia lishe lenye matunda na mbonga (kwa mfano, angalau tano sehemu kwa siku). Mabadiliko mwafaka ya mtindo wa maisha yanaweza kupunguza shinikizo la damu kama ilivyo kwa dawa ya mtu binafsi ya antihypertensive na kupata matokeo bora zaidi. <ref name="ReferenceB"/> ==Udhibiti== ===Mabadiliko katika mtindo wa maisha === Aina ya kwanza ya matibabu ya shinikizo la damu ni inafanana na mabadiliko ya mtindo wa maisha yaliyopendekezwa,<ref name="npsppr">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/prescribing_practice_review/current/prescribing_practice_review_52 |title=NPS Prescribing Practice Review 52: Treating hypertension |date=September 1, 2010 |publisher=NPS Medicines Wise |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |archivedate=2013-06-26 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HefAmPDs?url=http://www.nps.org.au/publications/health-professional/prescribing-practice-review }}</ref> na ni pamoja na mabadiliko ya malazi<ref>{{cite journal|last=Siebenhofer|first=A|coauthors=Jeitler, K, Berghold, A, Waltering, A, Hemkens, LG, Semlitsch, T, Pachler, C, Strametz, R, Horvath, K|title=Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in hypertensive patients journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-09-07|volume=9|pages=CD008274|pmid=21901719|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub2|editor1-last=Siebenhofer|editor1-first=Andrea}}</ref> physical exercise, and weight loss. Mazoezi ya viungo, na kupunguza uzito. Mabadiliko haya yote yameonekana kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa shinikizo la damu<ref>{{cite journal |author=Blumenthal JA |title=Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=126–35 |year=2010 |month=January |pmid=20101007 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.470 |url= |author-separator=, |author2=Babyak MA |author3=Hinderliter A |display-authors=3 |last4=Watkins |first4=L. L. |last5=Craighead |first5=L. |last6=Lin |first6=P.-H. |last7=Caccia |first7=C. |last8=Johnson |first8=J. |last9=Waugh |first9=R.}}</ref> kama shinikizo la damu ni ya juu kiasi cha kuhalalisha matumizi ya haraka ya dawa, mabadiliko ya maisha bado yanapendekezwa.. Mipango mbalimbali iliyoundwa na kupunguza dhiki ya kisaikolojia [[biofeedback]], ulegezaji, au kutafakari hutangazwa ili kupunguza shinikizo la damu. Hata hivyo, tafiti za kisayansi, kwa ujumlahazina usaidi wala ufanisi wao, kwa sababu masomo kwa ujumla ya ubora wa chini.<ref name="pmid19822104">{{cite journal |author=Greenhalgh J, Dickson R, Dundar Y |title=The effects of biofeedback for the treatment of essential hypertension: a systematic review |journal=Health Technol Assess |volume=13 |issue=46 |pages=1–104 |year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19822104 |doi=10.3310/hta13460 |url= |doi_brokendate=2010-08-21}}</ref><ref name="pmid18350109">{{cite journal |author=Rainforth MV, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Gaylord-King C, Salerno JW, Anderson JW |title=Stress Reduction Programs in Patients with Elevated Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Curr. Hypertens. Rep. |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=520–8 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18350109 |pmc=2268875 |doi= 10.1007/s11906-007-0094-3|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ospina MB |title=Meditation practices for health: state of the research |journal=Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) |volume= |issue=155 |pages=1–263 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17764203 |doi= |url= |author-separator=, |author2=Bond K |author3=Karkhaneh M |display-authors=3 |last4=Tjosvold |first4=L |last5=Vandermeer |first5=B |last6=Liang |first6=Y |last7=Bialy |first7=L |last8=Hooton |first8=N |last9=Buscemi |first9=N}}</ref> Malazi na mabadiliko kama vile chakula [[cha chini sodiamu]] ni faida. Muda mrefu ( zaidi ya wiki 4) chini -sodiamu chakula katika [[Caucasian, race Caucasians]] ni bora katika kupunguza shinikizo la damu, kwa watu na shinikizo la damu na kwa watu wenye shinikizo la damu ya kawaida.<ref name=cochrane2008>{{cite journal|last=He|first=FJ|coauthors=MacGregor, GA|title=Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2004|issue=3|pages=CD004937|pmid=15266549|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004937/frame.html}}</ref> pia, chakula [[DASH diet]], lishe lenye karanga, nafaka, samaki, kuku, matunda, na mboga, ambayo husaidia kukuza moyo na [[Taifa , Mpafu, na damu Taasisi]], punguza shinikizo la damu. Kipengele kikubwa cha mpango wa [[sodiamu]], ingawa mlo pia ni tajiri [[potassiamu]], [[magnesiamu]], [[calcium]], na [[protini]].<ref name="dashguide">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf|title=Your Guide To Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> ===Dawa=== Madarasa kadhaa ya dawa, pamoja inajulikana kama [[antihypertensive madawa]] ya kulevya s, sasa zipo kwa ajili ya kutibu shinikizo la damu. Mtu hatari wa moyo na mishipa ( ikiwa ni pamoja na hatari ya infarction myocardial na kiharusi) na masomo ya shinikizo la damu ni kuchukuliwa wakati maagizo madawa ya kulevya.<ref name=nps01>{{cite journal |url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/4/108/12 |title=Drug treatment of elevated blood pressure |author=Nelson, Mark |journal=Australian Prescriber |issue=33 |pages=108–112 |accessdate=August 11, 2010}}</ref> Ikiwa matibabu ya madawa ya kulevya ni ikianzishwa,Moyo ya taifa,Mapafu,na damu Taasisi ya saba ya pamoja ya kamati ya taifa ya juu ya shinizo la damu (JNC-7)<ref name = JNC7>{{cite journal |author=Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, ''et al.'' |title=Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure |journal=Hypertension |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1206–52 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14656957 |doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2 |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/42/6/1206.long}}</ref> Inapendezeka kwamba kufuatilia daktari kwa ajili ya Kukabiliana na matibabu kwa ajili ya kutathmini na athari yoyote mbaya kutokana na dawa. Kupunguza [[shinikizo la damu]] na 5&nbsp;mmHg inaweza kupunguza hatari ya kiharusi kwa 34% na hatari ya[[ungonjwa wa moyo ischemic]] kwa 21%. Shinikizo la damu kupunguza pia husaidia kupunguza uwezekano wa [[shida ya akili]], [[moyo kushindwa]], na [[vifo]] kutokana na [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Law M, Wald N, Morris J |title=Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy |journal=Health Technol Assess |volume=7 |issue=31 |pages=1–94 |year=2003 |pmid=14604498 |url=http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon731.pdf |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2011-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304150457/http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon731.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Lengo la matibabu ya lazima ya kupunguza shinikizo la damu na chini ya 140/90&nbsp;mmHg kwa ajili ya watu wengi, na chini kwa kale wenye ugonjwa wa kisukari au ugonjwa wa figo. Baadhi ya wataalamu wa afya kupendekeza kuweka Viwango vya chini 120/80&nbsp;mmHg.<ref name=nps01 /><ref>{{cite web|first=Gina |last=Shaw |url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/73/88927.htm |title=Prehypertension: Early-stage High Blood Pressure |publisher=WebMD |date=2009-03-07 |accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> Kama lengo shinikizo la damu si alikutana,matibabu zaidi inahitajika.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000200702.76436.4b|url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/3/345|title=Therapeutic Inertia Is an Impediment to Achieving the Healthy People 2010 Blood Pressure Control Goals|author=Eni C. Okonofua; Kit N. Simpson; Ammar Jesri; Shakaib U. Rehman; Valerie L. Durkalski; Brent M. Egan|journal=Hypertension|volume=47|issue=2006;47:345|pages=345–51|date=January 23, 2006|accessdate=2009-11-22|pmid=16432045}}</ref> Miongozo juu ya uchaguzi wa dawa na jinsi ya kuamua bora kwa ajili ya matibabu subgroups mbalimbali vilivyobadilika na tofauti kati ya nchi. Wataalamu wala kukubaliana kuhusu dawa bora.<ref name=Compare10>{{cite journal|last=Klarenbach|first=SW|coauthors=McAlister, FA, Johansen, H, Tu, K, Hazel, M, Walker, R, Zarnke, KB, Campbell, NR, Canadian Hypertension Education, Program|title=Identification of factors driving differences in cost effectiveness of first-line pharmacological therapy for uncomplicated hypertension. journal=The Canadian journal of cardiology|date=2010 May|volume=26|issue=5|pages=e158-63|pmid=20485695}}</ref> The [[Kushirikiana Cochrane]], [[Shirila la Afya ya Duniani]], na Umoja wa Mataifa kusaidi miomgozo ya chini -dozi [[Thiazide|thiazide-makao diuretic]] kama matibabu ina penda zaidi ya awali.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wright JM, Musini VM |title=First-line drugs for hypertension |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD001841 |year=2009 |pmid=19588327 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub2 |url= |editor1-last=Wright |editor1-first=James M}}</ref><ref name=Compare10/> Uingereza Miongozo kusisitiza [[calcium channel blocker]]s (CCB) kwa ajili ya watu zaidi ya umri wa miaka 55 au ya Afrika au Caribbean asili ya familia. Miongozo kupendekeza [[angiotensin-kuwabadili enzyme kiviza]]s (ACEI)s kama matibabu ina penda zaidi ya awali kwa ajili ya watu wadogo.<ref name="NICE127-drug"/> katika Japan, kwa kunzia na mtu yeyote wa Madarasa sita ya dawa ikiwa ni pamoja na : CCB, ACEI/ARB, thiazide diuretics, [[beta blockers]], na [[blockers alpha]] ni aliona nafuu. Katika Canada, yote ya dawa hizi isopokuwa alpha blockers- ni Ilipendekeza kama inawezekana chaguzi ya kwanza. <ref name=Compare10/> ====Madawa ya mchanganyiko==== Watu wengi wanahitaji zaidi ya moja ya madawa ya kudhibiti shinikizo la damu zao. JNC7<ref name = JNC7/> and ESH-ESC guidelines<ref name=ESH-ESC /> Wakili kuanza matibabu ya madawa ya mbili wakati shinikizo la damu ni zaidi ya 20&nbsp; mmHg hapo juu systolic au zaidi ya 10&nbsp; mmHg juu ya malengo ya diastolic. Michanganyiko ya ku penda zaidi ni rennin-angiotensin na Kalsium channel blockers, au inhibitors renin–angiotensin na diuretics.<ref name = sever>{{cite journal |author=Sever PS, Messerli FH |title=Hypertension management 2011: optimal combination therapy |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=32 |issue=20 |pages=2499–506 |year=2011 |month=October |pmid=21697169 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehr177 |url=}}</ref> Michanganyiko kukubalika ni pamoja na yafuatayo: * Calcium channel blockers na diuretics * Beta blockers na diuretics * Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers na beta blockers * Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers na ama verapamil or diltiazem Michanganyiko haikubaliki ni kama ifuatavyo: * Yasiyo ya calcium blockers (kama vile verapamil au diltiazem) na beta blockers * Dual renin–angiotensin mfumo blockade (Kwa mfano, angiotensin kuwabadili enzyme kiviza + angiotensin receptor blocker) * Renin–angiotensin mfumo blockers na beta blockers * Beta blockers na madawa ya anti-adrenergic. <ref name = sever /> Kuepuka michanganyiko ya kiviza ACE inhibitor au angiotensin II adui receptor antagonist, a diuretic, na [[NSAID]] ( Ikiwa pamoja na kuchangua COX-2 inhibitors na madawa ya kulevya nonprescribed kama vile ibuprofen) kila inapowezekana kutokana na hatari kubwa ya kushindwa kwa figo papo hapo. Mchanganyiko inajulikana simo kama “whammy triple” katika maandiko ya Australia ya Afya. <ref name="npsppr" /> Vidonge vyenye mchanganyiko za kudumu wa Madarasa mawili ya dawa za kutosha. Wakati wao ni rahisi, wao ni bora akiba kwa ajili ya watu ambao ni amara katika vipengele mtu binafsi. <ref>{{cite book |title=British National Formulary |volume=No. 62 |date=September 2011 |chapter=2.5.5.1 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors |chapterurl=http://bnf.org/bnf/bnf/current/2578.htm |accessdate=2011-12-22 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223201747/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ===Wazee=== Kutibu wastani kwa presha kali itapungua vifo na athari upande wa moyo na mishipa katika watu wenye umri wa miaka 60 na kuendelea.<ref name=Cochrane09/> Katika watu zaidi ya miaka 80 na umri wa tiba haionekani kwa kiasi kikubwa kupunguza vifo vya jumla lakini kupunguza hatari ya ungonjwa wa moyo.<ref name=Cochrane09>{{cite journal |author=Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Wright JM |title=Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD000028 |year=2009 |pmid=19821263 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub2 |url= |editor1-last=Musini |editor1-first=Vijaya M}}</ref> Ilipendekeza shinikizo la damu lengo ni chini ya 140/90&nbsp;mm Hg na [[thiazide diuretic]]s ya kuwa dawa yaku penda zaidi katika Amerika.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, ''et al.'' |title=ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus documents developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Neurology, American Geriatrics Society, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Association of Black Cardiologists, and European Society of Hypertension |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=57 |issue=20 |pages=2037–114 |year=2011 |month=May |pmid=21524875 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.008 |url=}}</ref> Katika mwongozo mpya Uingereza, [[Kalsiamu-channel blocker]]s ya matibabu ina penda zaidi na masomo kliniki lengo la chini ya 150/90&nbsp;mmHg, au chini ya 145/85&nbsp;mmHg juu ya ufuatiliaji ambulatory au nyumbani shinikizo la damu.<ref name="NICE127-drug">{{cite web |author=National Institute Clinical Excellence |title=1.5 Initiating and monitoring antihypertensive drug treatment, including blood pressure targets |work=GC127 Hypertension: Clinical management of primary hypertension in adults |url=http://publications.nice.org.uk/hypertension-cg127/guidance#initiating-and-monitoring-antihypertensive-drug-treatment-including-blood-pressure-targets-2 |date=August 2011 |accessdate=2011-12-23 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HefEbMNE?url=http://publications.nice.org.uk/hypertension-cg127/guidance#initiating-and-monitoring-antihypertensive-drug-treatment-including-blood-pressure-targets-2 |archivedate=2013-06-26 }}</ref> ===Shinikizo sugu la damu=== Shinikizo sugu la damu ni shinikizo la damu kwamba bado hapo juu lengo shinikizo la damu licha ya matumizi ya mawakala wa tatu antihypertensive mali ya madaraja mbalimbali ya madawa ya kulevya antihypertensive wote mara moja. Miongozo kwa ajili ya kutibu shinikizo la damu sugu yamechapishwa katika Uingereza<ref name="NICE-BP">{{cite web |title=CG34 Hypertension - quick reference guide |publisher=[[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] |date=28 June 2006 |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg034quickrefguide.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-03-04 |archivedate=2009-03-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313072133/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg034quickrefguide.pdf |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313072133/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg034quickrefguide.pdf }}</ref> and the US.<ref name="pmid18391085">{{cite journal |author=Calhoun DA |title=Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypertension_2008-06_51_6/page/1403 |journal=Hypertension |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1403–19 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18391085 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.189141 |author-separator=, |author2=Jones D |author3=Textor S |display-authors=3 |last4=Goff |first4=D. C. |last5=Murphy |first5=T. P. |last6=Toto |first6=R. D. |last7=White |first7=A. |last8=Cushman |first8=W. C. |last9=White |first9=W.}}</ref> ==Uenezi== Mwaka [[2015]] takriban 16-37% ya idadi ya watu wazima wa dunia, walikuwa na shinikizo la juu la damu.<ref name="pmid15652604">{{cite journal |author=Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J |title=Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=365 |issue=9455 |pages=217–23 |year=2005 |pmid=15652604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17741-1}}</ref> Ilikuwa ni kawaida katika nchi zote: zilizoendelea (333 milioni) na zisizostawi (639 milioni).<ref name="pmid15652604"/> Hata hivyo, viwango hutofautiana vikubwa katika mikoa mbalimbali kwa viwango vya chini kama 3.4% (wanaume) na 6.8% (wanawake) katika maeneo ya vijijini [[India]] na kama 68.9% ( wanaume) na 72.5% (wanawake) katika [[Polandi]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J |title=Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic review |journal=J. Hypertens. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=11–9 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=15106785 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Mwaka 1995 ilikadiriwa kuwa milioni 43 watu Marekani walikuwa na shinikizo la juu la damu au walikuwa wakitumia dawa ya kulipunguza. [[Takwimu]] hiyo inawakilisha karibu 24% ya idadi ya watu wazima nchini. <ref name="pmid7875754">{{cite journal |author=Burt VL |title=Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991 |journal=Hypertension |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=305–13 |year=1995 |month=March |pmid=7875754 |doi= |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7875754 |access date=2009-06-05 |author-separator=, |author2=Whelton P |author3=Roccella EJ |display-authors=3 |last4=Brown |first4=C |last5=Cutler |first5=JA |last6=Higgins |first6=M |last7=Horan |first7=MJ |last8=Labarthe |first8=D |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205091508/http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7875754 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Viwango vya shinikizo la damu nchini Marekani walikuwa kuongezeka na kufikia 29% mwaka 2004.<ref name="pmid7607734"/><ref name="pmid17608879">{{cite journal |author=Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carroll M, Yoon S |title=Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_2007-07_55_7/page/1056 |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=1056–65 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17608879 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x}}</ref> Kama ilivyo mwaka 2006 shinikizo la damu huathiri watu wazima 76 milioni Marekani (34% ya idadi ya watu) na kuwa miongoni mwa viwango yva juu zaidi vya shinikizo la damu katika dunia kwa 44%.<ref name =AHA2010 /> Ni zaidi ya kawaida katika Wamerikani uliotekea na chini ya kawaida katika Wazungu na [[Hispanics]]. Viwango vya kuongezeka kwa umri, na ni mkubwa [[kusini mashariki mwa Marekani]]. Shinikizo la damu ni la kawaida zaidi ndani ya wanaume kulinganisha na wanawake (ingawa wanakuwa wamemaliza kuelekea kupunguza tofauti hii) na kwa wale wa hali ya [[chini kiuchumi]].<ref name="pmid10645931"/> === Watoto=== Viwango ya shinikizo la damu kwa watoto inaongezeka.<ref name="pmid19421783">{{cite journal |author=Falkner B |title=Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume= 25|issue= 7|pages= 1219–24|year=2009 |month=May |pmid=19421783 |pmc=2874036 |doi=10.1007/s00467-009-1200-3}} </ref> Zaidi shinikizo la damu kwa watoto, hasa kabla ya [[ubalehe]], linategemea ugonjwa mwingine wa msingi. Mbali na fetma, figo ugomjwa ni sababu ya kawaida (60–70%) ya shiniko la damu kwa watoto. Vijana kawaida kuwa na msingi au muhimu shinikizo la damu, ambayo akaunti kwa ajili ya 85–95% ya kesi. <ref name=aafp>{{cite journal |author=Luma GB, Spiotta RT |title=Hypertension in children and adolescents |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=73 |issue=9 |pages=1558–68 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16719248 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060501/1558.html |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2007-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230038/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060501/1558.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Historia== [[Image:William Harvey ( 1578-1657) Venenbild.jpg|Mchoro wa [[veni]] katika [[kitabu]] cha [[William Harvey]] ''Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus'' (“An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Living Beings”)|right|thumb]] Uelewa wa kisasa wa mfumo wa moyo ulianza na kazi ya mtabibu [[William Harvey]] (1578-1657). Harvey alielezea mzunguko wa damu katika kitabu chake ''De Otu ordis'' ("On Motion of the Heart and Blood"). [[Padri]] wa [[Uingereza]] [[Stephen Hales]] alifanya kipimo cha kwanza cha kuchapishwa cha kipimo cha shinikizo la damu katika mwaka 1733 .<ref name="pmid1744849"/><ref name=Kotchen2011>{{cite journal |author=Kotchen TA |title=Historical trends and milestones in hypertension research: a model of the process of translational research |journal=Hypertension |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=522–38 |year=2011 |month=October |pmid=21859967 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.177766}}</ref> Maelezo ya shinikizo la damu kama ugonjwa ulitoka, miongoni mwa wengine, [[Thomas Young]] katika mwaka 1808 na [[Richard Bright (mtabibu)|Richard Bright]] katika mwaka 1836 .<ref name="pmid1744849"/> Ripoti ya kwanza ya muiniko wa shinikizo la damu katika mtu bila ushahidi wa ugonjwa wa figo ilitolewa na [[Frederick Akbar Mahomed]] (1849-1884).<ref>{{cite book |editor=Swales JD|title=Manual of hypertension |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofhyperten0000unse|publisher=Blackwell Science |location=Oxford |year=1995 |pages=xiii |isbn=0-86542-861-1}}</ref> Hata hivyo, shinikizo la damu kama chombo cha kliniki ilikuja kuwa katika mwaka 1896 na uvumbuzi wa cuff [[sphygmomanometer]] na [[Scipione Riva-Rocci]] mwaka 1896.<ref>{{cite book | title=A century of arterial hypertension 1896–1996 | url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofarteria0000unse | editor=Postel-Vinay N | page=213 | location=Chichester | publisher=Wiley | year=1996 | isbn=0-471-96788-2}}</ref> Uvumbuzi huu uliruhusu shinikizo la damu kupimwa katika [[zahanati]]. Mwaka 1905, [[Nikolai Korotkoff]] aliboresha mbinu kwa kueleza [[Korotkoff sounds]] ambazo zilisikiwa wakati ateri ilikuwa auscultated na stetoskopu wakati sphygmomanometer cuff ilikuwa imwetolewa upepo<ref name=Kotchen2011/> Kihistoria matibabu ya kiitwacho "ugonjwa mgumu wa pigo la moyo" ilihusisha kupunguza kiasi cha damu na [[blood letting]] au kupaka [[leech]]es.<ref name="pmid1744849">{{cite journal |author=Esunge PM |title=From blood pressure to hypertension: the history of research |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=621 |year=1991 |month=October |pmid=1744849 |pmc=1295564}}</ref> [[Yellow Emperor]] wa Uchina, [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Cornelius Celsus]], [[Galen]], na [[Hippocrates]] walitetea kuruhusu damu.<ref name="pmid1744849"/> Katika karne za 19 na 20, kabla ya matibabu ya ufanisi ya pharmacological ya shinikizo la damu ilikuwa inawezekana, taratibu tatu za matibabu zilitumika, zote zikiwa na athari mbalimbali. Namna hizi ni pamoja na taratibu kali za kizuizi cha sodiamu, (kwa mfano, lishe la mchele <ref name="pmid1744849"/>), [[sympathectomy]] (upasuaji wa kukausha sehemu za [[sympathetic nervous system]]), na tiba ya pyrogen (kudungwa dutu ambazo zilisababisha homa, pasipo moja kwa moja kupunguza shinikizo la damu).<ref name="pmid1744849"/> Kemikali ya kwanza ya shinikizo la damu, [[sodium thiocyanate]], ilitumika mwaka 1900 lakini ilikuwa na madhara mengi na haikupendwa.<ref name="pmid1744849"/> Mawakala wengine kadhaa waliundwa baada ya [[World War II|Second World War]]. Maarufu zaidi na fanisi kiasi ilikuwa [[tetramethylammonium hidrojeni]] na isio na uasili yake [[hexamethonium]], [[hydralazine]], na [[reserpine]] (inayotokana na mmea wa dawa ''[[Rauwolfia serpentina]]''). Uvumbuzi kubwa ilikuwa ya mafanikio na ugunduzi wa mawakala wa mdomo wa kwanza nzuri wanapatikana wanayovumiliwa. Ya kwanza ilikuwa [[chlorothiazide]], ya kwanza [[thiazide]] [[diuretic]], ambayo iliundwa na kiua vijasumu [[sulfanilamide]] na kupatikana mwaka 1958.<ref name="pmid1744849"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Novello FC, Sprague JM | title=Benzothiadiazine dioxides as novel diuretics | journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. | year=1957 | volume=79 | pages=2028 | doi=10.1021/ja01565a079|issue=8}}</ref> Iliongeza takamwili ya chumvi wakati inazuia mkusanyiko wa maji. [[randomized controlled trial]] ambayo ilifadhiliwa na [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration]] ikilinganishwa na [[hydrochlorothiazide]] pamoja na reserpine pamoja na hydralazine dhidi ya placebo. Utafiti huo ulisimamishwa mapema kwa sababu wale walio katika kundi la shinikizo la juu la damu ambao walikuwa wanapata tiba walipatwa na matatizo mengi zaidi ya wagonjwa waliotibiwa na ilionekana ni vibaya kumnyima matibabu kutoka kwao. Utafiti uliendelea kwa watu wenye shinikizo la damu ya chini na kuonyesha kwamba matibabu, hata katika watu walio na shinikizo la damu kiasi, kupunguza hatari ya kufa moyo na mishipa kwa zaidi ya nusu. <ref>{{cite journal | author=Freis ED | title=The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Antihypertensive Agents. Implications for Stroke Prevention | journal=Stroke | year=1974 | volume=5 | pages=76–77 | pmid=4811316 | url=http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/5/1/76.long | format=PDF | issue=1 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.5.1.76}}</ref> Mwaka 1975, [[Lasker Award|Lasker Special Public Health Award]] ilitolewa kwa timu ambayo iliunda chlorothiazide. Matokeo ya tafiti hizi ilisababisha kampeni za afya za umma ili kuongeza uelewa wa umma wa shinikizo la damu na ilikuza kipimo na matibabu ya shinikizo la damu. Hatua hizi huonekana zilichangia angalau kwa sehemu kwa kupungua kwa asilimia 50 katika ugonjwa wa kiharusi na ischemic heart kati ya 1972 na 1994. == Jamii na utamaduni == ===Uelewa=== [[Image:HTNstudyupd.png|thumb|right|Grafu inaonyesha kiwango cha ufahamu, matibabu na udhibiti wa shinikizo la damu ikilinganishwa na kati ya utafiti nne ya [[National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey|NHANES]]<ref name="pmid7607734">{{cite journal |author=Burt VL |title=Mwelekeo wa maambukizi, ufahamu, matibabu, na udhibiti wa shinikizo la damu katika idadi ya Marekani ya watu wazima. Takwimu kutoka kwa utafiti wa makadirio ya afya, ya kwama 1960-1991 |journal=Hypertension |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=60–9 |year=1995 |month=July |pmid=7607734 |doi= |url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7607734 |accessdate=2009-06-05 |author-separator=, |author2=Cutler JA |author3=Higgins M |display-authors=3 |last4=Horan |first4=MJ |last5=Labarthe |first5=D |last6=Whelton |first6=P |last7=Brown |first7=C |last8=Roccella |first8=EJ |archive-date=2012-12-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220113643/http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7607734 |dead-url=yes |https://archive.today/20121220113643/http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7607734 |=https://archive.today/20121220113643/http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7607734 }}</ref>]] [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] limebainisha shinikizo la damu kama chanzo kikubwa cha [[cardiovascular]] [[Mortality rate|mortality]]. [[The World Hypertension League]] (WHL), shirika mwamvuli la jamii 85 ya taifa ya shinikizo la damu na ligi, ilitambua kuwa zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya watu walio na shinikizo la damu duniani hawajui hali yao.<ref name="pmid17534457">{{cite journal |author=Chockalingam A |title=Impact of World Hypertension Day |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=517–9 |year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17534457 |pmc=2650754 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70795-X|url= }}</ref> Ili kukabiliana na tatizo hili, WHL imeanzisha kampeni ya kimataifa juu ya shinikizo la damu mwaka 2005 na kutunikia tarehe 17 Mei kila mwaka kama [[World Hypertension Day]] (WHD). Zaidi ya miaka mitatu iliyopita, vyama zaidi vya kitaifa vimekuwa vikishiriki katika WHD na wamekuwa wabunifu katika shughuli zao za kupata ujumbe kwa umma. Mwaka 2007, kulikuwa na rekodi ya ushiriki kutoka nchi ya wanachama 47 ya WHL. Wakati wa wiki ya WHD, nchi hizi zote zilishirikiana na serikali za mitaa, jamii za kitaaluma, mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, na viwanda binafsi kukuza ufahamu wa shinikizo la damu kupitia kampeni kadhaa [[Mass media|media]] na umma. Ukitumia [[mass media]] kama vile [[wavuti]] na [[runinga]], ujumbe umewafikia zaidi ya watu milioni 250. Vile kasi inaongezeka mwaka baada yaa mwaka, WHL ina matumaini kuwa karibu watu wote wanaokadiriwa kufikia bilioni 1.5 ambao wameathirika na muinuko wa shinikizo la damu wanaweza kufikiwa.<ref name="pmid18548140">{{cite journal |author=Chockalingam A |title=World Hypertension Day and global awareness |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=441–4 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18548140 |pmc=2643187 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70617-2|url= }}</ref> ===Uchumi=== Shinikizo la damu ni shida sugu ya kawaida ya matibabu inayochochea ziara kwa watoa huduma msingi wa afya nchini Marekani. Shirika la Moyo Marekani limekadiria gharama za moja kwa moja na zisizo za moja kwa moja ya shinikizo la damu katika [[dola]] bilioni 76.6 katika mwaka 2010.<ref name = AHA2010>{{cite journal |author=Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, ''et al.'' |title=Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=121 |issue=7 |pages=e46–e215 |year=2010 |month=February |pmid=20019324 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667 |url=}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, asilimia 80 ya watu walio na shinikizo la damu wanafahamu hali zao na asilimia 71 wanachukua baadhi ya dawa dhidi ya shinikizo la damu. Hata hivyo, asilimia 48 tu ya watu ambao wanafahamu wana shinikizo la damu wanadhibiti ipasavyo hali hiyo.<ref name = AHA2010 /><ref name="pmid19124418">{{cite journal |author=Alcocer L, Cueto L |title=Hypertension, a health economics perspective |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=147–55 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=19124418 |doi=10.1177/1753944708090572 |url=http://tak.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19124418 |accessdate=2009-06-20 |archive-date=2012-12-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204191320/http://tak.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19124418 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Madaktari wanakabiliwa na shida nyingi katika kudhibiti shinikizo la damu, ikiwa ni pamoja na upinzani kwa kutumia dawa mbalimbali ili kufikia malengo ya shinikizo la damu. Watu pia wanakabiliwa na changamoto ya kufuata ratiba ya dawa na kufanya mabadiliko ya maisha. Hata hivyo, kufikia malengo ya shinikizo la damu inawezekana. Kupunguza shinikizo la damu inapunguza gharama kwa kiasi kikubwa ambayo inahusishwa na huduma ya matibabu ya juu.<ref name="The Economic Impact of Hypertension">{{cite journal |author=William J. Elliott |title=The Economic Impact of Hypertension |journal=The Journal of Clinical Hypertension |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=3–13 |year=2003 |month=October |doi= 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2003.02463.x |pmid=12826765}}</ref><ref name="pmid18345711">{{cite journal |author=Coca A |title=Economic benefits of treating high-risk hypertension with angiotensin II receptor antagonists (blockers) |journal=Clinical Drug Investigation |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=211–20 |year=2008 |pmid=18345711 |doi= 10.2165/00044011-200828040-00002|url= }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Damu]] [[Jamii:Moyo]] 1gnyypkff1lxzrplycxo3piagiklsev 0 70143 1599790 1578091 2026-09-24T03:14:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Gout | Image = The gout james gillray.jpg | Alt = A small creature with sharp teeth is biting into a swollen foot at the base of the big toe | Caption = ''Gout'', a 1799 caricature by [[James Gillray]] | DiseasesDB = 29031 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|10||m|05}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|274.00}} {{ICD9|274.1}} {{ICD9|274.8}} {{ICD9|274.9}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 138900 | OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|300323}} | MedlinePlus = 000422 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 221 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|924}} {{eMedicine2|med|1112}} {{eMedicine2|oph|506}} {{eMedicine2|orthoped|124}} {{eMedicine2|radio|313}} | MeshID = D006073 }} '''Jongo''' (pia '''podagra''' inapohusisha kidole gumba cha mguu; [[ing.]] ''gout'')<ref name=Egg2007/> huwa [[Ugonjwa|hali ya kimatibabu]]. Kwa kawaida, jongo hutambulika kwa maambukizi makali ya mara kwa mara ya [[athritisi yenye inflamesheni]]—ambayo ni [[efusheni ya jointi|kufura kwa jointi]]iliyo nyekundu, laini, na chungu.[[Jointi ya mifupa ya metatasu na ya vidole vya mguu| jointi ya metatasu na ya mifupa ya vidole vya mguu]] katika mzizi wa mfupa wa kidole gumba cha mguu na metatasu ya kwanza [[haluksi|kidole kikubwa cha mguu]] ndiyo inayoathirika mara nyingi zaidi. Hali hii huchangia takriban asilimia 50 ya maambukizi yote. Jongo pia hujitokeza kama [[tofasi]], [[mawe ya figo]], au [[nefropathi ya figo]]. Jongo pia husababishwa na ongezeko la viwango vya [[asidi ya mkojo]] katika [[damu]] ambayo huganda. Fuwele huwekezwa kwenye viungo, [[kano]], na [[tishu (bayolojia)|tishu]]zilizo karibu. Jongo hutambulika fuwele zinapogunduliwa katika kiowevu cha jointi. Matibau ya kutumia [[dawa zisizo na steroidi zinazoondoa inflamesheni]],[[steroidi]], au [[kolkisini]] huimarisha afya. Punde tu maambukizi yanapopunguka, kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo kinaweza kushushwa kwa kubadili mienendo ya kiafya. Watu wanaopata maambukizi mara kwa mara wanaweza kupendekezewa [[allopurinol]] au [[probenecid]] ili kuzuia dalili kwa muda mrefu. Jongo imeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni. Ugonjwa huu huathiri takriban asilimia moja hadi mbili ya watu wa[[nchi za magharibi|Magharibi]] katika wakati fulani maishani mwao. Hali hii inahusika na kuongezeka kwa visababishi hatari katika uma.[[Usumbufu wa umetaboli]] (ambao ni mkusanyiko wa matatizo ya kimatibabu ambayo yanapotokea kwa pamoja huongeza hatari ya kupata magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa ya damu na kisukari), [[matarajio ya urefu wa maisha]] marefu, na mabadiliko ya lishe ndivyo vipengele vikuu vya hatari ya kupata ugonjwa huu. Jongo ilikuwa ikijulikana kihistoria kama ugonjwa wa wafalme au matajiri ". ==Ishara na dalili== [[Image:Gout2010.JPG|thumb|alt=|mtazamo wa upande wa mguu kuonyesha eneo lekundu la ngozi ya juu ya jointi chini ya kidole gumba cha mguu|Jongo inayotokea kwenye[[jointi ya mifupa ya metatasu na ya vidole vya mguu| jointi ya metatasu na ya mifupa ya vidole vya mguu]] ya kidole gumba cha mguu. Angalia wekundi wa ngozi juu ya kiungo]] Jongo inaweza kujitokeza kwa njia mbali mbali, ingawa ile iliyo ya kawaida zaidi ni [[athritisi inayosababisha inflamesheni]] (jointi nyekundu, iliyofura na yenye joto na uchungu)inayojirudia mara kwa mara.<ref name=Review08/> Jointi ya metatasu na falaniksi katika mzizi wa [[kidole gumba cha mguu|kidole gumba cha mguu]] huathirika mara nyingi ambapo inajumuisha nusu ya visa vyote<ref name=PM2010/> Viungo vinginge kama visigino, magoti, vifundo na vidole vya mikono vinaweza kuathirika pia.<ref name=PM2010/> Maumivu ya jointi huanza kwa muda wa saa 2–4&nbsp; na wakati wa usiku.<ref name=PM2010/> Dalili hizi hutokea usiku kwa sababu ya kiwango cha chini cha joto mwilini.<ref name =Egg2007/> Dalili zingine zinazoweza kutokea ni kama vile [[uchovu (kimatibabu)|uchovu]] na kiwango cha juu cha [[homa]]. <ref name=Egg2007/><ref name=PM2010/> Kiwango cha juu cha [[asidi ya mkojo]] katika damu kwa muda mwingi ([[hipaurikemia]]) kinaweza kusababisha dalili zingine kama vile uwekezaji wa fuwele gumu za asidi ya mkojo zisizo chungu ziitwazo [[tofasi]]. Tofasi inayokua kwa kasi inaweza kusababisha [[arthritisi ya muda mrefu]] kutokana na mifupa kuisha )<ref name=Egg2007/> Kiwango cha juu cha asidi ya mkojo katika damu pia kinaweza kusababisha mawe kutokea katika [[figo]]. Jambo hili husababisha kuundika kwa [[mawe ya figo|mawe]], likifuatiwa na[[nefrophathi kali ya asidi ya mkojo|nefropathi ya figo]].<ref name=German09/> ==Kisababishi== [[Hipaurikemia]] ndicho kisababishi kikuu cha jongo. Hali hii husababishwa na vipengele kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na chakula, na sifa za kibaolojia. Jongo pia inaweza kusababishwa na mwili kutoweza kuondoa[[asidi ya mkojo# uyeyukaji wa asidi ya mkojo|ya figo]], chumvi za asidi ya mkojo.<rejeo=Review08/> Glandi za figo ambazo haziondoi asidi ya mkojo ya kutosha ni kisababishi kikuu cha hipaurikemia kwa takriban asilimia 90 tukio hizi. Kuwepo kwa asidi nyingi ya mkojo katika damu ni kisababishi katika visa vya chini ya asilimia 10 <rejeo=Lancet2010/> Takriban asilimia 10 ya watu wenye hipaurikemia hupata jongo katika wakati fulani maishani mwao.<ref name="pmid18327257">{{cite journal |author=Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, ''et al.'' |title=SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout |journal=Nat. Genet.|volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=437–42 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18327257 |doi=10.1038/ng.106 |url=}}</ref> Hatari ya kupata jongo hutofautiana kulingana na hali ya hipaurikemia. Wakati asidi ya mkojo katika damu ni kati ya 415 na 530&nbsp;μmol/L (7 na 8.9&nbsp;mg/dL), hatari ya kupata jongo ni asilimia 0.5 kwa mwaka. Watu walio na kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo katika damu cha zaidi ya 535&nbsp;μmol/L (9&nbsp;mg/dL) wako katika hatari ya asilimia 4.5 ya kupata jongo.<ref name=Egg2007/> ===Mwenendo wa kimaisha=== Asilimia 12 ya visababishi vyote vya jongo hutokana na lishe.<ref name=Review08/> Unywaji pombe, vinywaji vyenye sukari nyingi ya ki[[fraktosi]], nyama na chakula cha baharini kinaweza kuchangia kuwepo kwa ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Nature2009/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Weaver|first=AL|title=Epidemiology of gout|journal=Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine|date=2008 Jul|volume=75 Suppl 5|pages=S9–12|pmid=18819329}}</ref> Visababisha vingine ni pamoja na [[majeraha ya mwili]] na upasuaji.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni umefutilia mbali imani kuhusu vipengele vya lishe ambavyo kwa wakati mmoja viliaminiwa kusababisha ugonjwa huu. Utumiaji wa mboga iliyo na[[purini]](k.v., maharagwe, mbaazi, dengu, na mchicha), na protini kwa jumla haiwezi kuchangia kuwepo kwa jongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G |title=Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350|issue=11 |pages=1093–103 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=15014182 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa035700 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2004-03-11_350_11/page/1092}}</ref><ref name=Epi2008/> Utumiaji wa [[kahawa]], [[vitamini C]], na [[vyakula vya asili ya maziwa]] pamoja na kufanya mazoezi ya mwili yameonekana kupunguza hatari kupata ugonjwa huu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hak AE, Choi HK|title=Lifestyle and gout |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18349748|doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f524a2 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Williams PT |title=Effects of diet, physical activity and performance, and body weight on incident gout in ostensibly healthy, vigorously active men |journal=Am. J. CL. Nutr. |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=1480–7 |year=2008|month=May |pmid=18469274 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name=Life2010>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK |title=A prescription for lifestyle change in people with hyperuricemia and gout |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–72 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20035225|doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e328335ef38 |url=}}</ref> Hii inaminiwa kuwa ni kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kupunguza [[kupinga insulini]].<ref name=Life2010/> ===Vipengele vya kibayolojia vilivyorithiwa=== Vipengele vya kibayolojia vilivyorithiwa huusika kwa asilimia 60 ya [[Mabadiliko ya kijenetiki|mabadiliko]] katika kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo.<ref name=Lancet2010/>[[Jeni]] mbili ziitwazo [[SLC2A9]] na [[ABCG2]] kwa kawaida huhusishwa na jongo. Mabadiliko katika jeni hizi yanaweza kuzidisha maradufu hatari ya kupata ugonjwa huu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Merriman|first=TR|coauthors=Dalbeth, N|title=The genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout.|journal=Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme|date=2011 Jan|volume=78|issue=1|pages=35–40|pmid=20472486}}</ref> Hali chache za kibayolojia ambazo ni nadra, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[protini ya Tamm-Horsfall | nefropathi ya kihipaurikemi ya watoto katika familia]], [[ugonjwa wa figo aina ya sisitiki ya medula]], [[PRPSAP1|uundaji wa phosphoribosylpyrophosphate]]mazoezi mengi ya mwili, na uchache wa[[hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase]] kama unavyopatikana katika [[sindromu ya Lesch-Nyhan]], hufanywa tata zaidi na kuwepo kwa jongo.<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===Hali za kimatibabu=== Mara nyingi jongo hutokea pamoja na matatizo mengine ya kimatibabu. [[Sindromu ya kimetaboli]], muungano wa [[unene wa kupindukia wa fumbatio]], [[shinikizo la juu la damu]],[[ukinzani wa insulini]], na [[Disilipidemia|kiwango cha mafuta kisicho cha kawaida]] hutokea kwa karibu asilimia 75 ya visa vyote.<ref name=PM2010/> Hali zingine zinazotokea kufuatia jongo ni pamoja na : [[polisthemia]], [[sumu ya ledi]], [[matatizo ya figo]], [[anemia ya haemolitiki]], [[soriasisi]], na [[uhamisho wa ogani|uhamisho wa ogani yote]].<ref name=Lancet2010/><ref name="pmid16392875">{{cite journal |author=Stamp L, Searle M, O'Donnell J, Chapman P |title=Gout in solid organ transplantation: a challenging clinical problem |journal=Drugs |volume=65 |issue=18 |pages=2593–611 |year=2005 |pmid=16392875 |doi=|url=}}</ref> Hatari ya wanaume kupata jongo huzidi mara tatu ikiwa wana [[kielezo cha uzani wa mwili]] cha zaidi ya 35.<ref name=Epi2008/> Utumizi wa muda mrefu wa pombe iliyo na ledi huchangia katika kuugua jongo kwa sababu ya mathara ya ledi kwenye utendakazi wa figo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Loghman-Adham M |title=Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_1997-09_105_9/page/928 |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=105 |issue=9 |pages=928–38 |year=1997|month=September |pmid=9300927 |pmc=1470371 |doi= 10.2307/3433873|publisher=Brogan & Partners |jstor=3433873}}</ref> [[sindromu ya Lesch-Nyhan]] mara nyingi huusishwa na athritisi ya jongo ===Matibabu=== [[Diuretiki]] huhusishwa na kuwepo kwa jongo. Hata hivyo, kipimo kidogo cha [[hydrochlorothiazide]] hakionekani kuongeza hatari ya kupata ugonjwa huu<ref name=CFP09/> Dawa zingine zinazohusishwa na kusababisha jongo ni [[niacin]] na [[aspirin]] (asidi ya acetylsalicylic).<ref name=Nature2009/> [[Dawa zinazokandamiza kingamwili]], [[ciclosporin]] na [[tacrolimus]] pia huhusishwa na jongo.,<ref name=Lancet2010/> Matumizi ya[[Tacrolimus]] pamoja na hydrochlorothiazide huwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kupata jongo.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Gary S. |editor1-last=Firestein, MD |editor2-first=Ralph C. |editor2-last=Budd, MD |editor3-first=Edward D. |editor3-last=Harris Jr., MD |editor4-first= Iain B. |editor4-last=McInnes PhD, FRCP |editor5-last=Ruddy, MD|editor6-last=Sergent, MD |title=KELLEY'S Textbook of Rheumatology |url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofrheuma0000gary |edition=8th |year=2008 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4160-4842-8 |chapter=Chapter 87: Jongo na Hyperuricemia |editor-first=Shaun |editor3-given=John S.}}</ref> ==Pathofisiolojia== [[Image:Harnsäure Ketoform.svg|thumb|alt=muundo wa elementi ya kiogani: 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione|[[asidi ya mkojo]]]] Jongo ni hali inayotokana na [[umetaboli wa purini]],<ref name=Lancet2010/> na hutokea wakati kipengele chake cha mwisho, [[asidi ya mkojo]], huganda kama monosodiamu ya figo. Damu huwekeza fuwele hizi kwenye jointi, kano na kwenye tishu zilizo karibu.<ref name=Nature2009/> Fuwele hizi baadaye huchochea mwitikio wa mfumo wa[[kingamwili]] [[inflamesheni|ya inflamesheni]] <ref name=Nature2009/> pamoja na protini kuu katika mfumo wa mwili wa kuitikia inflamesheni. Mojawapo ya protini hizi ni[[interleukin 1β]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> [[Urikesi]] huhitajika ili kuyeyusha asidi ya mkojo. Upoteaji wa [[urikesi]] katika harakati ya kubadilika, katika binadamu na [[jamii ya nyani]] umefanya hali hii kuwepo kwa wingi. <ref name=Lancet2010/> Vichochezi vinavyofanya asidi ya mkojo kulimbikizana katika damu havijaeleweka vyema. Ingawa asidi hii inaweza kuganda katika kiwango cha kawaida, kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa kuganda kiwango chake kinapoongezeka.<ref name=Nature2009/><ref name="pmid17595458">{{cite journal |author=Virsaladze DK, Tetradze LO, Dzhavashvili LV, Esaliia NG, Tananashvili DE|title=[Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome] |language=Russian |journal=Georgian Med News |volume= |issue=146 |pages=35–7|year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17595458 |trans_title=Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome }}</ref> Vipengele vingine vinavyokisiwa kuwa vikuu katika kuchochea tukio kali la athritisi ni pamoja na baridi, mabadiliko ya kasi ya kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo [[asidiosisi]],<ref name="pmid12672211">{{cite journal| author = Moyer RA, John DS| title = Acute gout precipitated by total parenteral nutrition| journal = The Journal of rheumatology| volume = 30| issue = 4| pages = 849–50| year = 2003| month = April| pmid = 12672211| doi = | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_2003-04_30_4/page/849| issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid7783706">{{cite journal| author = Halabe A, Sperling O| title = Uric acid nephrolithiasis| journal = Mineral and electrolyte metabolism|volume = 20| issue = 6| pages = 424–31| year = 1994| pmid = 7783706| doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> upungufu wa maji ya jointi [[matriksi ya nje ya seli]]protini kama vile [[proteojilikansi]], [[kolajeni]], na [[salfeti ya kodroitini]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> Ongezeko la kutuama wakati wa baridi hueleza kwa kadri sababu ya kuathiriwa kwa jointi za miguu mara nyingi.<ref name=Review08/> Mabadiliko ya kasi ya asidi ya mkojo hutokea kufuatia vipengele kadhaa, ikiwemo, jeraha, upasuaji [[kimotherapi]], diuretiki na kusitisha au kuanzisha [[allopurinol]].<ref name=Egg2007/> ==Utambuzi== [[Picha:Gichtfuss im Roentgenbild 002.png|thumb|Jongo kwenye [[eksirei-]] inayoonyesha mguu wa kushoto. Jongo hutokea kwa kawaida katika eneo la chini ya jointi ya kidole gumba cha mguu. Pia tazama tishu zilizofura katika sehemu ya nje ya mpakani mwa mguu.]] [[Picha:Fluorescent uric acid.JPG|thumb|alt= fuwele nyingi za umbo la sindano za rangi nyingi katika mandhari ya rangi ya zambarau|Fuwele nyembamba za asidi ya mkojo kutoka katika sampuli ya[[kiowevu cha sinovia]] iliyopigwa picha kwa mikroskopu yenye [[Kutawanywa (mawimbi)|mwangaza uliotawanywa]]. Uundaji wa fuwele za asidi ya mkojo kwenye kiungo huhusishwa na jongo.]] Katika mtu mwenye hipaurikemia na podagra klasiki, jongo inaweza kutambuliwa na kutibiwa bila kufanya uchunguzi zaidi. Ikiwa kuna tashwishi kuhusu utambuzi, uchunguzi wa kiowevu cha sinovia unapaswa kufanywa. <ref name=Egg2007/> [[Eksirei]] ni muhimu katika kutambua jongo kali pekee. [[Eksirei]] hazitumiki kutibu maambukizi hatari ya jongo.<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===Kiowevu cha sinovia=== Utambuzi mkamilifu wa jongo hutegemea kutambuliwa kwa [[ya figo|fuwele za figo vya aina ya monosodium]] katika [[kioweveu cha sinovia]] au [[tofasi]].<ref name=PM2010>{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N |title=Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians |journal=Postgrad Med|volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=157–61 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20203467 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2133 |url=}}</ref> Sampuli zote za kioweveu cha sinovia zilizotolewa kwenye jointi zenye inflamesheni zisizotambuliwa zinapaswa kuchunguzwa kuhahiki kama kuna fuwele hizi<ref name=Lancet2010/> Fuwele hizi huonekana zikiwa na umbo la sindano na zenye nguvu za [[kuchepuka]] zinapotazamwa kwa makroskopu yenye[[mwangaza uliotawanywa]]. Uchunguzi huu ni mgumu kufanywa na mara nyingi huhitaji mtaalamu.<ref name="pmid18299687">{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N |title=Diagnosis of gout |journal=Minerva Med. |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=759–67 |year=2007|month=December |pmid=18299687 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Kiowevu pia kinafaa kuchunguzwa haraka baada ya kutolewa kwa kuwa kiwango fulani cha joto na pH huathiri kuyeyuka kwake.<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===Uchunguzi wa damu=== [[Hipaurikemia]] ni dalili maalum ya jongo. Jongo hutokea kwa karibu nusu ya visa vyote visivyoandamana na hipaurikemia.<ref name=PM2010/><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sturrock R | title = Gout. Rahisi kutotambuliwa kisahihi | journal = [[British Medical Journal|BMJ]] | volume = 320 | issue = 7228 | pages = 132–33 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10634714|url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7228/132 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.320.7228.132 | pmc = 1128728}}</ref> Umuhimu wa kupima kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo ni mdogo.<ref name=PM2010/> Hipaurikemia inafasiliwa kuwa kiwango cha [[plasma ya damu|plasma]] kinachozidi molekuli 420 kwa lita ''μ''mol/L (7.0&nbsp;mg/dL) kwa wanaume na 360 ''μ''mol/L (6.0&nbsp;mg/dL) kwa wanawake.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sachs L, Batra KL, Zimmermann B |title=Medical implications of hyperuricemia |journal=Med Health R I |volume=92 |issue=11 |pages=353–55 |year=2009 |month=November |pmid=19999892 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Uchunguzi mwingine wa damu ambao kwa kawaida hufanywa ni [[idadi ya seli nyeupe za damu]], [[elektroliti]], [[utendakazi wa figo]], na [[kima cha ushapaji wa elekroliti]] Kima cha ushapaji wa elekroliti pamoja na seli nyeupe zilizo katika damu zinaweza kuongezeka kufuatia jongo hata ikiwa hakuna maambukizi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-diagnosis |title=Gout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup - eMedicine Rheumatology |work=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/808628-diagnosis |title=Gout and Pseudogout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup - eMedicine Emergency Medicine |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Idadi ya juu ya seli nyeupe katika damu, kama 40.0×10⁹/L (40,000/mm³) imetambulika katika watu walio na jongo.<ref name=Egg2007/> ===Utambuzi tofautishi=== Utambuzi [[utambuzi wa kidiferenshia]] ulio muhimu zaidi katika jongo ni[[athritisi yenye maambukizi]].<ref name=PM2010/><ref name=Lancet2010/> Hii inafaa kutiliwa maanani kwa wale wanaoonyesha dalili za maambukizi au wale wasioimarika kiafya kufuatia matibabu.<ref name=PM2010/> Uchunguzi wa kiowevu cha sanovia kupitia [[mbinu ya Gram]]na ukuzaji unaweza kufanywa ili kuimarisha utambuzi.<ref name=PM2010/> Hali zingine zinazofanana na jongo ni [[jongo bandia]] na [[athritisi ya rumatoidi]].<ref name=PM2010/> Tofasi ya jongo, hasa isipopatikana kwenye jointi, inaweza kuonekana kama [[kasinoma ya kimsingi ya seli]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jordan DR, Belliveau MJ, Brownstein S, McEachren T, Kyrollos M |title=Medial canthal tophus |journal=Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg |volume=24 |issue=5|pages=403–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18806664 |doi=10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181837a31 |url=}}</ref> au [[neoplasimu]]zingine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sano K, Kohakura Y, Kimura K, Ozeki S |title=Atypical Triggering at the Wrist due to Intratendinous Infiltration of Tophaceous Gout |journal=Hand (N Y)|volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=78–80 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=18780009 |doi=10.1007/s11552-008-9120-4 |url= |pmc=2654956}}</ref> ==Kinga== Kubadilisha mienendo ya kimaisha na kuzingatia matibabu ni hatua zinazoweza kupunguza kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo. Mienendo bora ya lishe na kimaisha iliyo mwafaka ni pamoja na; kupunguza chakula kama nyama na chakula cha baharini, kutumia [[vitamini C]] ya kutosha, kupunguza utumizi wa [[pombe]] na [[fraktosi]] na kuepuka [[unene wa kupindukia]].<ref name=Review08/> [[Lishe yenye kiwango cha chini cha kalori]] katika wanaume wanene kupindukia hupunguza kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo kwa 100&nbsp;µmol/L (1.7&nbsp;mg/dL).<ref name=CFP09/> Utumizi wa vitamini&nbsp;C wa kiwango cha 1,500&nbsp;mg kwa siku hupunguza hatari ya kupata jongo kwa 45%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G |title=Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=169 |issue=5 |pages=502–7 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19273781|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.606 |url= |pmc=2767211}}</ref>,Kutumia kahawa, wala si chai, huhusishwa na kupungua kwa hatari ya kupata jongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choi HK, Curhan G |title=Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=816–21 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17530681 |doi=10.1002/art.22762|url=}}</ref> Jongo inaweza kutokea kufuatia [[apnea ya usingizi]] kupitia kutolewa kwa purini na seli zisizo na oksijeni. Matibabu ya apnea ya usingizi yanaweza kupunguza uwezekano wa kutokea kwa jongo.<ref name="pmid16171252">{{cite journal|author=Abrams B |title=Gout is an indicator of sleep apnea |journal=Sleep |volume=28|issue=2 |page=275 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=16171252|doi= |url=}}</ref> ==Matibabu== Lengo la kwanza la kutibu jongo ni kupunguza dalili za ambukizi kali.<ref name="pmid16707532">{{cite journal |author=Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T,''et al.'' |title=EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-rheumatic-diseases_2006-10_65_10/page/1312 |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=1312–24 |year=2006 |month=October|pmid=16707532 |pmc=1798308 |doi=10.1136/ard.2006.055269}}</ref> Maambukizi yanayojirudia yanaweza kuzuiliwa kwa kutumia dawa mbalimbali zinazopunguza viwango vya majimaji ya damu ya asidi ya mkojo katika damu.<ref name="pmid16707532"/> Barafu inayotumiwa kwa dakika 20 hadi 30 mara nyingi kwa siku hupunguza maumivu.<ref name=Review08/><ref name="pmid11838852">{{cite journal |author=Schlesinger N ''et al.'' |title=Local ice therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-rheumatology_2002-02_29_2/page/331 |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=331–4 |year=2002 |pmid=11838852 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/29.5.331}}</ref> Njia za kutibu dalili kali za mwanzoni ni pamoja na kutumia [[dawa za kupunguza inflamesheni zisizo na steroidi]] (NSAIDs), [[kolkisini]] na [[steroidi]]<ref name=Review08/>. Njia za kuzuia ni pamaoja na kutumia[[allopurinol]], [[febuxostat]] na [[probenecid]]. Kupunguza kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo kunaweza kuponya ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Kutibiwa kwa magonjwa mengine yanayochangia pia ni muhimu.<ref name=Lancet2010/> ===Dawa za kupunguza inflamesheni zisizo na steroidi=== [[Dawa za kupunguza inflamesheni zisizo na steroidi | NSAIDs]] ni matibabu yanayotumika mara nyingi kutibu jongo. Hakuna ajenti iliyo muhimu zaidi ya nyingine.<ref name=Review08/> Afya inaweza kuonekana ikiimarika baada ya saa 4. Matibabu yanapendekezwa kuchukua wiki 1–-2.<ref name=Review08/><ref name=Lancet2010/> Dawa za kupunguza inflamesheni zisizo na steroidi hazipendekezwi kwa watu wenye matatizo ya kiafya kama [[uvujaji wa damu kwenye tumbo na utumbo]], [[matatizo ya figo]], au [[matatizo ya moyo]].<ref name=JFP09/> Huku dawa ya [[indomethacin]] ikiwa dawa iliyotumika sana katika kupunguza inflamesheni isiyo na steroidi,[[ibuprofen]] inaweza kupendekezwa kwa kuwa haina madhara.<ref name=CFP09>{{cite journal |author=Laubscher T, Dumont Z, Regier L, Jensen B |title=Taking the stress out of managing gout |journal=Can Fam Physician|volume=55 |issue=12 |pages=1209–12 |year=2009 |month=December |pmid=20008601 |doi= |url= |pmc=2793228}}</ref> [[Kizuia pampu ya protoni]] kinaweza kupeanwa kwa watu walio katika hatari ya kupata madhara ya tumbo. <ref name="CKS-NLH">{{cite web|author=Clinical Knowledge Summaries|title=Gout - Management -- What treatment is recommended in acute gout?|url=http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment|publisher=[[National Library for Health]]|accessdate=2008-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120025/http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment|archivedate=2008-12-16}}</ref> ===Kolkisini=== [[Kolkisini]] ni matibabu ya mbadala ya watu wasioweza kuvumilia dawa zisizo na steroidi zinazoondoa inflamesheni.<ref name=Review08/> Madhara yake makuu, ambayo hasa ni matatizo ya tumbo na utumbo, hupelekea matibabu haya yasitumike sana.<ref>{{emedicine|med|924|Gout|Medication}}</ref><ref name="FDA Warning">{{cite web | title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: New Safety Information for Colchicine (marketed as Colcrys) | url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm174315.htm | publisher=[[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]]}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kutokea kwa matatizo ya tumbo na utumbo hutegemea kipimo cha dawa. Hatari ya kupata madhara haya inaweza kupunguzwa kwa kutumia vipimo vidogo lakini vyenye nguvu.<ref name=CFP09/> Kolkisini inaweza kuingiliana na dawa zingine zinazoagizwa kwa kawaida kama vile [[atorvastatin]] na[[erythromycin]].<ref name="FDA Warning" /> ===Steroidi=== [[Glukokotikoidi]]zimetambulika kutenda kazi kama dawa zisizo na steroidi zinazoondoa inflamesheni katika kutibu jongo <ref name="pmid17276548">{{cite journal |author=Man CY, Cheung IT, Cameron PA, Rainer TH |title=Comparison of oral prednisolone/paracetamol and oral indomethacin/paracetamol combination therapy in the treatment of acute goutlike arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-emergency-medicine_2007-05_49_5/page/670 |journal=Annals of emergency medicine |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=670–7 |year=2007|pmid=17276548 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.11.014}}</ref>. [[Glukokotikoidi]]zinaweza kutumika iwapo haiwezekani kutumia dawa zisizo na steroidi zinazoondoa inflamesheni.<ref name=Review08/> Kutumia [[glukokotikoidi]]kunaweza kupelekea nafuu ikiwa itatumika kama[[Dawa inayodungwa kwenye jointi|Dawa iliyodungwa kwenye jointi]]. Hatari ya [[athritisi ya kuambukizwa|kiambukizi cha jointi]] ni sharti iondolowe ikiwa hali itaendelea kuwa mbaya.<ref name=Review08/> ===Peglotikasi=== [[Pegloticase]] (Krystexxa) iliidhinishwa nchini Marekani ili kutibu jongo katika mwaka wa 2010.<ref name=FDA2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm225810.htm |title=FDA approves new drug for gout |work=FDA |accessdate= |archive-date=2017-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118091124/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm225810.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dawa hii itakuwa tiba ya asilimia 3 ya watu ambao huathiriwa na dawa zingine.<ref name=FDA2010/> Pegloticase hudungwa ndani ya mishipa kila baada ya wiki mbili <ref name=FDA2010/> na imetambulika kupunguza kiwango cha asidi ya mkojo katika watu hawa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sundy|first=JS|coauthors=Baraf, HS, Yood, RA, Edwards, NL, Gutierrez-Urena, SR, Treadwell, EL, Vázquez-Mellado, J, White, WB, Lipsky, PE, Horowitz, Z, Huang, W, Maroli, AN, Waltrip RW, 2nd, Hamburger, SA, Becker, MA|title=Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2011-08-17_306_7/page/711|journal=JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association|date=2011 Aug 17|volume=306|issue=7|pages=711–20|pmid=21846852}}</ref> ===Profilaksisi=== Dawa aina nyingi husaidia kuzuia maambukizi ya baadaye ya jongo zikiwemo [[kizuizi cha oksidesi ya zanthini]] (pamoja na [[allopurinol]], [[febuxostat]]), na [[urikosuriki]](pamoja na [[probenecid]] na [[sulfinpyrazone]]). Kwa kawaida, dawa hizi hazipeanwi kwa mtu hadi juma moja au mbili baada ya ambukizi kali limetibiwa. Hii ni kwa sababu inakisiwa kuwa hatua hii inaweza kufanya dalili za maambukizi ziwe kali zaidi.. <ref name=Review08/> Dawa hizi kwa mara nyingi, hutumika pamoja na dawa zisizo na steroidi zinazoondoa inflamesheni au kolkisini katika miezi 3–6&nbsp; ya kwanza.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Matibabu haya hayapendekezwi hadi mtu awe ameathiriwa mara mbili na jongo, <ref name=Review08/> au awe na mabadiliko yanayoathiri jointi, tofasi au [[Nefropathi ya ghafla ya asidi ya mkojo|nefropathi ya figo]].<ref name=German09>{{cite journal|author=Tausche AK, Jansen TL, Schröder HE, Bornstein SR, Aringer M, Müller-Ladner U |title=Gout--current diagnosis and treatment |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=106 |issue=34–35 |pages=549–55 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19795010 |pmc=2754667 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2009.0549 }}</ref> Matibabu ya aina hii hukawishwa hadi kiwango hiki kwa sababu yana gharama kubwa iwapo yatatolewa mapema zaidi.<ref name=Review08/> Hatua za kupunguza taratibu za figo zinafaa kuongezewa hadi viwango vya asidi ya mkojo katika majimaji ya damu vishuke chini ya 300–360&nbsp;µmol/L (5.0-6.0&nbsp;mg/dL). Matibabu haya yanafaa kuendelezwa bila kusitishwa.<ref name=Review08/><ref name=Lancet2010/> Matibabu haya yanafaa kuendelezwa hata kama mgonjwa atapa maambukizi mengine ya jongo.<ref name=PM2010/> [[Urikosuriki]] hupendekezwa katika kutibu jongo ikiwa asidi ya mkojo inatoleshwa kwa kiasi kidogo au kiasi cha mkojo uliokusanywa katika saa 24 ni chini ya mililigramu 800. <ref name=agabegi2nd251>Page 251 in: {{cite book |author=Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S.|title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |url=https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-7817-7153-6|oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Urikosuriki]] hazipendekezwi ikiwa mgonjwa huyu ana historia ya mawe ya figo]].<ref name=agabegi2nd251/> Kiwango cha zaidi ya miligramu 800 za mkojo uliokusanywa kwa muda wa saa 24 ni dalili ya utolewaji wa kiasi cha juu na [[vizuizi vya oksidesi ya zanthini]] ni dawa zinazopendekezwa katika matibabu.<ref name=agabegi2nd251/> Kumbuka kuwa probenecid huonekana kutotenda kazi kwa ubora ikilinganishwa na allopurinol.<ref name=Review08/> Vizuizi vya oksidesi ya zanthini (ikiwemo [[allopurinol]] na [[febuxostat]]) huzuia uzalishaji wa asidi ya mkojo. Matibabu ya muda mrefu ni salama na yanakubaliwa, na yanaweza kutumiwa na watu walio na matatizo ya figo au mawe ya figo. Allopurinol imetambulika kusababisha ongezeko la hisia katika idadi ndogo ya watu. <ref name=Review08/> Katika tukio kama hili, dawa mbadala,[[febuxostat]] imekuwa ikipendekezwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1 |title=Febuxostat for the management of hyperuricaemia in people with gout (TA164) Chapter 4. Consideration of the evidence |publisher=Guidance.nice.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-08-20 |archivedate=2010-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006212851/http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1 }}</ref> ==Uwezekano wa kupona== Bila matibabu, ambukizi la ghafla la jongo linaweza kutatulika kwa kati ya siku 5 na 7. Asilimia 60 ya watu watapata ambukizi la pili katika mwaka mmoja.<ref name=Egg2007/> Wale walio na jongo wako katika hatari kubwa zaidi ya [[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[ugonjwa wa kisukari]], [[usumbufu wa metaboli]]na magonjwa ya figo na [[ugonjwa wa mishipa ya moyo]] na wako katika hatari zaidi ya kifo.<ref name=Lancet2010/><ref name=Rh2008>{{cite journal |author=Kim SY, De Vera MA, Choi HK |title=Gout and mortality |journal=Clin. Exp. Rimatoli. |volume=26 |issue=5 Suppl 51 |pages=S115–9 |year=2008 |pmid=19026153 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Sababu yake pengine ni kwa kuwa inahusiana,kwa upande mmoja, na [[ukinzani wa insulini]] na [[unene wa kupindukia]], lakini baadhi ya ongezeko za hatari zinaonekana kutotegemea vipengele vingine.<ref name=Rh2008/> Bila matibabu, maambukizi hatari ya jongo yanaweza kukua na kuwa jongo kali huku yakisababisha kuharibika kwa sehemu ya juu ya jointi, ulemavu wa jointi na tofasi zisizo na uchungu.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Tofasi hizi hutokea katika asilimia 30 ya wale wasiotibiwa baada ya miaka mitano, mara nyingi katika [[heliksi (maskio)|heliksi]] ya maskio, juu ya viungo vya[[olekrenoni]] au katika [[kano za Achilles]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> Tofasi hizi zinaweza kuyeyushwa kwa kutumia matibabu mwafaka. [[Mawe ya figo]] mara nyingi hufanya jongo kuwa mbaya zaidi, na huathiri kati ya asilimia 10 na 40 ya watu. Mawe ya figo hutokea kufuatia kiwango cha chini zaidi cha pH, kikipelekea kiwango cha chini cha kutuama kwa asidi ya mkojo.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Aina nyingine za [[matatizo ya figo|matatizo ya muda mrefu ya figo]] zinaweza kutokea.<ref name=Lancet2010/> <gallery> File:Case 30-top.jpg|Vinundu vya vidole na dewe la sikio vikisimamia jongo [[tofasi|tofasi]] Image:ChronicGout.jpg|Tofasi ya goti Image:Case 30-bottom.jpg|Tofasi ya kidole cha mguu, na kupitia juu ya kifundo Image:Tophigout.JPG|Jongo iliyofanywa tata na tofasi (kiowevu kilionyesha uwepo wa fuwele za asidi ya uriki) </gallery> ==Epidemiolojia== Jongo huathiri kati ya asilimia 1 na 2 ya watu wanaoishi Ulaya kwa wakati mmoja katika maisha yao na inaendelea kupatikana mara nyingi zaidi.<ref name=Review08>{{cite journal|author=Chen LX, Schumacher HR |title=Gout: an evidence-based review |journal=J Clin Rheumatol |volume=14 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S55–62 |year=2008|month=October |pmid=18830092 |doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181896921 |url=}}</ref><ref name=Lancet2010>{{cite journal |author=Richette P, Bardin T|title=Gout |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9711 |pages=318–28 |year=2010 |month=January |pmid=19692116 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-23-29-2010_375_9711/page/318}}</ref> Viwango vya jongo takriban vimeongezeka mara mbili kati ya mwaka wa 1990 na 2010.<ref name=Nature2009>{{cite journal |author=Terkeltaub R |title=Update on gout: new therapeutic strategies and options |journal=Nat Rev Rheumatol |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=30–8 |year=2010 |month=January |pmid=20046204|doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2009.236 |url=}}</ref> Ongezeko hili linaaminiwa kusababishwa na ongezeko la matarajio ya urefu wa maisha, mabadiliko ya lishe na ongezeko la magonjwa yanayohusisiana na jongo kama vile [[usumbufu wa metaboli]] na [[shinikizo la juu la damu]].<ref name=Epi2008>{{cite journal |author=Weaver AL |title=Epidemiology of gout |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=75 Suppl 5 |issue= |pages=S9–12 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18819329 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Vipengele kadhaa vimetambulika kuathiri kima cha kutokea kwa jongo. Hii ni pamoja na umri,ukoo na majira ya mwaka. Maambukizi ya jongo ni ya asilimia 2 katika wanaume wa umri wa zaidi ya mia 30 na wanawake wa zaidi ya miaka 50.<ref name=JFP09>{{cite journal |author=Winzenberg T, Buchbinder R |title=Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group review: acute gout. Steroids or NSAIDs? Let this overview from the Cochrane Group help you decide what's best for your patient |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=E1–4|year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19607767 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, jongo ina uwezekano mara mbili wa kutokea katika wanaume wa asili ya Kiafrika kuliko inavyotokea katika wanaume wa asili ya Kizungu.<ref>{{cite web | author=Rheumatology Therapeutics Medical Center | title=What Are the Risk Factors for Gout? | url=http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk | accessdate=2007-01-26 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325104830/http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk | archivedate=2007-03-25 | =https://web.archive.org/web/20070325104830/http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk }}</ref> Kima cha jongo kiko juu katika watu wanaoishi katika kisiwa cha Pacific na [[Wamāori| Māori]] wa New zealand, lakini haipatikani sana katika watu wa kiasili wa Australia hata ingawa kuna kiwango cha juu cha asidi ya mkojo katika majimaji ya damu katika kikundi hiki cha watu wa kiasili.<ref name="pmid10225809">{{cite journal|author=Roberts-Thomson RA, Roberts-Thomson PJ |title=Rheumatic disease and the Australian aborigine |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=58 |issue=5|pages=266–70 |year=1999 |month=May |pmid=10225809 |pmc=1752880 |url=http://ard.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/58/5/266|doi=10.1136/ard.58.5.266}}</ref> Jongo imetambulika mara nyingi nchini Uchina, Polynesia na makao ya miji ya mataifa ya Kusini mwa Afrika.<ref name=Lancet2010/> Baadhi ya tafiti zimeonyesha kuwa maambukizi ya jongo mara nyingi hutokea katika majira ya kuchipua. Hii imehusishwa na mabadiliko ya lishe kufuatia majira tofauti, unywaji pombe, mazoezi ya mwili na kiwangojoto.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fam AG |title=What is new about crystals other than monosodium urate? |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=12|issue=3 |pages=228–34 |year=2000 |month=May |pmid=10803754 |doi= 10.1097/00002281-200005000-00013|url=}}</ref> ==Historia== [[File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|thumb|alt=Mwanaume aliyevaa wigi ndefu iliyojipinda, na kanzu ndefu akiwa ameketi huku akitazama nje. Mwanaume huyu ameulaza mkono wake wa kushoto mezani huku mkono wake wa kulia ukishika sanduku. Nyuma yake kuna globu|[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] alieleza jinsi fuwele za asidi ya mkojo zinavyoonekana kwa hadubini mnamo mwaka wa 1679.<ref name="Pillinger"/>]] Neno''gout'' (jongo)lilitumika kwa mara ya kwanza na Randolphus wa Bocking mwaka wa 1200 a.d. Neno hili limetolewa kutoka kwa neno la Kilatini [[Latini]], ''gutta'' linalomaanisha "tone (la kiowevu).<ref name="Pillinger"/> Kulingana na kamusi ya Oxford, neno hili limetolewa kutokana na mtindo wa [[ucheshi]] na “wazo la ‘kuangusha’ kipengele cha damu kinachohusiana na ugonjwa, ndani ya na karibu na jointi”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/80290 |title=gout, n.1. |work=Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition, 1989 |accessdate=18 September 2011}}</ref> Watu wamekuwa wakifahamu kuhusu jongo kutoka enzi za kale. Kihistoria, jongo imejulikana kama “mfalme wa magonjwa na ugonjwa wa wafalme”<ref name=Lancet2010/><ref>Kubitz possibly has gout.{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/2003/04/01/cx_cd_0401feat.html |title=The Disease Of Kings -Forbes.com |work=Forbes |accessdate=}}</ref> au “ugonjwa wa matajiri”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease |title=Rich Man's Disease - definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Rekodi za kwanza za ugonjwa huu zilitoka nchini Misri katika mwaka wa 2,600 b.c katika maelezo kuhusu ugonjwa wa athritisi ya kidole gumba cha mguu. Tabibu [[Hippocrates]] wa nchi ya kale ya [[Ugiriki ya kale|Kigiriki]], katika mwaka wa 400 b.c alidokeza kuhusu jongo katika uandishi wake wa''[[maneno mafupi ya busara]]'' na kusema kuwa jongo haikuwaathiri [[matowashi]] na wanawake wasiofikia [[kikomohedhi]].<ref name="Pillinger">{{cite journal | last=Pillinger | first=MH | coauthors=Rosenthal P, Abeles AM | title=Hyperuricemia and gout: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment | journal=Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases | volume=65 | issue=3 | pages=215–221 | year=2007 | url=http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669 | pmid=17922673 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2008-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216114246/http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669 | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html|title=The Internet Classics Archive Aphorisms by Hippocrates|work=|accessdate=July 27, 2010|archivedate=2010-07-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707154253/http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html}}</ref> [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] (30 a.d.)alieleza uhusiano wa jongo na pombe, kutokea katika miaka ya baadaye katika wanawake na pia matatizo husishi ya figo <blockquote> Pia, mkojo mzito ulio na masimbi mazito, ni kuwa maumivu na magonjwa yatategewa kwenye sehemu ya viunga na visera... Maumivu ya viunga vya mikono na miguu hutokea mara nyingi na kudumu, kama vile katika visa vya podagra na cheirangra. Maumivu haya yaliyo nadra huwakumba towashi au vijana kabla ya ngono, au wanawake ila wale walio na hedhi iliyogandamizwa...wengine wao wamepata usalama wa muda mrefu kwa kutokunywa mvinyo, pombe ya asali na [[kujamiana | ngono]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4*.html|title=LacusCurtius • Celsus — On Medicine — Book IV |work= |accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote> Katika mwaka wa 1683, tabibu wa Uingereza, [[Thomas Sydenham, ]]alielezea kuhusu kutokea kwa jongo katika saa za alfajiri na kuwaathiri wanaume wazee zaidi: <blockquote>Wagonjwa wa jongo kwa ujumla huwa wanaume wazee waliojiharibu maishani hata wakakumbwa na uzee wa mapema -walio na mitindo mbovu, ambapo hakuna mtindo mbaya unaoshinda kujihusisha na ngono ya mapema na ya kupindukia, na anasa inayoangamiza. Mwathiriwa hurejea kitandani na kulala huku akiwa buheri wa afya. Saa nane hivi za asubuhi, yeye huamshwa na uchungu sugu katika kidole gumba cha mguu; nyakati zingine katika kisigino, kifundo au wayo. Uchungu ule ni kama wa kuteguka ingawa sehemu zenye maumivu huhisi kama ambazo zilimwagiliwa maji baridi. Hali hii kisha hufuatiwa na kutetemeka na homa ndogo... Usiku huo hukeshwa kwa mateso, kukosa usingizi, kugeuzageuza sehemu iliyoumia na kujigeuzageuza kitandani; kujigeuza huku kukilingana na maumivu ya viunga vinavyouma, na kuwa kubaya zaidi pindi maradhi yanavyoendelea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11102491 |title=BBC - h2g2 - Gout - The Affliction of Kings |work=BBC |accessdate=July 27, 2010}}</ref></blockquote> Mwanasayansi wa Uholanzi, [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]], kwanza alieleza jinsi fuwele za mkojo zilivyo mnamo mwaka wa 1679.<ref name="Pillinger"/> Katika mwaka wa 1848, tabibu wa Uingereza [[Alfred Baring Garrod]] alitambua kuwa asidi hii ya ziada ya mkojo katika damu ndiyo iliyokuwa ikisababisha jongo.<ref name="pmid11600751">{{cite journal | author=Storey GD |title=Alfred Baring Garrod (1819-1907) |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England) |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=1189–90|year=2001 |month=October |pmid=11600751 | url=http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/10/1189 | doi=10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1189}}</ref> ==Katika wanyama wengine== Njogo ni adimu sana katika wanyama wengine kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa kutolesha [[yurikasi]]ambayo humeng’enya asidi ya mkojo.<ref name=Animals01>{{cite journal|author=Agudelo CA, Wise CM |title=Gout: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=13 |issue=3|pages=234–9 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11333355 |doi= 10.1097/00002281-200105000-00015|url=}}</ref> Binadamu na [[sokwe wakubwa]] wengine hawana uwezo huu, jambo ambalo hufanya jongo kutokea mara nyingi.<ref name=Egg2007>{{cite journal |author=Eggebeen AT |title=Gout: an update |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=76|issue=6 |pages=801–8 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17910294 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-09-15_76_6/page/800}}</ref><ref name=Animals01/> Hata hivyo, sampuli ya ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' ambayo pia hujulikana kama "[[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]]" inaaminika kuugua jongo.<ref name="Rothschild">{{cite journal | last=Rothschild | first=BM |coauthors=Tanke D, Carpenter K | title=Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout | journal=Nature | volume=387 | issue=6631 | page=357 | year=1997 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v387/n6631/abs/387357a0.html | doi=10.1038/387357a0 | pmid=9163417 }}</ref> ==Utafiti== Aina nyingi za dawa zingali zikifanyiwa utafiti ili kutibu jongo, zikiwemo [[anakinra]], [[canakinumab]] na [[rilonacept]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musculoskeletalnetwork.com/gout/content/article/1145622/1533314 |title=New therapeutic options for gout here and on the horizon - The Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> ([[Rasburikasi]]), ambayo ni kimeng’enyi cha [[yurikasi]] cha[[DNA iliyounganishwa tena|iliyounganishwa tena]] pia inapatikana. Matibabu haya hayatumiki sana kwa sababu yanasababisha mwitikio wa [[kingamwili atomatiki]]. Aina nyingine za [[antigeni]] zinazoathiri kwa kiasi kidogo zinatengenezwa.<ref name=Egg2007/> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|colwidth=2}} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] s65xs24p0517bbbllvyubv5fmb2hmay 0 71572 1600057 1307689 2026-09-24T11:41:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mfumo wa umwagiliaji matone.png|400px|thumbnail|Mfumo wa umwagiliaji wa matone kwa tuta la mboga majani kwa ajili njia fupi ya maji]] [[Picha:Drip irrigation.ogg|300px|thumbnail|Bomba la umwagilishaji matone]] [[Picha:Umwagiliaji wa matone shambani.png|500px|thumbnail|Mfumo wa umwagiliaji matone shambani unaotumia mitambo]] [[Picha:Dripperwithdrop.png|300px|thumbnail|Nozeli ya kutoneshaji maji]] '''Umwagiliaji wa matone''' ni mfumo wa kisasa kwa [[umwagiliaji]] wa [[mimea]] na hasa [[mazao]]. Maji hupelekwa polepole kwa mabomba au mipira yenye matundu madogo moja kwa moja hadi mguu wa kila mmea, karibu na mizizi yake. Mfumo huu unapunguza sana matumizi ya maji na pia shida nyingine mbalimbali.<ref>[http://sabahionline.com/sw/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/05/22/newsbrief-09 Majadiliano katika bunge la Tanzania kuhusu usambazaji wa mfumo wa umwagiliaji wa matone]</ref> ==Historia== Vyanzo vya mfumo huu vinajulikana kutoka China ya Kale ambako wakulima walizika sufuria za kauri katika ardhi karibu na miti na kuizijaza maji, Maji yalipita kwenye kuta za vyombo na kuingia udongo karibu na mizizi polepole. Wajerumani walitumia mabomba ya udongo wa ufinyanzi uliochumwa ndani ya ardhi kwa umwagiliaji kuanzia karne ya 19. Baada vita kuu ya pili ya dunia mtu wa Australia alianza kutumia mabomba ya plastiki yenye matundu. Ilionekana ya kwamba mbinu huu ni rahisi lakini una hasara kama mpira ni ndefu. Matundu karibu na chanzo cha maji hutoa maji zaidi kuliko matundu ya mbali. Pia kama shinikizo katika mpira ni juu kidogo maji hayatokei kwa umbo la matone mbali kwa nguvu mno kama mwendo mfululizo. Mfumo huu uliboreshwa nchini Israeli na Simcha Bass aliyeongeza nozeli za kutonesha maji ([[ing.]] ''dripper'' au ''emitter''). <ref>http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/drip-emitter.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/drip-emitter.htm |date=20140421002304 }} Aina za nozeli za kutonesha maji zinaelezwa hapa</ref> Katika maeneo ya joto kubwa mfumo wote hupelekwa chini ya uso wa ardhi kwa kupunguza tena upotevu kutokana na [[usimbishaji]] wa maji hewani. ==Faida za umwagiliaji wa matone== Faida za umwagiliaji wa matone ni kama zifuatazo: * Matumizi ya maji ni kidogo * Mbolea wa chumvi unaweza kuongezwa katika maji na kufikishwa karibu na mizizi pekee, hivyo matumizi yake yapungua pia * Maji yapelekwa pale amboka mimea inayahitaji, siyo pale ambako haihitajiki * Magugu yanapungua kwa sababu hayamwagiliwi (isipokuwa sehemu iliyo karibu sana na mazao) * Hatari ya magonjwa wa fungus inapungua kwa sababu majani yanabaki makavu * mfumo unahitaji shinikizo kidogo tu na hii inapunguza gharama za nishati (diseli, umeme) kwa ajili ya pampu * hata pampu ni ndogo hivyo rahisi zaidi * Mmomonyoko wa ardhi shambani unapungua sana * Hatari ya kuongezeka kwa chumvi ardhini inapungua sana ==Matatizo ya umwagiliaji matone== Hasara zinazoweza kutokea wakati wa kutumia umwagiliaji wa matone: * Gharama: mwanzoni gharama zinaweza kuwa juu kuliko umwagiliaji wa kawaida. * Kuoza: Mipira na vipande vya plastiki vinaweza kuoza kutokana na jua * Kuziba: kama filta, mipira, mabomba na nozeli jaziangaliwi ipasavyo sehemu za mfumo zinaweza kuzibwa na uchafu mdogomdogo * Magonjwa kadhaa: madawa kadhaa yanayopulizwa kwa juu yanahitaji maji kutoka juu, maji kwenye mizizi hayatoshi * Ufundi: Mfumo mdogo unaweza kutengenezwa na kila mtu mwenye uwezo kiasi. Lakini mifumo kwa shamba zima inahitaji ufundi unaoelewa tabia ya eneo, mitelemko, hali ya maji yanayopatikana * Usimamizi: mfumo unahitaji kuangaliwa mara kwa mara na mfanyakazi anayeuelewa. Mtu asiyejali anaweza kusababisha hasara kubwa. Kama bomba inavuja mfululizo matumizi ya maji huwa juu sana. * Wanyama wagugunaji: Panya na wengine wanaweza kuharibu mipira na mabomba ya plastiki wakitafuta maji ==Picha== <gallery> Picha:Kapková závlaha, trubky kolem palem.JPG|Umwagiliaji matone kwa miti Picha:Kapková závlaha, ukončení hadice ohnutím.JPG|Kufunga mpira mwishoni File:Kapková závlaha, napojení potrubí na rozvod vody.JPG|Kuunganisha mipira ya kando File:Kapková závlaha, napojení potrubí na rozvod vody s kohoutem.JPG|Valvu ya kufunga/kufungua maji </gallery> ==Marejeo== <references/> [[jamii:kilimo]] brja3wfycy6nu1p1l8fnagyiwaev7on 0 71722 1599751 1329117 2026-09-23T23:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg|thumb|Nembo ya ILAB]] '''ILAB''' ni [[kifupisho]] cha International Labour Affairs Bureau yaani Shirika la Kimataifa la Masuala ya Kazi. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.dol.gov/ United States Department of Labor Official Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020153001/https://www.dol.gov/ilab/research/ Bureau of International Labor Affairs Official Website] * [http://www.dol.gov/ilab/research/ Selected Bureau of International Labor Affairs Publications and Documents] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/research/ |date=20171020153001 }} * [http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm/ Official Website of the International Labor Organization (ILO)] *[http://www.state.gov/g/tip/ US Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Website (G/TIP)] {{fupi}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] [[Jamii:Kifupi]] 1exoh7qoll9rpfebiz7hho0supqwkc6 0 71921 1600115 1317263 2026-09-24T11:48:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600115 wikitext text/x-wiki ^{Kwa matunda yenye jina hili angalia makala kuhusu '''[[Pera]]'''} {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Kata ya Mapera |picha_ya_satelite = |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa Mapera katika Tanzania |settlement_type = Kata |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Tanzania]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Tanzania|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Wilaya ya Mbinga|Mbinga]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 11,707 |latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=S |longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=E |website = }} '''Mapera''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Mbinga]] katika [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''57432'''. Kabla ya kupandishwa hadhi (2010) na kuwa kata, Mapera ilikuwa [[kijiji]] kimojawapo cha kata ya [[Maguu]]. Kata ya Mapera inaundwa na vijiji vya Mkinga, Kihongo, Lukanzauti na Mapera yenyewe ambayo ni makao makuu ya kata. Katika [[sensa]] iliyofanyika mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabika kuwa 11,707 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 10,513 waishio humo.<ref>[http://www.wavuti.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/7/6/3076464/census20general20report20-202920march202013_combined_final20for20printing1.pdf Sensa ya 2012, Ruvuma - Mbinga District Council]</ref> Wakazi asili wa Mapera ni wa [[kabila]] la [[Wamatengo]]. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Mbinga}} {{mbegu-jio-ruvuma}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Ruvuma]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mbinga]] 8eirjnslhizdgxagzwlwycvcr1aan3v 0 73946 1600013 1449521 2026-09-24T10:00:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Lama | picha = Llama lying down.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Lama anayelala<br>^{(''Lama glama'')} | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mamalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Artiodactyla]] <small>(Wanyama wenye vidole viwili au vinne mguuni)</small> | nusuoda = [[Tylopoda]] <small>(Wanyama wenye miguu inayovimba)</small> | familia = [[Camelidae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na [[ngamia]])</small> | bingwa_wa_familia = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1821 | jenasi = ''[[Lama (jenasi)|Lama]]'' <small>([[Lama (mnyama)|Lama]] na [[Guanako]])</small> | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1800 | spishi = ''[[Lama glama|L. glama]]'' <small>(Lama)</small> | bingwa_wa_spishi = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) | ramani = Lama glama Vicugna pacos range.png | maelezo_ya_ramani = Usambazaji wa lama na vikunya }} Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru [[File:Llama in ueno zoo - 2009 Aug.webm|thumb|Lama]] '''Lama''' ni mnyama wa kufugwa wa [[spishi]] ''Lama glama'' katika [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] Camelidae, anayeishi [[Amerika Kusini]]. Lama ametumiwa kwa upana na watu wa milima ya [[Andes]] tangu kabla ya historia, kwa nyama yake na kubeba mizigo. == Maelezo == [[Picha:Domestic llama (2009-05-19).jpg|thumb|left|Lama wa kufugwa]] Lama mzima ana kimo cha mita 1.7–1.8 juu ya kichwa, na uzito wa kilo 130–200. Wakati wa kuzaliwa, lama mchanga ana uzito wa kilo 9 hadi 14. Kwa kawaida, lama wanaishi miaka 15–25, na lama wengine wamejulikana kuishi zaidi ya miaka 30.<ref name=Characteristics/><ref name=Facts/><ref name=FAQ/> [[Picha:Emmett and evie.JPG|thumb|left|Jika na ndama wake]] Lama ndio wanyama wa kijamii sana, na huishi pamoja katika makundi. Sufu ya lama ni laini sana na haina [[lanolini]]. Lama wana akili na huweza kufundishwa kazi rahisi baada ya kuzirudia mara chache. Wakitumia tandiko la mzigo, wanaweza kubeba takribani asilimia 25–30 ya uzito wa mwili wao kwa safari ya km 8–13.<ref name="OK State"/> Jina la lama lilitokea jina la Kingereza "llama", lililochukuliwa toka lugha ya wenyeji wa [[Peru]].<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, "''llama''"</ref> Inaonekana kwamba lama wamekuja kwa asili kutoka nyanda za [[Amerika Kaskazini]] takribani miaka milioni 40 iliyopita. Walihamia Amerika Kusini takribani miaka milioni tatu iliyopita. Mwishoni mwa zama ya barafu ya mwisho (miaka 10,000–12,000 iliyopita), wanyama wa familia Camelidae walikuwa wametoweka Amerika Kaskazini.<ref name="OK State"/> Mnamo 2007, idadi ya lama na alpaka pamoja ilikuwa zaidi ya milioni saba Amerika Kusini, na kutokana na uingizaji kutoka Amerika Kusini mwishoni mwa karne ya 20, sasa kuna zaidi ya lama 158,000 na alpaka 100,000 wanaoishi [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]].<ref name=Numbers/> == Marejeo == {{reflist|refs= <ref name=Characteristics>{{cite web |url=http://www.nose-n-toes.com/characts.htm |title=Llama Characteristics |publisher=Nose-n-Toes |date=2007-06-25 |accessdate=2014-12-09 |archive-date=2024-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323232620/http://www.nose-n-toes.com/characts.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=Facts>{{cite web |url=http://www.llamasofatlanta.com/llama_facts.htm |title=Llama Facts 1 |publisher=Llamas of Atlanta |date=2007-06-25 |accessdate=2014-12-09 |archivedate=2016-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817045228/http://www.llamasofatlanta.com/llama_facts.htm }}</ref> <ref name=FAQ> {{cite web |url=http://www.twincreeksllamas.com/faq/FAQs.htm |publisher=Twin Creeks Llamas |title=Llama FAQ |date=2007-06-25}}</ref> <ref name="OK State"> {{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/llama/ |publisher=[[Oklahoma State University]] |title=Llama |date=2007-06-25}}</ref> <ref name=Numbers>{{cite web |url=http://www.scla.us/llamafacts.html |author=South Central Llama Association |title=Llama Facts 2 |date=2009-01-22 |accessdate=2014-12-09 |archive-date=2011-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107182037/http://www.scla.us/llamafacts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Commons category|Lama glama}} {{Artiodactyla|T.}} [[Jamii:Ngamia na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa kufugwa]] ppf869bc6c3tvel84y00goxkynnmuii 0 76644 1600143 1379210 2026-09-24T11:51:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | Jina = Hali Ngumu | Aina ya wimbo = [[Muziki wa asili]] | Msanii = [[Mrisho Mpoto]] | Maelezo = | Albamu = | Umerekodiwa = 2014 | Umetolewa = [[2 Aprili]], [[2014]] | Lugha = [[Kiswahili]] | Urefu = 5:32 | Mtunzi = Mpoto | Studio = Soround Sound Studio | Mtayarishaji = Allan Mapigo | Nyimbo = | awali = | namba ya awali = | wimbo namba = | ijayo = | namba ijayo = | Misc = }} '''Chocheeni kuni''' ni jina la wimbo wa aina ya muziki wa dansi ya asili uliyoimbwa na mwimbaji [[Mrisho Mpoto]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Wimbo ulitoka mwaka wa 2014. Ni muendelezo wa mashairi yenye utata, yaani, utunzi wa hali ya juu katika kufumba maneno mazito dhidi ya siasa za Tanzania. ==Mashairi ya wimbo== '''KIITIKIO:'''</br> Chocheeni kuni mbichi moto ukolee</br> Ugali uive mnachotaka kitokee</br> Alikeni mamluki, wakija wangojee</br> Mikeka waweke, wanachotaka kitokee</br> Chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea oooo</br> Chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea…</br> </br> '''UBETI WA KWANZA''':</br> Watanzania, mwenda kwao siku zote haogopi giza</br> Acheni nirudi nyumbani safari imenishinda, nauli zenu nitarudisha.</br> Mtu anatapika nyongo yake, anailamba tena anaangaliwa</br> Ni sawa na tawi kavu linapoanguka watu wakapiga kelele, ayaaaa</br> Katika misimu minne kwa mwaka, tuongeze msimu mwingine wa kujiridhisha</br> Raha ya jamvi siku zote ni viraka viraka,</br> Na dungu, linamficha mlinzi wa ndege wakati wa mvua tu</br> Eti ooo, imenyesha juzi tu, maji sio mengi, nisubirini kule</br> Ilishindikana vipi kuyapima maji kwa mti, ndio mkawaambia watu wavuke</br> Mjomba, binadamu ni kama ganda la kitabu,</br> Mpaka umfungue maandishi, ndio uweze kumuelewa</br> Eti lilotokea mbali tufanye limepita, na haliwezi kumdhuru mwingine</br> Kweli! Inayotaka kunyesha huwa haisubiri mawingu</br> Mimi, sidhani kama kujiponya kwa mambo mazito</br> Tunahitaji cheti kilichogongwa muhuri wa moto</br> Au mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya akili, zaidi ya kutumia neno sahau tu</br> Unawaulizaje watu magongo ya nini, wakati umesema kuna nyoka?</br> Mjomba, wewe si uliwapaka wanja, ngoja wao wakupake pilipili</br> Halafu kwenye kombolela iwe zamu yako kuzinga</br> </br> '''KIITIKIO''':</br> Chocheeni kuni mbichi moto ukolee</br> Ugali uive mnachotaka kitokee</br> Alikeni mamluki, wakija wangojee</br> Mikeka waweke, wanachotaka kitokee</br> Chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea oooo</br> Chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea, chochea…</br> '''UBETI WA PILI:'''</br> Mngekuwa mnajua anachokula nyuki, msingethubutu kusema asali ni tamu</br> Niwashukuru, kwa kufikiri mjini ni hifadhi yenu</br> Halikuwa wazo baya kwa wakati ule</br> Maana mlionyesha ukomavu kutoka kwenye shingo kwenda chini na sio juu</br> Mbona hamkumfikiria aliyekuwa ndani kafungiwa kwa nje?</br> Usingizi hapati anawaza jinsi ya kutoka</br> Nikisema uwezo wa watu kufikiri na mahitaji unatofautiana,</br> mtaanza kusema nina dharau na matusi</br> Lakini kumbukeni ulimi unauma kuliko meno</br> Mnawezaje kumfikiria aliyekuwa ndani,</br> kajifungia mwenyewe, funguo anazo mwenyewe,</br> Kalala fo fo fo, asijue hata idadi ya misumari iliyoshikilia mlango wake</br> Kulipamba jeneza, hakumfanyi aliyekufa kufufuka nyinyi</br> Kama kusema nimeshasema sana, mwishowe nitakuwa kama mwanasiasa</br> Hawajitokezi mpaka kuwe na maafa</br> Natoa katoni ishirini za sabuni ya unga, aliyekwambia wale wachafu nani?</br> Kasafisheni kwanza nyoyo zenu ndio mrudi kwa wananchi</br> Ndugu zangu, tawi kavu, kuanguka wala sio ajabu</br> Wakati wao wanatenganisha mavi ya panya kwenye unga</br> Ninyi chicheeni kuni zilizoloa, maji yapate moto ugali usongwe</br> wakiwauliza, waambieni huu ni utani hehehe, Hapa kwetu tuna makabila 120, tunataniana</br> Waliopo hatuwataki, wanaotaka hatuwaamini</br> Maneno siku zote yanauma na yanachefua ukijua maana yake</br> Kwa mfano neno la kitoto, mtoto kumwambia mtoto tunasema watoto wanacheza</br> Neno la kitoto, mtoto kumwambia mkubwa tunasema mtoto anakuwa</br> Mtoto akisema babaa, ile ndege yangu,</br> Baba hata kama huna baiskeli, utamwambia ikitua nitakuletea, ndio utaratibu</br> Lakini maneno ya kitoto, mtu mzima kumwambia mtu mzima mwenzie, kuna walakini</br> Mimi safari imenishinda, na sitaki tena kuulizwa kwanini</br></br> ==Viungo vya nje== {{reflist}} *{{YouTube|_pjiSWkuTtA|{{PAGENAME}}}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2014]] [[Jamii:Mrisho Mpoto]] 1mpmq0l70xxvuqoekp434z6j4ts4d6w 0 77520 1599763 1202001 2026-09-24T00:56:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | picha = Jada Pinkett Smith at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg | image_size = | maelezo = Pinkett Smith kwenye NY PaleyFest 2014 kwa ajili ya ''[[Gotham (TV series)|Gotham]]'' | jina la kuzaliwa = Jada Koren Pinkett | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1971|9|18|df=yes}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | majina mengine = Jada Koren (with [[Wicked Wisdom]]) |mhitimu wa = [[Baltimore School for the Arts]] | kazi yake = Mwigizaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo-mwimbaji, mfanyabiashara | miaka ya kazi = 1990–hadi sasa | ndoa = {{marriage|[[Will Smith]]|1997}} | watoto = [[Jaden Smith|Jaden]] and [[Willow Smith|Willow]] | tovuti = {{URL|http://www.jadapinkettsmith.com}} }} '''Jada Koren Pinkett Smith''' (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/dʒ/ 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span> <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span> <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/ 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</span></span>; amezaliwa na jina la '''Jada Koren Pinkett'''; mnamo [[Septemba 18]], [[1971]])<ref name="msn">{{cite web|title = Jada Pinkett-Smith – Biography|url = http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/jada-pinkett-smith.1/|accessdate = 2008-10-02|work = [[MSN]]|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/68GAnb2WH?url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/jada-pinkett-smith.1/|archivedate = 2012-06-08| = https://www.webcitation.org/68GAnb2WH?url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/jada-pinkett-smith.1/}}</ref> ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]], mtunzi-mwimbaji wa nyimbo, na mfanyabiashara kutoka nchi ya Marekani. Alianza shughuli zake mnamo [[1990]], wakati alipofanya uhusika wa kualikwa katika ucheshi uliodumu kiasi ''True Colors''. Amecheza katika filamu ya vichekesho ''A Different World'', iliyotayarishwa na Bill Cosby, na pia akashiriki pamoja na [[Eddie Murphy]] kwenye filamu ya ''The Nutty Professor'' (1996). Ameshiriki filamu za maigizo kama vile ''Menace II Society'' (1993) na ''Set It Off'' (1996). Ameonekana katika filamu zaidi ya 20 za mitindo mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Scream 2'', ''Ali'', ''The Matrix Reloaded'', ''The Matrix Revolutions'', ''Madagascar'', ''Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa'', na ''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted''. Mwaka wa [[1997]], aliolewa na rapa na mwigizaji [[Will Smith]]. Wana watoto wawili, Jaden na Willow. Wawili hawa wameanzisha ''Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation'', asasi ya kutoa misaada inayotazamia hasa vijana waishio mijini ili waweze kujikimu na vilevile wanafanya kazi na asasi zingine zisizo za kiserikali kama vile  YouthBuild na Lupus Foundation of America. == Filmografia == {| style="margin-bottom: 10px;" data-cx-weight="1424" data-source="386" class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" id="cx386" contenteditable="true" |+ id="387" |Film ! id="391" scope="col" | Mwaka<br> ! id="393" scope="col" | Jina<br> ! id="395" scope="col" | Uhusika<br> ! class="unsortable" id="397" scope="col" | Maelezo<br> |- id="399" | id="400" | 1993 | id="402" | ''Menace II Society'' | id="405" | Ronnie |- id="408" | id="409" | 1994 | id="411" | ''The Inkwell'' | id="414" | Lauren Kelly |- id="417" | id="418" | 1994 | id="420" | ''Jason's Lyric'' | id="423" | Lyric |- id="426" | id="427" | 1994 | id="429" | ''A Low Down Dirty Shame'' | id="432" | Peaches |- id="435" | id="436" | 1995 | id="438" | ''Demon Knight'' | id="441" | Jeryline |- id="444" | id="445" | 1996 | id="447" | ''The Nutty Professor'' | id="450" | Carla Purty |- id="453" | id="454" | 1996 | id="456" | ''If These Walls Could Talk'' | id="459" | Patti | id="461" | Made for television movie |- id="464" | id="465" | 1996 | id="467" | ''Set It Off'' | id="470" | Lida "Stony" Newsome |- id="473" | id="474" | 1997 | id="476" | ''Scream 2'' | id="479" | Maureen Evans | id="482" | Cameo; credited as "Jada Pinkett" |- id="484" | id="485" | 1997 | id="487" | ''Princess Mononoke'' | id="490" | Toki | id="492" | Sauti<br> |- id="494" | id="495" | 1998 | id="497" | ''Woo'' | id="500" | Darlene |- id="503" | id="504" | 1998 | id="506" | ''Blossoms and Veils'' | id="508" | Raven | id="510" | Filamu fupi<br> |- id="512" | id="513" | 1998 | id="515" | ''Return to Paradise'' | id="518" | M.J. Dc |- id="521" | id="522" | 1999 | id="524" | ''Princess Mononoke'' | id="527" | Toki | id="529" | sauti<br> Dabio la Kiingereza |- id="531" | id="532" | 2000 | id="534" | ''Bamboozled'' | id="537" | Sloan Hopkins |- id="540" | id="541" | 2001 | id="543" | ''Kingdom Come'' | id="546" | Charisse Slocumb |- id="549" | id="550" | 2001 | id="552" | ''Ali'' | id="555" | Sonji Roi |- id="558" | id="559" | 2003 | id="561" | ''The Matrix Reloaded'' | id="564" | Niobe |- id="568" | id="569" | 2003 | id="571" | ''Enter The Matrix'' | id="574" | Niobe | id="576" | Full Motion Video video game, voice, and motion capture performance |- id="580" | id="581" | 2003 | id="583" | ''The Matrix Revolutions'' | id="586" | Niobe |- id="589" | id="590" |2003 | id="592" | ''Maniac Magee'' | id="595" | Amanda Beale |- id="598" | id="599" | 2004 | id="601" | ''Collateral'' | id="604" | Annie Farrell |- id="607" | id="608" | 2005 | id="610" | ''[[Madagascar (filamu)|Madagascar]]'' | id="613" | Gloria | id="615" | sauti<br> |- id="617" | id="618" | 2007 | id="620" | ''Reign Over Me'' | id="623" | Janeane Johnson |- id="626" | id="627" | 2008 | id="629" | ''The Women'' | id="632" | Alex Fisher |- id="635" | id="636" | 2008 | id="638" | ''Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa'' | id="641" | Gloria | id="643" | sauti<br> |- id="645" | id="646" | 2008 | id="648" | ''The Human Contract'' | id="651" | Rita | id="653" | Debuted at Cannes Film Festival in May 2008.<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|last = Swart|first = Sharon|title = 'Contract' players play Cannes|date = 2008-05-18|url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117986025.html?categoryid=38&cs=1&query=the+human+contract|accessdate = 2008-10-04|work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety.com]]|publisher = Reed Elsevier|archive-date = 2010-11-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101126161535/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117986025?refCatId=38|url-status = dead}}</ref><br> Written and directed by Pinkett Smith. |- id="657" | id="658" | 2009 | id="660" | ''Merry Madagascar'' | id="663" | Gloria | id="665" | sauti<br> |- id="667" | id="668" | 2012 | id="670" | ''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted'' | id="673" | Gloria | id="675" | sauti |- id="677" | id="678" | 2013 | id="680" | ''Madly Madagascar'' | id="683" | Gloria | id="685" | sauti<br> |- id="687" | id="688" | 2015 | id="690" | ''Magic Mike XXL'' | id="693" | Rome |} {| style="margin-bottom: 10px;" data-cx-weight="348" data-source="696" class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" id="cx696" contenteditable="true" |+ id="697" |Televisheni ! id="701" scope="col" | Mwaka<br> ! id="703" scope="col" | Jina<br> ! id="705" scope="col" | Uhusika<br> ! class="unsortable" id="707" scope="col" | Maelezo<br> |- id="709" | id="710" |1990 | id="712" |''True Colors'' | id="715" |Beverly | id="717" |Kisa 1 |- id="719" | id="720" |1990 | id="722" |''Moe's World'' | id="724" |Natalie | id="726" |Filamu ya Televisheni |- id="728" | id="729" |1991 | id="731" |''21 Jump Street'' | id="734" |Nicole | id="736" |Kisa 1 |- id="738" | id="739" |1991 | id="741" |''Doogie Howser, M.D'' | id="744" |Trish Andrews | id="746" |Kisa 1 |- id="748" | id="749" |1991–1993 | id="751" |''A Different World'' | id="754" |Lena James | id="756" |Visa 42 |- id="758" | id="759" |2009–2011 | id="761" |''Hawthorne'' | id="764" | Christina Hawthorne | id="767" | Uhusika Mkuu |- id="769" | id="770" |2014–2015 | id="772" |''Gotham'' | id="775" | Fish Mooney | id="777" | Mshiriki wa kawaidaular |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] akpr2mvbunpefd5x2h60xhawh2yfa17 0 77595 1599587 1204000 2026-09-23T18:47:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Msanii muziki | rangi = | jina = Yung Trace | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Yung Trace | jina la kiraia = Dao Ranaldo | jina la kisanii = Yung Trace | alizaliwa = {{birth date and age|2000|12|8|df=yes}} | alikufa = | nchi = | aina ya muziki = Hip Hop<br/> Trap | kazi yake = Rapa | miaka ya kazi = 2000-hadi leo | ameshirikiana na = PDG | ala = | kampuni = Dao Ranaldo Official, Midget Records, Yung Trace Ultimate, [[Interscope]] }} '''Dao Ranaldo ''' (amezaliwa 8 Desemba 2000 ) bora know na wake hatua jina ''' Yung Trace''' ni Kiingereza Rapa, mwimbaji-mtunzi na muigizaji, kutoka Epsom, United Kingdom. Yeye ni sahihi kwa Dao Ranaldo Official. Yeye anajulikana kwa albamu yake ya kwanza Main Oppening ilitolewa mwaka 2015 na albamu yake "White Pharaoh" Imetolewa 2015. Pia alijiunga na UK DA SQUAD mwaka 2015 na Patgriller. ==Kazi== ===Main Opening=== On Mei 19, 2015 albamu "Main Opening" ilitolewa. Ni charted kwa #55 mnamo UK Chati. Ni charted kwa #24 R&B Chati. Albamu ilitolewa katika studio Dao Ranaldo rasmi. ===White Pharaoh=== On Mei 31, 2015 albamu "White Pharaoh" ilitolewa. Ni kugonga #67 kwenye UK Chati. Ni kugonga #69 juu ya Uingereza R&B Chati. Albamu ilitolewa katika studio Dao Ranaldo rasmi. ==Diskografia== ===albamu studio=== * 2015:Main Opening * 2015:White Pharaoh * 2015: Wiggaside ==Websites nyingine== * [https://soundcloud.com/yung-trace Yung Trace] {{Wayback|url=https://soundcloud.com/yung-trace |date=20150703145702 }} juu ya Soundcloud * [https://mobile.twitter.com/yungtrace2000%7C Yung Trace] juu ya Twitter *[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCD1pEghtTd4xUDV5uoat_rA Yung Trace] juu ya [[YouTube]] *[https://www.facebook.com/yungtracee Yung Trace] juu ya [[Facebook]] *[https://instagram.com/dao2k/ Yung Trace] juu ya Instagram {{DEFAULTSORT:Trace, Yung}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa hip hop]] 4uygo9b41nf8jnewowovof2o7zrrm71 0 78095 1599542 1262310 2026-09-23T18:33:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiabinomn''' ni [[Lugha za Kipapua|lugha ya Kipapua]] nchini [[Indonesia]] inayozungumzwa na [[Waabinomn]]. Mwaka wa 2002 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiabinomn imehesabiwa kuwa watu 300. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha, Kiabinomn haihusiani na lugha nyingine. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/bsa lugha ya Kiabinomn kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/bsa makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiabinomn] {{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/bsa |date=20170716193733 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/abin1243 lugha ya Kiabinomn katika Glottolog] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bsa lugha ya Kiabinomn kwenye Ethnologue] {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abinomn}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Indonesia]] hpfk5owwkv4esxk0yqw0pypgtngm4tc 0 80965 1599543 1211332 2026-09-23T18:33:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} '''Makumbusho ya kutokutambua uovu''' (kwa [[Kituruki]] ''Masumiyet Müzesi'') ni riwaya iliyoandikwa na [[Orhan Pamuk]] na kutolewa mwaka wa 2008. ==Maelezo kutoka redio ya Kituruki== Katika fasihi ya Kituruki, waandishi wa mashairi mbalimbali wametumia muda wao kutaja sifa na uzuri wa jiji la Istanbul. Kuna waaandishi wengi wa vitabu vya historia, mapenzi na hadithi mbalimbal ambao pia hawakusita kuusifia mji huu wa kimataifa. Lakini uzuri wa mji huu si tu kwa muonekano bali hata vitabu na mashairi yameshindwa kusifia kiwango ambacho kinatakiwa. Istanbul ni mji wa upendo, na mashairi mengi yanaelezea mapenzi ya watu maarufu ambao waliishi Istanbul katika kipindi cha nyuma. Leo hii tutakuhadithia simulizi ya mtu ambaye alitengeneza sehemu ya makumbusho ya upendo. Upendo huu umeelezewa ndani ya riwaya. Lakini kujua kwamba riwaya hii imeandika historia ya kweli au ya kufikirika, tutajua mwishoni mwa kipindi chetu na wewe msikilizaji ndiye utakayetoa maamuzi. Riwaya hii iliandikwa na mwandishi wa Kituruki, [[Orhan Pamuk]] ambaye ni mshindi wa tuzo ya Nobel. Riwaya hii ni maarufu kama ulivyo maarufu mji wa Istanbul wenyewe na ni riwaya ambayo haitokuja kusahaulika. Riwaya hii ni moja ya vitu vilivyomletea Pamuk tuzo hii ya Nobel. Riwaya yake iliyopewa jina la Istanbul, imeelezea maisha halisi ndani ya jiji hili. Riwaya hii ilipelekea kupatikana kwa tuzo ya Nobel Prize ambayo Pamuk aliitwaa. Sasa tuanze kukupa historia yenyewe. Kama tulivyosema hapo awali leo hii riwaya yetu inazungumzia jumba la makumbusho ya upendo. kijana mwenye umri wa miaka 30, Kemal ambaye anatokea katika familia tajiri ya Basmaci ambayo inamiliki viwanda vya nguo anampenda Fusun, binti mwenye umri wa miaka 18 ambaye anatokea katika familia ya kimaskini. Mwandishi wa riwaya hii ya kuvutia ya mapenzi anagusia maisha halisi katka mitaa ya Istanbul na majarida ya udaku ambayo ni mashuhuri ndani ya mji huu. Historia hii ya mapenzi ambayo yameanza tangu mwaka 1975 baina ya Kemal na Fusun na kudumu mpaka sasa, inaelezewa ndani ya riwaya hii ya “museum of innocence”. Kwa wale ambao hawakubahatika kuisoma riwaya hii. Jina hili la “museum of innocence” sio tu ni jina la riwaya, bali ni jina la jumba la makumbusho ambalo kwa muda mrefu, Orhan Pamuk alilifikiria. Uziinduzi wa jumba hili la makumbusho ni sehemu ya riwaya hii. Kabla ya kuanza kuandika riwaya hii katika miaka ya 70 na 80, Pamuk alifanya kazi ya ununuzi wa vitu ambavyo vilitumiwa na waandishi mashuhuri wa riwaya wa kipindi hicho. Alikusanya pia vitu vyote ambavyo aliviandika ndani ya riwaya hii. Pamuk alikua akifanya vitu viwilii kwa wakati mmoja, yaani huku anaandika riwaya na kwa upande mwingine anaandaa jumba hili la makumbusho. Jumba hili lilitarajiwa kuwekwa vitu ambavyo mhusika mkuu wa riwaya hii, Kemal na mpenzi wake Fusun watavtumia. Kwasababu riwaya hii inamuelezea shujaa wa mapenzi, Kemal kuwa alikusanya vitu vyote ambavyo mpenzi wake Fusun alivitumia na kuvihifadhi sehemu moja. Jumba hili lina viatu vya rangi ya njano pamoja na heleni ambazo Fusun alizitumia kuanzia mwanzo hadi mwisho wa riwaya hii. Kama ilivyo katika riwaya, ambapo Kemal aliamua kufungua jumba la makumbusho kwa kuweka vitu vya Fusun, naye muandishi Pamuk akaona ni vema atengeneze sehemu ya makumbusho. Alilifanyia matengenezo jengo lake la Çukurcuma alilolinunua miaka mingi nyuma kwa ajili ya kukamilisha ndoto hii. Mradi huu wa kuanzisha sehemu ya makumbusho inayohusiana na riwaya, uliungwa mkono na kitengo cha makao makuu ya utamaduni wa Ulaya 2010. Jengo hili lilifunguliwa mnamo mwezi Agosti mwaka 2010. Baada ya kukamilika kwa ssehemu hiyo ya makumbusho, Orhan alikusanya vitu vyote vya ukumbusho wa utamaduni wa Istanbul tangu mwaka 1950 hadi mwaka 2000. Matengenezo yake yalifanywa na wabunifu wa Kijerumani, Brigite na Gregor Sunder Plassman. Na hapa tumefikia mwisho wa kipindi cha leo. [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kituruki]] kojo451t4pmtlou02tit6551dp6tu0s 0 82511 1600058 1357762 2026-09-24T11:41:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy high mag.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Prekilampsia]] {{Infobox disease | Name = Prekilampsia| ICD10 = {{ICD10|O|11||o|10}}, {{ICD10|O|14||o|10}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|642.4}}-{{ICD9|642.7}} | ICDO = | Image = Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy high mag.jpg| Caption = A [[micrograph]] showing [[hypertrophic decidualvasculopathy]], a finding seen in [[gestational hypertension]] and pre-eclampsia. [[H&E stain]].| OMIM = | OMIM_mult = | MedlinePlus = 000898 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1905 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|1885}} | DiseasesDB = 10494 | MeshID = D011225 | }} <!--Ufasili na dalili --> '''Prekilampsia''' ('''PE''') ni ugonjwa wa [[ujauzito]] unaodhihirika kwa shinikizo la juu la damu na kiwango kikubwa cha [[protiniuria|protini kwenye mkojo]].<ref name=Ei2012>{{cite journal|last=Eiland|first=Elosha|author2=Nzerue, Chike |author3=Faulkner, Marquetta |title=Preeclampsia 2012|journal=Journal of Pregnancy|year=2012|volume=2012|pages=1–7|doi=10.1155/2012/586578}}</ref> Ugonjwa huu hutokea katika [[trimesta ya tatu]] ya ujauzito na huzidi jinsi muda unavyoendelea.<ref name=Al2014>{{cite journal|last1=Al-Jameil|first1=N|last2=Aziz Khan|first2=F|last3=Fareed Khan|first3=M|last4=Tabassum|first4=H|title=A brief overview of preeclampsia.|journal=Journal of clinical medicine research|date=February 2014|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–7|pmid=24400024}}</ref><ref name=ACOG2013/> Katika hali mbaya ya ugonjwa huu, hali zifuatazo zinaweza kuwepo: umeng’enyaji wa seli nyekundu za damu, upungufu wa idadi ya chembe za kugandisha damu, kuharibika kwa utendaji wa ini, utendakazi duni wa figo, [[edema|kuvimba]], [[edema ya mshipa wa mapafu|ugumu wa kupumua kufuatia kuwepo kwa kiowevu kwenye mapafu]], au matatizo ya macho.<ref name=Al2014/><ref name=ACOG2013/> PE huongeza hatari ya kuathirika kwa mama na mtoto.<ref name=ACOG2013>{{cite journal|title=Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy.|journal=ObstetGynecol.|date=Nov 2013|volume=122|issue=5|pages=1122–31|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88|pmid=24150027|url=http://www.tsop.org.tw/db/CFile/File/8-1.pdf|access-date=2016-03-11|archive-date=2016-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106101141/http://www.tsop.org.tw/db/CFile/File/8-1.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Hali hii isipotibiwa inaweza kusababisha [[mtukutiko]], ambapo hujulikana kama [[eklampsia]].<ref name=Al2014/> ==Kisababishi na utambuzi== Vipengele vya hatari vya PE hujumuisha: [[unene]], [[hipatensheni]] iliyotokea awali, uzee, na [[kisukari tamu]].<ref name=Al2014/><ref name=WHO2011/> Hali hii pia hutokea mara nyingi zaidi katika mimba ya kwanza ya mwanamke na ikiwa anabeba pacha.<ref name=Al2014/> Utaratibu wa kimsingi huhusisha utaratibu usio wa kawaida wa [[kuundika kwa plasenta|kuundika kwa mishipa ya damu kwenye plasenta]] kando na vipengele vingine.<ref name=Al2014/> Visa vingi hutambuliwa kabla ya kuzaa. Mara nadra, prekilampsia inaweza kuanza [[baada ya kuzaa|kipindi cha baada ya kuzaa]].<ref name=ACOG2013/> Ingawa kihistoria shinikizo la juu la damu na uwepo wa protini kwenye damu ni vipengele vya kuthibitisha utambuzi wa ugonjwa huu, fasili zingine pia zinajumuisha vilivyohitajika hipatensheni na ukosefu wa utendakazi wowote wa viungo.<ref name=ACOG2013/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lambert|first1=G|last2=Brichant|first2=JF|last3=Hartstein|first3=G|last4=Bonhomme|first4=V|last5=Dewandre|first5=PY|title=Preeclampsia: an update.|journal=Actaanaesthesiologica Belgica|date=2014|volume=65|issue=4|pages=137–49|pmid=25622379}}</ref> Shinikizo la damu hufasiliwa kama la juu likizidi mmHg 140&nbsp; [[shinikizo la damu la sistoli|la sistoli]] au mmHg 90&nbsp; [[shinikizo la damu la diastoli|la diastoli]] nyakati mbili tofauti, vya tofauti ya zaidi ya saa nne katika wanawake baada ya wiki ishirini za ujauzito.<ref name=ACOG2013/> PE huchunguzwa mara kwa mara wakati wa [[utunzaji wa kabla ya kuzaa]].<ref name=Lancet2010/> ==Kinga na matibabu == Mapendekezo ya kinga ni pamoja na: [[aspirin]] kwa watu walio katika hatari kubwa, [[nyongeza ya kalisi]] katika maeneo yenye upungufu wake na matibabu dhidi ya hipatensheni ya awali kwa dawa.<ref name=WHO2011/><ref name=Hend2014>{{cite journal|last1=Henderson|first1=JT|last2=Whitlock|first2=EP|last3=O'Connor|first3=E|last4=Senger|first4=CA|last5=Thompson|first5=JH|last6=Rowland|first6=MG|title=Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2014-05-20_160_10/page/695|journal=Annals of internal medicine|date=May 20, 2014|volume=160|issue=10|pages=695–703|pmid=24711050|doi=10.7326/M13-2844}}</ref> Kwa watu walio na PE, kutolewa kwa fetasi na plasenta ni njia bora ya matibabu.<ref name=WHO2011/> Kupendekezwa kwa kutolewa kwa fetasi na plasenta hutegemea kiwango cha PE na ukubwa wa ujauzito.<ref name=WHO2011/> [[Dawa za shinikizo la damu]], kama vile [[labetalol]] na [[methyldopa]], zinaweza kutumika kuboresha hali ya mama kabla ya kuzaa.<ref name=Aru2013/> [[Salfeti ya magnesiamu]] inaweza kutumika kuzuia eklampsia kwa watu walio na hali mbaya ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name=WHO2011/> Kupumzika na kutumia chumvi ni mbinu ambazo hazijabainika kusaidia kukinga wala kutibu ugonjwa huu.<ref name=ACOG2013/><ref name=WHO2011/> <!-- Epidemiolojia na ubashiri --> Prekilampsia huathiri kati ya asilimia 2–8 ya wanawake wajawazito kote duniani.<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite book|title=WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.|year=2011|isbn=978-92-4-154833-5|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548335_eng.pdf|access-date=2016-03-11|archive-date=2015-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513050104/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548335_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Magonjwa ya shinikizo la juu la damu wakati wa ujauzito]] ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya vifo vinavyotokana na ujauzito.<ref name=Aru2013>{{cite journal|last=Arulkumaran|first=N.|author2=Lightstone, L.|title=Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises|journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics &Gynaecology|date=December 2013|volume=27|issue=6|pages=877–884|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003}}</ref> Magonjwa haya yalisababisha vifo 29,000 mwaka wa 2013 – vilivyopungua kutoka vifo 37,000 mwaka wa 1990.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Prekilampsia kawaida hutokea baada ya wiki 32; hata hivyo, ikitokea mapema, madhara mabaya zaidi hutarajiwa.<ref name=Aru2013/> Wanawake ambao walipata PE awali wako katika hatari zaidi ya [[magonjwa ya moyo]] baadaye maishani.<ref name=Lancet2010>{{cite journal|last=Steegers|first=Eric AP|coauthors=von Dadelszen, Peter; Duvekot, Johannes J; Pijnenborg, Robert|title=Pre-eclampsia|journal=The Lancet|date=August 2010|volume=376|issue=9741|pages=631–644|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60279-6|pmid=20598363}}</ref> Neno eklampsia linatokana na neno la Kigiriki linalomaanisha radi.<ref name=Em2006/> Maelezo ya kwanza yanayofahamika yalitolewa na [[Hippocrates]] katika karne ya 5 BCE.<ref name=Em2006>{{cite book|author1=Emile R. Mohler|title=Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease|date=2006|publisher=PMPH-USA|isbn=9781550093186|pages=407–408|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=sCgURxhCJ-8C&pg=PA407}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> [[Jamii:Uzazi]] [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] ai5hh2ps5tu576wjdzl6suq3oswrjr6 0 84647 1599963 1592007 2026-09-24T09:09:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Kris Kross | picha = Kris Kross.JPG | maelezo = Kris Kross ''(Smith upande wa kushoto; Kelly upande wa kulia nyakati za usiku)'' mnamo 1996 | background = group_or_band | chimbuko = [[Atlanta]], Georgia, Marekani | aina = [[Hip hop]] | miaka ya kazi = 1991–2001<br>2013 <small>(kuungana tena) | studio = {{Flatlist| *[[Ruffhouse Records|Ruffhouse]] *[[Columbia Records|Columbia]] *[[Judgement Records|Judgement]]}} | ameshirikiana na = {{Flatlist| *[[Da Brat]] *[[Jermaine Dupri]] *[[Michael Jackson]] *[[Super Cat]] *[[Aaliyah]] *[[TLC]]}} | wanachama wa zamani = Chris "Daddy Mac" Smith<br>Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly (amefariki) }} '''Kris Kross''' lilikuwa kundi la [[muziki wa hip hop]] lililoundwa mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, likiongozwa na James Christopher "Mac Daddy" Kelly (Agosti 11, 1978 – Me 1, 2013) na Christopher "Daddy Mac" Smith (amezaliwa Januari 10, 1979). Kundi linatoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Kundi lilitamba sana na kibao chao cha 1992 "[[Jump]]", ambacho kilishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za Billboard Hot 100 kwa majuma manane mfululizo na kutunukiwa platinum. Kundi lilendelea kupata maplatinum na madhahabu kibwena kwa vibao na maalbamu kama vile "Warm It Up", "Tonight's tha Night" na "Young, Rich & Dangerous". Washirika hawa pia walifahamika sana kwa mtindo wao kuvaa nguo kinyumenyume (mbele nyuma, nyuma mbele). Urafiki wa James Christopher Kelly na Christopher Smith ulianza tangu wakiwa darasa la kwanza. Vijana hawa waligunduliwa na [[Jermaine Dupri]] wa enzi hizo aliyekuwa na miaka 19 - aliwakuta katika Marikiti moja huko mjini Atlanta mnamo mwaka wa 1991. ==Historia== ==Diskografia== ===Albamu=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="6"| Nafasi iliyoshika ! rowspan="2"| Tunukio<br /><small>([[Orodha ya wanamuziki waliouza vizuri|mauzo]])</small> |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:30px;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kris kross|chart=Billboard 200}}|title=Kris Kross Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200|newspaper=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=September 18, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kris kross|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums B}}|title=Kris Kross Album & Song Chart History – R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|newspaper=Billboard|accessdate=September 18, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br><ref name=aus>Australian ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA Chart]]) peaks: *Top 50 peaks: {{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kris+Kross|title=australian-charts.com – Kris Kross in Australian Charts|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=April 2, 2016}} *Top 100 peaks: {{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=kris+kross&cat=a|title=austriancharts.at – Austria Top 40|publisher=austriancharts.at|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=kris+kross&cat=a|title=swedishcharts.com – Swedish charts portal|publisher=swedishcharts.com|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br><ref name=uk>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27696/kris-kross/|title=Official Charts – Kris Kross|publisher=[[Official Charts Company|The Official UK Charts Company]]|accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref> |- | 1992 | style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Totally Krossed Out]]''''' * Albamu ya kwanza * Tarehe ya kutolewa: March 17, 1992 * Studio: [[Ruffhouse Records|Ruffhouse]]/[[Columbia Records]] | 1 | 1 | 7 | 33 | 30 | 31 | style="text-align:left;"| * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: Gold<ref name=ryan/> * [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: 3× Platinum<ref name="CRIA">{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |title=Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA): Gold & Platinum |publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] |accessdate=September 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019124743/http://cria.ca/goldplat.php |archivedate=2010-10-19 }}</ref> * [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 4× Platinum<ref name="RIAA albums">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Kris%20Kross&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50|title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum – September 19, 2010: Kris Kross certified singles|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=September 19, 2010|archivedate=2013-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826040445/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Kris%20Kross&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50}}</ref> |- | 1993 | style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Da Bomb (album)|Da Bomb]]''''' * Albamu ya pili * Imetolewa: August 3, 1993 * Studio: Ruffhouse/Columbia Records | 13 | 2 | — | — | — | — | style="text-align:left;"| * CAN: Gold<ref name="CRIA" /> * US: Platinum<ref name="RIAA albums" /> |- | 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Young, Rich & Dangerous]]''''' * Albamu ya tatu * Imetolewa: Januari 9, 1996 * Studio: Ruffhouse/Columbia Records | 15 | 2 | — | — | — | — | style="text-align:left;"| * US: Gold<ref name="RIAA albums" /> |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" ina- maanisha matoleo hayo hayajashika chati. |} === Albamu za remix === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Mwaka ! Maelezo ya albamu |- | 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Best of Kris Kross Remixed '92 '94 '96]]''''' * Albamu ya kwanza remix * Imetolewa: Novemba 26, 1996 * Studio: Ruffhouse/Columbia Records |} === Compilation albums === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Mwaka ! Maelezo ya albamu |- | 1998 | style="text-align:left;"| '''''[[Gonna Make U Jump]]''''' * Albamu ya kwanza ya kompilsheni * Imetolewa: April 28, 1998 * Studio: Ruffhouse/Columbia Records |} === Vibao === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Kibao ! colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika ! rowspan="2"| [[Music recording sales certification|Nukio]]<br><small>([[Mauzo bora ya muziki|mauzo]])</small> ! rowspan="2"| Albamu |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! style="width:30px;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kris kross|chart=all}}|title=Kris Kross Album & Song Chart History – Hot 100|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|accessdate=September 18, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br><ref name=aus/> ! style="width:30px;"| [[Ultratop 50|BEL<br>(Vl)]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?search=Kris%20Kross&cat=s|title=ultratop.be – Belgian charts portal|publisher=ultratop.be|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[RPM (magazine)|CAN]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=issg20vt91fjdq72l2pq99o710&q1=Kris+Kross&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20 |title=Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada |website=Collectionscanada.gc.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-02-23}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[French Singles Chart|FRA]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Kris+Kross&cat=s|title=lescharts.com – French charts portal|publisher=lescharts.com|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement|title=irishcharts.ie – Irish charts portal|publisher=irishcharts.ie|accessdate=September 19, 2010|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721125210/http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[New Zealand Singles Chart|NZ]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charts.org.nz/search.asp?search=Kris+Kross&cat=s|title=charts.org.nz – New Zealand charts portal|publisher=charts.org.nz|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[Swiss Singles Chart|SUI]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search.asp?search=Kris%20Kross&cat=s|title=swisscharts.com– Swiss charts portal|publisher=swisscharts.com|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&search=kris+kross|title=swedishcharts.com – Swedish charts portal|publisher=swedishcharts.com|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:30px;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name=uk/> |- | rowspan="4"| 1992 | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Jump (Kris Kross song)|Jump]]" | 1 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | style="text-align:left;"| * [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA singles">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Kris%20Kross&format=SINGLE&go=Search&perPage=50|title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum – September 19, 2010: Kris Kross certified singles|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=September 19, 2010|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155925/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Kris%20Kross&format=SINGLE&go=Search&perPage=50}}</ref> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: Platinum<ref name=ryan>{{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"| ''Totally Krossed Out'' |- | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Warm It Up]]" | 13 | 21 | 21 | — | 44 | 16 | 3 | 34 | 34 | 16 | style="text-align:left;"| * US: Gold<ref name="RIAA singles" /> |- | style="text-align:left;"| "[[I Missed the Bus]]" | 63 | 95 | — | — | — | — | 28 | — | — | 57 | |- | style="text-align:left;"| "[[It's a Shame (Kris Kross song)|It's a Shame]]" | — | — | 35 | — | — | 27 | 19 | — | — | 31 | |- | rowspan="2"| 1993 | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Alright (Kris Kross song)|Alright]]"(with [[Super Cat]])</small> | 19 | 97 | — | — | — | — | 8 | — | — | 47 | style="text-align:left;"| * US: Gold<ref name="RIAA singles" /> | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"| ''Da Bomb'' |- | style="text-align:left;"| "I'm Real" | 84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Da Bomb (song)|Da Bomb]]" <small>(with [[Da Brat]])</small> | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |- | 1995 | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Tonite's tha Night]]" | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | 48 | — | — | style="text-align:left;"| * US: Gold<ref name="RIAA singles" /> | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| ''Young, Rich, & Dangerous'' |- | 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| "[[Live and Die for Hip Hop]]" | 72 | — | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | — | — | |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" ina-maanisha haijatolewa au haijashika chati |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.kriskross.com www.kriskross.com] * [http://www.chrishesmith.com Smith's official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chrishesmith.com/ |date=20140901060209 }} * [http://www.urbanemuse.com Smith's official art website] * [http://www.onelifeentertainment.com Smith's official label website] {{Kris Kross}} [[Category:Wanamuziki wa hip hop wa Marekani]] [[Category:Marapa wa Marekani]] guquyjkc29g70oqesiyn1ameubtu8og 0 85841 1600059 1384468 2026-09-24T11:41:49Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Patrick Balisidya | Img = Patric Balisidya Afro 70.jpg | Img_capt = {{PAGENAME}} enzi za uhai wake akiwa kazini. | Img_size = | Landscape = Yes | Background = solo_singer | Pia anajulikana kama= | Jina la kuzaliwa = Patrick Pama Balisidya | Asili yake = [[Mvumi]], [[Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]] | Amezaliwa = {{birth date|mf=yes|1946|4|18|mf=y}}<br /><small> [[Mvumi]], [[Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]]</small> | Amekufa = {{death date and age|2004|8|7|1946|4|18|mf=yes|mf=y}}<br /><small> [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]]</small> | Aina = [[Muziki wa dansi]] | Miaka ya kazi = | Studio = | Ameshirikiana na = [[Shaw Hassan]]<br>[[Orchestre Safari Sound]]<br>[[Afro70]] | Tovuti = | Wanachama wa sasa = | Wanachama wa zamani = }} '''Patrick Pama Balisidya''' ([[18 Aprili]] [[1946]] - [[7 Agosti]] [[2004]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] maarufu katika miondoko ya [[muziki wa dansi]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. ==Historia yake na muziki== Patrick Pama Balisidya alizaliwa Mvumi Dodoma tarehe [[18 Aprili]] [[1946]]. Kabila lake alikuwa Mgogo, kabila ambalo lina wanamuziki wengi maarufu kutokana na muziki kuwa sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kabila hilo. Mama yake alikuwa anapiga kinanda kanisani na hivyo basi kutokana na asili ya kabila lake na pia kutokana na mama yake, hakika huyu angeweza kujisifu kuwa muziki uko katika damu yake. Vilevile Balisidya alikuwa kiongozi wa Bendi ya shuleni kwake Dodoma Secondary School. Ambapo kutoka hapo alijiunga na Chuo cha Ufundi, na baada ya kumaliza mafunzo alifanya kazi hiyo kwa muda na 1967 akawa tayari anapiga muziki [[Dar Es Salaam Jazz Band]]. Kufikia mwaka 1970 Patrick alikuwa ameanzisha kikosi chake mwenyewe Afro70, kikiwa na mtindo wake Afrosa. Alikuwa mbunifu katika muziki wake, na kwa muda mrefu alikwepa sana kuingia katika wimbi la kufuata mapigo ya Kikongo kitu ambacho hata wakati huo bendi nyingi zilikifanya, japokuwa kukutana na [[Franco]] wakati alipofanya moja ya ziara zake nchini humu kulimfanya abadili mtindo kwa kipindi kifupi na katika nyimbo moja wapo aliiga kabisa solo la Franco alilolipiga kwenye wimbo wake Georgette. Afro70 iliwakilisha wanamuziki wa Tanzania katika maonyesho ya mtu mweusi [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] (FESTAC Festival 1977). Vyombo alivyotumia katika maonyesho haya vilimsumbua akili mpaka alipofariki, kwani muda mchache kabla ya Festac, wakati huo serikali ikiwa imeshamtaarifu kuwa ndiye atakuwa mwakilishi wa Tanzania, vyombo vyake vyote vilihalibika katika ajali ya gari. Serikali ilikuwa imenunua vyombo vipya kwa ajili ya bendi yake ya [[Wizara ya Utamaduni]] wakati huo, ambavyo siku zote Balisdya alisema aliambiwa ni vyake baada ya maonyesho. Aliporudi kutoka Nigeria Kiongozi mwingine wa serikali aliamuliwa arudishe hivyo vyombo virudishwe serikalini na kwa kitendo kile kutangaza kifo cha [[Afro70]]. Vyombo hivyo vilitumika kuanzisha bendi ya [[Asilia Jazz]] ambayo ilikuwa [[Bendi ya Wizara ya Utamaduni na Vijana]]. Balisdya alitumia muda mwingi kujaribu kudai haki yake hiyo ambayo ilimkwepa mpaka mwisho wa maisha. Mwaka 1979, Balisidya alikwenda [[Sweden]] na kushirikiana na kikundi cha Archimedes akatoa album nzuri sana iliyoitwa Bado Kidogo. Kuna wakati Patrick alijiunga na [[Orchestre Safari Sound]], (Masantula) na kupiga piano katika ule wimbo maarufu, ‘Unambie Siri’, Patrick pia alikuwa mpigaji mahiri wa kinanda. Kwa kweli nyimbo za Patrick zilizokuwa juu katika chati ni nyingi. Harusi, Dirishani, Weekend, Tausi, Pesa, Nakupenda Kama Lulu, Ni Mashaka na Mahangaiko, Afrika. Patrick alifariki tarehe 7, Agosti 2004 na kuzikwa 12 Agosti katika makaburi ya [[Buguruni|Buguruni Malapa]]. ==Mafanikio na Mchango Wake Katika Muziki== #'''Ushiriki Katika Bendi Maarufu''': Balisidya alijiunga na bendi ya Orchestra Safari Sound, ambapo alichangia kwa kupiga kinanda katika wimbo maarufu "Unambie Siri". #'''Uanzishaji wa Afro 70 Band''': Mnamo mwaka [[1973]], alianzisha bendi yake mwenyewe, Afro 70 Band, ambayo ilijulikana kwa miondoko ya muziki ya Kiafrika na kuleta mapinduzi katika muziki wa [[dansi]] nchini Tanzania. #'''Albamu Maarufu''': Balisidya alitoa albamu kadhaa zilizovuma, ikiwa ni pamoja na "Afrousa" (1973), "Baba Na Mama" (1973), "Watu Wamegawanya" (1973), "Bahati Ya Mwenzio" (1980), na "Harusi" (1973). #'''Ufanisi wa Kibiashara''': Albamu zake zilipata umaarufu mkubwa na kuuzwa kwa wingi, zikimfanya kuwa mmoja wa wanamuziki maarufu wa wakati wake. #'''Ufanisi wa Kimataifa''': Muziki wake ulivuma si tu nchini Tanzania, bali pia katika nchi za jirani, akichangia kueneza muziki wa dansi wa Tanzania katika soko la kimataifa. ==Tazama pia== *[[DDC Mlimani Park]] *[[Kilwa Jazz]] *[[Msondo Ngoma]] *[[OSS]] *[[Shaw Hassan]] {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa dansi]] dkqu0k2ww8i21idsoz9vccn3uwsty3f 0 87124 1600144 1152049 2026-09-24T11:51:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600144 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redbloodcells.jpg|150px|right]] '''Seli nyekundu za damu''' (pia erithrosaiti, kutoka [[Kiingereza]] ''red blood cells'' au ''erythrocyte'') ni [[seli za damu]] zenye [[rangi]] [[nyekundu]]. Kazi yake ni hasa kubeba [[oksijeni]] kutoka [[mapafu]] kwenda [[Mwili|mwilini]] mwote.<ref name=tb>{{cite book|title=Edexcel IGCSE Biology Student Book|url=https://archive.org/details/edexceligcsebiol0000brad|author1=Bradfield, Phil|author2=Potter, Steve|publisher=Pearson Education|year=2009|isbn=9780435966881}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Wisc-Online|title=General Anatomy & Physiology: Red Blood Cells|url=http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=ap14604|author=Liang, Barbara|accessdate=2011-03-22}}</ref> [[Seli]] nyekundu za [[damu]] hupokea oksijeni katika [[mapafu]] na kuachana nayo wakati zinabanwa katika [[mishipa ya damu]] midogo mwilini. Rangi nyekundu inatokana na [[protini]] ya [[hemoglobini]] ndani yake. Damu ya [[wanawake]] huwa na seli nyekundu [[milioni]] 4.8 kwa [[mikrolita]] ya damu. Damu ya [[wanaume]] huwa na seli milioni 5.4 kwa [[ml]].<ref>http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/complete-blood-count-cbc?page=3</ref> ==Marejeo== <references/> {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:damu]] 0ug2lvqxm83k3uc09c6dp5ui4wts11r 0 88885 1599835 1582143 2026-09-24T04:48:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Insalata.jpg|thumb|Aina ya kachumbari isiyopikwa.]] '''Kachumbari''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kihindi]] ''cachumber''); ni [[kitoweo]] au mlo wa mchanganyiko usiyopikwa wa viungo kama [[pilipili]], [[chumvi]] na [[mboga]] na [[matunda]] mbalimbali kama [[nyanya]], [[vitunguu]], [[kabichi]], [[Tango|matango]], [[nanasi]], [[parachichi]] n.k. Aina tofauti za kachumbari zinaweza kupatikana nchini [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]], [[Burundi]] na katika nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika za Malawi na Kongo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benton|first=G. A.|title=Restaurant review: Riziki Swahili Grill takes patrons on a tasty culinary trip to Africa|url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/lifestyle/2021/03/17/riziki-swahili-grill-tasty-culinary-trip-africa-northland-columbus/6946782002/|accessdate=2021-09-18|work=The Columbus Dispatch|language=en-US}}</ref> Mara nyingi hutumika pamoja na [[pilau]], [[wali]], [[nyama choma]] n.k. ili kuongeza [[ladha]] ya [[chakula]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Forget Caprese—This 5-Ingredient Tomato Salad Deserves the Spotlight|url=https://www.seriouseats.com/east-african-tomato-salad-recipe-11790875|work=Serious Eats|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Kachumbari ni maarufu sana katika eneo lote la [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu]] na inaweza kuliwa na pilau ya Kiafrika na ''biryani'' ya Kiafrika: * Katika nchi za [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]] na [[mashariki]] mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] huitwa Kachumbari.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=OINmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Foods of Kenya|last=Sheen|first=Barbara|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC|isbn=978-0-7377-4813-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Restaurant review: Riziki Swahili Grill takes patrons on a tasty culinary trip to Africa|url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/lifestyle/2021/03/17/riziki-swahili-grill-tasty-culinary-trip-africa-northland-columbus/6946782002/|work=The Columbus Dispatch|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=G. A. Benton}}</ref> * Nchini [[Malawi]] huitwa 'Sumu' au 'Shum' au [[saladi]] ya nyanya na vitunguu. == Matumizi == Kachumbari hutumika kama kitoweo cha kando cha mlo mkuu. Nchini Kenya, hutumika kama kitoweo kinachoandaliwa na ''pilau'' ( [[pilau]] ), <ref name="Bala">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Bala|first=Nithu|title=Kachumbari - East African Salad|url=https://www.nithubala.com/2010/04/kachumbari-eastern-african-salad.html|publisher=nithubala.com|accessdate=24 July 2012|archive-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126005432/http://www.nithubala.com/2010/04/kachumbari-eastern-african-salad.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[mukimo]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Recipe: Mukimo|url=http://www.africancook.co.ke/mukimo/|work=African Cook|accessdate=2012-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013608/http://africancook.co.ke/mukimo/|archivedate=2012-06-23}}</ref> au mlo wa ''nyama choma'' (nyama iliyochomwa) na ''[[ugali]]''. Nchini Tanzania, huliwa na wali, pilau au ''biryani'' . Nchini Malawi, kwa kawaida huliwa peke yake kama kilivyo, nchini Uganda kwa kawaida huliwa na ''nyama choma'' . == Tofauti == Viungo vingine, kama vile ndimu au maji ya limau, daniya mbichi, parachichi, au tango, na katika baadhi ya matukio gin huongezewa mvinyo, ambao huweza kuongezwa. Baadhi ya maandalizi pia huhitaji pilipili hoho ama pilipili mbichi iliyosagwa. <ref name="Bala"/> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.congocookbook.com/vegetable_and_side_dish_recipes/kachumbari.html Jinsi ya kuandaa kachumbari] {{Wayback|url=http://www.congocookbook.com/vegetable_and_side_dish_recipes/kachumbari.html |date=20180726014635 }} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 9ogqac6rcfg9vc902fcehz211anws7b 0 90997 1599588 1579702 2026-09-23T18:47:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Mr Joel Joseph | Img = | Img_capt = | Img_size = | Jina la kuzaliwa = Joel Vicent Joseph | Jina lingine = Mr Joel Joseph | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1985|3|31|df=yes}} |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa= [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] | majina_mengine = Mr Joel Joseph | Kazi yake = [[mwanamuziki]] | Aina = [[Bongo Flava]] | Miaka ya kazi = 2002 mpaka sasa | Tovuti = http://www.instagram.com/mrjoelvjoseph | Uraia = Mtanzania }} '''Joel Vicent Joseph''' (anajulikana kama '''Mr Joel Joseph'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/mr-joel-joseph|title=Mr Joel Joseph Biography|language=en|work=Music In Africa|accessdate=2018-07-04}}</ref>; alizaliwa [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]], [[31 Machi]] [[1985]]) ni mwanamuziki na [[meneja wa vipaji]]<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Hamornize atengana na meneja wake|date=2019-01-03|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari-46748076|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://amdb.co/artist/mr-puaz|title=Mr Puaz Biography, Songs & Albums|language=en|work=AMDb|accessdate=2019-01-24|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922153145/https://amdb.co/artist/mr-puaz}}</ref> kutoka [[Tanzania]]. Mr Joel Joseph alisainiwa chini ya studio ya rekodi iitwayo [[WCB Wasafi]] ili kumsimamia [[Harmonize]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/joel-vincent-joseph-meet-the-man-tasked-to-handle-harmonize-by-diamond-photos/6b7dq6w|title=Meet the man tasked to handle Harmonize by Diamond (Photos)|date=2018-05-08|language=en-US|work=Facebook|accessdate=2019-03-05|archive-date=2019-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419162452/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/joel-vincent-joseph-meet-the-man-tasked-to-handle-harmonize-by-diamond-photos/6b7dq6w|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Watiri|first=Sue|title=Meet the man tasked to handle Harmonize by Diamond (Photos)|url=http://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/meet-harmonize-s-manager-joel-vincent-joseph-id8354277.html|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-04|archive-date=2018-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211633/http://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/meet-harmonize-s-manager-joel-vincent-joseph-id8354277.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=ONE ON ONE: Harmonize|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/buzz/ONE-ON-ONE-Harmonize/441236-4558108-vl20olz/index.html|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref>.Ni mwanzilishi wa lebo ya muziki inayoitwa Puaz Music Records. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Joel amezaliwa jijini Arusha, Tanzania tarehe 31 Machi 1985, mahali wazazi wake wamekulia na kuishi. Alihitimu masomo yake ya [[sekondari]] mwaka [[2005]] [[Marangu Secondary School]], alikwenda katika chuo cha uhandisi wa kompyuta kiitwacho [[New Horizon Institute]] na kupata shahada yake ya kompyuta. Baadae aliendeleza masomo yake kwa kuchuku kozi mbali mbali kwa kutumia elimu ya mtandaoni (E- Learning) na kujichukulia vyeti vya kozi mbali mbali ikiwemo Usimamizi wa ajira kutoka [http://www.harvardbusiness.org/harvard-managementor Harvards Business Publishing]. == Maisha ya Kimuziki == Mr Joel Joseph<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/tanzanian-singer-publish-music-business-book|title=Tanzanian singer 'to publish music business book'|date=2018-08-09|language=en|work=Music In Africa|accessdate=2019-01-24|archive-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718103139/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/tanzanian-singer-publish-music-business-book|url-status=dead}}</ref> alianza muziki akiwa na miaka 21, Alikuwa akijihusisha na kuimba nyimbo za wasanii wengine (Cover Songs) ambapo ilimpelekea kujua kwamba ana uwezo wa kuimba hivyo kutunga nyimbo zake mwenyewe. Mnamo mwaka 2005, Mr. Joel Joseph aliingia kurekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza uitwao ''SWEET BABY'', uliorekodiwa chini ya studio za [[Grandmaster Records]] zilizopo jijini Arusha,Tanzania. 2006 alishiriki kutoa wimbo mwingine akiwa katika kundi akitumia jina Nizzo B<ref name=":2" />. Wimbo huo unaitwa [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B072FS6G3W "USIKU WA LEO"] kazi ambayo imefanya vizuri kwenye "Purebreak Chart" kubwa za Ufaransa. Hivi karibuni, Joel ameachia albamu fupi yake ya kwanza yenye nyimbo nne (4) ambapo albamu fupi hii ameipa jina la "Afro Jungle". Albamu hii ina mchanganyiko wa nyimbo kama, "Mash Mash", "Simama", Higher Love" pamoja na "Nakupenda".<ref>https://notjustok.com/article/joel-joseph-drops-afro-jungle-ep/</ref> == Kazi yake ya meneja wa talanta == Mnamo mwaka [[2018]] Mr.Joel Joseph alisainiwa chini ya usimamizi wa studio rekodi iitwayo WCB Wasafi kwa ajili ya kumsimamia mwanamuziki Harmonize katika kazi zake. Moja kati ya mafanikio ya kazi kubwa alizofanya ni kumjenga Harmonize na kuikuza sanaa yake ya muziki. katika kazi zilizoleta mafanikio makubwa moja wapo ilikuwa ni "kwangwaru" ambayo ni kazi ilibadilisha maisha ya mwanamuziki Harmonize kwa upande mkubwa,na hii ilimpa nafasi kubwa sana ya kuwa mmoja wa mameneja [[hodari]] wa [[Talanta]] Tanzania. kuacha "kwangwaru"" Mr Joel Joseph amezisimamia kazi nyingine zikiwemo "Dm Chick" iliyomshirikisha mwanamuziki wa Ghana "Sarkdie", Atarudi pamoja na Kadamshi. " Kwangwaru iliwezakuchukua nafasi mbali mbali na kushiriki katika tuzo mbali mbali Afrika ikiwemo African Muzik Awards (AFRIMMA). Licha ya kuwafanya kazi na Harmonize, pia Mr Joel ameshawahikufanya kazi na msanii Shetta akiwa kama meneja wake.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://afromuziki.com/mr-puaz/|title=Mr Puaz|author=Steve Biko|date=2019-02-09|language=en-US|work=Afro Muziki|accessdate=2019-03-05|archive-date=2019-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062506/https://afromuziki.com/mr-puaz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka [[2018]] mwishoni Mr Joel alitangaza rasmi kuacha kufanya kazi Wasafi Classic Baby (WCB) na kuacha kufanya kazi na msanii Harmonize.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mpasho.co.ke/exclusive-harmonizes-manager-mr-puaz-exits-wcb/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Harmonize's manager Mr Puaz exits WCB|author=Queen Serem|date=2019-01-04|language=en-GB|work=Mpasho News|accessdate=2019-03-05}}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa BBC<ref name=":1" /> ilieleza kuwa Mr puaz alitengana na mwanamuziki huyo kwa sababu ya kutofautiana katika mazingira ya kazi na vile vile kauli. == Vitabu == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Jina ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Mchapaji ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |ISBN |- | 2023 |''Mwenendo Wa Biashara Ya Muziki Barani Afrika)'' |Pencil Publishers |{{ISBN|978-93-56676-61-9}} |} ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; background: #f9f9f0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Filamu ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Wadhifa |- |2018 |''10X10'' |''Mwigizaji'' na ''Mwongozaji'' |- |2009 |''A Grain Of Sand'' |''Mwigizaji'' |- |2008 |''Bongo Land II: There Is No Place Like Home'' |''Mwigizaji'' |- |1991 |''The History & Usage Of Khanga In East Africa'' |''Mwigizaji'' |- |} = Albamu = {| class="wikitable" !Jina la wimbo !Mwaka |- |''"Sweet Baby"'' |2004 |- |''"Usiku wa leo"'' |2015 |''"Party la leo"'' |2023 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Sister project links | wikt=no | q=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q29961853 | display=Joel Vicent Joseph}} * [http://www.joeljoseph.org/ Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.joeljoseph.org/ |date=20180809180116 }} * {{IMDb name|nm9306626 }} * {{Amg name|865318}} * {{Twitter|mrJoelvJoseph| mr Joel Joseph}} * [https://www.instagram.com/mrjoelvjoseph/ mr Joel Joseph] kwenye [[Instagram]] * [https://www.facebook.com/MrJoelvJoseph/ mr Joel Joseph] kwenye [[Facebook]] {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:mr Joel Joseph}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocreatives edit-a-thon 2024 in Tanzania]] ok9by67g677hixl1qh4hnparg3auin6 0 91597 1600116 1474173 2026-09-24T11:48:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Robespierre.jpg|thumb|right|Picha ya ''de Robespierre'' mwaka 1790 hivi.]] '''Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre''' (matamsi ya Kifaransa: [mak.si.mi.ljɛ fʁɑ.swa ma.ʁi i.zi.dɔʁ də ʁɔ.bɛs.pjɛʁ]; [[6 Mei]] [[1758]] - [[28 Julai]] [[1794]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ufaransa]] mwenye ushawishi mkubwa katika [[Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] na [[Utawala wa Hofu]]. Kama [[mwanachama wa Waziri Mkuu]], Bunge la Kimbunge na [[Klabu Ya Jakobini]], Robespierre alikuwa ni mtetezi wa maskini na taasisi za kidemokrasia. Alitoa kampeni kwa wanaume wote nchini [[Ufaransa]], udhibiti wa bei juu ya bidhaa za msingi za chakula na kukomesha [[utumwa]] katika makoloni ya Kifaransa. Alikuwa mpinzani mkali wa adhabu ya kifo, lakini alifanya jukumu muhimu katika kupanga utekelezaji wa [[Mfalme Louis XVI]], uliosababisha kuanzishwa kwa [[Jamhuri ya Kifaransa]]. Huenda anajulikana zaidi kwa jukumu lake katika Ufalme wa Ugaidi wa Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa. Aliitwa kama mwanachama wa [[Kamati ya Nguvu ya Usalama wa Umma]] iliyozinduliwa na mshirika wake wa kisiasa [[Georges Danton]] na alifanya ushawishi wake wa kuzuia [[Waheberists]] wa mrengo wa kushoto. Kama sehemu ya majaribio yake ya kutumia hatua kali za kudhibiti shughuli za kisiasa nchini Ufaransa, Robespierre baadaye alihamia dhidi ya Danton zaidi ya wastani, ambaye alishtakiwa na rushwa na kufariki mwezi Aprili 1794. Ugaidi ulikamilisha miezi michache baadaye na kukamatwa kwa Robespierre Julai, Matukio ambayo yalianzisha kipindi cha historia ya Kifaransa inayojulikana kama Reaktioni ya Thermidori (en:[[Thermidorian Reaction]]). Wajibu wa Robespierre binafsi kwa ziada ya Ugaidi bado ni suala la mjadala mkali kati ya wanahistoria wa Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa. Imesababishwa na [[falsafa za Mwangaza]] wa karne ya 18 kama vile [[Rousseau na Montesquieu]], Robespierre alikuwa mchezaji mwenye ujuzi wa imani ya bongogeoisie ya kushoto. Kuzingatia kwake kwa nguvu na ulinzi wa maoni aliyoonyesha alimpa jina la utani la [[Incorruptible]] (The Incorruptible). [4] Sifa ya Robespierre imepitia mzunguko kadhaa wa upya tena. Wakati wa Soviet, Robespierre ilitumika kama mfano wa takwimu ya Mapinduzi. [5] Sifa yake ilifikia miaka ya 1920 na ushawishi wa mwanahistoria wa Kifaransa [[Albert Mathiez]]. Katika nyakati za hivi karibuni, sifa yake imesumbuliwa kama wanahistoria wamemuhusisha na jaribio la utakaso wa raia wa kisiasa kupitia mauaji ya maadui. Alizaliwa katika [[mji]] wa [[Arras]] nchini [[Ufaransa]], alisoma masomo ya [[sheria]] na kupata [[stashahada]] ya kwanza katika sheria. Pia walimchagua katika [[makao makuu]] ili kusaidia katika kutengeneza sheria za Ufaransa, alipigana dhidi ya [[ufalme]], [[adhabu ya kifo]], [[utumwa]], kwa ajili ya [[mageuzi]] ya [[Demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] na watu wawe na nguvu zaidi. Alisaidia pia katika sifa ya kulinda [[jamii]] [[maskini]]. Alipewa jina la utani la kushikamana na [[maadili]] yake ya maadili. Baadaye alichaguliwa [[rais]] wa chama cha nguvu cha Jakobini kisiasa. Maximillian aliongoza mkutano wa usalama wa umma mwaka [[1793]], kwa njia hiyo alifanikiwa kumwua [[mfalme]] kupitia kamati ya usalama wa umma. Ingawa Robespierre alipata maelfu ya watu waliouawa, alijali kuhusu darasa la kufanya kazi. Maximillian alimua mfalme Louis XVI kwa sababu alikuwa na hatia ya [[uasi]] (uasi wa nchi yake mwenyewe). Chini ya ushauri wa Robespierre kamati ya usalama wa umma ilikuja kuongoza Ufaransa. Kipindi ambacho Kamati ya Usalama wa Umma ilitawala Ufaransa kiliitwa “Utawala wa Hofu” na Maximilian Robespierre alikuwa kiongozi. Robespierre alikamatwa na kukatwa kichwa pamoja na wafuasi wake 21. Mkutano wa kitaifa ulikuwa ule wa watu ambao walimshinda Maximillian Robespierre. == Maisha ya mwanzo == Maximilien Robespierre alizaliwa huko [[Arras]] katika jimbo la kale la Kifaransa la [[Artois]]. Familia yake imechukuliwa nyuma karne ya 12 katika Picardie; Baadhi ya baba zake katika mstari wa kiume walifanya kazi kama notaries huko Carvin karibu na Arras tangu mwanzo wa karne ya 17. [9] Imependekezwa kwamba alikuwa wa asili ya Ireland, jina lake labda linaweza rushwa ya "Robert Speirs". [10] Babu yake baba,Alie julikana kwa jina la Maximilien de Robespierre, alijiweka Arras kama mwanasheria. Baba yake, François Maximilien Barthélémy de Robespierre, alikuwa mwanasheria katika Baraza la Artois. Alifunga ndoa na [[Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault]], binti wa brewer, tarehe 2 Januari 1758. Maximilien alikuwa mzee zaidi wa watoto wanne na alizaliwa nje ya ndoa. Ndugu zake walikuwa Charlotte (aliyezaliwa 21 Januari 1760), [b] Henriette (aliyezaliwa tarehe 28 Desemba 1761), [c] na Augustin (aliyezaliwa 21 Januari 1763). [11] Tarehe 7 Julai 1764, Madame de Robespierre alimzaa mtoto aliyezaliwa; Alikufa siku tisa baadaye. Alipoteza kifo cha mke wake, François de Robespierre aliondoka Arras na kusafiri kote Ulaya. Hadi kufa kwake Munich mnamo 6 Novemba 1777, aliishi Arras mara kwa mara tu; Binti zake wawili Charlotte na Henriette walilelewa na shangazi za baba zao, na wanawe wawili walichukuliwa na babu zao wa uzazi. Watoto aliwatembelea siku za Jumapili. Tayari kusoma na umri wa miaka 8, Maximilien alianza kuhudhuria chuo kikuu (shule ya kati) ya Arras. Mnamo Oktoba 1769, juu ya mapendekezo ya askofu, alipata ushindi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Paris huko Paris, Collège Louis-le-Grand. Robespierre alisoma huko mpaka umri wa miaka 23, akipokea mafunzo yake kama mwanasheria. Baada ya kuhitimu, alipata tuzo maalum ya pesa 600 kwa miaka kumi na miwili ya mafanikio ya kitaaluma na tabia nzuri ya binafsi. Kwenye shuleni, alijifunza kupendeza Jamhuri ya Kirumi iliyopendekezwa na maelezo ya Cicero, Cato na takwimu nyingine kutoka kwa historia ya kale. Wanafunzi wenzake walijumuisha Camille Desmoulins na Stanislas Fréron. Pia alisoma kazi za falsafa ya Uswisi Jean-Jacques Rousseau na alivutiwa na mawazo yake mengi. Robespierre alishangaa na wazo la "mtu mzuri", mtu ambaye anasimama peke yake akiongozana tu na dhamiri yake. Uchunguzi wake wa classics ulimfanya atamani kwenye sifa za Kirumi, lakini alijaribu kuiga Rousseau hasa. Dhana ya Robespierre ya nguvu ya mapinduzi na mpango wake wa kujenga uhuru wa kisiasa bila demokrasia ya moja kwa moja ilitoka Rousseau, na kwa kufuata maadili haya hatimaye akajulikana wakati wa Jamhuri ya Jakobini kama "isiyoweza kuharibika." Robespierre aliamini kwamba watu wa Ufaransa walikuwa wazuri mno na kwa hiyo walikuwa na uwezo wa kuendeleza ustawi wa umma wa taifa. ==Siasa za mwanzo== Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya sheria, Robespierre alikiri kwenye bar ya Arras. Askofu wa Arras, Louis François Marc Hilaire de Conzié, alimteua kuwa hakimu wa jinai katika dhehebu ya Arras mwezi Machi 1782. baada ya nuda mfupi alijiuzulu kwa sababu ya usumbufu katika utawala wa kesi kubwa kutokana na upinzani wake wa mapema kwa adhabu ya kifo. Badala yake, haraka akawa mtetezi wa mafanikio kwa wateja masikini. Wakati wa kusikilizwa kwa mahakama, mara nyingi alikuwa anajulikana kwa kukuza maadili ya Mwangaza na kuhusisha haki za mwanadamu. Baadaye katika kazi yake, alisoma sana, na pia akawa nia ya nadharia ya kisiasa na kijamii kwa ujumla. Alionekana kuwa mmoja wa waandishi bora na vijana wengi maarufu wa Arras ==Klabu ya Jakobini== Baada ya kuwasili Paris kutoka Versailles mwaka wa 1789, pamoja na Bunge la Taifa, Robespierre alijiunga na Shirika jipya la Marafiki wa Katiba, ambalo hatimaye linajulikana kama Klabu ya Jakobini. Awali, shirika hili lilijengwa tu kwa manaibu kutoka Brittany. Baada ya Bunge la Taifa kuhamia Paris, Klabu ilianza kukubali viongozi mbalimbali wa bunge la Parisia kwa wanachama wake. Wakati uliendelea, wengi wa wataalamu wenye ujuzi na wachuuzi wadogo wakawa wanachama wa klabu hiyo. ==Kuanguka== Tarehe 23 Mei 1794, siku moja baada ya jaribio la mauaji ya [[Collot d'Herbois]], mwanachama mwingine wa Kamati ya Usalama wa Umma, maisha ya Robespierre pia yalikuwa katika hatari: mwanamke kijana aitwaye [[Cécile Renault]] alikamatwa baada ya kufika mahali alipokua akiishi na visu viwili vidogo; Aliuawa mwezi mmoja baadaye. Katika hatua hii, [[Sheria ya 22 Prairial]] ilianzishwa kwa umma bila kushauriana na Kamati ya Usalama Mkuu, ambayo ilipelekea mara mbili ya idadi ya mauaji yaliyoruhusiwa na Kamati ya Usalama wa Umma ==Kufungwa== Mkutano ulikaiwa nakuazimia kukamatwa kwake, mkutno huo uliamuru kukamatwa kwa Robespierre siku hiyo hiyo, Julai 27, pamoja na ndugu yake Augustin, Couthon, Saint-Just, François Hanriot, na Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas. Vita kutoka Mkutano wa Paris, chini ya Mkuu wa Coffinhal, walikuja kuwaokoa wafungwa na kisha wakaenda dhidi ya Mkataba yenyewe. Robespierre alijaribu kujiua na bastola, lakini aliweza kupoteza taya yake ya chini, ingawa baadhi ya mashuhuda wa macho walidai kuwa alipigwa risasi na [[Charles-André Merda]]. ==Kunyongwa== [[Picha:Execution de Robespierre full.jpg|680 × 600 pixelspx|thumb|kunyongwa kwa Robespierre]] Kwa muda wa mwisho wa usiku, Robespierre aliwekwa kwenye meza katika chumba cha Kamati ya Usalama wa Umma, ambako alisubiri kunyongwa. Alilala juu ya meza, kiasi kikubwa cha damu kilimwagika mpaka daktari aliletwa ndani ili kujaribu kuzuia damu kutoka taya yake. Maneno ya mwisho ya kumbukumbu ya Robespierre yalimtoka "Merci, monsieur" ("Asante, bwana") kwa daktari alie mfuta damu kwenye uso na nguo. Baadaye, Robespierre aliwekwa katika kiini ambapo Marie Antoinette, mke wa Mfalme Louis XVI, alikuwa amefanyika. Siku hiyo hiyo, tarehe 28 Julai 1794, mchana, Robespierre alikuwa amefungwa bila majaribio katika [[Mahali ya La Révolution]]. Ndugu Augustin, Couthon, Saint-Just, Hanriot, na wafuasi wengine kumi na wawili, kati yao, mkufunzi Antoine Simon, wa jela la Louis-Charles, Dauphin wa Ufaransa, pia waliuawa. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1758|1794}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ufaransa]] 6ag6yww4rzwc2qs1xip0odzecw2tow9 0 92882 1599589 1300013 2026-09-23T18:47:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Seth Rollins in April 2015.jpg|alt=Seth Rollins|thumb|Seth Rollins]] '''Colby Lopez''' (aliyezaliwa [[Mei 28]], [[1986]]) ni [[mwanamiereka]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anashiriki kwenye [[WWE]]. Anashindana chini ya jina la ulingoni '''Seth Rollins'''. Mnamo [[Machi 29]], [[2015]], alishinda WWE ''World Heavyweight Championship''. Rollins ni mwanachama wa zamani wa "The Shield" na wakati alikuwa pamoja nao, alikuwa kwenye lebo ya WWE na [[Roman Reigns]]. Kabla ya kuitwa kwenye orodha kuu, Rollins alishinda kwa mpango wa maendeleo wa WWE na NXT alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa NXT. Rollins pia amepigana kwenye Ulingo wa heshima (ROH), ambako yeye ni Mchezaji wa zamani wa ROH na timu ya zamani ya timu ya ROH lebo ya dunia na [[Jimmy Jacobs]]. Alipokuwa kwenye mzunguko wa kujitegemea, alishinda chini ya jina la ulingoni [[Tyler Black]]. Mbali na Ulingo wa Heshima, pia ameshinda katika mapambano ya ''Scott County'', ''AAW'': ''Wrestling Professional Redefined'', ''Independent Wrestling Association mid-south'', Umoja wa Taifa wa mieleka, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, na jamii ya mieleka X. Black pia ni bingwa wa dunia mara tatu-michuano ya MCPW uzito mkubwa duniani mara moja, michuano ya FIP uzito mkubwa duniani mara moja, na michuano ya ROH ya Dunia mara moja. {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamiereka wa Marekani]] kgnw265yz5qkpwycqu3fbe49qpm7gqz 0 93413 1599955 1573402 2026-09-24T09:01:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Fumo negro.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Moshi]] mweusi'' kutoka [[Kikanisa cha Sisto IV]] ni [[ishara]] ya kwamba Papa mpya hajachaguliwa.<ref name=Fumata-SmokeSignal>{{cite news|last=Chumley|first=Cheryl K.|title=What Do American Catholics Want in the Next Pope?|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/catholic-church/2013/03/12/what-do-american-catholics-want-next-pope|accessdate=15 March 2013|newspaper=Fox News|date=12 March 2013|agency=The Washington Times|location=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707161315/http://nation.foxnews.com/catholic-church/2013/03/12/what-do-american-catholics-want-next-pope|archivedate=2017-07-07}}</ref>]] [[File:Fumo branco.jpg|thumb|right|''Moshi mweupe'' ni ishara ya kwamba Papa mpya amechaguliwa.<ref name=Fumata-SmokeSignal />]] '''Konklevu''' (kutoka [[Kilatini]] "cum clave", yaani "kwa [[ufunguo]]", kupitia [[matamshi]] ya [[Kiingereza]] ya [[neno]] "conclave") ni [[mkutano]] maalumu ya [[kardinali|makardinali]] wote wenye [[umri]] chini ya miaka 80 unaofanyika ili kumchagua [[askofu]] wa [[Roma]], maarufu kama [[Papa]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], baada ya kufariki [[dunia]] au kujiuzulu aliyekuwa [[madaraka|madarakani]]. Lengo la kujifungia ndani tangu [[karne za kati]] ni kuzuia makardinali wasiingiliwe na [[watu]] wa nje, hasa [[watawala]], ambao wanaweza wakawa na malengo tofauti na yale ya kiroho. Kwa sasa kuna taratibu nyingi zilizopangwa kinaganaga, ambazo mojawapo ni kwamba wapigakura wasizidi 120, ingawa Papa ana [[mamlaka]] ya kuzidisha. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin|30em}} * [[Papa Pius X|Pius X]] (25 December 1904). "''Vacante Sede Apostolica''". Apostolic constitution. ''Pii X Pontificis Maximi Acta''. '''3'''. (1908) pp.&nbsp;239–288. * [[Papa Pius XI|Pius XI]] (1 March 1922). "''Cum Proxime''". Motu proprio. ''AAS''. '''14'''. (1922) pp.&nbsp;145–146. * Pius XI (25 March 1935). "''Quae Divinitus''". Apostolic constitution. ''AAS''. '''27''' (1935) pp.&nbsp;97–113. * [[Papa Paulo VI|Paul VI]] (15 August 1967). [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19670815_regimini-ecclesiae-universae_lt.html ''Regimini Ecclesiae Universae''] (in Latin). Apostolic constitution. ''AAS''. '''59'''. (1967) pp.&nbsp;885–928. Vatican City. * [[Papa Yohane Paulo II|John Paul II]] (28 June 1988). [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-index_en.html Pastor Bonus]. ''Apostolic constitution''. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House. * [[Papa Benedikto XVI|Benedict XVI]] (11 June 2007). [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070611_de-electione_lt.html De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis]. ''Apostolic letter''. Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House. * Beal, John P.; Coriden, James A.; Green, Thomas J., eds. (2000). ''New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law''. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press International. ISBN 978-0-8091-0502-1. * Burkle-Young, Francis A. (1999). ''Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves, and the Election of the Next Pope''. New York: The Derrydale Press. ISBN 978-1-56833-130-0 * Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (1889). [https://archive.org/details/churchhistory03kurtgoog ''Church History''] '''1'''. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 978-0-217-33928-5. * Levillain, Philippe; O'Malley, John W., eds. (2002). "The Papacy: An Encyclopedia". Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92228-9. * Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). ''Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29463-2. * Colomer, Josep M.; McLean, Iain (1998). [http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/4 "Electing Popes. Approval Balloting with Qualified-Majority Rule"] {{Wayback|url=http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/4 |date=20121220083905 }}. [[Journal of Interdisciplinary History]] (MIT Press) '''29''' (1): 1–22. * Duffy, Eamon (2006). ''Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes'' (3rd ed.). Connecticut: [[Yale University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-300-11597-0. * Guruge, Anura (2010). ''The Next Pope After Pope Benedict XVI''. WOWNH LLC. ISBN 978-0-615-35372-2. * [[Ludwig von Pastor|Pastor, Ludwig von]]. "History of the Papacy, Conclaves in the 16th century; Reforms of Pope Gregory XV, papal bulls: ''Aeterni Patris'' (1621) and ''Decet Romanum Pontificem'' (1622)". * Reese, T. J. (1996). "Revolution in Papal Elections". America '''174''' (12): 4. * Wintle, W. J. (June 1903). [http://www.hidden-knowledge.com/titles/magnificat/extras/papalelection/papal_election.html "How the Pope is Elected"]. The London Magazine. * [http://www.osv.com/OSV4MeNav/CatholicAlmanac/ExcerptPapalConclave/tabid/356/Default.aspx "Papal Conclave"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.osv.com/OSV4MeNav/CatholicAlmanac/ExcerptPapalConclave/tabid/356/Default.aspx |date=20130221085332 }} ''Catholic Almanac'' (2012). Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor. * [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1118_vaticanmain.html "Inside the Vatican: National Geographic Goes Behind the Public Facade"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1118_vaticanmain.html |date=20011120052619 }}. ''[[National Geographic Channel]]''. 8 April 2004. * [http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/features/papal_elections.htm "How the Pope is Elected"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/features/papal_elections.htm |date=20171226111117 }}. ReligionFacts.com *{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Signorotto|first1=Gianvittorio|last2=Visceglia|first2=Maria Antonietta|title=Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2W1tc-wf5DQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9781139431415}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Papal conclave}} {{Kanisa Katoliki}} {{Mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Vatikani]] n06ruam1lbh2tf9u3n9aik3o6b6jspt 0 94010 1600145 1413567 2026-09-24T11:52:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600145 wikitext text/x-wiki ^{Kwa maana mengine ya jina hili angalia hapa [[Mkuku]]} [[Image: Mkuku Carina.png |thumb|right|400px|Nyota za kundinyota Mkuku (Carina) katika sehemu yao ya angani]] '''Mkuku''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] na [[Kiingereza]] ''[[:en:Carina|Carina]]'') <ref>[[Uhusika milikishi]] ''([[:en:genitive]])'' ya "Carina" katika lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ni "Carinae" na hili ni umbo la jina linaloonekana katika majina ya nyota za kundi hili kama vile Alfa Carinae, nk.</ref>. ni [[jina]] la [[kundinyota]] kwenye [[nusutufe ya kusini]] ya [[dunia]] yetu. ==Jina== Carina (Mkuku) ilianzishwa kama kundinyota la pekee katika karne ya 18 kwa hiyo haikujulikana vile kwa mabaharia Waswahili ambayo hata hivyo waliotumia nyota zake kutafuta njia baharini wakati wa usiku.<ref>ling. Knappert 1993</ref> Hadi karne 19 kundinyota hili lilitazamiwa kuwa sehemu ya kundinyota kubwa zaidi lililoitwa [[Argo Navis]], mara nyingi pekee "Navis" (yaani merikebu) iliyokuwa moja ya makundinyota 48 yaliyoorodheshwa na [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]]. Waarabu waliita Safina au Markab. [[Lacaille]] alihesabu ndani yake nyota 180 zilizokuwa nyingi mno kwa kuzitaja kwa [[majina ya Bayer]] na hivyo alianza tayari kugawa Argo Navis kwa sehemu tatu za [[Tanga (kundinyota)|Tanga]] (Vela), [[Shetri (kundinyota)|Shetri]] (Puppis) na Mkuku (Carina). Hii ilithibitishwa na [[Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia]] katika orodha ya makundinyota 88 ya kisasa yaliyotolewa mwaka 1930. <ref>[https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ The Constellations] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ |date=20130604014156 }}, tovuti ya International Astronomical Union , iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017</ref> <ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/iaulist1.htm "The IAU list of the 88 constellations and their abbreviations" ya mwaka 1922], iliangaliwa Mei 2017</ref> “Carina” inataja [[mkuku]] ambao ni sehemu ya chini kabisa ya [[chombo cha majini]]. ==Mahali pake== Mkuku - Carina iko katika ukanda wa [[Njia Nyeupe]], karibu na kundinyota la [[Salibu]] (Crux), si mbali na [[ncha ya anga]] ya kusini. Inapakana na kundinyota jirani ya [[Kinyonga (kundinyota)|Kinyonga]] ''([[:en:Chamaeleon (constellation)|Chamaeleon]])'', [[Nzi (kundinyota)|Nzi]] ''([[:en:Musca (constellation)|Musca]])'', [[Kantarusi (kundinyota)|Kantarusi]] ''([[:en:Centaurus (constellation)|Centaurus]])'', [[Tanga (kundinyota)|Tanga]] ''([[:en:Vela (constellation)|Vela]])'', [[Shetri (kundinyota)|Shetri]] ''([[:en:Puppis (constellation)|Puppis]])'', [[Mchoraji (kundinyota)|Mchoraji]] ''([[:en:Pictor (constellation)|Pictor]])'' na [[Panzimaji (kundinyota)|Panzimaji]] ''([[:en:Volans (constellation)|Volans]])''. ==Nyota== Mkuku - Carina ni kundinyota kubwa lenye nyota nyingi. [[Suheli]] (''[[:en:Carina|Carina]]'') au <big>α</big> Carinae ni nyota angavu sana, ni ya pili kwenye anga ya usiku baada ya [[Shira]] (Sirius). Ina [[mwangaza unaoonekana]] wa [[mag]] -0.72 ikiwa umbali wa [[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]] 310 na Dunia<ref>[http://www.constellation-guide.com/canopus/ Canopus]], tovuti ya Constellation Guide, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017</ref><ref>[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/canopus.html Canopus (Alpha Carinae)], Tovuti ya Prof. Jim Kaler</ref>. Eta Carinae ni [[nyota pacha|nyota maradufu]] ya nyota mbili au zaidi iliyowaka ghafla mwaka 1843 ikaonekana angavu kushinda Suheli<ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/carina.htm Star Tales - Carina], tovuti ya Ian Ridpath</ref>. Sasa nyota zake zimo ndani ya [[nebula]] Homunculus ambayo ni wingu angavu lililobaki baada ya mlipuko wa [[supanova]] ile. <ref>[http://www.constellation-guide.com/eta-carinae/ Eta Carinae], tovuti ya Constellation Guide</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="margin-left:0.5em; background:#CDC9C9;" ! <small>Jina la</small><br/><small>([[Johann Bayer|Bayer]])</small> ! <small>Namba ya</small><br/><small>[[Namba za Flamsteed|Flamsteed]]</small> ! <small>Jina <br/>([[Ukia]])</small> ! <small>Mwangaza<br/> unaoonekana</small> ! <small>Umbali</small> <br/><small>([[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]])</small> ! <small>[[Aina ya spektra]]</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | α | | [[Canopus]], Suhail, Suhel | -0,62 | 310 | F0 Ib |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | β | | Beta Carinae au Miaplacidus | 1,67 | 113 | A2 IV |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | ε | | Epsilon Carinae au Avior | 1,86 | 632 | K3 III + B2 V |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | ι | | Iota Carinae au Aspidiske | 2,21 | 700 | A9 Ib |} ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Carina-constellation Constellation Guide: Carina constellation] *[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/Del-p.html Carina, "Stars"], kwenye tovuti ya Prof Jim Kaler, University of Illinois, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/Carina.htm Star Tales – Carina], tovuti ya Ian Ridpath, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/Carina/constell.html The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Carina] ==Marejeo== * Richard Hinckley Allen: Star-Names and their Meanings; kwa G. E. Stechert New York, Leipzig, London, Paris 1899, “Argo Navis” ukurasa 63 ff ([https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/starnamesandthe00allegoog/starnamesandthe00allegoog.pdf online hapa kwenye archive.org]) * Jan Knappert, 1993: The Swahili Names of Stars, Planets and Constellations; The Indian Ocean Review September 1993 Volume 6 No. 3 September 1993, kurasa 6-7, ISSN 1031-2331 {{makundinyota}} 4pmjvn49zks1ei49egz1778e56owh4q 0 94012 1599590 1413631 2026-09-23T18:47:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599590 wikitext text/x-wiki ^{Kwa maana mengine ya jina hili angalia hapa [[Shetri]]} [[Image: Shetri Puppis.png |thumb|right|400px|Nyota za kundinyota Shetri (Puppis) katika sehemu yao ya angani]] [[Picha:Puppis IAU.svg|400px|thumb|Ramani ya Shetri-Puppis]] '''Shetri''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] na [[Kiingereza]] ''[[:en:Puppis|Puppis]]'') <ref>[[Uhusika milikishi]] ''([[:en:genitive]])'' ya "Puppis" katika lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ni pia "Puppis" na hili ni umbo la jina linaloonekana katika majina ya nyota za kundi hili kama vile Alfa Puppis, nk.</ref> ni [[jina]] la [[kundinyota]] kwenye [[nusutufe ya kaskazini]] ya [[dunia]] yetu. ==Jina== Puppis (Shetri) ilianzishwa kama kundinyota ya pekee katika karne ya 18 kwa hiyo haikujulikana vile kwa mabaharia Waswahili ambayo hata hivyo waliotumia nyota zake kutafuta njia baharini wakati wa usiku.<ref>ling. Knappert 1993</ref> Hadi karne 19 kundinyota hii ilitazamiwa kuwa sehemu ya kundinyota kubwa zaidi iliyoitwa [[Argo Navis]], mara nyingi pekee "Navis" (yaani merikebu) iliyokuwa moja ya kundinyota 48 zilizoorodheshwa na [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]]. Waarabu waliita Safina au Markab. [[Lacaille]] alihesabu ndani yake nyota 180 zilizokuwa nyingi mno kwa kuzitaja kwa [[majina ya Bayer]] na hivyo alianza tayari kugawa Argo Navis kwa sehemu tatu za [[Tanga (kundinyota)|Tanga]] (Vela), [[Mkuku (kundinyota)|Mkuku]] (Carina) na Shetri (Puppis). Hii ilithibitishwa na [[Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia]] katika orodha ya kundinyota 88 za kisasa iliyotolewa mwaka 1930. <ref>[https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ The Constellations] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ |date=20130604014156 }}, tovuti ya International Astronomical Union , iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017</ref>Kifupi rasmi ni 'Pup' <ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/iaulist1.htm "The IAU list of the 88 constellations and their abbreviations" ya mwaka 1922], kwenye tovuti ya Ian Ridpath, iliangaliwa Mei 2017</ref>. “Puppis” inataja [[shetri]] ambao ni sehemu ya nyuma ya [[merikebu]] au [[meli]]. ==Mahali pake== Shetri - Puppis lipo katika ukanda wa [[Njia Nyeupe]], katikati ya nyota angavu mbili za [[Shira]] (Sirius) na [[Suheli]] (Canopus). Inapakana na kundinyota jirani za [[Mchoraji (kundinyota)|Mchoraji]] ''([[:en:Pictor (constellation)|Pictor]])'', [[Mkuku (kundinyota)|Mkuku]] ''([[:en:Carina (constellation)|Carina]])'', [[Tanga (kundinyota)|Tanga]] ''([[:en:Vela (constellation)|Vela]])'', [[Dira (kundinyota)|Dira]] ''([[:en:Pyxis (constellation)|Pyxis]])'', [[Shuja (kundinyota)|Shuja]] ''([[:en:Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]])'', [[Munukero (kundinyota)|Monukero]] ''([[:en:Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]])'', [[Mbwa Mkubwa (kundinyota)|Mbwa Mkubwa]] ''([[:en:Canis Major (constellation)|Canis Major]])'' na [[Njiwa (kundinyota)|Njiwa]] ''([[:en:Columba (constellation)|Columba]])''. ==Nyota== Shetri - Puppis ni kundinyota kubwa yenye nyota nyingi. Haina nyota zinazoitwa Alfa au Beta kwa sababu majina haya yalitolewa tayari kwa nyota za Argo Navis kwa jumla; upande wa Mkuku zilibaki nyota ambazo majina yalianza kwa ζ Dzeta. <big>ζ</big> Dzeta Puppis au “[[Naos]]" ni nyota angavu zaidi. Ina [[mwangaza unaoonekana]] wa 2.21 ikuwa na umbali unaokadiriwa kuwa [[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]] 1100<ref>[http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Puppis-constellation/ Puppis]], tovuti ya Constellation Guide, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017</ref> au 970 <ref>[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/naos.html Naos (Zeta Puppis)], Tovuti ya Prof. Jim Kaler</ref> kutoka Dunia. <big>π</big> Pi Puppis ni [[nyota pacha|nyota maradufu]] ya nyota mbili ambayo ni angavu ya kufuata humo. Ina [[mwangaza unaoonekana]] wa 2.7 ikuwa na umbali unaokadiriwa kuwa [[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]] 810 kutoka kwetu. Ndani yake ina nyota mbili, moja ni [[Nyota jitu jekundu|jitu]] wa aina ya spektra K3 Ib na mwenzake ina mag 6.86. <ref>[http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/puppis-constellation/ π Puppis (Pi Puppis) ], tovuti ya Constellation Guide</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="margin-left:0.5em; background:#CDC9C9;" ! <small>Jina la</small><br/><small>([[Johann Bayer|Bayer]])</small> ! <small>Namba ya</small><br/><small>[[Namba za Flamsteed|Flamsteed]]</small> ! <small>Jina <br/>([[Ukia]])</small> ! <small>Mwangaza<br/> unaoonekana</small> ! <small>Umbali</small> <br/><small>([[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]])</small> ! <small>[[Aina ya spektra]]</small> |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | |ζ | – | Naos au Suhail Hadar | 2,21^m | ca. 1100 | O5 IAf |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | |π | – | Pi Puppis | 2,7^m | ca. 800 | K3 Ib |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | |ρ | 15 | ρ Rho Puppis | 2,83^m | 64 | F6 IIp |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | |τ | – | τ Tau Puppis | 2,94^m | 182 | K1 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | |ν | – | ν Ny Puppis | 3,17^m | ca. 400 | B8 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | |σ | – | Sigma Puppis au Hadir | 3,25^m | ca. 194 | K5 III |- style="background:#FFFAFA" | |ξ | 7 | Ksi Puppis au Aspidiske | 3,34^m | ca. 1200 | G6 Ia |} ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Puppis-constellation Constellation Guide: Puppis constellation] *[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/Pup-p.html Puppis, "Stars"], kwenye tovuti ya Prof Jim Kaler, University of Illinois, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/Puppis.htm Star Tales – Puppis], tovuti ya Ian Ridpath, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/Puppis/constell.html The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Puppis] ==Marejeo== * Richard Hinckley Allen: Star-Names and their Meanings; kwa G. E. Stechert New York, Leipzig, London, Paris 1899, “Argo Navis” ukurasa 63 ff ([https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/starnamesandthe00allegoog/starnamesandthe00allegoog.pdf online hapa kwenye archive.org]) * Jan Knappert, 1993: The Swahili Names of Stars, Planets and Constellations; The Indian Ocean Review September 1993 Volume 6 No. 3 September 1993, kurasa 6-7, ISSN 1031-2331 {{makundinyota}} g9cgq1kjvqlrg8d940tnbux5b6kegfd 0 94075 1599435 1016223 2026-09-23T17:11:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fikra za Xi Jinping juu ya Ujamaa Wenye Sura za Kichina wa Zama Mpya''' (Kichina kilichorahisishwa: 习近平 新 时代 中国 特色 社会主义 思想; Kichina cha jadi: ☞近平 新 時代 中國 特色 社會主義 思想), ni nadharia ya kisiasa inayotokana na rais wa [[Uchina|China]] na [[Xi Jinping]] Katibu Mkuu wa [[Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Uchina|Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China]]. Inaaminika kuwa Fikra za Xi Jinping, ambazo zina kanuni 14, zitaingizwa katika katiba ya chama tawala. Xi Jinping atakuwa ni kiongozi wa kwanza ambaye jina lake linahusishwa na natharia ya kisiasa toka enzi za [[Deng Xiaoping]] ambaye alijiuzulu mwaka 1989. Kiongozi mwingine kuwa na sifa hii ni [[Mao Zedong]]. Kwa mujibu wa shirika la habari la China, [[Xinhua]], fikra hizi ni moja ya mambo makubwa katika mkutano wa 19 wa chama tawala wa 2017 ambao hufanyika kila baada ya miaka 5.<ref name="news.xinhuanet.com">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/19/c_136689808.htm|title=CPC creates Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era|accessdate=2017-10-19|archive-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018195301/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/19/c_136689808.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> === Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41677062 Habari kutoka BBC kuhusu Fikra za Xi Jinping] {{mbegu}} 4cnh3dabal46oqmvohj7fcr98s7q85o 0 94188 1599506 1292616 2026-09-23T18:25:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Future | Img = Future - Openair Frauenfeld 2019 01 (cropped).jpg | Img_capt = Future, mnamo 2019 | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = | Jina la kuzaliwa = Nayvadius DeMun Wilburn<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgia.arrests.org/Arrests/Nayvadius_Wilburn_6329990/|title=Nayvadius Wilburn Mugshot}}</ref> | Amezaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1983|11|20}} | Asili yake = | Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]] | Ala = [[Sauti]] | Aina = | Aina ya sauti = | Miaka ya kazi = 2003-hadi leo | Studio = A1 Recordings | Ameshirikiana na = | Tovuti = {{URL|futurefreebandz.com}} }} '''Nayvadius DeMun Cash''' (jina la kuzaliwa Nayvadius DeMun Wilburn; anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Future'''; alizaliwa [[Atlanta]], jimboni [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]], [[20 Novemba]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwandishi]], [[mtayarishaji]] wa rekodi wa [[Marekani]] aliyeshinda [[Tuzo la Grammy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/kendrick-lamar-jay-rock-future-james-blake-tie-anderson-paak-win-best-rap-performance|title=Kendrick Lamar, Jay Rock, Future and James Blake tied with Anderson .Paak for Best Rap Performance at the 61st GRAMMY Awards, for "King's Dead" from Black Panther: The Album and "Bubblin," respectively. Jay Rock accepted the award.|website=grammy.com|accessdate=February 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401112100/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/kendrick-lamar-jay-rock-future-james-blake-tie-anderson-paak-win-best-rap-performance|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Alikulia Atlanta. Alianza kushiriki katika [[muziki]] kama sehemu ya ushirikiano wa familia ya Dungeon, ambako aliitwa "Future". Baada ya kumaliza mfululizo wa [[mixtapes]] kati ya mwaka 2010 na 2011, alisaini mkataba mkubwa na lebo iitwayo [[Epic Records]]. Mwezi Aprili 2012 alitoa albamu iitwayo Pluto. Mwezi Aprili 2014 alitoa albamu nyingine iitwayo Honest. ==Diskografia== ===Albamu za studio=== * ''[[Pluto (Future album)|Pluto]]'' (2012) * ''[[Honest (Future album)|Honest]]'' (2014) * ''[[DS2]]'' (2015) * ''[[Evol (Future album)|Evol]]'' (2016) * ''[[Future (Future album)|Future]]'' (2017) * ''[[Hndrxx]]'' (2017) * ''[[The Wizrd]]'' (2019) ===Kandamseto=== * ''[[Beast Mode (mixtape)|Beast Mode]]'' {{small|(akishirikiana na [[Zaytoven]])}} (2015) *''[[What a Time to Be Alive]]'' {{small|(akishirikiana na [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]])}} (2015) *''[[Super Slimey]]'' {{small|(akishirikiana na [[Young Thug]])}} (2017) *''[[Beast Mode 2]]'' {{small|(akishirikiana na [[Zaytoven]])}} (2018) *''[[Wrld on Drugs]]'' {{small|(akishirikiana na [[Juice Wrld]])}} (2018) ==Marejeo== {{reflist|30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://freebandz.com/home/ Tovuti ramsi ya Future] {{Wayback|url=https://freebandz.com/home/ |date=20181024122758 }} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] ccrcmlj2qtl3w7v6uk4zldptncu5cz6 0 94307 1600146 1476366 2026-09-24T11:52:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600146 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image: Nahari Eridanus.png |thumb|right|400px|Nyota za kundinyota Nahari (Eridanus) katika sehemu yao ya angani]] [[Picha:Eridanus constellation map.png|400px|thumb|Ramani ya Nahari - Eridanus jinsi inavyoonekana kwa mtazamaji wa angakaskazi]] '''Nahari''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] na [[Kiingereza]] ''[[:en:Eridanus|Eridanus]]'') <ref>[[Uhusika milikishi]] ''([[:en:genitive]])'' ya "Eridanus" katika lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ni "Eridani" na hili ni umbo la jina linaloonekana katika majina ya nyota za kundi hili kama vile Alfa Eridani, nk.</ref> ni [[jina]] la [[kundinyota]] kubwa inayoonekana kwenye [[angakaskazi]] na [[angakusi]] ya [[Dunia]] yetu. ==Mahali pake== Nahari - Eridanus lina umbo jembamba lakini refu sana likianza jirani ya [[Jabari (kundinyota)|Jabari]] kwenye angakaskazi hadi karibu na [[Wingu Kubwa la Magellan|Wingu Dogo la Magellan]] katika [[Tukani (kundinyota)|Tukani]] kwenye angakusi. Linapakana na makundinyota jirani ya [[Tukani (kundinyota)|)]] ''([[:en:Tucana (constellation)|Tucana]])'', [[Nyoka Maji (kundinyota)|)]] ''([[:en:Hydrus (constellation)|Hydrus]])'', [[Nyavu (kundinyota)|Nyavu]] ''([[:en:Reticulum (constellation)|Reticulum]])'', [[Saa (kundinyota)|Saa]] ''([[:en:Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]])'', [[Patasi (kundinyota)|Patasi]] '' ([[:en:Caelum|Caelum]])'', [[Arinabu (kundinyota)|Arinabu]] ''([[:en:Lepus|Lepus]])'', [[Jabari (kundinyota)|Jabari]] ''([[:en:Orion (constellation)|Orion]])'', [[Ng'ombe (kundinyota)|Ng'ombe]] ''(pia Tauri, _[[lat.]] [[:en:Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]])'', [[Ketusi (kundinyota)|Ketusi]] ''([[:en:Cetus (constellation)|Cetus]])'', [[Tanuri (kundinyota)|Tanuri]] ''([[:en:Fornax (constellation)|Fornax]])'' na [[Zoraki (kundinyota)|Zoraki]] ''([[:en:Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]])''. ==Jina== Nahari (Eridanus) lilijulikana kwa mabaharia Waswahili tangu miaka mingi wakifuata njia yao baharini wakati wa usiku kwa msaada wa nyota. Walipokea jina hili kutoka kwa Waarabu wanaosema <big>النهر</big> ''an-nahar'' kwa maana ya “[[mto]]” <ref>ling. Knappert 1993</ref>. Waarabu walitafsiri hapa jina la [[Klaudio Ptolemaio|Ptolemaio]] aliyetaja nyota hizi vile kwa jina la Ποταμός ''potamos'' yaani [[mto]] katika orodha yake ya [[Almagesti]]<ref>[http://ptolemaeus.badw.de/glossary PAL - Glossary "Eri"], tovuti ya mradi wa "Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus (PAL)" wa Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017</ref>. Hatuna uhakika jinsi [[Wagiriki wa Kale]] katika mawazo yao kuhusu umbo la Dunia walivyoona Eridanus – Nahari; inaweza kumaanisha "mto" kwa maana ya jumla ya maji yaliyozunguka nchi kavu yote na maji haya waliyaita “Okeanos”, neno ambalo baadaye likawa “[[:en:ocean|ocean]]” ([[Bahari kuu]]) katika lugha za Ulaya. Waandishi wengine wa Ugiriki ya Kale walitaja mto fulani kwa jina “Eridanus”, ama [[mto Po]] wa [[Italia]] au mto katika kaskazini ya Ulaya ulioishia katika bahari penye [[kaharabu]]. Eridanus - Nahari ni kati ya makundinyota 48 yaliyotajwa na [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]] katika kitabu cha [[Almagesti]] wakati wa karne ya 2 BK. Iko pia katika orodha ya makundinyota 88 yanayoorodheshwa na [[Umoja wa kimataifa wa astronomia]] <ref>[https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ The Constellations] {{Wayback|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ |date=20130604014156 }}, tovuti ya International Astronomical Union , iliangaliwa Julai 2017</ref> kwa jina la Eridanus. Kifupi chake rasmi [[Ukia]] ni 'Eri'.<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | pages=469–71 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | year=1922}}</ref> ==Nyota== Nyota angavu zaidi ni Alpha Eridani au Achernar ("mwisho wa nahari") Ina [[mwangaza unaoonekana]] wa [[mag]] 0.45 ikiwa umbali wa [[miaka ya nuru|miaka nuru]] 144 na Dunia<ref>[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/achernar.html ACHERNAR (Alpha Eridani)], tovuti ya Prof. Jim Kaler</ref>. {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="margin-left:0.5em; background:#CDC9C9;" ! <small>Jina la</small><br/><small>([[Johann Bayer|Bayer]])</small> ! <small>Namba ya</small><br/><small>[[Namba za Flamsteed|Flamsteed]]</small> ! <small>Jina <br/>([[Ukia]])</small> ! <small>Mwangaza<br/> unaoonekana</small> ! <small>Umbali</small> <br/><small>([[miaka ya nuru|miaka nuru]])</small> ! <small>[[Aina ya spektra]]</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | α | | Achernar | 0.45^m | 144 | B3 V |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | β | 67 | Cursa | 2.78^m | 90 | B3 V |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | γ | 34 | Zaurak | 2.95^m | 150 | M0 III |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | θ | | Acamar | 3.0^m | 163 | A4 + A1 |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | δ | 23 | Ran | 3.52^m | 29 | K0 IV |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | υ⁴ | 41 | | 3.55^m | 120 | B8 V |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | φ | | | 3.56^m | 120 | B8 V |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | χ | | | 3.69^m | 50 | G6 IV |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | τ⁴ | 16 | | 3.70^m | 250 | M3 III |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | ε | 18 | | 3.73^m | 10.5 | K2 V |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | υ² | 52 | | 3.82^m | 200 | G9 III |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | l | 53 | | 3.9^m | 110 | K2 IIIb |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | η | 3 | Azha | 3.89^m | 121 | K1 III |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | ν | 48 | | 3.93^m | 1000 | B2 III |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | ν³ | 43 | | 3.97^m | 250 | K5 III |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | ο¹ | 38 | Beid | 4.04^m | 200 | F2 III |- |Colspan="6" |<center><small>Habari za mwangaza na umbali vinaweza kubadilika kutokana na vipimo vipya</small><center/> |} ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== * Richard Hinckley Allen: Star-Names and their Meanings; kwa G. E. Stechert New York, Leipzig, London, Paris 1899, “Argo Navis” ukurasa 215 ff ([https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/starnamesandthe00allegoog/starnamesandthe00allegoog.pdf online hapa kwenye archive.org]) * Jan Knappert, 1993: The Swahili Names of Stars, Planets and Constellations; The Indian Ocean Review September 1993 Volume 6 No. 3 September 1993, kurasa 6-7, ISSN 1031-2331 ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Eridanus-constellation Constellation Guide: Eridanus constellation] *[http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/Eri-p.html Eridanus and Serpens, "Stars"], kwenye tovuti ya Prof Jim Kaler, University of Illinois, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/Eridanus.htm Star Tales – Eridanus], tovuti ya Ian Ridpath, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017 * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/Eridanus/constell.html The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Eridanus] {{makundinyota}} tu1famcn63milixrlb1flbj4ud7sk7u 0 96146 1599497 1313016 2026-09-23T18:24:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Dragon Ball Z Logo.png|thumb|Dragon]] '''Dragon Ball Z''' (kwa [[Kijapani]]: Z Hepburn Z: Doragon Bōru Zetto; kifupi: '''DBZ''') ni mfululizo wa vipindi vya [[televisheni]] vya [[katuni]] vya [[Japani]] ambavyo vinatayarishwa na [[Toei Animation]]. Ni kipindi maalumu kilichoandaliwa kwa uangalizi wa [[familia]] nzima ili kuwa kama kiburudisho kwa familia. Katuni hii yaeleza kuhusu sayari ijulikunayo kama sayari ya Vegeta iliyokuja kushambuliwa na kiumbe wa ajabu aitwae Frieza. Frieza alitangaza mapigano na sayari nyingi na kwasababu ya nguvu zake alishinda .alipokuja kutangaza vita na sayari ya Vegeta mfalme aliyetawala hiyo sayari kabla ya ujio wa Frieza aliomba uwepo wa [[amani]] lakini Frieza alisisitiza vita ndipo familia ya watu wanne Baba aitwae Bardock, Mama aitwae Geena, mtoto wao wa kwanza aitwae Radits na mtoto wao wa mwisho aitwae cacaraot ilipoamua kuwasafirisha wanao katika sehemu ambayo watakuwa salama na sehemu hiyo ni sayari ya dunia na katika harakati hizo walitokea kumpoteza mtoto wao wa kwanza Radits bila yakutambua kuwa njama za Frieza ni kuilipua sayari yao na kuondoka na watoto wachache ili awape mafunzo ya upiganaji na kuwatumia kama walinzi wake watoto hao walikuwa ni mwana mfalme wa sayari hiyo aitwae Vegeta kama jina la sayari aliyo ishi na mfalme aliye kuwa baba yake kwa mategemeo ya kurithishwa madaraka ya ufalme,Nappor ni mtoto wa generali wa sayari yao na Radits aliyekuwa moja wa wanafamila ya bardock.Cacaraot alipofika duniani kupitia [[Chombo cha anga-nje|chombo cha angani]] aliokotwa na mzee huko [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]] aliyeitwa Gohan aliyempa cacaraotjina la Goku na kumlea katika kupigana kwa ajili ya haki na amani.katika maisha ya Goku duniani alijifunza kuhusu hadhina maalumm duniani aitwayo Dragon balls hiyo ni mipira saba ya ajabu ambayo huleta joka la ajabu ambapo ikikusanywa joka huyo ana uwazo wa kutimiza ombi lolote unaloomba kwake. Katika maisha ya Goku duniani amepitia majaribu pamoja na mafunzo mengi kwa makusudi ya kuzipata dragon balls na katika mapito yote haya amepata marafiki kadhaa ambao ni: 1.Klillin goku amempata rafiki huyu katika kipindi alichotaka kuanza mafunzo na mwalimu wa upiganaji aitwae roshi alikutana na kijana wa lika lake aliye kuwa na madhumuni ya kuja kujifunza upiganaji kama goku.sababu za kijana huyu kumfuata Roshi kwa ajili ya mafunzo ni:kuonewa na wenzake maana sehemu aliyotokea ina sheheni watawa walio na uwezo wa kupigana na licha ya kukaa pamoja na hao watawa hawajawahi kumfundisha chochote juu ya upiganaji na badala yaka wana muonea klillin na kumfanyisha kazi zote za ndani. 2.Bulma: huyu ni rafiki wa kike aliye kutana na goku kipindi alipokuwa katika kijiji alicho ishi na babu yake(Gohan).Binti huyu alistahajabikaa sana baada ya kumuona mtoto mdogo aliye kuwa goku akiishi katika kijiji kile maana hakuna mtu anaye weza kuishi katika kijiji kile kwa kuwa kuna wanyama wakali ndani ya kijiji hicho.baada ya bulma kuunda urafiki na goku walipata kusaidiana vizuri pamoja katika kutafuta dragon balls maana goku ana maarifa ya upiganaji na bulma ana elimu ya sayansi na teknolojia.Bulma alikubali kumsaidia goku kutafuta dragon balls maana alikuwa na madhumuni ya kuzitafuta dragon balls pia lakini hakuwa na uwezo wa kufanya hivyo bila ya msaada wa mtu kama Goku. 3:Vegeta huyu ndiye mwana mfalme wa sayari ya vegeta na alikuwa mmoja wapo kati ya watu waliopona katika maangamizi ya Frieza na kulelewa na Frieza mwenyewe akiwa pamoja na Radits na Nappor baada ya hawa vijana kupewa mafunzo makali ya kupigana kutoka kwa Frieza na kujitengenezea hali ya kuwa na roho ngumu. Walimtumikia Frieza na kutimiza maagizo yake yote ya kulipua sayari yoyote atakayo na hatima ilifika ambapo Frieza aliagiza kulipuliwa kwa dunia na katika kutimiza agizo hilo radits aliamua kuwahi duniani na kuanzisha uharibifu lakini alifanya hivyo bila kusikiliza mipango ya Nappor na Vegeta ya kusubiria muda kidogo kabla ya kuanza mashambulizi.kati,ka ujio wa radits duniani alikuja na kipima nguvu hicho ni kifa kinachokusaidia kupima nguvu ya mtu yeyote.alipofika duniani alitua milimani na kukutana na mmoja wapo kati ya maadui wakubwa wa goku aitwae Picolo na kuendana na kipima nguvu chake alijua ya kuwa ata kuwa na nguvu sana kwa hiyo alijaribu kupigana naye na alipotaka kumu ua kipima nguvu chake kilihisi nguvu nyingine kubwa zaidi ambayo ingeweza kumpa changamoto kwa hiyo alimsamehe Picolo na kuelekea upande wa hiyo nguvu alipofikia upande wa hiyo nguvu alikuwa katika kisiwa kidogo kilichokuwa na nyumba moja aliangalia watu waliokuwepo na aligundua kuwa aliye kuwa akimtafuta alikuwa ni Goku na alimuona katika mazingira ya karibu alipomuona alikua ameshakuwa mkubwa na alikuwa na mtoto aliye muita jina la babu yake Gohan aliamua kumchukua mtoto wake na kumwambia wewe ni mdogo wangu na hauwezi kufanya kitu chochote kwangu.Goku alichukulia maanani matendo aliyo fanya Radits bila ya kujali kama alikuwa kaka yake au la.kwa sababu hiyo goku aliamua kupigana na radits na katika kupigana na radits aliomba msaada kwa picolo bila ya kujali kuwa alikuwa adui yake na katika kupigana kwao Goku alipigwa na kuumizwa sana na muda huo mwana wake Gohan alikuwa ndani ya chombo cha anga cha Radits alipohisi moyoni maumivu anayoyahisi baba yake alipasua chombo kile cha anga na baada ya kutoka nje ya kile chombo alimpiga Radits pigo moja lililomlegeza na licha ya hiyo kulihitajika kafara ya mtu mmoja ili kumuua radits kikamilifu na Goku ndiye mtu aliyejitolea kufanya hivyo. Goku alipokufa alienda kupeleka nafsi yake kwa mwalimu wa upiganaji aliyemfunza mengi ndani ya mwaka mmoja huku duniani katika kifo cha raditsDalisema maneno yake ya mwisho kwa kuwambia kuwa mwaka mmoja ufuatao watakuja marafiki zangu wawili waitwao Vegeta na Nappor watakuja kuiharibu dinia bila huruma na ndivyo ilivyokuwa kama alivyosema Radits na katika ujio wao waliua marafiki kadhaa wa goku na kusababisha uharibifu wa dragon balls lakini mwisho wa yote walizuiliwa na walipozuiliwa Nappor alikufa na Vegeta alipona na kwanda katika sayari iitwayo Namec iliyozawadiwa dragon balls pia .Baada ya kuondoka kwa vageta na kufa kwa Nappor kulikuwa na amani lakini goku bila marafiki zake hakuweza kuishi kwa amani. [https://www.google.com/search?q=dragon+ball+z&client=firefox-b&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=InpK8KHwi1NDKM%252CsZpkHsaSsO6i-M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSeBaybrtWD4giOi5NsVRmOiyUjoQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrgYmerZbtAhUEShUIHU4RCw4Q_h16BAglEA0#imgrc=InpK8KHwi1NDKM Tokeo la picha la dragon ball z] {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Katuni]] [[Jamii:Vipindi vya televisheni]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Japani]] 8dc4hkqnj1pa4ynxvr2w3sbbo0u0uz1 0 96372 1599686 1308744 2026-09-23T19:17:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Gerard Kuiper |picha = Gerard Kuiper 1964c.jpg |caption = Gerard Kuiper (1905 - 1973) |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =7 Desemba 1905 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = 23 Desemba 1973 |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = a mwanaastronomia kutoka nchini [[Uholanzi]] |utaifa = [[Uholanzi]] }} '''Gerard Peter Kuiper''' ([[Kiholanzi]]: '''Gerrit Pieter Kuiper'''; 7 Desemba 1905 – 23 Desemba 1973) alikuwa mwanaastronomia kutoka nchini [[Uholanzi]] aliyeendelea kuishi [[Marekani]]. ==Maisha== Kuiper alizaliwa kwenye familia ya fundi cherahani katika kijiji cha Uholanzi ya kaskazini. Tangu 1924 alisoma [[astronomia]] kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Leiden. [[Jan Oort]] alikuwa kati ya walimu wake. Baada ya kumaliza [[uzamivu|shahada ya uzamivu]] kwa tasnia kuhusu [[nyota maradufu]] mwaka 1933 akapata nafasi ya kazi kwenye [[paoneaanga]] pa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kalifornia]], Marekani. Baadaye alikuwa profesa kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]] na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Arizona]]. ==Kazi== Utafiti wake ulihusu hasa [[mfumo wa Jua]] letu. Aliweza kuthibitisha kuwepo kwa [[dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi ya kaboni]] katika angahewa ya sayari [[Mirihi]] ''(Mars)''. Alitambua pia angahewa za miezi ya sayari kadhaa kama vile kwenye [[Titan (Zohali)|Titan]] (mwezi wa [[Zohali]]), [[Miranda (Uranus)|Miranda]] (mwezi wa [[Uranus]]) na [[Nereid (Neptuni)|Nereid]] (mwezi wa [[Neptuni]]). Alitabiri kuwepo kwa ukanda wa [[asteroidi]] nje ya obiti ya Neptuni iliyothibitishwa baadaye na kupokea jina la [[Ukanda wa Kuiper]] kwa heshima yake. ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} *[http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/kuiper-bio.html Gerard Peter Kuiper: NASA KAO's Namesake] {{Wayback|url=http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/kuiper-bio.html |date=20140713130039 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210302225712/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/kuiper-gerard.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuiper, Gerard}} [[Category:waliozaliwa 1905]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1973]] [[Category:Wanaastronomia wa Marekani]] [[Category:Wanaastronomia wa Uholanzi]] g5ig7zovzfuprtpzsupis60j7o4rymd 0 97345 1600117 1514356 2026-09-24T11:48:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:GSU_-_Uhuru_Park.jpg|right|thumb|Polisi wa kitengo cha GSU.]] '''Huduma ya  Polisi wa Kenya''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''''Kenya Police Service''''') ndiyo shirika lenye nguvu za katiba za kudumisha ufuatiliaji wa [[sheria]] na utaratibu wa umma. Huduma imegawanywa katika kanda, [[Kaunti za Kenya|kaunti]] hadi Polisi wa [[Tarafa]], [[makao makuu]] yakiwa katika vituo vya polisi. Wote huripoti katika Makao Makuu ya Kitaifa ya Polisi. [[Chuo cha Polisi]] wa Kenya hutawaliwa kutoka makao makuu. Polisi wa Utawala huongozwa tofauti na polisi wengine.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/278/crime-and-development-in-kenya-emerging-trends-and-the-transnational-implications-of-political-economic-and-social-instability|title=(2010) Crime and Development in Kenya}}</ref> == Historia == Huduma ya sasa ilianzishwa kama jeshi la polisi la wakoloni [[Waingereza]] [[mwaka]] [[1907]]. Kutoka mwaka [[1887]] hadi mwaka [[1902]], huduma ya polisi ilikuwa inatolewa na Kampuni ya Biashara ya Afrika Mashariki. Baada ya mwaka 1902, [[Reli ya Uganda|Reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] ilianzisha vitengo vyake vya polisi.<ref name="academia.edu">https://www.academia.edu/4406247/History_of_the_Police_in_Kenya_1885-1960</ref> Kufuatia [[uhuru]] wa Kenya, [[afisa|maafisa]] kutoka Uingereza walibadilishwa kwa Wakenya. == Muundo uliopo == Huduma ya sasa ina vikosi vitatu ambavyo huripoti kwa Mkaguzi Mkuu wa Polisi, na ni [[idara]] ya [[Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani]] na Uratibu wa Serikali ya Kitaifa,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=21|title=Kenya Police|publisher=Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government|accessdate=2018-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110164306/http://www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=21|archivedate=2012-01-10}}</ref> ambayo ni [[wizara]] katika [[Orodha ya Marais wa Kenya|Ofisi ya Rais]]. Kila kaunti inaongozwa na Afisa wa Polisi wa Mkoa (PPO); kila [[mkoa]] umegawanywa katika tarafa ikiongozwa na Afisa Kiongozi wa Tarafa ya Polisi (OCPD) ambaye kwa kawaida yuko katika cheo cha Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi (DCP). Tarafa za polisi zimegawanywa katika vituo vya polisi vikiongozwa na Afisa Kiongozi wa Kituo cha Polisi (OCS). Makao Makuu ya Kitaifa ya Polisi wa Kenya yako katika Vigilance House, Harambee Avenue, Nairobi. Mkaguzi mkuu ana wajibu wa kiutawala na wa kushughulikia masuala yoyote yanayogusia wafanyakazi.  [[File:Police Patrol.jpg|thumb|Nairobi]] [[File:Chopper Patrol.jpg|thumb|Nairobi]] Polisi wa Kenya wana vitengo vifuatavyo<ref>"[http://www.kenyapolice.go.ke/ Huduma ya Polisi wa Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyapolice.go.ke/ |date=20131126073803 }}", kenyapolice.go.ke, ilipatikana 20-03-2018.</ref>: * Kitengo cha Polisi wa kuzuia ghasia (GSU) * Kitengo cha Polisi wa Mifugo * Kitengo cha Polisi wa Kusindikiza Rais * Kitengo cha Polisi wenye Mbwa * Idara ya Polisi wa Trafiki * Kitengo cha Polisi wa Viwanja vya Ndege * Kitengo cha Polisi wa Reli * Polisi Wanahewa * Kitengo cha Polisi wa Utalii * Kitengo cha Polisi wa Wanadiplomasia * Kitengo cha Polisi wa Baharini * Kitengo cha Kitaifa cha Majanga == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya serikali ya Kenya]] fbjbvtkspeczmdd4tov8sphif3vm7zg 0 97933 1599821 1578983 2026-09-24T04:27:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the African Union.svg|thumb|250px|[[Ramani]] ya Umoja wa Afrika.]] '''Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Afrika''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''African Economic Community''', [[kifupi]]: '''AEC''') ni muundo wa nchi za [[Umoja wa Afrika]] ambao unaweka [[misingi]] ya [[maendeleo]] ya pamoja kati ya nchi zilizo nyingi za [[Afrika]]. [[Jumuiya]] ilianzishwa kwa [[Abuja Treaty]], iliyosainiwa [[mwaka]] [[1991]] na kuanza kufanya kazi mwaka [[1994]]. Kupitia [[hatua]] [[sita]], malengo ni kuanzisha [[maeneo ya biashara huru]], [[miungano ya forodha]], [[soko la pamoja]], [[benki kuu]] na [[pesa ya pamoja]] ([[African Monetary Union]]) hadi kufikia [[muungano]] katika [[uchumi]] na [[pesa]] mwaka [[2028]] na kukamilisha mpango mzima kabla ya mwaka [[2034]]. == Nguzo== Kwa sasa barani Afrika kuna jumuia za kiuchumi kadhaa ambazo wanachama wake mara nyingi zinahusika na zaidi ya mojawapo. Ndizo zinazoitwa [[nguzo]] za Jumuia. Ni kama ifuatavyo: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Nguzo ! Sehemu zake |- | [[Community of Sahel-Saharan States]] (CEN-SAD) | |- | [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA) | |- | [[East African Community]] (EAC) | |- | [[Economic Community of Central African States]] (ECCAS/CEEAC) | [[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]] (CEMAC) |- | [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) | [[West African Economic and Monetary Union]] (UEMOA)<br> [[West African Monetary Zone]] (WAMZ) |- | [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] (IGAD) | |- | [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) | [[Southern African Customs Union]] (SACU) |- | [[Arab Maghreb Union]] (UMA) | |} === Uanachama katika nguzo hizo === {| |- | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]] |- | bgcolor=#ffaaaa valign=top | '''Waanzilishi (1998):''' * {{BFA}} * {{CHA}} * {{LBA}} * {{MLI}} * {{NIG}} * {{SUD}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1999: {{CAF}} * 1999: {{ERI}} * 2000: {{DJI}} * 2000: {{GAM}} * 2000: {{SEN}} * 2001: {{EGY}} * 2001: {{MAR}} * 2001: {{NGA}} * 2001: {{SOM}} * 2001: {{TUN}} * 2002: {{BEN}} * 2002: {{TOG}} * 2004: {{CIV}} * 2004: {{GNB}} * 2004: {{LBR}} * 2005: {{GHA}} * 2005: {{SLE}} * 2007: {{COM}} * 2007: {{GIN}} * 2008: {{KEN}} * 2008: {{MRT}} * 2008: {{STP}} |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen | '''Waanzilishi (1994):''' * {{BDI}} * {{COM}} * {{flag|DR Congo}} * {{DJI}} * {{ERI}} * {{ETH}} * {{KEN}} * {{MAD}} * {{MWI}} * {{MRI}} * {{RWA}} * {{SUD}} * {{SWZ}} * {{UGA}} * {{ZAM}} * {{ZIM}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1999: {{EGY}} * 2001: {{SEY}} * 2006: {{LBA}} * 2011: {{SSD}} |- | colspan=2 |'''Waliotoka:''' * 1994-1997: {{LES}} * 1994-1997: {{MOZ}} * 1994-2000: {{TAN}} * 1994-2004: {{NAM}} * 1994-2007: {{AGO}}<ref name=GlobalDialogue>{{citeweb|title=SADC, COMESA and the EAC: Conflicting regional and trade agendas|first=|last=|publisher=Institute for Global Dialogue|date=October 2008|url=http://www.igd.org.za/publications/occasional-papers/item/download/32|accessdate=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=NewVision>{{citeweb|title=African integration is great but has its hurdles|first=|last=|publisher=New Vision|date=26 May 2010|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/20/720784|accessdate=7 May 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619083954/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/20/720784|archivedate=19 June 2010|df=}}</ref> |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen | '''Waanzilishi (1975):''' * {{BEN}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{BFA}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{CIV}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{GAM}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{GHA}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{GUI}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{GNB}} ^UEMOA-97 * {{LBR}} ^WAMZ-10 * {{MLI}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{NIG}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{NGA}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{SEN}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{SLE}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{TOG}} ^UEMOA-94 '''Joined later:''' * 1976: {{CPV}} |- |'''Waliotoka:''' * 1975-2002: {{MTN}} |- | <small>UEMOA-94: [[West African Economic and Monetary Union|UEMOA]] state from 1994<br> UEMOA-97: [[West African Economic and Monetary Union|UEMOA]] state from 1997<br> WAMZ-00: [[West African Monetary Zone|WAMZ]] state from 2000<br> WAMZ-10: [[West African Monetary Zone|WAMZ]] state from 2010</small> |} |} {| |- | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[East African Community|EAC]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen| '''Waanzilishi (2001):''' * {{KEN}} * {{TAN}} * {{UGA}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 2007: {{BDI}} * 2007: {{RWA}} * 2016: {{SSD}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen| '''Waanzilishi (1985):''' * {{BDI}} * {{CMR}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{CAF}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{CHA}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{flag|Congo}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{flag|DR Congo}} * {{EQG}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{GAB}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{RWA}} ^{withdrawn 2007<ref name=GlobalDialogue/>-2016<ref name=TheEastAfrican2>{{citeweb|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Rwanda--back-to-Central-Africa-bloc-10-years-on-/2558-3352178-nsmc6b/index.html|title=Rwanda back to Central Africa bloc, 10 years on|first1=Ivan R.|last1=Mugisha|date=2010-08-20|website=theeastafrican.co.ke|access-date=2017-10-04}}</ref>} * {{STP}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1999: {{AGO}} |- | <small>CEMAC-99: [[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa|CEMAC]] state from 1999</small> |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen | '''Waanzilishi (1980):''' * {{AGO}} * {{BOT}} ^SACU-70 * {{LES}} ^SACU-70 * {{MWI}} * {{MOZ}} * {{SWZ}} ^SACU-70 * {{TAN}} * {{ZAM}} * {{ZIM}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1990: {{NAM}} ^SACU-90 * 1990: {{RSA}} ^SACU-70 * 1995: {{MRI}} * 1997: {{flag|DR Congo}} * 1997: {{SEY}} ^{withdrawn 2004-2007} * 2005: {{MAD}} |- | <small>SACU-70: [[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]] state from 1970<br> SACU-90: [[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]] state from 1990 </small> |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]] |- | bgcolor=#ffaaaa valign=top | '''Waanzilishi (1986):''' * {{DJI}} * {{ETH}} * {{KEN}} * {{SOM}} * {{SUD}} * {{UGA}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1993: {{ERI}} * 2011: {{SSD}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]] <small>Haishiriki katika AEC, kwa sababu ya upinzani wa [[Moroko]]</small> |- | bgcolor=#ffaaaa valign=top | '''Waanzilishi (1989):''' * {{ALG}} * {{LBA}} * {{MTN}} * {{MAR}} * {{TUN}} |} |} {{legend|lightgreen|wanachama; mwaka wa kujiunga}} {{legend|#faa|wanachama; mwaka wa kujiunga; ushirikiano umesimama}} {{legend|orange|wanachama watarajiwa; mwaka wa kuomba kujiunga}} {| | valign=top | [[File:RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|347px|Nguzo za African Economic Community. {{legend|#691717|[[:en:Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]]}} {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[:en:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[:en:East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[:en:Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[:en:Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#4DB34D|[[:en:Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[:en:Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} {{legend|#7E8000|[[:en:Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]]}} ]] | valign=top | [[File:Active RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|347px|Nguzo zilizo hai. {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[:en:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[:en:East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[:en:Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[:en:Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[:en:Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} ]] |- |} === Makundi mengine === [[File:Other trade blocks in Africa.svg|thumb|174px|Makundi mengine yasiyomo katika African Economic Community. {{legend|#008000|[[:en:Council of Arab Economic Unity#Greater Arab Free Trade Area|GAFTA]]}} {{legend|#008080|[[:en:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries|CEPGL]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[:en:Indian Ocean Commission|COI]]}} {{legend|#00FFFF|[[:en:Liptako–Gourma Authority|LGA]]}} {{legend|#FF00FF|[[:en:Mano River Union|MRU]]}} ]] Makundi mengine yasiyomo katika African Economic Community ni: * [[Council of Arab Economic Unity#Greater Arab Free Trade Area|Greater Arab Free Trade Area]] (GAFTA) (also includes most [[Middle East]]ern states) * [[Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries]] (CEPGL) * [[Indian Ocean Commission]] (COI) * [[Liptako-Gourma Authority]] (LGA) * [[Mano River Union]] (MRU) ==African Free Trade Zone== Viongozi wa [[SADC]], [[COMESA]] na [[EAC]] walitangaza tarehe [[22 Oktoba]] [[2008]] nia ya kuanzisha [[African Free Trade Zone]] ([[AFTZ]]). Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2012]] mpango ulihusisha pia [[ECOWAS]], [[ECCAS]] na [[AMU]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-05/26/c_123195304.htm |title=Africa free trade zone in operation by 2018 |accessdate=2018-04-13 |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411035150/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-05/26/c_123195304.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Continental Free Trade Area== Mnamo [[Juni]] [[2015]], Umoja wa Afrika ulianzisha majadiliano ili kufikia [[Continental Free Trade Area]] (CFTA) ambayo ihusishe nchi zote 55 za Afrika kufikia mwaka [[2017]]. {{African Economic Community}} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.africasia.com/africanbusiness/ab.php?ID=890&back_month=57 A single African currency in our time?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africasia.com/africanbusiness/ab.php?ID=890&back_month=57 |date=20090416122800 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111030022320/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i0GmLiOhihzyOZ4WZrjTghlGPosQ African leaders agree to form single market] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415004713/http://www.africa-union.org/ African Union Official Website] *[http://www.dfa.gov.za/au.nepad/recs.htm South African webpage on RECs] *[http://www.panafricanperspective.com/aec.htm Pan-African Perspective] {{Wayback|url=http://www.panafricanperspective.com/aec.htm |date=20180111210438 }} {{African Union}} {{Muungano wa Afrika}} [[Category:Uchumi wa Afrika]] [[Category:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Category:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] ls416x5gbb14oa1z7p7aavtjy7af6q5 1599894 1599821 2026-09-24T06:15:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of the African Union.svg|thumb|250px|[[Ramani]] ya Umoja wa Afrika.]] '''Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Afrika''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''African Economic Community''', [[kifupi]]: '''AEC''') ni muundo wa nchi za [[Umoja wa Afrika]] ambao unaweka [[misingi]] ya [[maendeleo]] ya pamoja kati ya nchi zilizo nyingi za [[Afrika]]. [[Jumuiya]] ilianzishwa kwa [[Abuja Treaty]], iliyosainiwa [[mwaka]] [[1991]] na kuanza kufanya kazi mwaka [[1994]]. Kupitia [[hatua]] [[sita]], malengo ni kuanzisha [[maeneo ya biashara huru]], [[miungano ya forodha]], [[soko la pamoja]], [[benki kuu]] na [[pesa ya pamoja]] ([[African Monetary Union]]) hadi kufikia [[muungano]] katika [[uchumi]] na [[pesa]] mwaka [[2028]] na kukamilisha mpango mzima kabla ya mwaka [[2034]]. == Nguzo== Kwa sasa barani Afrika kuna jumuia za kiuchumi kadhaa ambazo wanachama wake mara nyingi zinahusika na zaidi ya mojawapo. Ndizo zinazoitwa [[nguzo]] za Jumuia. Ni kama ifuatavyo: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Nguzo ! Sehemu zake |- | [[Community of Sahel-Saharan States]] (CEN-SAD) | |- | [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA) | |- | [[East African Community]] (EAC) | |- | [[Economic Community of Central African States]] (ECCAS/CEEAC) | [[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]] (CEMAC) |- | [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) | [[West African Economic and Monetary Union]] (UEMOA)<br> [[West African Monetary Zone]] (WAMZ) |- | [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] (IGAD) | |- | [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) | [[Southern African Customs Union]] (SACU) |- | [[Arab Maghreb Union]] (UMA) | |} === Uanachama katika nguzo hizo === {| |- | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]] |- | bgcolor=#ffaaaa valign=top | '''Waanzilishi (1998):''' * {{BFA}} * {{CHA}} * {{LBA}} * {{MLI}} * {{NIG}} * {{SUD}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1999: {{CAF}} * 1999: {{ERI}} * 2000: {{DJI}} * 2000: {{GAM}} * 2000: {{SEN}} * 2001: {{EGY}} * 2001: {{MAR}} * 2001: {{NGA}} * 2001: {{SOM}} * 2001: {{TUN}} * 2002: {{BEN}} * 2002: {{TOG}} * 2004: {{CIV}} * 2004: {{GNB}} * 2004: {{LBR}} * 2005: {{GHA}} * 2005: {{SLE}} * 2007: {{COM}} * 2007: {{GIN}} * 2008: {{KEN}} * 2008: {{MRT}} * 2008: {{STP}} |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen | '''Waanzilishi (1994):''' * {{BDI}} * {{COM}} * {{flag|DR Congo}} * {{DJI}} * {{ERI}} * {{ETH}} * {{KEN}} * {{MAD}} * {{MWI}} * {{MRI}} * {{RWA}} * {{SUD}} * {{SWZ}} * {{UGA}} * {{ZAM}} * {{ZIM}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1999: {{EGY}} * 2001: {{SEY}} * 2006: {{LBA}} * 2011: {{SSD}} |- | colspan=2 |'''Waliotoka:''' * 1994-1997: {{LES}} * 1994-1997: {{MOZ}} * 1994-2000: {{TAN}} * 1994-2004: {{NAM}} * 1994-2007: {{AGO}}<ref name=GlobalDialogue>{{citeweb|title=SADC, COMESA and the EAC: Conflicting regional and trade agendas|first=|last=|publisher=Institute for Global Dialogue|date=October 2008|url=http://www.igd.org.za/publications/occasional-papers/item/download/32|accessdate=7 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=NewVision>{{citeweb|title=African integration is great but has its hurdles|first=|last=|publisher=New Vision|date=26 May 2010|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/20/720784|accessdate=7 May 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619083954/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/20/720784|archivedate=19 June 2010|df=}}</ref> |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen | '''Waanzilishi (1975):''' * {{BEN}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{BFA}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{CIV}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{GAM}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{GHA}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{GUI}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{GNB}} ^UEMOA-97 * {{LBR}} ^WAMZ-10 * {{MLI}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{NIG}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{NGA}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{SEN}} ^UEMOA-94 * {{SLE}} ^WAMZ-00 * {{TOG}} ^UEMOA-94 '''Joined later:''' * 1976: {{CPV}} |- |'''Waliotoka:''' * 1975-2002: {{MTN}} |- | <small>UEMOA-94: [[West African Economic and Monetary Union|UEMOA]] state from 1994<br> UEMOA-97: [[West African Economic and Monetary Union|UEMOA]] state from 1997<br> WAMZ-00: [[West African Monetary Zone|WAMZ]] state from 2000<br> WAMZ-10: [[West African Monetary Zone|WAMZ]] state from 2010</small> |} |} {| |- | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[East African Community|EAC]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen| '''Waanzilishi (2001):''' * {{KEN}} * {{TAN}} * {{UGA}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 2007: {{BDI}} * 2007: {{RWA}} * 2016: {{SSD}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen| '''Waanzilishi (1985):''' * {{BDI}} * {{CMR}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{CAF}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{CHA}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{flag|Congo}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{flag|DR Congo}} * {{EQG}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{GAB}} ^CEMAC-99 * {{RWA}} ^{withdrawn 2007<ref name=GlobalDialogue/>-2016<ref name=TheEastAfrican2>{{citeweb|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Rwanda--back-to-Central-Africa-bloc-10-years-on-/2558-3352178-nsmc6b/index.html|title=Rwanda back to Central Africa bloc, 10 years on|first1=Ivan R.|last1=Mugisha|date=2010-08-20|website=theeastafrican.co.ke|access-date=2017-10-04}}</ref>} * {{STP}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1999: {{AGO}} |- | <small>CEMAC-99: [[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa|CEMAC]] state from 1999</small> |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] |- | bgcolor=lightgreen | '''Waanzilishi (1980):''' * {{AGO}} * {{BOT}} ^SACU-70 * {{LES}} ^SACU-70 * {{MWI}} * {{MOZ}} * {{SWZ}} ^SACU-70 * {{TAN}} * {{ZAM}} * {{ZIM}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1990: {{NAM}} ^SACU-90 * 1990: {{RSA}} ^SACU-70 * 1995: {{MRI}} * 1997: {{flag|DR Congo}} * 1997: {{SEY}} ^{withdrawn 2004-2007} * 2005: {{MAD}} |- | <small>SACU-70: [[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]] state from 1970<br> SACU-90: [[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]] state from 1990 </small> |} | valign=top | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]] |- | bgcolor=#ffaaaa valign=top | '''Waanzilishi (1986):''' * {{DJI}} * {{ETH}} * {{KEN}} * {{SOM}} * {{SUD}} * {{UGA}} '''Waliojiunga baadaye:''' * 1993: {{ERI}} * 2011: {{SSD}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1px;" |- ! [[Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]] <small>Haishiriki katika AEC, kwa sababu ya upinzani wa [[Moroko]]</small> |- | bgcolor=#ffaaaa valign=top | '''Waanzilishi (1989):''' * {{ALG}} * {{LBA}} * {{MTN}} * {{MAR}} * {{TUN}} |} |} {{legend|lightgreen|wanachama; mwaka wa kujiunga}} {{legend|#faa|wanachama; mwaka wa kujiunga; ushirikiano umesimama}} {{legend|orange|wanachama watarajiwa; mwaka wa kuomba kujiunga}} {| | valign=top | [[File:RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|347px|Nguzo za African Economic Community. {{legend|#691717|[[:en:Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]]}} {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[:en:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[:en:East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[:en:Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[:en:Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#4DB34D|[[:en:Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[:en:Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} {{legend|#7E8000|[[:en:Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]]}} ]] | valign=top | [[File:Active RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|347px|Nguzo zilizo hai. {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[:en:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[:en:East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[:en:Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[:en:Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[:en:Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} ]] |- |} === Makundi mengine === [[File:Other trade blocks in Africa.svg|thumb|174px|Makundi mengine yasiyomo katika African Economic Community. {{legend|#008000|[[:en:Council of Arab Economic Unity#Greater Arab Free Trade Area|GAFTA]]}} {{legend|#008080|[[:en:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries|CEPGL]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[:en:Indian Ocean Commission|COI]]}} {{legend|#00FFFF|[[:en:Liptako–Gourma Authority|LGA]]}} {{legend|#FF00FF|[[:en:Mano River Union|MRU]]}} ]] Makundi mengine yasiyomo katika African Economic Community ni: * [[Council of Arab Economic Unity#Greater Arab Free Trade Area|Greater Arab Free Trade Area]] (GAFTA) (also includes most [[Middle East]]ern states) * [[Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries]] (CEPGL) * [[Indian Ocean Commission]] (COI) * [[Liptako-Gourma Authority]] (LGA) * [[Mano River Union]] (MRU) ==African Free Trade Zone== Viongozi wa [[SADC]], [[COMESA]] na [[EAC]] walitangaza tarehe [[22 Oktoba]] [[2008]] nia ya kuanzisha [[African Free Trade Zone]] ([[AFTZ]]). Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2012]] mpango ulihusisha pia [[ECOWAS]], [[ECCAS]] na [[AMU]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-05/26/c_123195304.htm |title=Africa free trade zone in operation by 2018 |accessdate=2018-04-13 |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411035150/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-05/26/c_123195304.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Continental Free Trade Area== Mnamo [[Juni]] [[2015]], Umoja wa Afrika ulianzisha majadiliano ili kufikia [[Continental Free Trade Area]] (CFTA) ambayo ihusishe nchi zote 55 za Afrika kufikia mwaka [[2017]]. {{African Economic Community}} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.africasia.com/africanbusiness/ab.php?ID=890&back_month=57 A single African currency in our time?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africasia.com/africanbusiness/ab.php?ID=890&back_month=57 |date=20090416122800 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111030022320/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i0GmLiOhihzyOZ4WZrjTghlGPosQ African leaders agree to form single market] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415004713/http://www.africa-union.org/ African Union Official Website] *[http://www.dfa.gov.za/au.nepad/recs.htm South African webpage on RECs] *[http://www.panafricanperspective.com/aec.htm Pan-African Perspective] {{Wayback|url=http://www.panafricanperspective.com/aec.htm |date=20180111210438 }} {{African Union}} {{Muungano wa Afrika}} [[Category:Uchumi wa Afrika]] [[Category:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Category:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] kgvabzyj33k223jbpessdw5jquuikuw 0 99589 1599656 1347406 2026-09-23T18:59:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Edinson Cavani 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Edinson Cavani (2018)]] [[Picha:Uruguay - Costa Rica FIFA World Cup 2014 (6).jpg|thumb|Uruguay na Costa Rica Kombe La Dunia 2014]] '''Edinson Cavani'''(amezaliwa tarehe [[14 Februari]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Uruguay]] ambaye anacheza katika Ligi kuu ya Uingereza [[Manchester United]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Uruguay. Cavani alianza kazi yake kwa kucheza Danubio huko Montevideo, ambako alicheza kwa miaka miwili, kabla ya kuhamia upande wa Italia Palermo mwaka 2007. Aliitumia misimu minne katika klabu hiyo, akifunga mabao 34 katika maonyesho 109 ya ligi. Mwaka 2010, Cavani alijiunga na Napoli, ambaye alisaini mkataba wa awali wa mkopo kabla ya kununuliwa kwa ada ya jumla ya € 17 milioni. Katika msimu wa 2011-12, aliishindia klabu yake ya kwanza, Coppa Italia, ambako alikuwa mchezaji bora na mwenye malengo Kwa Napoli, Cavani alifunga mabao 33 katika msimu wake wa kwanza, na kufuatiwa na mabao 38 katika msimu wake wa pili, ambako alimaliza pia kama mchezaji bora wa Serie A na mabao 29 ya ligi. Mnamo tarehe 16 Julai 2013, Cavani alihamishiwa Paris Saint-Germain kwa milioni 64, wakati wa kusajiliwa kwa gharama kubwa zaidi katika historia ya soka ya Kifaransa. [3] Mnamo Januari 2018, alikuwa mchezaji wa klabu ya wakati wote, Cavani ameshinda michuano minne ya Ligue 1 Coupes, tano ya Ligue na nne Coupes de France.Aliitwaa tuzo ya Mchezaji wa Mwaka kwa msimu wa 2016-17. {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] nxq4jm6e5fn6ioffviyp5wl9y7ovba1 0 101862 1600147 1037507 2026-09-24T11:52:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600147 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Steven Zuber1.jpg|thumb|Steven Zuber.]] '''Steven Zuber''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[17 Agosti]] mwaka [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Uswisi]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa klabu ya [[Ujerumani]] Hoffenheim na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Uswisi]]. ==Grasshopper== Zuber alifanya timu yake ya kwanza kwa tarehe 12 Julai [[2008]] katika Kombe la Intertoto, mechi ya pili ya mguu dhidi ya KS Besa, ambako alikuja kama mbadala wa dakika ya [[83]]. Mnamo Agosti [[3]], alifanya sura yake ya kwanza ya Uswisi Super League katika safu ya 1-1 na Vaduz. ==CSKA Moscow== Mnamo tarehe [[5]] Julai [[2013]], Zuber alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitano na mabingwa wa Ligi Kuu ya Urusi ya CSKA Moscow. Alianza tarehe [[13]] Julai dhidi ya Zenit St Petersburg katika Kombe la Urusi la mwaka [[2013]], ambalo CSKA alishinda 3-0. ==Hoffenheim== Mnamo Agosti [[14]] mwaka [[2014]], Zuber alihamia Hoffenheim juu ya mkataba wa miaka minne. Mnamo 25 Januari [[2017]], aliongeza mkataba wake hadi [[2020]]. Alikuwa amejumuisha timu yake ya taifa ya Uswisi kwa kikosi cha timu katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2018]]. {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uswisi]] 9ssm1knqljr5o2tiuru0kxxlse06s6u 0 109194 1599477 1428772 2026-09-23T18:22:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:NHM Bellariastraße side risalit right - Al Masudi - Emmerich Alexius Swoboda 3890.jpg|250px|thumb|Sanamu ya Al-Masudi (ya kisasa), kwenye paa ya makumbusho ya Historia ya Viumbe, Vienna (Austria)]] '''Al-Masudi''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]] المسعودي, jina kamili أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودى , ''Abu Hassan'Alī ibn al-Husayn bin al-al-Mas'ūdī''; [[896]] hivi - [[956]]) alikuwa [[mwanahistoria]], [[mwanajiografia]] na [[Upelelezi (Jiografia)|mpelelezi]] [[Mwarabu]]. Wakati mwingine huitwa "[[Herodoti]] wa Waarabu". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://historyofislam.com/contents/the-classical-period/al-masudi/| title = Al Masudi|work=History of Islam}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում (The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia)|last=Ter-Ghevondyan|first=Aram N.|publisher=[[Armenian Academy of Sciences]]|year=1965|isbn=|location=Yerevan, Armenian SSR|page=15|language=hy|author-link=Aram Ter-Ghevondyan}}</ref> Al-Masudi alikuwa [[mwandishi]] mashuhuri kwa kuunganisha [[historia]] na [[jiografia]] ya kitaalamu katika [[kitabu]] chake kikubwa "Malisho ya Dhahabu na Migodi ya Almasi" (kwa Kiarabu مروج الذهب و معادن الجوهر‎, ''muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar'') alimolenga kutoa [[taarifa]] ya historia ya dunia. Alitunga kwa jumla zaidi ya vitabu 20 kuhusu mada za kidini na [[utaalamu]] wa jumla pamoja na historia, jiografia, [[sayansi]], [[falsafa]] na [[dini]].<ref> [[John L. Esposito]] (ed.), ''Dictionary ya Oxford ya Uislamu'' , Oxford University Press (2004), p. 195 </ref> == Maisha, safari na maandiko == Maakuna habari zaidi kuhusu Al-Masudi bali na zile anazotaja mwenyewe katika maandiko yake. Alizaliwa huko [[Baghdad]] akitoka katika ukoo wa Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud sahaba wa Mtume [[Muhammad]]. Al-Masudi alitaja majina ya wataalamu wengi aliofahamu kwenye safari zake katika nchi nyingi. Watafiti wengine wanaonyesha mashaka kama taarifa zote kuhusu safari zake ni kweli lakini inakubaliwa ya kwamba aliona nchi nyingi. :"''Alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha kwa safari zake kuanzia mnamo 903/915 BK hadi mwisho wa maisha yake. Alisafiri katika [[Uajemi]] (Iran), [[Armenia]], [[Georgia]] na nchi za [[Bahari Kaspi]] pamoja na [[Uarabuni]], [[Syria]] na [[Misri]]. Alipita katika sehemu za Bara Hindi hasa kwenye pwani la magharibi akasafiri mara kadhaa hadi [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Kwa jahazi alivuka Bahari Hindi, [[Bahari ya Shamu]], [[Ghuba la Uajemi]] na [[Bahari Mediteranea]].''" Wakati mwingine [[Sri Lanka]] na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]] hutajwa kati ya nchi alizotembelea lakini tunajua ya kwamba habari alizotoa kuhusu China aliwahi kupokea kutoka kwa Abu Zaid al-Sirafi ambaye alikutana nayd kwenye Ghuba la Uajemi. <ref>Masudi. ''Meadows of Gold, the Abbasids'' . Paul Lunde na Caroline Stone, Kegan Paul. London and New York, 1989, p. 11. </ref> Nchini Syria al-Masudi alikutana na Leo wa Tripoli, mwanajeshi kutoka Bizanti aliyewahi kubadilisha dini na kuwa Mwislamu. Kutoka huyu aliweza kujifunza mengi kuhusu milki ya Bizanti. Miaka yake ya mwisho al-Masudi aliishi [[Misri]]. Haijulikani jinsi alivyoweza kugharamia safari zake. Hivyo wengi wanafikiri ya kwamba aliendesha shughuli za biashara. <ref>Mas‘udi. The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids. Transl. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, Kegan Paul. London and New York, 1989, p. 11. </ref> == Elimu katika mazingira ya Al-Masudi == Wanahistoria Lunde na Stone wanaeleza mazingira alimoishi al-Masudi: :"''Aliishi wakati ambapo vitabu vilipatikana kwa urahisi na kwa bei nafuu. Miji mikubwa kama Baghdad ilikuwa na maktaba maarufu. Lakini hata watu wengi pamoja na marafiki wa Masuudi walikuwa na maktaba ya kibinafsi, mara nyingi yaliyo na maelfu ya maandiko. Kuenea kwa vitabu kwa bei ya chini kulikuwa tokeo la kufika kwa uzalishaji wa karatasi katika nchi za Waislam baada ya kukamatwa kwa mafundi wa karatasi kutoka China katika mapigano ya Talas kwenye mwaka 751. Miaka michache baada ya mapigano haya viwanda vya karatasi vilianza kupatikana katika miji mikubwa. Kupatikana kwa karatasi kulitokea wakati nasaba ya Wabbasi ilianza kutawala. Hakuna shaka kuwa upatikanaji wa vifaa vya kuandika kwa bei nafuu nafuu ulichangia kwenye mfumo wa utawala wa Wabbasi, huduma ya posta, na upanuzi wa elimu.''<ref>Mas'udi. ''The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids'', p. 14.</ref>" Wanahistoria wanaona ya kwamba Masudi mara nyingi anawawahimiza wasomaji wake kusoma pia vitabu vingine ambavyo aliandika, akitarajia kuwa hivi vnapatikana kwa wasomaji wake. Mazingira haya ambako vitabu viipatikana bila matatizo yalikuwa tofauti sana na hali ya elimu huko Ulaya wakati ule. Al-Masudi alikuwa mwanafunzi au mwalimu pamoja na wataalamu maarufu, ikiwa ni pamoja na wanaisimu al-Zajjaj, Ibn Duraid, Niftawayh na Ibn Anbari. Alikufahamiana na washairi maarufu kama Kashajim, ambaye labda alikutana naye huko [[Aleppo]]. Alijua vizuri sana maandiko ya wanafalsafa kama al-Kindi na al-Razi, mafundisho ya al-Farabi (aliyefuata itikadi ya Aristoteli) na maandiko ya [[Plato]] yaliyotafsiriwa kwa Kiarabu. Alifahamu pia maandiko ya [[Galenos]] kuhusu matibabu, ya [[Klaudio Ptolemaio|Ptolemaio]] kuhusu astronomia, jiografia ya Marinus na vitabu vya wataalamu Waislamu kuhusu jiografia na astronomia. Al-Masudi aliingiza pia habari za ustaarabu wa kale uliowahi kupatikana kwenye nchi ambako Uislam ulienea baadaye. Alitaja Waashuri, Wababeli, Wamisri na Waajemi pamoja na mataifa mengine ya kale. == Safari katika nchi nje ya Uislam == [[Picha:Al_Masudi's_Map_of_the_World.JPG|thumb| Ramani ya dunia ya Al-Masudi ya dunia (iligeuzwa kwa picha hii; kiasili ilionyesha kusi ni juu, jinsi inavyoonekana kwenye maandishi yake ya Kiarabu) ]] Al-Masudi alikuwa tofauti na wataalamu wa wakati wake kwa kutafuta pia habari za nchi na watu nje ya Uislamu. Alieleza hali ya nchi nyingi zilizokuwa nje ya Ukhalifa wa Wabbasi pamoja na utamaduni na dini zao. Hata alikusanya habari kadhaa kuhusu watu walioishi mbali sana kama Urusi na Uingereza ambako hakuwahi kufika. Alitaja Paris kuwa mjji mkuu wa Wafranki (baadaye Ufaransa). Al-Masudi alikusanya pia habari za Afrika. Alitaja yale aliyosikia kuhusu Afrika ya Magharibu na milki za Zagawa, Kawkaw na Ghana ya Kale. Afrika ya Mashariki alitembelea mwenyewe akakusanya habari watu wake waliotwa Zanj. == Matoleo na tasiri ya maandiko yake == Tafsiri kamili ya [[Kifaransa]] ya ''"Malisho ya Dhahabu "'' ilichapishwa pamoja na matini ya Kiarabu katika [[Paris]] na Societe Asiatique kwenye vitabu tisa kati ya 1861 na 1877. Barbier de Meynard na Pavet de Courteille walikuwa wafasiri wa Kifaransa kwa toleo hili. Karne moja baadaye, kati ya 1966 na 1974, Charles Pellat alirekebisha matini ya Kiarabu kwenye toleo sahihi zaidi iliyochapishwa kwenye vitabu tano na Chuo Kikuu cha Lebanoni huko Beirut. Aloys Sprenger alitoa tafsiri ya Kiingereza ya sehemu ya kwanza ya "Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems" mwaka 1841 mjini London <ref>https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl00masrich Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems Vol 1</ref> Tafsiri ya Lunde na Stone kwa Kiingereza ya maelezo kuhusu Wabbasi iliotolewa mwaka 1989. == Sifa zake kati ya Waislamu == [[Wasunni]] mara nyingi wanamkosolea kwa sababu wanaona aliathiriwa na [[Washia]] na [[Wamutazila]]. Kwa mfano, Ibn Hajar anaandika kuhusu al-Masudi kwamba "vitabu vyake havikufahamika kwa sababu alikuwa Shi'a na Mu'tazila." . <ref> Lisan al-Mizan [258-256 / 4] </ref> Adh-Dhahabi <ref> Siyar A'alam al-Nubala [Tabaqa al-'Ishroon / al-Mas'oodi] </ref> na Taj al-Din kama-Subki pia walithibitisha kwamba walimwona kuwa Mu'tazila. <ref> Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyyah al-Kubra [Wasifu: 226] </ref> == Marejeo == <references/> {{BD|896|956}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi Waislamu]] rz6ufbbcabjwv96e5k65o1n1tnyxgih 0 110377 1599774 1542426 2026-09-24T01:59:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Jennifer Aniston | picha = JenniferAnistonHWoFFeb2012.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Jennifer Aniston, mnamo Februari 2012 | jina la kuzaliwa = Jennifer Joanna Aniston | alizaliwa = {{birth date and age|1969|02|11}} [[Picha:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]]<br />[[Marekani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[Mwigizaji]]<br />[[Mtayarishaji]]<br />Mfanyi biashara | miaka ya kazi = 1987 - hadi leo | ndoa = Brad Pitt (2000-2005) Justin Theroux (2015-2017) | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = John Aniston<br />Nancy Dow | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Jennifer Joanna Aniston''' (alizaliwa [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[11 Februari]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyepata umaarufu kwa uigizaji wake kwenye kipindi cha [[Friends]], (mnamo [[1994]]-[[2004]]). Uigizaji wake kwenye kipindi hiki kilimpa ushindi wa [[tuzo]] za ''Primetime Emmy'', ''Golden Globe'' na ''Screen Actors Guild''. ==Maisha ya awali== [[Wazazi]] wake, John Aniston na Nancy Dow, walikuwa waigizaji maarufu pia. ==Mahusiano== Jennifer Aniston alipendana na [[Brad Pitt]] mnamo 1998, na wawili hao wakaoana baada ya miaka miwili, mjini Malibu. Mnamo 2005, Jennifer na Brad waliachana. Mnamo [[2011]], alikutana na [[mwigizaji]] [[Justin Theroux]] na kuoana naye mnamo [[5 Agosti]] [[2015]]. Wawili hao waliachana mnamo [[2017]]. ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka ! Filamu ! Aliigiza kama ! class="unsortable" | Maelezo ! class="unsortable" | Marejeo |- | 1988 | ''Mac and Me'' | Dancer in McDonald's | |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.today/9OXDR/5e549c52e049c57e4a52ce23dfac9846cd2e18a4.png|title=The Empire Interview: Aniston|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|publisher=[[Bauer Consumer Media]]|date=March 2015|first=Olly|last=Richards|accessdate=October 1, 2017|issue=Single|volume=309}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |- | 1993 | ''Leprechaun'' | Tory Reding | |<ref name="leprechaun">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/movie-news/jennifer-aniston-tells-of-mortifying-moment-fiance-justin-theroux-stumbled-across-her-first-film-leprechaun-30763437.html|title=Jennifer Aniston tells of 'mortifying moment' fiance Justin Theroux stumbled across her first film 'Leprechaun'|work=[[Irish Independent]]|date=November 21, 2014|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Lynne|last=Kelleher}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 1996 | ''She's the One'' | Renee Fitzpatrick | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/movies/one-3/review/|title=She's The One Review|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=June 1, 2000|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Caroline |last=Westbrook}}</ref> |- | ''Dream for an Insomniac'' | Allison | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/film/061998dream-film-review.html|title='Dream for an Insomniac': Coffee and Kierkegaard in Frisco|work=The New York Times|date=June 19, 1998|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Stephen|last=Holden|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020216231939/http://www.nytimes.com/library/film/061998dream-film-review.html|archivedate=February 16, 2002}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1997 | '''Til There Was You'' | Debbie | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-05-30/entertainment/9705300434_1_dylan-mcdermott-gwen-story|title='Til There Was You|work=Chicago Tribune|date=May 30, 1997|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=John|last=Petrakis|archivedate=2017-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030846/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-05-30/entertainment/9705300434_1_dylan-mcdermott-gwen-story}}</ref> |- | ''Picture Perfect'' | Kate Mosley | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/1997/08/01/picture-perfect-3/|title=Picture Perfect|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=August 1, 1997|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Lisa|last=Schwarzbaum}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |1998 | ''Thin Pink Line'' | Clove | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_thin_pink_line_2000/|title=The Thin Pink Line (1990)|work=Rotten Tomatoes|date=|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | ''Waiting for Woody'' | Mwenyewe | Filamu fupi |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8184a1d0|title=Waiting for Woody|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=|last=}}</ref> |- | ''The Object of My Affection'' | Nina Borowski | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-object-of-my-affection-19980417|title=The Object of My Affection|work=Rolling Stone|date=April 17, 1998|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Peter|last=Travers|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222631/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-object-of-my-affection-19980417}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1999 | ''Office Space'' | Joanna | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/2011/10/07/office-space-reunion-interview/|title='Office Space': Cast talk cult hit and Jennifer Aniston|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=October 7, 2011|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Anthony|last=Bretznican|archive-date=2017-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030842/http://ew.com/article/2011/10/07/office-space-reunion-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''Iron Giant'' | Annie Hughes (sauti) | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/the-iron-giant-1117749993/|title=The Iron Giant|work=Variety|date=July 21, 1999|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Lael|last=Loewenstein}}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''Rock Star'' | Emily Poule | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9905E7D61339F934A3575AC0A9679C8B63&mcubz=1|title=Film Review; Celebrating the Love Of Bad Rock in the 80's|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 7, 2001|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=A.O.|last=Scott}}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''Good Girl'' | Justine Last | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E01E1D9113BF934A3575BC0A9649C8B63&mcubz=1|title=Film Review; The Catcher In the Texas Chain Store|work=The New York Times|date=August 7, 2002|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Elvis|last=Michell}}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''Bruce Almighty'' | Grace Connelly | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jan/10/jim-carrey-bruce-almighty-sequel|title=Heaven sent? Jim Carrey set for Bruce Almighty sequel|work=The Guardian|date=January 10, 2002|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Rachel|last=Aroesti}}</ref> |- | 2004 | ''Along Came Polly'' | Polly Prince | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2004/01/poop_goes_the_weasel.html|title=Poop Goes the Weasel|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=January 15, 2004|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=David|last=Edelstein}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2005 | ''Derailed'' | Lucinda Harris / Jane | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/2005/11/09/derailed-2/|title=Derailed|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 9, 2005|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Lisa|last=Schwarzbaum}}</ref> |- | ''Rumor Has It'' | Sarah Huttinger | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2006/05/the-movie-review-rumor-has-it-and-the-family-stone/69411/|title=The Movie Review: 'Rumor Has It' and 'The Family Stone'|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=May 30, 2005|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Christopher|last=Orr}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2006 | ''Friends with Money'' | Olivia | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/friends-with-money-20060907|title=Friends With Money|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=September 7, 2006|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Peter|last=Travers|archivedate=2017-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030831/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/friends-with-money-20060907}}</ref> |- | ''Room 10'' | Mtayarishaji | Filamu fupi |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/10/17/jennifer-aniston-makes-directing-debut-with-room-10.html|title=Jennifer Aniston Makes Directing Debut With 'Room 10'|publisher=[[FOX News]]|date=October 17, 2006|via=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=September 28, 2017|location=Los Angeles|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222609/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/10/17/jennifer-aniston-makes-directing-debut-with-room-10.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''The Break-Up'' | Brooke Meyers | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-break-up-2006|title=The Break-Up Movie Review & Film Summary|publisher=Roger Ebert|date=December 25, 2008|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Roger|last=Ebert}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2008 | ''Marley & Me'' | Jenny Grogan | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/25/ew.review.marley/index.html|title=Review: 'Marley' lovable, heartwarming|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=December 25, 2008|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Owen|last=Gleiberman|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222436/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/25/ew.review.marley/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''Burma: It Can't Wait'' | Mtayarishaji | Filamu fupi |<ref>Sources: * {{cite web|url=https://www.productionhub.com/video/8882/burma-it-cant-wait|title=Burma: 'It Can't Wait'|work=Production Hub|date=February 25, 2011|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/burmamyanmar/1930247/Celebrities-turn-the-spotlight-on-Burma.html|title=Celebrities turn the spotlight on Burma|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=May 6, 2008|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Catherine|last=Elsworth|location=Los Angeles}}</ref> |- | ''Management'' | Sue Claussen | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/management-1200470675/|title=Management|work=Variety|date=September 11, 2008|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Joe|last=Leydon}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2009 | ''He's Just Not That into You'' | Beth Murphy | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1877294,00.html|title=''He's Just Not That Into You'', and Neither Are We|work=Time|date=February 5, 2009|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Mary|last=Pols|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105092749/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1877294,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''Love Happens'' | Eloise Chandler | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/love-not-jennifer-aniston-picks-rom-com-loser-article-1.403255|title='Love Happens': Not much happens as Jennifer Aniston picks another rom-com loser|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=September 17, 2009|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Elizabeth|last=Weitzman}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2010 | ''The Bounty Hunter'' | Nicole Hurley | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/18/AR2010031800830.html|title='The Bounty Hunter': An attempt at offbeat humor that doesn't deliver|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=March 19, 2010|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Danl|last=Kois}}</ref> |- | ''The Switch'' | Kassie Larson | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://world.wng.org/2010/08/the_switch|title=The Switch|work=[[World (magazine)|World]]|date=September 11, 2010|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Michael|last=Leaser|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175323/https://world.wng.org/2010/08/the_switch}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2011 | ''Just Go with It'' | Katherine Murphy / Devlin Maccabee | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/02/10/just-go-with-it-review/|title=''Just Go with It''? Jennifer Aniston Runs Away with It|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 10, 2011|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Mary|last=Pols|archive-date=2017-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208235832/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/02/10/just-go-with-it-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''Horrible Bosses'' | Dr. Julia Harris | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2011/07/horrible-bosses|title=Is Jennifer Aniston Really a Horrible Boss in Horrible Bosses? (and 24 Other Urgent Questions)|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=July 8, 2011|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Mike|last=Ryan}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2012 | ''Wanderlust'' | Linda Gergenblatt | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2012/02/24/wanderful/|title=Wanderful!|work=[[New York Post]]|date=February 24, 2012|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Lou |last=Lumenick}}</ref> |- | ''$ellebrity'' | Mwenyewe | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/jennifer-aniston-jennifer-lopez-blast-paparazzi-and-celebrity-culture-ellebrity-trailer-703966|title=Jennifer Aniston, Jennifer Lopez Blast Paparazzi And Celebrity Culture In ?$ellebrity? [Trailer]|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=June 22, 2012|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Cavan|last=Sieczkowski}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2013 | ''We're the Millers'' | Sarah "Rose" O'Reilly | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/gallery/stars-strippers/sarah-rose-oreilly-jennifer-aniston|title=Stars as Strippers|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=September 29, 2015|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Dawnie|last=Walton|archivedate=2017-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031043/http://ew.com/gallery/stars-strippers/sarah-rose-oreilly-jennifer-aniston/}}</ref> |- | ''Life of Crime'' | Margaret "Mickey" Dawson | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/life-of-crime-review-toronto-1200604872/|title=Toronto Film Review: ‘Life of Crime’|work=Variety|date=September 9, 2013|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Dennis|last=Harvey}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2014 | ''Horrible Bosses 2'' | Dr. Julia Harris | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1997620/jennifer-aniston-horrible-bosses-2-interview/|title=Jennifer Aniston Tells Us How She Made Her 'Horrible Bosses 2' Character Even Raunchier|work=[[MTV]]|date=November 14, 2014|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Shaunna|last=Murphy|archive-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135955/http://www.mtv.com/news/1997620/jennifer-aniston-horrible-bosses-2-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''She's Funny That Way'' | Jane Claremont | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2015/08/shes-funny-that-way-isnt-a-return-to-form.html|title=She’s Funny That Way Has Old-School Charm and Some Shrill Attempts at Humor|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=August 23, 2015|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first= Bilge |last=Ebiri}}</ref> |- | ''Cake'' | Claire Simmons | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/toronto-film-review-cake-1201301547/|title=Toronto Film Review: ‘Cake’|work=Variety|date=September 9, 2014|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Justin|last=Chang}}</ref> |- | ''Journey to Sundance'' | Mwenyewe | rowspan="2" | Documentary film |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wsm.wsu.edu/s/index.php?id=794|title=Cougs behind the camera|work=[[Washington State Magazine]]|publisher=[[Washington State University]]|date=2010|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first= Larry |last=Clark}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Unity'' | Sauti |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/documentary-unity-set-for-aug-12-release-with-100-star-narrators-1201477200/|title=Documentary ‘Unity’ Set for Aug. 12 Release with 100 Star Narrators|work=Variety|date=May 13, 2016|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first= Dave|last=McNary}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 | ''Mother's Day'' | Sandy Newhouse | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesfnews.com/mothers-day-is-no-treat/26731|title="Mother’s Day" Is No Treat|work=[[San Francisco News]]|date=May 13, 2016|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=David|last=Miller|location=Hollywood}}</ref> |- | ''Storks'' | Sarah Gardner (sauti) | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldcourier.com/community/storks/article_82aea622-800c-11e6-be01-2b30514c95b0.html|title='Storks' Features|work=[[Bristol Herald Courier]]|date=September 23, 2016|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first= Katie |last= Walsh}}</ref> |- | ''Office Christmas Party'' | Carol Vanstone | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/office-christmas-party-comedy-made-by-smutty-elves/2016/12/08/cde3cbaa-b990-11e6-959c-172c82123976_story.html|title=‘Office Christmas Party’: Comedy, made by smutty elves|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 8, 2016|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first= Michael |last= O'Sullivan}}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''The Yellow Birds'' | Maureen Murphy | |<ref>Sources: *{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/jennifer-aniston-yellow-birds-sundance-tabloids-tv-1201963897/|title=Jennifer Aniston on Sundance Drama ‘The Yellow Birds,’ Returning to TV and Tabloid Culture|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 19, 2017|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first= Ramin|last= Setoodeh}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/yellow-birds-review-967072|title='The Yellow Birds': Film Review {{!}} Sundance 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=January 21, 2017|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Todd|last=McCarthy}}</ref> |- | 2018 | ''Dumplin''' | Rosie Dickson | |<ref>Sources: * {{cite web|url=http://people.com/movies/jennifer-aniston-has-bangs-on-set-photos/|title=Jennifer Aniston Has Bangs! The Actress Steps Out On Set of Dumplin' Looking Like a Suburban Mom|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=September 7, 2017|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Ale|last=Russian}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jun/15/danielle-macdonald-up-and-coming-australian-to-star-with-jennifer-aniston-in-dumplin|title=Danielle Macdonald: up-and-coming Australian to star with Jennifer Aniston in Dumplin'|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 15, 2017|accessdate=September 28, 2017|first=Steph |last=Harmon}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Murder Mystery | | |<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jennifer-aniston-adam-sandler-netflix-murder-mystery-1202739436/|title=Adam Sandler, Jennifer Aniston Reunite for Netflix ‘Murder Mystery’|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2018-03-29|work=Variety|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en-US}}</ref> |} ===Tamthilia=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka ! Tamthilia ! Aliigiza kama ! class="unsortable" | Maelezo ! class="unsortable" | Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" | 1990 | ''Molloy'' | Courtney Walker | Vipindi 7 |<ref>Sources: * {{cite web|url=http://people.com/tv/jennifer-aniston-mayim-bialik-wins-throwback-thursday-with-molloy-instagram/|title=Mayim Bialik Wins #TBT with Vintage Photo of Jennifer Aniston from Their 1990 Sitcom|work=People|date=December 3, 2015|first=Michele|last=Corriston|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/flashback/mayim-bialik-shares-adorable-photos-with-jen-aniston-from-the-1990s/news-story/73d3a28375993a576db17cff7c32f6b4|title=Mayim Bialik shares adorable photos with Jen Aniston from the 1990s|work=[[News.com.au]]|publisher=[[News Corp Australia]]|date=December 4, 2015|first=|last=|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} </ref> |- | ''Camp Cucamonga'' | Ava Schector | Filamu |<ref>Sources: * {{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/camp-cucamonga-pretty-much-the-most-90s-tv-movie-ever|title='Camp Cucamonga': Pretty Much The Most '90s TV Movie Ever|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=February 27, 2013|first=Brian|last=Galindo|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/523263/90s-flashback-danica-mckellar-teaches-candace-cameron-bure-how-to-dance-and-jennifer-aniston-makes-a-cameo-watch-now|title='90s Flashback! Danica McKellar Teaches Candace Cameron Bure How to Dance—and Jennifer Aniston Makes a Cameo: Watch Now!|work=E! News|date=March 21, 2014|first=Alyssa|last=Toomey|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} </ref> |- | 1990–1991 | ''Ferris Bueller'' | Jeannie Bueller | Vipindi 13 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/11/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-ferris-buellers-day-off-5890176/|title=Ferris Bueller’s Day Off 30th anniversary: 15 things you might not know about the film|work=[[Metro (website)|Metro]]|date=June 11, 2016|first=Jon|last=O'Brian|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | 1992 | ''Quantum Leap'' | Kiki Wilson | Kipindi: "Nowhere to Run" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/quantum-leap/cast/100362/|title=Cast & Characters: Quantum Leap (Season 5, Episode: 'Nowhere to Run')|work=[[TV Guide]]|date=|first=|last=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222732/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/quantum-leap/cast/100362/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1992–1993 | ''The Edge '' | | Vipindi 20 |<ref>Sources: * {{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/4-shows-jennifer-aniston-was-on-before-friends.html|title=The Four TV Shows Jennifer Aniston Was on Before Friends|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=August 7, 2013|first=Kyle|last=Buchanan|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-edge/cast/204899/|title='The Edge' Cast & Characters|work=TV Guide|date=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001075459/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/the-edge/cast/204899/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1992–1993 | ''Herman's Head'' | Suzie Brooks | Vipindi 2 |<ref>Sources: * For "Twisted Sister": {{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/hermans-head/episode-25-season-1/twisted-sister/201965/|title=Season 1, Episode 25 'Twisted Sister'|work=TV Guide|date=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001075443/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/hermans-head/episode-25-season-1/twisted-sister/201965/|url-status=dead}} * For "Jay Is for Jealous": {{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/hermans-head/episode-8-season-3/jay-is-for-jealous/201965/|title=Season 3, Episode 8 'Jay Is for Jealous'|work=TV Guide|date=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001075457/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/hermans-head/episode-8-season-3/jay-is-for-jealous/201965/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1993 | ''Sunday Funnies'' | | Filamu |<ref>Sources: * {{cite web|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=CjIQmp2llUQC&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=sunday+funnies+aniston&source=bl&ots=zRuRy4Nlz_&sig=wSf0xG2tZfnn_pW6w5XEqPbTKSM&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGzf_Y2IHYAhUGIMAKHcXgDmYQ6AEITzAK#v=onepage&q=sunday%20funnies%20aniston&f=false|title=Jennifer Aniston: The Unauthorized Biography}}</ref> |- | 1994 | ''Muddling Through'' | Madeline Drego Cooper | Vipindi 10 |<ref>Sources: * {{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/4-shows-jennifer-aniston-was-on-before-friends.html|title=The Four TV Shows Jennifer Aniston Was on Before Friends|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=August 7, 2013|first=Kyle|last=Buchanan|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/muddling-through/cast/203259/|title='Muddling Through' Cast & Characters|work=TV Guide|date=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001074724/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/muddling-through/cast/203259/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1994–2004 | ''Friends'' | Rachel Green | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1560842/Jennifer-Aniston |title=Jennifer Aniston |last= |first= |date= |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074454/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1560842/Jennifer-Aniston |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |dead-url=yes |accessdate=April 28, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | 1994 | ''Burke's Law'' | Linda Campbell | Kipindi: "Who Killed the Beauty Queen?" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heart.co.uk/lifestyle/beauty-style/fashion/changing-styles/jennifer-aniston/2/|title=Jennifer Aniston in Burke's Law – Changing styles: Jennifer Aniston|work=[[Heart (radio network)|Heart]]|date=|first=|last=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001044119/http://www.heart.co.uk/lifestyle/beauty-style/fashion/changing-styles/jennifer-aniston/2/|archivedate=October 1, 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref> |- | 1995 | ''The Larry Sanders Show'' | Mwenyewe | Kipindi: "Conflict of Interest" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-larry-sanders-show-conflict-of-interest-v281997|title=The Larry Sanders Show: Conflict of Interest (1995)|work=[[Allmovie]]|date=|first=Jason|last= Buchanan|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | 1995–2016 |''Saturday Night Live'' | Mwenyewe | Vipindi 4 |<ref name=":0">Sources: * For "[[Saturday Night Live (season 42)|Emma Stone / Shawn Mendes]]": {{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jennifer-aniston-friends-saturday-night-live-snl-rachel-green-impression-a7456461.html|title=Jennifer Aniston takes to SNL to declare it's time 'to move on' from Friends|last=Loughrey|first=Clarisse|date=December 5, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * For "[[Saturday Night Live (season 25)|Jennifer Aniston / Sting]]": {{cite news|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/saturday-night-live/episode-6-season-25/jennifer-aniston-sting/100385/|title=Saturday Night Live: Season 25, Episode 6 – Jennifer Aniston; Sting|last=|first=|date=|work=TV Guide|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * For "[[Saturday Night Live (season 29)|Jennifer Aniston / Black Eyed Peas]]": {{cite news|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/saturday-night-live/episode-9-season-29/jennifer-aniston-black-eyed-peas/100385/|title=Saturday Night Live: Season 29, Episode 9 Jennifer Aniston; Black Eyed Peas|last=|first=|date=|work=TV Guide|accessdate=September 28, 2017}} * For "[[Saturday Night Live (season 21)|David Schwimmer / Natalie Merchant]]": {{cite news|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/saturday-night-live/david-schwimmer-natalie-merchant-102118/cast/|title=Saturday Night Live: Season 21, Episode 3: David Schwimmer / Natalie Merchant (Cast & Crew)|last=|first=|date=|work=TV.com|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archivedate=2017-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202253/http://www.tv.com/shows/saturday-night-live/david-schwimmer-natalie-merchant-102118/cast/}}</ref> |- | 1996 | ''Partners'' | CPA Suzanne | Kipindi: "Follow the Clams?" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/partners/episode-879475/203675/|title=Partners: Follow the Clams?|work=TV Guide|date=|first=|last=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004040449/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/partners/episode-879475/203675/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1998 | ''Disney's Hercules'' | Galatea (sauti) | Kipindi: "Hercules and the Dream Date" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/disneys-hercules/hercules-and-the-dream-date-65730/cast/|title=Disney's Hercules — Season 1 Episode 27: 'Hercules and the Dream Date' (Cast & Crew)|work=[[TV.com]]|date=|first=|last=|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archivedate=2017-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225436/http://www.tv.com/shows/disneys-hercules/hercules-and-the-dream-date-65730/cast/}}</ref> |- | 1999 | ''South Park'' | Mrs. Stevens (sauti) | Kipindi: "Rainforest Shmainforest" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=xWIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43|title='Tooning Out: Gayest Cultural Event to Hit Town|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|date=March 2003|page=43|first=Ronni|last=Radner|accessdate=September 28, 2017|issn=1062-7928|volume=11|number=9}}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''King of the Hill'' | Pepperoni Sue / Stephanie (sauti) | Kipindi: "Queasy Rider" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.awn.com/news/king-hill-big-series-finale|title=King of the Hill Big Series Finale|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=September 6, 2009|first=Craig|last=Parish|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''Dirt'' | Tina Harrod | Kipindi: "Ita Missa Est" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://people.com/tv/jennifer-aniston-tv-roles-after-friends/dirt-2007|title=Screen Queen: All About Jennifer Aniston's TV Roles After Friends – Dirt (2007)|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=August 3, 2010|first=Benjamin|last=Vanhoose|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''30 Rock'' | Claire Harper | Kipindi: "The One with the Cast of Night Court" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tv.avclub.com/30-rock-the-one-with-the-cast-of-night-court-1798205378|title=30 Rock: 'The One With The Cast of Night Court'|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=November 13, 2008|first=Nathan|last=Robin|accessdate=September 28, 2017|archivedate=2017-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051213/https://tv.avclub.com/30-rock-the-one-with-the-cast-of-night-court-1798205378}}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''Cougar Town'' | Glenn | Kipindi: "All Mixed Up" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ew.com/recap/cougar-town-recap-season-2-episode-1/|title=Cougar Town season premiere recap: Scooby-Doo the Right Thing|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=September 23, 2010|first=Annie|last=Barrett|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''Five'' | | Mtayarishaji <br>Television film <br>Segment: "Mia" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/arts/television/five-directed-by-jennifer-aniston-and-alicia-keys-review.html|title=One Disease, Many Faces and Many Personal Paths|work=The New York Times|date=October 9, 2011|first=Neil|last=Genzlinger|accessdate=September 28, 2017|page=C9|edition=New York}}</ref> |- | 2012 | ''Burning Love'' | Dana | Vipindi 2 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/jennifer-aniston-stars-bachelor-spoof-web-series-burning-love-article-1.1090488|title=Jennifer Aniston stars in ‘Bachelor’ spoof web series ‘Burning Love’|work=New York Daily News|date= June 5, 2012|first=Sasha|last=Panaram|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2013 | ''Call Me Crazy: A Five Film'' | | Filamu |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2013/04/19/five-jennifer-aniston-produced-shorts-are-crazy/|title=Five Jennifer Aniston-produced shorts are ‘Crazy’|work=New York Post|date=April 19, 2013|first=Linda|last=Stasi|accessdate=September 28, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''The Gong Show'' | Mwenyewe | Kipindi: "Will Arnett/Jennifer Aniston/Jack Black" |<ref>{{Citation|title=Will Arnett/Jennifer Aniston/Jack Black|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7188918/|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''The Morning Show'' | | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/11/apple-reese-witherspoon-jennifer-aniston-morning-show-series-2-season-order-amazing-stories-reboot-1202204293/|title=Apple Gives Reese Witherspoon-Jennifer Aniston Morning Show Series 2-Season Order, Confirms ‘Amazing Stories’ Reboot|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 8, 2017|first= Nellie|last= Andreeva|accessdate=November 8, 2017}}</ref> |} ==Tuzo== === Directors Guild of America Award=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |64th Directors Guild of America Awards |''Five'' |Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Miniseries or TV Film |Aliteuliwa | |} === Golden Globe Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |59th Golden Globe Awards | rowspan="2" |''Friends'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television |Aliteuliwa | |- |60th Golden Globe Awards |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy |Alishinda | |- |72nd Golden Globe Awards |''Cake'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Aliteuliwa | |} === Primetime Emmy Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |52nd Primetime Emmy Awards | rowspan="5" |''Friends'' | rowspan="2" |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa | |- |53rd Primetime Emmy Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |54th Primetime Emmy Awards | rowspan="3" |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series |Alishinda | |- |55th Primetime Emmy Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |56th Primetime Emmy Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |61st Primetime Emmy Awards |''30 Rock'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa | |} === Screen Actors Guild Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Maka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"|Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2nd Screen Actors Guild Awards | rowspan="9" |''Friends'' | rowspan="4" |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series |Alishinda | |- |5th Screen Actors Guild Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |6th Screen Actors Guild Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |7th Screen Actors Guild Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |8th Screen Actors Guild Awards |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" |9th Screen Actors Guild Awards |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- | rowspan="2" |Screen Actors Guild Awards |Aliteuliwa |- |10th Screen Actors Guild Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |21st Screen Actors Guild Awards |''Cake'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |Aliteuliwa | |} === [[JoBlo.com|Golden Schmoes Awards]] === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2011 |''Horrible Bosses'' | rowspan="2" |Best T&A of the Year |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003023/2011/1/|title=Golden Schmoes Awards (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2013 |''We're the Millers'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003023/2013/1/|title=Golden Schmoes Awards (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} ===Guy's Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2011 | |Decade of Hotness |Alishinda | |} === MTV Movie & TV Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" |2004 MTV Movie Awards |''Bruce Almighty'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (<small>pamoja na [[Jim Carrey]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''Along Came Polly'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Dance Sequence(<small> pamoja na [[Ben Stiller]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa |- |2011 MTV Movie Awards |''Just Go with It'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie |Aliteuliwa | |- |2012 MTV Movie Awards |''Horrible Bosses'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Villain - Best On-Screen Dirt Bag |Alishinda | |- | rowspan="3" |2014 MTV Movie Awards | rowspan="3" |''We're the Millers'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie - Best Female Performance |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="3" | |- |MTV Movie Award for Best Shirtless Performance - Best Shirtless Performance |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (<small>pamoja na [[Will Poulter]] & [[Emma Roberts]]</small>) |Alishinda |} === Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |1997 Kids' Choice Awards | rowspan="6" |''Friends'' | rowspan="2" |Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female TV Star |Aliteuliwa | |- |1999 Kids' Choice Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |2000 Kids' Choice Awards |Favorite Television Friends (<small>pamoja na [[Courteney Cox]] & [[Lisa Kudrow]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa | |- |2002 Kids' Choice Awards | rowspan="3" |Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female TV Star |Aliteuliwa | |- |2003 Kids' Choice Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |2004 Kids' Choice Awards |Aliteuliwa | |- |2009 Kids' Choice Awards |''Marley & Me'' |Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards - Favorite Movie Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === People's Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |27th People's Choice Awards | rowspan="4" |''Friends'' | rowspan="4" |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Female Television Performer |Alishinda | |- |28th People's Choice Awards |Alishinda | |- |29th People's Choice Awards |Alishinda | |- |30th People's Choice Awards |Alishinda | |- |32nd People's Choice Awards | |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Olay Total Effects Make-Up Look |Alishinda | |- | rowspan="2" |33rd People's Choice Awards | rowspan="2" |''The Break-Up'' |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Female Movie Star |Alishinda | rowspan="2" | |- |People's Choice Awards: Favorite On-Screen Match-Up(<small>pamoja na [[Vince Vaughn]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa |- |36th People's Choice Awards |''He's Just Not That into You'' | rowspan="3" |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Movie Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |37th People's Choice Awards |''The Switch'' |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |38th People's Choice Awards |''Just Go with It'' |{Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''Just Go with It''<br/>''Horrible Bosses'' | rowspan="2" |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Comedic Movie Actress |Aliteuliwa |- |39th People's Choice Awards |''Wanderlust'' |Alishinda | |- | rowspan="3" |40th People's Choice Awards | rowspan="3" |''We're the Millers'' |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Movie Actress |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="3" | |- |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Comedic Movie Actress |Aliteuliwa |- |People's Choice Awards: Favorite Movie Duo (<small>pamoja na [[Jason Sudeikis]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa |} === Teen Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" |2002 Teen Choice Awards | |Hottie - Female |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- | rowspan="2" |''Friends'' | rowspan="2" |Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Comedy |Alishinda |- | rowspan="5" |2003 Teen Choice Awards |Alishinda | rowspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" |''The Good Girl'' |Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie Actress - Drama/Action-Adventure |Alishinda |- |Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie - Liar |Aliteuliwa |- |Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie - Liplock (<small>pamoja na [[Jake Gyllenhaal]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa |- |''Bruce Almighty'' |Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy |Aliteuliwa |- |2004 Teen Choice Awards |''Friends'' |Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Comedy |Alishinda | |- | rowspan="2" |2006 Teen Choice Awards | rowspan="2" |''The Break-Up'' |Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie - Chemistry (<small>pamoja na [[Vince Vaughn]]</small>) |Alishinda |- |2009 Teen Choice Awards |''Marley & Me ''<br/>''He's Just Not That into You'' |Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2011 Teen Choice Awards | rowspan="2" |''Just Go with It'' |Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie - Chemistry (<small>pamoja na [[Adam Sandler]]</small>) |Alishinda |- |2014 Teen Choice Awards |''We're the Millers'' |Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie - Liplock (<small>pamoja na [[Will Poulter]] & [[Emma Roberts]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa | |- |2016 Teen Choice Awards |''Mother's Day'' |Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy |Aliteuliwa | |} === Alliance of Women Film Journalists=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2011 |''The Bounty Hunter'' | rowspan="4" |Actress Most In Need of a New Agent |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2011/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2012 |''Just Go with It'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2012/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Horrible Bosses 2'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2015/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2015)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Mother's Day''<br/>''Office Christmas Party'' |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2017/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Critics' Choice Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |20th Critics' Choice Awards |''Cake'' |Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === GLAAD Media Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |- |2007 | |GLAAD Vanguard Award |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000286/2007/1/|title=GLAAD Media Awards (2007)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === [http://ofta.cinemasight.com/ Online Film & Television Association Awards] {{Wayback|url=http://ofta.cinemasight.com/ |date=20160222120254 }} === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" |1997 | rowspan="10" |''Friends'' |Best Ensemble in a Series |ALiteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/1st-annual-tv-awards-1996-97/|title=1st Annual TV Awards (1996-97) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series |Alishinda |- | rowspan="2" |1998 |Best Ensemble in a Series |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/2nd-annual-tv-awards-1997-98/|title=2nd Annual TV Awards (1997-98) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa |- |1999 |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/3rd-annual-tv-awards-1998-99/|title=3rd Annual TV Awards (1998-99) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/4th-annual-tv-awards-1999-2000/|title=4th Annual TV Awards (1999-2000) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/5th-annual-tv-awards-2000-01/|title=5th Annual TV Awards (2000-01) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa |- |2002 |Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/6th-annual-tv-awards-2001-02/|title=6th Annual TV Awards (2001-02) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2009 |''30 Rock'' |Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/13th-annual-tv-awards-2008-09/|title=13th Annual TV Awards (2008-09) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Online Film Critics Society Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |Online Film Critics Society Awards 2002 |''The Good Girl'' |Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress|Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === Women's Image Network Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2011 |''The Switch'' |Women's Image Network Awards: Actress Feature Film |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002887/2010/1/|title=Women's Image Network Awards (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Capri-Hollywood International Film Festival Awards=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2014 |''Cake'' |Capri Hollywood International Film Festival: Best Actress |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001243/2014/1/|title=Capri, Hollywood (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} ===CineVegas International Film Festival Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2007 |''Room 10'' |CineVegas: Best Short Film |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000959/2007/1/|title=CineVegas International Film Festival (2007)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Giffoni Film Festival Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2016 |{{n/a}} |Giffoni Film Festival: Experience Award |Alishinda | |} === Hollywood Film Festival Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Good Girl'' |Hollywood Film Awards:Actress of the Year |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000326/2002/1/|title=Hollywood Film Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Santa Barbara International Film Festival Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2015 |''Cake'' |Santa Barbara International Film Festival: Montecito Award |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000589/2015/1/|title=Santa Barbara International Film Festival (2015)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === National Association of Theatre Owners: ShoWest Convention Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2005 | |Female Star of the Year |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000608/2005/1/|title=ShoWest Convention, USA (2005)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Aftonbladet TV Prize Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2001 | rowspan="4" |''Friends'' | rowspan="4" |Best Foreign Television Personality - Female |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000880/2001/1/|title=Aftonbladet TV Prize, Sweden (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2002 |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000880/2002/1/|title=Aftonbladet TV Prize, Sweden (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2003 |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000880/2003/1/|title=Aftonbladet TV Prize, Sweden (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2004 |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000880/2004/1/|title=Aftonbladet TV Prize, Sweden (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === American Comedy Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |1996 | rowspan="3" |''Friends'' | rowspan="3" |Funniest Supporting Female Performer in a Television Series |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000019/1996/1/|title=American Comedy Awards, USA (1996)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |1999 |ALiteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000019/1999/1/|title=American Comedy Awards, USA (1999)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |2001 |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000019/2001/1/|title=American Comedy Awards, USA (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Jupiter Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2016 |''She's Funny That Way'' |Jupiter Award: Best International Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002256/2016/1/|title=Jupiter Award (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Logie Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2004 |''Friends'' |Logie Award for Most Popular Actress: Most Popular Overseas Star |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000401/2004/1/|title=Logie Awards (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === National Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2011 |''Just Go with It'' |National Movie Awards: Best Performance of the Year |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001537/2011/1/|title=National Movie Awards, UK (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Russian National Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2012 |''Just Go with It'' | rowspan="2" |Russian National Movie Awards: Best Foreign Actress of the Year |ALiteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004399/2012/1/|title=Russian National Movie Awards (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''We're the Millers'' |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004399/2014/1/|title=Russian National Movie Awards (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- | |Russian National Movie Awards: Best Foreign Actress of the Decade |Aliteuliwa |} === Yoga Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2011 |''Love Happens''<br/>''The Bounty Hunter''<br/>''The Switch'' |Worst Foreign Actress |ALishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003647/2011/1/|title=Yoga Awards (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Elle Women in Hollywood Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2011 |Woman of the Year |Alishinda | |} === Gold Derby Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2015 |''Cake'' |Gold Derby Award for Best Actress: Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2015/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2015)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Golden Raspberry Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- | 17th Golden Raspberry Awards | ''She's the One'' | Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star | Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="3"| 31st Golden Raspberry Awards | ''The Bounty Hunter'' | rowspan="2"| Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress | rowspan="2" Aliteuliwa | rowspan="3"| |- | ''The Switch'' |- | ''The Bounty Hunter '' | Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo (<small>pamoja na [[Gerard Butler]]</small>) | Aliteuliwa |- | 32nd Golden Raspberry Awards | ''Just Go with It'' | Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo (<small>pamoja na [[Adam Sandler]]</small>) | {Aliteuliwa | |- | 36th Golden Raspberry Awards | ''Cake'' | The Razzie Redeemer Award | Aliteuliwa | |} === Gracie Allen Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2012 |''Five'' |Gracie Awards: Outstanding Drama |ALishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000966/2012/1/|title=Gracie Allen Awards (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === Independent Spirit Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |18th Independent Spirit Awards |''The Good Girl'' |Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead |Aliteuliwa | |} === [[People Magazine Awards]] === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |People Magazine Awards |''Cake'' |Movie Performance of the Year - Female |Alishinda | |} === Satellite Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |4th Golden Satellite Awards | rowspan="2" |''Friends'' | rowspan="2" |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a Series - Comedy or Musical |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |7th Golden Satellite Awards |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''The Good Girl'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical |Aliteuliwa |} === TV Guide Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2000 |''Friends'' |TV Guide Award: Editor's Choice Award |Alishinda |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000664/2000/1/|title=TV Guide Awards (2000)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |} === TV Land Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2005 | rowspan="5" |''Friends'' | rowspan="2" |Little Screen/Big Screen Star |ALiteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001221/2005/1/|title=TV Land Awards (2005)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001221/2006/1/|title=TV Land Awards (2006)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |Most Memorable Kiss (<small>shared with [[David Schwimmer]]</small>) |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |Little Screen/Big Screen Star |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001221/2007/1/|title=TV Land Awards (2007)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref> |- |Break-Up That Was So Bad It Was Good (<small>pamoja na David Schwimmer</small>) |Aliteuliwa |} === Hollywood Walk of Fame Star === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2012 | |270 Hollywood, Blvd. - Motion Picture |Alishinda | |} === Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:2em;" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- |2009 | |Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards: Crystal Award |Alishinda | |} == References == {{reflist|2}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] lztx0wrz08veodeb6vcema34q7dko8w 0 117125 1600118 1330928 2026-09-24T11:48:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | jinalamchezaji = Juma Kaseja |picha= | jinakamili = Juma Kaseja Juma | tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1985|4|20|df=yes}} | mjialiozaliwa = | nchialiozaliwa = [[Tanzania]] | urefu = <!--{{height|m=}}--> | nafasi = | klabuyasasa = [[KMC]] | nambayaklabu = 1 |youthyears1 = 2008–2010 |youthclubs1 = Makongo Dar es Salaam |youthclubs2 = Serengeti Boys |years1 = 2000–2003 |clubs1 = [[Moro United F.C.|Moro United]] |years2 = 2003–2014 |clubs2 = [[Simba S.C.|Simba]] |years3 = 2014–2015 |clubs3 = [[Young Africans S.C.|Young Africans]] |clubs4 = [[Mbeya City]] |clubs5 = [[Kagera Sugar]] |clubs6 = [[KMC F.C.]] |nationalyears1 = 2001–2007 |nationalteam1 = [[Tanzania national football team|Tanzania]] |nationalyears2 = 2009–present |nationalteam2 = [[Tanzania national football team|Tanzania]] <small>(recalled)</small> |club-update = 3 July 2014 |ntupdate = 3 July 2014 }} '''Juma Kaseja,''' (alizaliwa [[20 Aprili]] [[1985]]) ni '''[[mwanasoka]]''' [[Tanzania|Mtanzania]] ,anayecheza nafasi ya [[Kipa|golikipa]] wa klabu ya [[Kinondoni Municipal F.C.|KMC FC]]. Pia ni mchezaji wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Tanzania]] ([[Taifa Stars]]). Mwanzoni Kaseja, alitumikia klabu ya [[Simba S.C.]], na aliondoka muda mfupi tu baada ya msimu kumalizika. Katika [[umri]] wake mdogo alichezea timu ya Makongo Dar es Salaam na Serengeti Boys Timu ya vijana ya Tanzania. Mnamo mwaka 2000 .Kaseja alijiunga na klabu ya [[Moro United F.C.]] == Kazi katika ngazi ya Klabu == Katika kukua kwake, Kaseja alisoma shule ya sekondari Makongo. Alifanikiwa kucheza katika chama cha mpira wa miguu cha Makongo Dar es Salaam. Uwezo aliouonesha katika uchezaji wake ulifuatiwa na kuteuliwa kuichezea timu ya taifa ya vijana chini ya miaka 17.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Okinyo|first1=Collins|title=Up close with Simba keeper Juma Kaseja|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/tanzania/news/110628/Up_close_with_Simba_keeper_Juma_Kaseja|website=SuperSport.com|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> Kabla ya msimu wa 2000-2001, Kaseja alijiunga na [[Moro United F.C.]] iliyokua ikicheza ligi ya taifa ya ATnzaania ([[Tanzania Football Federation|Tanzanian football]]). Alicheza kwa misimu miwili kabla ya kupigwa marufuku kucheza na shirikisho la soka Tanzania TFF ([[Tanzania Football Federation]]), marufuku hyo ilitokana na kitendo cha Kaseja kwenda kushiriki [[Gothia Cup]], mashindano ya timu za vijana huko nchini [[Sweden]]. Badda ya tukio hilo, Juma Kaseja alijiunga na klabu ya [[Simba S.C.]] iliyokua ikishiriki ligi kuu ya Tanzania bara [[Tanzanian Premier League]]. Alitumikia klabu ya simba kuanzia mwaka 2009, Novemba 11, 2013, Kaseja alisajiliwa na klabu ya Yanga ([[Young Africans S.C.]]), miongoni mwa klabu zinazofanya vizuri katiak ligi ya Tanzania bara. Uhamisho huo ulionekana kama changamoto na wengi mkutokana na ushindani na utani baina ya klabu hzo mbili.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ayo |first1=Millard |title=Unataka kuona picha za Juma Kaseja akisaini kujiunga Yanga na kiwango cha pesa kilichotolewa kumchukua? |url=http://millardayo.com/kaseja2013y/ |website=MillardAyo.com |accessdate=2 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204316/http://millardayo.com/kaseja2013y/ |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Football: Juma Kaseja|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.juma.kaseja.15469.en.html|website=FootballDatabase.eu|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref> == Kazi kimataifa == Kaseja anaitumikia timu ya taifa ya Tanzania([[Tanzania national football team|Tanzania]]) katika michezo ya kimataifa. Alijiunga na timu ya taifa mwaka 2001 na alikua mlinda lango namba mbili wa timu. Kaseja alifanikiwa kuwa kipa namba moja baada ya mi9simu michache tu lakini aliachwa kwenye kikosi cha timu ya taifa kwa kipindi ya takribani mi9aka mitatu. Kwa kiwango alichokua nacho alifanikiwa kumshawishi kocha kutokea [[Denmark]], [[Jan B. Poulsen]] kumrudisha katika kikosi chake, kocha huyo aliwahi kuzifundisha timu za mataifa tofauti zikiwemo timu taifa ya Armenia na ile ya Singapore, baada ya kurudishwa katika timu ya taifa, uwezo wake ulitia wengi shaka baada ya kupata matokeo mabaya inayokumbukwa zaidi ni dhidi ya timu ya Moroko, katika michezo mitatu ambayo yote Tanzania ilipoteza, alifungwa jumla ya magoli saba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Football - national team: Maroc|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.club.maroc..1006..en.html|website=FootballDatabase.eu|accessdate=3 July 2014}}</ref> Katika mashindano ya CECAFA, ya mwaka 2010 ([[2010 CECAFA Cup]]) ambayo Tanzania walikua wenyeji, Kaseja aliisaidai Tanzania kushinda taji la mshindi wa tatu. Baada ya kuifunga timu ya taifa ya Ivory Coast. Uwezo wa Kaseja ulifadhaisha wengi katika michuano ya CECAFA ya mwaka 2012 ([[2012 CECAFA Cup]]), katika mchezo wa nusu fainali dhidi ya timu ya taifa ya Uganda, Kaseja alifanya kosa lililogharimu timu baada ya kushindwa kuokoa mpira uliochezwa na [[Robert Ssentongo]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moseti|first1=Brian|title=It’s Uganda and Kenya in CECAFA finals|url=http://www.futaa.com/football/article/itas-uganda-and-kenya-in-cecafa-finals|website=Futaa.com|accessdate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209102124/http://www.futaa.com/football/article/itas-uganda-and-kenya-in-cecafa-finals|archivedate=2012-12-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaseja, Juma}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Category:Watu walio hai]] [[Category:Wachezaji mpira wa Tanzania]] [[Category:Wachezaji wa Young Africans S.C.]] [[Category:Wachezaji wa Simba S.C.]] [[Category:Wachezaji wa Moro United F.C.]] jby9ly12d1fn9yijiitwf2rls3qpemx 0 118513 1599657 1303944 2026-09-23T18:59:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = [[Nicolas Grunitzky]] |picha = TOGO_PRES._NICOLAS_GRUNITSKY_-_CROPPED.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Nicolas Grunitzky |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = Aprili 5, 1913 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = Septemba 27, 196 |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = [[Rais]] wa pili wa togo |nchi = [[Togo]] }} '''Nicolas Grunitzky''' ([[matamshi]] ya [[Kifaransa]]: [nikɔla gʁynitski]; [[Aprili 5]], [[1913]] - [[Septemba 27]], [[1969]]) alikuwa [[rais]] wa pili wa [[Togo]] na mkuu wa nchi wa tatu. Alikuwa Rais kuanzia 1963 hadi 1967. Grunitzky alikuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Togo 1956-1958 chini ya Kifaransa Colonial loi kada mfumo, ambayo kuundwa mdogo "kitaifa" serikali katika mali zao za ukoloni. Alichaguliwa kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Togo - hadi chini ya utawala wa Ufaransa- mnamo 1956. Kufuatia mapinduzi ya 1963 ambayo yalimuua mpinzani wake wa kisiasa Sylvanus Olimpiki, Grunitzky alichaguliwa na kamati ya jeshi ya viongozi wa mapinduzi kuwa Rais wa pili wa Togo. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1913|1969}} [[Jamii:Marais wa Togo]] 43v14raimb3q2pi1ot1tpxflxzuvztb 0 118979 1599726 1513486 2026-09-23T21:16:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hasheem Thabeet cropped.jpg|thumb|Hasheem Thabeet mwaka 2010.]] '''Hasheem Thabeet''' ([[jina]] kamili: '''Hashim Thabit Manka'''; alizaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]], [[16 Februari]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutokea [[Tanzania]] anayeichezea [[timu]] ya [[Fort Wayne Mad Ants]] katika Chama cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu (NBA) ligi G. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html|title=Hasheem Thabeet NBA & ABA Stats|work=Basketball-Reference.com|accessdate=19 November 2013|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100221/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html}}</ref>Alichaguliwa kama chaguo la pili baada ya kutofanya vizuri <ref>{{cite web |last1=Spears |first1=Marc J. |title=NBA or bust: Hasheem Thabeet refuses to give up on going back to the league |url=https://theundefeated.com/features/nba-or-bust-hasheem-thabeet-refuses-to-give-up-on-going-back-to-the-league/ |website=The Undefeated |accessdate=November 25, 2019 |date=November 16, 2016}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Hashim Thabit alianza kucheza kwa kujitolea mpira wa kikapu akiwa na miaka 15, alipochukuliwa kutoka Tanzania Hasheem alikuwa akizungumza kiswahili fasaha [[Swahili language|Swahili]]aliongea kimombo kiasi .<ref name=biggestmanoncampus>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/sioncampus/07/18/uconn.hasheem/index.html |title=Biggest Man on Campus – Tanzanian freshman tallest ever at UConn |date=18 July 2006 |accessdate=29 October 2009 |work=SI.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909020834/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/sioncampus/07/18/uconn.hasheem/index.html |archivedate=9 September 2009 }}</ref> Aliendelea kuchezea timu yake ya shule ya upili ya [[Cypress Christian School]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]] baada ya kuhitimu mwaka 2006. ==Chuo== Akiwa mwanafunzi mpya katika chuo cha [[Connecticut Huskies men's basketball|Connecticut Huskies]] aliweza kufikia wastani wa alama 6.2 na alama za kuzuia 3.8 kwenye mchezo mmoja . <ref name=espnprofile>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/hasheem-thabeet-1.html|title=Hasheem Thabeet College Stats - College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=19 June 2017|archivedate=2020-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810053616/https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/hasheem-thabeet-1.html}}</ref> Tarehe 3 Desemba mwaka 2006,Hashim aliweka rekodi ya kuzuia kwenye mchezo mmoja kwa kufikisha point 10 akiwa na timu yake ya UConn<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16025260/ |title=Thabeet’s record 10 blocks key UConn’s big win – College basketball – MSNBC.com |accessdate=2020-02-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129072538/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16025260/ |archivedate=2007-01-29 }}</ref> na mchezaji mwenzie [[Jerome Dyson]]. ==2007-08== Alipokuwa mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa pili chuoni ,aliweza kufikisha wastani alama 10.5, na alama 7.9 kwa mipira ya kurudisha na alama 4.5 za kuzuia katika msimu mmoja. <ref name=espnprofile/> Tarehe 5 Januari 2008, aliendelea kufanya vizuri na timu yake ya Huskies kwa kufikisha kuzuia mara 10 kwenye mchezo waliopoteza kwa alama' 73–67 katika [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball|University of Notre Dame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=280050087|title=Connecticut vs. Notre Dame - Game Recap - January 5, 2008 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref>Hashim alipewa tuzo ya mchezaji bora anayechezea nafasi ya kuzuia wa mashariki, kwenye timu ya pili ya wakubwa ya mashariki ==2008-09== Akiwa bado ana umri mdogo ,Hashim alionekana kitaifa baada ya kufikisha wastani wa alama 13.6 na alama 10.8 ya mipira ya kurudisha.Alianza kujikita zaidi kwenye mchezo huo [[Double (basketball)|triple-double]] akilipocheza dhidi ya [[Providence Friars men's basketball|Providence College]] tarehe 31 Januari Mwaka 2009 akipata alama 15 na 11 mipira ya kurudisha na kuzuia mara 10 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=290310041|title=Providence vs. Connecticut - Game Recap - January 31, 2009 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com|accessdate=19 June 2017|archive-date=2016-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118175704/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=290310041|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alizuia mara 152 msimu mzima. Alitajwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa kuzuia mashariki ya wakubwa [[Big East Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|Big East Player of the Year]] with [[Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball|Pitt]]'s [[DeJuan Blair]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=ncb&id=3968423|title=Blair, Thabeet share Big East award|publisher=|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref>.Hashim alitajwa kuwa mchezaji wa timu ya pili kitaifa ya mchezaji bora wa kuzuia kitaifa. Hashim alipita alama 1000 dhidi ya [[Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball|Purdue]] alikuwa mcheza wa tatu wa UConn kufikia rekodi kwenye msimu huo (Jerome Dyson na [[A. J. Price]] ndio wachezaji wengine walioweza kufikia hiyo rekodi).Hashim aliisaidia timu yake ya UConn kwa mara ya kwanza kufika kwenye finali za t [[Final Four]] mwaka 2004 Akiwa mwaka mwaka wake wa mwisho chuo, Hashim alichaguliwa na chama kinachosimamia ligi ya mpira wa kikapu kitaifa cha NBA kama mmoja ya wa chezaji wanaoruhusiwa kuchezea ligi hiyo ==Kazi== Hasheem alichezea timu ya chuo cha [[UConn]] kabla ya kuchaguliwa kama chaguo la pili mwaka 2009 katika [[timu]] ya [[Memphis Grizzlies]]. [[Urefu]] wake ni [[mita]] 2.21. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:1Lib1Ref2020 Tanzania]] msxinpahqylasbnvusmr7y0li2bz6gm 0 119128 1600119 1209247 2026-09-24T11:49:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600119 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:HMS Royal Oak (08).jpg|thumb|309x309px|Hii ni picha ya HMS Royal Oak.]] '''HMS Royal Oak''' ilikuwa [[manowari]] iliyotengenezwa nchini [[Uingereza]] kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]. Ilikamilika mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1916]] na kutumika mara baada ya kukamilika katika [[mapigano ya Jutland]] dhidi ya manowari za Ujerumani. Baada ya vita iliona matengenezo kadhaa yaliyolenga kuboresha uwezo wake lakini ilishindikana kuongeza kasi yake kwa hiyo haikufaa tena kwa matumizi ya mapigano wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita ya pili ya Dunia]]. Mnamo [[14 Oktoba]] [[1939]] HMS Royal Oak ilizamishwa wakati ilikaa katika hori ya Scapa Flow huko [[visiwa vya Orkney|Orkney]] upande wa kaskazini wa [[Uskoti]]. Ilishambuliwa na [[nyambizi]] ya [[Ujerumani]] iliyojulikana kama ''U-47.'' Katika usiku ule walifariki [[wanamaji]] [[835]]. Kuzama kwa meli hiyo kuliipa wakati mgumu Uingereza na washirika wake katika vita na kwa kufanya hivyo kulipunguza idadi ya meli za kivita za Uingereza na kuleta madhara ambayo yalionekana wakati wa [[vita]]. Kuzama kwa meli hiyo kulileta faida kwa [[kamanda]] wa kijerumani kutoka katika ile nyambizi ambaye aiitwa [[Günther Prien]], na kutunukiwa cheo cha ''Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross'', na kumfanya kuwa kamanda wa kwanza kutunukiwa [[cheo]] hicho katika jeshi la Ujerumani. Kabla ya kuzama kwa meli hii Uingereza haikuwahi kufikiria kuwa meli zao zingeweza kuzamishwa katika hori ya Scapa Flow kwa kushambuliwa na nyambizi, lakini hii ilionesha kuwa Ujerumani ilikua na uwezo wa kuleta mashambulizi karibu zaidi na Uingereza. Baada ya kushtushwa na hilo, Waingereza waliamua kujenga vizuizi katika Scapa Flow ambavyo waliviita ''Churchill Barriers''. Mabaki ya manowari hiyo bado yanapatikana katika maji ya hori yakitunzwa kama kumbukumbu ya vita na kaburi la wanamaji waliokufa ndani yake na kubaki mle<ref>{{citation |title= Wrecks designated as Military Remains |publisher= Maritime and Coastguard Agency |url= http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-receiverofwreck/mcga-protectedwrecks/mcga-protectedwrecks-military.htm |accessdate= 27 December 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120219031051/http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-receiverofwreck/mcga-protectedwrecks/mcga-protectedwrecks-military.htm |archive-date= 19 February 2012 }}</ref> . ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== * {{citation| last= Admiralty |title= ADM199/158: Board of Enquiry into Sinking of HMS Royal Oak |publisher= HM Stationery Office |year=1939}} * {{citation |last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships, 1919–1939|year=2012|edition=2nd|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-052-8}} * {{citation |last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships of World War One|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1986|isbn=0-87021-863-8}} * {{citation| last = Campbell| first = John| title = Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting| year = 1998| location = London| publisher = Conway Maritime Press|isbn = 978-1-55821-759-1}} * {{citation |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}} * {{citation| last1 = Colledge | first1 = J. J. | authorlink1 = J. J. Colledge | last2 = Warlow | first2 = Ben | year = 2006 | origyear = 1969 | title = Ships of the RoyalNavy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy | edition = Rev. | location = London | publisher = Chatham Publishing | isbn = 978-1-86176-281-8| title-link = Ships of the Royal Navy }} * {{citation |last= Dönitz |first= Karl |title= Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days |others= English translation by R.H. Stevens |publisher= Da Capo Press|year=1959 |isbn= 0-306-80764-5}} * {{cite book| last = Gardiner| first = Leslie| title = The Royal Oak Courts Martial| publisher = William Blackwood & Sons| location = Edinburgh| year=1965| oclc=794019632| ref=harv}} * {{citation |last= Glenton| first= Robert |title= The Royal Oak Affair: The Saga of Admiral Collard and Bandmaster Barnacle |publisher= Leo Cooper |year=1991 |isbn= 0-85052-266-8}} * {{citation |last= Gretton| first= Peter |title= The Forgotten Factor: The Naval Aspects of the Spanish Civil War| publisher= Oxford University Press |year=1984}} * {{citation|last=Halpern|first=Paul G.|title=A Naval History of World War I|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|year=1995|isbn=1-55750-352-4}} * {{citation |last= Hayward| first= James |title= Myths and Legends of the Second World War |publisher= Sutton Publishing |year=2003 |isbn= 0-7509-3875-7}} * {{citation|last=Herwig|first=Holger|year=1998|origyear=1980|title="Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918|publisher=Humanity Books|location=Amherst|isbn=978-1-57392-286-9}} * {{citation |last= Kriegsmarine |title= Log of the U-47 |year=1939 |publisher= reproduced in Snyder and Weaver}} * {{cite book|title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea |last=Massie|first=Robert K.|authorlink=Robert K. 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E.|title=Jutland: The German Perspective|year=1995|publisher=Cassell Military Paperbacks|isbn=0-304-35848-7|location=London}} * {{citation |last= Taylor| first= David| title= Last Dawn: The Royal Oak Tragedy at Scapa Flow |publisher= Argyll|year=2008 |isbn= 978-1-906134-13-6}} * {{citation |last= Weaver |first= H.J. |title= Nightmare at Scapa Flow: The Truth About the Sinking of HMS Royal Oak |publisher= Cressrelles |year=1980 |location= England |isbn= 0-85956-025-2}} {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Meli]] cv5mn08gzh8hqqqqwuruk8seam6k5bh 0 119352 1600034 1588887 2026-09-24T11:06:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Lil Nas X | Img = 191125 Lil Nas X at the 2019 American Music Awards.png | Img_capt = Lil Nas kwenye tuzo za American Music Awards, mnamo Novemba 2019 | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Montero Lamar Hill | Amezaliwa = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1999|4|9}} | Asili yake = [[Marekani]] | Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mwanamuziki]] | Ala = sauti | Aina = | Aina ya sauti = | Miaka ya kazi = 2015-hadi leo | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Ameshirikiana na = | Tovuti = {{URL|lilnasx.com}} }} '''Montero Lamar Hill''' (maarufu kama '''Lil Nas X'''; alizaliwa [[9 Aprili]] [[1999]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Hip hop]] wa nchini [[Marekani]] na pia ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[nyimbo]]. Alijulikana kimataifa baada ya kutoa kibao chake alichokiita ''Old Town Road'' ambacho kilipata umaarufu mkubwa sana katika mitandao mnamo mwaka [[2019]]. Wimbo huo ulishika namba moja nchini marekani katika ''Billboard Hot 100'' na kuwa katika nafasi hiyo ndani ya wiki [[kumi na tisa]], na ndio wimbo pekee ambao umeweza kufanya hivyo tangu kuanzishwa kwa orodha hiyo ya [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] kali mnamo mwaka [[1958]]. Pia Nas X, alichaguliwa katika tuzo mbalimbali ikiwemo ile ya ''Grammy Awards'' ambapo alichaguliwa katika vipengele vya [[Wimbo]] bora wa mwaka, [[Albamu ya muziki|Albamu]] bora ya mwaka na pia kama Msanii bora chipukizi. Mnamo [[Juni]] [[2019]], Lil Nas X alijitangaza kuwa [[shoga]] na ni msanii wa kwanza ambaye kashikilia namba moja katika orodha ya nyimbo bora kufanya hivyo. Nyimbo ya ''"Old Town Road"'' imeweza kumpatia tuzo kutok katika ''MTV Video Music Awards'' ikiwemo tuzo ya wimbo bora wa mwaka na ni msanii pekee ambaye ni shoga kushinda tuzo ya ''Cross country association''. ==Diskografia== ===Albamu=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya albamu, pamoja na maelezo na nafasi iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:6em;"| Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Maelezo ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Nafasi iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:8em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Matunukio |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Marekani<br/><ref name="BB7">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8518137/the-raconteurs-first-no-1-album-billboard-200|title=The Raconteurs Land First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Help Us Stranger'|work=Billboard|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=June 30, 2019|accessdate=July 1, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Australia<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/albums-chart|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=July 1, 2019|accessdate=June 29, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Austria<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lil+Nas+X|title=Discographie Lil Nas X|website=austriancharts.at|language=de|accessdate=August 2, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Canada<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/archive/charts/2019/canadian-albums|title=2019 Archive: Canadian Albums|work=Billboard|accessdate=July 2, 2019|archivedate=2019-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413111439/https://www.billboard.com/archive/charts/2019/canadian-albums}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Denmark<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=25&y=2019&list=a40|title=Album Top-40 Uge 25, 2019|publisher=[[Hitlisten]]|accessdate=July 3, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Ufaransa<br/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lil+Nas+X|title=Discographie Lil Nas X|website=austriancharts.at |publisher=Hung Medien|language=de|accessdate=August 2, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Ireland<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Albums|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|accessdate=June 29, 2019|archive-date=2016-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123152735/http://www.irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Albums|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| New Zealand<br/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Sweden<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54?dspy=2019&dspp=32|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 32|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=August 9, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| Uingereza<br/><ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/55226/lil-nas-x/|title=Lil Nas X|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=April 8, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''7'' | * Ilitolewa: Juni 21, 2019 * Lebo: [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | 2 || 5 || 72 || 1 || 9 || 15 || 11 || 5 || 10 || 23 | * Marekani: 4,000<ref name="BB7" /> | * RIAA: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=LIL+NAS+X&ti=7+EP|title=Lil Nas X: 7 EP|website=RIAA}}</ref> |} ===Nyimbo=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Nyimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="<!-- A MAXIMUM of 10 columns -->10"| Nafasi iliyoshika ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Mauzo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Matunukio ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Albamu |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Marekani<br/><ref name="Hot 100">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8506256/lil-nas-x-old-town-road-number-one-hot-100|title= 'Lil Nas X's "Old Town Road" Leaps to No. 1 on the Hot 100|work=Billboard|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=April 8, 2019|accessdate=April 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8530747/lizzo-truth-hurts-number-one-fourth-week-hot-100|title=Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Fourth Week, Lil Nas X's 'Panini' Hits Top 10|work=Billboard|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=September 23, 2019|accessdate=September 24, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Marekani<br>R&B<br>/HH<br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-songs/2019-04-13|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Songs: April 13, 2019|work=Billboard|accessdate=April 9, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Australia<br/><ref name="ARIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=December 23, 2019|accessdate=December 21, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Canada<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artist=Lil+Nas+X&chart_name=Billboard+Canadian+Hot+100|title=Chart Search: Canadian Hot 100|work=Billboard|accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Denmark<br/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Ireland<br/><ref name="IRE">{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|accessdate=June 29, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Norway<br><ref>Peaks in Norway: * "Old Town Road": {{cite web|url=http://www.vglista.no/topplister/topp-20-single-2019-15/|title=VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 15, 2019|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|accessdate=April 13, 2019}} * "Panini": {{cite web|url=http://www.vglista.no/topplister/topp-20-single-2019-40/|title=VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 40, 2019|publisher=VG-lista|accessdate=October 5, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| New Zealand<br> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Sweden <br><ref>Peaks in Sweden: * "Old Town Road": {{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2019&dspp=16|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 16|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=April 27, 2019}} * "Panini": {{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2019&dspp=28|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 28|publisher=Sverigetopplistan|accessdate=July 12, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;"| Uingereza<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Old Town Road"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)</span> | 2018 | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 | * Marekani: 1,536,000 | * RIAA: Diamond<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Lil+Nas+X&ti=Old+Town+Road#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum – RIAA: Lil Nas X|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=May 31, 2019}}</ref> * ARIA: 10× Platinum<ref name="ARIA"/> * BPI: 3× Platinum * IFPI DEN: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifpi.dk/node/8218|title=Lil Nas X — Old Town Road|publisher=[[IFPI Denmark]]|accessdate=May 15, 2019}}</ref> * RMNZ: 4× Platinum * GLF: 2× Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Sverigetopplistan|website=Sverigetopplistan|language=sv|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | ''7'' |- ! scope="row"| "Panini" | 2019 | 5 || 2 || 15 || 8 || 28<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=25&y=2019&list=t40|title=Track Top-40 Uge 25, 2019|publisher=Hitlisten|accessdate=July 3, 2019}}</ref> || 18 || 26 || 14<br/> || 42 || 21 | | * RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=LIL+NAS+X&ti=PANINI|title=Lil Nas X: Panini|website=RIAA}}</ref> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/12/aria-chart-watch-554/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #554|publisher=auspOp|date=December 7, 2019|accessdate=December 7, 2019|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208005243/https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/12/aria-chart-watch-554/}}</ref> * BPI: Gold * RMNZ: Gold |} ==Tuzo== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" | Tuzo ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Anayetuzwa/Kinachotuzwa ! scope="col" | Aina ya Tuzo ! scope="col" | Matokeo ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Marejeo |- ! scope="row" rowspan="5"| American Music Awards | rowspan="5"| 2019 | Mwenyewe | New Artist of the Year | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/american-music-awards-full-list-winners-2018-1146665/item/favorite-male-artist-soul-r-b-1142148 |title=American Music Awards: Taylor Swift Wins Artist of the Year, Sets New Record|last=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=October 9, 2018|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4"| "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Collaboration of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite Song — Rap/Hip-Hop | {{won}} |- | Video of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- | Favorite Song — Pop/Rock | Aliteuliwa |- ! scope="row"| Apple Music Awards | 2019 | "Old Town Road" | Song of the Year | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Singleton|first=Micah|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/streaming/8545227/apple-music-awards-billie-eilish-lizzo-lil-nas-x |title=Billie Eilish Earns Top Honors From Inaugural Apple Music Awards|date=December 2, 2019|access-date=December 3, 2019|work=Billboard}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards | 2019 | "Old Town Road" | Best Single | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Best Single|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/lzqyqnDSDMbNYx0t0dLYZR/best-single |publisher=BBC|access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| BET Hip Hop Awards | rowspan="3"| 2019 | Mwenyewe | Best New Hip Hop Artist | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8529768/2019-bet-hip-hop-awards-nominations-list |title=Cardi B Leads 2019 BET Hip Hop Awards With 10 Nominations: Exclusive|website=Billboard|access-date=September 12, 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"| "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Single of the Year | {{won}} |- | Best Collab, Duo or Group | {{won}} |- ! scope="row"| Bravo Otto | 2019 | Mwenyewe | Newcomer | - | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bravo.de/bravo-otto-wahl-2019-vote-fuer-deinen-star-382841.html |title=BRAVO-Otto-Wahl 2019: Vote für deinen Star!|website=Bravo Germany|date=October 23, 2019|access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| BreakTudo Awards | rowspan="2"| 2019 | Mwenyewe | International Male Artist | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2019/08/breaktudo-awards-2019-blackpink-bts-and-red-velvet-received-multiple-nominations |title=BreakTudo Awards 2019: BlackPink, BTS and Red Velvet received multiple nominations|website=allkpop|access-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref> |- | "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | International Hit of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- ! scope="row"| Country Music Association Awards | 2019 | "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Musical Event of the Year | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/13/entertainment/cmas-2019-nashville-preview/index.html |title=CMA Awards 2019: See who won big at country music's biggest night|date=November 14, 2019|work=CNN.com|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| Danish Music Awards | 2019 | "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Foreign Song of the Year | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ifpi.dk/vindere-til-danish-music-awards-2019 |title=Vindere til Danish Music Awards 2019|date=October 17, 2019|publisher=IFPI Danmark|language=Danish|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="6"| Grammy Awards | rowspan="6"| 2020 | Mwenyewe | Best New Artist | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2020-grammy-awards-complete-nominees-list|title=2020 GRAMMY Awards: Complete Nominees List|date=November 20, 2019|website=Grammy.com|access-date=November 20, 2019|archive-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216045931/https://www.grammy.com/Grammys/news/2020-Grammy-awards-complete-nominees-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | "Panini" | Best Rap/Sung Performance | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="3"| "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Record of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- | Best Pop Duo/Group Performance | {{Won}} |- | Best Music Video | {{won}} |- | ''7'' | Album of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- ! scope="row" rowspan="6"| iHeartRadio Music Awards | rowspan="6"|2020 | rowspan="2"|"Old Town Road" | Song of the Year | - |- | Hip-Hop Song of the Year | - |- | rowspan="2"|"Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Best Music Video | - |- | Best Remix | - |- | rowspan="2"|Mwenyewe | Best New Pop Artist | - |- | Best New Hip-Hop Artist | - |- ! scope="row"| LOS40 Music Awards | 2019 | Mwenyewe | Best International New Artist | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://los40.com/los40/2019/09/12/radio/1568271871_802645.html |title=JONAS BROTHERS, ROSALÍA, AITANA, LEIVA Y MANUEL CARRASCO, MÁXIMOS NOMINADOS DE LOS40 MUSIC AWARDS 2019|work=Los40.com|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="6"| MTV Europe Music Awards | rowspan="6"| 2019 | rowspan="3"| Mwenyewe | Best New Act | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/ariana-grande-billie-eilish-shawn-mendes-taylor-swift-mtv-ema-nominations-1203354459/ |title=Ariana Grande Leads 2019 MTV EMA Nominations|date=October 1, 2019|work=Variety|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> |- | Best Look | Aliteuliwa |- | Best US Act | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="3"| "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Best Song | Aliteuliwa |- | Best Video | Aliteuliwa |- | Best Collaboration | Aliteuliwa |- ! scope="row" rowspan="9"| MTV Video Music Awards | rowspan="9"| 2019 | Mwenyewe | Best New Artist | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/8528388/2019-mtv-vmas-winners-list |title=Here Are All the Winners From the 2019 MTV VMAs|date=August 26, 2019|work=Billboard|access-date=August 29, 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="8"| "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Video of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- | Song of the Year | {{won}} |- | Best Collaboration | Aliteuliwa |- | Best Hip-Hop Video | Aliteuliwa |- | Song of Summer | Aliteuliwa |- | Best Direction | {{won}} |- | Best Editing | Aliteuliwa |- | Best Art Direction | Aliteuliwa |- ! scope="row"| MTV Video Play Awards<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.capitalfm.com/artists/jessie-j/news/adele-mtv-video-play-awards/ |title=Jessie J And Adele Top MTV Video Play Awards Winners List|website=Capital|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/a364540/adele-jessie-j-katy-perry-scoop-mtv-video-play-awards/ |title=Adele, Jessie J scoop MTV Play awards|last=Corner|first=Lewis|date=February 8, 2012|website=Digital Spy|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.warnermusic.co.nz/news/clean-bandit-anne-marie-bruno-mars-and-cardi-b-feature-in-mtv-s-top-videos-of-the-year|title=CARDI B, BRUNO MARS, DUA LIPA, RUDIMENTAL AND CLEAN BANDIT TOP MTV'S MOST PLAYED VIDEOS OF 2018|website=www.warnermusic.co.nz|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195125/https://www.warnermusic.co.nz/news/clean-bandit-anne-marie-bruno-mars-and-cardi-b-feature-in-mtv-s-top-videos-of-the-year|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.beirutnightlife.com/music/artists/mtv-video-play-awards-check-artist-played/ |title=MTV Video Play Awards: Check Out Which Artist is Most Played - BNL|date=February 13, 2012|website=Beirut The Only Way It Should Be, NightLife, Clubbing, Events, DineOut, Concerts, Festivals, Clubs, Pubs, Bars, Hotels, Restaurants, Lifestyle, Music, Fashion|access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref> | 2019 | "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Winning Video | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/playlists/2019-mtv-video-play-awards-top-20-music-videos |title=2019 mtv video play awards|work=MTV UK|access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="4"| NRJ Music Awards | rowspan="4"| 2019 | Mwenyewe | International Breakthrough of the Year | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NRJ Music Awards 2019 : Angèle, Roméo Elvis et Lil Nas X dominent la liste des nommés|publisher=Ozap|url=https://www.ozap.com/actu/nrj-music-awards-2019-angele-romeo-elvis-et-lil-nas-x-dominent-la-liste-des-nommes/584030 |language=French|access-date=September 30, 2019}}</ref> |- | Lil Nas X na Billy Ray Cyrus | International Duo/Group of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2"| "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | International Song of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- | Video of the Year | Aliteuliwa |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| People's Choice Awards | rowspan="2"| 2019 | Mwenyewe | Male Artist of 2019 | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.eonline.com/shows/peoples_choice_awards/news/1068008/2019-people-s-choice-awards-complete-list-of-nominees/ |title=2019 People's Choice Awards:Complete List of Nominees|date=September 5, 2019|publisher=E! News|access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> |- | "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Song of 2019 | Aliteuliwa |- ! scope="row"| Streamy Awards | 2019 | Mwenyewe | Breakthrough Artist | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.streamys.org/2019/12/winners-announced-for-the-9th-annual-streamy-awards/|title=Winners Announced for the 9th Annual Streamy Awards|date=December 14, 2019|website=The Streamy Awards|access-date=December 14, 2019|accessdate=2020-01-28|archivedate=2021-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116045332/https://www.streamys.org/2019/12/winners-announced-for-the-9th-annual-streamy-awards/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| Swiss Music Awards | 2020 | "Old Town Road" | Best International Hit | - | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srf.ch/radio-srf-3/musik/swiss-music-awards/swiss-music-awards-2020-swiss-music-awards-die-ersten-nominierten-stehen-fest|title=«Swiss Music Awards»: Die ersten Nominierten stehen fest|publisher=[[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen]]|language=German|date=January 8, 2020|accessdate=January 8, 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="5"| Teen Choice Awards | rowspan="5"| 2019 | rowspan="2"| Mwenyewe | Choice Male Artist | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.altpress.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-full-list/ |title=Teen Choice Awards 2019 winners announced-see the full list|date=August 12, 2019|publisher=Alternative Press|access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> |- | Choice Breakout Artist | Aliteuliwa |- | "Old Town Road" | Choice Song: Male Artist | Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2"| "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Choice Collaboration | Aliteuliwa |- | Choice Song: R&B/Hip-Hop | {{won}} |- ! scope="row"| UK Music Video Awards | 2019 | "Old Town Road" {{small|(pamoja na Billy Ray Cyrus)}} | Best Urban Video – International | Aliteuliwa | style="text-align:center;"| |- |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1999|}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa hip hop]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] azmfer30nhcljir1ed13as8bxqkvj1c 0 119615 1599433 1512290 2026-09-23T17:09:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Festus Ezeli Andris Biedrins (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Festus Ezeli]] '''Ifeanyi Festus Ezeli-Ndulue''' (amezaliwa [[21 Oktoba]] [[1989]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] maarufu wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/e/ezelife01.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2019-12-07 |archivedate=2012-10-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022070422/http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/e/ezelife01.html }}</ref> == Maisha== Festus ni mmoja kati ya watoto watano. <ref name=Katz>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/blog/_/name/katz_andy/id/6847643/festus-ezeli-continues-learn-game |title=Festus Ezeli continues to learn the game |first=Andy |last=Katz |publisher=ESPN |date=August 9, 2011 |accessdate=August 15, 2011 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110940/http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/blog/_/name/katz_andy/id/6847643/festus-ezeli-continues-learn-game |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alijihusisha na masomo akaweza kumaliza elimu ya sekondari ya juu akiwa na umri wa miaka 14. Aliweza kuendelea na masomo huko jijini Yuba, California mwaka 2014. <ref name=Torre>{{cite web |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1182629/index.htm |title=How Did I Get Here? |first=Pablo S. |last=Torre |work=Sports Illustrated |date=March 7, 2011 |accessdate=August 15, 2011 |archivedate=2014-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000304/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1182629/index.htm }}</ref> Alicheza misimu mitano katika Chama cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu. Alicheza kwenye Chuo cha [[Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball|Vanderbilt]] Kabla ya kuchaguliwa kama chaguo la 30 kwenye machaguzi ya Chama cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu kwenye timu ya [[Golden State Warriors]]. Ezeli alishinda katika fainali ya mwaka 2015 katika mashindano ya Chama cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu. Mara ya mwisho alionekana katika fainali ya mwaka 2016, alistaafu baada ya kufanyiwa [[upasuaji]] wa [[goti]] katika msimu wa 2017. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Nigeria]] aduuqiyl7flvli4eld2an0g9skpvyz8 0 120843 1599478 1547388 2026-09-23T18:22:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Retour d&#039;école par la plage. Stone Town 3.jpg|thumb|right|Wanafunzi wakifurahia Ufukweni]] '''Siku ya Wanafunzi Duniani''' ni siku inayoadhimishwa kimataifa na jamii ya wanafunzi kila [[mwaka]] [[tarehe]] [[17 Novemba]]. Maadhimisho yalianzishwa kama kumbukizi ya wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu vya [[Ucheki]] waliouawa na wengine kupelekwa kwenye kambi za mateso mnamo mwaka [[1939]] kwa mashambulizi ya [[Wanazi]]. Tarehe hiyo inaadhimisha kama kumbukumbu ya mwaka 1939 ya dhoruba kwa Wanazi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Prague, baada ya maandamano dhidi ya ukaazi wa [[Wajerumani]] wa [[Czechoslovakia]] na mauaji ya Jan Opletal na mfanyakazi Václav Sedláček. ==Asili== Wanazi waliwakusanya wanafunzi, waliwauwa viongozi tisa wa wanafunzi na kupeleka wanafunzi zaidi ya 1,200 kwenye kambi za mateso, haswa Sachsenhausen. Baadaye walifunga vyuo vikuu vyote vikiwemo vya Czech. Kufikia wakati huu Czechoslovakia haikuwepo tena, kwani ilikuwa imegawanywa kuwa Mlinzi wa Bohemia na Moravia na Jamhuri ya Kislovie chini ya serikali ya papa.<ref name="sulc">{{cite book|title=Ústřední svaz československého studenstva v exilu za války 1940-45 |last=Šulc|first=Bohuslav |publisher=Rozmluvy|date=1990|isbn=978-80-900209-5-5 |language=Czech|trans-title=Central Association of Czechoslovak students in exile during the war 1940-45}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa 1939 viongozi wa Wanazi katika Protectorate ya Bohemia na Moravia walishinikiza maandamano huko Prague yaliyoshikiliwa na wanafunzi wa Kitivo cha Uuguzi cha Chuo Kikuu cha Charles. Maandamano hayo yalifanyika mnamo Oktoba 28 kuadhimisha kumbukumbu ya uhuru wa Jamhuri ya Czechoslovak (1918). Wakati wa maonyesho haya mwanafunzi Jan Opletal alipigwa risasi, na baadaye akafa kutokana na jeraha lake mnamo tarehe 11 Novemba. Mnamo Novemba 15 mwili wake ulitakiwa kusafirishwa kutoka Prague kwenda nyumbani kwake Moravia. Maandamano ya mazishi yake yalikuwa na maelfu ya wanafunzi, ambao walibadilisha tukio hilo kuwa maandamano ya kupinga Nazi. Lakini, viongozi wa Nazi walichukua hatua kali kwa kujibu, walifunga taasisi zote za elimu ya juu za Czech, na kumkamata zaidi ya wanafunzi 1,200, ambao walipelekwa kwenye kambi za mateso, na kutekeleza wanafunzi tisa na maprofesa bila kesi tarehe 17 Novemba. Wanahistoria wanadhani kwamba Wanazi waliidhinisha maandamano ya mazishi tayari wakitarajia matokeo ya vurugu, ili kutumia hiyo kama kisingizio cha kufunga vyuo vikuu na kusafisha wahusika.<ref name="studyeu">[http://www.study.eu/article/17-november-international-students-day 17 November: International Students’ Day], Study.EU. Retrieved 2017-11-05.</ref><ref name="radiocz">[http://www.radio.cz/en/section/panorama/the-17th-of-november-remembering-jan-opletal-martyr-of-an-occupied-nation "The 17th of November: Remembering Jan Opletal, martyr of an occupied nation"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/panorama/the-17th-of-november-remembering-jan-opletal-martyr-of-an-occupied-nation |date=20190905161421 }}, Radio Praha. Retrieved 2017-11-05.</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Sikukuu]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] [[Jamii:1Lib1Ref2020 Tanzania]] 2vlhebklrvuzzekd92oeo861otfhhpk 0 121009 1599727 1478921 2026-09-23T21:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Halfan Hythani Hamza''' (maarufu kama '''Hassan Mwakinyo'''; alizaliwa [[15 Machi]] [[1995]] mkoani [[Tanga]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[mchezo]] wa [[masumbwi]] na ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwanamasumbwi wa [[uzito]] wa kati. Mpaka [[mwaka]] 2025 anashika nafasi ya tisa kulingana na viwango vya shirika la kimataifa la masumbwi la [https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/ratings/?org=ibf-intercontinental IBF] kwenye uzito wa kati na namba 1 barani Afrika kulingana na viwango vya shirika la kimataifa la masumbwi la Africa [https://unionafricainedeboxe.com/ratings/ ABU] {{Wayback|url=https://unionafricainedeboxe.com/ratings/ |date=20250424010643 }} katika ndondi za uzito wake wa kati.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/742000 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-02-01 |archive-date=2020-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201083616/https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/742000 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Amekuwa akijihusisha na mchezo wa masumbwi tangu mwaka [[2015]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 20. Ana [[kimo]] cha [[futi]] 5 na [[inchi]] 8. ==Marejeo== <references/> {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Tanzania]] czfksn00z2n2six7ka0y22uqddb0txr 1599741 1599727 2026-09-23T22:23:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Halfan Hythani Hamza''' (maarufu kama '''Hassan Mwakinyo'''; alizaliwa [[15 Machi]] [[1995]] mkoani [[Tanga]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[mchezo]] wa [[masumbwi]] na ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwanamasumbwi wa [[uzito]] wa kati. Mpaka [[mwaka]] 2025 anashika nafasi ya tisa kulingana na viwango vya shirika la kimataifa la masumbwi la [https://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/ratings/?org=ibf-intercontinental IBF] kwenye uzito wa kati na namba 1 barani Afrika kulingana na viwango vya shirika la kimataifa la masumbwi la Africa [https://unionafricainedeboxe.com/ratings/ ABU] {{Wayback|url=https://unionafricainedeboxe.com/ratings/ |date=20250424010643 }} katika ndondi za uzito wake wa kati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/742000 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-02-01 |archive-date=2020-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201083616/https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/742000 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Amekuwa akijihusisha na mchezo wa masumbwi tangu mwaka [[2015]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 20. Ana [[kimo]] cha [[futi]] 5 na [[inchi]] 8. ==Marejeo== <references/> {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Tanzania]] 5a9kwpqpq5ze52hj7jjd5mhs4ftia7q 0 121904 1599605 1103237 2026-09-23T18:49:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599605 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elementi za kundi la 3''' ni kikundi kwenye jedwali la elementi au mfumo radidia Ni mojawapo ya vikundi 18 kwenye mfumo radidia. Elementi za kikundi hiki ni pamoja na: * [[Skandi]] * [[Ytri]] * Luteti [[Lanthani|(au lanthani )]] * [[Lanthani|Laurenti]] (au aktini ) Elementi mbili za kwanza za kundi hili zinaeleweka, lakini kuhusu mbili zinazofuata kuna tofauti ya maoni kati ya wataalamu. Kikundi hiki kinaitwa kundi la I - {IIIB} - la elimenti. <gallery> Picha:Scandium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Skandi Picha:Yttrium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Ytri Picha:Lanthanum-2.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Lanthani </gallery> [[Jamii:Mfumo radidia]] [[Jamii:Elementi]] po5mkpuoblkb2og444w095t0xh67yhl 0 126052 1599606 1266495 2026-09-23T18:49:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599606 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luciana Demingongo''' (alizaliwa [[28 Februari]] [[1960]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka [[Mji|mjini]] [[Kinshasa]]-[[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alifahamika sana [[miaka ya 1990]] akiwa na [[kundi]] lake Nouvelle Generation lililovuma na [[albamu]] ya Vigilancy iliyotoka [[1992]]. ==Muziki na maisha== Alizaliwa kama mtoto pekee kwa jina la Luciana Litemo Demingongo mnao Februari 28, 1960 huko mjini Kisangani katika nchi ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Kwa ushupavu wake, Luciana ameoa na kupata watoto sita. Ikiwa kama sehemu ya kutangaza kazi yake ya muziki, ilimlazimu kuishi kati ya Paris na Brussels. Mwaka wa 1977, wakati huo akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 pekee, kufuatia kuvunjika kwa kundi la muziki la MAQUIS EXPRESS SASA-BATA, ambapo wakati huo lilikuwa bora la tatu kwa mjini Kisangani, kundi jipya likazaliwa. Kundi hilo liliitwa SASA-MUSICA huku ndani kukiwa na bwana Luciana. Kundi lilianza kwa kasi ya kimbunga huku Luciana akitumika kama kivutio kwa kuwa ni ingizo jipya. Ikawavuruga wale wanamuziki wa waliotangulia katika tasnia ya muziki wa dansi nchini Kongo. Ndani ya mwaka mmoja, yakatokea mapunduzi makubwa katika muziki. Nyimbo zao zilipigwa katika redio ya taifa. Kundi likawa bora mjini Kisangani huku mwaka 1978 Luciana akichukua kama mtunzi bora kwa kibao chao cha Horizon. Pia amepata kushinda kuwa kama nyota bora wa Kisangani. Mwaka wa 1979, akapasua kiwango cha kitaifa na kutua jijini Kinshasa akiwa na rafikize wawili Pépé Lusambo na Dicky Dikala. Lengo likiwa kuwavuta karibu wakazi wa Kinshasa kusikiliza kazi yake. Akiwa hapa, akaunda kundi lililodhaminiwa na Father Buffalo na José Makutu lakini mazingira ya mjini yalikuwa magumu mno licha ya kupata mialiko kadhaa huko Cabaret Liyoto, mji mdogo katikati ya jiji la Kinshasa. Mwaka wa 1980, makundi kadhaa walimwita kwa minajili ya kurekodi naye. Makundi hayo ni pamoja Green Helmets akiwa na Pépé Felly Manuaku kwa ajili ya albamu zao. Boketshu akatumia fursa kwa ajili ya wimbo wake wa Ambochila (cfr.Volume 1 katika albamu ya vibao vikali ya Papa Wemba na Viva la musica). Kila Jumamosi, huwa zamu ya Papa Wemba na kundi lake la Viva la musica, Luciana alitumbuiza na kundi lake la CHIC CHIC MATONGE. Lakini kwa sababu ya kiafya, mnamo mwaka wa 1981, alilazimika kurudi mjini Kisangani kujiunga na makundi mazito na kongwe ya mjini Kisangani. Kundi hilo ni SINGA MUAMBE la Bwana Gracia NDONGALA. Akapita zake hadi katika kundi la Guvano VANGU (zamani iliitwa Afrisa of Tabu Ley Rochereau) kisha Rubens (zamani iliitwa Vévé de Kiamuangana Mateta na of T.P.O.K.JAZZ ya Franco Luambo Makiadi). Kupitia hao wazee, akajifunza muziki mpya wenye kueleweka. Mwaka huohuo wa 1981, akachaguliwa kama Mwimbaji Bora wa Muziki wa Zaire. Wakati huo huko mjini Kinshasa, katika moja ya kundi maarufu jijini humo, mambo yanaliendea kombo kundi la Viva la Musica; King Kester Emeneya, Bipoli na Fulu na wengine wanaachana na Papa Wemba na kuanzisha kundi lao la Victoria Eleison. Papa Wemba analazimika kujipanga upya kwa dutu mpya lakini muda huo Luciana hayupo tena mjini Kinshasa. Papa Wemba alimwomba mke wa Amazon, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa akitembelea mjini Kisangani akiwa na mdogo wake wa kike. Alimtaka afanye hakikisho anarudi Kinshasa akiwa na Le Rossignol Luciana. Akiwa na Reddy Amisi, Maray Maray na Lidjo Kwempa, akafanya kazi yake ya kwanza iliyotukuka ndani ya Viva la Musica. Huku sauti yake ikiwakumbusha Wazaire sauti ya Gina wa Gina, binamu yake kutoka Cavacha zama za Zaïko Langa Langa. Jambo likalipuka na watu wa Kinshasa wakampenda. Kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi alikuwa karibu sana Papa Wemba. Tangu 1987 alikuwa akiishi kati ya Ulaya  na Afrika, pia Brussels na Paris. Ili kusonga mbele zaidi, mnamo 13 Oktoba, 1992, akiwa na baadhi ya rafikize hasa Fafa Maestro (Fafa de Molokai), Awilo Longomba, Djena Mandako, Fataki ya José, Lodjo Kwempa, Boss Matuta, Zola Collégien, na mpiga gitaa Bojack Bongo Wende, walitoka Viva la Musica na kuunda kundi la "THE NEW GENERATION" au kwa Kifaransa liliitwa "Nouvelle Generation." Akatoa albamu yake ya kwanza akiwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea kwa mtindo wa Zimpompa-pompa. Kundi likatumbuiza Ulaya yote. Kwa hakika walileta ladha mpya ya muziki kwa wapenda muziki. Waliendelea kufanya hivyo hadi pale kidudu mtu alipoingia kwa dhamira ya kuwaangamiza. == Albamu alizotoa kati ya 1992-2009 == 1.  Luciana Et Nouvelle Generation De La Republique Democratique Du Congo - 1994 2.  Sang Bleu "Aziza" - 1996 3. Beauté Ya Mt - 1998 4. Feza - 1999 5. Pool Malebo - 2002 6. Rumba Lolango - 2004 7. Zanzibar - 2009 ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://luciana2000.chez-alice.fr/Carriere%20musicale.html Bomoi ya Joly Mubiala na universrumba] *[https://www.facebook.com/Luciana-Demingongo-Officiel-370072846533503/ Facebook ya Luciana Demingongo ] {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1960}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 4oskok8qqax89r66bx6mjt49t4loqrn 0 130213 1600120 1177937 2026-09-24T11:49:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Sidharth_Malhotra_2016.jpg|thumb| Sidharth Malhotra]] '''Sidharth Malhotra''' alizaliwa huko [[Delhi]], [[India]] katika familia ya Wahindu wa Kipunjabi, na Sunil, nahodha wa zamani katika [[Jeshi]] la Wanamaji la Merchant, na Rimma Malhotra, ndiye [[baba]] yake, Alisomeshwa katika [[Shule]] ya Don Bosco ya Delhi na Birla Vidya Niketan, na alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Shaheed Bhagat Singh, [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Delhi. Katika umri wa miaka 18, Malhotra alianza kuigiza. Ingawa alikuwa amefaulu, aliamua kuacha kazi baada ya miaka minne kwa sababu hakuridhika na taaluma hiyo.Alipenda kufuata kazi ya uigizaji, alifanikiwa kucheza filamu ili ongozwa na Anubhav Sinha. lakini, filamu hiyo ilikuwa imefungwa, na baada ya hapo alifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi msaidizi wa Karan Johar kwenye [[filamu]] ya 2010 ''My name is khan'' Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Malhotra alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya uigizaji na Mwanafunzi wake, Johar pamoja na Varun Dhawan na Alia Bhatt. Aliigiza kama Abhimanyu Singh, mwanafunzi aliye dhaminiwa pesa chache, ambaye hushindana na rafiki yake tajiri bora Rohan (alicheza na Dhawan) kushinda ubingwa wa kila mwaka wa shule. Mkosoaji wa filamu Rajeev Masand wa CNN-IBN alichukulia utendaji wa Malhotra kuwa "wenye bidii", akiongeza kuwa alikuwa na "uwepo wa kupendeza." Mwanafunzi wa Mwaka alikuwa na mafanikio ya kifedha, akiingiza milioni 700 (Dola za Marekani milioni 9.8) ndani ya nchi. Utoaji wa pili wa Malhotra wa 2014 ulikuwa wa filamu ya kusisimua ya kimapenzi wa Mohit Suri Ek Villain. Malhotra aliigiza kama mtu mhalifu mgumu ambaye mkewe aliye mgonjwa mahututi, alicheza na Shraddha Kapoor aliigiza anauawa na muuaji ambaye ni Riteish Deshmukh. Shubhra Gupta wa The Indian Express alipitia uigizaji wake kama "anayeweza kutazamwa hata ikiwa ana wakati mgumu kufanya hatari - anaonekana mzuri tu na mzuri wakati wote, hata wakati anaponda mifupa." Filamu hiyo ilifanikiwa kibiashara. na mapato ya ndani ya zaidi ya bilioni 1 (Dola za Marekani milioni 14). Utendaji wa ofisi ya sanduku la filamu ulianzisha Malhotra kama moja ya kizazi kipya cha waigizaji wa Sauti. Malhotra ni msanii ambaye mpaka sasa anaendelea na kazi ya uigizaji uko katika mji ambao ni maarufu katika nchi ya India unaojulikana kwa jina la Mumbai ambao wa wagizaji wengi wa filamu wanapotoka ambao ni kama, Anushka shetty, salman khan, na wengine. {{citation needed}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uhindi]] jwj9p4d3ifn3wvx1jw6e8ejamsyt5xk 0 130757 1599658 1520504 2026-09-23T19:00:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Kasaija''' ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]], mtengeneza [[dansi]] na mnenguaji kutoka [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/233/730662 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305204222/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/233/730662 |archivedate=2014-03-05 }}</ref>Aliigiza kwa mara ya kwanza kama muigizaji mkuu kwenye filamu ya ''Bala Bala Sese'' ya mwaka 2015 akiwa na mchumba wake wa wakati huo [[Natasha Sinayobye]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919:kasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen |title=The Observer - Kasaija, Natasha take romance to screen |publisher=Observer.ug |date=2013-01-03 |accessdate=2013-03-04 |archivedate=2022-12-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212152700/https://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919:kasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen }}</ref> == Maisha ya Mwanzo == Michael alilelewa [[Kampala]] Uganda na alisoma Busoga College Mwiri na Caltec Academy.Akiwa [[Chuo kikuu]] cha Makerere, Michael alipata shahada ya usimamizi wa biashara na kushiriki katika mashindano na matamasha ya unenguaji na dansi. == Kazi == Steve Jean alimuajiri Michael baada ya [[shule]] kuwa mnenguaji wake mkuu, kitu kilichomfikisha Michael kwa Pamela Basasirwaki, ambaye alianzisha nae mahusiano. Kama mwanachama wa kundi la dansi la Obsessions, Pamela alimtambulisha Michael kwenye kundi na alikubalika mara moja. Alikuja mnenguaji mwingine katika kundi, Natasha Sinayobye ambaye hakumhitaji tena na wawili hao waliondoka kwenye kundi [[2005]] na kuanzisha kundi lao la KOMBAT Entertainment Ltd.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicuganda.com/KOMBAT.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-10-17 |archivedate=2012-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516044157/http://musicuganda.com/KOMBAT.html }}</ref> Chini ya Kombat alifanikiwa kupata onyesho lake kubwa akitumbuiza katika sherehe za wakuu wa Nchi za CHOGM 52 zilizofanyika Uganda mwaka [[2007]]. Hivi karibuni Michael alijipatia kazi kama meneja wa makundi machanga ya maigizo kwenye [[majaribio]] ya maonyesho, katika kipande cha tisa cha mfululizo wa maigizo ya [[usiku]] wa mahaba ya kundi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/233/730662 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305204222/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/233/730662 |archivedate=2014-03-05 }}</ref>Alikuwa pia mmoja wa majaji kwenye tamasha la NTV's Xp sambamba na wanamuziki, Isiah Katumwa, Jackie Chandiru na [[Bebe Cool]].<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Entertainment/Arua-has-got-talent/-/812796/2050674/-/mpwrraz/-/index.html</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Kasaija ana [[mtoto]] wa kiume aitwae Sean Mario. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Uganda]] plf5hc23r57xw87ygwjrrojtdto28x7 0 131084 1599659 1512414 2026-09-23T19:00:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franca Obianuju Brown''' (alizaliwa mnamo tarehe [[17 Mei]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mwandaaji wa [[filamu]] nchini [[Nigeria]], ambapo mnamo mwaka [[2016]] alipokea [[tuzo]] iitwayo ''City People Movie Special Recognition Award'' katika City People Entertainment Awards.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/gists-from-the-[[2019]]-city-people-movie-awards-read-about-the-movie-stars-that-rocked/|title=Gists From The [[2019]] City People Movie Awards – Read About The Movie Stars That Rocked|last=People|first=City|date=[[2019]]-10-22|website=City People Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=[[2019]]-12-12}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://theyesng.com/2017/03/22/why-im-still-single-veteran-actress-franca-brown/|title=WHY I’M STILL SINGLE – Veteran Actress, Franca Brown|last=Magazine|first=Yes International!|date=[[2017]]-03-22|website=Yes International! Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12|accessdate=2020-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153252/https://theyesng.com/2017/03/22/why-im-still-single-veteran-actress-franca-brown/|archivedate=2019-12-12}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Brown alianza [[elimu]] ya msingi katika shule ya ''St. Mary’s Primary School'' kijiji cha Onitsha, mji wa [[Anambra]] lakini alihamia mji wa [[Abia]] ambapo alimaliza [[elimu]] yake ya awali katika shule ya msingi ya ''St. Maria’s Primary School'' iliyopo Aba, Abia|Aba, na alipata cheti chake cha kuhitimu [[shule]] ya msingi. Brown alianza [[elimu]] yake ya [[sekondari]] katika mji wa [[Niger]] iliyopo kaskazini mwa [[Nigeria]] katika shule ya [[sekondari]]'' Federal Government Girls College iliyopo New Bussa, mji wa Niger ambapo alipata cheti chake cha kuhitimu elimu ya sekondari. Brown alituma maombi ya kijiunga katika [[chuo kikuu]] cha Ahmadu Bello University iliyopo Zaria, mji wa[[Kaduna]] kwaajili ya kupata [[shahada]] yake, na maombi yalikubaliwa na hatimaye akahitimu [[shahada]] yake ya kwanza ya [[sheria]]. Brown aliendelea na shahada yake ya pili katika chuo kikuu cha Jos iliyopo mji wa [[Plateau]] ambapo alihitimu shahada yake ya pili ya Sanaa na uzamivu ya sheria. <ref name=":0" /><ref name="Alao">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/how-i-have-maintained-my-sexy-shape-at-over-50-actress-franca-brown/|title=How I Have Maintained My Sexy Shape At Over 50 - Actress Franca Brown|last=Alao|first=Biodun|date=2019-02-12|website=City People Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> ==Kazi== Brown's alianza kazi yake pale alipojulikana kutokana na umahiri wa kazi zake zinazorushwa katika televisheni iitwayo ''“Behind The Clouds”''<ref name="Alao"/> ingawa Brown alitengeneza kameraulandanishi mbili wa kameramuonekano wa kamera kabla ya kuigiza katika filamu ya ''“Behind The Clouds”'' katika jukwaa alicheza filamu iitwayo ''“Swam Karagbe”'' ambayo iliandikwa Dr. Iyorchia, n na wanaigeria watatu wajulikanao kama Matt Dadzie, Peter Igho & Ene Oloja ambapo watazamaji wengi walikua wanatafuta vipaji vipya kwaa jili ya kushiriki katika filamu zinazorushwa katika televisheni na baada ya kuigiza jukwaani, Brown alichaguliwa katika usahili. <ref name=":0" /> alitatafutwa na wenzake wenye vipaji na aliombwa ashiriki katika ukaguzi, ambapo alishiriki nakupewa jukumu na kuigiza kama ''Mama Nosa''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/06/married-franca-brown/|title=Why I have not married — Franca Brown|date=2014-06-05|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> katika filamu ya ''“Behind The Clouds”.'' Brown pia ni muaandaji wa filamu na muongozaji wa filamu na aliandaa na kuongoza filamu iitwayo ''“Women At Large”''. ==Tuzo== Brown, katika mwaka [[2016]], alipewa tuzo ya ''City People Movie Special Recognition Award'' katika City People Entertainment Awards.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/gists-from-the-2019-city-people-movie-awards-read-about-the-movie-stars-that-rocked/|title=Gists From The 2019 City People Movie Awards – Read About The Movie Stars That Rocked|last=People|first=City|date=2019-10-22|website=City People Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.legit.ng/903475-nigerian-ghanaian-celebrities-storm-awards-event-eye-popping-dresses-photos.html|title=Nigerian, Ghanaian celebrities storm awards event in eye popping dresses (photos)|last=Ogunseye|first=Zainab|date=2016-07-27|website=www.legit.ng|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref>. == Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] 920uc8xvw9l2id3qussazh0ka1n8mli 0 132555 1599544 1150107 2026-09-23T18:34:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlene Chiedza 'Chi' Kudzai Mhende''' (alizaliwa [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[19 Oktoba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa kike na [[msanii]] wa [[sauti]] [[raia]] wa Zimbabwe. <ref name= iharare>{{cite web | url=https://iharare.com/10-things-you-never-knew-about-chiedza-mhende/| title=10 Things You Never Knew About The Zimba Actor Chiedza Mhende, Who Plays A Man On Generations| publisher=iharare | accessdate=23 October 2020}}</ref> Pia anajulikana sana kwa jukumu la kiume 'Wandile Radebe' katika telenovela ya [[Afrika Kusini]] mnamo mwaka [[1993]]. ==Kazi.== Mnamo mwaka [[1993]] alijiunga na ''South Africa soap opera Generations'' ambapo alicheza jukumu la kiume kama 'Wandile Radebe' kipindi kiliebuka nakuendelea hadi misimu 4 pamoja na vipindi 1000. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/man-or-woman/| title=Man or woman?| publisher=sundaynews | accessdate=23 October 2020}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2006]] muhende alihamia Cape town kusoma katika shule ya uchumi na ubunifu, alianza kuigiza katika ukumbi wa michezo katika jukumu la''Lady Capule'' kwenye uzalisha wa [[filamu]] ya Romeo na Juliet. Pamoja na ustadi mzuri ndani yake alichagulia kwa maigizo mengi ya ukumbi kama vile K.Sello Duiker’s The Quiet Violence of Dreams, JM Coetzee's Kusubiri wageni, Ndoto ya usiku, Taming of the Shrew, The Comedy of Errors, and Richard III. Alionekana katika vizazi;Urithi ambapo alicheza jukumu la kiume.Mnamo mwaka 2008 alishinda tuzo ya Mwigizaji Bora katika tuzo za “AFDA” . <ref name= pindula>{{cite web | url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/Chiedza_Mhende| title=Chiedza Mhende| publisher=pindula | accessdate=23 October 2020}}</ref> Baadaye alifanya kazi na mashirika mbalimbali kama 'Bonfire Improv Theatre Company' na 'Zakheni Arts Therapy Foundation' na kuchangia katika tamthilia hiyo nchini Afrika Kusini. Pia anajulikana kama sauti ya 'Siyaya' na mfululizo wa afya duniani al Jazeera 'Lifelines'. Mwaka 2014, Mhende alifanya muonekano wake wa sinema ya kiume na [[filamu]] ya Love The One You Love.Kwenye [[Filamu]] hiyo alikuwa na waziri mkuu wake kwenye Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Durban 2014 ambapo amekuwa na jukumu la 'Sandile' ambapo alikuwa mwigizaji bora. Mwaka 2015, aliteuliwa kuwania [[tuzo]] ya Msanii mwenye umri mdogo katika Tuzo za Africa Movie Academy.<ref name= pindula /> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Zimbabwe]] 8x522d8ob6zj7lg7tnwqcsxbnijgack 0 132901 1600036 1518175 2026-09-24T11:08:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Lillian Gish|image=File:Lillian Gish-edit1.jpg|death_date={{death date and age|1993|02|27|1893|10|14}}|death_place=New York City, U.S.}} {{Infobox Person|jina=Lillian Diana Gish|picha=[[File:Lillian Gish-edit1.jpg|thumb|Lillian Gish]]|maelezo_ya_picha=|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=Octoba 14, 1893|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Springfield, Ohio,|tarehe_ya_kufariki=Februari 23, 1993|mahala_alipofia=Jijini New York ,|majina_mengine=|anafahamika kwa=Uigizaji|kazi_yake=Muigizaji wa filamu|nchi=Marekani}} '''Lillian Diana Gish''' <ref>Although there are unsupported claims that the Gish sisters were born with the surname "de Guiche", in fact their surname at birth was "Gish". According to ''Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life'' (2001), a biography by Charles Affron: "The Gish name was initially the source of some mystification. In 1922, at the time of the opening of ''Orphans of the Storm'', Lillian reported that the Gish family was of French origin, descending from the Duke de Guiche ... [S]uch press-agentry falsification was common."</ref> ([[Oktoba 14]], [[1893]]{{spaced ndash}}[[Februari 27]], [[1993]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa maigizo ya skrini na jukwaa na [[mkurugenzi]] na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/theatre?personcode=per0023934|title=Theatre &#124; Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company|work=search.alexanderstreet.com}}</ref>. Alidumu katika kazi yake ya kuigiza kwa takribani miaka 75, kutoka [[mwaka]] [[1912]], kwa [[filamu za kimyakimya]], hadi [[1987]]. Gish aliitwa " '''Mwanamke wa Kwanza wa Sinema ya Amerika''' ", na anapewa sifa ya upainia wa mbinu za msingi za utendaji wa filamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.afi.com/laa/laa84.aspx|title=American Film Institute|work=www.afi.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == [[Picha:Gish_family_1900.jpg|left|thumb| Dorothy na Lillian Gish na mwigizaji Helen Ray, <ref>''Dorothy and Lillian Gish'' (1973) p12</ref> mwanamke wao anayeongoza katika filamu ya ''Her First False Step'' (1903) ''(Hatua Yake ya Kwanza ya Uongo'' (1903)]] Gish alizaliwa huko Springfield, Ohio, mtoto wa kwanza wa mwigizaji Mary Robinson McConnell, na James Leigh Gish. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bioandlyrics.com/lilliangish|title=Lillian Gish Biography|publisher=Bioandlyrics.com|date=February 27, 1993|accessdate=October 4, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203091010/http://www.bioandlyrics.com/lilliangish|archivedate=February 3, 2009}}</ref> <ref>"Pennsylvania Births and Christenings, 1709-1950," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V2NJ-LPH : 11 February 2018), Jas. Leonidas Gish, 11 Dec 1873; Christening, citing ZION EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH, HUMMELSTOWN, DAUPHIN, PENNSYLVANIA; FHL microfilm 845,111.</ref> Lillian alikuwa na dada mdogo, Dorothy, ambaye pia alikua nyota maarufu wa sinema. == Kazi == Gish alifanya hatua yake ya kwanza mnamo 1902, katika The Little Red School House huko Risingsun, Ohio. Kuanzia 1903 hadi 1904, aliigiza katika ''Her First False Step'', na mama yake na Dorothy. Katika mwaka uliofuata alicheza na utengenezaji wa [[Sarah Bernhardt]] huko New York City. == Vitabu == ; Wasifu * ''The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me'' (with Ann Pinchot) (Prentice-Hall, 1969) * ''Dorothy and Lillian Gish'' (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973) * ''An Actor's Life for Me'' (with Selma G. Lanes) (Viking Penguin, 1987) == Nakala == * [[:en:Jeanne_Moreau|Jeanne Moreau]]'s 1983 television documentary ''Lillian Gish'' * [[:en:Terry_Sanders|Terry Sanders]]' 1988 documentary ''Lillian Gish: An Actor's Life for Me'' ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-lillian-gish/ Lillian Gish] {{Wayback|url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-lillian-gish/ |date=20190816135100 }} katika Mradi wa Waanzilishi wa Filamu Wanawake * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131219024648/http://archives.nypl.org/the/21463 Karatasi za Lillian Gish, 1909-1992], zilizoshikiliwa na Idara ya Theatre ya Billy Rose, Maktaba ya Umma ya New York ya Sanaa ya Maonyesho * Lillian Gish, Helen Hayes, & Mary Martin Interview with Bill Boggs * Lillian Gish's silent films on wide screen (Trailer) {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1893]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] ok5qozapovhpd4ovju6hzwp2xra2rxs 0 133593 1599607 1514591 2026-09-23T18:49:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina = Ila Arun |picha = Ila_Arun.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Ila Arun mwaka 2014 |jina la kuzaliwa = Ila Arun |alizaliwa = 15-03-1952 |alikufa = |nchi = India |kazi yake = Mwigizaji, Muimbaji na Mtangazaji |ndoa = Arun Bajpai |wazazi = |watoto = Ishita Arun |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Ila Arun''' (alizaliwa [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan|jimbo la Rajasthan]], [[India]], mnamo [[15 Machi]] [[1952]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] za Kihindi, mtangazaji katika [[televisheni]], [[mwimbaji]], Mwimbaji wa ufatilizi ambaye anafahamikaa kwa kazi zake katika sinema za Kihindi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Singer Ila Arun remembers BV Karanth's contribution {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/singer-ila-arun-remembers-bv-karanths-contribution/articleshow/70947422.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2021-03-14|language=en|author=Shuchita Jha / TNN / Sep 2, 2019, 16:43 Ist}}</ref> Ameonekana katika sinema nyingi maarufu za [[Bollywood]] kama vile ''[[:en:Lamhe|Lamhe]]'', ''[[:en:Jodhaa_Akbar|Jodhaa Akbar]]'', ''S[[:en:Shaadi_Ke_Side_Effects|haadi Ke Side Effects]]'' na [[:en:Begum_Jaan|''Begum Jaan''.]] Ila Arun ni [[mwimbaji]] anayependwa sana, mwigizaji anayejulikana na mwenye mvuto katika [[runinga]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Wasichana cha Maharani huko Jaipur. Ila Arun anasifika kwa sauti yake nzuri na ya kuvutia na talanta ya kushangaza aliyonayo. Alianza kuonekana kwenye runninga kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye kipindi cha Televisheni cha kihindi cha Lifeline (Jeevanrekha), ambacho kilisisitiza maisha ya kawaida ya madaktari kilichokuwa kikirushwa kupitia stesheni ya Doordarshan.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ila Arun Biography, Age, Husband, Children, Family, Caste, Wiki & More|url=https://www.celebrityborn.com/biography/ila-arun/6746|work=www.celebrityborn.com|accessdate=2021-03-14|archivedate=2021-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303172732/https://www.celebrityborn.com/biography/ila-arun/6746}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi na familia == Ila Arun ameolewa na Arun Bajpai na ana binti aitwae Ishita Arun ambae pia ni mwigizaji. Ana kaka wawili waitwao Piyush Pandey na Prasoon Pandey lakini pia ana dada wawili waitwao Rama Pandey na Tripti Pandey..<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rajasthan's culture is rich: Ila Arun - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/rajasthans-culture-is-rich-ila-arun/articleshow/8177422.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2021-03-14|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=My Career In Bollywood Bloomed After Becoming A Mother: Ila Arun|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/ila-arun-says-her-career-in-bollywood-bloomed-after-becoming-a-mother/317766|work=https://www.outlookindia.com/|accessdate=2021-03-14}}</ref> Baba yake alikuwa mfanyakazi wa serikali ya Rajasthan alikuwa akifanya kazi mji mkuu wa jimbo la mji wa Jaipur na hivyo Ila Arun alimalizia masomo yake kutoka hapo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ila Arun {{!}} Ila Arun Biography {{!}} Ila Arun Personal Life & Career|url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/famous-personalities/ila-arun|work=Rajasthan Direct|accessdate=2021-03-14}}</ref> == Uimbaji == Ila Arun ameimba nyimbo nyingi za filamu katika Kihindi na lugha kadhaa za India Kusini kama vile Tamil na Telugu. Wimbo wake maarufu wa filamu hadi sasa umekuwa [[:en:Choli_Ke_Peeche_Kya_Hai|''"Choli Ke Peeche"'']] akiimba pamoja na Alka Yagnik kwenye filamu kwa jina la Khalnayak huku nyota wa filamu akiwa [[:en:Madhuri_Dixit|Madhuri Dixit]], ambayo walishinda katika tuzo za Filmfare katika kipengele cha wanamziki bora wasindikizaji wa Kike.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ila Arun|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0038023/awards|work=IMDb|accessdate=2021-03-14}}</ref> Wimbo mwingine ambao ulikuwa ni maarufu ni "Ghup Chup" kutoka kwenye filamu kwa iitwayo Karan Arjun. Anajulikana pia kwa wimbo wake "Morni Baaga Ma Bole" akiambatana na Lata Mangeshkar, katika sinema Lamhe, huku nyota wa filamu akiwa Sridevi. Amekodisha sauti yake kwenye wimbo wa  Kitamil "Muthu Muthu Mazhai", kwaajili ya filamu ya Mr. Romeo, iliyotungwa na A. R. Rahman. iliyotungwa na A. R. Rahman. Wimbo wake wa mwisho uliojulikana pia ulitungwa na Rahman aliyeutunga kwa filamu inayotambulika kimataifa Slumdog Millionaire, iitwayo "Ringa Ringa".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Music Reviews {{!}} Album Review {{!}} Song {{!}} Singles - Glamsham|url=https://www.glamsham.com/music/review|accessdate=2021-03-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Uigizaji == Arun alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza akiigiza kwenye kipindi cha Lifeline (Jeevanrekha) kipindi cha Televisheni cha kihindi kilicholenga juu ya maisha ya madaktari, pamoja na Tanvi Azmi kwenye Doordarshan.Alitoa onyesho la kushangaza na kuvutia mnamo mwaka 2008 kwenye Jodhaa Akbar kama Maham Anga, muuguzi mjanja wa Akbar na mshauri wa kisiasa. Amecheza pia kama nyota msaidizi katika filamu kama vile China Gate, Chingari, Well Done Abba, welcome to Sajjanpur, west is west na Ghatak. Katika Shaadi Ke Side Athari na Begum Jaan, alicheza mchungaji na mwanachama wa danguro, mtawaliwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ila Arun {{!}} Ila Arun Biography {{!}} Ila Arun Personal Life & Career|url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/famous-personalities/ila-arun|work=Rajasthan Direct|accessdate=2021-03-14}}</ref> Katika "Raat Akeli Hai", ambayo ni sinema ya [[Netflix]] na iliyotolewa mnamo 31.07.2020, amecheza jukumu la mama wa shujaa "Nawazuddin Siddiqui" na aliwasilisha mazungumzo kwa usahihi katika lugha ya kiasili. Arun amekuwa sehemu ya watu wa mapema na mwanzo katika tasnia ya runinga ya India, akiigiza miaka ya 1980 Bharat Ek Khoj na Yatra. Alichukua jukumu la Hansa Mehta, mwanaharakati wa uhuru ambaye alikuwa sehemu ya kamati ya ushauri ya bunge la jimbo, huko Samvidhaan ambayo ni safu ndogo ya runinga inayotegemea utengenezaji wa Katiba ya India.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ila Arun Net Worth, Affairs, Age, Height, Bio and More 2020|url=https://thepersonage.com/ila-arun/|work=The Personage|date=2021-02-07|accessdate=2021-03-14|language=en-us|author=Trinette Tremblay}}</ref> == Diskografia == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Albamu ! Vidokezo |- | ''Vote for Ghagra'' | |- | ''Nigodi Kaisi Jawani Hai'' | |- | ''Main Ho Gayi Sawa Lakh Ki'' | |- | ''[[Banjaran]]'' | |- | ''The Very Best of Ila'' | Compilation |- | ''Khichdi'' | |- | ''Haule Haule'' | |- | ''Mela'' | |- | ''Ila Arun Pop Hits'' | Compilation |- | ''Chhappan Chhuri'' | |- | ''Mare Hiwda Ma'' | |- | ''Nimri Nimoli'' | [[MTV]] ''[[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]] (binafsi)'' |- |} == Orodha ya Filamu == === Kama Mwigizaji wa kike === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka ! Filamu ! Muhusika ! Mwongozaji filamu ! Vidokezo |- | 2020 | ''Chhalaang'' | Usha Gehlot (Principal) | [[Hansal Mehta]] | [[Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] film |- |- | 2020 | ''Ghoomketu'' | Santo Bua | Pushpendra Nath Mishra | |- | 2020 | ''Raat Akeli Hai'' | Mrs. Yadav | Honey Trehan | |- | 2018 | ''Thugs of Hindostan'' | Jaitumbi | [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] | |- | 2018 | ''Manto'' | [[Jaddanbai]] | [[Nandita Das]] | |- | 2017 | ''Begum Jaan'' | Amma | [[Srijit Mukherji]] | |- | 2014 | ''Shaadi Ke Side Effects'' | Aunty (Hired Governess) | [[Saket Chaudhary]] | |- | 2012 | ''Arjun: The Warrior Prince'' | [[Kunti]](Voice role) | Arnab Chaudhuri | [[List of Indian animated feature films|Animated film]] |- | 2011 | ''Aagaah: The Warning'' | Ramsharan's mother | [[Karan Razdan]] | |- | 2010 | ''[[West Is West (2010 film)|West Is West]]'' | Basheera Khan | [[Andy DeEmmony]] | [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|British film]] |- | 2010 | ''Well Done Abba'' | Salma Ali | Shyam Benegal | |- | 2010 | ''[[Mirch]]'' | Kesar bai | [[Vinay Shukla]] | |- | 2008 | ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' | [[Maham Anga]] | [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] | Nominated in ''[[Screen Award for Best Villain]]'' |- | 2008 | ''Welcome to Sajjanpur'' | Ramsakhi Pannawali | Shyam Benegal | |- | 2006 | ''[[Chingaari]]'' | Padmavati | [[Kalpana Lajmi]] | |- | 2005 | ''[[Bose - The Forgotten Hero]]'' | Ranu | Shyam Benegal | |- | 1998 | ''China Gate'' | Mrs. Gopinath | Rajkumar Santoshi | |- | 1997 | ''[[Auzaar]]'' | Herself (in song "Apni To Ek Hi Life") | [[Sohail Khan]] | |- | 1996 | ''Ghatak'' | Mrs. Malti Sachdev | [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] | |- | 1992 | ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'' | Lily's mother | Shyam Benegal | |- | 1994 | ''Droh Kaal'' | Zeenat | Govind Nihalani | |- | 1991 | ''[[Lamhe]]'' | Folk dancer in the song "Chudiyan Khanak Gayee" | [[Yash Chopra]] | Also singer |- | 1990 | ''[[Police Public]]'' | Laxmi, deaf servant | [[Esmayeel Shroff]] | |- | 1986 | ''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]'' | Tara | [[Umesh Mehra]] | |- | 1985 | ''Trikal'' | Cook | Shyam Benegal | |- | 1983 | ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' | Sneha Bajpai | [[Govind Nihalani]] | |- | 1983 | ''Mandi'' | Bordello girl | [[Shyam Benegal]] | |- |} === Kama Mwimbaji === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka ! Filamu ! Nyimbo ! Mwongozaji nyimbo ! Vidokezo |- | 2013 | ''[[Deewana Main Deewana]]'' | "Kala Doriya" | [[Bappi Lahiri]] | |- | 2012 | ''[[Arjun: The Warrior Prince]]'' | "Kabhi Na Dekhe Hastinapur Mein" | [[Vishal–Shekhar]] | |- |rowspan="3"|2010 | ''[[Well Done Abba]]'' | "Meri bano hoshiyar" | [[Shantanu Moitra]] | Also lyricist |- | ''[[Mirch]]'' | "Mora Saiyyan" | [[Monty Sharma]] | |- | ''[[Raavan]]'' | "Kata Kata" | [[A. R. Rahman]] | |- | 2004 | ''[[Paisa Vasool]]'' | "Maine Saiyan Ki Demand" | [[Bapi–Tutul]] | |- | 2003 | ''[[Boom (film)|Boom]]'' | "Boom" | [[Talvin Singh]] | |- | 2000 | ''[[Snegithiye]]'' | "Othayadi Padhayile" | [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] | [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Film]] |- |rowspan="2"|1999 | ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]'' | "Udan Khatola" | [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] | |- | ''[[Jaanam Samjha Karo]]'' | "I Was Made For Loving You" | [[Anu Malik]] | |- | 1998 | ''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]'' | "Thathom Thakathimi" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]] | Tamil film |- |rowspan="3"|1997 | ''[[Tarazu]]'' | "Chal Ganne Ke Khet Mein" | [[Rajesh Roshan]] | |- | ''[[Jeevan Yudh]]'' | "Kameez Meri Kaali" | [[Nadeem–Shravan]] | |- | ''[[Auzaar]]'' | "Masti Ka Aalam Aaya Hai" | Anu Malik | |- |rowspan="3"|1996 | ''[[Aatank]]'' | "Main Chhui Mui" <br/> "Meri Patli Kamar" | [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] | |- | ''[[Smuggler (1996 film)|Smuggler]]'' | "Bin Barsaat Ke" | Bappi Lahiri | |- | ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'' | "Muthu Muthu Mazhai" (original version) <br/> "Paas Aaja Baalam" (Hindi version) | A. R. Rahman | Tamil Film |- |rowspan="2"|1995 | ''[[Diya Aur Toofan (1995 film)|Diya Aur Toofan]]'' | "Kundi Dheere Se Khatkana" | Bappi Lahiri | |- | ''[[Zakhmi Sipahi]]'' | "O Laila O Laila" | Rais Bhartiya | |- |rowspan="2"|1994 | ''[[Amanaat]]'' | "Din Mein Kehti Hai" | Bappi Lahiri | |- | ''[[Naaraaz (1994 film)|Naaraaz]]'' | "Aisa Tadpaya Mujhe Dil Bekarar Ne" | Anu Malik | |- |rowspan="3"|1993 | ''[[Khalnayak]]'' | "[[Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai]] (Female)" <br/> "Nayak Nahi Khalnayak Hai Tu" |rowspan="2"|Laxmikant-Pyarelal | |- | ''[[Bedardi]]'' | "Sun O Bedardi" | |- | ''[[Dalaal]]'' | "Gutur Gutur" | Bappi Lahiri | |- |rowspan="2"|1991 | ''[[Rukmavati Ki Haveli]]'' | | Herself | |- | ''[[Lamhe]]'' | "Chudiyan Khanak Gayee" <br/> "Megha Re Megha" | [[Shiv-Hari]] | |- | 1989 | ''[[Batwara]]'' | "Ye Ishq Dunk Bichhua Ka, Are Isse Raam Bachaye" | Laxmikant-Pyarelal | |- | 1986 | ''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]'' | "Raina Bawari Bhai Re" | [[Anu Malik]] | |} === Kama mwongozaji nyimbo === * 1992 – ''Mujhse Dosti Karoge'' * 1991 – ''Rukmavati Ki Haveli'' * 1985 – ''Doongar Ro Bhed'' === Kuonekana katika runinga === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka ! Tamasha ! Uhusika ! Vidokezo |- | 1986 | ''[[Yatra (1986 TV series)|Yatra]]'' | mwana kikundi cha kutumbuiza | |- | 1988 | ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' | wahusika mbalimbali | |- | 1991 | ''Lifeline (Jeevanrekha)'' | Daktari | |- | 2005 | ''[[Fame Gurukul]]'' | Head Mistress | |- | 2014 |''[[Samvidhaan]]'' | Hansha Mehta | |- | 2015 | ''[[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]]'' | Mtumbuizaji | |- |} == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb name|0038023}} {{BD|1952|}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arun, Ila}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[category:Waimbaji wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] ddm1bshpbn36wvdpwzuqdg8i8qnfzey 0 133666 1599660 1517513 2026-09-23T19:00:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:O Piornedo, Donís, Cervantes 10.jpg|450px|thumb|[[Hemu]] na [[soseji]] katika chumba cha moshi baridi.]] '''Kukausha kwa moshi''' ni mbinu ya kutunza [[vyakula]] ili visiharibike haraka. Kwa njia hiyo chakula hupokea pia [[ladha]] maalumu. Hutumiwa hasa kwa [[nyama]] na [[samaki]], mara chache pia kwa [[mboga]] ya [[majani]] lakini hapo zaidi ni shauri la ladha. Kama hatua ya kwanza nyama au samaki hutiwa [[Chumvi ya mezani|chumvi.]] Chumvi huondoa sehemu ya [[maji]] ndani yake na kuzuia [[bakteria]] wengi ambao wanaweza kusababisha uharibifu. Katika hatua ya pili nyama iliyoandaliwa vile huweka juu ya [[Moshi (wingu)|moshi]] wa [[moto]]. Hapo kiwango cha maji hupungua zaidi. [[Kemikali]] katika moshi wa moto wa [[mbao]] huzuia tena bakteria. Uso wa kile kinachotiwa moshi hukauka zaidi na kuwa mgumu kiasi na hivyo kuna kizuizi cha ziada dhidi ya kuingia kwa bakteria na [[wadudu]]<ref>[https://hotsmoked.co.uk/cold-smoking-recipes-and-tips Cold Smoking - A quick Introduction - What is Curing? - Drying - Creating Cold Smoke - RECIPES - Bacon - Pancetta - Beetroot Cured Salmon], tovuti ya hotsmoked.co.uk, iliangaliwa Machi 2021</ref>. ==Moshi wa moto== [[Picha:Smoked fish.jpg|250px|thumb|Samaki huwekwa kwenye moshi wa moto.]] Hapo nyama mbichi na pia samaki mbichi huwekwa juu ya moto ambapo vinapikwa polepole na kukaushwa kiasi kwa [[halijoto]] duni za [[sentigredi]] 50-90. Vyakula vya aina hiyo haviwezi kudumu [[siku]] nyingi isipokuwa kama zimetiwa chumvi nyingi. Siku hizi [[kazi]] inatekelezwa katika [[oveni]] ya pekee ambamo [[jotoridi]] inaweza kutawaliwa kikamilifu. [[Joto]] linapatikana kwa [[umeme]] au [[gesi]]. Moshi unapatikana ama kwa kumwaga ubao uliosagwa ndani ya oveni au kwa kupuliza kutoka nje moshi ndani ya oveni. [[Soseji]] maalum huwekwa kwenye moshi wenye jotoridi ndogo ya [[nyuzi]] 25-40 pekee, kwa kupata ladha inayotafutwa. ==Moshi baridi== [[Picha:Schinken5.jpg|250px|thumb|Hemu kwenye moshi kiwandani.]] [[Asili]] ya kukausha kwa moshi [[baridi]] ni [[nyumba]] za zamani za [[wakulima]] katika nchi za baridi. Hapo moshi wa jikoni ulienea kote nyumbani na kupaa juu. Hivyo vipande vya nyama vilivyotiwa chumvi kama [[hemu]] ''(ham)'' na [[soseji]] zilitunzwa chini ya [[dari]] nje ya upeo wa [[panya]] na [[paka]] na hivyo vilikaa katika moshi baridi uliyopaa hadi kule. Hivyo vilipokea ladha yake na kukauka polepole sana ilhali zikiiva pia na kubadilika ladha<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130510194732/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23494626.html Briefing: Smoked food], gazeti la The Herald, 19.02. 2002, kupitia archive.org</ref>. Vyakula vilivyoandaliwa kwa njia hiyo vinaweza kudumu miezi bila kuoza. Siku hizi moshi baridi hutiwa katika vyumba au [[Kabati|makabati]] ya pekee kwenye jotoridi ya nyuzi za [[C°]] 15-25. Moshi kutokana na ubao maalumu unaoteuliwa kulingana na ladha inayolengwa hupulizwa ndani ya vyumba hivyo. Vyakula vinavyokaushwa kwenye moshi baridi ni soseji kama [[Salami (chakula)|salami]] na [[hemu]] ''[[:en:ham|(ham)]]''. ==Moshi bandia== Katika [[uzalishaji]] wa kitasnia wa soseji na hemu matumizi ya [[moshi bandia]] hutumiwa. Hapo hawatumii moshi halisi bali kemikali zinazounda ladha ya moshi zinakorogwa katika maji na kumwagwa juu ya nyama wakati wa kuikausha. ==Tahadhari ya kiafya== Ulaji wa mara kwa mara wa nyama na samaki iliyokaushwa katika moshi unaweza kuongeza hatari ya kupata [[kansa]]<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/ask-a-health-expert/i-enjoy-eating-smoked-salmon-how-healthy-is-it/article12158020/ |title=I enjoy eating smoked salmon. How healthy is it? |last=Leyshon |first=Laura |work=The Globe and mail |date=2018-05-11 |access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-meat-breast-cancer-idUSKBN1532Y1 |title=Barbecued and smoked meat tied to risk of death from breast cancer |last=Rapaport |first=Lisa |work=U.S. |date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2018-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> na [[magonjwa ya moyo]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/dangers-eating-smoked-meat-10162.html |title=What Are the Dangers of Eating Smoked Meat? |last=Harvey-Berino |first=Jean |date=2017-06-30 |access-date=2018-08-08 |language=en |accessdate=2021-03-18 |archivedate=2021-07-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705114533/https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/dangers-eating-smoked-meat-10162.html }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Tazama pia== * [[Usindikaji]] * [[Usindikaji wa samaki]] ==Viungo vya nje na kujisomea== *[https://nchfp.uga.edu/publications/nchfp/lit_rev/cure_smoke_postproc.html Curing and Smoking Meats for Home Food Preservation] {{Wayback|url=https://nchfp.uga.edu/publications/nchfp/lit_rev/cure_smoke_postproc.html |date=20220506060743 }}, tovuti ya National Center for Home Food Preservation, Marekani *{{cite book | author=McGee, Harold | title=On Food and Cooking |edition= Revised | publisher=Scribner | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |chapter= Wood Smoke and Charred Wood |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge_e4f3/page/448 448]–450| title-link=On Food and Cooking }} {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Mapishi]] m7jo9ikmxjai2qkirk3jrqkzdtx4sb9 0 134223 1599758 1157843 2026-09-24T00:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irini Merkouri''' (Kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Ειρήνη Μερκούρη, inatamkwa [iˈrini merˈkuri]; amezaliwa [[Ilion]], [[Athens]], [[28 Mei]] [[1981]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa ''[[pop]]'' na ''laika'' toka [[Ugiriki]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Wahindi wa Ulaya]].<ref>http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Person/en/EiriniMerkouri.html</ref> ==Kazi== ===Maisha ya awali=== Merkouri alianza kuonyesha kupendelea kuwa mwimbaji katika [[umri]] mdogo sana na katika umri wa miaka saba angeweza kuwaiga waimbaji wote ambao angewaona kwenye [[televisheni]].<ref>https://www.muziekweb.nl/en/Link/M00000304996/POPULAR/Irini-Merkouri {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===2001 - 2003: Albamu ya kwanza na Meine Mazi Mou Apopse=== Irini Merkouri alisaini [[mkataba]] na ''Sony Music Greece'' na kurekodi albamu yake pekee Na Fysai I Anixi mnamo Novemba [[2001]]. Kama sehemu ya hii albamu aliimba wimbo wa pamoja "Dio Mas" na Antonis Remos na toleo la Kigiriki kwa [[wimbo]] wa [[Kifaransa]] "Si Tu Ouvres Tes Bras" ujulikanao kama "Iparhi Kai Theos". Albamu ilijumuisha jumla ya nyimbo kumi na mbili ikijumuisha nyimbo kali "Syntelia" na "Foties Anapste". Mnamo Juni [[2003]], Merkouri aliachia albamu yake ya pili ya studio, ijulikanayo kama Mine ''"Mazi Mou Apopse"'' (Kaa Pamoja Nami Usiku Huu). Ilijumuisha nyimbo 12 na ilijuisha marudio ya "Syntelia" ambao uliongoza kupata muda wa kuchezwa hewani kwenye chati kwa miezi 3 mfululizo. Albamu pia ilijumuisha nyimbo kali ''"Ematha Na Zo Horis Esena"'' na ''"Meine Mazi Mou Apopse"''. ===2004: Sarbel na Palirroia=== Mnamo [[2004]], Merkouri alishirikishwa katika ''"Se Pira Sovara"'' ya Sarbel. Kwenye wimbo wa CD ileile Merkouri na Sarbel waliachia wimbo wa pili wa pamoja ujulikanao kama "Agapi Mou Esi". Mnamo Juni 2004, Merkouri aliachia albamu yake ya tatu ya studio iliyoitwa Palirroia, ambayo ilijumuisha nyimbo 15 mpya. Wimbo wa kwanza kupiga mawimbi ya hewa ulikuwa ''"Ela"'', nyimbo yenye mchanganyiko wa laika ya kisasa na chembechembe za ragga Wimbo wa pili , ''"Pou Na Fantasto"'' ulikuwa kipande cha kwanza cha video ya albamu na ulikuwa mkali katika vilabu vyote Ugiriki. Wimbo wa tatu, ''"Krata Me Ksana"'', uliandikwa na Takis Damashis na kwa msaada wake Merkouri ulipata tuzo ya ''"Best Pop Singer"'' (Mwimbaji Bora wa Pop). ===2005 - 2009: Aneta, Argies, na “Nai”=== Mnamo Julai 7, [[2005]], Merkouri aliachia albamu yake ya studio, iliyoitwa ''"Aneta"'' (Kwa raha). Ilikuwa na nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu zake zilizopita na pia nyimbo mpya.http:<ref>https://www.bellazon.com/main/topic/15715-irini-merkouri/</ref> Mwaka [[2006]] ulileta albamu ya studio ya nne ya Merkouri, iliyoitwa ''Argises'' (Ulichelewa). Ilikuwa na nyimbo 13 mpya ikijumuisha nyimbo kama ''"Pame Gi'Alla"'' na ''"Miso Lepto"'' ambazo zikawa kipande cha video. Christos Pazis ameshirikiana na Merkouri inaitwa ''"Argises"'' Merkouri alimaliza mwaka [[2007]] akiwa ametoa wimbo ulioko kwenye CD ukiitwa ''"Nai"'' (Ndio). Ilikuwa na nyimbo mbili ''"Nai"'' na ''"Kane'' ''Ena Tsigaro"''. ''"Nai"'' ulitengenezwa kipande cha video, na wimbo ulifika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati za nyimbo za IFPI kwa Ugiriki. Muda mfupi baadae, Merkouri alirekodi albamu kwenye studio za ''Sony BMG Greece''. Baada ya kutofautiana ndani na ''Sony BMG'', Merkouri alitoa taarifa kukatisha mahusiano na lebo mnamo [[2009]], na haijulikani nini kitakachotokea na kazi ambazo hazikutolewa. Merkori alisaini na lebo mpya iliyoanzishwa E.DI.EL mnamo 2009, ambayo baadae ilibadilisha jina na kuwa 4Music. Mnamo katikati mwa 2009 Merkouri kidigitali aliachia wimbo ''"Parakseno Agori"''. ==Diskographia== ===Albamu=== *2002: ''Na Fysai I Anixi'' *2003: ''Mine Mazi Mou Apopse'' *2004: ''Palirroia'' *2005: ''Aneta'' *2006: ''Argises'' ===Nyimbo za CD=== *2007: ''"Nai"'' ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060303211942/http://www.eirinimerkouri.com/ Official Site] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030925201834/http://clubs.pathfinder.gr/merkouri_eirini Fan Club] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083742/http://www.musiccorner.gr/biografies/merkouri_eir.html Biography (in Greek)] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] 0z589yr61pm1pe106rh32yzsedjl9nm 0 135665 1599591 1590540 2026-09-23T18:47:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Rawan Dakik |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 2 Februari 2001 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Arusha Tanzania |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = |nchi = }} '''Rawan Dakik''' (amezaliwa [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]], [[2 Februari]] [[2001]]) ni [[mwanamke]] [[Mwafrika]] wa kwanza na [[Mtanzania]] wa pili kupanda [[kilele]] cha [[Everest (mlima)|Mlima Everesti]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/rawan-dakik-becomes-first-tanzanian-woman-to-climb-mt-everest-3398560 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-05-14 |archivedate=2021-05-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513131142/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/rawan-dakik-becomes-first-tanzanian-woman-to-climb-mt-everest-3398560 }}</ref> <ref>https://sautikubwa.org/tanzanian-rawan-dakik-closes-in-on-reaching-mt-everests-peak/</ref> Rawan Dakik tarehe 22 Mei 2021 alifanikiwa kufika kilele cha mlima Everest ambao ni mlima mrefu kuliko yote duniani ukiwa na urefu wa mita 8,848. Ameanza kupanda milima mwaka 2012 na tayari ameshapanda milima sita mirefu kwenye mabara tofauti, yaani: #Mlima Kilimanjaro uliopo [[Kilimanjaro (volkeno)|Kilimanjaro]], Tanzania,   barani  Afrika wenye urefu wa mita 5,895. #Mlima Elibras uliopo nchini Urusi,  barani Ulaya una urefu wa mita, 5,648 #Mlima Aconcagua uliopo Argentina Barani Amerika ya Kusini una urefu wa mita 6,961.   #Mlima Carstenz Pyramid uliopo nchini Indonesia barani Asia una Urefu wa mita 4,884 #Mlima Vinson Massif uliopo Antaktiki wenye urefu wa mita mita 4,892   #Mlima Everest uliopo nchini Nepal barani Asia wenye urefu wa mita 8,848 Kama mazoezi alipanda pia: #Mlima Kazbek wenye urefu wa mita 5,033 uliopo Geogia nchini Urusi #Mwaka 2018 alipanda vilele viwili vya mlima Meru vyenye baridi kali mmoja ukiwa na urefu wa mita 4,562 mlima huo uko Arusha, Tanzania barani Afrika. #Pia alipanda mlima Margherita/Rwanzori uliopo nchini Uganda, barani Afrika. #Milima mingine aliyoipanda ni Mlima Kenya, uliopo nchini Kenya, barani Afrika wenye urefu wa mita 4,985 #Mlima Qurnat al Sawda uliopo nchini Lebanon, barani Asia wenye urefu wa mita 3,088 #Mlima Faraya uliopo nchini Lebanon barani Asia, wenye urefu wa mita 2,850 #Mlima uliopo Sannine nchini Lebanon barani Asia wenye urefu wa mita 2,628 #Milima ya Usambara uliopo nchini Tanzania barani Afrika #Mlima Ararat uliopo nchini Uturuki barani Asia wenye urefu wa mita 5,137 ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://habaritanzaniagracemacha.blogspot.com/2021/06/rawan-apokewa-kishujaa-atangazwa-balozi.html {{Wayback|url=https://habaritanzaniagracemacha.blogspot.com/2021/06/rawan-apokewa-kishujaa-atangazwa-balozi.html |date=20210624203705 }} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Tanzania]] 8yb0xwa10l6otjkr077w0lw4ldunqce 0 135706 1599592 1520314 2026-09-23T18:47:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Melba_Arkansas.jpg|thumb|Melba Pattillo Beals]] '''Melba Joy Pattillo Beals''' (amezaliwa Disemba 7, 1941) ni mharirina mtayarishaji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mhusika wa Little Rock Nine, kikundi cha wanafunzi wa Kiafrika na Amerika ambao walikuwa wa kwanza kwa ujumuishaji wa rangi | unganisha Shule ya Upili ya [[Little Rock]] huko [[Little Rock]], [[Arkansas]]. == Maisha na Elimu == Beals alikulia katika familia ambayo ilitanguliza elimu. Mama yake, Lois Marie Pattillo, alikuwa mmoja wa wahitimu wa kwanza mweusi wa University of Arkansas in 1954 ambaye amefanya kazi kama mwalimu wa kiingereza. Baba yake, Howell Pattillo, anafanya kazi Missouri Pacific Railroad. Beals' brother, Conrad S. Pattillo, served as U.S. Marshal of the Eastern District of Arkansas during the Clinton Administration|Clinton administration.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} === Shule ya upili === Main|Little Rock Nine Walihudhuria Mann Arts and Science Magnet Middle School|Horace Mann High School in Little Rock, an all-black high school, Patillo aligundua kuwa hakupata elimu bora sawa na wenzao katika Shule ya Upili ya Kati. Patillo kisha alijitolea kuhamia Shule ya Upili ya Wazungu na wanafunzi wengine wanane weusi kutoka Horace Mann na Shule ya Upili ya Dunbar Junior huko Little Rock.<ref name="EAHC2">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=725|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|last=Beals|first=Melba Pattillo|publisher=Putnam Publishing}}</ref> === Chuo === Beals walihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la [[San Francisco]], wakipata shahada ya kwanza. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili ya uandishi wa habari kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]]. Mnamo Mei 22, 2009, alipokea Shahada yake ya Udaktari katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[San Francisco]]. Siku hiyo iliashiria sherehe ya kuanza kwa mwaka ya 150 ya USF. == Kazi == Beals' book ''Warriors Don't Cry'' kitabu kinachoonesha matukiao ya 1957 wakati wa mgogoro wa [[Little Rock]], Kwa msingi wa shahada alizoweka wakati huo. Aliandika pia ''White is a State of Mind'', which begins where ''Warriors'' left off.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/warriorsdontcry00melb|title=Warriors Don't Cry|date=2007-07-24|isbn=9781416948827|language=en|last1=Beals|first1=Melba}}</ref> To date, ''Warriors Don't Cry'' continues to be a #1 Amazon bestseller in the "Prejudice Books for Teens & Young Adults" genre.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/warriorsdontcry00melb|title=Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High|last=Beals|first=Melba Pattillo|date=2007-07-24|publisher=Simon Pulse|isbn=9781416948827|edition=Reissue|location=New York London Toronto Sydney|language=English}}</ref> Mnamo 1959, NAACP ilimpa tuzo Spingarn Medal kwa Beals na kwa washiriki wengine wa Little Rock Nine, pamoja na kiongozi wa haki za raia Daisy, ambaye alikuwa ameshauri kikundi wakati wa mapambano yao huko Central High. Mnamo 1999, yeye na wale Tisa walipewa tuzo za juu zaidi ya raia, Congressional Gold Medal. Wengine mia tatu tu ndio wamepokea hii.<ref>Anjetta McQueen, "Medals for 9 Heroes," ''San Francisco Chronicle'', November 10, 1999, p. B1.</ref> Alifundisha wahariri Dominican University of California, hapa ndiye mwenyekiti anayeibuka wa idara ya mawasiliano. ==Maisha Binafsi == Alipokuwa chuo kikuu, alikutana na John Beals, ambaye baadaye alimuoa. Walikuwa na binti mmoja, Kelli, na baadaye talaka. Karibu na 1992, Beals alipata watoto mapacha, Matthew na Evan.<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Q & A with Melba Pattillo Beals|language=en|work=PublishersWeekly.com|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-authors/article/75737-q-a-with-melba-pattillo-beals.html|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref><ref>Melba Pattillo Beals, ''White is a State of Mind''(Putnam Adult, 1999).</ref> Beals resides in the San Francisco Bay Area ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} == Bibliografia == *Beals, Melba Pattillo. ''Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High''. New York: Pocket Books, 1994. *Beals, Melba Pattillo. ''White Is a State of Mind: A Memoir''. Putnam Adult, 1999. *Beals, Melba Pattillo. ''March Forward, Girl: From Young Warrior to Little Rock Nine''. HMH Books for Young Readers, 2018. *Beals, Melba Pattillo. ''I Will Not Fear: My Story of a Lifetime of Building Faith under Fire''. Revell, 2018. == Viungo vya nje == *[https://www.c-span.org/video/?61780-1/warriors-dont-cry ''Booknotes'' interview with Melba Patillo Beals on ''Warriors Don't Cry'', November 27, 1994], *[https://zinnedproject.org/materials/warriors-dont-cry-teaching-activity/ Warriors Don’t Cry: Connecting History, Literature, and Our Lives] a teaching activity from the [https://zinnedproject.org/ Zinn Education Project]. [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] n0ybzy5jmkwq67fyf3yhtfe3h2ffx6c 0 135708 1599778 1515449 2026-09-24T02:08:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Jericka Duncan | image = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = Jericka Duncan | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 12 Agosti 1983 | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = Duncan | kazi yake = Mwandishi wa habari | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = | academyawards = | afiawards = | arielaward = | baftaawards = | bfjaawards = | cesarawards = | emmyawards = | filmfareawards = | geminiawards = | goldencalfawards = | goldenglobeawards = | goldenraspberryawards = | goyaawards = | grammyawards = | iftaawards = | laurenceolivierawards = | naacpimageawards = | nationalfilmawards = | sagawards = | tonyawards = | awards = }} '''Jericka Duncan''' (amezaliwa [[Agosti 12]], [[1983]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[runinga]] wa kitaifa wa [[Marekani]] wa ''CBS News'' katika ''New York City''. Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, aliandika vichwa vya habari wakati alipojitokeza na maandishi ambayo Jeff Fager alimtumia alipoficha madai ya kijinsia yaliyotolewa kwake.<ref name=nytimes>{{Rejea habaripaper | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/business/media/jeff-fager-60-minutes-cbs.html | title='60 Minutes' Chief Ousted for a Threatening Text as Upheaval at CBS Continues| journal=The New York Times| date=2018-09-12| last1=Koblin| first1=John| last2=Grynbaum| first2=Michael M.}}</ref> == Maisha ya mapema na elimu== Jericka Duncan alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Aurora (Ohio) na alihitimu mnamo 2001.<ref name="mytownneo">{{cite web|url=http://www.mytownneo.com/article/20141022/news/310229355|title=Four new Hall of Famers honored by Aurora High School Alumni Association|website=My Town Neo|accessdate=2021-05-15|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017032054/https://www.mytownneo.com/article/20141022/news/310229355|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika Aurora H.S., alikuwa kwenye timu ya mpira wa kikapu na timu ya Kufuatilia na Shamba | wimbo na uwanja. Kama mshindani wa wimbo na uwanja, Duncan aliweka rekodi tano kwa Shule ya Upili ya Aurora. Mara tu alipomaliza shule ya upili, Duncan aliendelea kuhudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Ohio ambapo alifanya shahada ya Mawasiliano.<ref name="auroraohioalumni">{{cite web|url=https://www.auroraohioalumni.com/index.php/hall-of-fame/athletic-hall-of-fame|title=Athletic Hall of Fame|website=Aurora Ohio Alumni|accessdate=2021-05-15|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422180734/https://www.auroraohioalumni.com/index.php/hall-of-fame/athletic-hall-of-fame|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika chuo kikuu, Duncan aliendelea kuendesha wimbo na uwanja na alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya wimbo.<ref name="ohiobobcats">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiobobcats.com/sports/wtrack/spec-rel/051005aab.html|title=Jericka Duncan: A Focused Leader|date=May 10, 2005|website=Ohio Bobcats|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2019-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195954/http://www.ohiobobcats.com/sports/wtrack/spec-rel/051005aab.html}}</ref> She received the [[NAACP Image Awards|NAACP Image Award]] of Athletics in 2005.<ref name=mytownneo /> Mwaka huo huo, Duncan alipokea Shahada yake ya Sanaa katika Mawasiliano baada ya kupata stashahada katika chuo cha ohio.<ref name="wnypapers">{{cite web|url=https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2013/07/15/111808/jericka-duncan-named-a-correspondent-for-news-services-at-cbs-news|title=Jericka Duncan named a correspondent for news services at CBS News (press release)|website=WNY Papers}}</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kuhitimu Mei 2005, Duncan alikua mwandishi wa Runinga wa kituo cha televisheni kinachohusiana na NBC WETM-TV huko Elmira, New York. Baadaye, alianza kuripoti kituo cha televisheni kinachohusiana na CBS WIVB-TV huko Buffalo, New York. Mnamo 2010, alihamia kituo cha CBS O&O; KYW-TV Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mwishowe, mnamo 2013, Duncan alikua mwandishi wa kitaifa wa CBS News.<ref name=wnypapers /> Katika kazi yake yote, Duncan ameripoti wakati wa hafla za kukumbukwa, kama hali ya hewa ya baridi huko [[Boston]] au maadhimisho ya miaka 70 ya D-Day mnamo 2014.<ref name="buffalonews">{{cite web|url=https://buffalonews.com/2018/09/23/cbs-jericka-duncan-to-keynote-black-journalists-event/|title=CBS' Jericka Duncan to keynote black journalists' event|date=2018-09-23|website=Buffalo News|accessdate=2021-05-15|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417183705/https://buffalonews.com/2018/09/23/cbs-jericka-duncan-to-keynote-black-journalists-event/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ameripoti juu ya hafla kama kumbukumbu ya kwanza ya Kimbunga Sandy na Washington Navy Yard risasi.<ref name=mytownneo /> == Kazi mashuhuri na tuzo== *Mwaka 2007, Duncan received the "Best Spot News Coverage" award from the New York State Broadcasters Association Award.<ref name=wnypapers /> *Mwaka 2008, Duncan won a local "Best Morning Show" Emmy award after reporting on winter storms.<ref name=wnypapers /> *Mwaka 2011 and 2012, Duncan covered the Philadelphia basement kidnapping, or the "Basement of Horror" case, where she reported on the captivity of four adults and the theft of their social security checks by their detainer.<ref name="adweek">{{cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/video-in-kyw-interview-victims-describe-their-captivity-in-philadelphia-basement-of-horror/26807|title=VIDEO: In KYW Interview, Victims Describe Their Captivity in Philadelphia ‘Basement of Horror’|last=Gauthier|first=Andrew|website=TV Spy}}</ref> This led to Duncan winning a first place award from the Associated Press]] and receiving a nomination for a Mid-Atlantic Emmy Award.<ref name="phillytrib">{{cite web|url=http://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/jericka-duncan-called-up-to-cbs-network/article_a7db547a-1296-5b20-9dd4-2ac827123bf2.html|title=Jericka Duncan called up to CBS network|last=Roberts|first=Kimberly C.|date=July 23, 2013|website=Philly Tribune}}</ref> *Mwaka 2012, Duncan was acknowledged as the "Broadcast Journalist of the Year" from the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists.<ref name=phillytrib /> == Jeff Fager == Mnamo 2018, Jeff Fager alifutwa kazi kama mtayarishaji mtendaji wa Dakika 60 baada ya kubainika kuwa alituma ujumbe wa kumtisha Duncan. Duncan alifunua ujumbe huu wa maandishi mnamo Septemba 2018.<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2018/09/12/60-minutes-chief-jeff-fager-leaves-cbs-amid-harassment-accusations/|title='60 Minutes' chief Jeff Fager leaves CBS amid harassment accusations and threatening texts|date=September 12, 2018|website=Washington Post}}</ref> Fager alikuwa ameshtumiwa kwa unyanyasaji wa kijinsia na wanawake kadhaa ambao walimfanyia kazi. Wakati Duncan alikuwa akiripoti hadithi hiyo, Fager alimtishia kwa kusema, "Ukirudia tuhuma hizi za uwongo bila kuripoti yoyote yako mwenyewe kuziunga mkono utakuwa na jukumu la kuniumiza. Kuwa mwangalifu. Kuna watu ambao walipoteza kazi zao wakijaribu kunidhuru na ukipitisha madai haya mabaya bila kuripoti kwako mwenyewe kuyahifadhi hilo litakuwa shida kubwa."<ref name="blackchristiannews">{{cite web|url=https://blackchristiannews.com/2018/09/cbs-correspondent-jericka-duncan-reveals-text-jeff-fager-sent-to-her-that-got-him-fired/|title=CBS Correspondent Jericka Duncan Reveals Text Jeff Fager Sent to her That Got him Fired &#124; BCNN1|website=Black Christian News Network|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2021-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515110756/https://blackchristiannews.com/2018/09/cbs-correspondent-jericka-duncan-reveals-text-jeff-fager-sent-to-her-that-got-him-fired/}}</ref> Baada ya kufunua ujumbe huu wa maandishi, Duncan alisifiwa na Chama cha Kitaifa cha Wanahabari Weusi kwa kuangazia sehemu ya harakati za Me Too. Fager alikanusha madai ya asili, lakini alikiri kutuma ujumbe huo mkali kwa Duncan.<ref name=nytimes /> === Athari === Mara tu Duncan alipotangaza jibu la Fager kwake, ilifungua mazungumzo juu ya athari za kuripoti kwa harakati ya #MeToo. Ilisababisha kuundwa kwa hashtag #reportingMeToo kwenye Twitter.<ref name="nabj">{{cite web|url=https://www.nabj.org/news/418278/NABJ-applauds-Jericka-Duncan-for-watchdog-MeToo-reporting.htm|title=NABJ applauds Jericka Duncan for watchdog #MeToo reporting|website=National Association of Black Journalists}}</ref> Pia, tukio hili lilifungua mazungumzo juu ya wanawake kuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kupangiwa visa vya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia na kuripoti ujumbe kutoka kwa mtuhumiwa.<ref name="glamour">{{cite web|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/im-sick-of-female-journalists-cleaning-up-the-messes-their-male-co-workers-made|title=I’m Sick of Female Journalists Cleaning Up the Messes Their Male Coworkers Made|last=LIBERS|first=ABIGAIL|date=September 14, 2018|website=Glamour}}</ref> === Mitikio === Kujibu wakati Fager alipofutwa kazi, Duncan alikutana na msaada kutoka kwa wafanyikazi wenzi wa CBS Gayle King, Norah O'Donnell na [[John Dickerson (mwandishi wa habari) | John Dickerson.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jericka-duncan-jeff-fager-text-threat-cbs-morning-hosts-support-1142968|title='CBS This Morning' Hosts Support Reporter Who Received Jeff Fager's Threatening Text|last=Lewis|first=Hilary|date=September 13, 2018|website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Alisifiwa kwa kuchukua msimamo na kufunua na kusoma kwa sauti ujumbe wa maandishi uliotumwa kutoka kwa Fager. Muda mfupi baadaye, Chama cha Wanahabari Weusi wa Buffalo kilimtangaza Duncan kama msemaji anayeongoza katika moja ya hafla yao iliyopewa jina la "Media Jamii na Kuripoti Juu ya Mbio".<ref name="buffalonews" </> Jeff Glor wa CBS Evening News alikuwa katikati ya kufunika Kimbunga [[Florence]] alipomwambia Duncan, "Umefanya kazi nzuri. Ni ngumu ya kutosha bila kushughulikia hii. Ujumbe huo ulikuwa haikubaliki. Nadhani ni muhimu kwako kujua, kwa kila mtu kujua huko nyuma, kwamba mimi, sisi, timu nzima ya Evening News tunakuunga mkono kwa asilimia 100. "<ref name="thedailybeast">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-day-fager-world-came-crashing-down-at-cbs|title=The Day ‘Fager World’ Came Crashing Down at CBS|last=Grove|first=Lloyd|date=September 13, 2018|website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] m86wnzc9s822lm7nye4qwo7uit7fxa9 0 136231 1600043 1518275 2026-09-24T11:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina = Lisa Salters |picha =Lisa_Salters_2009.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha =Lisa Salters Novemba 2009] |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = |alikufa = |nchi =[[Marekani]] |kazi yake =[[mwandishi wa habari]] |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Alisia "Lisa" Salters''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 6]], [[1966]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[wanawake]] wa nchini [[Marekani]]. Amekuwa mwandishi wa ESPN na ESPN kwenye ABC tangu [[2000]]. Hapo awali, alikuwa akifunika O.J. Kesi ya mauaji ya Simpson kwa Kampuni ya Utangazaji ya Amerika | ABC na alifanya kazi kama mwandishi katika WBAL-TV Baltimore kutoka mwaka [[1988]] hadi [[1995]].<ref name="sbrowntbs">{{Rejea tovuti | title = ESPN broadcaster Lisa Salters' 10 favorite things | first = Sloane | last = Brown | work = Baltimore Sun | date = January 4, 2014 | access-date = March 4, 2015 | url = http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-01-04/features/bs-sc-take-10-lisa-salters-20140104_1_lisa-salters-10-favorite-things-sports-reporter | accessdate = 2021-05-22 | archivedate = 2015-04-02 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115006/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-01-04/features/bs-sc-take-10-lisa-salters-20140104_1_lisa-salters-10-favorite-things-sports-reporter }}</ref> Salters ameripoti duniani kote kwa ESPN, pamoja na safu ya ripoti kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]] kabla ya Vita vya Iraq. Kwa kuongezea, amekuwa mwenyeji wa chanjo ya ESPN ya Olimpiki ya msimu wa baridi ya [[2006]] kutoka [[Turin]], [[Italia]], na chanjo ya ESPN ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la [[2002]]. Hivi sasa, yeye ni mwandishi wa pembeni wa NBA kwenye ABC chanjo ya ABC wa NBA na "Usiku wa Jumatatu Soka ''. ==Kazi== Salters alijiunga na ESPN kama mwandishi wa jumla wa kazi mnamo Machi [[2000]]. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama mwandishi wa pembeni na mtayarishaji mwenza wa '' Jumatatu Usiku Soka '' na mwandishi wa pembeni anayeongoza kwa chanjo ya ESPN ya NBA juu ya ABC. Kwa kuongezea, Salters ni mmoja wa waandishi walioonyeshwa kwenye kipindi cha jarida la ESPN, '' E: 60 '', ambayo ilijitokeza Oktoba [[2007]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multichannel.com/article/CA6473650.html|title=ESPN Names Magazine Show 'E:60'|website=multichannel.com}}</ref> Mnamo 2008, aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Emmy ya Michezo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/sports_29th_nominees_data.html|title=nominated|website=emmyonline.org|access-date=June 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502164908/http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/sports_29th_nominees_data.html|archive-date=May 2, 2008|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-05-22|archivedate=2008-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502164908/http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/sports_29th_nominees_data.html}}</ref> for the story "Ray Of Hope".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/broadband/video/videopage?videoId=3069036&categoryId=3060647&n8pe6c=1|title=Ray Of Hope|website=go.com|accessdate=2021-05-22|archive-date=2007-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021092114/http://sports.espn.go.com/broadband/video/videopage?videoId=3069036&categoryId=3060647&n8pe6c=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika ESPN, ripoti za Salters zimekuwa zikionyeshwa mara kwa mara kwenye safu ya tuzo ya "Nje ya Mistari". Aliongoza chanjo kamili ya mtandao wa kesi ya njama ya mauaji ya Carolina Panthers mpokeaji mpana Rae Carruth mnamo Desemba [[2000]] hadi Januari [[2001]]. Kwa kuongezea, Salters alikuwa mwandishi wa ESPN kwenye Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la [[2002]] katika Korea Kusini na Japan, ambapo alivunja habari juu ya safu ya kuanzia ya Timu ya Kitaifa ya Amerika siku moja kabla ya mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya Ureno. Salters waliripoti kutoka Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[2004]] huko Athens, Ugiriki na walishiriki onyesho la ESPN la Olimpiki za msimu wa baridi wa [[2006]] Michezo huko Torino, Italia. Katika [[2005]]-06 msimu wa NBA | [[2006]], aliwahi kuwa mwandishi wa pembeni anayeongoza kwa utangazaji wa ABC NBA kwenye ABC na alifanya kazi Fainali za [[2006]] za NBA kwenye runinga kama msimu huo alijaza kwa Michele Tafoya ambaye alikuwa kwenye likizo ya uzazi. Salters alirudi kwa jukumu lake kama mwandishi wake wa pili wa pembeni mwaka uliofuata wakati Tafoya alirudi kwenye jukumu lake la zamani. Katika 2006-07 msimu wa NBA | [[2007]], alifanya kazi Fainali za NBA [[2007]] kwenye redio. Katika msimu wa 2008-09 NBA | 2009, alikuwa amerudi kuwa mwandishi wake wa pembeni wakati wowote Doris Burke hakuwapo. Wakati wa kujengwa kwa Operesheni Uhuru ya Iraqi kupitia kuanza kwa Vita vya Iraq, Salters ilifunua hadithi zinazohusiana na michezo ndani na karibu. United States Central Command|U.S. Central Command in Qatar for ''Outside the Lines'', ''SportsCenter'' and ESPNEWS.<ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/columnists/20030403thebig6.asp "The Big Picture: Ex-Penn Stater gets war story for ESPN"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/columnists/20030403thebig6.asp |date=20110629040637 }}, ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', April 3, 2003</ref> Alirudi katika eneo la vita mnamo 2004 wakati ESPN ilichukua "SportsCenter" barabarani na kutangaza moja kwa moja kutoka Camp Arifjan, kituo cha Jeshi la Amerika Kuwait. Mnamo Desemba 1, [[2007]], Salters alikuwa akiangazia Mchezo Mkubwa wa Mashindano ya Soka 12 | Mchezo Mkubwa wa Mashindano 12 katika Alamodome huko San Antonio, Texas. Katika moja ya ripoti zake za pembeni wakati wa nusu ya kwanza alitaja Missouri Tigers football | Missouri robo ya nyuma Chase Daniel | Chase Daniel kufadhaika kwa sababu ya Missouri kupigwa na Oklahoma Sooners football | Oklahoma, akisema Danieli alikuwa "amekasirika" na "akifura." Walakini, kosa la kiufundi lilisababisha maikrofoni ya Salters kutangazwa juu ya mfumo wa PA wa uwanja huo. Kamera ilihamia kwa Chase Daniel, ambaye alionekana kufadhaika na kutaka kujua ni nani alikuwa akimzungumzia na kwanini ilikuwa ikisikika katika uwanja mzima. Kampuni ya Utangazaji ya Amerika | ABC Mtangazaji wa Runinga Brent Musburger alifikiri, "Lisa alikuwa akizungumza na watu wengi zaidi kuliko vile alivyotarajia." Maelezo yanayowezekana ni kwamba maikrofoni ya Salters ingekuwa imeshikamana na PA kwa shindano lijalo la muda wa nusu saa, na maikrofoni yake iliachwa bila kukusudia kwenye PA baada ya ukaguzi wa sauti ya awali. Kabla ya kujiunga na ESPN, Salters aliwahi kuwa mwandishi wa Los Angeles - wa ABC News kutoka [[1995]] hadi [[2000]] na alitoa habari kwa "'World News with Charles Gibson | World News Tonight' ' na Peter Jennings na matangazo mengine ya ABC News. Katika ABC News, alishughulikia majaribio ya Oklahoma City bombing]], mauaji Matthew Shepard, ajali ya Ndege ya TWA 800, na O.J. Majaribio ya Simpson. Mnamo mwaka wa [[2012]], ESPN ilitangaza kuwa Lisa Salters atajiunga Jumatatu [[Mpira wa miguu|Soka]] ya Usiku akichukua nafasi ya Suzy Kolber kama mwandishi wa muda wote wa pembeni anayejiunga na Mike Tirico na Jon Gruden. Mnamo [[2018]], ESPN ilitangaza timu mpya ya Jumatatu Usiku ya Soka ambayo itajumuisha Salters kama mwandishi wa pembeni na alijiunga na Joe Tessitore na Booger McFarland. == Maisha binafsi == Mzaliwa wa Pennsylvania, Salters alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Pennsylvania | Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Penn mnamo 1988 na digrii ya bachelor katika uandishi wa habari wa matangazo. Alicheza kama mlinzi kwa [[Penn State Nittany Lions | Lady Lions]], timu ya mpira wa magongo kutoka 1986 hadi 1987, ambapo anashikilia sifa ya kuwa mchezaji fupi zaidi katika historia ya shule saa 5 '2 ". <ref name="penn_PSUG">{{Rejea tovuti | title = PSU Grad Shines at ESPN | last = Brennan | first = Mark | work = FightOnState.com | date = March 20, 2005 | access-date = March 4, 2015 | url = http://pennstate.scout.com/story/361617-psu-grad-shines-at-espn?s=157 | archive-date = 2015-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182122/http://pennstate.scout.com/story/361617-psu-grad-shines-at-espn?s=157 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Salters ni mhitimu wa Upper Merion Area High School huko King of Prussia, ambapo yeye ni mshiriki wa Jumba la Umaarufu la shule hiyo. Salters ni binamu wa zamani wa Chuo Kikuu cha Pittsburgh na Dallas Cowboys nyota anayerudi Tony Dorsett. Mnamo Oktoba 13, [[2017]], Salters aliingizwa katika Sura ya Montgomery County ya Jumba la Michezo la Umaarufu la Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Class of 2017: 10 inducted into Montgomery County Chapter of the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame| last = Kohler | first = Katie | work = Times Herald | date = October 17, 2017 | access-date = October 23, 2017 | url = http://www.timesherald.com/article/JR/20171017/NEWS/171019840 }}</ref> == Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Lisa Salters}} * [http://espnmediazone.com/us/bios/salters_lisa/ Lisa Salters' ESPN Bio] {{Wayback|url=http://espnmediazone.com/us/bios/salters_lisa/ |date=20190203164014 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Salters, Lisa}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Marekani]] tojyzcvj3rbs1uf2pl2i3le1bza11xf 0 136288 1599820 1166185 2026-09-24T04:26:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ukristo}} '''Jumuiya Anglikana''' ('''Anglican Communion''') ni [[umoja]] wa [[Kanisa|makanisa]] yote yanayofuata [[mapokeo]] ya [[Waanglikana|Kianglikana]] yaliyo na [[ushirika kamili]] na [[Kanisa la Uingereza]]. Hakuna "Kanisa la Anglikana" lenye [[mamlaka]] [[duniani]] kote, kwa sababu kila kanisa la kitaifa au la kijimbo lina [[uhuru]] kamili. Pamoja na washiriki zaidi ya [[milioni]] [[mia moja na kumi]], Jumuiya ya Anglikana ni [[dhehebu]] la [[Kikristo]] la tatu kwa ukubwa duniani, baada ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Kanisa la Orthodox|Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi]]. Hali ya ushirika kamili inamaanisha kuwa [[ibada]] zote zinazofanywa katika kanisa moja zinatambuliwa na mengine. Baadhi ya makanisa hayo yanatumia [[jina]] "Anglikana", yakitambua uhusiano wa pekee na Kanisa la Uingereza; [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] ''Anglicana'' linamaanisha "la Uingereza". Katika maeneo mengine Waanglikana wanatumia jina la "Kanisa la Kiaskofu" (Episkopali, [[Kiingereza]]: ''episcopalian''). [[Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury]] aliye mkuu wa kidini wa Kanisa la Uingereza anatambuliwa kama [[ishara]] ya umoja huo. Hata hivyo hana mamlaka rasmi nje ya [[Uingereza]] yenyewe. [[File:AnglicanCommunionProvinces.png|thumb|left|upright=3.65|<center>[[Ramani]] ya Dunia inayoonyesha majimbo ya Jumuiya Anglikana: {| border="0" width="100%" |- | {{legend|#128FE2|Majimbo ya kitaifa}} {{legend|#FFF30A|Kanisa la Kiaskofu la Marekani (Episcopal Church)}} {{legend|#23A63B|Kanisa la Jimbo la West Indies}} {{legend|#1BC66A|Kanisa Anglikana katika Amerika ya Kati}} {{legend|#A8E518|Kanisa Anglikana ya Amerika ya Kusini}} {{legend|#E5001C|Kanisa Anglikana ya Afrika ya Kusini}} {{legend|#FD9BBD|Kanisa la Jimbo la Afrika ya Kati}} {{legend|#FB00FF|Kanisa la Jimbo la Afrika ya Magharibi}} | | {{legend|#903093|Kanisa la Kiaskofu huko [[Yerusalemu]] na [[Mashariki ya Kati]]}} {{legend|#BCAFE1|Kanisa la Jimbo la Bahari ya Hindi}} {{legend|#FC691F|Lanisa Anglikana huko Aotearoa, New Zealand na Polynesia}} {{legend|#FEBF10|Kanisa la Jimbo la Melanesia}} {{legend|#89D1E5|Dayosisi ya Ulaya ya Kanisa la Uingereza}} {{legend|#A30017|Makanisa nje ya jimbo chini ya Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury}} {{legend|#FB006D|Kanisa la Jimbo la Asia Kusini Mashariki}} {{legend|#D9D9D9|Maeneo yasiyo na makanisa ya Kianglikana}} |} Zingatia kwamba ''Kanisa la Eire'' linahudumia [[Eire ya Kaskazini]] (Northern Ireland) pamoja na [[Jamhuri ya Eire]]; ''Kanisa Anglikana la Korea'' linahudumia [[Korea Kusini]] na kinadharia (si hali halisi) pia [[Korea Kaskazini]]. Waanglikana wa [[Uhindi]] wamegawiwa kwa majimbo ya Kanisa la Uhindi Kaskazini na Kanisa la Uhindi Kusini. [[Dayosisi]] katika [[Ulaya]] (zamani Dayosisi ya Gibraltar katika Ulaya) ni sehemu ya jimbo la Canterbury likiwa pia na [[parokia]] katika [[Ureno]] na [[Hispania]]. Kanisa la Kiaskofu la Marekani lina parokia pia katika Ulaya.</center>]] == Majimbo ya Ushirika wa Anglikana == Jumuiya hiyo inafanywa na majimbo yanayojitawala; kila jimbo lina dayosisi ndani yake zinazosimamiwa na askofu wake. Kuna pia maeneo kadhaa yasiyo na hadhi ya jimbo. Kuna majimbo 38 ya Jumuiya Anglikana na kila moja linajitegemea na mkuu wake na [[katiba]] yake. Majimbo mara nyingi ni makanisa ya kitaifa (kama vile [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], au [[Japani]]) au ya maeneo ya zaidi ya nchi moja (kama vile [[Visiwa vya Karibi|West Indies]], [[Afrika ya Kati]] , au [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki]]). * Kanisa Anglikana huko Aotearoa, New Zealand, na Polynesia * Kanisa Anglikana la Australia * Kanisa la Bangladesh * Igreja Episcopal Anglicana do Brasil (Kanisa Anglikana la Kiaskofu la Brazil) * Kanisa Anglikana la Burundi * Kanisa Anglikana la Kanada * Kanisa la Jimbo la [[Afrika ya Kati]] * Kanisa Anglikana katika nchi za [[Amerika ya Kati]] * Jimbo la Kanisa Anglikana la Kongo * [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] lenye majimbo ya [[Canterbury]] na [[York]] * Kanisa Anglikana la Hong Kong (Kiaskofu) * Kanisa la Jimbo la Bahari ya Hindi * Kanisa la [[Ueire]] * Nippon Sei Ko Kai (Jumiya Anglikana huko [[Japani]]) * Kanisa la Kiaskofu huko [[Yerusalemu]] na [[Mashariki ya Kati]] * Kanisa Anglikana la Kenya * Kanisa Anglikana la [[Korea]] * Kanisa la Jimbo la [[Melanesia]] * Kanisa Anglikana la Meksiko * Kanisa la Jimbo la Myanmar (Burma) * Kanisa la Nigeria * Kanisa la India Kaskazini * Kanisa la Pakistan * Kanisa Anglikana la [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] * Kanisa la Kiaskofu la Ufilipino * Kanisa la Jimbo la Rwanda * Kanisa la Kiaskofu la Scotland * Kanisa la Jimbo la Asia ya Kusini Mashariki * Kanisa la India Kusini * Kanisa la Anglikana la Kusini mwa Afrika * Kanisa Anglikana la Amerika ya Kusini * Kanisa la Kiaskofu la Sudan * [[Kanisa Anglikana la Tanzania]] * Kanisa la Uganda * Kanisa la Kiaskofu huko Marikani * Kanisa huko Wales * Kanisa la Jimbo la Afrika ya Magharibi (Kamerun, [[Kabo Verde]], Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone) * Kanisa katika Jimbo la [[West Indies]] Aidha, kuna makanisa sita yasiyo chini ya jimbo, na matano yapo chini ya mamlaka ya Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury: * Kanisa Anglikana la [[Bermuda]] (chini ya Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury) * Kanisa la Kiaskofu la Kuba (chini ya baraza lake) * [[Parokia]] ya [[Visiwa vya Falkland]] (chini ya Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury) * Kanisa la Kiinjili la Kimitume la Kikatoliki la Lusitania katika [[Ureno]] (chini ya Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury) * Kanisa la Kiaskofu la Matengenezo la Hispania (chini ya Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury) * Kanisa la Ceylon ( [[Sri Lanka]] ) (chini ya Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury) ==Tazama pia== * [[Waanglikana]] == Tovuti za Nje == * [http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ Tovuti rasmi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101211200658/http://anglican.org/church/NoCentral.html Decentralised nature of worldwide Anglicanism] * [http://www.anglicansonline.org/ Anglicans Online] [[Jamii:Waanglikana]] 4ouctb2l03k7joxx4oaxt12eg8si6gk 0 136309 1599773 1313937 2026-09-24T01:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Jennie Carter | image = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = Jennie Carter | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 1830 | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = 10 August 1881 | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = Jennie | kazi yake = Mwandishi | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = | academyawards = | afiawards = | arielaward = | baftaawards = | bfjaawards = | cesarawards = | emmyawards = | filmfareawards = | geminiawards = | goldencalfawards = | goldenglobeawards = | goldenraspberryawards = | goyaawards = | grammyawards = | iftaawards = | laurenceolivierawards = | naacpimageawards = | nationalfilmawards = | sagawards = | tonyawards = | awards = }} {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Phillip Alexander Bell.jpg|thumb|Philip Alexander Bell muhariri wa carter]] [[Faili:Racist women's suffrage cartoon 1870.jpg|thumb|katuni ya wanawake wanaharakati wapiga kura 1870]] [[Faili:Carson City, 1877.jpg|thumb|Mji wa carson, 1877]] '''Jennie Carter''' alikuwa [[Mmarekani]] [[mwandishi wa habari]] na [[insha]]; ndiye aliyeandika kwa California gazeti la Afrika-Amerika Elevator kutoka kwake nyumbani Kaunti ya Nevada, California wakati wa Enzi ya Ujenzi. Alitumia jina la kalamu Anna J. Trask na baadaye Semper Fidelis. Kazi yake iligusia mada anuwai, pamoja na Utumwa huko Merika | utumwa, [[ubaguzi wa rangi]], kujitolea kwa wanawake, kiasi, siasa, na uhamiaji, na ilisambazwa sana mwishoni mwa jamii za watu weusi mnamo karne ya 19 kote Amerika Magharibi kwa kiwango fulani, nchi nzima. Katika karne ya 21, na uandishi wa insha zake, kazi yake ilianza kupata umakini zaidi. ==Maisha ya Awali== [[picha:View of New Orleans 1840.jpg|thumb|left|Muonekano wa New Orleans mnamo 1840]] Rekodi za sensa zinatofautiana ikiwa Carter alizaliwa [[New York|New York City]] au New Orleans, Alizaliwa mtu huru wa rangi mnamo 1830 au 1831 na inaaminika alitumia maisha yake ya awali huko New Orleans na New York na utu uzima wake huko Kentucky na Wisconsin. Mama yake alikufa akiwa bado mchanga, na alilelewa na bibi yake. Katika insha zake katika Elevator anaelezea utoto wa kiwango cha kati ambao alipenda kusoma na alikuwa anapenda sana muziki bila kudhani nafasi ya mwanamke mchanga katika jamii hadi nilipokuwa nimeandaliwa na miaka."<ref name=Carter>Eric Gardner , ''Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West'' Univ. Press of Mississippi, January 1, 2007, p. 7</ref> Katika tukio moja, anasimulia juu ya kujificha kwenye dari na kucheza peke yake na wanasesere wake akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nne wakati mchumba anayekuja alikuja kumwona. Carter alikuwa na dada mdogo, ambaye alikufa kwa ugonjwa wa mgongo akiwa na miaka kumi. Carter baadaye aliandika katika &quot;Elevator&quot; juu ya jinsi alijisikia vibaya kwa sababu alikuwa amempiga dada yake wiki tatu kabla ya kufa kwake, akitumia tukio hilo kuwashauri wasomaji wake wadogo kujiepusha na hasira. [[picha:Fugitive slave 1850.jpg|thumb|Carter aliwasaidia watumwa katika njia ya reli ya chini ya ardhi]] Katika utoto wangu mzee aliniambia ikiwa ningeangalia vitu vitatu nitakuwa na afya njema. Nitasema zimeonekana kuwa muhimu kwangu, na kwa wengine wanaosoma karatasi yako. Kwanza, weka kichwa poa na utulivu. Pili, weka miguu kuwa kavu na yenye joto. Tatu fanya moyo usiwe na hasira , aliandika.<ref name=Carter/> Carter anaandika juu ya visa kadhaa katika utoto wake na utu uzima wakati alipokabiliwa na ukweli wa Utumwa huko Marekani | utumwa. Alipokuwa mtoto, alitazama wakati rafiki mchanga alichukuliwa na mabwana wa watumwa mbali na mama yake. Wakati Carter alikuwa akiishi na mtoto wake karibu Hazel Green, Wisconsin | Hazel Green, Wisconsin mnamo 1850, msichana alimfuata kutoka kwa mazungumzo huko Missouri kufika nyumbani kwake na mtoto mwenyewe, akikimbia utumwa. Carter alimficha mwanamke huyo ndani ya pishi lake, kisha akampeleka kwa Farasi na gari Hadi kwenye nyumba salama Quaker | Quaker iliyo maili chache, na mwanamke huyo aliweza Reli ya chini ya ardhi | torokea uhuru. Katika tukio lingine, mwanamume aliyeepuka utumwa alijitokeza mlangoni pake na Carter aliweza kusaidia kukusanya pesa katika jamii ya eneo hilo ili aendelee na safari yake ya uhuru.<ref>Gardner, ''Jennie Carter'', p. 107</ref> Kabla ya kuandika Elevator, Carter alifanya kazi kama mwalimu na msimamizi.<ref>Gardner, ''Jennie Carter'', p. 117</ref> ==Nchi ya Nevada na kazi ya Uandishi== [[picha:Nevada City, CA 1866.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Nevada City, California|Nevada City, California 1866]] Carter alihamia Kaunti ya Nevada, California | Kaunti ya Nevada na mumewe wa kwanza, mhubiri aliyeitwa Reverend Correll, karibu 1860, kabla ya Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani.<ref>Gardner, ''Jennie Carter'', p. IX</ref> Kaunti ya Nevada ilikuwa eneo katika milima ya Sierra Nevada (Marekani) ambayo ilishikilia jamii ndogo ndogo lakini zinazoongezeka za watu ambao walikuwa wamehamia huko wakati wa California Gold Rush, pamoja na [[Nevada City, California | Mji wa Nevada]], [[Marysville, California | Marysville]], na [[Grass Valley, California | Grass Valley]]. Kaunti hii ilikuwa pro - Union (Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Amerika) | Muungano wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na ilishikilia karibu Waafrika-Marekani wa 150-300, waliofanya kazi katika taaluma na biashara.<ref name="The Searls Historical Library 2016">{{cite web | author=The Searls Historical Library | title=Nevada County Historical Society highlights stories of African American pioneers | website=TheUnion.com | date=January 19, 2016 | url=http://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/nevada-county-historical-society-highlights-stories-of-african-american-pioneers/ | accessdate=February 13, 2017 | archive-date=2021-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621050742/https://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/nevada-county-historical-society-highlights-stories-of-african-american-pioneers/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> Baadhi yao walikuwa wakifanya kazi katika Harakati za haki za raia (1865-1896) na walikuwa wamesaidia kuandaa California Coloured Convention ya 1855. Wakati alikuwa ameolewa na Mchungaji, Jennie aliwahi kuwa Makamu wa Rais wa Tume ya Kikristo ya Grass Valley.<ref> Grass Valley Daily Union | url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MU18650314.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 | url=http://followingdeercreek.com/jennie-carters-nevada-county-setting-1860s/ </ref> Mnamo 1866, aliolewa na mumewe wa pili, mwanamuziki na mwanaharakati wa Haki za Kiraia Dennis Drummond Carter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-28/travel/tr-0_1_nevada-city/2|title=GOLDEN OLDIE - Nevada City's citizens restored their mining town for themselves, and the tourists followed|first=ROBERT|last=SCHEER|date=July 28, 1991|publisher=|via=LA Times}}</ref> na kuanza maisha naye katika nyumba iliyojaa vyombo vya muziki. Carters waliishi kwenye Kilima Kilichopotea kisha kwenye Mtaa wa Green katika Jiji la Nevada.<ref name=Carter/> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1830]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] llo0uf6ltmh5w00wwrkjdpau4t5enx6 0 136648 1599608 1526318 2026-09-23T18:49:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jacques_Bonjawo_at_Harvard_cc-by-sa.jpg|thumb|600px| Jacques Bonjawo]] '''Jacques Bonjawo''', (alizaliwa [[30 Desemba]] [[1960]] huko [[Yaunde|Yaoundé]] ) ni [[Uundaji bidhaa pepe za tarakilishi|mhandisi wa programu]], mwandishi wa [[programu]] za matumizi ya [[teknolojia]] kwa [[maendeleo]] endelevu. Jacques anajulikana sana kwa kazi yake ya [[Microsoft]] mwaka [[1997]]-[[2006]] alipokua kama meneja mkuu wa programu wa Kundi la MSN. Kazi yake ya awali ilijumuisha pia kufanya kazi PricewaterhouseCoopers kama meneja wa IT na mshirika mkuu. Amekua akizungumza katika taasisi mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]], [[Benki ya Dunia]], na vikao vingine vya kimataifa. Kitabu chake cha hivi punde zaidi "L'Afrique du XXIe Siècle" ([[Afrika]] katika [[Karne ya 21]]) kiko katika orodha ya 5 zinazouzwa zaidi huko Karthala, mchapishaji wa Paris. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://gseacademic.harvard.edu/~vfa/?tp=bio_bonjawo Wasifu wa Jacques Bonjawo kwenye Tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard] {{Wayback|url=http://gseacademic.harvard.edu/~vfa/?tp=bio_bonjawo |date=20160303234948 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060523172713/http://www.tnj.com/articless/Features/features_jan02_africa.htm Na Jim Krane, Associated Press] * [http://www.african-geopolitics.org Safu za Jacques Bonjawo katika jarida la African Geopolitics] * [http://www.economiematin.com Safu za Jacques Bonjawo katika jarida la kila wiki la Economie Matin] * [http://www.economiematin.com/article.php3?id_article=1788 Makala ya Olivier Magnan]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312061428/http://www.rfi.fr/francais/radio/editions/072/edition_10_20060105.asp Mahojiano ya Patrick Chompre na Caroline Lachowsky] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311131943/http://www.tv5.ca/horaire-television/2005/47/3.html Mahojiano ya TV5 na Xavier Lambrechts] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] stxcbrzenglysa4lx5gga114374r9w8 0 136655 1599479 1521828 2026-09-23T18:22:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina =Nancy Hicks Maynard | nchi =New York | majina_mengine = | picha =Nancy_Hicks_Maynard.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =1 Novemba 1946 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa =Nancy Alene Hall | tarehe_ya_kufariki =21 Septemba 2008 | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi wa habari | cheo = MWandishi | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Nancy Alene Hicks Maynard''' ( [[1 Novemba]] [[1946]] - 21 Septemba [[2008]]) alikuwa mchapishaji wa [[Marekani]], [[mwandishi wa habari]], mmiliki wa zamani wa ''The Oakland Tribune'', na mwanzilishi mwenza wa [[:en:Robert_C._Maynard_Institute_for_Journalism_Education|Maynard Institute for Journalism Education]](Taasisi ya Uandishi wa Habari ya Maynard ) . [[Mwanahabari|Alikuwa mwandishi]] wa kwanza mwanamke wa [[Wamarekani weusi|Kiafrika na Amerika wa]] ''[[The New York Times]]'', na wakati wa kifo chake, ''The Oakland Tribune'' ndilo gazeti pekee la kila siku la jiji ambalo lilikuwa linamilikiwa na Waamerika Weusi. ==marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] == Wasifu == === Maisha ya Awali === Maynard alizaliwa '''Nancy Alene Hall''' huko Harlem, [[New York|New York City]], kwa bassist wa [[jazz]] Alfred Hall na [[muuguzi]] Eve Keller, . Kwa mara ya kwanza Maynard alivutiwa na [[uandishi wa habari]], baada ya moto kuteketeza [[Shule ya msingi|shule]] ya msingi aliyowahi kusoma, hakufurahishwa na namna jamii yake ilivyoripotiwa na vyombo vya habari. Alisoma na kuhitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Long Island Brooklyn na kuhitimu digrii ya uandishi wa habari mnamo 1966. === Kazi === ==== ''The New York Times'' ==== Maynard alianza kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari kama msichana nakala na [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] wa ''New York Post''. Aliajiriwa na ''[[The New York Times]]'' mnamo Septemba 1968, akiwa na umri wa miaka 21. Mara moja, alipelekwa [[Brooklyn]] kusaidia kuandika juu ya mzozo wa ugatuzi wa shule ya Ocean Hill - Brownsville, ambayo ilileta mashtaka ya [[Ubaguzi wa rangi|ubaguzi]] wa rangi na chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi na kusababisha mgomo wa walimu wa jiji lote na kuanzishwa kwa wilaya mpya za shule katika jiji lote. Baada ya chini ya mwaka mmoja katika ''Times'', Maynard aliajiriwa kikamilifu kama mwandishi wa habari, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza mmarekani mweusi kufanya kazi kama mwandishi katika gazeti. Katika miaka yake michache ya kwanza katika ''The New York Times'', Maynard alishughulikia habari muhimu zinazohusiana maandamano ya asili (rangi) kama vile machafuko [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia|wanafunzi weusi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell, na hafla muhimu za kisiasa kama kumbukumbu ya [[Robert Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]]. Baadaye aliandikia idara ya habari ya elimu na sayansi, haswa juu ya chanjo ya huduma ya afya. Mnamo 1973, alitumia mwezi mmoja nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]] akichambua mfumo wake wa matibabu, pamoja na hadithi juu ya utumiaji wa tiba ya upasuaji katika [[Upasuaji|operesheni za upasuaji]]. Miongoni mwa mada zake zingine za habari zilikuwa mfumo wa matibabu, ufafanuzi wa habari za Apollo. === Maisha binafsi === Muda mfupi baada ya kuhitimu, Maynard aliolewa na Daniel D. Hicks, ambaye alipata nae na mtoto wake wa kwanza, David. Baada ya kifo cha Hicks mnamo 1974, aliolewa na Robert C. Maynard mnamo 1975 baada ya kukutana kwenye mkutano. Tayari alikuwa na binti, [[Dori J. Maynard|Dori]]. Kama wenzi wa ndoa, walipata na mtoto wao wa tatu, Alex. Maynard, ambaye alifanya nyumba yake na mshirika wake Jay T. Harris huko [[Santa Monica, California]], alikufa katika Kituo cha Tiba cha UCLA huko [[Los Angeles]] mnamo 2008 akiwa na umri wa miaka 61 baada ya kuugua kwa muda mrefu. == Bibliografia == * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Managing the Future of News and Information|publisher=Freedom Forum Media Studies Center|year=1994|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=33996966}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Mega Media: How Market Forces Are Transforming News|url=https://archive.org/details/megamediahowmark0000mayn|publisher=Maynard Partners Inc.|year=2000|isbn=0-9701292-0-3|edition=First|location=New York}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2uq16wm8212zcbsbwt8rhk122djm5tw 0 136667 1599480 1518106 2026-09-23T18:22:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leïla Marouane '''( alizaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1960]] katika nchini ya [[Tunisia]]) ni [[Mwandishi wa habari]] na Mwandishi wa [[riwaya]] zilizopokea [[tuzo]] mbalimbali katika [[fasihi]] ya [[Kifaransa]].Jina lake kamili ni ''Leyla Zineb Mechentel''. == Wasifu == Leyla alizaliwa nchini [[Tunisia]] mnamo mwaka [[1960]] katika [[mji]] wa Djerba, kisha [[familia]] yake ilihamia katika mji wa Biskra, familia yake iliishi hapo kwa muda hadi Leila alipofikisha umri wa miaka sita,Leila alihamia nchini [[Aljeria]] na baadae [[Ufaransa]] mwaka [[1991]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title = Algerian Author Leila Marouane On Religion, Politics and Writing|url = http://www.africabookclub.com/?p=9100|website = Africa Book Club|access-date = 2016-01-18|language = en-US}}</ref> Alianza kuwa muandishi wa habari akiwa [[Aljeria]] akiandika makala na habari za kisiasa katika magazeti,alisoma katika [[chuo kikuu]] cha ''Paris 8 University'' hadi alipomaliza shahada yake ya [[uandishi]],[[Kitabu]] chake cha ''La fille de la Casbah'' (katika Kiingereza ''The Daughter of the Kasbah'') kilichapishwa na ''Éditions Julliard'' mwaka [[1996]] tangu wakati huo amechapisha vitabu mbalimbali vya riwaya, kitabu chake cha kwanza kutafsiriwa katikia [[Lugha ya Kiingereza]] kilitoka mwaka [[1998]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title = "The Sexual Life of an Islamist in Paris" by Leïla Marouane|url = http://www.wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/the-sexual-life-of-an-islamist-in-paris-by-leila-marouane|website = Words Without Borders|access-date = 2016-01-18}}</ref> Marouane ni muanzilishi wa '' La Boutique'' iliyoanzishwa mwaka [[1996]], ikiwa ni asasi iliyolenga kuendeleza na kukuza [[sanaa]] ya uandishi pamoja na kutangaza [[lugha ya Kifaransa]] na kingereza. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] lauowc9pmohbtv74z7gk6tce0z8z8uo 0 136693 1599593 1167308 2026-09-23T18:47:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599593 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José de Fontes Pereira''' aliyezaliwa mwaka1838 huko [[Luanda]], na alifariki Mei mwaka1891 alikuwa mwanasheria-mwandishi na mwandishi [[Angola|mkali wa Angola.]] == Kazi == Ukizingatia yeye kama raia wa zamani wa Angola na [[Usimilishaji|assimilado]], Pereira alitumia fursa ya vyombo vya habari vya bure nchini Angola kutoka 1870-1890 kuhoji majukumu ya Ureno na udhibiti wa Angola. Alizungumzia mada kama vile kusafirishwa kwa Waangola weusi kwenda kwenye mashamba ya [[Sao Tome na Principe|São Tomé na Príncipean]], kulazimishwa kufanya kazi ndani ya koloni, ukosefu wa ufanisi, ufisadi na ubaguzi wa rangi, kati ya mengine mengi. Akiwaandikia walowezi wa Kireno waliosoma huko Angola, Pereira aliandika zaidi kwa [[Kireno|lugha]] ya Kireno. Pereira alipoteza kazi na akahukumiwa, mnamo mwaka 1890, alipendekeza [[Milki ya Uingereza|Waingereza]] wachukue utawala wa kikoloni wa koloni kwa sababu ya kutokuwa na uwezo wa Ureno. Alikufa miezi 16 baadaye mnamo Mei 1891 kwa sababu za kiasili. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/11chapter9.shtml The Story of Africa: Europe and Africa 1800-1914 bbc.co.uk] == Vyanzo == * Eduardo A. Estevam Santos (2020). Imprensa, raça e civilização: José de Fontes Pereira eo pensamento intelectual angolano no século XIX. ''Afro-Asia'', núm. 61. doi: 10.9771 / aa.v0i61.31466 ( [https://www.redalyc.org/jatsRepo/770/77065180004/html/index.html Fungua ufikiaji] ) * ""Angola Is Whose House?" Early Stirrings of Angolan Nationalism and Protest, 1822-1910 by Douglas L. Wheeler, Journal of African Historical Studies, 1969 * Wheeler, Douglas L. (1970). An early Angolan protest: the radical journalism of José de Fontes Pereira (1823-1891). In Rotberg et al., ''Protest and power in black Africa'' (pp.854-874). New York: Oxford University Press. * CChilcote, Ronald Hodell & California. University, (1972). The journalism of José de Fontes Pereira (1823-1891). In ''Protest and resistance in Angola and Brazil : comparative studies'' (pp. 76-78). Berkeley[, Calif. etc.]: University of California Press. [[Jamii:Arusha translation-a-thon] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1891]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1838]] 543qi9bajfbokmvve41vez1s1002bph 0 137475 1599545 1187742 2026-09-23T18:34:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Coetzenburg_Stadium_entrance.jpg|thumb|Uwanja wa Michezo wa Coetzenburg]] '''Uwanja wa michezo wa Coetzenburg''' ni uwanja unaohusisha michezo mbalimbali unaopatikana ''Stellenbosch'' nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], kwenye sehemu ya zamani ya ''Coetsenburg'' iliyoanzishwa na Dirk Coetsee mnamo mwaka [[1682]] baada ya kukabidhiwa ardhi kutoka Katika koloni la Uholanzi, Simon van der Stel. Uwanja unamilikiwa na [[chuo kikuu]] cha Stellenbosch. Uwanja huo umekuwa ukitumiwa na timu ya soka ya ''Stellenbosch'' pamoja na chuo kikuu cha Stellenbosch Upo karibu na uwanja wa [[Danie Craven Stadium]]. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100603024522/http://student.sun.ac.za/football/Main.asp Official website] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] c6ywookh06adbr2cx8li78gy32obr50 0 137555 1600121 1264502 2026-09-24T11:49:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uwanja wa michezo wa Petro''' ni uwanja unaotumika kwa matumizi mbalimbali ukiwa naviti zvipatavyo 16,000 unaopatikana katika mji wa [[Cairo]] nchini [[Misri]]. Uwanja huu ulikamilika mnamo mwaka [[2006]]. Uwanja huu umekuwa ukitumika kama uwanja wa nyumbani wa Klabu ya ''ENPPI'' pamoja na vilabu vingine huko Misri. Timu ya [[Zamalek SC]] pia imekuwa ikicheza michezo yao mingi ya nyumbani kwenye uwanja wa ''Petrosport''. Uwanja huu ulitengenezwa na watu wengi, wakiwepo wabunifu kama Jana mahmoud, Mohannad alaa, mustafa khleed, Doaa Saad, yousef khaled na wengine wengi ambao hawajajumuishwa kati ya wafanyakazi walioshiriki katika ujenzi wa uwanja huu. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo Misri]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] 5tg8cbus9obzhlhsq7f678k45pgmcw7 0 137733 1599481 1175112 2026-09-23T18:22:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Uwanja wa michezo wa Misurata''' ni uwanja wa [[michezo]] katika mji wa Misurata, Kaskazini Magharibi mwa nchi ya [[Libya]]. Ulikuwa uwanja wa nyumbani wa awali wa timu ya Libya Timu ya Soka ya Taifa ya [[Libya]] na kuhudhuriwa baadhi ya nchi mwaka [[2006]] [[FIFA]] kufuzu kwa Kombe la Dunia (CAF) , hasa dhidi ya Kameruni ya Taifa Timu ya Soka, ambapo waliizuia simba kwa kutoka sare ya 0-0. Halmashauri ni nyumba ya Asswehly S.c., lakini pia majeshi ya mechi ambayo inahusisha [[klabu]] nyingine misurata, kama Alittihad Misurata SC | Alittihad. Uwanja huu una uwezo wa kuchukua takribani watu 10,000..<ref>[http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?showstadiums=1&searchcountry=LY&stadium=4643 Stadium: July 9 - goalzz.com]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya Michezo Libya]] 5dajbz5zf49j5jmbuiizjgom3bc5gq0 0 137919 1599609 1526540 2026-09-23T18:49:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taasisi ya Utafiti ya Amani''' ni taasisi ya utafiti iliyoko Amani, katika [[Wilaya ya Muheza|Muheza]], kwenye [[Milima ya Usambara]] Magharibi ya mkoa wa kaskazini mashariki mwa [[Tanzania|Tanzania ya]] leo. Milima hiyo ni sehemu ya [[Tao la Mashariki|Milima]] ambayo huanzia [[Kenya]] kupitia Tanzania, na ina misitu ya mawingu ambayo imevumilia kipindi kirefu cha maangamizi ya kipekee. [[Picha:Western_Usambara.jpg|thumb| Usambara Magharibi]] Taasisi ya Kilimo na Biolojia ya Amani, ilianzishwa mnamo 1902, katika nyakati za ukoloni, iliyokuwa wakati huo [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Taasisi ilianza kama kituo cha utafiti wa kibiolojia na kilimo, lakini iliongezeka haraka katika maeneo mengine ya utafiti katika miaka iliyofuata. Mwanzo wa Taasisi ya Amani kilikuwa kituo cha upimaji kilimo huko Kwai, ambacho kilianzishwa Usambara tangu 1896. Taasisi ya Amani ilianzishwa mnamo Septemba 1902 katika milima ya Usambara Mashariki iliyoko katikati mwa jiji la bandari ya [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]], kwa maoni ya Franz Stuhlmann [[Zoolojia|, mtaalam wa]] wanyama wa Ujerumani. Kazi ilianza mnamo 1903 na iliongozwa na [[Botania|mtaalam]] wa mimea, Albrecht Zimmermann. Zimmermann walifanya kazi huko Amani hadi 1920, wakati serikali ya Uingereza iliamuru wafukuzwe. Kuanzia 1905 hadi mwisho wa 1906, Franz Stuhlmann alikuwa mkurugenzi binafsi huko Amani. Stuhlmann alianzisha upandaji wa miti ya gome ya cinchona [[Afrika ya Mashariki|katika Afrika Mashariki]], ambayo ilitumiwa kwa utengenezaji wa [[kwinini]] dhidi ya [[malaria]]. Pia aliagiza upandaji wa mamia ya miti ya kafuri katika Usambara kutoka kwa mbegu zilizotumwa na Adolf Engler, mtaalam maarufu wa mimea huko, [[Berlin]], na ambaye alikuwa amezipata kutoka [[Japani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=History of the BGBM Library|url=https://www.bgbm.org/en/history-bgbm-library|work=BGBM|date=2013-01-14|accessdate=2021-06-03|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603135330/https://www.bgbm.org/en/history-bgbm-library}}</ref> . Stuhlmann alimleta Albrecht Zimmermann kwa Amani kwa kusudi la utafiti [[Botania|wa mimea.]] Zimmermann alikuwa anajulikana sana kama mtaalam wa [[Kahawa|kilimo cha kahawa]] na kwa muda mfupi aliiletea taasisi hiyo kutambuliwa kimataifa. Hapa, [[Utungisho|utafiti wa mbolea]] ulifanywa katika maeneo mbali mbali. [[Fiziolojia|Fiziolojia ya]] mimea, [[entomolojia]], sumu ya mimea na uwezekano wa kudhibiti wadudu zote zilikuwa sehemu za uwanja wa kazi wa Taasisi, kama ilivyokuwa utafiti wa njia za kilimo na tiba ya mimea. Amani ikawa arboretum (bustani ya mimea na miti) ya muhimu sana duniani. [[Spishi|Aina]] zililetwa kutoka sehemu nyingi za ulimwengu kwa majaribio ya kilimo na masilahi kadhaa ya kiuchumi, kama mimea ya dawa matunda na viungo, miti yenye thamani, vipodozi, mpira, nyuzi, mafuta na mimea ya mapambo<ref>Tropical Biology Association: Amani Nature Reserve - an introduction . Cambridge 2007 (PDF file; 381 kB), online at www.tropical-biology.org http://www.tropical-biology.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AmaniNR_FINAL.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.tropical-biology.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AmaniNR_FINAL.pdf |date=20210603135337 }}</ref> . Mwaka wa 1914 maktaba ya Amani ilikuwa na vitabu karibu 4,000 na majarida 300. Machapisho mengi na vielelezo vingi vilivyofanyika Amani vililetwa Berlin mwaka wa 1918, lakini mnamo 1943, herbarium ya Berlin ilipigwa na bomu na vyote viliangamizwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.bgbm.org/en/history-collections-botanical-museum-berlin-dahlem-b-1 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-11 |archivedate=2021-06-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613023615/https://www.bgbm.org/en/history-collections-botanical-museum-berlin-dahlem-b-1 }}</ref> Mmoja wa wageni waliotembelea Amani alikuwa [[Robert Koch]], daktari maalum na mtaalam wa magonjwai, Profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin, na Mkurugenzi wa Taasisi mpya ya Usafi na ya [[Maambukizo|Magonjwa ya Kuambukiza]]<ref>Ernst, H. C. (1918). "Robert Koch (1843-1910)". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 53 (10): 825–827. JSTOR 25130022.</ref> Alishiriki katika utafiti ulioendelea kufanywa katika Taasisi hiyo, na akaonyesha kuwa matukio ya msimu wa malaria yaliongezeka wakati wa masika, wakati maji katika mwezi mzima yalienea juu ya ardhi, kama husemekana katika Kiswahili '<nowiki/>''Hakuna masika bila mbu'''. Alionesha pia kipindi cha incubation kilikuwa cha siku 12 kwa ugonjwa huo. Mnamo Desemba, 1904, Koch alitumwa Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani kusoma homa ya [[ng'ombe]] katika Pwani ya Mashariki. Mwaka wa 1905, alishinda [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba|Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fiziolojia au Tiba]] "kwa uchunguzi na ugunduzi wake kuhusiana na ugonjwa wa [[kifua kikuu]]" <ref>https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/koch/biographical/</ref> Katika 1906 Robert Koch na timu yake walifika tena Amani, na baadaye walifanya safari kwenda [[Uganda]], sehemu ya utafiti wao juu ya [[Ugonjwa wa malale|ugonjwa wa malale.]] Eneo la magharibi la Tanganyika, haswa karibu na maziwa, lilibahatisha ' [[Epidemiki|janga]] ' la ugonjwa wa malale, ugonjwa ambao pia uliingia jirani, nchini Uganda. Mlipuko mkubwa wa ugonjwa huu ulikuwa umetokea Afrika Mashariki mwanzoni mwa karne (1896 -1910), na wengi walidhani ugonjwa huu ulitoka nchi za nje kama [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]] au Kongo. Maelezo ya kwanza ya ugonjwa yalichapishwa huko Uganda, katika [[Church Missionary Society (CMS)|Hospitali ya Kanisa la Wamisionari wa Kanisa]] (CMS) mwaka wa 1901. Koch alirudi tena mwaka wa 1906-7, kujaribu dawa ya atoxyl. Ilionekana siku zile kwamba ilikuwa bora kuliko dawa ya arseniki na mithali ya "risasi ya uchawi " ya mwanakimia Mjerumani Paul Ehrlich. Leo, njia za Koch kuendesha majaribio haya ya atoxyl, kuwa dawa ilikuwa na hatari na athari mbaya, hata upofu, [[Maadili|imeleta maswali ya kimaadili]] <ref>https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/robert-koch-der-beruehmte-forscher-und-die-menschenexperimente-in-afrika-a-769a5772-5d02-4367-8de0-928320063b0a</ref> . Ingawa Taasisi ya Utafiti ya Amani ilijulikana sana ulimwenguni wakati wa utawala wa kikoloni wa Ujerumani kama kituo cha utafiti wa kisayansi, <ref>Ref. note #6: Conte, 2002, p.&nbsp;246; Conte, 2004, p.&nbsp;13.</ref> sifa yake ilendelea baada ya Waingereza walishika utawala wa nchi. <ref>[[Godfrey Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]] ''Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties''; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press, 2010, p.&nbsp;164: "The Amani Research Institute....was established by the German colonial rulers and became world-famous as a tropical research institute."</ref> [[Picha:The_Biological_Institute_in_Amani,_German_East_Africa.jpg|thumb| Taasisi ya Baiolojia huko Amani, Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani.]] Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu]], Taasisi ya Utafiti ya Amani ilizidisha sifa yake ya kimataifa katika utafiti na wanasayansi katika kituo hicho walitengeneza bidhaa nyingi, pamoja na dawa na bidhaa za kemikali. <nowiki>[[Kwinine]]</nowiki> ilitengenezwa, na rangi kutolewa kwenye magome ya miti, vyakula na vileo, manukato, dawa, mpira, [[sabuni]], [[mafuta]] na [[Mshumaa|mishumaa]], vifaa vyakushughulika na mashua, na nyingineo. <ref>''Report of the East Africa Commission'', Cmd. 2387 (1925), p. 86....Owing to the blockade, overseas trade came to an end....The long drawn-out conflict inflicted serious damage on the colony."</ref> <ref>W.O. Henderson, "The war economy of German East Africa, 1914 - 1917," ''Economic History Review'', xiii, 1943.</ref> Waingereza walichukua utawala wa Tanganyika baada ya Vita ya Ulimwengu ya Kwanza.na waliendelea kazi za taasisi. Taasisi ilisifika kwa sababu ya utafiti wake juu ya malaria wakati wa utawala wa kikoloni wa Briteni na jina lilibadilishwa mwaka wa 1949 kuwa Kitengo cha Malaria cha Afrika Mashariki. Kituo cha utafiti hakilihudumia Tanganyika tu bali pia Kenya, Uganda, [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] na [[Somalia ya Kiingereza|Somalia ya Uingereza]] katika kazi ya kuzuia malaria na magonjwa mengine yanayoambukizwa na wadudu. Baada ya utawala wa kikoloni wa Uingereza, taasisi hiyo iliendelea kuchukua jukumu muhimu kama kituo cha utafiti nchini Tanzania. Bustani ya Botani ya Amani sasa ina eneo rasmi la [[Hektari|hekta]] 244. Kiasi zaidi imechukuliwa na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba (NIMR). Bustani ya mimea imeshughulikwa na kibinadamu, haswa karibu na kijiji cha Amani, ambapo iko sehemu ya NIMR. Kwa hivyo Bustani ya Botani ya Amani ina vyombo kadhaa vinavyohusika na usimamizi wake - Wizara ya Kilimo, Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Misitu Tanzania (TAFORI) na NIMR. Maktaba yake iko katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]], na taasisi hushirikiana na chuo hicho kwa karibu. Siku hizi kusema kweli hakuna kilichobaki kwenye shamba la zamani la miti ya cinchona, ambalo lilikuwa karibu limeharibiwa kabisa katikati ya miaka ya 1960. Karibu spishi 3000 zilikuwa bado zakupatikana karibu na Amani mnamo 2007. Leo viwanja hivi vya mimea vyingi vimeondolewa na vinaonekana vimerudishwa na spishi za asili. Aina za mimea kigeni zilizoletwa hapo bustanini ni suala muhimu ya kuhifadhisha katika wakati ujao. * == Marejeo ==   [[Jamii:Historia ya Tanganyika]] j3org6o022jp36vkcf4077ft09s7qys 0 138509 1600080 1492759 2026-09-24T11:44:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Betty Lalam |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1980 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwalimu |nchi = Uganda }} '''Betty Lalam''' ni mwalimu kutoka [[Uganda]] aliyewahi kutekwa na Jeshi la Upinzani la Bwana (''Lord’s Resistance Army''). Pia ni mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Mafunzo cha Gulu kilichoathiriwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Meet Betty Lalam, a heroine in the lives of more than 4,000 former LRA captives|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2021/02/12/meet-betty-lalam-a-heroine-in-the-lives-of-more-than-4000-former-lra-captives/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Nile Post|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Mnamo mwaka wa [[1994]], wakati Lalam alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 14, alitekwa na Jeshi la Upinzani la Bwana kutoka nyumbani kwake katika kaunti ndogo ya Koro, iliyoko katika wilaya ya Amuru, kaskazini mwa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Changing lives in Gulu through skills training|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/changing-lives-in-gulu-through-skills-training-1610428|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Daily Monitor|date=5 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Mama yake hakufikia siku iliyofuata, kwa sababu alikuwa miongoni mwa wale waliokuwa wamechomwa ndani ya nyumba na waasi wa Jeshi la Upinzani la Bwana (LRA) siku hiyohiyo. wakati baba yake, ambaye kwa mara ya kwanza alilazimishwa na waasi kubeba mchuzi mkubwa wa nyama, aliuawa wakati alipolalamika kuchoka sana kubeba uzito mkubwa kama huo, aliendelea kushuhudia mauaji zaidi, mateso, ubakaji na kila aina ya ukatili mikononi mwa LRA. Mnamo 1995, Lalam alipata nafasi yake ya maisha ya kutoroka kutoka utumwani wakati wa shambulio lililofanywa na LRA kwenye Kituo cha Biashara cha Atiak katika wilaya ya Amuru. Baadaye alihamia Kampala kukaa na dada yake huku akitafuta cha kufanya, Lalam aanze kuuza brew ya ndani, ili aweze kuongeza fedha za kutosha ili aweze kulipia kozi ya mafunzo ya ufundi katika ushonaji na kubuni. Ujuzi ambao baadaye ulimfunguka kwa milango mbalimbali ya fursa. Baada ya kozi hiyo, alipata kazi katika [[shirika]] la Watoto la Gulu Support (GUSCO), shirika linalotegemea jamii ambalo likifanya kazi na World Vision ili krekebisha kurudi kwa vita na askari wa zamani wa watoto na kuwapa msaada wa kisaikolojia na kijamii. Mnamo mwaka wa 2004, aliacha kazi yake na kuanza safari ngumu ya kutengeneza maisha ya wanawake na wasichana waliorejea kutoka utumwani, na kuanza kulia nje mbele ya nyumba yake ya kukodisha na wasichana watano ambao alifundisha bila malipo, kwa kutumia mashine moja ya kushona. Kwa muda idadi iliendelea kukua.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-25|title=Foreign NGOs draw a blank in northern region|url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/20257/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=New African Magazine|archive-date=2023-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311102533/https://newafricanmagazine.com/20257/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=More Students Graduate At The Gulu War Affected Training Centre (GWATC) {{!}} Eskom Uganda Limited|url=https://www.eskom.co.ug/node/115|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.eskom.co.ug}}</ref> Mwaka [[2006]], Lalam alisaini mkataba na World Vision kutoa mafunzo kwa wanawake na wasichana zaidi ya 60 ambao walikuwa wamerejea kutoka utumwani, alitumia fedha zilizopatikana kutoka mkataba wa World Vision kununua ardhi ambayo iligeuka kuwa nyumba kwa Kituo cha Mafunzo cha Vita vya Gulu kilichoathirika.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title='I feel bad if I see women suffer'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-29809674|access-date=2021-04-09}}</ref> Mwaka [[2008]], ndoto ya Lalam ikawa ukweli wakati balozi wa Afrika Kusini nchini Uganda, Thanduyise Henry Chiliza, aliahidi kuunda kituo cha mafunzo na kampuni ya Afrika Kusini Eskom. Matokeo yake vitalu vya madarasa, mabweni, maabara ya kompyuta yalijengwa. Mwaka 2010, Kituo cha Mafunzo cha Vita cha Gulu kilifunguliwa rasmi na tangu wakati huo kwa mujibu wa Kituo hiki kimehitimu wanafunzi 4,300 katika kozi mbalimbali za ufundi katika makanika, ushonaji wa nywele, ushonaji, upishi na usimamizi wa biashara. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] jzedoj2b84cnf3nsuv5qddtowiy1fju 0 138547 1599594 1497129 2026-09-23T18:47:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Damilola Olufemi Taylor |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[7 Desemba]] [[1989]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Nigeria]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = [[27 Novemba]] [[2000]] |mahala_alipofia = [[London]] |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |nchi = [[Nigeria]] }} '''Damilola Olufemi Taylor''' ([[Lagos]], [[Jimbo la Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], [[Desemba 7]], [[1989]] - Peckham, [[London]], [[Uingereza]], [[27 Novemba]] [[2000]] alikuwa [[mwanafunzi]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 10 aliyeuawa katika kile kilichokuwa mauaji ya juu zaidi nchini Uingereza. Ndugu wawili - ambao walikuwa 12 na 13 wakati wa mauaji - walihukumiwa kwa mauaji ya [[watu]] mnamo 2006. Wazazi, Richard Taylor (baba) na Gloria Taylor (mama ambaye alikufa kwa shambulio la moyo).Damilola Olufemi Taylor alizaliwa Lagos, Nigeria na Richard na Gloria Taylor ( Gloria Taylor alifariki tarehe 8 Aprili 2008),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Damilola Taylor's mother Gloria dies|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584484/Damilola-Taylors-mother-Gloria-dies.html|work=www.telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=2021-06-29}}</ref> wanachama wa watu wa Kiyoruba. <ref>{{Citation|title=Rest in peace, Damilola|date=2001-01-19|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1124528.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref> Taylor Alisoma Shule ya Wisdom Montessori huko Ikosi, Ketu, Lagos kabla ya kusafiri kwenda Uingereza mnamo [[Agosti]] 2000 na familia yake kutafuta matibabu ya kifafa cha dada yake. == Kifo == Mnamo 27 Novemba 2000, Taylor alisafiri kutoka Peckham Library, kusini mwa London, saa 4:51 jioni kwenda nyumbani. Alikamatwa kwenye CCTV wakati akienda zake. Alipokaribia eneo la North Peckham Estate alipokea gash kwenye paja lake la kushoto, akikata ateri. Alipotembea kwa ngazi, alianguka na akatokwa na damu karibu na kifo kwa takriban dakika 30. Bado alikuwa hai katika gari la wagonjwa wakati akienda hospitalini. Alikufa siku 10 kabla ya siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya 11. == Kesi == ===Jaribio la kwanza=== Mnamo 2002, vijana wanne, pamoja na kaka wawili wa miaka 16, walishtakiwa katika Bailey ya Kale kwa mauaji ya Taylor. Kesi hiyo ilisababisha washukiwa wote wanne kuachiwa huru. Wawili waliachiwa huru kwa maagizo ya jaji baada ya kuamuru kwamba shahidi muhimu wa upande wa mashtaka, msichana wa miaka 14, hakuwa wa kuaminika; majaji waliwapata wengine wawili hawana hatia. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Damilola Taylor, Preddie, Ricky, Danny|url=http://courtnewsuk.co.uk/c_famous_crime_cases/a_damilola_taylor/crime_vaults/|work=web.archive.org|date=2016-04-09|accessdate=2021-06-29|archivedate=2016-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409045317/http://courtnewsuk.co.uk/c_famous_crime_cases/a_damilola_taylor/crime_vaults/}}</ref> Pamoja na kuhoji uaminifu wa shahidi, upande wa utetezi uliwasilisha ushuhuda wa mashahidi kutoka kwa Alastair Wilson, mkurugenzi mwenza wa kliniki katika Hospitali ya Royal London na mmoja wa wataalam wakuu wa kiwewe wa Briteni, kwamba vidonda vya Taylor vilikuwa sawa na kuanguka kwake kwenye chupa iliyovunjika wakati akiwa kushambuliwa. Hii ilibishaniwa na mwendesha mashtaka, ambaye alisema kwamba Taylor angelazimika "kuondoka na kuruka hewani kama Peter Pan" ili nadharia ya Wilson iwe sahihi. Wilson pia alikiri kwamba "hakuwa ameuona mwili wa Damilola au kupewa habari nyingine juu ya kifo hicho." Daktari wa magonjwa Dk Vesna Djurovic alisisitiza kwamba Taylor "alichomwa kisu kwa makusudi [na chupa iliyovunjika] katika paja la kushoto, labda wakati alikuwa chini. ===Ushahidi mpya=== Licha ya kurudi nyuma, polisi waliapa kuweka uchunguzi wazi. Mbinu mpya za DNA ziligundua damu ya Taylor juu ya wakufunzi wa Daniel Preddie na kwenye kofia ya jasho ya kaka yake Richard Preddie, ambaye hakuna hata mmoja kati ya masomo manne ya asili. Hii ilisababisha uchunguzi upya wa ushahidi uliopatikana wakati wa kifo cha Taylor. Mnamo 2005, watu wengine walikamatwa, na kusababisha Hassan Jihad, 19, na ndugu wa Preddie, wenye umri wa miaka 16 na 17, kushtakiwa kwa mauaji ya mtu. Kwa sababu ya umri wao, ndugu wa Preddie hawakutajwa hadharani wakati wa kukamatwa kwao au wakati wa kesi yao. ===Jaribio la pili=== Mnamo 23 Januari 2006, Jihad (sasa ana umri wa miaka 21) na ndugu wa Preddie (sasa ana miaka 17 na 18) walitokea Old Bailey kukabiliwa na mashtaka ya mauaji yake na shambulio kabla ya kuanza kwa kesi yao iliyokaribia. Kesi hiyo ilianza tarehe 24 Januari 2006. Alastair Wilson alishuhudia tena kwamba alifikiri kwamba Taylor alikufa baada ya kuangukia kwenye kioo cha glasi kutoka kwenye chupa iliyovunjika. Baada ya kustaafu tarehe 29 Machi kuzingatia uamuzi wake, tarehe 3 Aprili jury liliondoa Jihad mashtaka yote kuhusiana na kifo cha Taylor. Hawakuweza kufikia uamuzi juu ya mashtaka ya mauaji ya ndugu hao wawili, kwa hivyo waliachiliwa, lakini kwa uwezekano wa kusikilizwa tena kwa mashtaka hayo. ===Kujaribiwa tena kwa mauaji ya mtu=== Kujaribiwa tena kwa ndugu hao wawili kulianza tarehe 23 Juni. Ndugu hao wawili, wakati huo walikuwa zaidi ya miaka 18, walitajwa kama Danny na Ricky Preddie, wa Peckham, kusini mwa London. Mnamo tarehe 9 Agosti 2006, Ricky Gavin Preddie (aliyezaliwa 1987, Lambeth, London) na Danny Charles Preddie (aliyezaliwa 1988, Lambeth), baada ya kusikilizwa tena kwa siku 33, walihukumiwa kwa mauaji ya Taylor. Wakati wa kusikilizwa tena kwa kesi ilibainika kuwa, wakati polisi walifuata utaratibu wa kukusanya ushahidi, upungufu ulitokea kwa upande wa mashtaka. Mnamo tarehe 9 Oktoba 2006, jaji wa zamani wa Bailey aliwahukumu ndugu wa Preddie kifungo cha miaka nane kwa kifungo cha vijana kwa kuua bila kukusudia. Ingawa iliripotiwa sana katika vyombo vya habari kwamba wazazi wa Taylor walikuwa hawafurahii kwamba adhabu hizo hazikuwa ndefu, jaji, Bw Jaji Goldring, alienda mbali kuelezea sababu ambazo alilazimishwa kuzingatia. Hii ni pamoja na umri wa wahalifu wakati huo (12 na 13), na kwamba hakukuwa na ushahidi wowote unaonyesha kwamba kulikuwa na mpango wa kumuua Taylor. Kwa kuongezea, chupa iliyotumiwa haikuwa imebebwa hadi eneo la uhalifu. Ndugu wote walitarajiwa kuachiliwa huru mnamo 2010 baada ya kutumikia nusu ya kifungo chao. Ricky aliachiliwa mnamo tarehe 8 Septemba 2010, chini ya uangalizi wa majaribio, na akikumbukwa kuzuiliwa ikiwa angevunja masharti au ikiwa tabia yake ilionyesha kuwa haikuwa salama tena kumruhusu abaki katika jamii. Danny aliachiliwa mnamo 2011. Ricky alikumbukwa mnamo 13 Machi 2011 kwa sababu alionekana huko Peckham, na kwa kushirikiana na wanachama wa genge, zote mbili kinyume na masharti yake ya msamaha. Aliachiliwa tena mnamo 25 Januari 2012. Alikumbukwa tena gerezani siku kumi na sita baadaye, mnamo Februari 2012, baada ya kushirikiana tena na wanachama wa genge huko Peckham, kwa kukiuka masharti ya kuachiliwa kwake. Baba ya Taylor alitaka uchunguzi wa umma juu ya utunzaji wa kesi hiyo. Ricky Preddie aliachiliwa tena mnamo Julai 2012. == Matokeo == Mnamo Februari 2020 Ricky Preddie (anayejulikana pia kama Ricky Johnson) alifungwa tena. Alikuwa ameendesha gari lake kwa afisa wa polisi, akimwacha na majeraha mabaya. Preddie alikiri kosa la kusababisha jeraha kubwa kwa kuendesha gari hatari; kuendesha gari wakati haukustahiki; kushindwa kuacha; na kuendesha bila bima. Alifungwa kwa miaka minne kwa makosa hayo. == Katika utamaduni maarufu == Mwandishi wa watoto Beverley Naidoo alikumbuka jinsi alipokwenda kupokea Tuzo ya Fedha ya Smarties kwa kitabu chake The Other Side of Truth (2000), kuhusu wakimbizi wawili wa watoto wa Nigeria, aliposikia habari za kifo cha Taylor. Kama matokeo, aliandaa mchango unaoendelea wa 10p kwa Baraza la Wakimbizi kutoka kila kitabu kilichouzwa. Mwandishi Stephen Kelman aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Man Booker ya 2011 kwa riwaya yake ya kwanza ya Pigeon English, iliyoongozwa na sehemu na mauaji ya Taylor. Muigizaji John Boyega na dada yake Grace walikuwa miongoni mwa watu wa mwisho kumuona Taylor akiwa hai. Walikuwa marafiki na Boyegas walisaidia kumtazama. Kipindi cha BBC Panorama kilirusha hewani maalum juu ya kifo cha Damilola Taylor mnamo Aprili 2002. Mchezo wa kuigiza wa BBC wa dakika 90 wa matukio yaliyosababisha kifo chake na utaftaji wa haki kwa familia yake, Damilola, Mvulana Wetu Mpendwa, alionyeshwa mnamo Novemba 2016 na akashinda Tuzo ya BAFTA kwa tamthiliya moja. Katika Mwezi wa Historia Nyeusi 2020, mtangazaji wa Capital XTRA Yinka Bokinni, pia mchezaji mwenzake wa Damilola Taylor, aliandaa hati kuhusu yeye kwa Channel 4 inayoitwa Damilola: The Boy Next Door. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1989|2000}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] auus3qdrjux24i1ytyh2q2mwo97srvm 0 138572 1599547 1478614 2026-09-23T18:34:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Skales 2.png|thumb|Skales]] '''Raoul John Njeng-Njeng''' (anafahamika zaidi kwa [[Jina la kisanii|jina lake la kisanii]] '''Skales''', [[kifupi]] cha: Tafuta Maarifa Pata Ujuzi Mkubwa wa Ujasiriamali; alizaliwa [[1 Aprili]] [[1991]]) ni [[rapa]], [[mwimbaji]], na [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] wa Nigeria. Mnamo 2000, alianza kuandika nyimbo za rap huko Kaduna. Kati ya 2007 na 2008, alisafiri kwenda Jos kufanya kazi na Jesse Jagz na Jeremiah Gyang. Mnamo 2008, aliingia kwenye shindano la Zain Tru Search na akashinda mkoa wa Kaskazini mwa mashindano. Wimbo wake wa kwanza "Lazima Uangaze" ulipokea mizunguko mingi kwenye vituo vya Rhythm FM huko Lagos, Jos na Abuja. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>Baadaye alihamia Lagos na kusaini makubaliano ya rekodi na Empire Mates Entertainment (E.M.E) mnamo 2009.<ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Skales ameshirikiana na wasanii kadhaa, pamoja na Akon, eLDee, tekno, Harmonize, Jeremiah Gyang, Banky W. na Knighthouse. Nyimbo zake maarufu ni pamoja na "Shake Mwili", "Mukulu", "Keresimesi", "Komole", "Mtoto Wangu", "Nitunze" na "Denge Pose". Baada ya kuondoka EME mnamo Mei 2014, alianzisha lebo huru ya rekodi ya Muziki wa OHK. Albamu yake ya kwanza ya Mtu wa Mwaka ilitolewa mnamo 2015. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Maisha na kazi == Mzaliwa wa Jimbo la Edo, Raoul John Njeng-Njeng alizaliwa na kukulia katika Jimbo la Kaduna. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Alikulia katika familia ya mzazi mmoja na mama yake, ambaye alifanya kazi za hali ya chini kumlea. Skales alivutiwa na muziki wakati akihudhuria duka la kaseti la mama yake. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>Alikutana na watayarishaji Jeremiah Gyang na Jesse Jagz wakati akienda Chuo Kikuu cha Jos (Unijos). Alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Utafutaji wa Zain Tru wakati wake huko Unijos na alishinda mashindano ya mkoa wa Kaskazini Kati. Skales aliondoka Unijos mwaka wake mdogo na kusoma Chuo Kikuu cha Lead City, ambapo alihitimu na digrii katika usimamizi wa ofisi na teknolojia. Wimbo wake wa kwanza "Lazima Uangaze" ilitolewa kusifiwa sana. Katika mahojiano na gazeti la This Day mnamo 2013, Skales alijielezea kama mburudishaji ambaye muziki wake unaathiriwa na mazingira yake. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>Toleo lake la 2009 "Heading for a Grammy" liliongozwa na Kanye West "Jesus Walks". Uzoefu ambao alikuwa akipitia wakati huo ulisaidia kuunda wigo wa wimbo, ambao ni njia ya kujiwezesha. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> '''2009-14: Burudani ya Matesi ya Dola''' Skales alisaini mkataba wa rekodi na E.M.E baada ya kukutana na Banky W. mnamo 2009. Alitoa wimbo wa "Mukulu" na "Keresimesi" wakati huo huo. Nyimbo zote mbili zilitengenezwa na Sarz na kutolewa chini ya mavazi hayo. Video ya muziki ya wimbo wa mwisho iliongozwa na Clarence Peters na kupakiwa kwenye YouTube mnamo 28 Novemba 2011. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>Skales ilikuwa moja ya vitendo kuu kwenye albamu ya kwanza ya mkusanyiko wa EME, Dola la Akili la Dola (2012). Alishirikiana na Banky W., Wizkid, Shaydee, Niyola na DJ Xclusive kwenye nyimbo tano kati ya saba za albamu hiyo. Alitembelea pia baadhi ya vitendo vilivyotajwa hapo juu kwenye EME US Tour, ambayo ilianza tarehe 4 Julai na kumalizika tarehe 2 Septemba 2012. Vitendo vya EME vilifanywa katika miji kadhaa tofauti, pamoja na Houston, Dallas, Toronto, Vancouver, New York City, Providence, Calgary, Atlanta, Washington DC na Chicago. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>Skales alimuunga mkono Wizkid katika ziara yake ya London mnamo 2012. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 17, 2013, alitumbuiza katika toleo la 2013 la Felabration, tamasha la kila mwaka lililopewa Fela Kuti. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 2014, gazeti la Vanguard liliripoti kwamba Skales aliondoka E.M.E kufuatia kumalizika kwa mkataba wake wa miaka minne wa kurekodi. Watendaji wa EME waliamini hawalipwi ujira kwa kuwekeza kwake na walikataa kufanya upya mkataba wake. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> '''Uanzishwaji wa Muziki wa OHK''' Mnamo Mei 2014, Skales alianzisha lebo yake ya rekodi, muziki wa OHK. Lebo hiyo ni nyumbani kwa mtayarishaji Drey Beatz na ina uhusiano na wafanyikazi wengine wa muziki ndani ya Nigeria. Mnamo Mei 6, 2014, Skales alitoa wimbo uliotayarishwa na Jay Pizzle "Shake Body" kama wimbo wa kwanza kutoka kwa albamu yake ya kwanza ya Mtu wa Mwaka. Video ya muziki inayoambatana na wimbo huo ilipakiwa kwenye YouTube tarehe 22 Julai 2014. Skales alitangaza wimbo huo kwa kutangaza shindano la video la Shake Body. [18] Iliripotiwa kuwa Skales alisaini mkataba wa rekodi na Dem Mama Records wa Timaya kufuatia kuondoka kwake kwa E.M.E. Mnamo Februari 2014, Skales alitupilia mbali ripoti hizo na akasema hakusaini na Dem Mama Records. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Mnamo Desemba 2011, Skales alihusika katika ajali ya gari kando ya Njia kuu ya Lekki-Epe. Gari aliyokuwa amepanda ilikimbilia shimoni na kuugua. Ajali hiyo ilimwacha mmoja amekufa na watatu walijeruhiwa. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Alikuwa miongoni mwa watu mashuhuri kadhaa kama Davido, na mchezaji wa Super Eagles John Ogu kumkosoa Desmond Elliot kwa kushinikiza udhibiti wa media ya kijamii mnamo Oktoba 2020. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 14, 2021, Skales alitangaza uchumba wake na mpenzi wake kwenye Instagram. <ref>{{Citation|title=Skales|date=2021-06-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skales&oldid=1026206998|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Diskografia == '''Studio albamu''' * ''Man of the Year'' (2015) * ''The Never Say Never Guy'' (2017) * ''Mr Love'' (2018) '''Albamu za mkusanyiko''' ** ''Empire Mates State of Mind'' (2012) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] o6nfa6q427smfjz5t08yjlbq6j5960t 0 138750 1600060 1392091 2026-09-24T11:41:56Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2019 RiP Die Antwoord - by 2eight - ZSC2878.jpg|thumb|Yolandi Visser]] '''Anri du Toit''' (anayejulikana kama '''Yolandi Visser'''<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>) ni [[rapa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Yeye ndiye [[mwimbaji]] wa kike katika kikundi cha rap-rave Die Antwoord. Visser alionekana katika filamu ya 2015 ya Neill Blomkamp Chappie.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> == Maisha ya zamani == Alivyokua mtoto du Toit alichukuliwa na Mchungaji Ben du Toit, na mkewe. Alikuwa na kaka mkubwa mlezi, Leon, ambaye alikufa mnamo 2015.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Kukua, alisema alijisikia kama hakutoshei wala hakuwa mahali popote, na anajielezea kama "punk mdogo" ambaye mara nyingi alikuwa akipigana ngumi. <ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>Akiwa na miaka 16, du Toit alipelekwa shule ya bweni masaa 9 mbali na nyumba ya familia yake ambapo anasema kwamba alifanikiwa kati ya watu wengine wenye ubunifu na wenye nia ya kisanii.<ref name=":1" /> == Kazi == '''Shirika la Constructus''' Du Toit aliulizwa na Watkin Tudor Jones kutoa sauti kwa mradi wake Shirika la Constructus.<ref name=":1" /> Alijulikana kama Anica the Snuffling.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Bendi ilitoa albamu yao ya kwanza na ya pekee The Ziggurat mnamo 2003. <ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> '''MaxNormal.TV''' Du Toit alikuwa mshiriki wa kikundi cha hip-hop cha Afrika Kusini cha ''MaxNormal.TV'', ambapo alicheza jukumu la msaidizi wa kibinafsi wa Max Normal. Katika MaxNormal.TV, alikwenda kwa jina la hatua Yolandi Visser. Katika wimbo wa 'Tik Tik Tik', hadithi ya hadithi ya hadithi ya du Toit imeelezewa kwa kina. Wimbo unadai kwamba alizaliwa katika umasikini katika familia kubwa, na mwishowe alikimbia kutokana na kuchoka na upweke. Katika 'Chaguo A', hukutana na muuzaji wa dawa za kulevya, na mwishowe huanza kumfanyia kazi, kusafirisha dawa za kulevya badala ya chakula na pesa. Anakuwa mraibu wa meth, na anajutia uchaguzi wake. Katika 'Chaguo B', yeye hupuuza muuzaji wa dawa za kulevya alipojaribu kuzungumza naye, na badala yake anaanza kufanya kazi katika cafe, na kukodisha chumba huko. Kisha hupewa kujiunga na MaxNormal.TV baada ya kutazama onyesho la rap nje ya mkahawa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Kikundi kilitoa albamu yao ya kwanza na ya pekee ya ''Good Morning South Africa'' mnamo 2008.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> DVD iliyokuwa na nyimbo 13, video za muziki na filamu fupi ilitolewa mwaka huo huo, iliyoitwa ''Goeie More Zuid Afrika''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> == Uwanachama == Du Toit kwa sasa ni mwanachama wa kikundi cha rap-rave cha Afrika Kusini ''Die Antwoord''. Kikundi hicho kiliundwa na du Toit, mpenzi wake wa wakati huo Ninja, na mtayarishaji HITEK5000 (zamani alikuwa akiitwa DJ Hi-Tek na Mungu). Tangu wakati huo wameongeza mtayarishaji wa pili Lil2Hood.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Die Antwoord ni sehemu ya harakati ya kilimo nchini Afrika Kusini inayojulikana kama zef. Du. Aliweka nywele zake kwenye mullet ya blonde-blonde mwanzoni mwa bendi, ambayo hapo awali ilifanywa kuwa na makali. Amesema kukata nywele kunahisi kama kuzaliwa, na taarifa ya mtu wa nje na kiburi cha zef.<ref name=":1" /> Bendi ilitoa albamu yao ya kwanza ''$ O $'' mnamo 2009. Ilifanywa kwa uhuru mtandaoni na ilivutia umakini wa kimataifa kwa video yao ya muziki "Ingiza Ninja" Walitia saini kwa muda mfupi na Interscope Record, na waliondoka baada ya shinikizo kutoka kwa lebo kuwa zaidi ya kawaida. du Toit alielezea kuwa Interscope "iliendelea kutusukuma kuwa zaidi ya kawaida" ili tupate pesa zaidi: "Ukijaribu kutengeneza nyimbo ambazo watu wengine wanapenda, bendi yako itakuwa shit. Daima unapaswa kufanya unachopenda. Ikiwa ni inaunganisha, ni muujiza, lakini ilitokea kwa Die Antwoord. ". <ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>Waliunda lebo yao ya kujitegemea, Zef Recordz na kutolewa albamu yao ya pili Mvutano kupitia hiyo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Tangu hapo wametoa Albamu zingine mbili; Donker Mag mnamo 2014, <ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>na Mount Ninji na da Nice Time Kid mnamo 2016.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Pamoja na hii, du Toit alicheza jukumu la kujifanya kama ¥ o-Landi Vi $$ katika filamu ya 2015 Neill Blomkamp Chappie.<ref name=":0" /> == Utata == '''Zheani Sparkes''' Mnamo Machi 2019, mwanamuziki wa [[Australia]] Zheani Sparkes alitoa wimbo uliopewa jina la "The Question" unaoelezea madai ya unyanyasaji wa kingono dhidi yake na mwenzake wa du Toit's Die Antwoord Watkin Tudor Jones nchini Afrika Kusini mnamo 2013. Sparkes alidai kwamba Jones alimtumia dawa za kulevya na kumsafirisha kwenda Afrika, kwamba alituma picha zake za wazi kuwafanya washiriki wa Chappie, na kwamba alikuwa akimpenda kwa sababu ya kufanana kwake na binti yake na wa To To Sixteen Jones, ambaye mnamo 2013 alikuwa na miaka 8.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Du Toit alimtetea vikali Jones kwa kujibu madai hayo. Sparkes alidai du Toit alimsaidia Jones kumsafirisha kwenda Afrika Kusini. <ref name=":2" /> Hakuna madai yoyote ambayo yamethibitishwa. '''Andy Butler''' Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, video kutoka 2012 iliibuka, ikimuonyesha du Toit na Jones wakipigana na [[mwanzilishi]] wa Hercules na Love Affair Andy Butler kwenye tamasha la Australia la Muziki wa baadaye huku wakimwita matusi, kama "fagot" Butler anajitambulisha wazi kama shoga.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>Baada ya kupigana naye, du Toit na Jones walitoa tahadhari kwa wafanyikazi wa usalama, na, wakati wakilia, du Toit anadai alinyanyaswa kingono bafuni na Butler. Baadaye kwenye video hiyo, Jones anamwambia kwamba maonyesho yake yalikuwa "ya kushinda Oscar".<ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> Jones alijibu kwenye [[Facebook]], akidai kwamba mtu aliyepiga video hiyo aliibadilisha ili ionekane kama walikuwa na makosa. Anadai kuwa Butler aliwasumbua siku chache kabla ya vita, ambayo Butler anakubali kwamba alifanya hivyo, na kwamba haikuhusiana na yeye kuwa shoga. Jones alisema alimwambia du Toit aigize "ya kushangaza iwezekanavyo" juu ya kile Butler alifanya ili kuzuia kuzuiliwa na usalama baada ya vita.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>Die Antwoord na Butler baadaye waliondolewa kwenye orodha ya sherehe kadhaa zijazo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>Tukio hilo lilisambaa tu baada ya video kuwekwa mkondoni miaka saba baadaye na mpiga picha wa zamani wa Die Antwoord Ben Crossman.<ref name=":3" /> == Maisha binafsi == Du Toit ana binti, Sita kumi na sita wa Jones, ambaye alizaliwa mnamo 2005 kutoka kwa uhusiano wa hapo awali na mwenzake wa bendi ya Die Antwoord Watkin Tudor Jones.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>Yeye pia ana watoto watatu waliolelewa. Tokkie na dada yake Meisie walichukuliwa mnamo 2010, na Jemile alichukuliwa mnamo 2015.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> == Diskografia == '''Shirika la Constructus''' *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ziggurat_(Constructus_Corporation_album)] (2003) === MaxNormal.TV === * ''Rap Made Easy'' (2007) * ''Good Morning South Africa'' (2008) === Die Antwoord === * ''$O$'' (2009) * ''TEN$ION'' (2012) * ''Donker Mag'' (2014) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ninji_and_Da_Nice_Time_Kid] (2016) * ''The House of Zef'' (2020) == Filamu == * ''Goeie More Zuid Africa DVD'' (2008) * ''Tokoloshe'' (2011) * ''Umshimi Wam'' (2011) * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappie_(film)] (2015) – features "Baby's On Fire", "Ugly Boy", "Cookie Thumper" and "Enter the Ninja"<ref>{{Citation|title=Yolandi Visser|date=2021-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandi_Visser&oldid=1027789058|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] 6lmzm37bzd9gplyijsavclqieupa5pp 0 138775 1600122 1189285 2026-09-24T11:49:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerard Niyungeko''' alikuwa [[Jaji]] wa [[Mahakama ya Afrika ya Haki za Binadamu na za Mataifa]], nafasi ambayo aliteuliwa mwaka 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Burundi lawyer Gerard Niyungeko appointed African rights court judge|work=Net Press news agency, Bujumbura|date=February 3, 2006}}</ref> Wakati wa uchaguzi wake alikuwa [[Profesa]] wa [[Sheria]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Burundi]] huko [[Bujumbura]]. Huko, alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa [[UNESCO]] katika Elimu ya Amani na Utatuzi wa Migogoro. Dk Niyungeko pia ni mshauri wa Tume ya Masuala ya Kisiasa ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]]. [[Picha:Justice_Gerard_Niyungeko.jpg|thumb|'''Gerard Niyungeko''']] ==Nafasi nyingine alizoshikilia== * Mshirika wa Mwanachama, Taasisi ya Sheria ya Kimataifa, Mwaka wa uchaguzi 2019 * Mjumbe, Kamati ya Wahariri ya Kikundi cha Utafiti juu ya Maendeleo ya Kidemokrasia, Uchumi na Jamii ya Afrika (sasa) * Kutembelea Profesa katika Sheria ya Kimataifa, Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Brussels (2002-2003). * Mtaalam wa kimataifa, Mpango wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa maendeleo katika uwanja wa kimahakama na katika uwanja wa haki za binadamu (2002) * Wakili wa Niger, Mzozo wa Mipaka kati ya Niger na Benin, Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki (2002) * Mjumbe, Kamati ya Utekelezaji ya Utekelezaji wa Mkataba wa Arusha wa Amani na Upatanisho nchini Burundi (2000) * Mwanachama, Chama cha Maendeleo ya Elimu katika Kikundi Kazi cha Afrika juu ya Elimu ya Juu (1999) * Mwanachama, ujumbe wa Burundi kwenye mkutano wa kidiplomasia wa Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya kuundwa kwa mahakama ya Jinai ya Kimataifa (1998) * Makamu Mkuu, Chuo Kikuu cha Burundi (1997-2000) * Rais, Mahakama ya Katiba ya Burundi (1992-1996) * Mwakilishi wa Sheria, Chuo Kikuu cha Maziwa Makuu * Mjumbe, Kamati inayounda Mahakama ya Eneo la Biashara la Upendeleo kwa Nchi za Mashariki na Kusini mwa Afrika (1991-1995) * Rais, Tume ya Katiba ya Burundi (1991-1992) * Wakili wa Burundi, LAFICO dhidi ya Holding Arabe Burundo Libyen (HALB), Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Usuluhishi, Brussels (1990-1991) * Wakili wa Burundi, Shughuli za Silaha katika Jimbo la Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo dhidi ya Burundi), * Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki (1999-2000) ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Burundi]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] 5rvx7q3l312j3xmozkoz01g1wd9t1pl 0 138809 1599595 1526274 2026-09-23T18:48:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599595 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Su'ad al-Fatih Mohammed al-Badawi''' ([[1 Januari]] [[1932]] - [[23 Desemba]] [[2022]]) alikuwa msomi, [[mwanasiasa]], na [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Sudan]]. Anajulikana kwa utetezi wake wa [[haki za wanawake]] na kwa msaada wake wa [[Uislamu]]. Al-Badawi alikuwa na digrii kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Khartoum na Chuo kikuu cha utafiti wa umma huko [[London]] na kuwa profesa wa Kiarabu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislam cha Omdurman mnamo 1980. Ushirika wake na Uislam ulianza miaka ya [[1950]], alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama wa kwanza wa kike wa Shirika la kimataifa la uislam la sunni "Udugu wa Kiislamu".Al-Badawi baadaye alijiunga na Shirika la kisiasa la Kiisilamu "Uislamu wa Kitaifa mbele", na kuanzia miaka ya [[1980]] aliwakilisha chama kwa vipindi kadhaa katika Bunge la Kitaifa. Alihudumu pia katika [[Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika|Bunge la Afrika]]. == Maisha ya awali na kazi ya kitaaluma == Al-Badawi alizaliwa huko Al-Ubayyid, [[Jimbo]] la [[Kurdufan Kaskazini|Kurdufan]]. [[Babu]] yake mzazi alikuwa msomi mashuhuri wa Kiislam huko Omdurman, wakati [[baba]] yake alikuwa mkuu wa wilaya, ofisini wakati wote wa nyumba ya Anglo-Misri na baada ya uhuru mnamo 1956. Kwa sababu ya kazi ya baba yake, al-Badawi aliishi katika miji kadhaa tofauti. kama mtoto, kutumia vipindi huko Al-Ubayyid, Berber, Atbara, Khartoum, na Omdurman. Alimaliza masomo yake ya sekondari kwa msaada wa baba yake, ambaye alikuwa na maoni huria juu ya elimu ya msichana licha ya mtazamo wa jamii wakati huo. Al-Badawi aliendelea kumaliza Shahada ya [[Sanaa]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Khartoum mnamo [[1956]], kama mmoja wa wanawake wanne wa kwanza kuhitimu kutoka Kitivo cha Sanaa. Alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa [[shule ya upili]] kwa kipindi, na kisha akaenda Uingereza kwa masomo zaidi. Mnamo 1961, alihitimu kutoka Chuo kikuu cha utafiti wa umma huko london na Mwalimu wa Sanaa kwa Kiarabu. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida|last=Moore|first=David Chioni|date=2006|title=Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 315: Langston Hughes, a Documentary Volume (review)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ral.2006.0005|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=37|issue=1|pages=154–155|doi=10.1353/ral.2006.0005|issn=1527-2044}}</ref> Baada ya kurudi kutoka Uingereza, al-Badawi aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa idara ya historia katika chuo cha ualimu. Baadaye alifanya kazi Khartoum kama mkaguzi wa Wizara ya Elimu. Mnamo 1969, al-Badawi alihamia Saudi Arabia kufanya kazi mshauri wa [[UNESCO]]. Alihusika katika kuanzishwa kwa Chuo cha Wasichana cha Elimu huko Riyadh, na aliwahi kuwa mkuu wa chuo kwa muda, na pia kuhariri jarida la chuo hicho. Kurudi Sudan, al-Badawi alimaliza udaktari wa Kiarabu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Khartoum mnamo 1974, na mnamo 1980 alifanywa profesa mshirika katika Kiarabu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislam cha Omdurman (OIU). Baada ya muda mfupi kama naibu makamu mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Falme za Kiarabu, alirudi OIU mnamo 1983 kuwa mkuu wa chuo cha wanawake, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, al-Badawi alitumia sabato kama mwenzake baada ya udaktari katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Edinburgh, Uskochi.<ref name=":0" /> == Siasa == Ushiriki wa kwanza wa Al-Badawi katika siasa ulikuja kama kiongozi katika vikundi anuwai vya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wa miaka ya 1950 na 1960. Aliiwakilisha Sudan katika mikusanyiko kadhaa ya kimataifa, pamoja na Mkutano wa Wanawake wa [[Kiarabu]] wa 1952 na Mkutano wa Wanawake wa Soviet wa 1957. Ushiriki wa awali wa Al-Badawi ulikuwa na Jumuiya ya Wanawake ya Sudan, lakini yeye na wengine kadhaa walilihama kundi hilo kwa sababu ya mizozo ya kiitikadi.Baadaye alisaidia kuanzisha kikundi cha wanawake wa Kiislam, "Wanawake wa Mbele wa Kitaifa ", hapo awali alikuwa mmoja wa washiriki wa kike wa kwanza wa Udugu wa Kiislamu.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|last=Daly|first=M.W.|last2=Fluehr-Lobban|first2=Carolyn|last3=Lobban|first3=Richard A.|last4=Voll|first4=John Obert|date=1993|title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220489|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=651|doi=10.2307/220489|issn=0361-7882}}</ref> Mnamo 1981, al-Badawi alikua mwanachama wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Watu, [[bunge]] la Sudan chini ya Rais Gaafar Nimeiry. Baadaye alihudumu katika Bunge la Kitaifa kutoka 1996 hadi [[2005]], na mnamo [[2004]] alichaguliwa kuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=2011-01-01|editor-last=Akyeampong|editor-first=Emmanuel K.|editor2-last=Gates|editor2-first=Henry Louis|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001}}</ref> Kwa kipindi katikati ya miaka ya 1980, al-Badawi alikuwa mmoja wa wabunge wanawake wawili tu nchini Sudan. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Wanawake wa Mbele wa Kitaifa, chama cha Kiisilamu, na chanzo kimoja kilimwita "mwanaharakati mwanamke anayeonekana zaidi wa Kiislam" nchini Sudan wakati huo. Katika kongamano la kimataifa mnamo 1996, al-Badawi alizungumzia Uislamu na ufeministi kama wa pande zote, na alikataa wazo la "Ufeministi wa Kiislamu" kuwa haiendani na taqwa (ucha Mungu).<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Afshar|first=H.|date=2004-09-01|title=Review: Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy, and Society: Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy, and Society|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/15.3.401|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=15|issue=3|pages=401–403|doi=10.1093/jis/15.3.401|issn=0955-2340}}</ref> == Uandishi wa habari == Mnamo 1956, al-Badawi alikuwa mhariri wa kwanza wa Al-Manar ("Beacon"), jarida la kila wiki lililochapishwa na ofisi ya wanawake ya Udugu wa Kiislamu <ref name=":1" /> Mwaka uliofuata, aliongoza ujumbe wa waandishi wa habari wanawake wa Sudan kwenda [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uingereza]]. <ref name=":0" /> Uendeshaji wa awali wa Al-Manar ulidumu chini ya mwaka mmoja, lakini jarida hilo lilianzishwa tena mnamo 1964 na ilisemekana kuwa na ushawishi kwa wapiga kura wanawake katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 1965. <ref name=":1" /> Katika miaka ya baadaye, al-Badawi alitengeneza kipindi cha kila wiki cha televisheni na redio, na alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa safu kwa magazeti anuwai ya Sudan. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1932|2022}} [[Jamii:waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] 4m6necfsnhjch6w46hxs013iai9p0ox 0 138889 1599661 1541028 2026-09-23T19:00:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Fatsah-ouguergouz.jpg|thumb|Fatsah Ouguergouz]] '''Fatsah Ouguergouz''' (amezaliwa [[Ufaransa]], [[1958]]) ni [[jaji]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye ni Jaji na Makamu wa Rais wa [[Mahakama ya Afrika ya Haki za Binadamu na za Mataifa]] ([[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]). ==Kazi== Amewahi kuwa Jaji wa Mahakama ya Afrika ya Haki za Binadamu na Watu (Arusha, Tanzania) tangu 2006 na kama Makamu wa Rais wa Mahakama hii tangu Septemba 2012. Alichaguliwa mwanzoni mwa 2006 na Bunge la Wakuu wa Nchi na Serikali ya Umoja wa Afrika, alichaguliwa tena mnamo 2010 kwa jukumu la miaka sita. Ana Ph.D katika Sheria ya Kimataifa kutoka Taasisi ya Uhitimu ya Mafunzo ya Kimataifa (Geneva, Uswizi) Alikuwa Katibu wa Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki na alishikilia msimamo wa Mtaalam Huru juu ya hali ya haki za binadamu nchini Burundi, iliyoteuliwa na Baraza la Haki za Binadamu la Umoja wa Mataifa (Geneva) (2010-2011). == Nafasi == Ameshikilia nyadhifa kadhaa ndani au nje ya mfumo wa Umoja wa Mataifa, kama vile: * Afisa Sheria, Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki * Afisa wa Haki za Binadamu, Umoja wa Mataifa, Rwanda * Afisa Sheria Mwenza, Ofisi ya Masuala ya Sheria ya Umoja wa Mataifa, Jiji la New York Mhadhiri, Chuo Kikuu cha Geneva Kitivo cha Sheria * Baba Robert F. Drinan S.J. Kutembelea Profesa wa Haki za Binadamu, Chuo Kikuu cha Georgetown (Washington D.C.) * Kutembelea Profesa, Chuo Kikuu cha Panthéon-Assas * Mhadhiri Mwandamizi, Ofisi ya Masuala ya Sheria, Umoja wa Mataifa (New York), Kozi ya Kikanda katika Sheria ya Kimataifa Haki za Binadamu na Harakati za watu (Addis Ababa) * Mhadhiri Mwandamizi, Chama cha Wanasheria cha Amerika, Utawala wa Sheria, Mafunzo ya Wanasheria na Majaji 60 wa Algeria, Algiers na Oran (Algeria) * Mhadhiri Mwandamizi, Mpango wa Mashauri ya Afrika Kaskazini, Taasisi ya Arabe ya Haki za Binadamu (Tunis) na Mpango wa Haki za Kibinadamu (Cairo) * Mhadhiri, Chuo Kikuu cha Sheria cha Chuo Kikuu cha Stetson (Gulfport, Florida, USA), Taasisi ya Majira ya joto katika Sheria ya Kimataifa na kulinganisha, * Mhadhiri, Mkutano wa 34 wa Programu ya Nje ya Chuo cha Hague cha Sheria ya Kimataifa, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) * Mhadhiri, Mkutano wa 29, 30 na 40 wa Taasisi ya Haki za Binadamu ya Kimataifa (Strasbourg, Ufaransa) .- Mhadhiri, Kikao cha Utafiti cha Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Haki za Binadamu * katibu- Mhariri ,Taasisi ya Sheria ya Kimataifa (kutoka 1993 hadi 2003) * Mhadhiri, Vikao vya Mafunzo yaTaasisi ya Kimataifa ya Utawala Umma na Shule ya Kitaifa ya Utawala (1996/1999/2002) * Msimamizi, «Utangulizi wa Mfumo wa Umoja wa Mataifa», Kozi ya Mtandaoni, , Moduli ya 5: «Viungo Vikuu vya Umoja wa Mataifa: Zingatia Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki» * Mwanachama, Kamati ya Ushauri ya Kimataifa, Taasisi ya Brandeis ya Majaji wa Kimataifa, Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Maadili, Haki na Maisha ya Umma, Chuo Kikuu cha Brandeis (Waltham, Massachusetts) * Mjumbe wa Bodi, Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Kiafrika na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Haki za Binadamu (Banjul, Gambia) ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] b4d2rt6l1pco2hviafvuwnf75kdz1le 0 139126 1599610 1426856 2026-09-23T18:49:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Afri''' (umoja: Afer) lilikuwa jina la [[Kilatini]] kwa wakazi wa [[Afrika]], likimaanisha kwa maana yake pana kwa nchi zote kusini mwa Mediterania (Libya ya Kale).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Afri|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|work=web.archive.org| date = 2016-01-16|accessdate=2021-07-02|archivedate=2016-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Āfer|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=Afer|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu|accessdate=2021-07-02}}</ref> Wasemaji wa Kilatini mwanzoni walitumia afer kama kivumishi, maana yake "ya Afrika". Kama kitu muhimu, ilionyesha asili ya Afrika; yaani, Mwafrika. == Etimolojia == Etimolojia ya neno kwa nchi bado haijulikani. Inaweza kutoka kwa neno la "Punic" kwa idadi ya wenyeji wa eneo linalozunguka [[Carthage]]. Jina kawaida linaunganishwa na "vumbi" la Phoenician dustafar <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Landsberg|first=Chris| date = 2002-10-01| title = From African Renaissance to NEPAD… and back to the Renaissance|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.20940/jae/2002/v1i2a7|journal=Journal of African elections|volume=1|issue=2|pages=87–98|doi=10.20940/jae/2002/v1i2a7|issn=1609-4700}}</ref>(pia hupatikana katika lugha zingine za Wasemiti) , lakini nadharia ya 1981 ilidai kwamba inatokana na neno "pango" la Berber ifri (wingi ifran), ikimaanisha wakazi wa pango. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = namesofcountries.html|url=http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html|work=web.archive.org| date = 2019-06-27|accessdate=2021-07-02|archivedate=2019-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627022921/http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html}}</ref> <ref name=":0">https://www.jstor.org/stable/714549</ref> Neno hilo hilo <ref name=":0" />linaweza kupatikana kwa jina la Banu Ifran kutoka Algeria na Tripolitania, kabila la Waberber asili yao kutoka Yafran (pia inajulikana kama Ifrane) kaskazini magharibi mwa Libya. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA200&dq=Itineraria+Phoenicia+Ifren&sig=opSH-an97IhmB6GtJjMvn7bt4tc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Itineraria%20Phoenicia%20Ifren&f=false| title = Itineraria Phoenicia|last=Lipiński|first=Edward| date = 2004|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-1344-8|language=en}}</ref>Mwanahistoria wa zamani Flavius Josephus alisema kwamba wazao wa mjukuu wa Ibrahimu Epher walivamia mkoa huo na kuupa jina lao wenyewe. == Afrika == Jina hili linatoa chanzo cha neno Afrika. Warumi walitaja eneo hilo kama Afrika terra (ardhi ya Afri), kwa msingi wa shina la Afr- na kiambishi-kivumishi, ikitoa Africus, Afrika, Africum katika umoja wa majina ya jinsia tatu za Kilatini. Kufuatia kushindwa kwa Carthage katika Vita vya Tatu vya Punic, Roma ilianzisha mkuu wa  mkoa Africa. Afer alikuja kuwa utambuzi kwa watu kutoka mkoa huu. Kabila la Wajerumani la Vandali walishinda Jimbo la Kirumi la Afrika katika karne ya 5; milki hiyo iliishinda kama mkoa wa Mfalme wa Afrika mnamo AD 534. Jina la Kilatini Afrika lilikuja kwa Kiarabu baada ya ushindi wa Kiislamu kama Ifriqiya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = namesofcountries.html|url=http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html|work=web.archive.org| date = 2019-06-27|accessdate=2021-07-02|archivedate=2019-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627022921/http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html}}</ref> Jina hilo lipo leo kama Ifira na Ifri-n-Dellal huko Greater Kabylie (Algeria). Kabila la Waberber liliitwa [na nani?] Banu Ifran katika Zama za Kati, na Ifurace lilikuwa jina la watu wa Mitaani katika karne ya 6. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=Ap67DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y| title = Inventing the Berbers: History and Ideology in the Maghrib|last=Rouighi|first=Ramzi| date = 2019-08-02|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-5130-2|language=en}}</ref> Herodotus aliandika kwamba Mavazi ya watu wa Afrika Kaskazini walikuwa wakiishi kwenye mapango. Wagiriki waliita watu wa Kiafrika ambao waliishi katika mapango ya Troglodytae. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] tjunxkuspv80htrkk4h0pinb0fbsckx 0 139448 1600061 1375533 2026-09-24T11:42:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vyanzo}} '''Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa Watoto wa Kiafrika''' au Mkutano wa Mtoto wa Kiafrika ulikuwa mkutano wa kimataifa uliofanyika [[Geneva]] mnamo [[Juni]] [[1931]]. Uliandaliwa na Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Kuokoa Watoto, ilifuata kutoka kupitishwa na Jumuiya ya Mataifa mnamo 1924 ya Azimio la Haki za Mtoto, iliyoandaliwa na Umoja mnamo 1923. Ilizingatia hali za watoto barani Afrika, haswa. katika maeneo ya vifo vya watoto wachanga, ajira kwa watoto na elimu. Mkutano huo ulikutana huko Geneva katika msimu wa joto mwaka 1931, kati ya tarehe 22 na 25 Juni. Inachukuliwa kama hatua ya kugeuza mitazamo ya magharibi kwa utoto barani [[Afrika]]: "mkutano huu uliunda upya picha za utoto barani Afrika kati ya wamishonari, wasaidizi wa ustawi wa watoto na wanasayansi wa kijamii" Kulikuwa na Waafrika watano tu kati ya washiriki, ingawa hata kiwango hiki cha ushiriki kilikuwa kisicho kawaida wakati huo. Mmoja wao alikuwa [[Jomo Kenyatta]] wa Jumuiya kuu ya [[Kikuyu]]. Kenyatta aliandika juu ya mkutano baadaye, juu ya mada ya tohara na ukeketaji wa wanawake, ambayo alitetea kama desturi ya kitamaduni kati ya Wakikuyu: Katika mkutano huu wajumbe kadhaa wa Uropa walihimiza kwamba wakati ulikuwa umefika mila hii ya kinyama inapaswa kukomeshwa, na kwamba, kama [[mila]] zingine zote za wapagani, inapaswa kukomeshwa mara moja na sheria. Wawakilishi wengine wa Kiafrika walikuwa walimu na mwandishi [[Gladys Casely-Hayford]], binti wa mwanasiasa wa Ghana J. E. Casely Hayford, na mwalimu wa Nigeria Henry Carr. Mzungumzaji mwingine mweusi alikuwa mwanaharakati wa Amerika James W. Ford wa Ligi ya Kupinga Ubeberu, ambaye alitoa hotuba akikosoa mkutano huo kwa kuunga mkono tu utaratibu wa wakoloni. Katibu wa mkutano alikuwa mwandishi Evelyn Sharp, ambaye aliandika kitabu juu yake kiitwacho Mtoto wa Afrika. Mchangiaji mwingine alikuwa mmishonari, Dora Earthy. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] 36uylz5hqpy9xdlbpe7qj6j035z6pd8 0 139722 1600062 1349010 2026-09-24T11:42:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Bettina Arndt (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Bettina Arndt]] '''Bettina Mary Arndt''' (amezaliwa Agosti 1 1949) ni mwandishi kutoka Australia na ni mchangiaji aliyejikita kuzungumzia masuala ya kujamiiana na jinsia. Alianza kama mtaalamu na mtetezi wa masuala ya kike, alikuja kupata umaarufu mwaka wa 1970, alianza kazi ya utangazaji na uandishi na aliweza kuandika vitabu kadhaa. Ndani ya miongo miwili iliyopita aliachana na masuala ya kutetea haki za wanawake na kujikita kuzungumzia masuala ya manyanyaso ya kijinsia na masuala ya ukatili pamoja na kutetea haki za wanaume. ==Maisha== Arndt alizaliwa katika mji wa Penrith, Uingereza. Baba yake alikuwa Heinz Arndt (1915-2002) na mama yake Ruth (nee Strohsahl) (20 March 1915 - 20 March 2001). Ni mtoto wa mwisho kati ya watoto watatu. Wazazi wake walikuwa Wajerumani walioukimbia utawala wa kinazi wa [[Ujerumani]]. Walihamia Australia mwaka 1945. ==Elimu== Mwaka 1971 baada ya kumaliza Shahada ya Sayansi katika Chuo cha Taifa cha Australia, alihamia Sydney na alijiunga na chuo cha New South Wales na alitunukiwa shahada ya uzamili katika masuala ya saikolojia mwaka 1973; tafiti zake zilihusu matatizo ya ufikaji wa kileleni. == Familia == Arndt anaishi Woollahra pembezoni mwa mji wa Sydney New South Wales. Aliolewa mara ya kwanza na mwanahabari Dennis Minogue aliyefariki mwaka wa 1981. Arndt na Minogue walikuwa wanafanya biashara pamoja. Aliolewa mara ya pili na wakili wa Marekani Warren Scott mwaka 1986. Walifunga ndoa yao [[Watson's Bay]], Sydney, na walitalakiana mwaka 2007. Kati ya mwaka 1986 hadi 1991 aliishi na Scott katika mtaa wa [[Manhattan]] jijini [[New York City]] NY. Arndt watoto wawili wa kiume na mmoja wa kike. == Kazi == Baada ya kuhitimu, Arndt alikuwa kati ya watu wachache waliyofanya kazi ya utaalamu wa kujamiana mapema mwaka 1970. Alihudumia kliniki katika mji wa Sydney hasa wanawake. Arndt alijulikana zaidi miaka sabini baada ya kuwa mhariri wa ''Forum'', gazeti lililokuwa likizungumzia masuala ya kujamiana, kilichopelekea kuonekana kwake mara kadhaa katika vipindi vya televisheni. Aliteuliwa kama mhariri mwaka wa 1974 na alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi Julai 1982. Katika kipindi hicho cha kazi yake alionekana katika vipindi vya televisheni kama mfululizo wa kipindi cha ''Muda wa maisha yangu'' mwaka (2013). Makala hayo yamesababisha matatizo katika bunge la QueensLand na mbunge Des Frawley alitoa tamko kuwa ni gazeti chafu na polisi walivanmia ofisi na kuchukua nakala za gazeti hilo, kati ya 1973 na 1976 bodi ya kurusha matangazo ya australia iliamuru kuwa televisheni na radio zote zilizokuwa zinarusha vipindi vya Arndt virekodi vipindi hivyo kwanza kabla ya kuvirusha ili viweze kuhakikiwa na uongozi.Bodi ilitoa sababu ya kwanini inawekea vikwazo kwa vipindi vyake ambavyo vilikuwa vikionyeshwa muda ambao familia zinatazama televisheni na wazazi walikuwa wanataka kudhibiti maudhui ya ngono yasiwafikie watoto wao. Mwaka 1978 aliafanya mapinduzi kuhusiana na maswala ya kujamiana ili kuangalia ni kwa kiasi gani watu wanaelewa maswala ya ngono na mitazamo yao kuhusu ngono.Alitambua kuwa harakati za wanawake zilileta maswala ya kujitambua katika maswala ya kujamiana, na kuna umuhimu wa kujamiana kwa watu wazima na watu wasiojiweza na aliwapa sifa viongozi wa kusuni mwa Australia kwa kuweka sheria ya ubakaji kwenye ndoa. Kazi yake ya elimu ya kujamiana ilihusisha wasomi wa ngazi tofauti ikiwemo madaktari na wataalamu wengine.Baada ya kifo cha aliyakuwa mume wake na mfanyabiashara mwenzie,Dennis Minogue, mwaka 1981,gazeti la 'Forum' lilifungwa.Katika miaka ya 1980,Arndt alifanya kazi kama mwandishi kwenye gazeti la playboy na aliandika kuhusiana na maswala tofauti ya kijamii kwenye magazeti ya 'The Sydney Morning Herald ' na 'The Age'.Kwenye kipindi hiki Arndt alimiliki kipindi chake cha radio.Mwaka 1982 alionekana kipindi cha televisheni ambacho ni mfululizo wa 'Beauty and the beast' na kuanzia kipindi cha kuanzia 1981 hadi 1986 alitokea katika kipindi cha 'Today Show'. Mwaka 1983 gazeti la 'The Sydney Morning Herald' lilimtaja Arndt kama mwanaharakati jasiri kwenye maswala ya kujamiana. Mwaka 1984 Arndt alianzisha biashara ya nguo za ndani na vifaa vya bandia vya ngono, aliandika vitabu vya kufundisha maswala ya kujamiana na vitabu vingine. Mwaka 1986 alihamia New York City kwa miaka mitano, alipokuwa anishi Marekani aliandika kila wiki makala ya gazeti kupitia 'The Age Melbourne'.Alianidika vitabu na baadaye alirudi Australia. {{mbegu}} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1949|}} [[Jamii:Wanasaikolojia wa Australia]] csogop5y1u696oltxbywj9gll855lth 0 139792 1599548 1514243 2026-09-23T18:34:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nonoo with Bush 2008-07-28.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Nonoo 2008-07-28]] '''Houda Ezra Ebrahim Nonoo''' (alizaliwa [[Manama]], [[7 Septemba]] [[1964]]) alihudumu kama balozi wa Bahrain nchini Marekani kutoka mwaka 2008 hadi 2013. Aliteuliwa kwa mamlaka ya waziri wa mambo ya nje Khaled Ben Ahmad Al-Khalifa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.beirutinstitutesummit.org/2015/speaker/sheikh-khaled-bin-ahmad-al-khalifa/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-23 |archivedate=2021-07-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723134833/http://www.beirutinstitutesummit.org/2015/speaker/sheikh-khaled-bin-ahmad-al-khalifa/ }}</ref>. Alikuwa [[Myahudi]] wa kwanza na mwanamke wa tatu kuteuliwa kama balozi wa Bahrain. Alikuwa balozi wa wayahudi kwa nchi za kiarabu na mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa balozi wa Bahrain nchini Marekani.<ref name="Bahreïn persiste">[http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2008/06/08/006-bahrein-diplomatie.shtml "Bahreïn persiste et signe"], Radio Canada, June 8, 2008</ref><ref name="radio-canada.ca">[http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2008/05/31/004-Bahrein-juive.shtml "Une juive ambassadrice d'un pays arabe"], Radio Canada, May 31, 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7426806.stm|title=Bahrain names Jewish ambassador|publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-05-30|access-date=2008-05-30|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/988420.html|title=Bahraini king taps Jewish woman lawmaker as envoy to U.S.|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2008-06-08|access-date=2008-05-29|last=|first=|accessdate=2021-07-19|archivedate=2009-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506105426/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/988420.html}}</ref> ==Maisha== Nonoo alizaliwa kwenye familia ya Wayahudi ambao ni wafanyabiashara wenye asili ya Iraki. Babu yake aliondoka Baghdad na kuhamia Bahrain alikoanzisha biashara ya fedha. Aliishi kwa muda mrefu nchini Uingereza alikopata elimu yake ya chuo Carmel, shule ya kiahudi<ref name="Round">{{cite news|date= 4 December 2008|access-date = 6 May 2020|author= Round, Simon|url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/interviews/interview-houda-nonoo-1.6547|title= {{Wayback|url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/interviews/interview-houda-nonoo-1.6547%7Ctitle%3D |date=20211022133505 }} Interview: Houda Nonoo|work= [[The Jewish Chronicle]]</ref> alihitimu stashahada ya masomo ya biashara na kisha alifunga ndoa na Salman Idafar ,aliyekuwa na asili ya uyahudi na uingereza na walipata watoto wawili Manasheh na Ezra.Baba yake alipofariki kwenye ajali alirejea nchini Bahrain ili kuiendeleza kampuni iliochwa na baba yake, kampuni iliyokuwa ikitoa huduma za kitekinologia, usafi na kadhalika na alifanikiwa kuwa mfanyabiashara mashuhuri baada ya kurithi kampuni hiyo. Kabla ya kuteuliwa kwenye taasisi ya Majlis al-shura mwaka 2005<ref>[http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/womenotherfaiths/bio/houda_nonoo/ Houda Nonoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821184036/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/womenotherfaiths/bio/houda_nonoo/ |date=2016-08-21 }}. Wise Muslim Women - Women of other Faiths</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2013/4/8/arab-spring-israel-and-bahrains-38-jews-in-the-eyes-of-jewish-ambassador-to-us#.V4qhcq3ly4o=|title=Arab Spring, Israel and Bahrain's 38 Jews in the eyes of Jewish ambassador to U.S.|publisher=[[Jewish News Service]]|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020850/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2013/4/8/arab-spring-israel-and-bahrains-38-jews-in-the-eyes-of-jewish-ambassador-to-us#.V4qhcq3ly4o=|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-07-19|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020850/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2013/4/8/arab-spring-israel-and-bahrains-38-jews-in-the-eyes-of-jewish-ambassador-to-us#.V4qhcq3ly4o=}}</ref> <ref name="Bahreïn persiste" /><ref name="radio-canada.ca"/><ref>Nancy Elly Khedourie, From Our Beginning to Present Day (Al Manar Press: 2007) p. 78</ref> .Mwaka 2004 alianzisha chama cha maswala ya haki za binadamu cha Bahrain na kilikuwa ni chama kilichokuwa kinasaidia kusimamia haki na maendeleo ya wanawake na wafanyakazi wa kigeni nchini Bahrain.Kwa miaka mitatu alihudumu kama mbunge, baada ya kuteuliwa na mfalme Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah. Uteuzi wake ulizungumziwa kwasababu Huoda alikuwa ni sehemu wa jumuia ndogo ya wahudi nchini Bahrain iliyoundwa na watu 37 na wengi wakiwa ni vizazi vya kutoka Irani na Iraki.Yeye siyo wa kwanza kutoka jumuiya hiyo kuteuliwa kama mtumishi wa serikali, babu yake Abraham Nonoo aliteuliwa kama mmoja wa watumishi halimashauri ya Manama na ndio aliyekuwa mtu wa kwanza kuteuliwa na halimashauri hiyo.Mwaka 2000 binamu yake Ebrahim Daoud Nonoo aliteuliwa kama kuhudumu katika bunge. ==Uteuzi kama balozi wa Marekani== Tarehe 3 Julai mwaka 2008 , aliteuliwa kama balozi wa ufalme wa Bahrain nchini Marekani <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0826684820080608_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205347/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0826684820080608_1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-03|title=Bahrain picks Jew as U.S. envoy, local media critical|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=2008-05-08|access-date=2010-10-27|accessdate=2021-07-19|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205347/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0826684820080608_1|=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205347/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0826684820080608_1}}</ref> , akiwa amepewa majukumu ya kidiplomasia kwa nchi kama Kanada, Meksiko ,Brazili na Ajentina .Baadhi ya vyombo vya habari vya ndani vilipinga uteuzi wake na radio moja nchini Kanada ilisema kuwa myahudi hawezi kuwa mtetezi wa nchi ya Bahrain. Mfalme Al-Khalifa aliipuuza taarifa hizo.<ref name="Bahreïn persiste" /> Akiwa balozi alifanya mabadiliko kama kubadilisha mijumuiko ya futari kutoka kwa wanaume tupu hadi kuwa na mchanganyiko na wanawake kisha watu wa dini na dhehebu mbalimbali Muda wake wa utumishi kama balozi uliisha 2013 na nafasi hiyo ilichukuliwa na Abdullah bin Mohammad bin Rashed Al Khalif.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-appoints-new-ambassador-in-washington-1.1255302|title=Bahrain appoints new ambassador in Washington|first=Habib Toumi, Bureau|last=Chief|date=15 November 2013|publisher=|accessdate=2021-07-19|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918201921/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-appoints-new-ambassador-in-washington-1.1255302|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1964|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Bahrain]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] 8vfqjk60jx22x5agd0popb6vli3qu9z 0 139949 1599705 1597286 2026-09-23T19:54:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Gloria Steinem |picha =Gloria Steinem 2008.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha =Steinem mnamo [[2008]] |jina la kuzaliwa = Gloria Marie Steinem |alizaliwa = [[25 Machi]] [[1934]] |alikufa = {{Death date and age|2026|9|2|1934|3|25}} |nchi =[[Marekani]] |kazi yake ={{hlist|Mwandishi wa habari|mwanaharakati|mhariri}} |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Gloria Marie Steinem''' ([[25 Machi]] [[1934]] – [[2 Septemba]] [[2026]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi wa habari]], [[mhariri]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za kijamii na za kisiasa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/gloria-steinem</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gloria Steinem, leading U.S. feminist and author, dead at 92 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/feminist-gloria-steinem-dead-9.7330576 |website=CBC News |date=2026-09-03 |access-date=2026-09-17}}</ref> Alitambuliwa kitaifa kama [[kiongozi]] na msemaji mkuu wa vuguvugu la [[wanaharakati]] watetezi wa haki za wanawake kutoka Marekani ''American feminist movement'' mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1960]] na mwanzoni mwa [[miaka ya 1970]].<ref>https://www.historynet.com/gloria-steinem</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gloria Steinem |url=https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/gloria-steinem |website=HISTORY |access-date=2026-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gloria Steinem |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gloria-Steinem |access-date=2026-09-17}}</ref> Steinem alikuwa mwandishi wa safu katika jarida la ''New York'' na mwasisi mwenza wa jarida mashuhuri la wanawake la ''Ms.'' mnamo mwaka 1972. Mnamo mwaka 1969, alichapisha makala iliyompa umaarufu mkubwa iliyopewa jina la ''After Black Power, Women's Liberation'', iliyomweka mstari wa mbele kama kiongozi wa harakati za wanawake.{{chanzo}} == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Steinem alizaliwa mjini Toledo, [[Ohio]]. Mama yake, Ruth (Nevin), alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mhariri, na baba yake, Leo Steinem, alikuwa mfanyabiashara. Alisoma katika Chuo cha Smith [[(Smith College)]] ambapo alihitimu masomo yake mnamo mwaka 1956 akibobea katika [[sayansi ya siasa]]. Baada ya masomo ya chuo kikuu, alitumia miaka miwili nchini [[India]] kama ''fellow'' wa chuo cha Chester Bowles, ambapo alishiriki katika harakati za kijamii na kukutana na wanafalsafa wa usawa wa kijamii.{{chanzo}} == Kazi na uanaharakati == Mnamo mwaka 1963, akiwa anafanya kazi kama ][[mwandishi wa habari]] za uchunguzi, Steinem alipata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kuandika makala iliyofichua mazingira ya kazi ya wahudumu wa kike katika klabu ya Playboy (''Playboy Club''). Ili kuandika makala hiyo, aliajiriwa kwa siri kama mhudumu ("Playboy Bunny") na kufichua unyonyaji na udhalilishaji waliokuwa wakipitia wanawake hao.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Steinem |first=Gloria |title=A Bunny's Tale |journal=Show |date=May 1963}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1971, Steinem alishirikiana na wanawake wengine viongozi kama [[Bella Abzug]], [[Shirley Chisolm]], na [[Betty Friedan]] kuasisi Muungano wa Siasa wa Kitaifa wa Wanawake (''National Women's Political Caucus'').{{chanzo}} == Tuzo na heshima == Katika maisha yake, Steinem alipokea tuzo na heshima mbalimbali kwa mchango wake katika haki za binaadamu: * '''Tuzo ya Nishani ya Uhuru ya Rais''' (''Presidential Medal of Freedom'') mnamo mwaka 2013 kutoka kwa Rais [[Barack Obama]], ikiwa ni heshima ya juu kabisa kwa raia nchini Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/08/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom |publisher=The White House |date=2013-08-08 |access-date=2026-09-17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''Tuzo ya Princess of Asturias''' katika kipengele cha Sayansi ya Jamii mnamo mwaka 2021.{{chanzo}} == Vitabu vyake == * ''Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions'' (1983) * ''Marilyn: Norma Jean'' (1986) * ''Revolution from Within'' (1992) * ''Moving Beyond Words'' (1994) * ''My Life on the Road'' (2015) ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official website|https://www.gloriasteinem.com/}} * {{Twitter|GloriaSteinem|Gloria Steinem}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanafeministi]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] c1hq8rbkv3hexrtu9yj7iawx5j5oz9t 0 140668 1599549 1517284 2026-09-23T18:34:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI'''-[[Uganda]] ni [[asasi isiyo ya Kiserikali]] nchini [[Uganda]] lililoanzishwa mnamo mwaka[[1990]]<ref>https://www.unaids.org/en/</ref> kutoa Ushauri Nasaha na Upimaji wa Hiari wa Virusi Vinavyosababisha Ukimwi (VVU). Shirika lilianzishwa kama matokeo ya kuongezeka kwa mahitaji kutoka kwa watu ambao walitaka kujua hali yao ya VVU. Wakati huo VVU / UKIMWI nchini Uganda ilikuwa juu. Kituo cha Habari za [[UKIMWI]] kwa sasa kinatoa huduma za ushauri nasaha na upimaji wa VVU<ref>{{Citation|last=Lau|first=How-chee, Vicky|title=Aids research centre|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b3198204|publisher=The University of Hong Kong Libraries|access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>kupitia matawi 8 ya [[Kampala]], [[Jinja]], [[Mbale]], [[Mbarara]], [[Arua]], [[Lira]], [[Soroti]] na [[Kabale]], hospitali teule, vituo vya afya, na zahanati za wajawazito. Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI pia hufanya ufikiaji kwa jamii na taasisi zinazolenga watu walio katika hatari zaidi. Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI iliunga mkono Wizara ya Afya ya Uganda kupanua huduma karibu na jamii kwa kuunga mkono katika wilaya 33 za Uganda na vituo vya afya zaidi ya 200 vinafaidika. == Jinsi Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI Kinavyofanya kazi == Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI sasa ni shirika la wanachama, na Bodi ya Wadhamini inayofanya kazi, Kamati za Ushauri za Tawi na zaidi ya wanachama 3000 kote nchini Uganda. Ikiongozwa na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji,Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI, sasa inaajiri wafanyikazi wakudumu 140 ambao ni pamoja na Mameneja, waratibu, wasimamizi, washauri wa matibabu na hakuna washauri wa matibabu na maafisa wa matibabu na wafanyikazi wa msaada. Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI kina wadau mbalimbali ambao kinafanya kazi nao ikiwa ni pamoja na wizara za serikali, washirika wa maendeleo na mashirika mengine yanayohusika na kazi ya VVU na UKIMWI.Wadau wakuu ni pamoja na Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa, Wakala wa Marekani wa Maendeleo ya Kimataifa, Idara ya Maendeleo ya Kimataifa, Jumuiya ya Ulaya, Wizara ya Afya, Tume ya UKIMWI ya Uganda, Shirika la Msaada wa UKIMWI na Serikali za Mitaa. == Huduma Zinazotolewa == Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI hutumia njia anuwai ili kuongeza upatikanaji na matumizi ya Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Menzies|first=Nick|last2=Abang|first2=Betty|last3=Wanyenze|first3=Rhoda|last4=Nuwaha|first4=Fred|last5=Mugisha|first5=Balaam|last6=Coutinho|first6=Alex|last7=Bunnell|first7=Rebecca|last8=Mermin|first8=Jonathan|last9=Blandford|first9=John M|date=2009-01-28|title=The costs and effectiveness of four HIV counseling and testing strategies in Uganda|url=https://journals.lww.com/00002030-200901280-00014|journal=AIDS|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=395–401|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e328321e40b|issn=0269-9370}}</ref>.Mteja aliyeanzisha Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji hutolewa katika Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI na kusimama peke yake. Njia za kulengwa kwa watu walio katika Hatari pia hufanywa kwa idadi hii ngumu kufikia idadi ambayo ilijumuisha wafanyabiashara wa ngono, Madereva wa Malori ya Mbali na wateja wao, Jamii za Uvuvi na Taasisi za Elimu ya Juu. Wafanyabiashara hupata huduma za Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji wakati wa masaa ya juu ya utoaji wa huduma ili kufaidi wateja wao. Madereva wa lori na "watoa huduma" wao pia ni kundi lingine lengwa ambalo Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI kinahudumia wakati wa jioni na usiku kwenye vituo vyao vya kusafiri. Mkakati huu wa utoaji huduma wa Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji sasa unajulikana kama "huduma za Mwanga wa Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji".Kwa maeneo ya mbali, mkakati wa kambi ya jamii hutumiwa. Hapa ndipo watoa huduma wa Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji wanapiga kambi katika jamii na kutoa huduma kutoka kwa jamii kwa siku kadhaa. Mkakati huu ni wa gharama nafuu.Mkakati huu pia unakuza ushiriki wa jamii kwani uhamasishaji unafanywa kupitia miundo ya jamii iliyopo. Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji pia hutolewa kwa wajawazito katika matawi na kwenye vitengo vya afya vinavyosaidiwa ambapo Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji hutolewa kwa wajawazito wote kama sehemu ya uchunguzi wa kawaida wa matibabu ya watoto. == Utafiti na Nyaraka == Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI kuwa shirika la upainia la Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji nchini Uganda, na kwa zaidi ya miaka 20 ya kazi, Kituo cha Habari za UKIMWI imewekwa vizuri kuchukua jukumu la kuongoza katika kuendesha au kushawishi sera na mazoezi katika eneo la Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji piaimefanya juhudi za makusudi kukuza sura yake ya ushirika kati ya wateja wake, washirika wa maendeleo na wakala wa serikali kuu. pia inafanya utafiti wa kiutendaji kutoa majibu ya maswali yanayotokea na kutoa data inayotokana na ushahidi juu ya Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji Kupitia shughuli zake za utafiti na nyaraka na washirika wake, hivyo imesaidia umma kupata habari inayotokana na ushahidi juu ya Ushauri wa VVU na Huduma za Upimaji na huduma zake zinazohusiana kupitia njia anuwai, pamoja na vifaa vya kuchapisha, redio, video, kituo cha rasilimali na wavuti. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Uganda]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] qn8dlwpg94gws73vwwlydwpdhtwq8e8 0 140726 1600123 1278062 2026-09-24T11:49:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steven De Groote''' ([[12 Januari]] [[1953]] hadi [[22 Mei]] [[1989]]) alikuwa [[Piano|mpiga piano]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Steven De Groote alizaliwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]] katika [[familia]] ya [[Ubelgiji|Kibelgiji]] ambayo, kwa vizazi vitatu, karibu kila mmoja alikuwa mwanamuziki mtaalamu. Nyanya yake alikuwa mpokeaji wa ''Prix de Rome'' huko [[Ubelgiji]], na baba yake alikuwa kondakta wa [[okestra]] ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]]. Alipokuwa mchanga, De Groote alitembelea [[Afrika Kusini]] akifanya tamasha za muziki pamoja na baba yake kwenye [[fidla]] ''(violin)'' na kaka kwenye [[selo]] ''(cello)''. == Mafunzo na mashindano ya mapema == Alifundishwa na Lamar Crowson huko [[Cape Town]], na Eduardo del Pueyo kwenye Chuo cha Muziki cha Kifalme huko [[Brussels]], akihitimu mnamo [[1971]] na tuzo ya kwanza kwenye piano. Mnamo [[1972]], De Groote aliingia katika Taasisi ya Muziki ya Curtis [[Philadelphia]] ambapo alisoma na Rudolf Serkin, Mieczysław Horszowski na Seymour Lipkin. Alihitimu mnamo mwaka [[1975]]. Mnamo mwaka [[1976]], De Groote alichukua heshima katika Mashindano ya Leventritt huko [[New York City]]. Mnamo [[Mei]] [[1977]], alishinda [[Young Concert Artists Artists International Auditions]] huko [[New York]]. Mnamo [[Septemba]] mwaka huo, alipewa Tuzo Kuu katika Mashindano ya ''Van Cliburn Competition'' huko [[Fort Worth, Texas]].<ref>Gershunoff, Maxim, and Leon Van Dyke. ''It's Not All Song and Dance: A Life Behind the Scenes in the Performing Arts.'' Pompton Plains, N.J.: Limelight Editions, 2005. Pg 139. ({{ISBN|0-879-10310-8}})</ref> Katika mashindano hayo hayo, pia alitwaa tuzo za Utendaji Bora wa Kazi Iliyotumwa na Utendaji Bora wa Muziki wa Chumba, mshindi pekee katika historia ya shindano kuchukua tuzo zote. == Kitaaluma == Alitoa kumbukumbu yake ya kwanza ya [[New York]] mnamo [[Novemba 8]], [[1977]] katika ''92 Street Street Y''. Tuzo yake ya ''Van Cliburn'' ''Carnegie Hall'' kumbukumbu ya kwanza ilifanyika mnamo [[Desemba 12]], [[1977]]. Baada ya kushinda tuzo ya ''Van Cliburn'', kazi ya kimataifa ya De Groote ilimchukua ulimwenguni kote. Huko Merekani, alicheza na orchestra kama vile Orchestra ya Kitaifa huko [[Washington DC]], ''Baltimore Symphony Orchestra'', ''Boston Symphony Orchestra'', ''Chicago Symphony Orchestra'', ''Cleveland Orchestra'', ''Dallas Symphony Orchestra'', ''Denver Symphony Orchestra'', ''Detroit Symphony Orchestra'', ''Orchestra ya Minnesota'' na ''Orchestra ya Philadelphia''; huko [[Canada]], ''Montreal Symphony Orchestra''; huko Uropa, ''Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra'' [[Amsterdam]], ''Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra'', ''Mozarteum Orchestra ya Salzburg'', ''Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra'', na ''Bamberg Symphony Orchestra'', ''Orchestra National de France'', na ''Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin'', ''Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra'' (Baden-Baden), ''Orchestra ya Chumba cha Württemberg Heilbronn'' na huko [[Uingereza]], na karibu orchestra zote kuu za [[Uingereza]]. Mechi yake ya kwanza, mnamo [[1981]], katika ''The Proms'', akicheza Gershwin ''Concerto in F'' na Andrew Litton akiendesha ''Royal Philharmonic Orchestra'', alionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenye televisheni na [[BBC]]. Mnamo [[1983]]-[[1984]], alizuru Amerika kama mpiga solo na ''Warsaw Philharmonic'' iliyoendeshwa na Kazimierz Kord, na, mnamo [[1987]], [[Uingereza]] na Orchestra ya Mozarteum ya Salzburg iliyoendeshwa na ''Hans Graf''. Alifanya kazi na makondakta mashuhuri kama Gerd Albrecht, Serge Baudo, Edo de Waart, Charles Dutoit, Jörg Faerber, Michael Gielen, Günther Herbig, Eugen Jochum, Bernard Klee, Kiril Kondrashin, Andrew Litton, Lorin Maazel, Karl Münchinger, Eugene Ormandy, Klaus Tennstedt, Antoni Wit, na David Zinman. Mnamo [[1988]] Steven alirudi nchini kwao [[Afrika Kusini]] kwenda kufanya ziara na [[Cape Town]] Symphony Orchestra katika ziara yao ya kimataifa kwenda Jamhuri ya [[China]] huko [[Taiwan]]. Ziara hii ilikuwa kwa kutambua msimu wa maadhimisho ya miaka 75 ya orchestra na ilifanywa na David de Villiers. Steven alitumbuiza huko [[Cape Town]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Taipei]], Taichung na Kaohsiung na orchestra. Wakati wa ziara hii aliimba Rachmaninov 2 Piano Concerto, Beethoven Concerto Namba 4 na Brahms Concerto No 2. Rekodi za matamasha haya ya moja kwa moja zinapatikana kwenye lebo ya Fidelio. Mwanamuziki aliyefanikiwa wa chumba, mara kwa mara alishirikiana na viongozi wa chumba cha kuongoza kama vile [[Guarneri Quartet]] na [[Chartirian Quartet]] (ambayo kaka yake Philip alikuwa mshirika wa simu). == Kufundisha == Mnamo [[1981]], alijiunga na chuo cha ''Arizona State University'' na akagawanya wakati wake kati ya maonyesho na ualimu. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1987]], alifanikiwa Lili Kraus kama msanii wa makazi katika ''Texas Christian University'' huko [[Fort Worth]]. Mnamo [[Aprili]] mwaka huo huo, aliheshimiwa na Seneti ya Texas kwa 'mchango wake bora kwenye muziki', katika azimio la kuelezea Seneti 'heshima kubwa na kupendeza kwake'. == Kujaribu na mwisho wa maisha == De Groote alikuwa rubani wa amateur. Mnamo [[1985]] alinusurika katika ajali mbaya wakati akijaribu kutua karibu ''Phoenix, Arizona''. Mapafu yake na aorta vilichomwa. Baada ya upasuaji mkubwa na ukarabati, De Groote alifufuka na kuanza tena kuruka na kucheza piano. Kupona kwake kimiujiza kulifunikwa kupitia ''CBS News Sunday Morning'' na Charles Kuralt. Mnamo [[1989]] alirudi [[Afrika Kusini]] kutembelea familia na kwa ziara ya tamasha. Huko, alilazwa hospitalini na ''kifua kikuu'' na ''homa ya mapafu''. Alikufa huko [[Johannesburg]] mnamo [[22 Mei]] [[1989]] kutokana na kutofaulu kwa viungo vingi kutokana na UKIMWI. == Rekodi == *[[Béla Bartók]]: ''String Quartet No. 6; Piano Quintet''. Chilingirian Quartet, Steven De Groote (pno). Chandos CHAN 8660 *[[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]]: ''Orchestral Works'', Vol. 2: ''Much Ado About Nothing, Incidental Music and Suite'', ''Sursum Corda'', and ''Concerto for Piano Left Hand and Orchestra''. Steven De Groote (pno), [[Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie]], Werner Andreas Albert (cond). CPO *[[Walter Piston]]: ''Sonatina''; [[Gunther Schuller]]: ''Recitative and Rondo''; [[Aaron Copland]]: ''Nocturne''. [[Robert Davidovici]] (vln), Steven De Groote (pno). New World Records NW 80334 *[[Sergei Prokofiev]]: ''Piano Sonata No. 8; Romeo & Juliet - Suite for Piano''. Steven De Groote (pno). Apex 0927 48306 2 *[[Max Reger]]: ''Piano Concerto in F minor, Op. 114''. Steven De Groote (pno), SWF-Sinfonieorchester Baden-Baden, [[Michael Gielen]] (cond). Intercord Gielen-Edition (INT 860.90) *''In Memory of Steven De Groote (1953–1989)'': [[Sergei Prokofiev]]: ''Piano Sonata No. 8; Romeo & Juliet - Suite for Piano''; [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]: ''Sonata No. 2 in A major, Op. 2 No. 2; Sonata No. 21 in C major, Op. 52 'Waldstein'.'' Steven De Groote (pno). Finlandia 1576-57703-2 *''Van Cliburn International Competition Retrospective Series'', Vol. 1: ''Steven De Groote - In Memoriam'' (works by [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], and [[Franz Schubert]]). Steven De Groote (pno). VAI Audio 1145 *''The Fifth Cliburn Competition 1977''. Steven De Groote (pno) ([[Samuel Barber]], [[Béla Bartók]], and [[Frédéric Chopin]]), [[Alexander Toradze]] (pno) ([[Franz Liszt]] and [[Igor Stravinsky]]), and [[Jeffrey Swann]] (pno) ([[Robert Schumann]]). VAI Audio 1146 *''Goldfingers: Music For 4 Pianos, Eight Hands'' ([[Aaron Copland]], [[George Frideric Handel]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Moritz Moszkowski]], [[Franz Schubert]], [[Maurice Ravel]], and others). Steven De Groote, [[José Feghali]], [[Vladimir Viardo]], and Ralph Votapek (pnos). VAI Audio 1227 == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:De Groote, Steven}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1989]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] fgl76mi0rrwqq6px7uk8sxatdja9rnk 0 140807 1599567 1191588 2026-09-23T18:41:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phaswane Mpe''' ([[10 Septemba]] [[1970]] - [[12 Desemba]] [[2004]]) alikuwa [[raia]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] [[mshairi]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]]. Alisoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]], ambapo alikuwa mhadhiri wa fasihi ya Kiafrika. Alisoma digrii ya uzamili katika maswala ya kuchapisha katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford Brookes]]. Mnamo mwaka [[1998]] riwaya yake ya ya kwanza ijulikanayo kama, ''[[Welcome to Our Hillbrow]]'', ilichapishwa katika [[2001 in literature|2001 ]]. Mikusanyiko ya hadithi fupi na mashairi yake, ''Clouds Brooding'', yalichapishwa baada ya yeye kufa mnamo mwaka [[2008]]. Mpe alizaliwa katika mji wa kaskazini wa [[Polokwane]] huko Tiragalong,<ref>Mpe Phaswane. 2001.''Welcome To Our Hillbrow''.</ref>na kuhamia [[Johannesburg]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 19 alifanikiwa kujiunga na chuo kikuu. Kwa sababu ya ukosefu wake wa pesa aliishia kuishi katika eneo la ndani la jiji la [[Hillbrow]], mahali ambapo baadaye aliandaa riwaya yake ya kwanza ijulikanayo kama '''Welcome to Our Hillbrow''' ilikuwa kazi muhimu kwake kwani ilikuwa riwaya ya kwanza kushughulikia mabadiliko ya maisha ya ndani huko nchini Afrika Kusini ndani ya miaka kumi tangu [[Nelson Mandela]] na [[F. W. de Klerk]] kuangamiza [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. Kitabu hiki kinawaonyesha Waafrika Kusini weusi wakikabiliwa na changamoto za umaskini, ukosefu wa ajira, na [[VVU]] / [[UKIMWI]]. Riwaya hiyo inashangaza kwa kuwa shida zilizoundwa na ubaguzi wa rangi hazikuwa zinajulikana; shida kuu za Waafrika Kusini weusi ni zile za kujitengenezea wao: chuki dhidi ya wageni, uvumi wa roho mbaya, uchawi, na kutoweza kupendana kabisa au kujipenda wenyewe. Labda ilikua haishangazi, kwa kuzingatia kuenea kwa ugonjwa huo nchini Afrika Kusini, VVU na UKIMWI zilikuwa mada za kawaida katika kazi ya Mpe. Kabla ya kifo chake alianza masomo ya udaktari kuhusu jinsia katika fasihi ya Afrika Kusini, baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi na alikua akizingatia sana masuala haya mawili. Mpe alikufa ghafla akiwa na umri wa miaka 34, wakati huo alikuwa anajiandaa kuanza mafunzo kama [[mganga wa kienyeji]]. Wakati mauti ikimkuta, Mpe alikuwa akifundisha fasihi ya Kiafrika na masomo ya uchapishaji katika fasihi na masomo ya lugha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand. Mashairi yake na hadithi fupi zimechapishwa katika '''Imprint''' (1995), '''Staff Rider''' (1980). Alichangia pia hadithi fupi katika '''Jarida la Drum'''. Kitabu chake cha '''Welcome to Our Hillbrow''', na hadithi fupi katika '''Clouds Clouds''' zina habari kubwa za kihistoria.<ref>Mpe, P. 2001. Welcome To Our Hillbrow</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:USLWA]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] s8s9kxmy80npuqorws7mq0g350z1jxd 0 140831 1599482 1466782 2026-09-23T18:22:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Zug''' ni [[mji]] unaopatikana kusini mashariki mwa [[Sahara Magharibi]], [[km]] 170 kutoka [[Atar, Mauritania]].<ref>[http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~e118/WS/WSahara-area.html Geography Website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226060335/http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~e118/WS/WSahara-area.html |date=February 26, 2008 }}</ref> Zug ipo katika sehemu ya Sahara ya Magharibi inayotazamana na [[Polisario]] na mara nyingi hujulikana kama [[eneo la bure la (Mkoa wa Sahara wa Magharibi)]] ndani ya [[Wilaya zilizookolewa]]. Ni mji mkuu wa mkoa wa kwanza wa kijeshi wa [[Sahrawi ya Kiarabu ya Kidemokrasia]] na ina nafasi ya jeshi ya [[SPLA]] na [hospitali] ndogo. == Miundombinu == Mnamo Juni mwaka [2009], Mashirika matatu ya Urafiki kutoka [[Mkoa wa Alicante ]] [(Hispania)] yalikuwa na mkutano na Waziri wa Sahrawi, kwa nia ya kujenga hospitali katika mji huo.<ref>[http://dispensariozug.blogspot.com/2009/06/reunion-con-ministros-saharauis.html Reunión con ministros Saharauis] Dispensario Zug Sahara liberado. June 22, 2009 {{in lang|es}}</ref> Mnamo [Septemba], tamasha la mshikamano na [[Chambao]], Oléfunk & Mario Díaz lilifanyika [Altea], kwa lengo la kukusanya fedha ili kufadhili mradi huo.<ref>[http://www.chambaoenaltea.blogspot.com/ Concierto solidario de Chambao en Altea] September 9, 2009 {{in lang|es}}.</ref> Mnamo Novemba, makubaliano kati ya wawakilishi wa Polisario na wanachama wa vyama vya urafiki kuhusu kujenga jengo hilo ulisahiniwa.<ref>[http://dispensariozug.blogspot.com/2009/11/firma-de-convenio-con-el-gobierno.html Firma de convenio con el gobierno Saharaui] Dispensario Zug Sahara liberado. November 13, 2009 {{in lang|es}}</ref> Mwaka [2011], kazi za ujenzi wa hospitali hiyo ulikamilika, ilibaki tu kununua vifaa vya matibabu ili kuifungua. == Utamaduni == Karibu na Zug Kuna maandishi ya [[Neolithiki]] na mifumo ya kijiometri, sawa na wengine yaliyopatikana nchi ya [Chad] na Kusini mwa [Moroko].<ref>[http://www.nickbrooks.org/publications/JNAS_WS_05.pdf Cultural Heritage and Conflict: The Threatened Archaeology of Western Sahara] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125357/http://www.nickbrooks.org/publications/JNAS_WS_05.pdf |date=July 20, 2011 }} Nick Brooks</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/npjb/page7/ Desert picture of Zug] *[http://www.sahara-mili.net/lugar/zug.htm Spanish territorial police photos on Zug, 1972-1973] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sahara-mili.net/lugar/zug.htm |date=20090112212834 }} *[http://dispensariozug.blogspot.com/ Blog about the construction of Zug's hospital] [[Jamii:USLWA]] [[Jamii:Sahara ya Magharibi]] jn17j1y0dzhjik14k0gdw40sg04j3sq 0 140835 1599483 1526263 2026-09-23T18:22:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stuart David Challender''' ([[19 Februari]] [[1947]] - [[13 Desemba]] [[1991]]) alikuwa kondakta wa [[Australia]], anayejulikana haswa kwa kazi yake na "The Australian Opera", Elizabethan [[Sydney]] Orchestra na Sydney Symphony Orchestra. == Maisha ya mapema == Mnamo Februari 1947 Challender alizaliwa huko [[Hobart]]. Mapenzi yake yakwanza kimuziki yalitoka kwa bibi yake Thelma Driscoll, ambaye alikuwa akimuimbia kama mtoto. Mnamo mwaka 1960 Challender alipelekwa na baba yake kwenye onyesho la [[Ludwig van Beethoven | Beethoven]] yaliyoendeshwa na [Tibor Paul]],<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s351714.htm ABC: Four Corners, 23 August 2001]</ref> ambayo aliamua kuwa kondakta. Mnamo 1964, akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, Challender alihudhuria Chuo cha Sanaa cha Victoria, katika Chuo Kikuu cha Melbourne. Alianza kufanya kazi katika Kampuni ya Opera ya Victoria kuanzia mwaka 1966. Baada ya kuhitimu alikuwa ,kurugenzi wa Kampuni ya Opera ya Victoria mwaka 1968.<ref name=abc>{{cite interview | subject=Stuart Challender | interviewer=Liz Jackson | url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s351714.htm | title=Reflections from the Nineties: The Big Finish | work=Four Corners | publisher=ABC | date=23 August 2001 | accessdate=24 August 2007}}</ref> == Kufanya kazi == Mnamo mwaka 1970 Challender alianza kufanya kazi. kwa "Lucerne Opera" ushiriki wake wa kwanza ulikuwa "Kiss Me, Kate". kutoka mwaka 1976 hadi 1980 aliteuliwa kuwa kondakta msaidizi katika Staatstheater Nürnberg; kisha alikuja kuhusika [[Uswisi]] huko [[Zürich]] na [[Basel]], ambapo alikuwa mkurugenzi mwenyeji katika "Theatre Basel | Opera House".<ref name=NYT/> Mara tu baada ya kuteuliwa kuwa kondakta mkazi wa ''"Opera ya Australia na Orchestra ya Ballet | Elizabethan Sydney Orchestra"'' akendelea kufanya kazi za Opera zenye viwango bora mara tu baada ya utendaji mmoja wa ''"The Barber of Seville"''. Challender alifanikiwa kama kondakta mkuu wa "Sydney Symphony Orchestra" kutoka 1987 hadi 1991, kwa sifa kubwa. Katika mwaka wa [[Australia]] wa miaka miwili (1988), aliongoza orchestra katika ziara ya mafanikio nchini Marekani, ziara ya miji 12 ambayo ilimalizika na tamasha katika "Mkutano Mkuu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] huko [[New York]] kuadhimisha miaka 200 ya [[Ulaya]] yenye makazi huko [[Australia]].<ref name=NYT/> Mnamo mwaka 1989 aliendesha Boston Symphony Orchestra huko [[Hong Kong]] na pia mnamo mwaka 1990 aliendesha [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] katika matamasha manne.<ref name=abc/> Rekodi kadhaa ambazo alifanya na SSO bado zinapatikana kwenye CD zilizouzwa kibiashara. Mnamo Januari 26, 1991, "kwa kutambua huduma ya muziki" aliteuliwa kama Afisa wa Agizo la Australia (AO).<ref>{{cite web| title =It's an Honour – Officer of the Order of Australia| publisher =[[Australian Government]]| url =http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=869793&search_type=quick&showInd=true| accessdate =30 July 2009| archivedate =2017-12-16| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034613/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=869793&search_type=quick&showInd=true}}</ref> Mnamo Juni mwaka huo, afya yake inaonekana kudhoofika, Challender aliendesha tamasha lake la mwisho huko Hobart, na [[Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra]]. == Kifo == Mnamo 13 Desemba 1991 Challender alikufa kwa ugonjwa uhusianao na UKIMWI.<ref name=abc/> Wiki moja baadaye, mnamo Desemba 20, katika Jumba la Mji wa Sydney, Jaji Michael Kirby aliongoza wasemaji kwenye sherehe ya maisha ya Challender. Kipande cha dakika saba cha solo cello na [[Peter Sculthorpe]] kilichoitwa '' Threnody: Katika kumbukumbu ya Stuart Challender '' kilichezwa na [[David Pereira]].<ref>[http://www.petersculthorpe.com.au/new_page_3.htm Chronological List of Works by Peter Sculthorpe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729033724/http://www.petersculthorpe.com.au/new_page_3.htm |date=29 July 2009 }}.</ref> Katika wosia wake, Challender aliandaa kuanzishwa kwa Stuart Challender Foundation, kusaidia mafunzo na ukuzaji wa makondakta wa baadaye wa Australia. Alitoa mkusanyiko wake mkubwa wa alama kwenye Maktaba ya Muziki huko Chuo Kikuu cha Tasmania.<ref name=NYT/> [[Ross Edwards (mtunzi) | Ross Edwards]] Symphony No. 1 "Da Pacem Domine" (1995) iliwekwa kwenye kumbukumbu ya Challender. == Tuzo == * [[ARIA Music Awards of 1991|1991 Aria Awards]] - Best Classical Album - ''Sculthorpe: Orchestral Works'' - Stuart Challender & The SSO<ref>https://www.aria.com.au/awards/past-winners/1991</ref> * [[ARIA Music Awards of 1992|1992 Aria Awards]] - Best Classical Album - ''Vine: Three Symphonies'' - Stuart Challender & The SSO<ref>https://www.aria.com.au/awards/past-winners/1992</ref> == Usomaji == Rekodi zote na Orchestra ya Sydney Symphony. * ''[[Voss (opera)|Voss]]'', opera by [[Richard Meale]] (Philips, 1987) * ''1812 - Danny Boy - Bolero'' (ABC, 1989) * ''Symphony Under the Stars'' (ABC, 1989) * ''Earth Cry - Kakadu - Mangrove'', works by [[Peter Sculthorpe]] (ABC, 1989) * ''[[Carl Vine]]: Three Symphonies'' (ABC, 1991) * ''Nexus - Nocturnes'' (Vox Australis, 1991) == Maandishi == * Davis, Richard. ''Close to the Flame: the Life of Stuart Challender'', Wakefield Press, 2017, Sydney<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://musicaustralia.org.au/2018/01/stuart-challender-revealed-up-close-in-new-biography/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-08-11 |archivedate=2022-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324104301/https://musicaustralia.org.au/2018/01/stuart-challender-revealed-up-close-in-new-biography/ }}</ref><ref>https://www.cutcommonmag.com/world-aids-day-understanding-stuart-challenders-story/</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.ausstage.edu.au/indexdrilldown.jsp?xcid=59&f_contrib_id=5207 Stuart Challender in AusStage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ausstage.edu.au/indexdrilldown.jsp?xcid=59&f_contrib_id=5207 |date=20120207062240 }} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Challender, Stuart}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Australia]] 50q0t6fc20ta81u7mpspmuhrsmjnx9t 0 140853 1599985 1517720 2026-09-24T09:47:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:La Amistad (ship) restored.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Picha ya Amistad mwaka 1839.]] [[Picha:Amistad revolt.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Uasi kwenye Amistad, jinsi ulivyochorwa mwaka 1839 kwenye magazeti ya Marekani.]] '''''La Amistad''''' (n[[e]]no la [[Kihispania]] kwa "Urafiki") ilikuwa [[jahazi]] yenye milingoti miwili katika [[karne ya 19]], iliyomilikiwa na [[Mhispania]] kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha [[Kuba]], wakati ule [[koloni]] la Hispania. Ilijulikana mnamo Julai [[1839]] kwa uasi wa wafungwa [[Waafrika]] waliomwua [[nahodha]] na kuteka chombo hicho. Mbele ya [[pwani]] ya [[Marekani]] walikutana na [[manowari]] ya Kimarekani iliyowakamata. Katika [[kesi]] zilizofuata mbele ya [[mahakama]] mbalimbali madai ya Hispania ya kuwarudisha Kuba kama [[watumwa]] yalikataliwa. Kesi ya La Amistad ilikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kwa [[harakati]] ya kupinga utumwa Marekani. Uasi huo, pamoja na kesi zake, ni msingi wa [[vitabu]] mbalimbali pamoja na [[filamu]] "Amistad" iliyoongozwa na [[Steven Spielberg]] kwenye mwaka [[1997]]. == Wafungwa wa Amistad == [[Picha:Sengbe.jpg|thumb|Mfalme Siaka (Sharka) Massaquoi aliyeuza watumwa waliofika baadaye kwenye Amistad]] [[Picha:Sengbe Pieh.jpg|thumb|Sengbe Pieh ( Joseph Cinqué), kiongozi wa uasi kwenye Amistad]] Amistad ilibeba wafungwa Waafrika 53 ambao walikuwa [[Wamende]] kutoka maeneo ya [[Sierra Leone]] ya leo. Waliwahi kukamatwa nyumbani kwao kwa njia mbalimbali; wengine na wawindaji wenyeji wa watumwa, wengine walikuwa wafungwa wakati wa vita, wengine walitolewa na familia zao kama rahani ya deni, wengine walizaliwa watumwa, wengine kuhukumiwa utumwani kwa makosa fulani<ref>[https://ia800301.us.archive.org/25/items/AmistadDocuments/History%20of%20the%20Amistad%20Captives.pdf History of the Amistad Captives], page 9 ff</ref>. Walinunuliwa na mfalme [[Siaka Massaquoi|Siaka]] aliyeuza kila mwaka watumwa 2000 hivi kwa wafanayabiashara Wazungu waliowapeleka kwenye [[visiwa vya Karibi]] na nchi za [[Amerika Kusini]]. Wakati ule kusafirisha watumwa kutoka Afrika iliwahi kupigwa marufuku kwa njia ya mikataba kati ya nchi za Ulaya na Marekani. Hasa jeshi la maji la Uingereza lilijaribu kukamata wafanyabiashara wa watumwa baharini kwa hiyo kisheria biashara hiyo ilitazamiwa kama magendo ya kijinai. Hata hivyo, serikali za nchi za Amerika Kusini na za Karibi ambako uchumi bado ulitegemea kazi ya watumwa zilifunga macho na kuvumilia biashara hiyo haramu. Wafungwa waliofika baadaye kwenye Amistad waliuzwa pamoja kundi la mateka 500 kwa mfanya biashara Mhispania [[Pedro Blanco]] na kupelekwa [[Kuba]] kwenye jahazi ya watumwa Teçora kutoka [[Ureno]]. Takriban theluthi moja wa wafungwa walikufa njiani. Wamiliki Wahispania wawili wa mashamba ya miwa, Don José Ruiz na Don Pedro Montes, walinunua mateka 53, pamoja na watoto wanne, huko [[Havana|Havana, Kuba]] na walikuwa wakiwasafirisha kwenye jahazi La Amistad kwenda kwenye mashamba yao karibu na Puerto Príncipe ( Camagüey ya kisasa, Kuba). <ref> {{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/amistad/|title=Teaching With Documents:The ''Amistad'' Case|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|accessdate=March 14, 2013}}</ref> Uasi ulianza wakati wa safari hiyo. [[Sengbe Pieh]], mtu wa Mende, aliyejulikana baadaye pia kama Joseph Cinqué, alijifungua mwenyewe na wengine siku ya tatu na kuanza uasi. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass|last=Purdy|first=Elizabeth|publisher=Oxford African American Studies Center|pages=Amistad}}</ref> Walichukua udhibiti wa meli, wakimuua nahodha na mpishi. Katika mapigano hayo, Waafrika watatu waliuawa pia. Wanunuzi wa mateka Ruiz na Montes walifungwa kwenye jahazi na Pieh aliwaamuru kuendesha chombo kwenda Afrika. Badala yake, Ruiz na Montes walisafiri kuelekea kaskazini, kuelekea pwani la mashariki mwa [[Marekani]], wakiwa na hakika kwamba meli hiyo ingezuiliwa, na Waafrika wangerudishwa Kuba wakiwa watumwa. Manowari ndogo ya idara ya forodha ya Marekani ilikamata ''Amistad'' karibu na Long Island, [[New York]]. Pieh na kikundi chake walitoroka kwenye jahazi lakini walikamatwa pwani na raia. Walikuwa wamefungwa katika [[New Haven, Connecticut]], kwa mashtaka ya mauaji na [[uharamia]]. Mtu aliyemkamata Pieh na kikundi chake aliwadai kama mali yake. La Amistad ilivutwa hadi New London, Connecticut, na wale waliobaki kwenye chombo walikamatwa. Hakuna hata mmoja wa manusura 43 kwenye meli hiyo aliyezungumza Kiingereza, kwa hivyo hawakuweza kuelezea ni nini kilifanyika. Hatimaye profesa wa lugha Josiah Gibbs alimpata mkalimani, James Covey, na akajifunza juu ya utekaji nyara wao. == Kesi za Amistad == Kesi mbili zilifunguliwa mahakamani. Kesi ya kwanza ililetwa na maafisa wa manowari ya forodha waliodai kulingana na desturi za siku zile eti wana haki ya kumiliki jahazi waliyookoa kutoka maharamia, pamoja na mzigo wake, yaani watumwa. Katika kesi ya pili, jimbo la [[Connecticut]] lilishtaki Wahispania wawili Ruiz na Montes kuwatumikisha Waafrika huru. Serikali ya Hispania ilimwomba Rais wa Marekani [[Martin Van Buren]] awarudishe mateka wa Kiafrika kwa Kuba chini ya mkataba wa kimataifa kwa madai walikuwa watumwa halali waliozaliwa watumwa huko Kuba. Hatimaye kesi iliamuliwa na Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani iliyotoa hukumu kuwa mateka walichukuliwa kutoka Afrika dhidi ya sheria za Marekani na za Hispania, na pia dhidi ya mikataba ya kimataifa. Kwa hiyo wote walipata uhuru wao tena. Watu 35 walirudi Afrika miaka miwili baadaye wakisaidiwa usafiri na shirika ya misioni. [[Picha:Joseph_Cinque.jpg|right|thumb|303x303px| Uchapishaji wa Cinqué ambao ulionekana katika ''The Sun'' mnamo Agosti 31, 1839]] === Miaka ya baadaye === Baada ya kutunzwa nyuma ya Jumba la Ushuru huko New London, Connecticut, kwa mwaka mmoja na nusu, ''La Amistad'' ilipigwa mnada mnamo Oktoba 1840. Ilinunuliwa na nahodha Hawford aliyeipa jina jipya la ''Ion'' . Mwisho wa 1841, alisafiri kwa meli ''Ion'' kwenda [[Bermuda]] na [[Saint Thomas (Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani)|Saint Thomas]] na shehena ya vitunguu, tufaha, kuku hai na jibini. Baada ya kusafiri ''Ion'' kwa miaka michache, Hawford aliiuza huko [[Guadeloupe]] mnamo 1844.  Hakuna habari zaidi ya kile kilichotokea baadaye. Kati ya 1998 na 2000, mafundi katika bandari ya Mystic, Connecticut, waliunda mfano wa ''La Amistad'', wakitumia ustadi wa jadi na mbinu za ujenzi zilizozoeleka kwa jahazi za mbao zilizojengwa katika karne ya 19..Jahazi hiyo mpya ilitangazwa kama "Freedom Schooner ''Amistad'' ". <ref name="USCG">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amistad|url=http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/pls/webpls/cgv_pkg.vessel_id_list?vessel_id_in=1096750|work=Coast Guard Vessel Documentation|publisher=NOAA Fisheries|accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Marder|first=Alfred L.|title=About the Freedom Schooner ''Amistad''|url=http://www.amistadcommitteeinc.org/story-of-the-amistad|publisher=Amistad Committee, Inc|accessdate=January 14, 2017|archivedate=2021-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811024205/https://www.amistadcommitteeinc.org/story-of-the-amistad}}</ref> Jahazi hiyo mpya sio mfano kamili wa ''La Amistad'', kwani ni ndefu kidogo na ina bodi ya juu zaidi. Siku hizi iko kwenye bandari ya New Haven, Connecticut. Kutoka hapa inafanya safari fupi za kielimu baharini. Safari hizo ni hasa kwa wanafunzi wanaosikia historia na kujifunza kuhusu utumwa na ubaguzi wa kisasa. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712202423/http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/travel/amistad/ ''Amistad'': Seeking Freedom in Connecticut, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary] * [http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Kinson/Kinson.html Sarah Margru Kinson, the Two Worlds of an ''Amistad'' Captive] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjOorZcU2MY ''Freedom Schooner Amistad'' sailing], YouTube video * [http://histclo.com/act/work/slave/ast/end/us/amistad.html The ''Amistad'' Affair] * [http://discoveringamistad.org/ The current owners of the replica ''Amistad''] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-c53dz04426 “Amistad Connecticut: A Legacy Reborn,”] 1998-02-27, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the [[:en:University_of_Georgia|University of Georgia]], [[:en:American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting|American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] [[Jamii:Biashara ya watumwa]] [[Jamii:Connecticut]] e47bpefrmg11o570bqvn8bdt2dc3dwu 0 140862 1599498 1527783 2026-09-23T18:24:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} Uhaba wa vifaa vya matibabu, utengenezaji na bidhaa za watumiaji zinazosababishwa na janga la [[COVID-19]] haraka likawa suala kubwa ulimwenguni, kama vile usumbufu kwa mnyororo wa usambazaji wa ulimwengu, ambao umepinga uthabiti wa ugavi kote ulimwenguni. Uhaba wa vifaa vya kujikinga vya kibinafsi, kama vile vinyago vya matibabu na kinga, kingao za uso, na bidhaa za kusafisha, pamoja na vitanda vya hospitali, vitanda vya ICU, vifaa vya tiba ya oksijeni, vifaa vya kupumua, na vifaa vya [[ECMO]] viliripotiwa katika nchi nyingi. Rasilimali watu, haswa wafanyikazi wa matibabu, wanaweza kutolewa na kiwango kikubwa cha janga na mzigo wa kazi unaohusishwa, pamoja na upotezaji wa uchafuzi,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Valinsky |first1=Jordan |title=Supply chain interrupted: Here's everything you can't get now |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/08/business/supply-chain-shortages-pandemic/index.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=cnn.com |date=2020-05-09}}</ref> kutengwa, magonjwa, au vifo kati ya wafanyikazi wa huduma za afya. Maeneo yana vifaa tofauti kukabiliana na janga hilo. Hatua kadhaa za dharura zimechukuliwa kuongeza kiwango cha vifaa kama ununuzi, wakati wito wa misaada, watungaji wa 3D, wafanyikazi wa kujitolea, rasimu ya lazima, au kukamatwa kwa hisa na laini za kiwanda pia kumetokea. Vita vya zabuni kati ya nchi tofauti na majimbo juu ya vitu hivi vinaripotiwa kuwa suala kubwa, na ongezeko la bei, maagizo yaliyokamatwa na serikali za mitaa, au kufutwa kwa kuuza kampuni kuelekezwa kwa mzabuni wa juu.<ref name=":14">{{Rejea habari|last=Tiefenthäler|first=Ainara|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/100000007051789/coronavirus-ppe-shortage-health-care-workers.html|title='Health Care Kamikazes': How Spain's Workers Are Battling Coronavirus, Unprotected|work=The New York Times|access-date=31 March 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331010547/https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/100000007051789/coronavirus-ppe-shortage-health-care-workers.html|archive-date=31 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Katika visa vingine, wafanyikazi wa matibabu wameamriwa wasizungumze juu ya upungufu huu wa rasilimali. Kwa mahitaji ya ICU ambayo hayajasuluhishwa inakadiriwa takriban mara 50 vitanda na vifaa vya kupumua vya ICU katika nchi zilizoendelea zaidi, mawakili wa afya ya umma na maafisa waliwahimiza raia kubembeleza njia kwa umbali wa kijamii. Kumekuwa na wito pia wa kuongeza uwezo wa huduma ya afya licha ya upungufu. == Usuli == === muda mrefu na muundo === Kufuatia maonyo na kuongezeka kwa utayari katika miaka ya 2000, janga la homa ya nguruwe ya 2009 ilisababisha athari za haraka za kupambana na janga kati ya nchi za Magharibi. Aina ya virusi ya H1N1 / 09, yenye dalili nyepesi na hatari mbaya, mwishowe ilisababisha kuzorota kwa utendakazi kupita kiasi, matumizi, na gharama kubwa / faida ya chanjo ya mafua ya 2009. Katika miaka iliyofuata, akiba ya kimkakati ya kitaifa ya vifaa vya matibabu haikujasasishwa kimfumo. Nchini [[Ufaransa]], matumizi ya milioni 382 kwa chanjo na vinyago vya H1N1 yalikosolewa sana. Mamlaka ya afya ya Ufaransa iliamua mnamo 2011 kutobadilisha hisa zao, kupunguza ununuzi na gharama za uhifadhi, kutegemea zaidi vifaa kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]] na vifaa vya wakati tu, na kusambaza jukumu kwa kampuni za kibinafsi kwa hiari. Mnamo 2013, ili kuokoa gharama, sheria ilihamisha jukumu la hifadhi ya vifaa vya kinga ya kibinafsi (PPE) kutoka kwa serikali ya Ufaransa kwenda kwa mashirika ya umma na ya kibinafsi, ambayo ilibidi kupanga usalama wa wafanyikazi wao, bila utaratibu wowote wa uthibitisho. Watengenezaji wa kitaifa hawangeweza kushindana na bei za wazalishaji wa Wachina kwenye soko hili jipya la wazi. Mtayarishaji wa masks mkakati wa zamani alifunga mnamo 2018 wakati akiba ya kimkakati ya Ufaransa ilipungua katika kipindi hiki kutoka masks bilioni moja ya [[upasuaji]] na masks milioni 600 ya FFP2 mnamo 2010 hadi milioni 150 na sifuri, mtawaliwa, mwanzoni mwa 2020. Ufaransa imeitwa uchunguzi wa [[kesi]] ya Juan Branco, mwandishi wa kitabu muhimu juu ya kuongeza nguvu kwa Rais wa Ufaransa Emmanuel Macron, alisema kuwa hamu ya ubinafsi ya nguvu na uaminifu katika uongozi huongoza vijana na wasio na bidii wanaosimamia mageuzi ya huduma za afya kote ulimwenguni kupitia uchambuzi na usimamizi wa kipofu. Ufaransa imetajwa kama utafiti wa kesi kwa nchi sasa zinazozingatia U-turn kwa miongo miwili iliyopita ya utandawazi wa vifaa vya afya kupata gharama za chini za haraka. Njia hiyo hiyo ilichukuliwa huko Merika. Hifadhi ya kimkakati ya Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Merika iliyotumiwa dhidi ya janga la mafua ya 2009 haikujazwa tena, wala na serikali ya Obama wala na serikali ya Trump. Mtengenezaji wa vinyago wa Amerika Mike Bowen wa Prestige Ameritech alikuwa akionya kwa miaka mingi kwamba mlolongo wa usambazaji wa mask wa USA ulikuwa unategemea sana China. Kama Juan Branco kwa Ufaransa, Rais wa zamani wa Merika Obama alishutumu mawazo ya kibinafsi ya muda mfupi kuwa yanaathiri vibaya uamuzi na utayari wa umma. Umma kadhaa (Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni (WHO), [[Benki ya Dunia]], Bodi ya Ufuatiliaji wa Maandalizi ya Ulimwenguni) na mipango ya kibinafsi ilileta uelewa juu ya vitisho vya janga na mahitaji ya utayarishaji bora. Tangu 2015, Bill Gates amekuwa akionya juu ya kuhitaji kujiandaa kwa janga la ulimwengu. Mgawanyiko wa kimataifa na ukosefu wa ushirikiano unaofaa maandalizi machache. Mradi wa utayarishaji wa mafua ya WHO ulikuwa na bajeti ya Dola za Kimarekani milioni 39 ya miaka miwili, kati ya bajeti ya WHO ya 2020-2021 ya Dola za Kimarekani bilioni 4.8. Wakati WHO inatoa maoni, hakuna utaratibu endelevu wa kukagua utayari wa nchi kwa magonjwa ya milipuko na uwezo wao wa kujibu haraka. Kulingana na mchumi wa kimataifa Roland Rajah, wakati kuna miongozo, hatua za mitaa zinategemea utawala wa ndani. Andy Xie, akiandika katika South China Morning Post, alisema kuwa wasomi wanaotawala, wanaozingatia viwango vya [[uchumi]], walishindwa kuandaa jamii zao dhidi ya hatari zinazojulikana za janga. Mifumo ya ushuru mapema karne ya ishirini na moja, kwa kupendelea mashirika makubwa zaidi na mazoea ya ushindani na viwango vya chini vya uwekezaji katika uvumbuzi na uzalishaji, walipendelea watendaji wa ushirika na faida ya ushirika, ikiongeza hatari ya uhaba na kudhoofisha jamii kuweza kujibu janga kubwa. Mlipuko wa mapema huko Hubei, Italia, na Uhispania ulionyesha kuwa mifumo kadhaa ya huduma za afya ya nchi tajiri ilizidiwa. Katika nchi zinazoendelea zilizo na miundombinu dhaifu ya matibabu, tiba ya oksijeni, vifaa vya vitanda vya wagonjwa mahututi na mahitaji mengine ya matibabu, uhaba ulitarajiwa kutokea mapema. == Mara == Ishara na maonyo ya kwanza yalitokana na homa ya mapafu isiyo ya kawaida ya sababu isiyojulikana mnamo Desemba 2019. Mwezi huo, Taiwan ilituma vituo vyao kadhaa vya Madaktari wa Udhibiti wa Magonjwa huko Wuhan kukagua hali ya eneo hilo. Kufuatia uthibitisho wa shida inayoibuka na mapema mnamo 31 Desemba 2019, Taiwan ilianza kutekeleza hatua zisizo za dawa kama vile ukaguzi wa joto la wasafiri, ufuatiliaji wa GPS, ikiunganisha historia ya kusafiri ya siku 15 hadi kwenye hifadhidata yake ya kitaifa ya huduma ya afya, kufunga laini za kusafiri kwenda / kutoka Wuhan na kuhifadhi vifaa vya ulinzi wa kibinafsi kama vile masks ya matibabu. Ingawa ilifahamishwa vizuri na baadaye kusifiwa kwa kuwa na virusi vyenye ufanisi mkubwa, Taiwan haikuweza kupima athari za Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya sera ya Bara ya Chinas ya muda mrefu ya kuzuia Taiwan kujiunga na WHO na mashirika mengine ya ulimwengu. Ujerumani, mfano mwingine wa kuigwa katika mgogoro huo, pia ilitarajiwa mapema Januari 2020. Jibu la serikali ya shirikisho la Merika, kwa upande mwingine, lilibaki lisilo la kawaida kwa miezi 2, hadi katikati ya Machi 2020, bila kuanzisha mabadiliko katika Hifadhi yao ya Mkakati ya Kitaifa ya vifaa vya matibabu. Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, Bodi ya Ufuatiliaji wa Uandaaji wa Ulimwenguni iliripoti kwamba mfuko wa dharura wa WHO bado umepungua kwa sababu ya janga la Ebola la Kivu la 2018-19. Populism, utaifa na ulinzi huathiri jiografia, haswa ikiweka uchumi mkubwa katika kozi za mzozo, na kuacha ombwe la uongozi kwenye hatua ya ulimwengu. Wakati mlipuko wa Wuhan ulipoenea mnamo Januari 2020, China ilianza kuzuia usafirishaji wa vinyago vya N95, buti, kinga na vifaa vingine vinavyozalishwa na viwanda kwenye eneo lake; mashirika yaliyo karibu na serikali ya China yalitafuta masoko ya nje ya PPE mwishoni mwa Februari. Hii ilisababisha kuanguka kwa usambazaji usiotarajiwa kwa nchi zingine nyingi zinazotegemea. Huduma za afya zilizonyooshwa mara nyingi hugeuza rasilimali mbali na huduma wanazohitaji wanawake, pamoja na huduma za afya kabla na baada ya kujifungua na uzazi wa mpango, na kuzidisha ukosefu wa upatikanaji wa huduma za afya ya ngono na uzazi. == Uchunguzi == Upungufu wa upimaji ni jambo muhimu kuzuia mamlaka kupima kiwango cha kweli cha kuenea kwa janga la sasa. Mikakati ya upimaji wa kukadiri na ya fujo ya Ujerumani imesaidia kupunguza kiwango cha vifo. Ujerumani ilianza kutoa na kuhifadhi vipimo vya COVID-19 mapema Januari 2020. === Vipimo vya utambuzi === ==== Vitendanishi ==== Nchini Ireland na Uingereza, mwishoni mwa Machi na mapema Aprili, upungufu wa reagent ulipunguza idadi ya vipimo. Kufikia Machi, kiwango cha kutosha cha reagent kikawa kizingiti cha upimaji wa wingi katika Jumuiya ya Ulaya (EU), Uingereza (Uingereza) na Merika (Amerika). Hii imesababisha waandishi wengine kuchunguza itifaki za utayarishaji wa sampuli ambazo zinajumuisha sampuli za kupokanzwa kwa 98 ° C (208 ° F) kwa dakika 5 kutolewa genome za RNA kwa upimaji zaidi. Nchini Uingereza, mnamo 1 Aprili, serikali ya Uingereza ilithibitisha kuwa jumla ya wafanyikazi wa NHS 2,000 wamejaribiwa kwa [[virusi vya korona]] tangu kuzuka kwa ugonjwa huo, lakini Waziri wa Ofisi ya Baraza la Mawaziri Michael Gove alisema uhaba wa kemikali zinahitajika kwa jaribio hilo inamaanisha kuwa haiwezekani kuchunguzwa nguvukazi ya milioni 1.2 ya NHS. Kauli ya Gove ilipingana na Chama cha Viwanda vya Kemikali, ambacho kilisema hakukuwa na uhaba wa kemikali husika na kwamba katika mkutano na waziri wa biashara wiki moja kabla ya serikali haijajaribu kujua shida za usambazaji. Kulikuwa na uhaba wa reagent huko Merika. Hospitali zingine zilitengeneza vitendanishi vyao kutoka kwa mapishi yanayopatikana hadharani. ==== Swabs ==== Upungufu uliogopwa wa swabs huko Iceland ulizuiliwa wakati hisa zilipatikana kuziba pengo hadi zaidi ilipowasili kutoka China. Hakukuwa na swabs katika Hifadhi ya Mkakati ya Kitaifa ya Merika, na Amerika ilikuwa na uhaba, licha ya mtengenezaji mmoja wa ndani wa janga kuongezeka kwa uzalishaji hadi swabs milioni 1 kwa siku mnamo Machi, na ufadhili wa serikali kuijenga kiwanda kipya mnamo Mei. Uhaba pia uliibuka nchini Uingereza, lakini ulitatuliwa na 2 Aprili. ===== Utengenezaji wa ndani ===== FDA ya Amerika ilipeana leseni ya majaribio ya mate isiyo na swab na miundo mpya zaidi ya usufi, pamoja na matoleo yaliyochapishwa ya 3-D ambayo sasa yanatengenezwa katika maabara, hospitali, na vituo vingine vya matibabu kwa kutumia swabs. Huko Merika, swabs za pua za matumizi ya jumla ni vifaa vya matibabu vya Hatari I, na hazikubaliwa na FDA. NIH ilisema kwamba wanapaswa kufuata mahitaji ya kuweka alama ya FDA, kufanywa katika kituo kilichosajiliwa na kuorodheshwa na FDA, na kupitisha itifaki ya upimaji usalama inayopatikana hadharani. Nyenzo lazima pia ziwe salama; plastiki ya kiwango cha upasuaji inayoweza kupitishwa tayari inaweza kutumika. Mchakato kamili wa maendeleo unaweza kuchukua hata wiki mbili. Swabs zilizochapishwa 3-D ziliongeza mahitaji ya printa zinazofaa za 3-D. Baadhi ya miundo ya usufi iliyochapishwa ya 3-D imepewa leseni hadharani chini ya leseni za Creative Commons, na zingine zina hati miliki, lakini na faili za uchapishaji za 3-D zinapatikana kwa hiari kwa ombi la vituo vya kuruhusiwa wakati wa janga hilo. == Vifaa vya kinga binafsi == === Ujumla === Ingawa idadi kubwa ya PPE inazalishwa nchini China, vifaa vya nyumbani vilikuwa vya kutosha. Serikali ya China ilichukua udhibiti wa akiba kutoka kwa wafanyabiashara wa kigeni ambao viwanda vilizalisha bidhaa hizi. Medicon, ambaye viwanda vyake vitatu vilizalisha vifaa kama hivyo nchini Uchina, aliona hisa zao zikikamatwa na serikali inayoongozwa na Chama cha Kikomunisti. Takwimu kutoka kwa Forodha ya China zinaonyesha kuwa vipande kadhaa vya kuzuia na kudhibiti magonjwa ya gonjwa vilikuwa vimeingizwa kati ya tarehe 24 Januari na 29 Februari, pamoja na vinyago bilioni 2.02 na vitu milioni 25.38 vya mavazi ya kinga yenye thamani ya yuan bilioni 8.2 (dola bilioni 1). Vyombo vya habari viliripoti kuwa Kikundi cha China Poly, pamoja na kampuni zingine za Wachina na biashara zinazomilikiwa na serikali, zilikuwa na jukumu muhimu katika kutafuna masoko nje ya nchi kupata vifaa na vifaa muhimu vya matibabu kwa China. Risland (zamani Bustani ya Nchi) ilipata tani 82 za usambazaji, ambazo baadaye zilisafirishwa kwa ndege kwenda Wuhan. Greenland Holdings pia ilipata vifaa vingi vya matumizi kama vile vinyago vya upasuaji, vipima joto, vifuta vimelea, dawa za mikono, kinga na paracetamol kwa usafirishaji kwenda China. Ununuzi mkubwa wa vifaa kwa kiwango cha jumla na rejareja na kampuni za Wachina kusaidia watu wenzao nyumbani wamechangia upungufu wa bidhaa katika nchi za magharibi ambapo kampuni hizi za China zinafanya kazi. Mnamo Machi 24 Waziri Mkuu wa Australia Scott Morrison alitangaza vizuizi kwa shughuli kama hizo. Kwa kuzingatia kuwa usambazaji wa PPE sio wa kutosha, na kufuata hatua hizi za Wachina, Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni (WHO) lilipendekeza mnamo Februari 2020 kupunguza hitaji la PPE kupitia telemedicine; vizuizi vya mwili, kama windows wazi; kuruhusu wale tu wanaohusika na huduma ya moja kwa moja kuingia kwenye chumba na mgonjwa wa COVID-19; kutumia PPE tu muhimu kwa kazi maalum; kuendelea kutumia upumuaji sawa bila kuiondoa wakati unashughulikia wagonjwa anuwai wenye utambuzi sawa; ufuatiliaji na uratibu wa mnyororo wa usambazaji wa PPE; na kukatisha tamaa utumiaji wa vinyago kwa watu wasio na dalili. Mnamo tarehe 3 Aprili, Jared Moskowitz, mkuu wa Idara ya Usimamizi wa Dharura ya Florida, alishtumu kampuni ya Amerika ya 3M kwa kuuza vinyago vya N95 moja kwa moja kwa nchi za nje kwa pesa badala ya Merika. Moskowitz alisema kuwa 3M ilikubali kuidhinisha wasambazaji na madalali kuwakilisha wanauza vinyago huko Florida, lakini badala yake timu yake kwa wiki kadhaa zilizopita "inafika kwenye maghala ambayo hayana kabisa." Halafu akasema wasambazaji walioidhinishwa wa 3M baadaye walimwambia masks Florida waliyopewa kandarasi ya kutokujitokeza kwa sababu kampuni hiyo ilipa kipaumbele maagizo ambayo huja baadaye, kwa bei kubwa, kutoka nchi za nje (pamoja na Ujerumani, Urusi, na Ufaransa). Kama matokeo, Moskowitz aliangazia suala hilo kwenye Twitter, akisema aliamua "kukanyaga" 3M. Forbes iliripoti kwamba "takriban masks milioni 280 kutoka kwa maghala kote Amerika zilinunuliwa na wanunuzi wa kigeni [mnamo Machi 30 202 na walitengwa kuondoka nchini, kulingana na broker - na hiyo ilikuwa katika siku moja", na kusababisha uhaba mkubwa wa masks huko Merika Kutumia Sheria ya Uzalishaji wa Ulinzi, utawala wa Trump uliamuru 3M kukoma kuuza masks zinazozalishwa na Amerika kwa Canada na Latin America, hatua ambayo kampuni hiyo ilisema itasababisha "athari kubwa za kibinadamu" na inaweza kusababisha nchi hizo kulipiza kisasi, na kusababisha kupungua kwa vifaa nchini Merika. Mnamo tarehe 3 Aprili, kampuni ya huduma ya afya ya Sweden Mölnlycke ilitangaza kuwa Ufaransa imekamata mamilioni ya vinyago vya uso na glavu ambazo kampuni hiyo iliagiza kutoka China kwenda Uhispania na Italia. Meneja mkuu wa kampuni hiyo, Richard Twomey, aliilaani Ufaransa kwa "kunyakua vinyago na glavu ingawa haikuwa yake. Hii ni kitendo cha kusumbua sana, kisichostahiki." Mölnlycke alikadiria jumla ya "vinyago milioni sita vilikamatwa na Wafaransa. Wote walikuwa wamepewa kandarasi, pamoja na vinyago milioni moja kwa Ufaransa, Italia na Uhispania. Zilizobaki zilipangwa kwa Ubelgiji, Uholanzi, Ureno na Uswizi, ambayo ina maalum. hali ya biashara na EU. " Wizara ya mambo ya nje ya Sweden iliiambia Agence France-Presse kwamba "Tunatarajia Ufaransa itasitisha mara moja uhitaji wa vifaa vya matibabu na kufanya kila iwezalo kuhakikisha kuwa minyororo ya usambazaji na usafirishaji wa bidhaa zinapatikana. Soko la pamoja linapaswa kufanya kazi, haswa katika nyakati ya shida. " Mnamo tarehe 24 Aprili, Meya wa San Francisco London Breed alilalamika kwamba maagizo ya jiji lake kwa PPE yalibadilishwa kwenda miji na nchi zingine. Alisema "Tumekuwa na maswala ya maagizo yetu kuhamishwa na wasambazaji wetu nchini China. Kwa mfano, tulikuwa na mavazi ya kujitenga wakati wakienda San Francisco na walielekezwa Ufaransa. Tumekuwa na hali wakati vitu ambavyo tumeamuru ambazo zimepitia Forodha zilichukuliwa na FEMA kupelekwa katika maeneo mengine. " Biashara ya vifaa vya matibabu kati ya Merika na China pia imekuwa ngumu kisiasa. Uuzaji wa vinyago vya uso na vifaa vingine vya matibabu kwenda China kutoka Merika (na nchi zingine nyingi) viliongezeka mnamo Februari, kulingana na takwimu kutoka Trade Data Monitor, na kusababisha kukosolewa kutoka Washington Post kwamba serikali ya Merika ilishindwa kutarajia mahitaji ya nyumbani kwa vifaa hivyo. Vivyo hivyo, The Wall Street Journal, ikinukuu Trade Data Monitor kuonyesha kuwa China ndio chanzo kikuu cha vifaa vingi muhimu vya matibabu, ilizusha wasiwasi kwamba ushuru wa Amerika kwa uagizaji kutoka China unatishia uagizaji wa vifaa vya matibabu kwenda Merika. ==== Matumizi ya vinyago ==== Uhaba wa kinyago cha matibabu ya matumizi moja na ripoti za uwanja wa utumiaji tena husababisha swali la ni mchakato gani unaweza kusafisha PPE hizi bila kubadilisha uwezo wao wa kuchuja. Vinyago vya FFP2 vinaweza kusafishwa na mvuke 70 ° C ikiruhusu utumiaji tena. Matumizi ya pombe imekatishwa tamaa kwani hubadilisha malipo ya tuli ya microfibres ya N95 ambayo husaidia uchujaji. Klorini pia imekatishwa tamaa kwani mafusho yake yanaweza kuwa na madhara. Waandishi wanaonya dhidi ya utumiaji tena wa wasio wataalamu, wakisema kwamba hata njia bora zaidi zinaweza kudharau kinyago ikiwa hazifanywi vizuri. Utafiti wa Singapore haukupata uchafuzi wowote kwenye kinyago baada ya utunzaji mfupi kwa wagonjwa wa COVID-19, ikipendekeza masks inaweza kutumika tena kwa huduma nyingi za wagonjwa. Sehemu ya virusi vya SARS-CoV-2 inaweza kuishi kwa mfiduo mrefu kwa 60 ° C. Watunga wameunda sanduku za disinfection zinazodhibitiwa na Arduino, na udhibiti wa hali ya joto, kutumia tena vinyago vya upasuaji na N95. Disinfection ya gesi inaruhusu 10 kutumika tena. ==== Masks ya DIY ==== Kufuatia uhaba wa vinyago vya N95, wajitolea waliunda mbadala ya 3D iliyochapishwa "NanoHack". Mask hii iliyochapishwa inaruhusu kutumia kinyago cha upasuaji kilichokatwa kwa mikono kama vichungi vya chembe-laini. Kwa kuzingatia uhaba wa vinyago na utata juu ya ufanisi wao, watu binafsi na watu wa kujitolea wameanza kutoa vinyago vya nguo kwao wenyewe au kwa wengine. Miundo anuwai inashirikiwa mkondoni ili kupunguza uumbaji. Vifaa vya kinyago vya riwaya viliundwa na watu binafsi na vikundi vya watengenezaji ulimwenguni kote wakitumia miundo ya chanzo wazi kama viboreshaji vya sikio kuifanya iwe vizuri zaidi kuvaa vinyago vya uso kwa muda mrefu. === Ngao ya uso wa matibabu === Kukabiliana na uhaba wa ngao ya uso, wajitolea kutoka jamii ya waundaji na uwezo wa kuchapisha wa 3D walianzisha juhudi za kutengeneza ngao za uso kwa wafanyikazi wa hospitali, polisi, wafanyikazi wa nyumba za uuguzi na wafanyikazi wengine wa mbele. Kwa jumla, watu kutoka nchi 86 walishiriki katika uzalishaji wa hiari wa PPE ili kuongeza minyororo ya usambazaji wa jadi - nyingi ambazo zilikuwa zimeingiliwa. Kwa pamoja walizalisha jumla ya angalau ngao za uso milioni 25 na mbinu ikiwa ni pamoja na uchapishaji wa 3D, kukata Laser, na ukingo wa sindano. ==== Watengenezaji wa printa za 3D ==== Katika hatua ya mwanzo, wazalishaji wachache wa printa za 3D walichapisha muundo wao. Mnamo Machi 14, Viwanda vya Budmen, mtengenezaji wa 3D wa kawaida huko New York, aliunda muundo wa ngao ya uso na kutoa ngao zao za kwanza za 50 na mpango wa kuchangia Kaunti ya Onondaga kutumia katika eneo la upimaji la COVID-19. Kampuni hiyo ilichapisha muundo wao na ilikuwa na upakuaji zaidi ya 3,000 ndani ya wiki. Mwisho wa mwezi, kampuni na mshirika wake walifanya ngao za uso 5,000 na maombi ya ulimwengu ya vitengo 260,000. Mnamo Machi 16, Prusa Utafiti, mtengenezaji wa kichapishaji wa 3D 3D, alianza kufanya kazi kwa muundo wa ngao ya uso kwa matumizi ya matibabu. Ubunifu huo ulipitishwa na Wizara ya Afya ya Czech na kwenda kwenye jaribio la uwanja na uzalishaji mkubwa kwa siku 3. Kampuni hiyo ilichapisha muundo wa watu kutengeneza ngao za uso kusaidia juhudi za mitaa. Ubunifu ulipakuliwa kwa idadi kubwa na watunga ulimwenguni kote. Mwisho wa Machi, kampuni hiyo iliajiri wafanyikazi 500 kufanya kazi kwa agizo la ngao 10,000. Ubunifu wao ulipakuliwa mara 40,000. ==== Wajitolea wa ndani ==== Wakati uhaba wa vifaa vya kinga binafsi katika hospitali za Jiji la New York ulipoingia katika hatua mbaya, wajitolea walianza kutengeneza ngao za uso wakitumia muundo wa Budmen mnamo Machi 20. Jitihada zaidi zilianzishwa na vikundi anuwai kutoka kwa wafanya hobby na wasomi hadi wataalam. Miundo mingi ilikuwa imeundwa na vikundi viliundwa kusambaza ngao za uso kwa hospitali za mitaa. Mnamo Machi 24, wakati janga lilikuwa likiongezeka, mtengenezaji maarufu wa Kifaransa 3D na YouTuber Heliox alitangaza mnamo Machi 24 kwamba atazalisha ngao za uso bure, akiunda muundo wa mtengenezaji mwingine. Aliwasiliana haraka na hospitali za mitaa, vituo vya afya na wataalamu wengine wa matibabu akiuliza utoaji wa haraka wa ngao za uso. Umaarufu unaoonekana wa mpango wake ulisababisha watengenezaji wengine wa 3D kujiunga na juhudi na kutoa msaada wao katika mikoa mingine kuunganisha vituo vya afya na watengenezaji wa karibu. Mnamo Machi 30, The New York Times ilichapisha video juu ya uhaba unaohusiana na COVID-19 na suluhisho la wafanyikazi wa huduma ya afya. ==== Mashirika ya serikali ==== Mnamo tarehe 23 Machi 2020, Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa za Merika (FDA), Idara ya Maswala ya Maveterani ya Merika (VA), na Taasisi za Kitaifa za Afya (NIH) ziliingia makubaliano ya makubaliano ya kuunda ushirika wa umma na kibinafsi na Amerika Makes, shirika lisilo la faida, kujaribu muundo wa vifaa vya kinga vya kibinafsi vilivyochapishwa vya 3D pamoja na ngao za uso. Makubaliano yalikuwa kuwa na NIH kutoa mfumo wa 3D Print Exchange ili kuomba miundo wazi, VA kufanya upimaji katika mipangilio ya kliniki, FDA kushiriki katika mchakato wa ukaguzi na Amerika Inafanya kuratibu na watunga kutoa miundo iliyoidhinishwa ya vituo vya huduma za afya. Kuanzia 18 Juni 13 ngao za uso zilikaguliwa kama inafaa kwa matumizi ya kliniki. Mnamo tarehe 9 Aprili 2020, FDA ilitoa idhini ya matumizi ya dharura iliyojumuisha idhini ya matumizi ya ngao za uso na wafanyikazi wa huduma za afya. FDA iliweka maelezo ya hali hiyo, na kuondolewa kwa mahitaji ya watengenezaji wa ngao ya uso kwa barua mnamo 13 Aprili 2020. ==== Makampuni ==== Apple Inc. ilitangaza mnamo 5 Aprili watatoa ngao za uso milioni 1 kwa wiki ili zipelekwe kwa hospitali za Merika. Kufikia katikati ya Aprili, kampuni nyingi kubwa kama Hewlett-Packard, Ford Motor Company, na Blue Origin walikuwa wamejiunga na juhudi za kutengeneza ngao za uso. Hata wazalishaji wa vifaa vya michezo kama Bauer Hockey walijiunga na kuanza kutengeneza ngao za uso kwa wafanyikazi wa matibabu. == Vifaa vya huduma ya matibabu == Upatikanaji wa vitanda vya wagonjwa mahututi au vitanda vya ICU, uingizaji hewa wa mitambo na vifaa vya ECMO kwa ujumla vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na vitanda vya hospitali vimeelezewa kuwa kizingiti muhimu katika kujibu janga linaloendelea la COVID-19. Ukosefu wa vifaa kama hivyo huongeza kiwango cha vifo vya COVID-19. === Mask ya oksijeni === Masks maarufu ya snorkelling yamebadilishwa kuwa oksijeni ya kusambaza masks ya kupumua ya dharura kupitia utumiaji wa adapta zilizochapishwa za 3D na marekebisho madogo kwa kinyago cha asili. Kulingana na sheria za Kiitaliano zinazohusiana na huduma za matibabu ambapo mradi umetokea, matumizi ya mgonjwa inahitaji tamko lililotiwa saini la kukubali utumiaji wa kifaa kisichothibitishwa cha biomedical. Mradi hutoa faili za 3D bure, na fomu 2 za kusajili hospitali zilizo na mahitaji na watengenezaji wa 3D wako tayari kutoa adapta. Nchini Ufaransa, mtengenezaji wa nguo kuu za michezo na utengenezaji wa vinyago Decathlon amefunga mauzo yake ya kinyago kuwaelekeza kwa wafanyikazi wa matibabu, wagonjwa na watunga 3D. Ushirikiano wa kimataifa pamoja na Decathlon, BIC, Stanford, na watendaji wengine uko kwenye njia ya kuongeza uzalishaji kwa mahitaji ya kimataifa. Kikundi cha watengenezaji cha Mpango B huko Rumania kilizalisha vinyago zaidi ya 2,000 vya snorkeling ili kupambana na janga hilo. === Vitanda vya wagonjwa mahututi === Nchi zote tajiri na nchi zinazoendelea zina au zitakabiliwa na upungufu wa vitanda vya wagonjwa mahututi, lakini hali hiyo inatarajiwa kuwa kali zaidi katika nchi zinazoendelea kwa sababu ya viwango vya chini vya vifaa. Mapema Machi, serikali ya Uingereza iliunga mkono mkakati wa kukuza kinga ya asili ya mifugo, ikitoa ukosoaji mkali kutoka kwa wafanyikazi wa matibabu na watafiti. Utabiri anuwai kutoka kwa Timu ya Majibu ya Chuo cha Imperial COVID-19, uliowekwa wazi mnamo Machi 16, ulipendekeza kwamba idadi kubwa ya kesi nchini Uingereza itahitaji kati ya 100 na 225 CCBs / wakaazi 100,000, ikiwa mikakati sahihi ya kupunguza au kutekelezwa. mtawaliwa. Mahitaji haya yangezidi uwezo wa sasa wa Uingereza wa wenyeji 6.6-14 CCB / 100,000. Katika hali nzuri zaidi, malipo ya kilele yangehitaji mara 7.5 idadi ya sasa ya vitanda vya ICU. Karibu Machi 16, serikali ya Uingereza ilibadilisha njia kuelekea mkakati wa kupunguza / kukandamiza zaidi. Nchini Ufaransa, karibu Machi 15, mkoa wa Grand Est ulikuwa wa kwanza kuelezea uhaba wa CCB inayopunguza ushughulikiaji wake wa mgogoro. Assistance-publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), ambayo inasimamia hospitali nyingi katika eneo la mji mkuu wa Ufaransa (~ wakazi milioni 10), iliripoti hitaji la ICU 3,000-4,000. Uwezo wa sasa unaripotiwa kuwa kati ya 1500 na 350, kulingana na chanzo. Nchini Ufaransa, kutokana na uhaba wa vitanda vya hospitali ya ICU katika mkoa wa Grand Est na Ile-de-France, wagonjwa kali lakini wenye utulivu wenye ARS na msaada wa kupumua wamehamishiwa kwa vituo vingine vya matibabu vya mkoa ndani ya Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Austria, Luxemburg, au Uswizi. === Uingizaji hewa wa mitambo === Uingizaji hewa wa mitambo umeitwa "kifaa ambacho kinakuwa uamuzi kati ya maisha na kifo" [chanzo bora kinachohitajika] kwa wagonjwa wa COVID-19 kwa sababu 3.2% ya kesi zilizogunduliwa zinahitaji uingizaji hewa wakati wa matibabu. Uhaba wa upumuaji ni wa kawaida katika nchi zinazoendelea. Ikiwa kuna uhaba, mikakati kadhaa ya upangaji imejadiliwa hapo awali. Mkakati mmoja ni kumweka mgonjwa daraja kwa vipimo kama vile: matarajio ya kuishi kwa muda mfupi; matarajio ya kuishi kwa muda mrefu; hatua ya kuzingatia-maisha; ujauzito na nafasi nzuri. Muda wa mara kwa mara wa siku 15 hadi 20 wa intubation ya kupona ni jambo muhimu katika uhaba wa upumuaji. Njia muhimu ya kupunguza mahitaji ya vifaa vya kupumulia ni matumizi ya vifaa vya CPAP kama njia ya kwanza. Kwa sababu hii vifaa vya CPAP vyenyewe vimekuwa kitu adimu. ==== Tathmini rasmi ==== Katika miaka ya 2000, CDC ya Merika ilikadiria uhaba wa kitaifa wa hewa 40-70,000 ikiwa kuna homa ya mafua. Kutokana na tathmini hii ilisababisha Mradi Aura, mpango wa umma na wa kibinafsi wa kubuni mashine ya kuingiza fedha, $ 3,000 ya mitambo, rahisi kutengeneza kwa wingi, na kuweza kusambaza Hifadhi ya Mkakati ya Kitaifa. Vyombo vya matibabu vya Newport vilipewa kandarasi, kubuni na prototyping (2011) vifaa vya kuingiza hewa kwa maafisa wa CDC, na wakitarajia kufaidika baadaye na bidhaa hiyo kwa kuhamia kwenye soko la kibinafsi ambapo vifaa vya kushindana viliuzwa kwa $ 10,000. Mnamo Aprili 2012, maafisa wa Huduma za Afya na Huduma za Binadamu wa Amerika walithibitishia Bunge la Merika kwamba mradi huo ulikuwa kwenye ratiba ya kufungua idhini ya soko mwishoni mwa 2013, baada ya hapo kifaa hicho kingeingia katika uzalishaji wa wingi. Mnamo Mei 2012, US $ 12 bilioni conglomerate ya matibabu Covidien, mwigizaji wa juu wa soko la uingizaji hewa wa mitambo, alipata Newport kwa $ 100 milioni. Covidien hivi karibuni aliuliza kughairi mkataba wa Mradi Aura kwani haukuwa na faida ya kutosha. Watendaji wa zamani wa Newport, maafisa wa serikali na watendaji katika kampuni zinazoshindana na vifaa vya kupumua wanashuku Covidien alinunua Newport kuzuia muundo wa hewa wa $ 3,000 usiovuruga shughuli yake ya uingizaji hewa yenye faida. Covidien aliungana mnamo 2015 kuwa Medtronic. Mradi Aura ulitafuta na kisha kusaini mkataba mpya na huduma ya afya ya Philips. Mnamo Julai 2019, FDA ilisaini kwa vitengo 10,000 vya mashine ya kupumua ya Trilogy Evo, ili kupelekwa kwa SNS kufikia katikati ya 2020. Mnamo 25 Machi 2020, Andrew Cuomo alifanya mkutano wa kina wa waandishi wa habari wa saa 1 wa COVID-19, akisisitiza matarajio ya upungufu mkubwa wa vifaa vya kupumua, na umuhimu wao katika kudumisha maisha katika kesi kali za COVID-19. Cuomo alisema jimbo la New York mwishowe litahitaji wapata hewa 30,000 kushughulikia utitiri huo, wakati ikiwa na 4,000 tu ya Machi 25; tarehe 27, Rais Trump alionyesha shaka juu ya hitaji hilo, akisema "Siamini unahitaji hewa 40,000 au 30,000," na alipinga simu za kulazimisha wafanyabiashara kuzizalisha. Baadaye mnamo tarehe 27, Rais alikubali wito wa kusaidia majimbo katika ununuzi wa hewa, kwa kutumia Sheria ya Uzalishaji wa Ulinzi, ingawa hofu inabaki kuwa ununuzi hautatokea kwa wakati kuzuia uhaba mkubwa. ==== Wauzaji wa viwanda ==== Huko Uropa, kampuni ya Löwenstein Medical, inayozalisha hewa 1,500 ya kiwango cha ICU na upumuaji wa kiwango cha nyumbani 20,000 kwa mwaka kwa Ufaransa peke yake, ilionyesha juu ya mahitaji makubwa ya sasa na upungufu wa uzalishaji. Kulingana na Uropa, vifaa vyao vyote ni vya Uropa na sio kutegemea ugavi wa Wachina. Kama kwa njia panda ya uzalishaji, ilipendekezwa kuongeza uzalishaji wa vifaa hewa vya kiwango cha nyumbani, msingi zaidi na ambayo inaweza kukusanywa kwa nusu saa, lakini inaweza kusaidia wagonjwa kupitia ugonjwa wa shida ya kupumua. Mtungi ulikuwa ni swali la rasilimali watu waliohitimu. Katika biashara kama kawaida, vifaa vya kupumua vya kiwango cha ICU vinapaswa kufanywa upya kila baada ya miaka 10 hadi 15. Kwa sababu ya janga la virusi vya korona, Ujerumani na nchi nyingine za Ulaya zilianza kudhibiti usambazaji wa kampuni hiyo. Nchini China, wazalishaji wa ndani waligombea kukidhi mahitaji ya ulimwengu ya vifaa vya kupumua. Medtronic ilifanya uainishaji wa muundo wa upumuaji upatikane hadharani lakini maswali ya leseni bado hayajafahamika. ==== Viboreshaji hewa ==== Nchini Uingereza, licha ya ukosefu wa vifaa vya kupumua vilivyotambuliwa hapo awali katika 2016 wakati wa Zoezi la Zoezi la NHS, kulikuwa na uhaba wao wakati wa janga la COVID na akiba ya serikali ikionekana kuwa haitoshi. Mnamo Machi, serikali ya Uingereza ilitaka tasnia ihusike na kutengeneza vifaa vya kupumulia kwa NHS, na Dyson na Babcock wakifunua mipango ya kuunda vifaa vya kupumua vya matibabu 30,000 (kiasi hiki kilionekana kuwa muhimu kulingana na modeli kutoka wakati kutoka China). Changamoto ya Ventilator ilihusisha kampuni kama Airbus, Rolls-Royce na Ford. Hii ilionekana kuwa haiwezekani wakati huo; aina ya mashine za kupumulia zilizopendekezwa na serikali kwa kampuni hizi zilikuwa mbaya na zisingeweza kutumika hospitalini. Hakuna kampuni yoyote iliyohusika ilifikia hatua za mwisho za upimaji na nyingi zimethibitisha ziada kwa mahitaji katika mtazamo wa nyuma. Watengenezaji wa 3D wamekuwa wakifanya kazi kwa vifaa mbadala vya uingizaji hewa mbadala au marekebisho. Vifaa vya Matibabu ya Chanzo wazi (OSMS) huorodhesha viwango na mahitaji ya upumuaji wa chanzo wazi kwenye maktaba yake ya mradi, lakini hakuna miradi ya kibinafsi iliyochapishwa kupitia maktaba. Watengenezaji wa 3D wamekuwa wakifanya kazi kwa vifaa mbadala vya uingizaji hewa mbadala au marekebisho. Vifaa vya Matibabu ya Chanzo wazi (OSMS) huorodhesha viwango na mahitaji ya upumuaji wa chanzo wazi kwenye maktaba yake ya mradi, lakini hakuna miradi ya kibinafsi iliyochapishwa kupitia maktaba. Mkakati mwingine ni kurekebisha mizunguko ili kutoa uingizaji hewa kwa wagonjwa wengi wakati huo huo kutoka kwa hewa moja. Daktari wa maumivu Daktari Alan Gauthier kutoka Ontario, Canada, alionyesha kugeuza hewa moja ya mgonjwa mmoja kuwa kifaa cha wagonjwa tisa kutokana na video ya YouTube ya 2006 na madaktari 2 kutoka Detroit. Njia hii na kama hiyo iliyoelezewa kwa ushiriki wa upumuaji hutumia mirija yenye umbo la T kugawanya mtiririko wa hewa na kuzidisha idadi ya wagonjwa waliopewa msaada wa kupumua. Uwezo wa kushiriki upumuaji kati ya wagonjwa wawili au zaidi ni mdogo kwa kufuata tofauti ya mapafu kati ya wagonjwa (na kusababisha tofauti, labda hatari, tofauti ya kiwango cha mawimbi kinachotolewa kwa kila mgonjwa), pendelluft kati ya wagonjwa kwenye mzunguko, na vile vile uwezo kueneza vimelea vya magonjwa kati ya wagonjwa. Nchini Ireland, wajitolea walianzisha Mradi wa Ventilator Open Source kwa kushirikiana na wafanyikazi wa matibabu. Nchini Italia, mwandishi wa habari wa eneo hilo na mkurugenzi wa jarida Nunzia Vallini wa Giornale di Brescia (Brescia Daily) aliarifiwa kuwa hospitali ya karibu ya Chiani ilikuwa inaishiwa na vali ambazo zinachanganya oksijeni na hewa na kwa hivyo ni sehemu muhimu ya vifaa vya ufufuo upya. Muuzaji wa valves mwenyewe alikuwa nje ya hisa na kusababisha vifo vya wagonjwa. Vallini aliwasiliana na mwanzilishi wa FabLab Massimo Temporelli, ambaye alimwalika Michele Faini, mtaalam wa utengenezaji wa uchapishaji wa 3D na mbuni wa utafiti na maendeleo huko Lonati SpA kujiunga na juhudi ya uchapishaji ya 3D. Wakati muuzaji hakutaka kushiriki maelezo ya muundo, walibadilisha valves na kutengeneza safu ndogo isiyo ya faida kwa hospitali za mitaa. Ili kukidhi mahitaji ya biomedical ambayo yanaweza kuhimili usafi wa mazingira mara kwa mara, Lonati SpA ilitumia printa zao za SLS 3D kuchapisha valves 100 kwenye Nylon PA12. Faini na Temporelli bado wanakubali mapungufu ya uzalishaji wao: uchapishaji wa 3D hauwezi kufikia muktadha wa ubora na sterilized wa valves asili na mchakato wa utengenezaji. Kinyume na uvumi mkondoni, valves hazigharimu dola za Kimarekani 10,000 kila moja na mtengenezaji wa asili hakutishia kushtaki timu ya printa za 3D. Vipu vya kugawanya hewa vilizingatiwa kama salama za mwisho za mapumziko katika mifumo tofauti ya hospitali, na miundo mingi ilipitiwa na wataalamu wa matibabu na kuchapishwa kwenye maktaba ya OSMS. Wadukuzi wa Mradi wa Ventilator wamejadiliana kupendekeza kupanga tena mashine za CPAP (masks-apnea masks) kama vifaa vya kupumua, kuwaka hewa moja ili kugawanya mtiririko wa hewa na kutibu wagonjwa wengi, na kutumia ndege zilizo chini kama vifaa vya matibabu ili kutumia oksijeni yao moja- mask-kwa-kiti cha miundombinu. Wahandisi wanaofahamu muundo wa kifaa na uzalishaji, wataalamu wa matibabu wanaofahamiana na vifaa vya kupumua vilivyopo na wanasheria wenye uwezo wa kuzunguka kanuni za FDA ikiwa mahitaji yatatokea walikuwa washiriki muhimu kati ya wajitolea 350 waliohusika. Njia kuu ya uchunguzi ni kuondoka kutoka kwa vitu vya hali ya juu zaidi vya uingizaji hewa wa kisasa wa mitambo, ambayo ni pamoja na tabaka za elektroniki na mifumo ya ufuatiliaji wa wagonjwa, kuzingatia upumuaji tu uliosaidiwa na mtiririko wa hewa ulioshinikizwa. Kikundi hicho, kwa mfano, kilikuwa kinatafuta maabara ya zamani ya Harry Diamond Maabara ya "kinga ya jeshi la dharura" ya kusoma. Wakati walikuwa na matumaini wangeweza kuwasilisha muundo unaofaa na unaoweza kuzaa kwa wingi, maswali yalibaki katika viwango hivi vya baadaye: laini ya uzalishaji wa watu, idhini ya FDA, mafunzo ya wafanyikazi, upatikanaji wa wafanyikazi, na mwishowe mahitaji halisi kwenye uwanja wa vita unaokuja. Timu ya MIT ilitengeneza mashine ya kupumulia ya dharura. === ECMOs === Oksijeni ya utando wa nje ni vifaa vinavyoweza kuchukua nafasi ya mapafu na moyo wa mgonjwa. Kuanzia 6 Februari 2020, jamii ya matibabu ilihimizwa kuweka vigezo vya upendeleo wa wagonjwa wa ECMO. == Vifaa == === Hospitali === Wakati hali ya Wuhan ilizidi kuwa mbaya na kusaidia Hospitali Kuu ya Wuhan na Kituo cha Matibabu cha Mkoa wa Mlima wa Dabie, China ilijenga hospitali mbili za dharura ndani ya siku chache: Hospitali ya Huoshenshan na Hospitali ya Leishenshan. Hospitali hizo ziliondolewa hatua kwa hatua mnamo Machi 2020. Mnamo Machi 23, Luteni Jenerali Todd T. Semonite, Mkuu wa Kikosi cha Wahandisi wa Jeshi la Merika, aliashiria juhudi inayoendelea ya kukodisha vifaa vilivyopo kama hoteli, mabweni ya vyuo vikuu, na ukumbi mkubwa ili kuzibadilisha kwa muda kuwa vituo vya matibabu. Mnamo Machi 16, Rais wa Ufaransa Emmanuel Macron alitangaza hospitali ya jeshi itaanzishwa katika mkoa wa Grand-Est, kutoa hadi vitanda 30 vya ICU. Hospitali hiyo ilikuwa ikipimwa siku 7 baadaye. Nchini Uingereza, karibu hisa nzima ya afya ya kibinafsi ya vitanda ilihitajika, ikitoa vitanda zaidi ya 8,000. Hospitali tatu za Nightingale ziliundwa na NHS England, na wanajeshi, kutoa vitanda vya ziada vya wagonjwa mahututi 10-11,000, hospitali nyingine ya vitanda 1,000 iliyoundwa huko Scotland, na hospitali ya vitanda 3,000 katika Uwanja wa Principality huko Cardiff. Wodi za muda zilijengwa katika mbuga za gari za hospitali, na wodi zilizopo zilijipanga upya kutoa vitanda 33,000 huko England na 3,000 huko Scotland kwa wagonjwa wa COVID-19. Hangar katika uwanja wa ndege wa Birmingham ilibadilishwa kuwa chumba cha kuhifadhia maiti 12,000. === Mogeshi === Uhaba wa chumba cha kuhifadhia maiti New York ulisababisha jiji kupendekeza mazishi ya muda katika mbuga. == Wafanyakazi wa Afya == Sehemu hii inahitaji upanuzi na: kusoma na kujumuisha vyanzo husika vilivyoorodheshwa kwenye ukurasa wa mazungumzo. Unaweza kusaidia kwa kuiongeza. Majadiliano yanayofaa yanaweza kupatikana kwenye Mazungumzo: Upungufu unaohusiana na janga la COVID-19. (Aprili 2020) Kuna sababu nyingi kwa uhaba wa mfanyakazi wa huduma ya afya. Kwanza, mahitaji ya ziada kwa sababu ya janga hilo. Pili, hali maalum ya utunzaji wa wagonjwa mahututi na wakati uliochukuliwa kutoa mafunzo kwa njia mpya za kufanya kazi ili kuzuia uchafuzi wa msalaba, wakati mwingine na aina mpya za vifaa vya kinga (PPE). Sababu ya tatu ni kupoteza wafanyikazi kwa janga, haswa kwa sababu wanajitenga na dalili (ambazo zinaweza kuwa hazihusiani) au kwa sababu mwanakaya ana dalili, lakini pia kwa sababu ya athari ya muda mrefu ya ugonjwa huo, au kifo. Kesi hii ya mwisho inatumika katika mfumo wa afya na inafanya kuwa ngumu kuteka wafanyikazi kutoka kwa wafanyikazi wasio wa COVID. Upungufu unaotumika ni pamoja na kuajiri madaktari wa kijeshi na michezo, madaktari wa mwaka wa mwisho katika mafunzo, wafanyikazi wa sekta binafsi, na kuajiri wafanyikazi wastaafu na wale ambao wamehama kutoka sekta ya matibabu. Kwa majukumu yasiyo ya matibabu, wafanyikazi wameajiriwa kutoka sekta zingine. Pia, automatisering katika huduma ya afya (mchakato wa suluhisho la kiotomatiki, teknolojia za matibabu zinazoendeshwa na AI, ...) zinaweza kusaidia kupunguza wafanyikazi wa matibabu na vifaa vingine kama vichwa vya habari vya ukweli uliodhabitiwa (Microsoft HoloLens, ...)) pia inaweza kusaidia kupunguza uwezekano wa wafanyikazi wa matibabu kuwa wagonjwa na kushindwa kufanya kazi pia kunaweza kupunguza kiwango cha mahitaji ya wafanyikazi wa matibabu kupitia faida ya ufanisi wa kazi. === Mzazi wa mgonjwa === Kukabiliana na matarajio ya uingiaji usioweza kudhibitiwa wa wagonjwa katika jiji lake na kwa wengine kote Merika, meya wa Jiji la New York Bill de Blasio alitaka serikali ya shirikisho la Merika kuajiri wafanyikazi wa matibabu ili kusaidia kukidhi mahitaji. Alipendekeza kuajiriwa kutoka kwa dimbwi ambalo linajumuisha madaktari wastaafu na wauguzi, waganga wa upasuaji wa kibinafsi, na wengine wasiojali sana wagonjwa wa COVID-19, na alipendekeza kuwapa na kuwapa tena kama inahitajika sehemu tofauti za nchi kulingana na ni miji na majimbo gani yaliyotarajiwa. kuwa mgumu zaidi wakati wowote kwa wakati. === Kutengwa na kiwewe === Kama kwa China, wafanyikazi wa matibabu wanajitenga na familia na chini ya shinikizo kubwa la kihemko. Kiwewe cha kisaikolojia kinatarajiwa kati ya wataalamu wa matibabu. AMA imeunda mwongozo kwa mashirika ya utunzaji wa afya kupunguza kiwewe cha kisaikolojia na kuongeza uwezekano wa wafanyikazi wa matibabu. === Magonjwa na kifo === Nchini Italia, angalau madaktari 50 wamekufa kutokana na COVID-19. Huko Lombardy, Italia, katikati ya Machi 2020 kuzuka, wafanyikazi wa matibabu waliripoti kiwango cha juu cha wafanyikazi wagonjwa. Huko Lodi, madaktari kutoka huduma zingine wameitwa kuhudhuria wagonjwa wa Covid. Huko Cremona, idadi ya viingilio vya wagonjwa ilikuwa mara tatu ya kawaida wakati huduma zilikuwa zinaendeshwa na 50% ya wafanyikazi wao. Mnamo tarehe 12 Machi 8% ya kesi 13,382 za Italia walikuwa wafanyikazi wa afya. Iliripotiwa pia kuwa kati ya 5 na 10% ya vifo walikuwa wafanyikazi wa matibabu. Mnamo Machi 17, hospitali moja kubwa zaidi ya mkoa wa Bergamo iliishiwa na vitanda vya ICU, wagonjwa walisafirishwa kwenda kwa mikoa mingine kwa helikopta. Karibu 14% ya kesi za Uhispania ni wafanyikazi wa matibabu. USA, karibu 62,000 HCW wamegundulika wameambukizwa mwishoni mwa Mei 2020, 291 wamekufa (0.47%). Mwisho wa Mei, Mexico ilikuwa na wafanyikazi 11,000 wa matibabu waliogundulika wameambukizwa, wakipunguza safu za matibabu. == Bidhaa za viwandani == Upungufu wa propane, unaosababishwa na kupunguzwa kwa uzalishaji wa petroli kutoka kwa mahitaji ya safari ya unyogovu wakati wa janga hilo, ilitajwa kuwa inaweza kuathiri uzalishaji wa kilimo. Janga hilo limesababisha kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya watumiaji wa propane kwa sababu watu wengi walikuwa wakikaa nyumbani wakati wa msimu wa baridi, na kuongeza hitaji la kupokanzwa na kupika nyumbani. Nchini Merika, upungufu wa propane umeripotiwa huko Kentucky, Louisiana, na Wisconsin. Nchini Merika janga hilo lilisababisha upungufu wa mbao na chuma. === Uhaba wa chip duniani === Kampuni nyingi za magari kama General Motors zililazimishwa kusitisha uzalishaji katika vituo kadhaa Amerika Kaskazini kwa sababu ya uhaba wa semiconductors. Kampuni nyingi za magari kama General Motors zililazimishwa kusitisha uzalishaji katika vituo kadhaa Amerika Kaskazini kwa sababu ya uhaba wa semiconductors. Kwa mahitaji madhubuti ambayo hayawezi kuridhika, maswala hayo yanaweza kunyooka hadi 2022, ikipinga kupona kwa utengenezaji wa ulimwengu. Asia ya Mashariki ni nyumbani kwa 75% ya uwezo wa utengenezaji wa ulimwengu, haswa TSMC na Samsung. Uundaji wa chip ni maji mengi, na Taiwan ilikuwa na ukame mnamo 2021, ikizidisha suala hilo. Kanda hiyo hupata matetemeko ya ardhi yanayosumbua mara kwa mara na mivutano ya kijiografia, kama vile uhusiano wa Cross-Strait na mapinduzi ya Myanmar ya 2021. Kumekuwa na upungufu wa chips kwa PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X / S, na PC za Michezo ya Kubahatisha, ambayo inatarajiwa kuendelea hadi angalau 2022. == Bidhaa za dawa == Sehemu hii inahitaji upanuzi. Unaweza kusaidia kwa kuiongeza. (Aprili 2020) Uhaba muhimu wa dawa za kuvuta pumzi ulionekana wakati kesi za COVID-19 ziliongezeka sana mnamo Machi 2020. == Bidhaa za Mtumiaji == Bidhaa zingine za kila siku zimeona uhaba kama matokeo ya usumbufu wa minyororo ya ugavi na miiba inayohitajika., Na kusababisha rafu tupu za bidhaa hizi kwenye maduka ya vyakula. Bidhaa zilizoathiriwa ni pamoja na karatasi ya choo, dawa ya kusafisha mkono, vifaa vya kusafisha, chakula cha makopo. Vitu anuwai vya watumiaji viliripotiwa katika uhaba wa eneo kwa sababu ya usumbufu wa ugavi au mahitaji yasiyo ya kawaida, pamoja na kufungia na vifaa vingine vya nyumbani, mashine za kushona, bili $ 100 (kwenye benki moja katika Jiji la New York), puzzles za jigsaw, kettlebells, damu, chachu ya kuoka, mbwa na paka kwa kupitishwa katika New York City, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch na Nintendo Switch Lite, kompyuta ndogo na kompyuta kibao, kuku, na klorini ya kuogelea. Kumekuwa na uhaba wa baiskeli ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya mahitaji makubwa ya matumizi ya burudani na kusafiri kwani usafiri wa umma ulifungwa katika maeneo mengi kutokana na janga hilo. Tatizo lilizidishwa na kupungua kwa kuhusishwa kwa utengenezaji katika Asia na Ulaya. Baa ndogo za dhahabu na sarafu za dhahabu zilikabiliwa na uhaba katikati ya mwaka wa 2020 kwa sababu ya mahitaji yote ya dhahabu kama uwekezaji thabiti, na kama matokeo ya usafishaji na utaftaji wa mint kukomesha operesheni kwa sababu ya kufifia. Uhaba mwingi umesababishwa na utengenezaji wa konda. === Kondomu === Mwishoni mwa Machi na mapema Aprili, wasiwasi juu ya uhaba wa kondomu ulimwenguni uliibuka baada ya baadhi ya viwanda vinavyotengeneza kondomu kulazimishwa kuzima au kupunguza shughuli zao, kwa kufuata maagizo ya serikali ya kukaa nyumbani, pamoja na Karex ya Malaysia. mtayarishaji mkubwa wa kondomu duniani. Hii imechanganywa na ucheleweshaji wa kujifungua kwa sababu ya vizuizi zaidi kwa uagizaji na usafirishaji, kama vile karantini ya siku 18 ya Misri kwa usafirishaji wa kondomu. Uwezekano wa uhaba wa kondomu umekuwa ukijali haswa kwa vikundi vinavyolenga uzazi wa mpango na kuzuia VVU barani Afrika. === Karatasi ya choo na bidhaa zingine za karatasi === Janga hilo lilisababisha upungufu wa karatasi za choo katika nchi anuwai, pamoja na Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Canada, Uingereza, na Merika. Mnamo Machi 2020 katika maduka mengi katika nchi hizi zote, wanunuzi waliripoti rafu tupu katika sehemu ya karatasi ya choo na sehemu za bidhaa zinazohusiana kama taulo za karatasi, tishu na nepi. Hapo awali, mengi ya haya yalilaumiwa juu ya ununuzi wa hofu. Wateja walianza kuogopa usumbufu wa ugavi na uwezekano wa kulazimishwa katika karantini zilizopanuliwa ambazo zingewazuia kununua karatasi ya choo na bidhaa zinazohusiana, licha ya uhakikisho kutoka kwa tasnia na serikali kwamba hakuna uwezekano wa kutokea. Kama matokeo, watumiaji wengine walianza kujikusanyia karatasi ya choo, na kusababisha ripoti za rafu tupu, ambayo ilisababisha hofu ya ziada ya uhaba wa karatasi ya choo ambayo ilisababisha wengine kukusanya karatasi ya choo pia. Uhaba huo uliunda mwiko mkubwa katika Utafutaji wa Google, zaidi ya 4000% kwa neno "karatasi ya choo" peke yake. Tovuti muhimu za usambazaji na zana ziliongezeka kila mahali kwa juhudi za kusaidia jamii kupata vyanzo vya ndani kwani wauzaji mkondoni walikuwa wamekosa hisa. Walakini, mwanzoni mwa Aprili 2020, sababu zingine isipokuwa ununuzi wa hofu zilitambuliwa kama sababu za upungufu wa karatasi ya choo. Hasa, kama matokeo ya maagizo ya kukaa nyumbani, watu wamekuwa wakitumia muda kidogo sana shuleni, mahali pa kazi, na kumbi zingine za umma na wakati mwingi nyumbani, na hivyo kutumia vyoo vya umma mara kwa mara na vyoo vya nyumbani mara kwa mara. Hii imesababisha shida kwa minyororo ya usambazaji, kwani vyoo vya umma na vyoo vya nyumbani kwa ujumla hutumia darasa mbili tofauti za karatasi ya choo: karatasi ya choo cha kibiashara na karatasi ya choo cha watumiaji, mtawaliwa. Georgia-Pacific ilitabiri ongezeko la asilimia 40 ya matumizi ya karatasi ya choo cha watumiaji kama matokeo ya watu kukaa nyumbani. Walakini, mwanzoni mwa Aprili 2020, sababu zingine isipokuwa ununuzi wa hofu zilitambuliwa kama sababu za upungufu wa karatasi ya choo. Hasa, kama matokeo ya maagizo ya kukaa nyumbani, watu wamekuwa wakitumia muda kidogo sana shuleni, mahali pa kazi, na kumbi zingine za umma na wakati mwingi nyumbani, na hivyo kutumia vyoo vya umma mara kwa mara na vyoo vya nyumbani mara kwa mara. Hii imesababisha shida kwa minyororo ya usambazaji, kwani vyoo vya umma na vyoo vya nyumbani kwa ujumla hutumia darasa mbili tofauti za karatasi ya choo: karatasi ya choo cha kibiashara na karatasi ya choo cha watumiaji, mtawaliwa. Georgia-Pacific ilitabiri ongezeko la asilimia 40 ya matumizi ya karatasi ya choo cha watumiaji kama matokeo ya watu kukaa nyumbani. Kwa sababu ya tofauti ya saizi ya roll, ufungaji, na usambazaji na mitandao ya usambazaji kati ya darasa hizo mbili, wazalishaji wa karatasi za choo wanatarajiwa kuwa na ugumu wa kuhamisha uzalishaji ili kukidhi mabadiliko ya mahitaji kutoka kwa biashara kwenda kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, na kusababisha uhaba wa kudumu hata baada ya hofu ya kununua ruzuku. Kumekuwa pia na ongezeko la uuzaji wa zabuni, ambazo zinaweza kusaidia kupunguza hitaji la karatasi ya choo. Jarida la Wall Street ilitangaza uhaba huo mnamo Aprili 2021. === Makopo ya Aluminium === Kuhama kwa unywaji wa vinywaji kutoka maeneo ya umma kwenda kwa nyumba zilizoundwa na aluminium (aluminium) inaweza kukosa nchini Merika. == Wengine == Nchini Ufaransa, kwa sababu ya mipaka iliyofungwa inayozuia wafanyikazi wa msimu wa kigeni kuingia nchini, Waziri wa Kilimo alitaka wajitolea wasio na kazi kuwasiliana na mashamba ya strawberry kusaidia kukusanya mavuno kwa mshahara mdogo wa kawaida. Panya wa maabara wanasambazwa, na aina zingine ziko katika hatari ya uhaba kwa sababu ya kufuli. Nchini Merika, umbali wa kijamii umesababisha uhaba wa michango ya damu. Uhaba wa Pepperoni ulitokea Merika ambao uliongeza bei ya pepperoni kwa 50%. Migahawa ya Amerika imepata uhaba wa ketchup. === Sarafu === Uhaba wa sarafu pia uliripotiwa kuzunguka Merika wakati mzunguko wa sarafu ulisimama. Mzunguko wa kawaida wa sarafu kupitia benki, biashara, na watumiaji uliingiliwa kwa kila hatua. Kufungwa kulifunga benki na biashara. Wateja pia waliepuka matumizi ya pesa wakati maonyo ya kiafya kutoka WHO, NIH, na CDC yalionyesha kuwa utumiaji wa pesa na sarafu zinaweza kueneza virusi. Kwa hivyo, sarafu ziliacha kusonga katika uchumi wote. Uhaba huo uliongezeka zaidi wakati Idara ya Hazina ya Merika iliruhusu uchoraji wa sarafu chache mapema mwaka ili kulinda wafanyikazi wakati wa janga hilo. === Bunduki na risasi === Kama matokeo ya janga la COVID-19 huko Merika na machafuko ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ndani ya nchi hiyo, watu wengi waliripoti uhaba wa bunduki na risasi kutokana na hofu ya kununua na maduka mengi ya bunduki na wauzaji kupunguza kiwango cha risasi mtu anaweza kununua. == Tazama pia == * [[Ugonjwa wa korona Kenya 2020]] * [[Ugonjwa wa korona Tanzania 2020]] * [[Athari ya pandemia ya Korona 2019-20 kwa mazingira]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:COVID-19]] 96cc8q7jnm7zc4qa2g9msw53kuqjw29 0 141145 1599349 1191729 2026-09-23T15:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599349 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Africa Free Trade Zone - member states.svg|thumb|Rangi ya kijani inaonyesha Eneo la Biashara Huria Afrika.]] '''Eneo la Biashara Huria Afrika''' (pia: ''Eneo la Biashara Huria la Kiafrika''; [[kifupi]]: '' AFTZ '') ni [[eneo la biashara huria]] lililotangazwa katika Mkutano wa (EAC-SADC-COMESA) tarehe 22 Oktoba mwaka [[2008]] na wakuu wa [[SADC|Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika (SADC)]], [[Soko la Pamoja la Afrika Mashariki na Kusini]] ([[COMESA]]) na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] ([[EAC]]). Mnamo Mei mwaka [[2012]] wazo hilo lilijumuisha pia [[ECOWAS]], [[ECCAS]] na [[AMU]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-05/26/c_123195304.htm |title=Africa free trade zone in operation by 2018 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=26 May 2012 |accessdate=2012-06-21 |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411035150/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-05/26/c_123195304.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Juni mwaka [[2015]], katika Mkutano wa [[Umoja wa Afrika]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], waliziundua [[Eneo la Biashara Huria la Bara la Afrika]] (cfta) ya nchi zote 55 za Umoja wa Afrika ifikapo mwaka [[2017]].<ref name=ICTSD>{{cite news|last1=Luke|first1=David|last2=Sodipo|first2=Babajide|title=Launch of the Continental Free Trade Area: New prospects for African trade?|url=http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/launch-of-the-continental-free-trade-area-new-prospects-for-african|accessdate=26 December 2015|publisher=International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development|date=23 June 2015}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Afrika]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] s10arnjse1t6b1993a4afj53ouh1ro6 0 141187 1600081 1269983 2026-09-24T11:44:28Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''DATA''' (Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa) ,lilikuwa [[shirika]] lisilo la [[serikali|kiserikali]] la kimataifa ambalo lilianzishwa mnamo Januari [[2002]] huko [[London]] na kiongozi wa U2 Bono pamoja na Bobby Shriver na wanaharakati kutoka kampeni ya Jubilee. DATA iliundwa kwa madhumuni ya kupata usawa na haki kwa [[Afrika]] kupitia kupunguza deni, kurekebisha [[sheria]] za kibiashara ambazo zinakandamiza Afrika, na kuondoa janga la UKIMWI barani Afrika, kuimarisha [[demokrasia]], kuendeleza uwajibikaji na mataifa tajiri na viongozi wa Afrika, na uwazi kwa watu. Mnamo [[2007]], huko [[Amerika]], DATA na Bono walipewa pamoja medali ya Uhuru wa Kituo cha Katiba cha Kitaifa cha [[2007]] kwa juhudi zao za msingi za kushughulikia shida ya UKIMWI na umaskini uliokithiri barani Afrika. Fedha za kuanzisha zilitoka kwa Taasisi ya [[Bill Gates|Bill]] & [[Bill Gates|Melinda Gates]], mfadhili [[George Soros]], na mjasiriamali wa teknolojia Edward W. Scott. Mnamo Oktoba [[2007]], ilitangazwa kuwa DATA na Kampeni Moja zitaungana Amerika; mabadiliko yalitokea Januari [[2008]]. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2953856520071029</ref> DATA ilipokea msaada kutoka kwa bendi ya mwamba ya Kikristo / bendi mbadala. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:USLWA]] 04hgl2rmduc0tqix1hoihxwvp5attbs 0 143068 1600124 1524128 2026-09-24T11:49:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600124 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Tuzo== Mnamo machi 2000, pia alishinda tuzo ya kifalme ya mafanikio na serikali ya jimbo la cape magharibi kwa mchango wake katika maigizo katika cape magharibi kwa miaka minga. ==Kifo== Ntlokwana alifariki kwa ugonjwa wa [[Colorectal cancer|colon cancer]] Akiwa Nyumbani kwake [[Gugulethu]] na miaka 63 mnamo julai 20 mwaka 2000.<ref name="naspers2000"/> Alikuwa anaishi na mke wake, Ntombizodwa Shirley Ntlokwana,<ref name=":0" /> na watoto wake.Alizikwa tarehe 29 baadaye mwezi huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mvuyiswa Renek Ntlokwana (1937 – 2000)|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPWW-998B|url-status=live|website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[J amii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] sr6mex932w9b401fk69i53i4rncwypm 0 143893 1599875 1516584 2026-09-24T05:40:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Katharine Blake | picha = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[11 Septemba]] [[1921]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]] | tarehe ya kufa = [[1 Machi]] [[1991]] (akiwa na miaka 69) | mahala alipofia = [[London]], [[Uingereza]] | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[Muigizaji]] | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = Anthony Jacobs, Charles Jarrott, David Greene | watoto = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Katharine Blake''' ([[Septemba 11]], [[1921]] - [[Machi 1]], [[1991]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Uingereza]], aliyezaliwa [[Afrika Kusini]], mwenye taaluma kubwa ya [[televisheni]] na [[sinema]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3C5DwAAQBAJ&q=charles+jarrott+The+Encyclopedia+of+British+Film%3A+Fourth+edition&pg=RA1-PA1969|title=The Encyclopedia of British Film: Fourth edition|first1=Brian|last1=McFarlane|first2=Anthony|last2=Slide|date=May 16, 2016|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9781526111968|via=Google Books}}</ref> Aliolewa na [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|muongozaji]] filamu Charles Jarrott.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/12129|title=Katharine Blake|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218083820/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/12129|archive-date=18 December 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-10-30|archivedate=2013-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218083820/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/12129|=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218083820/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/12129}}</ref> Alikuwa na mabinti wawili, kila mmoja na [[baba]] tofauti, Jenny Kastner (Nee Jacobs) kwa [[mume]] wake wa kwanza, mwigizaji Anthony Jacobs (baba wa Martin Jameson, Matthew Jacobs na Amanda Jacobs), na Lindy Greene kwa mume wake wa pili mwigizaji/mkurugenzi David Greene.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfp1DwAAQBAJ&q=within+these+walls+katharine+blake&pg=PA58|title=Hammer Complete: The Films, the Personnel, the Company|first=Howard|last=Maxford|date=November 8, 2019|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476629148|via=Google Books}}</ref> Alikuwa ametengana na mabinti wote wawili wakati wa kifo chake. Blake alishinda [[tuzo]] ya BAFTA ya mwigizaji bora wa kike kwa kazi yake katika televisheni mwaka wa [[1964]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1964/television/www.bafta.org/guru|title=Television in 1964 &#124; BAFTA Awards|website=awards.bafta.org}}</ref> Mnamo 1969/1970 aliigiza mhusika Chris Nourse katika sehemu ya kwanza ya Public Eye na kisha katika Armchair Theatre's Wednesday's Child; moja ya filamu za kwanza za mapenzi ya wasagaji kuonekana kwenye televisheni ya [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b786d5121|title=Wednesday&#039;s Child (1970)|website=BFI|accessdate=2021-10-30|archive-date=2021-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030082841/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b786d5121|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cathode">{{cite web|url=http://www.cathoderaytube.co.uk/2011/09/armchair-theatre-volume-two-dvd-review.html|title=ARMCHAIR THEATRE Volume Two / DVD Review|website=www.cathoderaytube.co.uk|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Blake alichukua nafasi ya Googie Withers kama Gavana wa magereza katika kipindi cha ITV ''Within These Walls'' mnamo [[1977]], lakini alionekana tu katika msimu mmoja, akiacha jukumu hilo kwa sababu ya afya mbaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87a4bcff|title=Islands in the Heartline (1976)|website=BFI|accessdate=2021-10-30|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922053655/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87a4bcff|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] fxck3k4k1pltpmxx2q5a18dcf3asocx 0 144042 1599499 1529090 2026-09-23T18:24:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Nadia Kaci | picha = Nadia Kaci, Cines del Sur 2007.jpg | maelezo ya picha = mwigizaji kutoka Algeria, mwanachama wa jury, Cines del Sur 2007.|thumb|Nadia Kaci, mwigizaji kutoka Algeria, mwanachama wa jury, Cines del Sur 2007.]] | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[1970]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[mwigizaji]] [[filamu]] wa [[Algeria]]. | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = | academyawards = | afiawards = | arielaward = | baftaawards = | bfjaawards = | cesarawards = | emmyawards = | filmfareawards = | geminiawards = | goldencalfawards = | goldenglobeawards = | goldenraspberryawards = | goyaawards = | grammyawards = | iftaawards = | laurenceolivierawards = | naacpimageawards = | nationalfilmawards = | sagawards = | tonyawards = | awards = }} '''Nadia Kaci''' (alizaliwa [[1970]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] [[filamu]] kutoka [[Algeria]]. == Wasifu == Kaci alilelewa [[Aljeri|Algiers]] na mama mwenye utamaduni". Alimfundisha binti yake ufeministi tangu akiwa mdogo. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, Kaci alianza kuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu mwelekeo wa Algeria na uhuru kutokana na ghasia za [[Oktoba]] [[1988]] na kuongezeka kwa utaifa wa [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]]. Alipoamua kuwa mwigizaji, baba yake alikataa kuzungumza naye kwa miaka ishirini. Kaci alihimizwa kuhamia Ufaransa, lakini mwanzoni alikataa kwa sababu alifikiri ilikuwa ni usaliti. Hatimaye aliondoka kwenda Ufaransa mwaka wa 1993, baada ya ubaguzi kuwa mgumu kwake. Mnamo 1994, Kaci alicheza Yamina, dada mliberali wa Said ambaye analazimishwa kuvaa pazia, katika ''Jiji la Bab El-Oued''. Aliigiza kama Fatiha ya kielimu katika ''Bent Familia'', iliyotolewa mnamo [[1997]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tunisiennes (Bent Familia)|url=http://www.africine.org/film/tunisiennes-bent-familia/174|work=Africine|accessdate=24 November 2020|language=French}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] rvndqbx9bf95trrpx9nbjqoovfwrdtj 0 144566 1600125 1273649 2026-09-24T11:49:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Kobelo Chapombe | picha = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = Emilian Timon Kobelo | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1987|11|23|mf=yes}} [[Mwananyamala]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Dar es Salaam | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = Kobelo | kazi yake = Mwigizaji, mtunzi wa hadithi, mwongozaji, mhariri wa taswira mjongeo na mpiga picha | miaka ya kazi = 2002 | ndoa = | watoto = 2 | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = Asia Sultan | tovuti = }} '''Emilian Timon Kobelo''' (amezaliwa [[Mwananyamala]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[23 Novemba]] [[1987]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[hadithi]], mwongozaji, mhariri wa [[filamu]] na mpiga picha kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa uhusika wake wa '''Kobelo Chapombe''' ambao hucheza kama mraibu wa pombe. ==Maisha na kazi== Emilian Timon Kobelo ni mtoto wa kwanza kuzaliwa katika famila ya watoto wanne waliozaliwa kati ya Timon Emilian Edward na Christina Stanford Senyagwa. Mwaka wa 2002 alijiunga na kikundi cha sanaa kilichoitwa 'Upendo Art Group.' Alitumikia sanaa yao kwa takribani miaka minne. Mwaka wa 2006, alitoka kundini kisha akajiunga na Baba Watoto Youth Center. Mwaka wa 2008, alishiriki filamu mbili ambazo ziliandaliwa na kundi hilo. Ilipotimu mwaka 2010, Kobelo na Bakari Salumu walifanya filamu mbili, Giza la Moyo - iliandikwa na Bakari Salumu. 2011 walirudi tena na kazi yao iliyoitwa Wizard of Heart iliandikwa na Kobelo. Kazi hiyo ilisambazwa na Steps Entertainment. Mwaka wa 2014, alijiunga na kampuni ya Macho Media iliyokuwa chini ya Musa Yusuph Mahenge (Kitale). Akiwa hapa, alipata kushiriki katika filamu ya Shobo Dundo, Nikabu, Kimbiji, Mkubwa Bure, COSOTA, Kigugumizi, Kibena, Stanbakora na Akili. 2017 alishiriki kwenye tamthilia ya [[Maneno ya Kuambiwa]] iliyodumu miaka mitatu kupitia kituo cha runinga cha kulipia cha TVE. 2020 ameshiriki kaktika tamthilia ya "Binadamu Wabaya" iliyorushwa hewani kupitia TVE na idhaa ya YouTube maarufu kama IPOTV. ==Viungo vya Nje== *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzdjBjp9kIo Kutoka katika Youtube] {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] 5l24qmx8xn3k1bqmvkhm37yk076alhk 0 144597 1599484 1518130 2026-09-23T18:23:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:087 bonevacia (25490334324).jpg|alt=Liemarvin Bonevacia|thumb|Liemarvin Bonevacia]] '''Liemarvin Bonevacia''' (alizaliwa [[Willemstad]], [[Korsou|Curacao]], [[5 Aprili]] [[1989]]) ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] wa [[Uholanzi]]. == Maisha ya kazi == Alikuwa ni mmoja kati ya wanne walioshiriki kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[majira ya joto]] kama [[Riadha|"mwanariadha]] anayejitegemea".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liemarvin BONEVACIA {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/liemarvin-bonevacia-14427350|work=www.worldathletics.org|accessdate=2021-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liemarvin Bonevacia - Athletics - Olympic Athlete {{!}} London 2012|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/bonevacia-liemarvin-1107367/|work=web.archive.org|date=2012-07-22|accessdate=2021-12-02|archivedate=2012-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722204631/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/bonevacia-liemarvin-1107367/}}</ref>Bonevacia alimaliza kwenye mita 400 na alitolewa kwenye nusu fainali, alivopata [[majeraha]] kwenye [[mshipa]] wa paja la kulia na kumaliza wa mwisho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olympics Site Closed {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics.html|work=www.sports-reference.com|accessdate=2021-12-02|archivedate=2020-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406175601/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ge/peter-gerber-1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drama voor Bonevacia in Londen - CuracaoSPORT.com|url=http://curacaosport.com/drama-voor-bonevacia-in-londen/|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-05-19|accessdate=2021-12-02|archivedate=2014-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519204412/http://curacaosport.com/drama-voor-bonevacia-in-londen/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:USLWO]] teolthv4e2nvlb246jzpii8fv49eyc7 0 144615 1599701 1512992 2026-09-23T19:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bakshi Gleb.jpg|alt=Gleb Bakshi|thumb|Gleb Bakshi]] '''Gleb Sergeyevich Bakshi''' (amezaliwa [[12 Novemba]] [[1995]]) ni [[bondia]] wa [[Urusi]]. Ni [[mwalimu]] wa [[michezo]] anayeheshimiwa Urusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BoxRec: Gleb Bakshi|url=https://boxrec.com/en/amateurboxer/856298|work=boxrec.com|accessdate=2021-12-03|archive-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006144144/https://boxrec.com/en/amateurboxer/856298|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bakshi alishinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] kwenye [[mashindano]] ya ndondi ya dunia ya AIBA [[2019]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://d152tffy3gbaeg.cloudfront.net/2019/09/C75W75.pdf_0.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-12-03 |archivedate=2019-09-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920180827/https://d152tffy3gbaeg.cloudfront.net/2019/09/C75W75.pdf_0.pdf }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == # "Boxing record for Gleb Bakshi". BoxRec. # 2019 World Championships results {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:USLWO]] ja6hthirfme9q75xfcoj4ewi0egvhhk 0 144625 1599611 1491028 2026-09-23T18:50:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Fatima Meer''' ([[12 Agosti]] [[1928]] - [[12 Machi]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], msomi, mwandishi wa [[skrini]] na pia [[mwanaharakati]] mashuhuri wa kupinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Maisha ya zamani == Fatima Meer alizaliwa katika Mtaa wa Grey, Durban, Afrika Kusini, katika [[familia]] ya tabaka la kati ya watoto tisa. Baba yake [[:en:Moosa_Ismail_Meer|Moosa Ismail Meer]] alikua mhariri, [[mama]] yake Rachel Farrell, alikua [[mke]] wa pili wa Moosa Ismail Meer. Rachael Farrell alikuwa yatima mwenye asili ya [[kiyahudi]] na [[kireno]] akasilimu na kubali jinake na kuitwa Amina. Alimaliza masomo yake katika shule ya upili ya wasichana ya Durban Hindi na kuwahimiza wanafunzi wenzake kukusanya fedha kwa ajili ya kampeni ya upinzani wa jumuiya ya kihindi kutoka mwaka [[1946]] hadi [[1948]]. Alikutana na [[:en:Yusuf_Dadoo|Yusuf Dadoo]], [[:en:Monty_Naicker|Monty Naicker]] na [[:en:Kesaveloo_Goonam|Kesaveloo Goonam]] na baadae kuhudhuria [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand|chuo kikuu cha witwatersrand]] kwa mwaka mmoja amabapo alikua mwanachama wa kikundi cha trotskyism. Alimaliza [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] yake ya kwanza kutoka chuo kikuu cha Natal. ===Mwanaharakati wa kisiasa=== Meer na Kesavolo walikua wanawake wa kwanza kuchaguliwa kama watendaji wa kongamano la asili ya india mwaka [[1950]].Walisaidia kuanzisha ligi ya wanawake Durban oktoba 4 1952 wakiwa kundi la wanawake 70.Lengo kuu la shirika hili ni kujenga ushirikiano kati ya waafrika na wahindi kutokana na mkanganyiko wa rangi kati ya makundi hayo. '''Bertha mkhize''' alikua mwenye kiti aliyesaidia kuandaa chreche na kusambaza maziwa manor ya cato .Walikusanya fedha kwa ajili ya waathiriwa wasio na makazi pamoja na waathiriwa wa mafuriko ya ziwa la ''sea cow''. Baada ya kikundi cha national kupata madaraka mwaka wa 1940, walikanza kutekeleza sera zao za [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] naye Meer kupigwa marufuku mwaka 1952 kwa muda wa miaka 3. Mwaka 1956 Meer alipanga kamati ya kukusanya fedha kwa ajili ya kusaidia famiia kutoka viongozi wa kisiasa wa Natal ambao walikua katika kesi ya uhaini .Alipanga mikesha ya usiku mwaka wa 1960 kupinga kuzuiliwa kwa wingi kwa wanaharakati wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi bila kufunguliwa mashtaka nje ya gereza la Durban na kuandaa mkesha wa wiki mzima Phoenix akiongozwa na Sushila Gandhi. Mwaka wa 1975, Fatima Meer alianzisha Shirikisho la Wanawake Weusi na kuwa rais wa kwanza wa shirika hilo ila alipigwa marufuku kwa kipindi cha miaka mitano baada ya kuhudhuria mkutano wa mafunzo ya weusi. Alinusurika kifo muda mfupi baada ya kupigwa risasi nyumbani na mwanawe kujificha. Meer alianzisha kamati ya uratibu ya mashirika ya walipa mikopo ya weusi mwaka wa 1980 kupinga dhuluma kataka vitongoji vya weusi iliyosababishwa na manispaa ya Durban na pia kuwashawishi wahindi kutovipiga vita vyama vya wazungu mwaka wa 1990. ===Kazi za hisani=== Alichapisha kitabu chake kiitwacho ''Portrait of Indian South Africans'' mnamo [[1969]] na kuchanga fedha alizopokea baada ya kuuza hicho kitabu ili kujenga chumba cha makumbusho na Kliniki ya Gandhia katoa. Aliwaokoa wahanga 10,000 wa mafuriko na kuwapa mahitaji ya msingi na kukusanya fedha za kuja shule kule Umlazi, Port Shepstone na Inanda. Chuo cha Mafunzo cha Tembalishe kilianziwa nyumbani kwake Meer mwaka [[1979]] ili kufundisha weusi katika ustadi wa ukatibu mnamo. Kituo cha Crafts pia kilianzishwa ili kufundisha [[Uchapishaji skrini|uchapishaji wa skrini]], [[Ushonaji|kushona]], kudarizi na kusuka kwa wasio na ajira kwa bahati mbaya vyuo hivi vilifungwa mwaka wa 1982 baada ya Fatima Meer kupigwa marufuku. Mnamo 1992,Fatima Meer alianzisha Kikundi cha Mazingira cha Mtaa wa Clare kukimu mahitaji ya wakaazi wa vibanda na wahamiaji vijijini .yaliyokua maji safi,usafi wa mazingira na makazi sahihi.Mradi wa shule a Khanyisa ulianzishwa mwaka wa 1993 kama shule ya maandalizi kwa watoto wa kiafrika wasiojiweza kabla ya kujiunga na shule rasmi maji safi, usafi wa mazingira na makazi sahihi. Pia alianzisha Kituo cha Mafunzo ya ruwaza, kushona, kusoma na kuandika kwa watu wazima na usimamizi wa biashara. ===Maisha binafsi=== Fatima Meer aliolewa na binamu yake wa kwanza ismail Meer mwaka wa 1950 jambo lisilo kawaida katika jumuiya ya sunni Bhora ambako alilelewa .Ismail Meer alikua mwanasheria mashuhuri na mwanaharakati wa ubaguzi wa rangi ambaya alikamatwa mwaka 1960 na kufunguliwa mashtaka ya uhaini mwaka 2000. Mwanao alfariki kutoka na ajali barbarani na kuacha binti wawili Shehnaaz amabaye ni hakimu wa mahakama ya madai ya ardhi naye Shamim mshauri wa sayansi ya kijamii. ===Msomi na mwandishi=== Meer alikua mhadhiri wa sosholojia na mfanyikazi wa chuo kikuu cha Natal kutoka mwaka 1956 hadi 1988 akiwa mwanafunzi wa kwanza mweusi pia profesa mgeni katika vyuo vikuu nje ya nchi. Alipokea digrii tatu za heshima kutoka shule ya uchumi ya london na shahada ya udaktari kutoka Chuo cha Swarthmore (1984) na katika Barua za Humane kutoka nchini Marekani (1994). ===Kifo na urithi=== Fatima Meer alifariki tarehe 12 Machi 2010 katika hospitali ya mtakatifu Augustine mjini Durban akiwa mwenye umri wa miaka 81.Kifo chake ni kutoka na kiharusi alichopata wiki mbili zilizopita wasifu wake wenye jin voices of liberation uliandikwaa na na Shireen Hassim na kuchapishwa mnamo 2019. Michoro na michoro yake imeonyeshwa kwenye Kilima cha Katiba tangu Agosti 2017. ==Vitabu== * ''Picha ya Wahindi wa Afrika Kusini'' (1969) * ''Mafunzo ya Mahatma'' (1970) * ''Mbio na Kujiua nchini Afrika Kusini'' (1976) * ''Kuelekea Kuielewa Iran Leo'' (1985) * ''Upinzani katika Vitongoji'' (1989) * ''Higher than Hope'' (1990) (wasifu wa kwanza ulioidhinishwa wa [[Nelson Mandela]], ambao ulitafsiriwa katika lugha 13) * ''Gandhi wa Afrika Kusini: Hotuba na Maandishi ya MK Gandhi'' (1996) * ''Passive Resistance, 1946: Uchaguzi wa Hati'' (1996) * ''Fatima Meer: Kumbukumbu za Upendo na Mapambano'' (2010) ==Heshima na tuzo== * Tuzo la Umoja wa Wanahabari wa Afrika Kusini (1975) * Tuzo la Imam Abdullah Haroon kwa Mapambano dhidi ya Ukandamizaji na Ubaguzi wa Rangi (1990) * Tuzo la Vishwa Gurjari kwa Mchango wa Haki za Kibinadamu (1994) * Orodha bora ya Wanawake 100 Waliotikisa Afrika Kusini (1999) * 45 Wakazi 100 Bora Afrika Kusini (2004) * Agizo la Kitaifa la Afrika Kusini: Agizo la Huduma Bora (2009) * Agizo la Luthuli katika Fedha (2017) [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] s5s5coy14mhv6aint6ysw0jjvz05tcq 0 146125 1600082 1522111 2026-09-24T11:44:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ngonidzashe Kambarami''' (maarufu kama '''Ngonie'''; alizaliwa Mabvuku [[Harare]], 19 Oktoba [[1983]]<ref name="ZimVibes">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ZimVibes Profile|url=http://www.zimvibes.com/index.php?pid=233|accessdate=22 December 2007|archivedate=2007-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030141044/http://www.zimvibes.com/index.php?pid=233}}</ref>) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Zimbabwe]] ambaye ametoa albamu tatu hadi sasa: ''Ndinoimba'', ''Angu Mashoko'', na ''Idenderedzwa''. Wimbo wake wa kwanza "Ndiwe Chete" lina kazi yake ya [[muziki]] mwaka wa [[2002]], na kusababisha kutolewa kwa album yake ya kwanza. == Wasifu == Ngonie alisoma katika [[Shule]] ya Msingi ya Donnybrook na [[Shule]] ya Upili ya Mabvuku huko Mabvuku na pia Kartika Chuo cha Foundation huko Old Tafara, [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]. == Diskografia == === [[2002]]: ''Ndinoimba'' === ==== Orodha ya [[nyimbo]] ==== * 1. Bvuma (4.18) * 2. Ndapererwa (4.43) features Raps' Finest * 3. Ndiwe Chete (5.01) * 4. Donna (4.22) * 5. Tell Me Why (3.45) features Kevin from Trinity as Rastah Kev * 6. Ndinochema (4.56) * 7. C'mon now (1.13) an interlude * 8. Wakaenda (5.14) * 9. Tamba (5.10) * 10. Happy Birthday (3.42) featuring Gumiso * 11. Wabata moyo wangu (4.27) written by Janet * 12. Ndinotenda (4.45) * 13. Wakaenda (5.07) – Stardust Mix Album hii imetayarishwa na wasanii warily wa Tatenda "Take 5" Jenami na Sipho "TBA" Mkhuhlane wa Kikosi hicho. === [[2004]]: ''Angu Mashoko'' === main  ==== Orodha ya [[nyimbo]] ==== * 1. Shamwari (5.00) features Alexio Kawara * 2. Angela (5.39) * 3. Tsika (5.02) * 4. Nherera (4.44) features Diana Samkwange * 5. Dekadzo (4.11) * 6. Rudo neChido (5.04) * 7. Mazakwatira (3.49) with Leonard Mapuranga * 8. Pedyo Newe (6.02) * 9. Kuswera Newe (4.28) * 10. Jabulani (3.44) featuring Carmelita * 11. Shoko (4.38) * 12. Kundivenga (3.43) * 13. Zunza (Radio edit of Mazakwatira) (3.30) Album hii ilitolewa na Wofman (Pedyo Newe) na Gordon Mutekedzi, TBA na Lyton Ngolomi kwa ajili ya [[Burudani ya Barabara kuu, 4RoomsOfLove|[[Burundi]] ya Barabara kuu, lebo ya 4RoomsOfLove]] Ngonie mwenyewe. === [[2007]]: ''idenderedzwa'' === ==== Orodha ya [[nyimbo]] ==== * 1. Ndamuwana (5.39) * 2. Thembie (4.22) * 3. Haumurovi (4.02) * 4. Ndichakuda (4.42) * 5. Back Home (3.39) features Diana Samkange * 6. Hupenyu (4.08) * 7. Swedera (4.45) features Sir Calabash * 8. Kuchema/Purezha (6.32) * 9. Nhinhi (4.53) * 10. Wandichada (4.57) featuring Leonard Mapfumo * 11. Mwari (5.54) * 12. Mumwe wangu (3.50) * 13. Thembie Guitar Mix (4.22) Album hii ilithayarishwa na Joseph "Joey" Madziyire, Sipho "Playboy" Mkuhlane, Lyton Ngolomi, Clive "Mono" Mukundu na McDonald "McDee" Chidavaenzi wa ajili ya label ya kibinafsi ya Ngonie ya Highway Entertainment. Albamu hii inasambazwa na Metro Studios chini ya Leseni ya Usambazaji ya Mtu wa Tatu na ilitolewa madukani tarehe 20 [[Desemba]] [[2007]]. == Tuzo == Ngonie alipokea tuzo ya Mwanaume Bora wa Urban Grooves kotuku kwa Tuzo za Muziki za Zimbabwe ( ZIMA ) [[2004]]. Onyesho lake la cappella la "Donna" katika kipindi cha ''Spotlight'' 2002 na Another Trybe pia lilipokea tuzo ya utendakazi bora katika kitengo chake. == Maonyesho ya TV na maonyesho == Ametokea kwenye ''Spotlight'' na ''Superstar'' kama mshiriki, na Maekawa na wageni kwenye kipindi maarufu cha [[Zimbabwe]] ''Studio 263'' kinachoonyeshwa kwenye ZBC ( Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation ) na Obe tv ( [[Anga|Sky]] channel 223). Nyimbo zake "Angela" na "Shamwari" pia zimetumika kama muziki wa usuli kwa vipindi kadhaa vya kipindi hiki. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vingine == * The Daily Mirror [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929025556/http://www.zimmirror.co.zw/dailymirror/view_news.cfm?storyid=2144&categoryid=10&issueid=76&issuedate=2006-12-22%2018:56:00.0&issue_type=current] * The Daily Mirror [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929025541/http://www.zimmirror.co.zw/dailymirror/view_news.cfm?storyid=8412&categoryid=10&issueid=282&issuedate=2006-12-22%2018:56:00.0&issue_type=current] * ZimVibes Profile [http://www.zimvibes.com/index.php?pid=233] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zimvibes.com/index.php?pid=233 |date=20071030141044 }} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Zimbabwe]] tkggofv130dg2qa9h8nhffefidjl90m 0 146405 1600063 1514479 2026-09-24T11:42:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600063 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ida Odinga 2009.jpg|alt=Picha ya Ida Betty Odinga|thumb|Picha ya Ida Betty Odinga]] '''Ida Betty Odinga''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Ida Anyango Oyoo''' [[24 Agosti]] [[1950]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://theburningsplint.blogspot.com/2011/02/reviewing-raila-odinga-enigma-in-kenyan.html|work=theburningsplint.blogspot.com|title=Reviewing Raila Odinga An Enigma in Kenyan Politics by Babafemi Adesina Badejo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128040813/http://theburningsplint.blogspot.com/2011/02/reviewing-raila-odinga-enigma-in-kenyan.html|archivedate=2019-01-28|accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref>) ni [[mfanyabiashara]], [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] na [[mwalimu]] wa [[Kenya]]. Yeye ni mke wa [[Raila Odinga]], [[Wakuu wa Serikali ya Kenya|Waziri Mkuu wa zamani wa Kenya]] na kiongozi wa National Super Alliance (NASA). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/local-news/2001268045/this-is-why-i-missed-railas-swearing-in-ida-odinga-speaks|title=This is why I missed Raila's ‘swearing in’- Ida Odinga speaks|first=Kepher|author=Otieno|work=Standard Entertainment and Lifestyle}}</ref> Mnamo [[2010]], gazeti la ''The Standard'' lilimtaja Odinga, ambaye alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kuongoza [[kampuni]] kubwa ya Kenya, kama mmoja wa wanawake wenye nguvu zaidi nchini Kenya mwaka wa [[2010]]. == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == Odinga alipata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sanaa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]] mnamo [[1974]] alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 24. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Top most powerful Kenyan women|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4|work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]|date=2010-10-23|accessdate=2022-02-16|archivedate=2016-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826133241/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4}}. ''[[Kiwango (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]''. 2010-10-23. Archived from [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4 the original] on 2016-08-26.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Lady Ida Odinga|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lady-ida-odinga|work=[[Huffington Post]]}}Vogt, Heidi. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lady-ida-odinga "Lady Ida Odinga"]. ''[[Chapisho la Huffington|Huffington Post]]</ref> Alipokuwa akihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, alikutana na mume wake mtarajiwa, Raila Odinga, ambaye alikuwa mfanyakazi wa Idara ya Uhandisi ya chuo hicho wakati huo. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Margaret Kenyatta, Ida Odinga and Rachel Ruto Are Teachers by Profession|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/19275-margaret-kenyatta-ida-odinga-and-rachel-ruto-are-teachers-profession|work=Kenyans.co.ke|date=2017-05-22}}</ref> Wenzi hao walifunga ndoa tarehe 1 [[Septemba]] [[1973]] na wana watoto wanne. Mmoja wa watoto wao, Fidel Odinga, alifariki mwaka wa 2015. <ref>[https://www.tuko.co.ke/91002-raila-odinga-narrates-fell-love-sister-law-married-her.html How Raila met Ida Odinga and how they were related before] : https://www.tuko.co.ke/91002-raila-odinga-narrates-fell-love-sister-law-married-her.html</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Kibaki, Odinga have a long history|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-28-4157951089_x.htm|date=2008-02-28}}Vogt, Heidi (2008-02-28). [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-28-4157951089_x.htm "Kibaki, Odinga have a long history"]. [[USA Leo|USA Today]]. [[Associated Press]].</ref> == Kazi == Alifanya kazi kama mwalimu kwa zaidi ya miaka ishirini baada ya kuhitimu. Alifundisha katika Shule ya Upili ya Kenya, shule ya umma ya wasichana wote iliyoko karibu na [[Nairobi]]. Wanafunzi wake ni pamoja na marehemu Gavana wa [[Kaunti ya Bomet]], [[Joyce Cherono Laboso|Joyce Laboso]]. Raila Odinga alifungwa 1982 kama mfungwa wa kisiasa na serikali ya Rais [[Daniel Arap Moi|Daniel arap Moi]]. <ref name="usatoday">{{Rejea habari|first=Heidi|last=Vogt|title=Kibaki, Odinga have a long history|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-28-4157951089_x.htm|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=2008-02-28}} Heidi (2008-02-28). [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-28-4157951089_x.htm "Kibaki, Odinga have a long history"]. [[USA Leo|USA Today]]. [[Associated Press]]2012-08-09</ref> Ida Odinga kwa kiasi kikubwa aliwalea watoto wake mwenyewe katika miaka hiyo alipokuwa akifanya kazi kama mwalimu. <ref>{{Rejea habari|first=Felicia|last=Taylor|title=Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html|date=2012-06-22}}Taylor, Felicia (2012-06-22). [https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html "Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife"]. ''[[CNN]] – African Voices''2012-08-09</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Ida Odinga on Her Life, Marriage and Children – Wife to Kenya Prime Minister Raila Odinga (Drum February 2011)|url=http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/ida-odinga-wife-kenya-prime-minister-raila-odinga/|date=2011-02-28|accessdate=2022-02-16|archivedate=2018-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724162432/http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/ida-odinga-wife-kenya-prime-minister-raila-odinga/}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Ida Odinga baadaye alifukuzwa kwenye nafasi yake ya ualimu na serikali inayoongozwa na [[Kenya African National Union|Muungano wa Kitaifa wa Afrika ya Kenya]] kutokana na upinzani wa kisiasa wa Raila Odinga. <ref>{{Rejea habari|first=Benjamin|last=Muriuki|title=Margaret Kenyatta, Ida Odinga and Rachel Ruto Are Teachers by Profession|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/19275-margaret-kenyatta-ida-odinga-and-rachel-ruto-are-teachers-profession|date=2017-05-22}}Muriuki, Benjamin (2017-05-22). [https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/19275-margaret-kenyatta-ida-odinga-and-rachel-ruto-are-teachers-profession "Margaret Kenyatta, Ida Odinga and Rachel Ruto Are Teachers by Profession"]. ''Kenyans.co.ke''</ref> Odinga alianzisha Muungano wa Wapiga Kura Wanawake wa Kenya mwaka wa 1991, <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html|work=[[CNN]] – African Voices|date=2012-06-22}}Taylor, Felicia (2012-06-22). [https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html "Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife"]. ''[[CNN]] – African Voices''2012-08-09</ref> ambao unakuza fursa kwa wanawake kwenye ulingo wa kisiasa. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Top most powerful Kenyan women|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4|work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]|date=2010-10-23|accessdate=2022-02-16|archivedate=2016-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826133241/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4}}. ''[[Kiwango (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]''. 2010-10-23. Archived from [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4 the original] on 2016-08-262012-08-09</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Ida Odinga on Her Life, Marriage and Children – Wife to Kenya Prime Minister Raila Odinga (Drum February 2011)|url=http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/ida-odinga-wife-kenya-prime-minister-raila-odinga/|work=Drum (Kenyan magazine)|date=2011-02-28|accessdate=2022-02-16|archivedate=2018-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724162432/http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/ida-odinga-wife-kenya-prime-minister-raila-odinga/}}[http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/ida-odinga-wife-kenya-prime-minister-raila-odinga/ "Ida Odinga on Her Life, Marriage and Children – Wife to Kenya Prime Minister Raila Odinga (Drum February 2011)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanmagazines.com/ida-odinga-wife-kenya-prime-minister-raila-odinga/ |date=20180724162432 }}. ''Drum (Kenyan magazine)''. 2011-02-28-2012-08-09</ref> Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Ligi. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Lady Ida Odinga|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lady-ida-odinga|work=[[Huffington Post]]}} [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lady-ida-odinga "Lady Ida Odinga"]. ''[[Chapisho la Huffington|Huffington Post]]''</ref>Pia ametetea sababu nyingine nyingi, zilizolenga wanawake, watoto na afya nchini Kenya. Odinga ametetea kuzuiwa kwa saratani ya matiti na [[Nasuri|fistula]], na kutokomeza kabisa ugonjwa wa [[Tekenya|chigoe]]. Pia amewashauri wasichana wa shule wa Kenya na kukaa kwenye bodi ya wakurugenzi wa shirika linalosaidia walemavu wa miguu. [[Mkurugenzi|Alikua mkurugenzi mkuu]] wa East African Specter, kampuni ya [[Utengenezaji|kutengeneza]] mitungi ya gesi kimiminika, mwaka wa 2003, na kuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kuongoza [[kampuni]] kubwa ya Kenya. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Top most powerful Kenyan women|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4|work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]|date=2010-10-23}}https://web.archive.org/web/20160826133241/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4 "Top most powerful Kenyan women"]. ''[[Kiwango (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]''. 2010-10-23. Archived from [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4 the original] on 2016-08-26</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html|work=[[CNN]] – African Voices|date=2012-06-22}}[https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html "Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife"]. ''[[CNN]] – African Voices''</ref> Gazeti la ''The Standard'' lilimuorodhesha Odinga kama mmoja wa wanawake wenye nguvu zaidi nchini Kenya mwaka wa 2010. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Top most powerful Kenyan women|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4|work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]|date=2010-10-23|accessdate=2022-02-16|archivedate=2016-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826133241/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4}}. ''[[Kiwango (Kenya)|The Standard Digital]]''. 2010-10-23. Archived from [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000020827&pageNo=4 the original]</ref> Katika mahojiano na CNN International 2012, Odinga alifafanua maisha yake na kusema yeye ni mke wa mwanasiasa. Alimwambia Felicia Taylor wa CNN, "Ni vizuri kuwa mke, lakini ni vizuri kuwa mke aliyeelimika. Kuwa mke, sio tu nafasi ya kuwa chini/Mnyonge - ni nafasi ya nguvu." <ref>{{Rejea habari|first=Felicia|last=Taylor|title=Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html|work=[[CNN]] – African Voices|date=2012-06-22}} [https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/world/africa/ida-odinga-kenya-prime-minister/index.html "Why Ida Odinga is not your average politician's wife"]. ''[[CNN]] – African Voices''</ref> Mnamo [[Novemba]] [[2018]], Odinga aliidhinisha Mswada, ambao ungerekebisha [[Katiba ya Kenya]] ili kuhakikisha uteuzi wa wagombeaji na wabunge wa kike katika [[Bunge la Kenya|Bunge]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|first=Faith|last=Nyamai|title=Ida Odinga: Gender rule will unlock countless opportunities for women|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ida-Odinga-throws-her-weight-behind-gender-bill/1056-4872522-tw1ildz/index.html#|work=[[Daily Nation]]|date=2018-11-28}}</ref> Ingawa aliunga mkono hadharani mswada huo, ambao alisema utaongeza nyadhifa za uongozi kwa wabunge wanawake, Odinga pia alibainisha kuwa wanawake hawajawahi kupata fursa ya kushindana kwa usawa na wanasiasa wanaume katika siasa. Odinga alijitokeza Bungeni kuunga mkono wabunge wanawake walioketi wakati wa mjadala huo. <ref>{{Rejea habari|first=Njoki|last=Kihiu|title=Kenya: Women MPs Say Stabbed in the Back as Gender Bill Flops Yet Again|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201902280024.html|work=[[98.4 Capital FM]]|date=2019-02-27}}</ref> Walakini, mswada huo ulishindwa kupitishwa katika Bunge la Kitaifa mnamo [[Februari]] 2019, licha ya kuungwa mkono na Ida Odinga, Rais [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], na wanasiasa wengine mashuhuri na wanaharakati. Mnamo 2019 Odinga alisisitiza kuwa hataidhinisha mtu yeyote kwa uchaguzi wa 2022 na watu wako huru kuchagua yeyote wanayemtaka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hivisasa.com/posts/97166021-raila-wont-endorse-anyone-in-2022-ida-odinga|title=Raila won't endorse anyone in 2022 — Ida Odinga|work=hivisasa.com|accessdate=2022-02-16|archivedate=2022-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216134108/https://hivisasa.com/posts/97166021-raila-wont-endorse-anyone-in-2022-ida-odinga}}</ref> Mnamo [[Juni]] 2020, mume wa Ida, waziri mkuu wa zamani, alisafiri hadi [[Falme za Kiarabu|Umoja wa Falme za Kiarabu]] kwa matibabu ya hospitali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://kenyan-post.com/2020/06/i-cant-hide-it-anymore-ida-odinga-and-reveals-what-is-really-ailing-her-husband-raila-that-forced-them-to-airlift-him-to-dubai-for-special-care/|title=I can't hide it anymore – IDA ODINGA and reveals what is really ailing her husband, RAILA, that forced them to airlift him to Dubai for special care|date=June 30, 2020|work=DAILY POST|accessdate=2022-02-16|archivedate=2023-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417085334/https://kenyan-post.com/2020/06/i-cant-hide-it-anymore-ida-odinga-and-reveals-what-is-really-ailing-her-husband-raila-that-forced-them-to-airlift-him-to-dubai-for-special-care/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] lbzjqc9svcjukfi9xc0qb353fxs98pu 0 146451 1599485 1590460 2026-09-23T18:23:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fatuma Ali Saman''' (alizaliwa [[Mandera]], [[1968]]) ni [[mwalimu]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]] na [[mjumbe]] wa bodi ya Mamlaka Huru ya Kusimamia [[Polisi]] nchini [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Team+to+keep+police+in+check+takes+oath/-/1056/1420776/-/14ru9gu/-/index.html|title=Team to keep police in check takes oath|newspaper=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|access-date=2016-12-08|accessdate=2022-02-17|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724084213/https://www.nation.co.ke/News/Team%2Bto%2Bkeep%2Bpolice%2Bin%2Bcheck%2Btakes%2Boath/-/1056/1420776/-/14ru9gu/-/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipoa.go.ke/about-us/ipoa-board-members.html|title=IPOA BOARD MEMBERS|website=IPOA|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126173848/http://ipoa.go.ke/about-us/ipoa-board-members.html|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=2022-02-17|archivedate=2016-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126173848/http://ipoa.go.ke/about-us/ipoa-board-members.html}}</ref> == Maisha ya mwanzo== Fatuma Ali Saman alizaliwa [[Kaskazini]] mwa Kenya. Baba yake alifariki wakati Fatuma akiwa na umri mdogo. == Elimu == Saman alihudhuria Shule ya ''St Brigid'' jijini [[Nairobi]] wakati wa mfumo wa "7-4-2-3" ulipotumika baada ya uhuru. Aliendelea na Shule ya Sekondari ya Wajir Girls mwaka [[1983]], na kumaliza mwaka [[1986]] akiwa na alama za juu ambazo alifaulu na kujiunga na chuo kikuu. Hata hivyo, mwaka [[1987]] alikwenda kufundisha kama mwalimu katika Chuo cha Asumbi huko Nyanza Kusini, karibu na eneo la magharibi mwa Kenya. Baadaye alienda chuo kikuu, na kuhitimu shahada ya kwanza ya Elimu, Dini na [[Historia]].  == Kazi ya kufundisha == Saman amekuwa akifundisha kwa miaka [[25]] katika taasisi za binafsi na za umma. Wadhifa wake wa kwanza wa kufundisha ulikuwa mwaka [[1989]] katika Mandera boystown (ambayo kwa sasa inajulikana kama Mandera Islamic Centre) ilikuwa shule ya serikali. Mnamo [[1993]], alikua naibu mwalimu mkuu wa [[shule ya msingi]] ya wasichana ya Khadija Ummul-Muminun, inayomilikiwa na serikali. Baadaye, Fatuma alianzisha Nairobi Muslim Academy, ambayo inatoa elimu ya msingi na sekondari.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nairobimuslimacademy.sc.ke/|title=Nairobi Muslim Academy web-site|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-21|accessdate=2022-02-17|archivedate=2020-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218094302/http://www.nairobimuslimacademy.sc.ke/}}</ref> Aliacha kazi ya kufundisha mwaka [[2012]], baada ya kuteuliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa bodi ya IPOA wakati wa serikali ya [[Muungano wa Kenya]].<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTKENYA/Resources/Kenya_Interim_Report_of_Task_Force.pdf Kenya Interim Report of Task Force]</ref> == Kupigania haki za wanawake == Saman amekuwa mwanaharakati mwakilishi wa haki za matangazo ya wanawake nchini Kenya. Ametetea nafasi za wanawake za uongozi wa umma na binafsi na kujumuishwa katika vyombo mbalimbali vya maamuzi. Mchango wake unaenda katika sura ya mswada wa haki na ugatuzi katika katiba. Kuanzishwa kwa [[Katiba ya Kenya|katiba mpya]] ya Kenya, iliyozinduliwa [[mwaka]] [[2010]], ina sehemu mbili muhimu ambapo Fatuma alikuwa mwanachama wa kamati ya kiufundi ya mswada wa haki wakati wa uundaji wa Katiba inayojulikana kama rasimu ya Bomas. Fatuma alitetea kubuniwa kwa nyadhifa za uwakilishi wa Wanawake [[47]] katika [[bunge]] la Kenya. Ameongoza uandikishaji wa watoto wa kike katika shule za Kaskazini mwa Kenya na pia alipigana dhidi ya ukeketaji wa wanawake, FGM. Madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa Nairobi Muslim, shule ya sekondari ya wasichana iliyochanganyika pekee jijini [[Nairobi]] Kenya, ilikuwa ni kuweka mazingira rafiki kwa elimu ya mtoto wa kike kwani wengi waliathiriwa na [[ndoa]] za utotoni.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2017/08/22/educating-girls-ending-child-marriage|title=World Bank Report - Educating Girls, Ending Child Marriage|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021095329/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2017/08/22/educating-girls-ending-child-marriage|archive-date=2019-10-21|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> Kupitia kazi yake katika wanawake wa Kiislamu, Saman aliwakilisha Kenya katika mpango wa kimataifa wa uongozi wa Wageni nchini [[Marekani]] mwaka wa [[2005]]. == Huduma za jamii == Saman ametumikia kwa hiari mashirika tofauti kutoka kwa jumuiya hadi mashirika ya kidini kupitia utoaji wa huduma za ushauri. Fatuma alitumikia [[baraza]] la kidini la Kenya (IRCK).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://interreligiouscouncil.or.ke/board%20members.html|title=IRCK {{!}} Board Members of IRCK|website=interreligiouscouncil.or.ke|access-date=2016-12-08|accessdate=2022-02-17|archivedate=2016-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310162418/http://interreligiouscouncil.or.ke/board%20members.html}}</ref> kama mjumbe wa kamati kuu kwa miaka [[10]]. Kazi yake ya ualimu ilichangiwa na uhaba wa walimu ambao ulikuwa unaathiri ubora na kiwango cha elimu. Fatuma amefundisha katika shule tofauti na kusaidia kuongeza uandikishwaji wa wasichana [[yatima]] kupitia ufadhili wa masomo. Tangu [[1995]], Fatuma, kupitia Nairobi Islamic charitable Waqf, shirika la hisani aliloanzisha pamoja, limekuwa likiwawezesha wanawake maskini, wajane na walioachika kutoka katika Vitongoji duni vya Nairobi kupitia mafunzo na utoaji wa nafasi za kazi. Kupitia mitandao yake, Fatuma aliwasaidia wasichana mahiri lakini wenye uhitaji kupata elimu kupitia programu tofauti za ufadhili wa masomo. Hii imewezesha idadi kubwa ya wasichana kusoma na kusaidia [[familia]] zao kwa zamu.. == Haki za binadamu na mageuzi == Fatuma Ali Saman amekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kupigania [[uhuru]] na usawa nchini Kenya. Moja ya mafanikio yake makubwa ni pamoja na kuleta mabadiliko kwa [[polisi]] wa Kenya ambao wameshutumiwa kwa ukiukaji wa [[haki za binadamu]] hapo awali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=As it happened: Record-breaking number of women added to Wikipedia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-38243211|website=BBC News|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/04/kenya-police-threaten-activists-reporting-abuse|title=Human Rights Watch Report|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Kupitia nafasi yake kama mjumbe wa bodi ya mamlaka Huru ya polisi na usimamizi, ambapo Fatuma ni [[mwenyekiti]] wa kamati ya ukaguzi, utafiti na ufuatiliaji ameweza kuandaa mapendekezo ya kuboresha huduma. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kenya]] fwc5niby836gdfp26hdhgdzea1yn6wr 0 146558 1600083 1497118 2026-09-24T11:44:42Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Dami Elebe.png|thumbnail|right|200px|Dami Elebe]] {{Infobox Person |jina = Dami Elebe |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Nigeria |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwandishi |nchi = Nigeria }} '''Dami Elebe''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] anayejulikana kwa mfululizo wa filamu mtandaoni kama vile ''Skinny Girl In Transit'' na ''Rumor Has It''. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=10 Questions for Dami Elebe, Writer, Skinny Girl in Transit and Rumour Has It &bull; Connect Nigeria|url=https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2016/07/10-questions-dami-elebe/|accessdate=25 May 2020|publisher=Connect Nigeria|date=13 July 2016|archivedate=2021-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412163147/https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2016/07/10-questions-dami-elebe/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=5 Minutes With Dami Elebe|url=https://guardian.ng/life/spotlight/5-minutes-with-dami-elebe/|accessdate=25 May 2020|publisher=The Guardian Newspaper|date=13 June 2016|archivedate=2021-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924112703/https://guardian.ng/life/spotlight/5-minutes-with-dami-elebe/}}</ref> Pia yeye ni [[msanii]] na [[mwanamuziki]]. Elebe alisomea utangazaji na [[sanaa]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=BN TV presents #BNBehindTheScenes: 10 Questions with Dami Elebe, aka The Baddest Scriptwriter|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/01/bn-tv-presents-bnbehindthescenes-10-questions-dami-elebe-aka-baddest-scriptwriter/|accessdate=25 May 2020|publisher=Bella Naija|date=25 January 2018}}</ref> == Kazi == Elebe alikuwa mhusika wa (OAP) kwenye Classic FM, Beat FM na Naija FM kwenye kipindi cha miaka 7 na aliandika filamu kama, ambayo iliongozwa na Tope Oshin. Katika Tuzo za ELOY mnamo 2018, alipokea tuzo ya Scriptwriter Of The Year. Filamu yake ya kwanza ilikuwa ''From Lagos With Love'', ambayo ilikuwa kwenye kumbi za sinema mnamo Agosti 2018. Alifanya kazi na Sharon Ooja, Nonso Bassey, Jon Ogah, Etim Effiong, Damilola Adegbite, na Shaffy Bello. Mnamo Agosti 7 2018, alitangaza kwenye ukurasa wake rasmi wa Instagram kwamba ataondoka Beat FM, akielezea wakati wake katika kituo hicho cha redio kama 'safari nzuri'. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] t6f85t9qnnkjezs25y0jm13doutbukw 0 146560 1600084 1523046 2026-09-24T11:44:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Osas,_Vimbia_and_IK.jpg|thumb| Osas Ighodaro, Vimbai Mutinhiri na IK Osakioduwa wakiandaa Tuzo za Africa Magic Viewers Choice 2014]] '''Osas Ighodaro''' (alizaliwa '''Osariemen Martha Elizabeth Ighodaro'''; [[26 Oktoba]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mtayarishaji, mtetezi wa [[haki za binadamu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alishinda shindano la Miss Black USA Pageant mnamo 2010 na kuanzisha The Joyful Joy Foundation, akichangisha pesa na uhamasishaji kuelekea mapambano dhidi ya [[Malaria]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-black-connecticut-crowned-miss-black-usa-2010-in-the-nations-capital-100512849.html|title=Miss Black Connecticut Crowned Miss Black USA 2010 in the nations capitol|publisher=PrNewswire.com|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/osas-ighodaro-ajibade/malarias-deadly-toll_b_9772254.html|title=Malaria Deadly Toll|date=25 April 2016|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, alishiriki tukio la 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards. Alicheza nafasi ya Adanna (Danni) kwenye opera ya sabuni ya na akashinda kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kipindi cha TV wa Mwaka kwenye Tuzo za ELOY za 2014. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/06/15/bn-saturday-celebrity-interview-its-ok-to-come-back-home-from-new-york-to-lagos-tinsel-actress-osas-ighodaro-is-spreading-her-wings-living-her-dream/|title=Its Ok to Come Back Home: From New York to Lagos Tinsel actress Osas Ighodaro is spreading her wings|publisher=bellanaija.com|date=2013-06-15|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://nollywoodexpress.com/trending-with-osas-ighodaro/|title=Trending with Osas|publisher=nollywoodexpress.com|date=2014-04-22|accessdate=11 July 2014|archivedate=2020-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012102621/http://nollywoodexpress.com/trending-with-osas-ighodaro/}}</ref> Osas aliibuka mwigizaji wa Nollywood aliyeingiza pesa nyingi zaidi [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. <ref><nowiki>{{cite web | url=</nowiki>https://sodasandpopcorn.com/osas-ighodaro-nollywood-2018/ {{Wayback|url=https://sodasandpopcorn.com/osas-ighodaro-nollywood-2018/ |date=20220331061447 }}</ref> == Wasifu == Osas Ighodaro alizaliwa huko [[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]], [[Marekani]], wazazi wake wametoka Nigeria kutoka [[Jimbo la Edo]]. Alipata shahada yake ya kwanza ya uandishi wa habari na ujasiriamali pamoja na michezo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Pennsylvania. Zaidi alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa nzuri kutoka Shule ya Maigizo ya Studio ya Waigizaji katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pace. Alihamia Nigeria mwaka 2012 kwa nia ya kurejea Marekani baada ya miezi sita, lakini akapata nafasi mbalimbali za uigizaji ikiwa ni pamoja na Adanna katika ''Tinsel'' na amebaki nchini tangu wakati huo. Aliandaa kipindi cha Maltina Dance All Reality show. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://thenet.ng/2013/09/osas-ighodaro-replaces-kemi-adetiba-as-maltina-dance-all-host/|title=Osas replaces Kemi Adetiba as host of Maltina Dance All Show|publisher=thenet.ng|date=2013-01-09|accessdate=11 July 2014|archivedate=2017-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113195614/http://thenet.ng/2013/09/osas-ighodaro-replaces-kemi-adetiba-as-maltina-dance-all-host/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/lifestyle-spice/fashion-should-be-on-point-osas-ighodaro/|title=Fashion should be on Point - Osas Ighodaro|publisher=punchng.com|date=2013-07-04|accessdate=11 July 2014|archivedate=2014-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203744/http://www.punchng.com/spice/lifestyle-spice/fashion-should-be-on-point-osas-ighodaro/}}</ref> Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi wa Joyful Joy Foundation <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/osas-ighodaro-ajibade|title=Osas Ighodaro Ajibade|publisher=[[Huffington Post]].com|date=2016-04-25|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/osas-ighodaro-ajibade/malarias-deadly-toll_b_9772254.html?|title=Malaria Deadly Toll / Osas Ighodaro Ajibade|publisher=[[Huffington Post]].com|date=2016-04-25|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> na ni mwanachama wa Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Alitajwa kama mwanamke mashuhuri wa juu zaidi wa [[2020]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Okonofua|first=Odio|title=Top 10 hottest female celebrities of 2020 &#91;Pulse Picks 2020&#93;|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/top-10-hottest-female-celebrities-of-2020-pulse-picks-2020/exlvdk9|accessdate=2021-03-09|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=26 December 2020}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Aliolewa na Gbenro Ajibade mnamo Juni [[2015]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kemifilani.com/2018/11/gbenro-ajibade-osas-ighodaro-go-separate-ways-as-marriage-hits-the-rock.html|title=Gbenro Ajibade & Osas Ighodaro go separate ways as marriage hits the rock|author=Adebayo|first=Tireni|date=2018-11-01|work=Kemi Filani News|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-03-22}}</ref> Walipata mtoto wao wa kwanza mnamo 2016. Waliachana muda mfupi baadaye. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/gbenro-ajibade-calls-out-wife-osas-ighodaro-on-instagram-over-neglect-of-their-child/jm11qyf|title=Gbenro Ajibade calls out wife, Osas Ighodaro on Instagram over neglect of their child|date=2019-02-17|work=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-22}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4p9qx7fa60nadolvs8n9wd80sdda1t8 0 146622 1599311 1511598 2026-09-23T13:37:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Ellen Greene - Glory.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Ellen Greene]] '''Ellen Greene''' (alizaliwa [[Februari]] [[22]], [[1951]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Amekuwa mwimbaji kwa muda mrefu, pia kama mwigizaji kwenye maonyesho mengi ya jukwaani, haswa majukwaa ya kudansi muziki, na vilevile amecheza katika [[filamu]] nyingi na safu za [[Televisheni|runinga]]. Majukumu yake ya uigizaji yanayojulikana zaidi ni kama Audrey katika muundo wa filamu wa ''Little Shop of Horrors'', na kama Vivian Charles katika mfululizo wa ABC ''Pushing Daisies''. == Maisha binafsi == Greene alizaliwa huko [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]]. [[Mama]] yake alikuwa mshauri, na baba yake alikuwa [[daktari wa meno]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Klein|first=Alvin|title='I Love Being Different Characters'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/06/nyregion/i-love-being-different-characters.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=23 November 2021|date=6 March 1983}}</ref> Greene ni [[Wayahudi|Myahudi]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2011/12/08/going-greene|title=Gay Mens Chorus - Ellen Greene - Gay Holiday News|accessdate=February 13, 2016}}</ref> Alisoma Shule ya Upili ya W. Tresper Clarke huko [[Westbury, New York]] . Alitumia msimu wa joto katika Kambi za Cejwin huko Port Jervis, New York, ambapo aliigiza wakati wa maonyesho ya muziki, pamoja na jukumu la Tzeitel uanaaji wa [[1966]] wa ''Fiddler on the Roof'' . Alikuwa na uhusiano na mpiga pupa Martin P. Robinson . <ref name="ref4">[http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ellen-greene/bio/149082 Ellen Greene biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ellen-greene/bio/149082 |date=20121021124830 }}, tvguide.com; accessed June 11, 2017.</ref> <ref>Staff. [http://people.com/archive/puppeteer-martin-robinson-finds-his-work-life-blooming-in-the-maw-of-a-man-munching-plant-vol-20-no-11/ "Puppeteer Martin Robinson Finds His Work Life Blooming in the Maw of a Man-Munching Plant"] ''People'', September 12, 1983</ref> [[Ndoa]] yake ya kwanza ilikuwa Tibor Hardik. Aliolewa na Christian Klikovits mnamo [[Septemba 25]], [[2003]]; wameachana kwa sasa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.metroweekly.com/arts_entertainment/stage.php?ak=6861|title=Ever Greene|work=Metro Weekly|accessdate=February 13, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415174228/http://metroweekly.com/arts_entertainment/stage.php?ak=6861|archivedate=April 15, 2014}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Brooklyn]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] s0guxm2ahybjqp0vekvnd13kh96lwjm 0 146880 1599596 1377195 2026-09-23T18:48:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{vyanzo}} '''Nezami Ganjavi''' ([[jina]] kamili: '''Hakim Jamal al-Din Abu Muhammad Elias bin Yusuf bin Zaki bin Muayyid Nezami Ganjavi''') ni [[Ushairi|mshairi]] mashuhuri wa [[Uajemi|Iran]]. ==Maisha== === Kuzaliwa kwake na malezi === Alizaliwa katika mji wa Ganja mwaka 535 Hijria. Baadhi ya wanahistoria wanaeleza kuwa, mshairi huyo kazaliwa pembezoni mwa mji wa Qum ulioko nchini Iran. Jamaluddin Abu Mohammad hakuweza kupata upendo wa wazazi wake kwa muda mrefu; kwani wazazi wake walifariki dunia akiwa bado mtoto na kupata malezi akiwa mtoto yatima. [[Ushahidi]] wa kihistoria unaonyesha kuwa, Nezami Ganjavi hakuwahi kuondoka katika mji wa Ganja akiwa bado na umri mdogo, na alipofikia marika ya ujana, aliweza kujifunza sanaa na ujuzi mbalimbali na hatimaye alikuwa na ufasaha wa kuzungumza na kuandika lugha za [[Kiarabu]], Kiajemi na Kipahlavi. Waandishi na wanahistoria hawakubaliani kuhusu tarehe ya kuzaliwa na [[Mauti|kifo]] chake, lakini katika kazi zake zilizobaki za ushairi wanakubaliana kimtazamo. Baadhi wanaamini alizaliwa katika eneo la Ganja, lakini wengine wanasema alizaliwa magharibi ya nyanda za juu za Iran. Lakini kile kinachokubaliwa na wanahistoria wote ni kuwa, kwa miaka mingi aliishi katika mji wa Ganja hadi ulipomkuta umauti wake. ==== Wazazi wa Nezami Ganjavi ==== Kuna tofauti za maoni kuhusu kuzaliwa kwa baba wa mshairi Nezami Ganjavi, na baadhi ya vyanzo vinaeleza kuwa anatoka Tafresh au Farahan. Lakini Behrouz Thorotian (mtafiti wa fasihi, mwanasayansi na profesa mstaafu) anaeleza kuwa, mwanzo wa beti za mashairi ya Layla na Majnoon, zinaonyesha kuwa alikuwa na asili ya Kiajemi. Ameendelea kusema kuwa, ubeti wa 36 wa shairi la Leyla na Majnoon, unafichua kazi na nafasi ya mshairi ambaye alikuwa Dehqan yaani “mkulima” na kuitambulisha jamii yake kuwa ni Muajemi. Kwa Wairani neno Dehqan "mkulima" linamaanisha mmiliki wa ardhi ya kilimo; malenga Ferdowsi naye katika beti zake amefafanua kuwa, tafsiri ya neno hilo lilitumika baadaye kwa Wairani wote. Kwa kuongezea, neno Dehqan "mkulima" lilitumiwa pia kwa maana ya "mwanahistoria". Kwa hivyo, inaweza kueleweka kuwa Nezami Ganjavi anajitambulisha kama malenga, mkulima wa Iran, mwanahistoria, muimbaji wa mashairi na mmiliki wa ardhi ya kilimo. Wakulima wamekuwa na jukumu la kuhifadhi tamaduni na historia ya Iran katika kipindi cha Kiislamu, na kwa ufupi, familia ya Nezami Ganjavi inaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa familia ya wakulima wenye ufahamu wa kitamaduni na utajiri wa mali ambao wamekuwa na nafasi muhimu katika fasihi. Nezami Ganjavi alikuwa mshairi mashuhuri, mwandishi wa riwaya, mwenye hekima na ambaye amekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika fasihi ya Kiajemi na daima ametajwa kuwa mtu muhimu katika historia. ===== Mke na watoto ===== Kuna mazungumzo mengi yaliyosemwa kuhusu mke na watoto wake, lakini kila mtu ana hakika kwamba mke wake alifariki dunia wakati wa uhai wa mshairi huyo na alikuwa na mtoto wa mmoja wa kiume anayeitwa Muhammad. == Historia yake na kazi zake == Nezami ni bingwa wa mshairi anayepaswa kuzingatiwa kwenye mihimili na nguzo za ushairi wa Kiajemi. Yeye ni mmoja wa malenga aliyekuwa na kipaji cha kuandika mashairi na kuyasoma kwa sauti nzuri, iliyowavutia wasikilizaji. Ingawa hekaya na simulizi za hadithi za Kiajemi hazikuanzishwa na Nezami, lakini gwiji huyo anahesabiwa kuwa ni mshairi pekee aliyeweza kuendeleza ushairi wa mafumbo kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi kufikia mwisho wa karne ya sita. Nezami aliweza kujiwekea nafasi maalumu katika fasihi ya lugha ya Kifarsi inayotumika Iran na ametumia takriban miaka thelathini ya maisha yake akitunga mkusanyiko wake wa mashairi yanayoitwa "Hazina Tano" au "Khamseh". === Hazina Tano (Khamseh) === Mkusanyiko huu una mashairi matano marefu, ambayo ni: # Makhzan al-Asrar # Khosrow na Shirin # Lalya na Majnoon # Haft Peykar # Iskander Nameh Kitabu cha kwanza kati ya dafina na hazina tano ya vitabu vyake kinaitwa Hazina ya Siri, kimesheheni beti za mashairi zinazokaribia 2260, na mashairi hayo ameyapa jina la Fakhruddin Bahram Shah bin Dawood mfalme wa Arzangan. Mkabala wake, Fakhruddin Bahram Shah alimzawadia Nezami dinari 5,000, kutokana na shairi hilo. Kitabu cha pili kati ya hazina na dafina tano ni shairi la Khosrow Shirin ambalo limetungwa na ujazo wake ni wa beti 6500. Kitabu cha tatu ni cha Layla na Majnoon ambacho ni maarufu duniani, kimesheheni beti 4700 za mashairi. Kitabu cha nne, kati ya hazina tano kimepewa jina la Bahram au Kuba Saba, kina jumla ya beti 5136 za mashairi. Kitabu cha tano, kati ya hazina tano kimepewa jina la Eskandar. Mjumuiko wa mashairi ya Eskandar una jumla ya beti 10500, na kimegawanyika katika sehemu mbili. Sehemu ya kwanza ameipa jina la Sharafnameh na sehemu ya pili ameipa jina la Iqbalnameh. Katika sehemu ya kwanza, Nezami anamtambulisha Eskandar kama mshindi mkuu na katika sehemu ya pili, anamtambulisha kama mtu mwenye hekima. Kitabu hicho kilikamilika mnamo mwaka 599 Hijria na kupewa jina la Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan. Pia, mkusanyo wa mashairi yaliyosalia kutoka kwa Nezami ni pamoja na mashairi ya sauti vipande ambavyo vina nafasi maalumu katika fasihi ya Kiajemi. Ingawa umaarufu mwingi wa Nezami unatokana na kutunga mashairi ya mapenzi, yenye hekima na sahili. Kwa maneno mengine, mashairi yake ni rahisi lakini ya kina, na mashairi yake yalikuwa yanamfanya mtu kufikiria na kutafakari kwa kina ili kupata siri iliyofichwa katika maneno yake. Kuna jumbe nyingi za kifalsafa ambazo zimeelezwa kwa kutumia maneno mepesi na fasaha, badala ya kutumia maneno magumu na mazito. Nyingi za beti zake za mashairi zilikuwa zikielezea maisha ya akhera, sanjari na kuyafurahia maisha mafupi ya ulimwenguni. Kwa bahati mbaya, hakuna wasifu sahihi ulioandikwa wa mshairi na malenga huyu wa Kiirani Nezami Ganjavi. Nezami Ganjavi anajulikana kama mwanahekima stadi katika karne ya sita kutokana na kubobea na ujuzi wake mkubwa wa sayansi ya kiakili ya wakati ule kama vile Elimu ya Nyota, Mantiki, Falsafa, Sheria (Fiqh), Qurani Tukufu, Hadithi na Lugha ya Kiarabu. Wanahistoria wanaeleza kuwa, Nezami Ganjavi hakuwahi kufanya safari yoyote nje ya eneo la Ganja, bali ilipotimia mwaka 581 Hijria, malenga huyo alifanya safari ya umbali wa kilomita 50 kutoka Ganja kwa mwaliko wa mtawala Ghezel Arsalan wa Seljuk, na huko alipewa heshima kubwa na mtawala huyo. Nezami Ganjavi na Khaghani walikuwa malenga na washairi wa zama zao. Ingawa watu hao hawakuwahi kuonana, walitunga mistari na beti za mashairi zinazoelezea adhama na sifa muhimu za maadili. Washairi hao wawili walikuwa na mahusiano na mashirikiano mazuri kati yao. Nezami Ganjavi anaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa washairi bora wa fasihi ya Kiajemi, na hakuwa mwenye kujipendekeza kwa wafalme kwa kuandika maisha yao binafsi. Hii haimaanishi kwamba hakuwataja wafalme wake katika kazi zake; ingawa pia yeye hakuwa mshairi wa mahakamani na wala hakuandika mashairi kwa ajili ya kupata mishahara, bali kwa minajili ya kupata thawabu. Hata hivyo, aliweka wakfu kazi zake nyingi kwa wafalme au katika mji wa Ganja. Bila shaka Nezami alikuwa mtu wa busara, mwenye ujuzi kamili wa fani ya elimu ya nyota na unajimu, athari hizo zinashuhudiwa na kuonekana katika kazi zake. Nezami Ganjavi alikuwa hodari wa kutumia istilahi za kawaida na za mafumbo katika kazi zake, na anaposimulia hadithi, huwa ni rahisi kueleweka kwa watu wanaosikiliza. Miongoni mwa washairi wa lugha ya Kiajemi, Nezami ni maarufu katika mashairi yake ya upendo. Khosrow Shirin, Layla na Majnoon ni miongoni mwa kazi bora na nzuri zaidi zinazoonyesha upendo na mapenzi katika zama zake. Imeelezwa kuwa, ushairi wa Nezami ulikuwa sahili na fasaha, lakini wakati mwingine ulikuwa ukitumia maneno ya Kiarabu kupita kiasi, uhamishaji wa kanuni na misingi ya hekima, mafumbo na sayansi ya kimantiki na kiakili, kumeufanya ushairi na usemi wake wakati fulani kuwa mgumu; hata hivyo hakusita kuendelea na majukumu yake, balina aliendelea kutumia mchanganyiko wa maneno kwa uangalifu mkubwa katika kufanya kazi hii ya sanaa. Ganjavi alikuwa mahiri katika kubuni na kutafuta semi, maneno na muundo mpya maalumu unaoendana na kusifu hali halisi na shakhsia; sifa ambazo hakuwa nazo mshairi mwingine yeyote yule katika zama zake. Ubunifu na uhodari aliokuwa nao Nezami Ganjavi katika kutunga mashairi, kulileta msisimko mkubwa kwa washairi wengine na kulazimika kufuata athari zake. Wako washairi na malenga wengi ambao waliamua kufuata athari za Ganjavi. Malenga mkubwa wa kwanza kabisa aliyeamua kumfuata Nezami Ganjavi katika utaratibu wa (hazina tano) alikuwa Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, na washairi wengine wakubwa kama akina Khajavi Kermanijami, Hatefi, Vahshi Bafghy na Azeri Bigdeli. ==== Mashairi Mengine ==== Mbali na hazina tano na mashairi ya kasida, anayo pia mashairi ya sauti. Nezami ana mashairi kadhaa ambayo ameyaandika ambayo yana mvuto wa kimawaidha na kihekima. Malenga huyo pia alijikita pia katika misingi ya elimu ya Irfaan, alikuwa zuhudi na kupelekea wafalme kumpa heshima yake, pindi wanapokutana. Alifanikiwa kuwaandikia wafalme beti elfu ishirini za mashairi, na hivi sasa kiasi kikubwa cha beti hizo bado zingalipo. == Kufa kwake == Malenga Nezami alifariki dunia mwishoni mwa karne ya sita au mwanzoni mwa karne ya saba yaani mwaka 614 au 619 katika mji wa Ganja na kuzikwa katika mji huohuo. [[Jamii:Washairi wa Uajemi]] 2tiiaherzoyntnj533ktfarmm39ihua 0 146938 1600148 1584785 2026-09-24T11:52:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lorna Rutto''' (alizaliwa 1984 katika makazi duni ya Kaptembwa huko [[Nakuru]], [[Kenya]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-02-25|title=From slum living to company director|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_205406/lang--en/index.htm|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=www.ilo.org|language=en}}</ref>) ni [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya EcoPost, ambayo inatengeneza nguzo za uzio wa urembo, zinazodumu na rafiki wa mazingira kwa kutumia taka za plastiki, njia mbadala ambayo ni mnadala wa matumizi ya mbao. EcoPost hukusanya taka hizo za plastiki (kama vile polypropen na polyethilini) na kutengeneza nguzo za uzio kutokana nayo. Rutto amepata sifa ya kimataifa kwa juhudi zake za kutoa suluhisho mbadala la udhibiti wa taka za plastiki nchini Kenya. <ref>https://www.wikimzansi.com/lorna-rutto/</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://trendinginkenya.com/lorna-rutto-biography-net-worth-husband-age-cv-ecopost-and-contacts/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archivedate=2022-02-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228181942/http://trendinginkenya.com/lorna-rutto-biography-net-worth-husband-age-cv-ecopost-and-contacts/ }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali, elimu == [[File:Nakuru.jpg|thumb|Mji wa Nakuru, Kenya]] Lorna Rutto malezi yake yaligubikwa na hali halisi ya umaskini na uharibifu wa mazingira. Alipokuwa akikua katikati ya mifereji ya maji taka iliyojaa na mitaa iliyojaa taka, alipata ufahamu wa mapema kuhusu hitaji kubwa la suluhisho za usimamizi wa taka. Uelewa huu uliweka msingi wa juhudi zake katika ujasiriamali wa mazingira. <ref>https://africawomenexperts.com/lng/en/2020/05/in-kenya-lorna-rutto-recycles-plastic-waste-into-building-materials/</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nyarko|first=Nathan|date=2023-04-27|title=LORNA RUTTO – Founder, Ecopost Limited - The Entrepreneur Who Is Turning Waste Into Gold|url=https://africanleadersmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-founder-ecopost-limited-the-entrepreneur-who-is-turning-waste-into-gold/|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=Africa Leaders Magazine|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423071405/https://africanleadersmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-founder-ecopost-limited-the-entrepreneur-who-is-turning-waste-into-gold/|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNyarko2023">Nyarko, Nathan (2023-04-27). [https://africanleadersmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-founder-ecopost-limited-the-entrepreneur-who-is-turning-waste-into-gold/ "LORNA RUTTO – Founder, Ecopost Limited - The Entrepreneur Who Is Turning Waste Into Gold"] {{Wayback|url=https://africanleadersmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-founder-ecopost-limited-the-entrepreneur-who-is-turning-waste-into-gold/ |date=20240723044615 }}. ''Africa Leaders Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sundholm|first=Mattias|date=2013-08-15|title=Remarks at "Entrepreneurship for Development" General Assembly Thematic Debate|url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/remarks-at-entrepreneurship-for-development-general-assembly-thematic-debate/|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSundholm2013">Sundholm, Mattias (2013-08-15). [https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/remarks-at-entrepreneurship-for-development-general-assembly-thematic-debate/ "Remarks at "Entrepreneurship for Development" General Assembly Thematic Debate"]. ''Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana shahada ya Biashara katika uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha African Nazarene. Licha ya kuingia katika sekta ya benki baada ya kuhitimu, Lorna alihisi tofauti kati ya kazi yake na shauku yake ya uhifadhi wa mazingira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lorna Rutto: Creating posts from plastics earned her numerous awards for conservation|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2000145993/lorna-rutto-creating-posts-from-plastics-earned-her-numerous-awards-for-conservation|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=The Standard|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2000145993/lorna-rutto-creating-posts-from-plastics-earned-her-numerous-awards-for-conservation "Lorna Rutto: Creating posts from plastics earned her numerous awards for conservation"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EcoPost recycles waste plastic to manufacture into eco-friendly plastic lumber, creating sustainable jobs for people in marginalized communities while conserving the environment.|url=https://www.cartierwomensinitiative.com/fellow/lorna-rutto|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=www.cartierwomensinitiative.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cartierwomensinitiative.com/fellow/lorna-rutto "EcoPost recycles waste plastic to manufacture into eco-friendly plastic lumber, creating sustainable jobs for people in marginalized communities while conserving the environment"]. ''www.cartierwomensinitiative.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-12-24|title=Lorna Rutto - The Story Of An Ecopreneur Who Is Making A Difference In The Urban Slums Of Kenya Through Plastic Waste Recycling {{!}} Duchess International Magazine|url=https://duchessinternationalmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-the-story-of-an-ecopreneur-who-is-making-a-difference-in-the-urban-slums-of-kenya-through-plastic-waste-recycling/|accessdate=2024-04-23|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://duchessinternationalmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-the-story-of-an-ecopreneur-who-is-making-a-difference-in-the-urban-slums-of-kenya-through-plastic-waste-recycling/ "Lorna Rutto - The Story Of An Ecopreneur Who Is Making A Difference In The Urban Slums Of Kenya Through Plastic Waste Recycling | Duchess International Magazine"]. 2015-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-09-07|title=Research Publications - Africa Nazarene University|url=https://www.anu.ac.ke/research/research-publications/|accessdate=2024-04-23|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.anu.ac.ke/research/research-publications/ "Research Publications - Africa Nazarene University"]. 2023-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1984|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance_Tanzania]] 8bnddy307w1bygs9mi0t4dopfbqe0gl 0 147383 1599500 1524235 2026-09-23T18:24:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reem Omar Frainah''' (anajulikana zaidi kama '''Reem Frainah''') ni [[harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za binadamu]] wa [[Palestina]]. Yeye pia ni mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Chama cha Aisha cha Ulinzi wa Wanawake na Mtoto. == Wasifu == Reem Frainah amefanya kazi kwenye uwanja wa ulinzi wa wanawake na watoto nchini [[Palestina]] tangu [[1993]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://hadfnews.ps/post/50099/بعد-تحقيق-الهدف-عن-اغتصاب-المحارم-جهات-حقوقية-وقانونية-تكشف-قصور-السلط|title=بعد تحقيق الهدف عن "اغتصاب المحارم".. جهات حقوقية وقانونية تكشف قصور السلطات|author=الهدف|first=بوابة|date=2019-01-05|work=بوابة الهدف الإخبارية|language=ar|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> Kando na uanaharakati wake, alisoma [[hisabati]] akiwa [[chuo kikuu]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ochaopt.org/whd2019/reem-freineh.html|title=Palestinian Women Facing Odds|author=Frainah|first=Reem|date=|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/library/aattachedFile.asp?id_no=0044731|title=:::..الارشيف..::: رسائل الماجستير والدكتوراة|author=|first=|date=|work=www.alazhar.edu.ps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703194928/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/library/aattachedFile.asp?id_no=0044731|archivedate=2020-07-03|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza shahada yake ya uzamili, alifanya kazi kama [[mwalimu]] kwenye [[Shule ya msingi|Shule]] za Msingi. Kupitia kozi ya mafunzo ya mwaka mmoja katika Mpango wa Afya ya Akili ya Jamii ya Gaza (GCMHP), aliwasiliana na kufahamiana na Eyad al-Sarraj. Kupitia yeye, alipendezwa na saikolojia, na mnamo 2011, alimaliza Shahada yake ya Uzamili ya [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Al-Azhar - Gaza. <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ochaopt.org/whd2019/reem-freineh.html|title=Palestinian Women Facing Odds|last=Frainah|first=Reem|date=|website=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Moja ya programu ndani ya GCMHP ilibadilika na kuwa Chama cha Aisha cha Ulinzi wa Wanawake na Mtoto (AISHA), shirika huru la wanawake wa Palestina linalofanya kazi ili kutoa ushirikiano wa kijinsia kupitia uwezeshaji wa kiuchumi na usaidizi wa kisaikolojia kwa makundi yaliyotengwa huko Ukanda wa [[Ukanda wa Gaza|Gaza]] kwa kuzingatia [[Gaza|mji wa Gaza]] na Eneo la Kaskazini. <ref name="uzwxF" /> AISHA ilipoanza kuwa [[taasisi]] huru mwaka wa [[2009]], Frainah aliteuliwa kuwa Mratibu wake wa Mpango. Baadaye akawa mkurugenzi mkuu wa AISHA mwaka wa [[2013]]. <ref name="uzwxF">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://aisha.ps/en/news/85|title=Aisha Association for Woman and Child Protection|work=aisha.ps|accessdate=2020-03-12|archivedate=2020-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317170454/http://aisha.ps/en/news/85}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ochaopt.org/whd2019/reem-freineh.html|title=Palestinian Women Facing Odds|author=Frainah|first=Reem|date=|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}Frainah, Reem. [https://www.ochaopt.org/whd2019/reem-freineh.html "Palestinian Women Facing Odds"]. ''United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs''.[[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> Kazi zake nyingi ni pamoja na kufundisha, na kutoa huduma mbalimbali kwa wanawake na [[watoto]] waliotengwa zaidi huko [[Gaza]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pikaramagazine.com/2016/08/palestinian-woman-defenseless-before-the-law-and-the-occupation/|title=Palestinian woman: defenseless before the law and the occupation -|date=2016-08-04|work=pikara magazine|language=es-ES|accessdate=2020-03-12}}</ref> Pia ameandika [[makala]] na masomo, na kushiriki katika semina kuhusu somo hili, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.panet.co.il/article/2175189|title=يوم دراسي بقسم الخدمة الاجتماعية في الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة|author=بانيت|first=موقع|work=Panet|language=ar|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2018-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506131828/http://www.panet.co.il/article/2175189}}</ref> na kuandaa warsha na watendaji mbalimbali, kama wawakilishi kutoka serikali ya Palestina, Benki ya Palestina, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit kati ya wengine. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.jo24.net/post.php?id=120859|title=قانون يمنع إصدار شهادة الوفاة إلا بعد توزيع الوِرث على الوَرَثة|work=جو 24|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2022-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505031853/https://jo24.net/post.php?id=120859}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://pn-news.net/news.php?extend.8177|title=برنامج غزة للصحة النفسية ينظم ورشة عمل بعنوان واقع الصحة النفسية في ظل الظروف الراهنة|work=شبكة الاخبار الفلسطينية|language=AR|accessdate=2020-04-16|archive-date=2021-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317030459/http://pn-news.net/news.php?extend.8177|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://paltimesps.ps/post/128348/الشباب-الرياديون-يطلقون-خطة-العمل-لعام-2016-بدير-البلح|title=الشباب الرياديون يطلقون خطة العمل لعام 2016 بدير البلح|author=@paltimes|date=2016-04-11|work=فلسطين الآن|language=ar|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Palestina]] p9gbp0n4u7f1ttkv4etzsrd2z7wxscl 0 147487 1599612 1511973 2026-09-23T18:50:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eunice Newton Foote''' ([[17 Julai]] [[1819]]-[[30 Septemba]] [[1888]]) alikuwa mwanasayansi wa [[Marekani]], mvumbuzi, na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wanawake. Alikuwa mwanasayansi wa kwanza anayejulikana kwa kufanya majaribio juu ya athari za joto la [[Mwanga wa jua|jua]] kwenye gesi tofauti. Kwenye karatasi yake ''Hali zinazoathiri Joto la Miale ya Jua'', iliyowasilishwa kwenye mkutano wa Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Sayansi ya Marekani (AAAS) mwaka wa [[1856]], Foote alitoa nadharia kwamba kubadilisha uwiano wa kaboni dioksidi katika angahewa kungebadilisha joto lake. Ingawa inaonekana kwamba wanawake wakati huo waliruhusiwa kuzungumza hadharani katika mikutano ya AAAS, Joseph Henry wa Taasisi ya Smithsonian aliwasilisha karatasi yake. == Utoto na elimu == Eunice Newton Foote alizaliwa kama Eunice Newton tarehe 17 Julai 1819. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Huddleston|first=Amara|title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer|work=NOAA Climate.gov|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=28 December 2021|date=17 July 2019|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615205052/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alizaliwa huko Goshen, Connecticut, lakini alikulia huko Bloomfield, New York. Mama yake alikuwa Thirza Newton na baba yake alikuwa [[Isaac Newton]] Jr., asili ya Goshen, na baadaye mkulima na mjasiriamali huko East Bloomfield, New York, ambaye pia alikuwa jamaa wa mbali wa [[Isaac Newton]]. <ref name="Shapiro21">{{Rejea jarida|last=Shapiro|first=Maura|date=23 August 2021|title=Eunice Newton Foote's nearly forgotten discovery|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a/abs/|journal=[[Physics Today]]|publisher=AIP Publishing LLC|doi=10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831072757/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a/abs/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Eunice alikuwa na dada sita na kaka watano.  Foote alisoma Seminari ya Kike ya Troy kati ya mwaka [[1836]] na [[1837]], ambapo alifunzwa nadharia ya kisayansi na Amos Eaton, mwanzilishi wa matarajio ya kisasa ya kisayansi katika elimu. Alitambulishwa kwa kemia na biolojia kutoka chuo cha sayansi kilicho karibu, ambacho wanafunzi kutoka Seminari ya Kike ya Troy waliruhusiwa kuhudhuria. Huko alivutiwa na vitabu vya kiada vya Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, dada wa mwanaelimu Emma Willard, ambaye alikuwa mwanzilishi wa kike wa wanawake katika sayansi, mtaalam wa mimea, na mwanachama wa tatu wa kike wa Jumuiya ya Amerika ya Kuendeleza Sayansi. AAAS). <ref>Emma Willard School Archives / Troy Female Seminary Catalogs Collection, Listed in 1836–37 Catalog</ref>  == Maisha ya ndoa na familia == Mnamo [[Agosti 12]], [[1841]], Eunice Newton aliolewa na hakimu na mwanahisabati Elisha Foote, ambaye alifanya kazi kwenye Mahakama ya Mashauri ya Kawaida katika Kaunti ya Seneca, New York. Wenzi hao waliishi kwa muda mfupi huko Seneca Falls, New York <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Shapiro|first=Maura|date=23 August 2021|title=Eunice Newton Foote's nearly forgotten discovery|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a/abs/|journal=[[Physics Today]]|publisher=AIP Publishing LLC|doi=10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831072757/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a/abs/|dead-url=yes}}Shapiro, Maura (23 August 2021). [https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a/abs/ "Eunice Newton Foote's nearly forgotten discovery"] {{Wayback|url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a/abs/ |date=20210831072757 }}. ''[[Fizikia Leo|Physics Today]]''. AIP Publishing LLC. [[Doi (kitambulisho)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a|10.1063/PT.6.4.20210823a]]</ref> kabla ya kuhamia Saratoga, New York. Foote alitajwa kama "mchoraji mzuri wa picha na mandhari". Ndoa ilizaa binti, Mary Foote, ambaye alikua msanii na mwandishi. == Kifo == Foote alifariki tarehe [[30 Septemba]] [[1888]], <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Overlooked No More: Eunice Foote, Climate Scientist Lost to History|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/obituaries/eunice-foote-overlooked.html|date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> na akazikwa katika Makaburi ya Green-Wood huko Brooklyn, New York. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burial Search|url=https://www.green-wood.com/burial_results/index.php|work=Green-wood|accessdate=29 December 2021}}</ref> == Marejeleo == [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1888]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1819]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] cazlc8vgsfz9a3d6aavch9p7l7z1up6 0 147538 1599866 1427589 2026-09-24T05:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karolina Bochra''' (alizaliwa [[31 Agosti]] [[1988]]) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa [[Polandi]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa [[klabu]] ya ''FC Katowice'' ya ligi kuu ya ''Ekstraliga''.<ref>[http://katowice1fc.futbolowo.pl/menu,37,kadra-zespolu.html 2011-12 squad] {{Wayback|url=http://katowice1fc.futbolowo.pl/menu,37,kadra-zespolu.html |date=20231110182324 }} in Katowice's website</ref> Hapo awali alicheza katika [[timu]] ya ''Gol Częstochowa'' na ''KŚ AZS Wrocław''.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/player=101887/profile/index.html Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/player=101887/profile/index.html |date=20180630034231 }} in [[UEFA]]'s website</ref> Alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Polandi katika Kombe la ''Algarve'' la mnamo mwaka 2008, ambapo alifunga goli dhidi ya timu ya taifa ya [[Ureno]].<ref>[https://www.fpf.pt/portal/page/portal/PORTAL_FUTEBOL/Comunicados2008/Tab/Algarve%20Cup%20Figures.pdf Statistics of the competition] in the [[Portuguese Football Federation]]'s website (p.19)</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Polandi]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Polandi]] b3hl5isu0eg2h238vmoe3cwjd6a6frl 0 147701 1600017 1584614 2026-09-24T10:10:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laura H. Greene''' ni [[profesa]] wa [[fizikia]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Jimbo]] la [[Florida]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://physics.fsu.edu/person/laura-h-greene|title=Laura H. Greene &#124; Department of Physics}}</ref> na [[Mwanasayansi]] Mkuu katika [[Maabara]] ya Kitaifa ya [[Uga sumaku]]. Hapo awali alikuwa profesa wa fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Illinois huko Urbana-Champaign. == Wasifu == Akiwa mtoto, Laura Greene daima alikuwa na shauku kubwa ya kufanya kazi na vitu asilia vilivyomzunguka na alipendezwa na sayansi. Lakini, akiwa kijana alikulia kwenye kitongoji chenye uchangamfu na kitamaduni cha [[Cleveland, Ohio]], pia alivutiwa sana na muziki, haswa muziki wa kitamaduni mara nyingi huimba na kucheza [[gitaa]] kwenye nyumba za [[kahawa]] na [[karamu]]. Muziki unasalia kuwa muhimu katika maisha yake, anafurahia kuigiza na ni mshiriki wa mara kwa mara katika kongamano la Mkutano wa March Meeting wa "[[:en:American_Physical_Society|American Physical Society]]" (APS). Yeye ni mama wa wana wawili wakubwa. == Elimu, taaluma na mchango mkubwa wa kitaaluma == Laura Greene alisoma fizikia kama mwanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ohio State na alitunukiwa cum laude BS, ([[1974]]) digrii na Master's (MS) mnamo [[1978]]. Elimu ya juu alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell. Huko Cornell, kwanza alitunukiwa MS katika fizikia ya majaribio ([[1980]]) na kisha ([[1984]]) alimaliza shahada ya PhD katika fizikia. Kitaalamu katika UIUC Laura Greene Alivutiwa na [[John Bardeen]] (Mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel mara mbili ya fizikia) na [[Anthony Leggett]] (mshindi mwingine wa Nobelist wa fizikia); amefanya kazi na wanasayansi wengine wengi, ikiwa ni pamoja na B. Batlogg, Malcolm R. Beasley, RA Buhrman, David Ceperley, Timir Datta, Mildred Dresselhaus, Robert C. Dynes, AJ Epstein, Theodore H. Geballe, Nigel Goldenfeld, David C. Larbalestier, WE Moerner, TP Orlando, David B. Tanner, JM Tarascon, T. Timusk, Dale Van Harlingen na wengine. == Viungo vya nje == * Chuo Kikuu cha Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Fizikia [http://physics.illinois.edu/people/profile.asp?lhgreene] {{Wayback|url=http://physics.illinois.edu/people/profile.asp?lhgreene |date=20160304115552 }} * Chuo cha Taifa cha Sayansi; Habari [https://web.archive.org/web/20220317021100/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/podcasts/interviews/laura-greene.html] * Azom.com;Habari [http://www.azom.com/news.asp?newsID=2780] * YouTube;Laura Greene [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptswilP4yi0] * Wanawake katika Sayansi [http://www.witi.com/center/witimuseum/womeninsciencet/2001/060901.shtml] * APS.org; Mkutano [http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR13/SessionIndex2/?SessionEventID=191632] {{Wayback|url=http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR13/SessionIndex2/?SessionEventID=191632 |date=20220418104154 }} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] dr87r12ks2dge907cevfdurs6393ge1 0 147810 1599965 1506159 2026-09-24T09:11:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2014-10-11 - Fußball 1. Bundesliga - FF USV Jena vs. TSG 1899 Hoffenheim - Kristin Demann - IMG 4435 LRc by Stepro.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Kristin Demann (2014)]] '''Kristin Demann''' (alizaliwa [[7 Aprili]] [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] nchini [[Ujerumani]], kwa sasa anacheza kama beki wa timu ''1. FC Köln'' akitokea timu ya [[wanawake]] ya [[Bayern Munich]] kwa mkopo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fcbayern.com/de/news/2017/01/fcb-frauen-verpflichten-demann-zur-neuen-saison|title=FCB-Frauen verpflichten Demann zur neuen Saison|language=German|work=fcbayern.com|date=8 July 2017|accessdate=8 July 2017}}</ref> Alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa [[timu ya taifa]] chini ya [[umri]] wa miaka 19 ya Ujerumani na ilishinda michuano ya [[Ulaya]] mnamo mwaka [[2011]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/teams/player=250011815/index.html Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/teams/player=250011815/index.html |date=20110805154949 }} in [[UEFA]].com</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] cjk27v4yq2dn3donjix1yn734qa4j0z 0 147912 1599613 1575541 2026-09-23T18:50:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dorothy Lavinia Brown.jpg|alt=Dorothy Lavinia Brown|thumb|Dorothy Lavinia Brown]] '''Dorothy Lavinia Brown''' <ref name="AAR">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brown, Lola Denise (daughter of Dorothy Lavinia Brown)|url=http://www.aaregistry.com/detail.php?id=1394|title=Dorothy L. Brown|publisher=African American Registry|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090629061640/http://www.aaregistry.com/detail.php?id=1394|archivedate=June 29, 2009}}</ref> (pia anajulikana kama "Dr. D.", <ref name="TE" />; [[7 Januari]] [[1914]] – [[13 Juni]] [[2004]] <ref name="UMC">Martini, Kelli. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304054231/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=2&mid=5055 Dorothy Brown, South's first African-American woman doctor, dies], News Archives, The United Methodist Church, June 14, 2004, UMC.org</ref>) alikuwa [[Mpasuaji|daktari mpasuaji]] mwenye [[Wamarekani weusi|asili ya Kiafrika]], mbunge, na [[mwalimu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa daktari wa [[upasuaji]] wa kwanza wa kike wa asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika kutoka Kusini-mashariki mwa Marekani. Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwafrika kuhudumu katika Mkutano Mkuu wa Tennessee alipochaguliwa kuwa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Tennessee. <ref name="TE">Anne-Leslie Owens, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=144 Dorothy Lavinia Brown]," ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtZtkf35CF0C&pg=PA37|title=Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia|last=Windsor|first=Laura Lynn|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2002|isbn=978-1-57607-392-6|pages=37–38}}</ref> Alipokuwa akihudumu katika Baraza la Wawakilishi, Brown alipigania haki za wanawake na haki za watu wa rangi. Brown alizaliwa [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, na alitelekezwa kwa Troy Orphan Asylum, kituo cha watoto yatima huko [[Troy, New York|Troy]], New York akiwa na umri wa miezi mitano na mama yake, Edna Brown. Dorothy aliishi katika kituo cha watoto yatima hadi umri wa miaka 12. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_46.html|title=Dr. Dorothy Lavinia Brown Biography|date=3 June 2015|work=Changing the Face of Medicine|accessdate=16 October 2018}}</ref> Kulikuwa na mambo mengi ambayo yalimsukuma Brown kuendeleza taaluma ya upasuaji: utunzaji aliopokea wakati wa upasuaji wa tonsillectomy, na utendaji aliotazama ambao ulimfanya atake kufanya kitu ili kuwafanya Waamerika wengine wa Kiafrika wajivunie. <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Brown, Dorothy Lavinia}}</ref> == Elimu == Baada ya kumaliza shule ya upili, Brown alienda Chuo cha Bennett, chuo kikuu cheusi huko [[Greensboro, North Carolina]]. Alipata ufadhili wa masomo kutoka Idara ya Wanawake ya Huduma ya Kikristo ya Kanisa la Methodisti. <ref>Berman, J. O. (2010). Dorothy Lavinia Brown. ''Great Lives from History: African Americans'', 23.</ref> Brown alipata pesa katika kipindi hiki kama msaidizi wa nyumbani. Alisaidiwa na mwanamke wa Methodisti, wa Kitengo cha Huduma ya Kikristo, kudahiliwa katika [[Chuo]] cha Madaktari wa Upasuaji cha Marekani, ambako alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] ya BA mnamo mwaka [[1941]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] b1i1tik5btck41ov8ue0srijsi5jo5e 0 147914 1600085 1430308 2026-09-24T11:44:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brittney Exline''', ni [[mwanamke]] mwenye [[umri]] mdogo zaidi [[Wamarekani weusi|wa Kimarekani mwenye asili ya Kiafrika]] kukubaliwa katika shule ya Ivy League, akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Aliendelea na kuwa [[mhandisi]] mdogo zaidi wa [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Afrika]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Christian|first=Margena| title = Brittney Exline Becomes Nation's Youngest African-American Engineer|url=http://www.ebony.com/career-finance/brittney-exline-becomes-nations-youngest-african-american-engineer|work=Ebony|publisher=Ebony|accessdate=22 November 2016}} {{Rejea tovuti| title = Young Futurists 2013: Brittney Exline|url=http://www.theroot.com/profile/brittney_exline/|work=The Root|publisher=The Root|accessdate=22 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122155719/http://www.theroot.com/profile/brittney_exline/|archivedate=22 November 2016}}</ref> == Maisha == Exline alizaliwa [[Siku ya Wapendanao]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = 2016-02-12| title = Meet Brittney Exline 19, Who Is Now The Youngest African-American Engineer!|url=http://sundayadelajablog.com/fr/7238-2/|accessdate=2020-09-17|work=Sunday Adelaja's Blog|archivedate=2020-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235701/http://sundayadelajablog.com/fr/7238-2/}}</ref> huko [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]], [[Colorado]] kwa Chyrese na Christopher Exline. Brittney alijifundisha kusoma akiwa na umri wa miaka 2, na akaruka darasa matatu akiwa kijana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Young Futurists 2013: Brittney Exline|url=http://www.theroot.com/profile/brittney_exline/|work=The Root|publisher=The Root|accessdate=22 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122155719/http://www.theroot.com/profile/brittney_exline/|archivedate=22 November 2016}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20161122155719/http://www.theroot.com/profile/brittney_exline/ "Young Futurists 2013: Brittney Exline"]. ''The Root''. The Root. Archived from [http://www.theroot.com/profile/brittney_exline/ the original] on 22 November 2016</ref> Alihitimu kutoka kwa programu ya Shule ya Upili ya Kimataifa ya Baccalaureate. Exline pia alisoma anthropolojia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]]. Aliendelea kupokea ufadhili kamili wa masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania mnamo [[2007]] akiwa na miaka 15, na kumfanya kuwa Mwafrika mwenye umri mdogo zaidi kukubalika katika shule ya Ivy League. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Christian|first=Margena| title = Brittney Exline Becomes Nation's Youngest African-American Engineer|url=http://www.ebony.com/career-finance/brittney-exline-becomes-nations-youngest-african-american-engineer|work=Ebony|publisher=Ebony|accessdate=22 November 2016}}Christian, Margena. [http://www.ebony.com/career-finance/brittney-exline-becomes-nations-youngest-african-american-engineer "Brittney Exline Becomes Nation's Youngest African-American Engineer"]. ''Ebony''. Ebony</ref>Akiwa chuo kikuu, alisomea uhandisi. Mnamo [[2011]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, alihitimu shahada ya uzamili katika sayansi ya kompyuta.<ref name="NO">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mays|first=Jeff| title = Britney Exline, Nation's Youngest African-American Engineer|url=http://newsone.com/2099509/britney-exline/|work=News One|publisher=News One|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu, Exline alikua mhandisi wa programu mtandao na utangazaji wa mtandaoni. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] j41pl1az8e55mv3uzcda3jy9t7jrxnu 0 148004 1599670 1259237 2026-09-23T19:01:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:SAP Frauen-FußballCup 2016 - Gentjana Rochi.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Gentjana Rochi]] '''Gentjana Rochi''' (alizaliwa [[17 Septemba]] [[1994]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa nchini [[Macedonia]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa klabu ya ''Kuopion Palloseura'' [[ligi]] ya ''Naisen'' na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya Macedonia [[Kaskazini]].<ref>[https://www.palloliitto.fi/jalkapallouutiset/gentjana-rochi-kupsn-riveihin Gentjana Rochi KuPS:n riveihin] {{Wayback|url=https://www.palloliitto.fi/jalkapallouutiset/gentjana-rochi-kupsn-riveihin |date=20201012005246 }} Finnish Football Association. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.</ref><ref>[http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250007417/profile/index.html Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250007417/profile/index.html |date=20201010025303 }} in [[UEFA]].com</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali== Rochi alizaliwa katika [[familia]] ya [[kabila]] la [[Kialbania]] huko Gostivar. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Masedonia Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kney29wx2r5b0qrk1a5odtt3b8twp4c 0 148102 1599501 1521037 2026-09-23T18:25:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Ahmed Hilal''' ( Arabic; [[Julai 28]], [[1937]] &#x2013; [[Machi 23]], [[2014]]) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mohamed Hilal's updated biography in Arabic|url=http://www.interigence.ml/mohamedhilal/HilalCV.doc|publisher=Interigence|accessdate=22 August 2015|archivedate=2016-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143443/http://www.interigence.ml/mohamedhilal/HilalCV.doc}}</ref> alikuwa [[mhandisi]] wa [[Misri]], mtaalamu wa utengenezaji wa [[injini]] za mitambo ya [[magari]], [[matrekta]] na [[vifaa]] vizito. Alikuwa mtaalam mkuu wa mradi wa upanuzi kwenye maji ya Bwawa Kuu kwenye miaka ya 1960. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Special Web Page for Mohamed Hilal in Arabic|url=http://www.interigence.ml/mohamedhilal|publisher=Interigence|accessdate=9 December 2011|archivedate=2016-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425191040/http://www.interigence.ml/mohamedhilal/}}</ref> == Kuzaliwa na elimu == Hilal alizaliwa mnamo Julai 28, 1937, huko Tanta. Alipofikisha umri wa miaka 8, alikuwa na tabia ya kupendelea magari. Hilal alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Sekondari ya Tanta Mechanical mnamo [[1956]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mohamed Hilal's authenticated biography in Arabic|url=http://www.interigence.ml/mohamedhilal/HilalCV.doc|publisher=Interigence|accessdate=9 December 2011|archivedate=2016-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143443/http://www.interigence.ml/mohamedhilal/HilalCV.doc}}</ref> == Vyeo == * Mwanachama wa Shirikisho la Viwanda vya Misri nchini Misri. * Mwanachama wa Chumba cha Viwanda vya Uhandisi nchini Misri. * Mwanachama wa Maendeleo ya Viwanda na kisasa nchini Misri. * Mwanachama wa zamani wa Kikundi cha Muungano cha viwanda vya 'Chemico' nchini Ujerumani. * Mwanachama aliyeidhinishwa wa Maabara ya Utafiti ya Interigence. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] 9jjlzpiedc177mf26h69gdfr33q7l2v 0 148174 1599766 1222978 2026-09-24T01:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2019-07-31 Fußball, Flyeralarm Frauen-Bundesliga, Mannschaftsfotos FF USV Jena 1DX 5562 by Stepro.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Jana Sedláčková]] '''Jana Petříková''' (alizaliwa [[21 Januari]] [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa zamani wa [[Jamhuri ya Czech]] na ambaye alicheza kama [[beki]] wa klabu ya ''FC Carl Zeiss Jena'' kwenye ligi ya Frauen-Bundesliga nchini [[Ujerumani]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Jamhuri ya Czech.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/thueringen/article142437489/Sedlackova-vierter-Neuzugang-bei-FF-USV-Jena.html|title=Sedláčková vierter Neuzugang bei FF USV Jena|language=German|work=welt.de|date=13 June 2015|accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/jana-sedlackova/spielerin|title=Spielerinnenprofil|language=German|work=dfb.de|date=27 June 2015|accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Jamhuri ya Czech tangu [[2009]]. <ref>[http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/player=1909653/index.html Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/player=1909653/index.html |date=20171113004656 }} at [[UEFA]] website</ref>Alichezea timu ya taifa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo [[26 Novemba]] [[2009]] katika mechi dhidi ya [[Ubelgiji]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fotbal.sport.cz/clanek/162324-fotbalistkou-roku-je-poprve-divisova-futsalistum-vladl-resetar.html|title=Fotbalistkou roku je poprvé Divišová, futsalistům vládl Rešetár|language=Czech|work=sport.cz|date=10 January 2010|accessdate=27 February 2012|archivedate=2010-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112092350/http://fotbal.sport.cz/clanek/162324-fotbalistkou-roku-je-poprve-divisova-futsalistum-vladl-resetar.html}}</ref>Jana alikuwa mchezaji bora wa Mwaka [[2009]] wa Jamhuri ya Czech. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ucheki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6s919bj6tujs78qqfo75og6vmsbagcr 0 148177 1600086 1521500 2026-09-24T11:45:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Musse Olol''' ( pia anajulikana kama '''Muse A. Olol Diinle''', <ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Carter|first=Chad|title=Positively Portland: Muse A. Olol Diinle wins FBI award|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2012/apr/23604/positively_portland_muse_a_olol_diinle_wins_fbi_award.aspx|accessdate=9 February 2013|date=11 April 2012}}</ref> ni [[mhandisi]] wa Kisomali-[[Amerika]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kijamii. Yeye ni Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la [[Somali]] Marekani la Oregon (SACOO). == Historia == Olol alizaliwa na kukulia [[Mogadishu]], mji mkuu wa [[Somalia]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Positively Portland: Muse A. Olol Diinle wins FBI award|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2012/apr/23604/positively_portland_muse_a_olol_diinle_wins_fbi_award.aspx|accessdate=9 February 2013}}Carter, Chad (11 April 2012). [http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2012/apr/23604/positively_portland_muse_a_olol_diinle_wins_fbi_award.aspx "Positively Portland: Muse A. Olol Diinle wins FBI award"]. ''KOIN Local 6''</ref> Baadaye alihama kwenda [[Oregon]] nnchini [[Marekani]], ambako angeishi kwa miaka 30 iliyofuata. Hatimaye akawa raia wa Marekani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FBI Honors Local Somali American with the Director’s Community Leadership Award|url=https://www.fbi.gov/portland/press-releases/2011/fbi-honors-local-somali-american-with-the-directors-community-leadership-award|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> === Elimu === Baada elimu yake ya sekondari, Olol alienda kusoma Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Portland. Huko, alipata Shahada ya [[Uhandisi mitambo|uhandisi wa mitambo]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FBI Honors Local Somali American with the Director’s Community Leadership Award|url=https://www.fbi.gov/portland/press-releases/2011/fbi-honors-local-somali-american-with-the-directors-community-leadership-award|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=9 February 2013}}[https://www.fbi.gov/portland/press-releases/2011/fbi-honors-local-somali-american-with-the-directors-community-leadership-award "FBI Honors Local Somali American with the Director's Community Leadership Award"]. Federal Bureau of Investigation Retrieved </ref> [[Picha:Musse_Olol-dcla3.jpg|right|thumb| Olol akipokea Tuzo ya Uongozi wa Jumuiya ya Mkurugenzi wa 2011 (DCLA) kutoka kwa Mkurugenzi wa FBI Robert Mueller]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Somalia]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] hfcdxiggbl10852topat05zbv3oi84e 0 148349 1599502 1521819 2026-09-23T18:25:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:NancyAllenactress.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Mwigizaji Nancy Allen]] '''Nancy Anne Allen''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 24]], [[1950]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuja kujulikana kwa uigizaji wake katika [[filamu]] kadhaa zilizoongozwa na ''Brian De Palma'' mnamo miaka ya [[1970]] na [[1980]]. Sifa zake ni pamoja na uteuzi katika [[tuzo ya Golden Globe]] na uteuzi mara tatu katika [[tuzo]] za ''Saturn Award''. Ni binti wa [[Luteni]] wa [[polisi]] katika [[Jiji]] la [[New York|New York,]] Allen alilelewa huko [[The Bronx|Bronx]], na alisomea katika [[Shule ya upili|Shule ya Upili]] ya [[Sanaa]] ya Uigizaji, alitamani kufanya kazi katika densi. Katika miaka yake ya ishirini, alielekeza umakini wake kwenye uigizaji na akahamia [[Los Angeles]] ili kutafuta kazi huko. Jukumu lake la kwanza katika uigizaji lilikuwa kama ''Chris Hargensen'' katika marekebisho ya filamu ya ''Brian De Palma'' ([[1976]]). Allen baadae aliigiza kama kiongozi katika vichekesho vilivyoongozwa na Robert Zemeckis vya ''I Wanna Hold Your Hand'' ([[1978]]), na kufuatiwa na sehemu inayounga mkono na [[Steven Spielberg]] ([[1979]]). Allen aliolewa na De Palma mnamo mwaka [[1979]], na filamu yake iliyofuata ya kahaba ambaye alishuhudia mauaji katika kipengele chake ''Dressed to Kill'' ([[1980]]) ilimletea uteuzi katika tuzo ya Golden Globe kama nyota mpya wa mwaka. Kisha alionekana katika filamu ya De Palma ''Neo-noir'' ''Blow Out'' ([[1981]]), alicheza kama mwanamke aliyehusishwa na mauaji. Allen na De Palma walitengana mnamo [[1984]]. == Maisha na Kazi == === 1950-1972: Maisha ya awali === Allen alizaliwa mnamo Juni 24, 1950 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n96011155.html|work=[[Library of Congress]]|title=Allen, Nancy, 1950 June 24–|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013140624/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n96011155.html|archivedate=October 13, 2016}}</ref> katika eneo la [[The Bronx|Bronx]] jijini New York, mtoto wa mwisho kati ya watoto watatu wa Eugene na Florence Allen. Baba yake alikuwa luteni wa polisi. Allen alilelewa kwenye mtaa wa 196 katika sehemu ya Pelham Bay ya Bronx. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:FFD22]] 6vx3kj8ob8cm91vu2daaieob7y18rvd 0 149033 1599563 1500510 2026-09-23T18:39:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599563 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Gafacci_1.jpg|thumb|180px|Gafacci-1]] '''Michael''' " '''Gafacci''' " '''Gafatchi''' ni [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki|mtayarishaji wa muziki]] wa nchini [[Ghana]] na [[Mtunzi wa nyimbo|mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]]. == Maisha ya awali == Gafacci alisoma katika [[Accra Academy|Chuo cha Accra]]. Alikuza hamu yake ya [[muziki]] alipokua katika Shule ya sekondari. Mnamo [[Septemba]] [[2009|2009,]] Gafacci alitambulishwa kwa uchezaji bora na [[rafik]]<nowiki/>i yake. Ana sifa za utayarishaji wa kazi mbalimbali kama Dee Moneey, Sarkodie, Chase, D-Black, Ice Prince, Dr Cryme na nyingine nyingi. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.theransomnote.com/music/interviews/the-roots-of-azonto-gafacci-talks/|title=The Roots Of Azonto: Gafacci Talks}}</ref> Gafacci hutumia loops za Fruity, ableton na cubase kwa kazi zake zote za utayarishaji wa [[muziki]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2018/02/premiere-mina-allo-omo-frenchie-gafacci|title=Premiere: Hear Omo Frenchie And Gafacci Add New Life To Mina’s "Allo"|work=Complex|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-27|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041424/http://www.complex.com/music/2018/02/premiere-mina-allo-omo-frenchie-gafacci|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/d5db0387-d23c-417e-87a8-50be0e50b53c|title=Gafacci - New Songs, Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music|work=BBC|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-02-27|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203003745/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/d5db0387-d23c-417e-87a8-50be0e50b53c|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghanaian-Music-Producer-Gafacci-Loses-Mum-472266</ref><ref>https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2017/11/29/gafacci-gets-interviewed-by-a-german-media-outlet/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] 86ahfvpaxbmqir3ikblgz1fjvx7uagd 0 149070 1599614 1520268 2026-09-23T18:50:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel Adu Frimpong''' (alizaliwa [[4 Aprili]], [[1994]]), maarufu] kama '''Medikal''', ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[hip hop]] wa nchini [[Ghana]] alizaliwa na Portia Lamptey na James Frimpong huko Sowutuom, katika kitongoji cha [[Accra]]. <ref> name="Medikal">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Medikal|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Medikal-2185|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kazi ya muziki == Anatoka Sowutuom, kitongoji cha [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. Medikal na Sarkodie walikuwa katika uteuzi wa juu zaidi wa toleo la [[2017]] la [[tuzo]] za muziki za Ghana (''Ghana Music Awards'') . Mnamo [[2018]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://livefmghana.com/2017/02/27/see-full-list-nominees-2017-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/|title=SEE FULL LIST OF NOMINEES – 2017 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|date=27 February 2017|accessdate=2022-04-24|archivedate=2022-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424034254/http://livefmghana.com/2017/02/27/see-full-list-nominees-2017-vodafone-ghana-music-awards/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/The-rise-of-AMG-s-Medikal-486059|title=The rise of AMG's Medikal|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> Medikal alipata na elimu ya [[Shule ya Upili|Shule ya upili]] katika shule ya Odorgonno Senior High. Yeye ni mtoto wa James Frimpong na Portia Lamptey. Samuel alichukua jina la Medikal kwa sababu alivutiwa na kurap kuhusu madaktari wa upasuaji, madaktari na [[hospitali]] kwa ujumla. Amejijengea jina katika [[tasnia]] ya muziki kwa bidii na ushirikiano mwingi na wasanii waliofanikiwa. Kando na uteuzi wake mwaka 2017, alishinda video bora ya uvumbuzi katika tuzo ya MTN 4Syte mnamo [[2016]]. == Albamu na EP == * ''Meditation'' ([[2013]]) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=[MIXTAPE]: Medikal (MDK) Presents "Da Medikation"|url=https://loudsoundgh.com/2013/05/mixtape-medikal-mdk-presents-da-medikation/|work=Loud Sound Gh|accessdate=17 February 2018}}</ref> * ''Disturbation'' (2017) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/audio/Medikal-unveils-tracklist-for-Disturbation-551252?channel=D1|title=Medikal unveils tracklist for 'Disturbation'|date=22 June 2017}}</ref> * ''Plug EP'' ([[2019]]) * ''sland''(2020) <ref name=":0" /> * ''The Truth'' ([[2020]]) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mfgfwn2sio9bq2qp69xopm09rwx854w 0 149089 1600126 1549095 2026-09-24T11:49:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Johnny_Clegg_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Clegg mnamo 1992]] '''Jonathan Paul Clegg''', OBE, OIS ([[7 Juni]] [[1953|1953{{Spaced ndash}}]][[16 Julai]] [[2019]]) alikuwa mwanamuziki, [[mwimbaji]]-mtunzi wa nyimbo, mchezaji densi, [[mwanaanthropolojia]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi wa [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye baadhi ya kazi zake za muziki zililenga muziki wa watu asilia wa Afrika Kusini. Bendi yake ya Juluka ilianza kama watu wawili na Sipho Mchunu, na lilikuwa kundi la kwanza katika enzi ya [[Apartheid|ubaguzi]] wa rangi Afrika Kusini kati ya mzungu na mtu mweusi. Wawili hao walitumbuiza na kurekodi. == Maisha ya mapema na kazi == Clegg alizaliwa tarehe 7 Juni 1953 huko Bacup, Lancashire, <ref name="official">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.johnnyclegg.com/biog.html|title=JOHNNY CLEGG BIOGRAPHY AND AWARDS|publisher=JohnnyClegg.com|accessdate=2 July 2015|archive-date=2017-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825104344/http://www.johnnyclegg.com/biog.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baba yake alikua na Asili ya Uingereza, Dennis Clegg, na mama wa Rhodesia, Muriel (Braudo). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=22 July 2006|title=White Zulu is making a comeback|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/white-zulu-is-making-a-comeback-940896|work=Independent Online (IOL)|accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref> Familia ya mama yake Clegg walikuwa wahamiaji [[Wayahudi|wa Kiyahudi]] kutoka [[Lituanya|Lithuania]], na Clegg alikuwa na malezi ya Kiyahudi.<ref name="Bernarde-2003">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XI4-VnSrEcAC&pg=PA3|title=Stars of David: Rock'n'roll's Jewish Stories|last=Benarde|first=Scott R.|date=2003|publisher=Brandeis University Press|isbn=1584653035|location=Waltham, MA|pages=3,279–283|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Wazazi wake walitalikiana alipokuwa bado mtoto mchanga, na alihamia na mama yake hadi Rhodesia (sasa [[Zimbabwe]] ) na kisha, akiwa na umri wa miaka sita, alihaia Afrika Kusini, <ref name="people">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Freeman|first=Patricia|date=24 October 1988|title=Black and White and Heard All Over, Johnny Clegg and Savuka Cross South Africa's Color Barrier|url=https://people.com/archive/black-and-white-and-heard-all-over-johnny-clegg-and-savuka-cross-south-africas-color-barrier-vol-30-no-17/|work=People|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610105846/https://people.com/archive/black-and-white-and-heard-all-over-johnny-clegg-and-savuka-cross-south-africas-color-barrier-vol-30-no-17/|archivedate=10 June 2017|accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref> pia akitumia sehemu ya mwaka huko [[Israeli|Israeli]] wakati wa utoto wake. <ref name="Bernarde-2003" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mnamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] dze4ykar0c5zyozkhln68g09j683053 0 149093 1599615 1578978 2026-09-23T18:50:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johann van der Sandt''', ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alizaliwa katika [[jimbo]] la [[Dola Huru]]. Alisoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Pretoria]] <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Johannes Theodorus van der Sandt|url=https://www.unibz.it/en/faculties/education/academic-staff/person/35788-johannes-theodorus-van-der-sandt|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=www.unibz.it|language=en-GB}}</ref> ambapo alipata B. Mus (Ed), B. Mus (Hons), M Mus (Musiekwetenskap) na D Mus (Uendeshaji wa [[Kwaya]]), pamoja na [[stashahada]] katika elimu ya Muziki ya piano, vyombo vya sauti na clarinet. Mnamo Januari [[1996]] alipata [[stashahada]] ya Uendeshaji katika [[taasisi]] ya Mafunzo ya Waongoza Kwaya, Gorinchem ([[Uholanzi]]) chini ya uongozi wa Joop Schets. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Johannes Theodorus van der Sandt|url=https://www.unibz.it/en/faculties/education/academic-staff/person/35788-johannes-theodorus-van-der-sandt|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=www.unibz.it|language=en-GB}}[https://www.unibz.it/en/faculties/education/academic-staff/person/35788-johannes-theodorus-van-der-sandt "Johannes Theodorus van der Sandt"]. ''www.unibz.it''</ref> == Wasifu == Van der Sandt alishikilia wadhifa kama Profesa wa Uendeshaji wa [[kwaya]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Pretoria]] na alikuwa mwendeshaji rasmi wa Kwaya wa [[Chuo Kikuu]] ambapo alitekeleza mtindo wa kipekee wa uimbaji wa kwaya kwenye kampasi za [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Afrika Kusini]] hadi [[Juni]] [[2008]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.unibz.it/en/faculties/education/academic-staff/person/35788-johannes-theodorus-van-der-sandt</nowiki></ref> Pia alikuwa mwanzilishi wa Kwaya ya Singkronies Chamber. Lengo la kwaya ni kuunda jukwaa la kazi za watunzi wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwaya iyo ilipokea Tuzo mbili za [[Muziki]] za [[Afrika Kusini]] katika kitengo cha Utendaji Bora wa Kwaya. Mnamo [[2006]] Van der Sandt aliweka pamoja Can't'Afrika, kikundi cha uimbaji cha waimbaji 12 ambao lengo lao ni kusoma na kufanya kazi za watunzi wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Viungo vya nje == * http://www.singkronies.co.za/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.singkronies.co.za/ |date=20070218121204 }} * http://www.tukscamerata.up.ac.za/index.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.tukscamerata.up.ac.za/index.html |date=20250123080715 }} * Johann van der Sandt (mawasiliano ya kibinafsi) * Vipeperushi ambavyo havijachapishwa vilivyotolewa na Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria Camerata * [http://www.tukscamerata.up.ac.za/index.html Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria Camerata] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tukscamerata.up.ac.za/index.html |date=20250123080715 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218121204/http://www.singkronies.co.za/ Kwaya ya Singkronies Chamber] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060930204809/http://www.crcn.co.za/eastrandyouthchoir/ Kwaya ya Vijana ya East Rand] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] m3co6pqhscj707ypiv9c7te8kz9eeap 0 149109 1599442 1512334 2026-09-23T17:19:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phestus Mokgwetsi Victor Matshediso''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sampra.org.za/sampra-performer-members/|title=Phestus Matshediso|website=sampra|accessdate=2022-04-24|archivedate=2021-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228212307/https://www.sampra.org.za/sampra-performer-members/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/phestus-matshediso-mn0003677707|title=Phestus Matshediso (Fistaz Mixwell)|website=allmusic|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> anayejulikana kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Fistaz Mixwell''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[22 Aprili]] [[1976]]) ni [[raia]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] DJ na mtayarishaji wa muziki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://itunes.apple.com/br/app/fistaz-mixwell/id370343298?mt=8|title=Fistaz Mixwell na App Store|website=App Store|language=pt|access-date=2018-01-09|archive-date=2018-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181733/https://itunes.apple.com/br/app/fistaz-mixwell/id370343298?mt=8|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.entertainmentafrica.com/index.php?section=command%7Crelease%7C%7Csubcommand%7Crelease%7C%7Crelease_type_id%7C2%7C%7Crelease_format_id%7C2%7C%7Cforthcoming%7C0%7C%7Crelease_id%7C4699|title=ひとには聞けないVライン事情…自宅で処理するならこれが正解！|website=www.entertainmentafrica.com|language=ja|access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Alizaliwa tarehe 22 Aprili 1976 huko [[Mafikeng]], mji mdogo katika Mkoa wa [[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)|Kaskazini Magharibi]] [[Afrika Kusini]], kwa Jowie na Edward Matshediso.Fistaz Mixwell alihudhuria Shule ya Msingi ya JD Mosiah huko [[Rustenburg]] na mnamo 1988 alianza darasa la 7 katika Shule ya Upili ya Mmabatho huko Mafikeng.Mnamo 1993 Fistaz Mixwell alimaliza darasa lake na kuhudhuria mihadhara kama mwanafunzi wa Uhandisi wa Kiraia katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Johannesburg]] mnamo 1994. ==Career== Mnamo 1997 Fistaz Mixwell alijiunga na kituo cha redio cha Channel T kama mchezeshaji muziki, DJ wa disko la rununu. Hapa ndipo alipokutana na watu mashuhuri kama Iggy Smallz Oskido, Dj SBu na majina mengi ya wachezeshaji muziki, Dj nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] leo. Ingawa aliendelea kufeli masomo yake na hakumaliza shahada yake, alijijengea jina kama mmoja wa ma-DJ wachanga bora zaidi wa [[Johannesburg]]. Mnamo 1999 Fistaz Mixwell alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa 'It's Time' ilifikia hadhi ya dhahabu nchini Afrika Kusini kwa mauzo 25,000. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Carmine+Meo+emma+2+million&pg=PA55|publisher=Billboard|first=Maria|last=Paravantes|title=Gold and Platinum: Song For A Cause |date=13 October 2001|accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref>). Iliangazia nyimbo asili alizotunga yeye mwenyewe, Skizo na Bruce Dope Sebitlo wote kutoka Kalawa Jazmee Record Company.<ref>{{cite web|title=A bad boy 'n his toys - Fistaz is playing his dreams|url=http://www.sundayworld.co.za/Home/Article.aspx?id=1148873|publisher=Sunday World|accessdate=3 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100931/http://www.sundayworld.co.za/Home/Article.aspx?id=1148873|archive-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archivedate=2011-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100931/http://www.sundayworld.co.za/Home/Article.aspx?id=1148873}}</ref> '''Fistaz Mixwell''' ametumbuiza katika vilabu bora vya usiku huko [[London]], [[New York City]], [[Miami]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]], [[ Afrika Kusini]], [[Afrika]], [[Ufaransa]], Ireland, [[Zurich]], [[Lausanne]], [[Geneva]] na miji mingi zaidi duniani kote.Mnamo 2004, Fistaz Mixwell alijiunga na Kituo kikuu cha Redio cha Mjini [[Afrika Kusini]] chenye wasikilizaji Milioni 5.5 kama meneja wa Muziki.Mnamo 2006, Metro FM ilifikia idadi ya wasikilizaji wa rekodi ya milioni 6 na alisifiwa sana kwa mkakati wa muziki alioomba baada ya kujiunga na kituo. Kwa sasa ni Mkuu wa Vyombo Vipya vya Habari na Teknolojia katika METRO FM. Fistaz Mixwell pia anaendesha Kampuni yake ya ubunifu wa kidijitali, Creativ FM na pia ni mshirika wa TOUCHMIXWELL.COM, kampuni aliyounda pamoja na Tbo Touch. Wameunda nguvu kubwa katika burudani na maslahi yao ya kibiashara yanatofautiana kutoka kwa kipindi cha redio, vipindi vya televisheni, matukio na uanzishaji wa klabu. Mnamo 2011, Fistaz Mixwell aliacha kazi yake katika METRO FM akiwa ameongoza nyadhifa mbili [2] kama Meneja wa Muziki na baadaye mkuu wa New Media. Alijiunga na ZAR Empire kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji na mwenye jukumu la kubadilisha Chapa ya ZAR. Akiwa madarakani alizindua [http://www.zaronline.co.za zaronline] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zaronline.co.za/ |date=20201101090903 }} website, [http://zaronline.co.za/zarfest/ ZARFEST] {{Wayback|url=http://zaronline.co.za/zarfest/ |date=20110809102113 }}, na pia alihusika na biashara ya klabu na pia kipindi cha televisheni cha So What kilichorushwa hewani e.tv. Castle Lite, bia ya kwanza ya Afrika Kusini inayotengenezwa na kusambazwa na SABMiller ilizindua [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sN7YB_kdqEM Enter the State of Cool] shindano ambapo Fistaz Mixwell alikuwa balozi wa chapa na Bingwa wa Chapa. Matangazo ya redio yaliwasukuma wasikilizaji kwenye Ukurasa wa Facebook wa Castle Lite na tovuti iliyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya shindano hilo. Mshindi alijishindia safari iliyolipiwa kwa gharama zote pamoja na marafiki zao 3 na Fistaz Mixwell kwenda Marekani ili kutembelea na kuona Ice Bar. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] c45s63a88n7ex9mbopl5fben3nji0mn 0 149113 1600127 1521113 2026-09-24T11:49:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moneoa Moshesh-Sowazi''' alizaliwa {{Birth date|mf=yes|1989|11|06}}, ni mwimbaji-mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] na mwigizaji wa [[Afrika Kusini]] anayejulikana kama '''Moneoa'''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=9 August 2017|title=Moneoa Moshesh|url=https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/moneoa-moshesh/3230|url-status=dead|access-date=17 December 2021|website=[[Afternoon Express]]|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217071155/https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/moneoa-moshesh/3230}}</ref> Alipata umaarufu baada ya kutoa baadhi ya miziki yake. ambayo ilifanya vizuri ni kama vile, Bhanxa na Pretty Disaster, nyimbo za mwisho pamoja na Da Capo..<ref name=":3">{{Rejea habari|last=Njoki|first=Eunice|date=30 November 2020|title=Moneoa Moshesh bio: age, family, songs, acting, nominations, awards, profile.|work=briefly.co.za|url=https://briefly.co.za/88557-moneoa-moshesh-bio-age-family-songs-acting-nominations-awards-profile.html|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> Ameigiza [[filamu]] ya [[Johannesburg]] ya geto inayosambazwa (bila kutabirika) karibu na vurugu za 1958 za Sophia Town dhidi ya watekelezaji sheria iliyoitwa ''Back of the Moon'<nowiki/>'' ambapo aliigiza ''<nowiki/>'Eve Msomi'<nowiki/>'' pamoja na mshindi wa tuzo ''<nowiki/>'S'Dumo Mtshali''' == References == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] oz72d0d8y7lzr1zhq079bwnm414lg1z 0 149194 1599616 1510731 2026-09-23T18:50:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawid Sofius Engela''' Alikuwa ni mtangazaji, [[mtunzi]] na [[mwanamuziki]] wa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dawid Engela|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/8104116-Dawid-Engela|work=Discogs|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali== Alizaliwa [[Florida]], kitongoji kilicho [[magharibi]] mwa [[Johannesburg]], Transvaal (sasa ni sehemu ya mkoa wa Gauteng). Alikuwa mtoto pekee wa David Jakobus Engela ([[1895]]–[[1962]]) na Sophia Hendrina Fredrika Engela ([[1903]]–[[1991]], née Buys). Baba yake alikuwa mwalimu katika huduma ya Idara ya Elimu ya Transvaal na, baadaye, pia mhadhiri wa muda wa falsafa katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mama yake alikuwa muuguzi na mkunga wa uzazi. [[Wazazi]] wake, wote washiriki wa Gereformeerde Kerk, walimlea kuwa mtu wa kidini sana, jambo muhimu ambalo lilionekana katika tungo mbalimbali. Baba yake alikuwa wa asili ya kisanii na alikuwa mwanamuziki na mchoraji aliyejifundisha mwenyewe, na Dawid alihimizwa kujifunza piano rasmi.<ref>https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2010182028/</ref> Alipendezwa mapema na [[muziki]] na [[wimbo]] na angehudhuria [[ibada]] za Jumapili alasiri katika kitongoji cha [[Afrika|Kiafrika]] ili kufahamiana kwa karibu zaidi na [[muziki]] wa watu. Ujuzi huu ni dhahiri ulichangia katika miaka ya baadaye kwa uamuzi wake wa kuweka mashairi mawili ya Roy Campbell yakiwemo ''The Zulu Girl'' kwa muziki; mashairi haya yanaeleza wahusika wa kawaida wa Kizulu. Mnamo [[1947]] alifuzu kutoka Voortrekker High [[Shule]], Boksburg, kwa ufaulu wa daraja la kwanza na tofauti katika Kilatini, Hisabati, Sayansi ya Fizikia na [[Muziki]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=David Engela in the 1940 Census {{!}} Ancestry®|url=https://www.ancestry.com/1940-census/usa/Massachusetts/David-Engela_38zn2x|work=Ancestry.com|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en}}</ref> ==Chuo kikuu na kazi ya matangazo ya mapema== Alijiandikisha mwaka [[1948]] kwa shahada ya BA katika [[chuo kikuu]] Cha Potchefstroom. Masomo yake yalikuwa Kilatini, Kiebrania, Kigiriki, Theolojia, Kiholanzi na Kiafrikana, na Muziki. Pia alikuwa msindikizaji, mpiga solo na mpiga kinanda/kondakta katika okestra ya wanafunzi. Kwa wakati huu Engela alikuwa akilenga kuingia katika huduma, lakini hivi karibuni aligundua kuwa kazi yake ya baadaye ilikuwa katika muziki. Walakini aliamua kwanza kukamilisha masomo ya mwaka huko Potchefstroom. Mnamo mwaka [[1949]] alijiandikisha kwa B.Mus ya miaka mitatu. shahada katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Witwatersrand. Wakufunzi wake walikuwa Prof. P. R. Kirby, Dk. W Paff na Adolph Hallis. Uhusiano wa muda mrefu wa Engela na vyombo vya habari vya utangazaji ulianza tarehe 1 [[Desemba]] [[1948]], alipochukua kazi ya muda kama mkusanyaji wa programu ya kurekodi mwanafunzi katika maktaba ya rekodi ya SABC. Alisimamia muda wake vya kutosha kuendelea na masomo yake ya kutwa huku akiwa na kipato. Mnamo [[Februari]] [[1950]] alijiuzulu kutoka kwa SABC ili kuzingatia zaidi masomo yake; walakini alisimamia safu ya muziki katika jarida la kila wiki la SABC, ''Radio'', kuanzia [[Juni]] - [[Agosti]] 1950. Mwishoni mwa [[1951]] alikamilisha B.Mus yake. masomo na mara moja (mnamo [[Novemba]]) akajiunga tena na SABC, wakati huu kama mtangazaji/mtayarishaji. Alishikilia wadhifa huu hadi [[Mei]] [[1953]]. ==Vienna== Mnamo [[Mei]] [[1952]] alikutana na mwimbaji mchanga Mimi Coertse. Walioana tarehe 25 [[Julai]] [[1953]]. Kwa tukio hili alitunga ile inayoitwa Harusi Cantata (Huwelikskantate). Walitamani kuendeleza masomo yao ya muziki huko Vienna kuanzia [[Januari]] [[1954]], lakini kwanza wangefanya ziara [[Ulaya]]. Kwa sababu hiyo waliondoka kwenda [[London]] mnamo Septembe [[1953]] wakiwa na buraza za [[muziki]] za miaka miwili za £25 kwa mwaka zilizotolewa na Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurverenigings (FAK - Shirikisho la Vyama vya Kitamaduni vya Kiafrikana) . Kusudi kuu la Engela kwa masomo yake huko Vienna lilikuwa kupata udaktari katika somo la muziki. Alijiandikisha katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Vienna, na kuanza utafiti wake chini ya Prof. Erich Schenk. Hii ingeshughulika na 'Harmony katika [[muziki]] ya mapema karne ya kumi na saba, kwa kurejelea hasa kazi za Monteverdi, Schütz na Schein'. Wakati huo huo alijiandikisha katika Akademie für Musik und darstellende Kunst kwa nia ya kujitambulisha kwa ujumla kama mwanamuziki. Alichukua kozi za usindikizaji wa piano (na Alfred Uhl na baadaye Karl Schiske) na utunzi na mpangilio (pamoja na Hanns Jelinek na Paul Hindemith). Hata hivyo, kusoma kwa muda wote kulithibitika kuwa gumu, kwa kuwa Engela alilazimika kuchukua kazi kadhaa za muda mfupi za utangazaji ili kupata riziki. Katika kipindi hiki ndoa yake na Mimi ilishindikana, na badala yake alihamia [[London]] ili kujaribu kupata kazi ya kudumu ya utangazaji. ==[[London]] na [[BBC]]== Ombi la Engela la wadhifa wa kudumu katika [[BBC]] lilifanikiwa na aliteuliwa kuanzia tarehe 1 Septemba [[1956]] kwa kipindi cha kandarasi cha miaka mitatu. Baadaye ilipanuliwa na hatimaye akawa katika utumishi wa [[BBC]] kwa miaka saba, wakati huo akawa raia wa Uingereza aliyetawaliwa. Hapo awali alifanya kazi katika Kitengo cha Kiafrikana na baadaye katika Huduma ya Mkoa wa Ng'ambo, kama mtangazaji, mfasiri, mtunzi wa programu na mratibu wa tamthilia na mtayarishaji, hata mara kwa mara akifanya kazi kama mchambuzi wa michezo. Mnamo [[Septemba]] [[1956]] Engela alisajiliwa kama mwanafunzi katika Chuo cha Muziki cha Royal. Alianza tena masomo yake yaliyokatizwa, akichukua utunzi na Herbert Howells, ukosoaji wa muziki na Frank Howes na piano na Henry Brown. Mnamo [[Aprili]] [[1958]] alifaulu mtihani wa Diploma ya Utendaji wa ARCM kwa kiwango cha juu. Katika mwaka huo huo pia alifaulu mtihani wa maandishi wa D.Phil. shahada katika historia [[muziki]]. Mpango wake ulikuwa kukamilisha thesis yake ya udaktari ndani ya miezi kumi na minane. Kichwa chake kilipaswa kuwa 'Vipindi vya mgogoro katika mawazo [[muziki]] wakati wa milenia iliyopita katika ustaarabu wa Magharibi na uhusiano wao na mapinduzi ya [[muziki]] ya sasa'. Mnamo [[1958]] alikutana na mpinzani wa Kiskoti, Ruth Morrison, ambaye alimuoa mnamo [[Desemba]] mwaka huo. Kutoka kwa ndoa hii watoto wawili walizaliwa, Charl ([[1960]]) na Jeannie ([1961]]). Ndoa hii pia ilifeli, hata hivyo, na hatimaye ilivunjwa [[Januari]] [[1967]]. [[1962]] baba yake alikufa. Engela na familia yake walihudhuria mazishi huko [[Afrika Kusini]]. Wakati wa ziara hii aliandika kitabu cha watoto, ''Stories uit die Italian Operas'' (''Hadithi kutoka [[Italia]] Operas''). Kipindi cha [[London]] kilijaa uzoefu mzuri wa muziki, kutia ndani mahojiano ya redio ambayo alifanya na watunzi Aaron Copland, Iain Hamilton, Humphrey Searle, John Joubert na wengine. Maonyesho ya kwanza ya umma ya utunzi wake ni ya kipindi hiki. Waigizaji mashuhuri wa Afrika Kusini kama vile Joyce Barker, Betsy De La Porte na Dawie Couzyn walihusika. Pia alipanga utayarishaji mzima wa [[London]] wa tamthilia ya Bartho Smit ''The Maimed''. Mchezo wa [[Kiingereza]] Stage Society ulifanyika [[Jumapili]], 27 [[Novemba]] [[1960]], katika Ukumbi wa Michezo wa Mahakama ya Kifalme. ==Rudi [[Afrika Kusini]]== Mwishoni mwa [[Agosti]] [[1963]] Engela aliondoka [[BBC]]. Wakati wa [[Septemba]] familia ilihamia [[Cape Town]] ambapo alichukua wadhifa wa [[Muziki]] Mratibu wa SABC mnamo 1 [[Oktoba]] [[1963]]. Alishikilia wadhifa huu hadi [[Februari]] [[1965]] ambapo alianza kufanya kazi kama [[muziki]] meneja wa Bodi ya Sanaa ya Maonyesho ya Cape (CAPAB) mnamo [[Machi]] [[1965]]. Alishikilia wadhifa huu hadi kifo chake. Mnamo tarehe 1 [[Septemba]] [[1967]] alioa kwa mara ya tatu, wakati huu na mtu asiye na mafunzo ya muziki - Ansie Fouché. Hata hivyo, hangefurahia ndoa hii kwa muda mrefu. Mnamo [[Jumamosi]] 25 [[Novemba]] [[1967]] wanandoa waliondoka Cape Town kwa ziara fupi na mama yake huko Boksburg, kabla ya kuondoka kwa ziara iliyopangwa kwa muda mrefu nje ya nchi. Karibu na Laingsburg Engela aliuawa papo hapo katika mgongano wa uso kwa uso na gari linalokuja. Mkewe, ambaye alipoteza fahamu, alifariki muda mfupi baadaye. == Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] 0y88637orb6wsejvxqemgvhxso8ynb9 0 149284 1599504 1426496 2026-09-23T18:25:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Abderrahmane |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = Aprili 2 1958 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwanamuziki |nchi = }} [[Picha:Abderrahmane Abdelli.jpg|thumb|[[Abderrahmane Abdelli]] akicheza mandol (mandole ya Algeria) katika tamasha huko Ghent, Ubelgiji mnamo [[Oktoba 1]], [[2006]]]] '''Abderrahmane Abdelli''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 2]], [[1958]]), ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[Waberberi|Kiberber]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] anayejulikana kwa kuchanganya [[muziki]] wa kitamaduni wa huko [[Afrika Kaskazini|Afrika ya Kaskazini]] kwa upigaji wa [[gitaa]]. == Wasifu == Abdelli nimzaliwa wa Mechta Behalil [[Algeria]], wakati wa [[vita]] vya [[Uhuru]] wa [[Algeria]]. [[Familia]] yake ilihamishwa na mlipuko katika [[kijiji]] chao, Kennour, <ref>[http://nona.net/features/map/placedetail.1591598/Kennour/ Locator Map for Kennour, Algeria from Nona.net]</ref> sehemu ya Mkoa wa [[Wilaya ya Tizi Ouzou|Tizi Ouzou]], na [[jeshi]] la anga la [[Ufaransa]]. Baada ya [[vita]], familia ya Abdelli ilikaa katika mji wa pwani wa [[Dellys]]. Akiwa [[mvulana]], Abdelli alitengeneza [[gitaa]] lake la kwanza kwakutumia kopo tupu la [[mafuta]], ubao wa mbao na kamba ya uvuvi. <ref name="mandolbio">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080609113753/http://www.orientaljazz.com/Abdelli-E.htm "Biography: Abdelli" GekkoBeat.com]</ref> Baada ya kujifunza kupiga [[gitaa]], Abdelli alitambulishwa kwa mandol na bwana Chaabi, Chaïd Moh-Esguir. <ref name="mandolbio" /> Abdelli alianza muziki wake kwa mara ya kwanza huko [[Dellys]], Kabylie, wakati wa tamasha la Uhuru wa Algeria [[mwaka]] [[1974]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://users.skynet.be/sky77600/abdelli/BIOGRAPHY.htm| title = "Abdelli Biography" Thierry Van Roy Productions|accessdate=November 8, 2006|archivedate=September 16, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916103856/http://users.skynet.be/sky77600/abdelli/BIOGRAPHY.htm}}</ref> Alishinda mashindano kadhaa nchini [[Algeria]] kwa waimbaji mahiri. <ref name="Abdelli World Music Central">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=1175| title = "Abdelli" World Music Central|accessdate=November 8, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004846/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=1175|archivedate=July 17, 2011}}</ref> Abdelli alitoa [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza mnamo [[1984]], lakini haikufanikiwa. Miaka miwili baadae, alitoa albamu ambayo iliuza nakala 12,000, lakini hakuwahi kupokea malipo kutoka katika [[kampuni]] yake ya rekodi ya Abdelli ilitoa albamu kadhaa nchini Algeria, lakini alihamia [[Ubelgiji]] mwaka 1984.. Ndipo alipokutana na mtayarishaji Thierry Van Roy, ambaye alivutiwa sana na muziki wa Abdelli hivi kwamba alitumia miaka miwili kuchunguza mizizi ya mapokeo ya muziki ya Waberber katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Algiers." <ref name="Abdelli World Music Central" /> Tangu [[1986]] amejenga makazi yake huko [[Brussels|Brussels,]] [[Ubelgiji]]. Albamu maarufu zaidi za Abdelli ni pamoja na ''New Moon'' <ref>Abdelli (1995) ''New Moon'' Real World, New York, CDRW54, arranged by Thierry Van Roy, recorded by Thierry Van Roy Studios, Brussels, Belgium;</ref> na ''Among Brothers'' <ref>Abdelli (2003) ''Among Brothers'' Real World Records, Virgin Music, Wiltshire, UK, arranged by Thierry Van Roy, recorded in various locations between Nov. 1998 and May 2001;</ref> Ametumbuiza kwenye matamasha mbalimbali barani [[Ulaya]], ikiwa ni pamoja na WOMAD na tamasha la ''0110 concert'' huko Ghent. Mbali na Ulaya ametembelea [[Uingereza]], [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]]. == Orodha ya kazi zake za kimuziki (Diskografia) == * New Moon ([[1995]]) * ''Au-delà de Gibraltar'' ([[2000]]) * ''Among Brothers'' ([[2003]]) * ''Destiny'' ([[2011]]) == Washiriki katika bendi == * Roberto Lagos (charango, guitar, bombo) * Said Mohammed (ney) * Jazouli Azzedine (darbuka, tar, bendir) * Louis Ivan Leiva Alguinta ((Latin percussion) * Abdelmajid Makrai Lamarti (violin) * Thierry Van Roy (keyboards) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] ciwnwktl35ouprftxc82kiyt5759nio 0 149594 1599503 1496784 2026-09-23T18:25:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Funsho Ogundipe''' ni [[ piano|mpiga piano]], [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[muziki]] na [[mtunzi]] wa nchini [[Nigeria]]. Ogundipe anajulikana kwa kazi yake na bendi ya afrobeat ya ayetoro. Kama [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[muziki]] wa Ayetoro, yeye ni mmoja wa [[wasanii]] wa [[muziki]] wa [[sauti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=23938|title=allaboutjazz.com|accessdate=2022-05-04|archive-date=2014-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221124/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=23938|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/hosts/rita/17818.shtml|title=BBC's "Africa On Your Street"}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] 0781nkrpmr1761masercxtc8devepiz 0 149625 1599830 1583239 2026-09-24T04:36:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Justinian ii (2).png|thumb|Justiniani II katika [[mozaiki]] huko [[Ravenna]], [[Italia]].]] '''Kaisari Justiniani II''' ([[668]]/[[669]] - [[4 Novemba]] [[711]]) alitawala [[Dola la Roma Mashariki]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[685]] hadi [[695]], tena kutoka [[705]] hadi [[711]], alipouawa kwa [[kiburi]] na ukatili wake. Alijitahidi kurudisha [[Dola la Roma]] katika hadhi yake ya zamani. Katika [[Historia ya Kanisa|historia ya Kanisa]] anakumbukwa kwa kuendesha [[mtaguso wa tano-sita]] katika [[ikulu]] yake. Tangu kale [[Waorthodoksi]] wanamheshimu kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[2 Agosti]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Αυτοκράτορες που έγιναν Άγιοι|url=http://3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr/auto_agioi_istorika.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|website=3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717155701/http://3gym-mikras.thess.sch.gr/auto_agioi_istorika.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής :: Άγιος Ιουστινιανός Β' ο βασιλιάς|url=https://www.saint.gr/2195/saint.aspx|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.saint.gr}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma]] *[[Orodha ya Makaizari wa Byzantini]] * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ|publisher=Basil Blackwell|place=Oxford}} ==Vyanzo== ===Vyanzo vikuu=== *[[Theophanes the Confessor]], ''Chronographia''. ===Vinginevyo=== * {{citation | editor-first = Alexander | editor-last = Kazhdan | editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6}} * {{citation | last = Norwich | first = John Julius | title =Byzantium: The Early Centuries | publisher = Penguin | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-14-011447-5}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ|publisher=Basil Blackwell|place=Oxford}} * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/Just2.htm Moore, R. Scott (1998) "Justinian II (685–695 & 705–711 A.D.)".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/Just2.htm |date=20101202044421 }} ''[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]].'' * [[J. B. Bury|Bury, J.B.]] (1889). ''A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II'', MacMillan & Co. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commonscat|Iustinianus II}} * [https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ14702/html Justinian II's profile] in ''[[Prosopography of the Byzantine World]]'' {{mbegu-Kaizari-Bizanti}} {{BD|668|711}} [[Jamii:Makaizari wa Bizanti]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] dv8oh5hudjz7y3zdxfk9nk3ur1uzbzy 0 149922 1600087 1517443 2026-09-24T11:45:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kozue Andō 2011 3.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Kozue Ando]] '''Kozue Ando''' (alizaliwa [[9 Julai]] [[1982]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]]. Ando sasa anacheza mpira katika klabu ya [[wanawake]] ya Urawa Reds. Awali alicheza katika [[timu ya taifa]] ya Japani kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2015]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/17/usa-japan-live-world-cup-final |title=USA v Japan - as it happened |date=17 July 2011 |work=The Guardian|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] 88vshmus02u5g6hfxyn5xk080t45cf2 0 150050 1599761 1514957 2026-09-24T00:38:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina=Jabali Afrika|Jina la kuzaliwa=Jabali Afrika|Tovuti={{URL|http://jabaliafrika.com/}}|Amezaliwa=[[Kenya]]|Kazi yake=Mwanamuziki}} '''Jabali Afrika''' ni bendi iliyoanzishwa jijini [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]] na washiriki wa zamani wa Jumba la Kitaifa la Kenya. Bendi hiyo ilianzishwa na ndugu Justo na Joseck Asikoye, na Victor Elolo, Evan Jumba, na Robert Owino, Peter Mbole, Stephen Wafula, Bernard kapima kujiunga na bendi hiyo baadae. Bendi hii inajulikana kwa [[muziki]] wa [[Muziki wa rock|rock]], [[reggae]], na midundo ya Kiafrika. == Ushawishi na Mtindo wa Muziki == Muundo na mtindo asilia wa muziki wa Jabali Afrika ulitoka kwa Fundi Konde na George Mukabi, na ilishirikisha ala za kitamaduni kama vile ngoma za besi za Mbumbumbu, ngoma ya sauti na filimbi ya chivoti. Kwa miaka mingi, sauti ya bendi imebadilika na kuingiza ushawishi kutoka kwa Grateful Dead, [[Peter Tosh]], [[Bob Marley]], [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]], [[Lucky Dube]] na [[Fela Kuti]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.voanews.com/episode/jabali-afrika-music-time-africa-2237046|title=Jabali Afrika - Music Time in Africa|date=1 October 2017|accessdate=2022-05-10|archive-date=2021-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202200437/https://www.voanews.com/episode/jabali-afrika-music-time-africa-2237046|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bendi pia imeshirikiana na wasanii kadhaa wakiwemo [[Samba Mapangala]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7ApQ6A0LSabplE5yrLbwwM|title=Mashindani on Spotify|date=1 January 2017}}</ref> Don cameron, lois mutua na Antonio Carmona wa Ketama . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.granadahoy.com/ocio/Antonio-Carmona-safari-flamenco-Kenia-suajili-carne-cocodrilo_0_1405359896.html|title=El 'safari' de Antonio Carmona: flamenco y suajili en la sabana de Kenia|date=27 January 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/cultura/el-safari-de-antonio-carmona-flamenco-y-suajili-en-la-sabana-kenia/10005-4099067|title=El 'safari' de Antonio Carmona: flamenco y suajili en la sabana de Kenia|date=30 October 2019}}</ref> Mahojiano Tsavani Victor == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] 74m9st9jo8sw6s6h8o8nyvv3xd08vb8 0 150062 1599550 1578997 2026-09-23T18:34:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina = Mighty King Kong | Nchi = |Jina la kuzaliwa=Paul Otieno Imbaya|Amekufa=Disemba 25, 2007|Amezaliwa=September 26, 1973|Asili yake=[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]}} '''Paul Otieno Imbaya''' ([[26 Septemba]] [[1973]] - [[25 Desemba]] [[2007]]), anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Mighty King Kong''', alikuwa mwanamuziki wa [[reggae]] kutoka [[Kenya]]. Alizaliwa Ugenya, [[Kaunti ya Siaya|Wilaya ya Siaya]]. Alipokuwa [[mtoto]] alipata shambulio kali la [[Ugonjwa wa kupooza|polio]] na alilemazwa kiuno na kwenda chini kutibiwa. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Ambira, lakini akaacha shule akiwa Darasa la Sita kufuatia kifo cha babake. Alihamia jiji la [[Kisumu]] ambako alikua [[Watoto wa mitaani|mtoto wa mitaani]] na ombaomba. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|title=Rags to Records - The reggae musician who started off as a street beggar in Kisumu|author=Karuoya|first=Njoki|date=2000|work=[[Nation FM]]|accessdate=20 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510170051/http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|archivedate=10 May 2000}}</ref> Mnamo [[1993]] alihamia [[Nairobi]]. Kwa usaidizi wa DJ Stone, [[Disc jockey|deejay]] ambaye alikutana naye Kisumu, aliweza kutumbuiza katika vilabu vya Nairobi kila wiki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|title=Rags to Records - The reggae musician who started off as a street beggar in Kisumu|author=Karuoya|first=Njoki|date=2000|work=[[Nation FM]]|accessdate=20 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510170051/http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|archivedate=10 May 2000}} Karuoya, Njoki (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20000510170051/http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html "Rags to Records - The reggae musician who started off as a street beggar in Kisumu"]. ''[[Taifa FM|Nation FM]]''. Archived from [http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html the original] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html |date=20000510170051 }} on 10 May 2000. Retrieved</ref> Miaka michache baadaye alihamia [[Mombasa]] na kutumbuiza na bendi kama [[Them Mushrooms]] na Pressmen. Baadaye alihamia [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] kutumbuiza na bendi maarufu ya Simba Ngoma. Mjini Kampala alipata pesa za kutosha kurekodi albamu yake ya kwanza. Alirejea Albamu yake, iliyoitwa ''Ladies Choice'', ilitayarishwa na Maurice Oyando, babake RV na mtangazaji wa redio Tallia Oyando, wa studio za Next Level. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|title=Rags to Records - The reggae musician who started off as a street beggar in Kisumu|author=Karuoya|first=Njoki|date=2000|work=[[Nation FM]]|accessdate=20 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510170051/http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|archivedate=10 May 2000}}Karuoya, Njoki (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20000510170051/http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html "Rags to Records - The reggae musician who started off as a street beggar in Kisumu"]. ''[[Taifa FM|Nation FM]]''. Archived from [http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html the original] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html |date=20000510170051 }} on 10 May 2000 Retrieved</ref> Ilitolewa mnamo Juni [[1999]]. Albamu yake ya pili, ''Cinderella'' ilitolewa mnamo [[2001]], tena na studio za Next Level. Albamu yake ya tatu, ''Return of the King'', aliitoa mnamo [[2004]]. Hata hivyo, Mighty King Kong alilaumu hadharani kutokana na mkataba wake kuwa wa kinyonyaji. Mnamo [[2007]], alitoa albamu ya mkusanyiko "The Best of King Kong". Nje na Kenya, alitumbuiza nchini [[Ujerumani]], [[Uholanzi]] na [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Kifo == Alikufa Siku ya Krismasi, [[2007]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 34, baada ya kulishwa sumu (kama ilivyoandikwa kwenye magazeti ya ndani). Alisafirishwa hadi Hospitali ya Taifa ya Kenyatta jijini [[Nairobi]], ambako alifariki alipokuwa akitibiwa. Alimwacha mjane, Jackline Ouma, na mtoto. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://eastandard.net/news/?id=1143979516&cid=159|title='Mighty' King Kong passes on|last=Adero|first=Brian|date=26 December 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2007]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Muziki nchi kwa nchi]] iwe32zzpqasy89w8vhevuuc4f8x00xg 0 150187 1599305 1488819 2026-09-23T13:01:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Efianwan Ekpo''' (alizaliwa [[25 Januari|25 Januari,]] [[1984]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]]. Ekpo alishiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la wanawake mwaka [[2003]], [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] katika [[majira ya joto]] mnamo mwaka [[2004]] na [[2008]], ubingwa wa [[Afrika]] wa mwaka [[2006]] na Kombe la Dunia la mwaka [[2007]]. <ref>{{cite |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ek/efioanwan-ekpo-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105116/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ek/efioanwan-ekpo-1.html |title=Efioanwan Ekpo |access-date=2022-05-13 |archivedate=2020-04-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105116/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ek/efioanwan-ekpo-1.html}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004734/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=197517/index.html FIFA.com profile]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] klr0dvcrrue3iqe6wp7pqecx7f6q206 0 150285 1600088 1521720 2026-09-24T11:45:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Nadine Angerer - UEFA EURO 2024 Fan Zone Hamburg 04.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Nadine Angerer]] '''Nadine Marejke Angerer''' (alizaliwa [[10 Novemba]] [[1978]]) ni mkufunzi wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Ujerumani]] ambaye ni mkufunzi wa mchezaji Portland Thorns wa ligi ya [[soka]] ya wanawake (NWSL). <ref name="gk_replace">{{Rejea habari|title=Eckerstrom, Thorns cause nightmares for Courage in NWSL Challenge Cup victory|url=https://www.timbers.com/post/2020/07/17/eckerstrom-thorns-cause-nightmares-courage-nwsl-challenge-cup-victory|publisher=Portland Timbers|accessdate=2022-05-14|archivedate=2020-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930062832/https://www.timbers.com/post/2020/07/17/eckerstrom-thorns-cause-nightmares-courage-nwsl-challenge-cup-victory}}</ref> == Kazi == Angerer alizaliwa huko Lohr am Main, karibu na [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]. [[Kazi]] yake ya soka alianza na klabu ya ''ASV Hofstetten'', ambapo alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. <ref name="uefa">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nadine Angerer|url=http://en.archive.dr.infra.uefa.com/competitions/woco/players/Player=34047/index.html|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=27 June 2015|date=11 September 2009|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160104223235/http://en.archive.dr.infra.uefa.com/competitions/woco/players/Player=34047/index.html|archivedate=4 January 2016}}</ref> Alipochukua nafasi ya kipa aliyejeruhiwa wakati wa [[mchezo]] wa skauti ya vijana, aligunduliwa kuwa ana kipaji cha ukipa. Mnamo [[1995]], alihamia 1. FC Nürnberg na mwaka mmoja baadae akahamia klabu ya FC Wacker München. Akiwa Wacker, alikataa nafasi ya kuchezea timu ya soka ya [[Chuo Kikuu|chuo kikuu]] cha [[Marekani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Career|url=http://www.angerer-nadine.de/English/career.html|work=Angerer-Nadine.de|accessdate=27 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629235646/http://www.angerer-nadine.de/English/career.html|archivedate=29 June 2015}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] sse4lwqujatnntfgign4s55exerv4tq 0 150294 1599811 1516128 2026-09-24T04:15:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Julie Rydahl.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Julie Rydahl Bukh]] '''Julie Rydahl Bukh''' (alizaliwa [[9 Januari]] [[1982]]) ni [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa zamani wa kandanda wa [[Denmark]] ambaye hivi karibuni alichezea klabu ya ''Brøndby IF'' na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[kandanda]] ya wanawake ya Denmark . Pamoja na timu za asili yake ya Denmark, Rydahl Bukh pia alichezea vilabu vya [[Uswidi|Uswidi,]] [[Australia]] na [[Marekani]]. Alielezewa na [[UEFA]] .com kama kiungo mwenye kipawa cha kiufundi na mbunifu wa safu ya mashambulizi ya upande wa kushoto. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1723910.html|title=Julie Rydahl Bukh|accessdate=13 July 2013|publisher=[[UEFA]]|work=UEFA.com|date=1 November 2011|archive-date=2016-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021141132/http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1723910.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi katika klabu == Rydahl alishinda michuano sita mfululizo ya ''Elitedivisionen'' akiwa na klabu ya ''Brøndby IF'', kabla ya kuhamia [[Uswidi]] katika klabu ya ''Linköpings FC'' pamoja na mpenzi wake Cathrine Paaske mnamo Novemba [[2008]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.linkopingfc.com/index.php?articleid=195|title=Dansk landslagsduo till LFC|publisher=[[Linköpings FC]]|language=sv|accessdate=13 July 2013|date=26 November 2008}}</ref> == Kazi ya soka kimataifa == Mnamo [[Machi]] [[2001]] Rydahl Bukh alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa dhidi ya [[Ufini]] . Alifunga bao lake la kwanza katika mechi yake ya pili, baada ya kichapo cha 2-1 cha Denmark 2-1 dhidi ya [[Italia]] katika mchezo wao wa ufunguzi wa makundi kwenye michuano ya ''UEFA Women's Euro 2001'' . <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.dr.infra.uefa.com/competitions/woco/players/Player=53857/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713171405/http://en.archive.dr.infra.uefa.com/competitions/woco/players/Player=53857/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2013|title=Julie Rydahl Bukh|access-date=13 July 2013|publisher=[[UEFA]]|work=UEFA.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Denmark]] jk10cjz38gfssto2uulp08o7j1anybf 0 150487 1599617 1462083 2026-09-23T18:50:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mchungaji Patrick Henderson''' ni mpiga [[kinanda]] wa [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|injili]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na mtayarishaji. Ameandika nyimbo kadhaa kwa ushirikiano na Michael McDonald, akicheza kwenye idadi ya [[albamu]] zake na za Doobie Brothers. Henderson ana ushirikiano wa muda mrefu na wasanii wengine wengi pia, ikiwa ni pamoja na Leon Russell, Michael Bolton, Nils Lofgren na Freddie King. Alishinda [[tuzo]] ya [[Chama]] cha Muziki wa Injili "Dove Award" kwa Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka wa Rekodi ya Injili ya Kisasa mwaka wa [[1990]].<ref>(2007) [http://www.doveawards.com/history/browse.cfm?year=1990 "Dove Award Recipients for 1990"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020022836/http://www.doveawards.com/history/browse.cfm?year=1990 |date=2006-10-20 }}. Gospel Music Association. Retrieved 6 July 2007.</ref> == Wasifu == Henderson alichangia hadithi ya jinsi mkono wake ulivyokatwa na shabiki mwendawazimu kwenye kitabu cha [[2006]] <ref>Henderson, P. "Praising God for What He Has Done, Worshiping Him for Who He Is," in Ritz, D. (2006) ''Messengers: Portraits of African American Ministers, Evangelists, Gospel Singers and Other Messengers of the Word.'' New York: Doubleday.</ref> na David Ritz. <ref>[http://www.ritzwrites.com/home.html David Ritz] home page. Retrieved 7 July 2007.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] ge5loxjn4sl78km5mfqdmygh2mex928 0 150488 1599619 1518479 2026-09-23T18:50:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy Smith Collier''' ([[1925]] &#x2013; [[2010]]), pia anajulikana kama "Little Lucy" Smith, alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] za [[injili]], mpiga [[kinanda]], mpiga ogani, na [[mtunzi]]. Aliongoza kundi la wanawake la injili, The Little Lucy Smith Singers, na alikuwa mwimbaji na msindikizaji wa Roberta Martin Singers. Yeye ni mjukuu wa mhubiri wa Utakatifu Mzee Lucy Smith, alianza kucheza ogani katika [[Kanisa]] la All Nations Pentecostal akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na miwili. Miongoni mwa nyimbo zake zinazojulikana zaidi ni "Oh My Lord, What a Time", "What a Blessing in Jesus," <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lucy Smith Collier, 1925-2010|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-xpm-2010-09-22-ct-met-lucycollier-obit-0923-20100922-story.html|author=Ramirez|first=Margaret|date=September 22, 2010|work=chicagotribune.com|publisher=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-01}}</ref> na "He's my Light," ambazo zilivuma sana kwa Roberta Martin Singers. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Remembering Little Lucy Smith Collier|url=http://journalofgospelmusic.com/gospel/remembering-little-lucy-smith-collier/|author=Marovich|first=Bob|date=2010-09-23|work=The Journal of Gospel Music|language=en-US|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-01}}</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * Kipengele cha KWBU kwenye [https://www.kwbu.org/term/little-lucy-smith-singers#stream/0 The Little Lucy Smith Singers] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dzGddpJL-I Mtu Kubwa kuliko Mimi na Wewe] - The Lucy Smith Singers kwenye YouTube == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki nchi kwa nchi]] kxzgx1isky399bvg7cepd7g0wqy5e77 0 150505 1600089 1515039 2026-09-24T11:45:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Jahdiel |picha = Eben Weds Jahdiel.jpg |caption = Eben na Jahdiel wakati wa harusi yao mnamo 2013 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1986 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = mwimbaji wa kisasa wa nyimbo za [[Injili]] |utaifa = }} '''Grace Jahdiel Benjamin''' (jina la kwanza ''''Okoduwa'''; anajulikana kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Jahdiel''') ni [[mwimbaji]] wa kisasa wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] za [[Injili]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Nigeria]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://honestymusic.org/i/artist/jahdiel/|title=Jahdiel|publisher=Honesty Music Entertainment|accessdate=2 July 2016|archivedate=2017-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908035325/http://honestymusic.org/i/artist/jahdiel/}}</ref> Alianza taaluma yake ya muziki mnamo [[2006]], akitoa [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza ya ''Heritage'' mnamo [[2008]]. Yeye ni mmoja wa wasanii kadhaa wa injili chini ya Loveworld Records of Christ Embassy. Jahdiel amesainiwa na Hammer House Records, [[kampuni]] ya rekodi inayomilikiwa na mumewe Eben. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] if9ets8nii3q50h4ipq5s5fnz68u1sz 0 150524 1599505 1522622 2026-09-23T18:25:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ohemaa Mercy at 3 Music Awards 22 19.jpg|alt=Ohemaa Mercy|thumb|Ohemaa Mercy]] '''Ohemaa Mercy''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa kisasa wa [[Injili]] wa [[Ghana]] mwenye [[tuzo]] kadhaa kwa jina lake. '''Mercy Amoah''' almaarufu '''Ohemaa Mercy''' alizaliwa Weija, [[Accra]] kwa wazazi wa Fantis, Bw na Bi Amoah, kutoka Abakrapa na [[Elmina]]. Kwa kipindi kirefu cha ujana wake aliishi huko [[Koforidua]]. Ohemaa Mercy alianza elimu yake ya msingi katika [[Shule ya msingi|Shule ya Msingi]] ya [[Anglikana]] ya St. Peter, Koforidua na elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Upili ya Ghana, Koforidua. Aliendelea hadi [[Chuo]] cha Mafunzo ya Ualimu cha SDA, Asokore, Koforidua ambako alipata Cheti cha Ualimu 'A'. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Akwasi|first=Kofi|date=2019-11-19|title=Ohemaa Mercy: All you need to know about her|url=https://yen.com.gh/138153-ohemaa-mercy-age-children-spouse-songs-albums-record-labels-instagram.html|accessdate=2021-03-03|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=I have quit teaching - Ohemaa Mercy|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-have-quit-teaching-Ohemaa-Mercy-371680|work=GhanaWeb|date=2015-07-29|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en}}</ref> '''Ohemaa Mercy''' alitoa [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza mwishoni mwa [[Novemba]] [[2004]]. Kwa jina ''Adamfo Papa'', [[albamu]] hiyo ilipata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kutolewa, na kufanya Ohemaa kujulikana. Aliteuliwa katika teuzi saba za Tuzo za Muziki za Ghana za [[2006]] lakini hakushinda tuzo yoyote. Baadaye alishinda Discovery of the year kwa Tuzo za [[Muziki]] wa Injili mwaka huo huo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] lqpzq5kd5bapfhyz5v8e6xctq7zu9ko 0 150622 1600090 1463365 2026-09-24T11:45:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Anamika Choudhari |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwimbaji |nchi = India }} '''Anamika Choudhari''' ni [[mwimbaji]] raia wa [[India]]. Alikuwa [[mshindi]] katika shindano la kuimba la watoto Zee TV la Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International. Baadaye, alishiriki katika Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka, ambapo alishika nafasi ya [[nne]]. Kisha alishiriki shindano la shujaa Honda SaReGaMaPa Mega anayewakilisha Assam pamoja na Biswajit Ray na Joy Chakraborty. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge Contestants|url=http://www.megachallenge.zeetv.com/contestants|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108230251/http://www.megachallenge.zeetv.com/contestants/|archivedate=November 8, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata defeats Assam to be in Mega Challenge finals|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/kolkata-defeats-assam-be-mega-challenge-finals|accessdate=2022-05-15|archivedate=2012-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404230607/http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/kolkata-defeats-assam-be-mega-challenge-finals}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uhindi]] fs4tcrimd2cnnr2vri0iwnwac4cirsj 0 150625 1599703 1490146 2026-09-23T19:52:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Gloria Ofoegbu 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|right|Gloria Ofoegbu]] '''Gloria Ofoegbu''' (alizaliwa [[3 Januari]], [[1992]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[wanawake]] wa zamani kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye alicheza kama [[beki]] wa kushoto kwenye klabu ya [[mpira]] ya ''Mito Angels'' na [[timu ya taifa]] ya wanawake ya Nigeria. Aliiwakilisha Nigeria mara mbili katika [[mashindano]] ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la wanawake chini ya miaka 20 mwaka [[2010]]. Gloria pia aliiwakilisha Nigeria katika michuano ya wanawake ya [[Afrika]] mwaka [[2014]] huko [[Namibia]]. <ref name="ofo">{{cite |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/92/29/58/fifa_u17wc_2008_squad_lists.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817114520/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/92/29/58/fifa_u17wc_2008_squad_lists.pdf |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=23 October 2008 |accessdate=23 August 2015 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archivedate=2015-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184353/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/92/29/58/fifa_u17wc_2008_squad_lists.pdf}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] ccnbzl391rxil2anfumz4esk3cqlkp1 0 150960 1599620 1275504 2026-09-23T18:50:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Infobox person |jina = Sarla Behn |picha= Sarala Behn.jpg |caption = |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Kichaka cha Mchungaji]], [[Uingereza]] |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = tarehe 5 Aprili mwaka 1901 |tarehe ya kufariki = Julai 8 1982 |kazi yake = |mwenza = |watoto = | wavuti = }} '''Sarala Behn''' ( [[5 Aprili]] [[1901]] – [[8 Julai]] [[1982]]) alikuwa Mwingereza mwanaharakati wa kijamii ambaye kazi yake katika eneo la Kumaon la Uttarakhand [[Uhindi|India]], ilisaidia kujenga ufahamu kuhusu uharibifu wa mazingira katika misitu ya Himalaya ya jimbo hilo. Alichukua jukumu muhimu katika mageuzi ya Vuguvugu la Chipko na kushawishi idadi ya wanamazingira wa Gandhi nchini India wakiwemo Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Bimala behn na Sunderlal Bahuguna, pamoja na Mirabehn anayejulikana kama mmoja wa mabinti wawili wa Kiingereza wa Mahatma Gandhi. Kazi ya wanawake hao wawili huko Garhwal na Kumaon ilichukua jukumu muhimu katika kuleta mkazo katika masuala ya uharibifu wa mazingira na uhifadhi katika India huru. <ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite news|title=Sarala Behn remembered|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120406/dun.htm#15|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Indian Women Freedom Fighters|journal=Bhavan Australia|date=August 2009|volume=7|issue=2|page=15|url=http://www.bhavanaustralia.org/Bhavan%20Australia%2072/Bhavan%20Australia%2072.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721164717/http://www.bhavanaustralia.org/Bhavan%20Australia%2072/Bhavan%20Australia%2072.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Eric|title=Beneath the surface: critical essays in the philosophy of deep ecology|year=2000|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srjEb3fZUBQC&q=sarala&pg=PA251|isbn=9780262611497}}</ref><ref name="home.moravian">{{cite journal|last=Shiva|first=Vandana|title=THE EVOLUTION, STRUCTURE, AND IMPACT OF THE CHIPKO MOVEMENT|journal=Ecospirit|volume=II|issue=4|url=http://home.moravian.edu/public/relig/ecoSpirit/issues/Vol2No4.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> ==Maisha ya zamani== Sarla Behn, alizaliwa Catherine Mary Heilman katika eneo la Shepherd's Bush, magharibi mwa London, mwaka wa 1901 na baba mchimbaji kutoka Uswisi wa Kijerumani na mama Mwingereza. Kwa sababu ya historia yake, babake aliwekwa ndani wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Kidunia na Catherine mwenyewe aliteswa na kunyimwa ufadhili wa masomo shuleni; aliondoka mapema. Alifanya kazi kwa muda kama karani, akiacha familia na nyumba yake na katika miaka ya 1920 alikutana na wanafunzi wa Kihindi huko mannady ambao walimtambulisha kwa Gandhi na mapambano ya uhuru nchini India. Kwa msukumo, aliondoka Uingereza kwenda India mnamo Januari 1932, asirudi tena.<ref name="freeofstate">{{cite web|title=SARALA BEHN|url=http://freeofstate.org/?p=50|access-date=29 May 2013|accessdate=2022-05-26|archivedate=2018-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829074038/http://freeofstate.org/?p=50}}</ref><ref name="jamnalalbajajfoundation">{{cite web|title=Sushri Sarala Devi|url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/media/pdf/JBA_1979_Bio_Sarala_Devi.pdf|publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation|access-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=A WOMAN OF COURAGE (ENGLISH VIII - STANDARD)|url=https://archive.org/stream/std08english2011tnbooks/std08english2011tnbooks_djvu.txt|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> ==Maisha na Gandhi== Alifanya kazi kwa muda katika shule ya Udaipur kabla ya kwenda kukutana na Gandhi ambaye alikaa naye kwa miaka minane kwenye ashram yake huko Sevagram huko Wardha. Hapa alihusika sana katika wazo la Gandhi la nai talim au elimu ya msingi na alifanya kazi kuwawezesha wanawake na kulinda mazingira huko Sevagram. Alikuwa Gandhi aliyemwita Sarla Behn.<ref name="tribuneindia" /><ref>''Behn'' means ''sister'' in Hindi. It is usual to call women that way in India.</ref><ref name="orissa">{{cite journal|last=Dash|first=Siddhartha|title=Role of Women in India's Struggle For Freedom|journal=Orissa Review|date=August 2010|page=76|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/August/engpdf/74-76.pdf|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> Joto na vipindi vya malaria vilimsumbua huko Sevagram na kwa makubaliano ya Gandhi alielekea kwenye hali ya hewa yenye joto zaidi ya Kausani katika wilaya ya Almora katika Mikoa ya Muungano mwaka wa 1940. Aliifanya kuwa nyumbani kwake, akianzisha ashram na kufanya kazi ili kuwawezesha wanawake wa milimani huko Kumaon. <ref>{{cite book|last=Ganesh|first=Kamala|title=Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India|year=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liUX5D8CiyUC&q=sarla+behn&pg=PA150|isbn=9780761933076}}</ref> Akiwa Kumaon Sarla Behn aliendelea kujihusisha na sababu ya harakati za uhuru wa India. Mnamo 1942, katika kukabiliana na Vuguvugu la Kuacha Uhindi lililozinduliwa na Bunge la Kitaifa la India chini ya Gandhi, alisaidia kuandaa na kuongoza harakati katika wilaya ya Kumaon. Alisafiri sana katika eneo hilo akifikia familia za wafungwa wa kisiasa na alifungwa kwa matendo yake. Alitumikia vifungo viwili gerezani wakati wa Vuguvugu la Kujiondoa nchini India kwa kukiuka maagizo ya kukamatwa nyumbani na alitumikia kifungo katika jela za Almora na Lucknow kwa karibu miaka miwili. ==Marejeo== {{BD|1901|1982}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] 4o3vk3q8w43yamjs9lcifqn1p43zv0v 0 151046 1599507 1516593 2026-09-23T18:25:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kathleen McArthur''' ([[1915]]–[[2000]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=McArthur, Kathleen (1915 - 2000)|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/mcarthur-kathleen.html|work=Australian National Herbarium|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref>) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa asili ya [[Australia]], [[mwandishi]], [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] wa [[Mmea|mimea]] na [[Harakati za uhifadhi|mhifadhi]]. Alizaliwa huko [[Brisbane|Brisbane, Queensland]] kwa Catherine na Daniel Evans. Mama yake alikuwa binti wa familia ya kichungaji ya Durack, baba yake ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya uhandisi, Evans Deakin. Aliolewa na Malcolm McArthur mnamo [[1938]] na alikuwa na watoto watatu kabla ya talaka mnamo 1947. Kuanzia 1942 aliishi Caloundra kwenye Pwani ya Mwanga wa jua ya Queensland. <ref>McKay, Judith. (1997). ''Brilliant Careers: Women collectors and illustrators in Queensland'', p. 60. Queensland Museum. </ref> == Harakati zake za mazingira == McArthur alikuwa mwanamazingira mwenye nguvu na mwanzilishi mwenza, pamoja na Judith Wright, David Fleay na Brian Clouston, wa Jumuiya ya Kuhifadhi Wanyamapori ya Queensland mnamo 1962, na alihudumu kama makamu wa rais kutoka wakati huo hadi 1965. Mnamo 1963 alianzisha tawi la Caloundra la jamii. Alihusika katika kampeni kadhaa katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970 kuhifadhi mandhari ziilizotishiwa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Pumicestone Passage, [[Great Barrier Reef]] na Cooloola. Kazi nyingi za kampeni zilifadhiliwa kupitia ukuzaji na uuzaji wake wa mimea asilia na vile vile kupitia maonyesho ya michoro yake ya maua mwitu. Alijali sana nchi ya Wallum ya kusini-mashariki mwa Queensland, makazi yenye hali ya hewa ya pwani yenye maua mengi na vinamasi kwenye udongo wenye mchanga wenye kina kirefu. Buibui, ''Ozicrypta mcarthurae'', alipewa jina lake kwa mchango wake bora katika uhifadhi. Mnamo 1996 alitunukiwa udaktari wa heshima na Chuo Kikuu cha James Cook cha Kaskazini mwa Queensland. <ref>McKay, Judith. (1997). ''Brilliant Careers: Women collectors and illustrators in Queensland'', p. 61. Queensland Museum. </ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1915]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] obktlgvypi9vepjfcyjikjp6yjdzpvd 0 151109 1599508 1281957 2026-09-23T18:25:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libia Grueso''' ni mfanyakazi wa kijamii na mwanaharakati wa [[haki]] za kiraia kutoka [[Buenaventura]], [[Kolombia]], anayepigania haki za kiraia za jumuiya za Afro-Colombia. Yeye pia ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Mchakato wa Jumuiya za Watu Weusi'' (PCN). Alifanikiwa kupata zaidi ya 24,000&nbsp;km² katika haki za eneo kwa jumuiya za watu weusi za mashambani nchini humo, na amekuwa akilenga kulinda [[Msitu wa mvua|msitu ya mvua]] ya Colombia. Libia Grueso alipokea Tuzo ya [[Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman|Mazingira ya Goldman]] mwaka wa 2004. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Kolombia]] 6pmlcl8b4c5hrjrmxci2no3koocqa7l 0 151153 1599621 1524350 2026-09-23T18:51:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard B. Norgaard''' (amezaliwa [[Washington, D.C.]], <ref name="erg.berkeley">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://erg.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/Richard_Norgaard/CV_March_11.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2013-12-03|archivedate=2012-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714050853/http://erg.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/Richard_Norgaard/CV_March_11.pdf}}</ref> [[18 Agosti]] [[1943]]) ni profesa mstaafu wa [[uchumi]] wa [[ikolojia]] katika Kikundi cha Nishati na Rasilimali katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha California]], Berkeley, mwenyekiti wa kwanza na mwanachama anayeendelea wa bodi huru ya sayansi ya CALFED ( California Bay-Delta Authority), <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Delta Stewardship Council, Independent Science Board Members|url=http://deltacouncil.ca.gov/science-board/delta-isb-members}}</ref> na mwanachama mwanzilishi na rais wa zamani wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Uchumi wa Ikolojia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The International Society for Ecological Economics|date=23 January 2012|url=http://www.isecoeco.org/about/}}</ref> Alipokea Tuzo la Ukumbusho la Kenneth E. Boulding mnamo 2006 kwa utambuzi wa maendeleo katika utafiti unaochanganya nadharia ya kijamii na sayansi asilia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenneth E. Boulding Memorial Award recipients|date=9 January 2012|url=http://www.isecoeco.org/2008-boulding-award/|accessdate=2022-05-30|archive-date=2022-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326144851/https://www.isecoeco.org/2008-boulding-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.isecoeco.org/2008-boulding-award/|title=Boulding Award &#124; The International Society for Ecological Economics|publisher=Isecoeco.org|date=9 January 2012|accessdate=2014-01-07|archive-date=2013-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205224135/http://www.isecoeco.org/2008-boulding-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi na kiongozi anayeendelea katika uwanja wa uchumi wa ikolojia. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Changing Face of Economics: Conversations with Cutting Edge Economists|url=https://archive.org/details/changingfaceofec0000cola_n9t9|last=Colander|first=David|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2004}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Post Keynesian and Ecological Economics: Confronting Environmental Issues|last=Holt|first=Richard|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://erg.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/Richard_Norgaard/norgaard.shtml|title=Richard Norgaard, Ph.D|publisher=Erg.berkeley.edu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-07|archivedate=2013-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208054137/http://erg.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/Richard_Norgaard/norgaard.shtml}}</ref> <ref>"Who will get rich on oil from sea?: Bidding system for offshore leases criticized for favoring major firms On the auction block: 'Not good news' OFFSHORE OIL: America's trillion-dollar decision Limited drilling Changes possible Pace of leasing An even break," ''The Christian Science Monitor'', John Dillin, April 18, 1974.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.woz.ch/0726/oekologische-oekonomie/reif-fuer-die-revolution|title=Reif für die Revolution &#124; WOZ Die Wochenzeitung|language=de|publisher=[[WOZ Die Wochenzeitung]]|date=2007-06-28|accessdate=2014-01-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nisbet|first=Matthew C.|url=http://bigthink.com/age-of-engagement/public-opinion-and-political-participation-in-the-climate-change-debate|title=Public Opinion and Political Participation in the Climate Change Debate &#124; Age of Engagement|publisher=Big Think|date=|accessdate=2014-01-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=42d997d15529fb81001dc086bbfe3c4d|title=How Poor Nations Pay The Environmental Cost - NAM|publisher=News.newamericamedia.org|date=|accessdate=2014-01-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/309/5735/716.full|title=AAAS News and Notes|publisher=Sciencemag.org|date=2005-07-29|accessdate=2014-01-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=40892|title=Rebelion. Sobre el origen, el uso y el contenido del término sostenible|publisher=Rebelion.org|date=1991-10-08|accessdate=2014-01-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSVnAQAAQBAJ|title=Climate-Challenged Society - Google Boeken|last=Dryzek|first=John S.|last2=Norgaard|first2=Richard B.|last3=Schlosberg|first3=David|date=October 2013|isbn=9780199660100|access-date=2014-01-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTmZLXH7GoC|title=Post Keynesian and Ecological Economics: Confronting Environmental Issues - Google Boeken|last=Holt|first=Richard P. F.|last2=Pressman|first2=Steven|last3=Spash|first3=Clive L.|year=2009|isbn=9781849802086|access-date=2014-01-07}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Norgaard alikulia [[Montclair]], kitongoji cha East Bay katika Eneo la Ghuba ya San Francisco huko [[California]] Akiwa na umri mdogo, alipendezwa na uchezaji wa maji meupe, na alitambulishwa kwenye mchezo na rafiki yake, ambaye baba yake, Lou Elliott, alifanya kazi katika Klabu ya Sierra iliyoratibu safari za mto. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 15 Norgaard alianza kufanya kazi katika Misafara ya HATCH River kama safisha chungu, na alikuwa na makao yake huko Vernal, Utah, karibu na makutano ya Mto Green (Mto Colorado) na Yampa Rivers. Norgaard aliendelea na biashara ya utelezi wa maji meupe, haraka akawa mwendesha mashua, na akaruka karibu na makampuni mengi ya kuongoza ikiwa ni pamoja na moja ambayo Lou Elliott hatimaye alianzisha baada ya kazi yake katika The Sierra Club. Kujitolea kwake na kuhusika katika harakati za mazingira kulianza alipohudumu kama mwongozo wa mto kwa David Brower, mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Klabu ya Sierra, kwa ukanda wa Glen Canyon wa Mto Colorado mapema miaka ya 1960. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Wildness Within: Remembering David Brower|url=https://archive.org/details/theewildnesswith0000brow|last=Brower|first=Kenneth|publisher=Heyday|year=2012}}</ref> <ref name="NorgaardRichard">Norgaard, Richard. "Trandisciplinary Shared Learning" in ''Sustainability on Campus.'' Peggy Bartlett and Geoffrey Chase. (eds). MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2004.</ref> Norgaard pia alifanya kazi muda mfupi kama mpiga picha mtaalamu kabla ya kazi yake ya kitaaluma. == Marejeo == {{BD|1943|}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Washington, D.C.]] [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Marekani]] fzfxtj7ix18ta0asbdcx70b6zbzgd74 0 151222 1599622 1520388 2026-09-23T18:51:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Merrill_J_Fernando.jpg|thumb|Merrill J. Fernando]] '''Merrill Joseph Fernando''' ([[6 Mei]] [[1930]] - [[20 Julai]] [[2023]]) ndiye mwanzilishi na [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji wa zamani wa [[kampuni]] ya kimataifa ya chai ya Dilmah. Mnamo [[2019]], Fernando alisimama kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Dilmah, kwani mtoto wake, Dilhan, aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu mpya wa kampuni. == Maisha ya awali == Fernando alizaliwa Pallansena, Negombo, British Ceylon mwaka [[1930]]. Fernando alihudhuria Chuo cha Maris Stella huko Negombo na Chuo cha Saint Joseph, Colombo katika ujana wake. Kazi yake ya kwanza ilikuwa kama mkaguzi wa kampuni ya [[mafuta]] ya [[Marekani]]. == Kazi == Fernando alikuwa mmoja wa waonja chai wa kwanza wa [[Sri Lanka]] kuchaguliwa kujifunza kuhusu chai katika Mincing Lane, [[London]]. Hadi wakati huu, mfumo wa kikoloni uliokuwepo haukuamini kuwa watu wa Sri Lanka walikuwa na uwezo wa kutathmini chai kwani walihisi walikula curry nyingi ambayo ingeathiri tathmini yao ya ladha. Hata hivyo, Fernando alikuwa mmoja wa watano waliochaguliwa na kuzoezwa huko London. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.asianenterprise.biz/merrill-fernando-beyond-the-tea-garden/full.html|title=Asianenterprise.biz|accessdate=2022-05-31|archivedate=2019-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505180710/http://www.asianenterprise.biz/merrill-fernando-beyond-the-tea-garden/full.html}}</ref> == Soma zaidi == *{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Cup of Kindness|date=2012|publisher=Dilmah Publication}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Story Behind Your Cup of Tea|date=2013|publisher=MJF Charitable Foundation}} *''Mtayarishaji wa timu'' (2009). Uchapishaji wa Dilmah. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.dilmahtea.com/tea-inspired-ebooks/free/tea_maker/index.html|title=Dilmah - the Teamaker|accessdate=2022-05-31|archive-date=2017-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626142016/http://www.dilmahtea.com/tea-inspired-ebooks/free/tea_maker/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * https://www.dilmahtea.com/70-years-of-tea-inspiration/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.dilmahtea.com/70-years-of-tea-inspiration/ |date=20220531010220 }} " == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1930|2023}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Sri Lanka]] 2drhnz1lpqrtmgku9qabt86o53xpiiq 0 151231 1600135 1227968 2026-09-24T11:50:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Stuurman''' (alizaliwa [[1773]] – 22 Februari [[1830]]) <ref name="SA History">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/david-stuurman 2016. “David Stuurman” SA History. Online. Accessed 11 September 2017.]</ref> alikuwa [[chifu]] wa [[Khoikhoi|Khoi]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kisiasa ambaye alipigana dhidi [[Milki ya Uingereza|ya utawala wa kikoloni wa]] [[Uholanzi]] na [[Uingereza]]. <ref name="SA History" /> Kazi yake hai kama kiongozi wa Khoi ilidumu miaka ishirini ([[1799]]-[[1819]]) na Vita vitatu vya Xhosa ambavyo vilianguka ndani ya kipindi hicho. == Maisha ya awali == David Stuurman alikuwa kiongozi wa watu wa Khoi, ambao walipigana dhidi ya utawala wa kikoloni wa Uholanzi na Waingereza huko [[Rasi ya Mashariki|Eastern Cape]]. Stuurman alijihusisha na uharakati wa kisiasa katika [[karne]] ya 18 wakati Wakhoi na San walinyang'anywa [[ardhi]] yao kwa utaratibu "kwa amri ya [[wakoloni]]". <ref name="David">[http://kentakepage.com/david-stuurman-leader-of-the-khoi-people/ 2016. “David Stuurman: Leader of the Khoi people”. Online. Accessed 11 September 2017.]</ref> Hii ilimaanisha kwamba Stuurman, na watu wengine wa kiasili, walilazimishwa kuishi na kufanya kazi katika ardhi yao kama vibarua. <ref name="David" /> Akiwa kijana, Stuurman alitoka kwenda kufanya kazi kwenye [[shamba]] la familia ya Vermaak, ambao walikuwa na shamba huko Gamtoos. Miongoni mwa matukio mengi yaliyoripotiwa na [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]] wa Bethelsdorp kuhusu kutendewa vibaya kwa Wakhoi na San mikononi mwa wakoloni, ni ripoti juu ya unyanyasaji mbaya na unyanyasaji wa kimwili Johannes "Hannes" Vermaak aliofanyiwa Stuurman. <ref name="Chief">[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020188008707549 1980. V. C. Malherbe. “David Stuurman: “last chief of the Hottentots”, African Studies, 39:1, 47-64. Online. Accessed 11 September 2017.]</ref> Wamisionari wanaripoti kwa maelezo jinsi Stuurman alivyofungwa kwenye gari na kupigwa kwa sjambok; baada ya ile chumvi iliyompiga kumpaka kwenye majeraha yake na kuachwa amefungwa kwenye gari kwenye jua kali. <ref name="Chief" /> Wakati wa miaka ya [[1790]], wakati Vita vya pili vya Waxhosa vilipozuka, Stuurman, kaka yake Klaas, chifu na familia yao walitelekeza shamba la Vermaak pamoja na Wakhoi wengine kadhaa katika eneo hilo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] dsobc1cp2e0d6146h6oty5anp31b2xj 0 151307 1599509 1515644 2026-09-23T18:25:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Slovo''' (alizaliwa [[23 Mei]] [[1926]] -[[ 6 Januari]] [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]], na mpinzani wa mfumo wa [[Apartheid|ubaguzi]] wa rangi. Mwana -Marxist-Leninist, alikuwa kiongozi wa muda mrefu na mwananadharia katika Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Afrika Kusini (SACP), mwanachama mkuu wa [[ANC|African National Congress]] (ANC), na kamanda wa tawi la kijeshi la ANC Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) . Raia wa Afrika Kusini kutoka familia ya Kiyahudi-Kilithuania, Slovo alikuwa mjumbe wa Kongamano la watu wa makabila mbalimbali la Juni [[1955]] ambalo lilitayarisha Mkataba wa [[Uhuru]]. Alifungwa kwa miezi sita mwaka wa [[1960]], na akaibuka kama kiongozi wa Umkhonto we Sizwe mwaka uliofuata. Aliishi uhamishoni kutokea mwaka [[1963]] hadi [[1990]], akiendesha operesheni dhidi ya utawala wa ubaguzi wa rangi kutoka [[Uingereza]], [[Angola]], [[Msumbiji]] na [[Zambia]]. Mwaka [[1990]] alirejea Afrika Kusini, na kushiriki katika mazungumzo yaliyomaliza ubaguzi wa rangi. Alijulikana kwa kupendekeza "vifungu vya machweo" vinavyohusu miaka 5 kufuatia uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia, ikijumuisha dhamana na makubaliano kwa pande zote, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sacp.org.za/people/slovo/negotiations.html|title=Negotiations: What room for compromise?|work=www.sacp.org.za|accessdate=25 January 2018|archivedate=2018-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512200247/http://www.sacp.org.za/people/slovo/negotiations.html}}</ref> na msimamo wake mkali wa kuto ubaguzi wa rangi. Baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka [[1994]], alikua Waziri wa Makazi katika serikali ya [[Nelson Mandela]]. Alifariki kwa [[saratani]] mwaka wa [[1995]]. <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/07/obituaries/joe-slovo-anti-apartheid-stalinist-dies-at-68.html Joe Slovo, Anti-Apartheid Stalinist, Dies at 68], NY Times, 1995-01-07.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] 313pn9kgcp3jg0jcbon1l551ttg74ix 0 151833 1599510 1529030 2026-09-23T18:26:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Egypt ancient detail wadi hammamat.png|thumb|Qift, Coptos ya kale, ilikuwa mwanzo wa njia iliyoelekea Quseir kwenye ufuo wa Bahari Nyekundu.]] '''Wadi Hammamat''' ( ''Njia ya India; lango la kwenda India'' <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Coptos et le chemin de Pount|last=Meeks|first=Cf. D.|pages=303}}</ref> ) ni sehemu ya mto kavu katika [[Jangwa]] la Mashariki la [[Misri]], karibu nusu kati ya Al-Qusayr na Qena. Lilikuwa eneo kuu la [[uchimbaji madini]] na njia ya biashara ya mashariki kutoka [[Nile|Bonde la Nile]] katika nyakati za kale, na miaka elfu tatu ya michongo ya miamba na graffiti inaifanya kuwa tovuti kuu ya kisayansi na kitalii leo. == Njia ya biashara == Hammamat ikawa njia kuu kutoka [[Thebes]] hadi Bahari ya [[Bahari ya Shamu|Shamu]] na kisha kwenye [[Barabara ya hariri|Barabara]] ya Hariri iliyoelekea [[Asia]], au Arabuni na pembe ya [[Afrika]]. 200km safari ilikuwa njia ya moja kwa moja kutoka Nile hadi Bahari ya [[Bahari ya Shamu|Shamu]], kwani Mto wa [[Nile]] unapinda kuelekea pwani kwenye mwisho wa magharibi wa [[bonde]]. Njia ya Hammamat ilianzia Qift (au Coptos), iliyoko kaskazini mwa [[Luxor]], hadi Al-Qusayr kwenye pwani ya Bahari ya Shamu. Qift ilikuwa kituo muhimu cha utawala, [[dini]], na [[biashara]]. Miji katika ncha zote mbili za njia ilianzishwa na Nasaba ya Kwanza, ingawa ushahidi wa ukaliaji wa kabla ya ufalme pia umepatikana kando ya njia. <ref>[http://www.wadi.cd2.com/html/appendix_f.html The Archaeology of the Eastern Desert, Appendix F: Desert Rock Areas and Sites] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wadi.cd2.com/html/appendix_f.html |date=20070928161302 }}. Andie Byrnes, University College London, June 2007. Retrieved September 2007.</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Misri]] j65812gfmdwveb1i8tdu6rf7zur9vv2 0 151839 1600128 1299682 2026-09-24T11:50:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mala Mala''' ni hifadhi ya akiba ya wanyamapori iliyopo ndani ya Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Sabi Sand, jimbo la [[Mpumalanga]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Ndiyo hifadhi kubwa zaidi na kongwe zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini, Inachukua ukubwa wa karibu hekta 15,000 za ardhi. Katika Xitsonga, jina Malamala linamaanisha ''Kudu'', iliitwa hivyo kwa sababu ya wingi wa wanyama ndani ya hifadhi. Watu wa Tsonga, ambao walimiliki ardhi kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa hifadhi ya akiba, waliondolewa kwa nguvu kutoka katika ardhi hiyo mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1900 na kutupwa Bushbuckridge. Jumuiya ya Nwandlamhlarhi ilifanikiwa kudai hifadhi ya akiba ya Malamala na ardhi hiyo ikarudishwa kwao mwaka 2015 wakati wa Rais [[Jacob Zuma]] alipowakabidhi ardhi yao katika hafla ya Serikali. Watu wa Tsonga pia waliondolewa kwa nguvu kutoka katika hifadhi za wanyama jirani kama vile Skukuza, Satara, Ulusaba, Manyeleti, Protea Hotel Kruger Gate, Hoyo Hoyo Tsonga Lodge na inaweza zaidi katika kusini mwa Kruger. Watu wa Tsonga bado wanasubiri kurejeshewa mashamba hayo na Serikali baada ya kukamilika kwa madai yao ya ardhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malamala.com/|title=MalaMala Game Reserve|publisher=MalaMala Ranch|accessdate=12 March 2010}}</ref> [[Faili:Mala Mala Game Reserve (43300891025).jpg|thumb|Twiga katika Hifadhi ya Mala Mala.]] Hifadhi ya akiba ya Sabi Sand inapakana na Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kruger, ambayo pamoja na mbuga zingine kama Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Greater Kruger. [[Faili:Striped Kingfisher - Halcyon chelicuti, Mala Mala Game Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa.jpg|thumb|Mbuga ya Wanyama ya Mala Mala, Mpumalanga, Afrika Kusini.]] == Wanyamapori == Hifadhi hii ni nyumbani kwa ''Wanyama Watano Wakubwa''. Ni nyumbani kwa Tjololo, chui maarufu wa Afrika. Duma wa Afrika Kusini, Fisi, Nyumbu, Pundamilia, Kiboko, Twiga, na Mbwa Mwitu na wanyama wengine wanaozurura hapo. == Malazi == Inaundwa na kambi nyingi: * Kambi kuu ya Mala Mala * Kambi ya Mala Mala Sable * kambi ya Mala Mala Rattray == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Mpumalanga]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] dx72lmzvtf9xcsp1d13dcstkn5aiygs 0 152415 1599732 1513737 2026-09-23T21:53:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Brookesia micra habitat.jpg|thumb|'''Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Nosy Hara''']] '''Nosy Hara''' au '''Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Nosy Hara''' ni kisiwa kisichokaliwa na [[Gange|chokaa]] kilicho karibu na pwani ya kaskazini-magharibi ya [[Madagaska]] . <ref name="BBC Nature">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Davies|first=Ella|title=Tiny lizards found in Madagascar|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/17028940|work=BBC Nature|publisher=BBC|accessdate=30 August 2018|language=en|date=15 February 2012|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911205106/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/17028940|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ni makazi ya Brookesia micra, kinyonga mdogo anayejulikana. <ref name="plosone">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031314|title=PLOS ONE: Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar|publisher=plosone.org|accessdate=2014-06-15}}</ref> <ref name="Austin2014">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nypFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|title=Madagascar Wildlife|last=Daniel Austin|date=10 November 2014|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-557-7|pages=111–}}</ref> Tangu 2007, Nosy Hara imekuwa sehemu ya Eneo Lililolindwa la Baharini . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYLaiIRSG9kC&pg=PA5|title=Coral Reef Resilience Assessment of the Nosy Hara Marine Protected Area, Northwest Madagascar|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-1192-8|pages=5–}}</ref> <ref>[http://wwf.panda.org/?199906%2Fmadagascar-nosy-hara-mpa Marine park bolsters community facing climate change | WWF]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Madagaska]] gixad69gx3oxvpa84nuws0yme123uzw 0 152502 1599511 1231740 2026-09-23T18:26:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Abijatta-Shalla_National_Park_in_Ethiopia_08.jpg|thumb|290x290px| [[Ziwa]] Abijatta]] '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Abijatta-Shalla,''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Iko katika [[Mkoa wa Oromia|mkoa wa]] [[Jimbo la Oromia|Oromia]] na eneo la [[Nyanda za juu za Ethiopia|Nyanda]] za Juu za Ethiopia, [[kilomita]] 200 [[kusini]] mwa [[Addis Ababa]], na mashariki mwa barabara kuu ya Batu - [[Shashamane]]. Ina [[kilomita za mraba]] 887 inajumuisha maziwa ya [[Bonde la Ufa]] ya Abijatta na Shalla. Maziwa hayo mawili yametenganishwa na kilomita tatu za ardhi yenye vilima. Urefu wa mbuga hiyo ni kati ya [[mita]] 1540 hadi 2075. Kando na maziwa hayo mawili, kivutio kikuu cha mbuga hii ya taifa ni idadi ya chemchemi za maji moto kwenye kona ya [[kaskazini]]-[[mashariki]] ya Ziwa Abijatta, na idadi kubwa ya [[Heroe|flamingo]] kwenye ziwa hilo. <ref name="Bradt-457">Philip Briggs,'' Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), pp. 457ff</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] ek3r3sm6fplm9fu9cnj2m7jewgq6puc 0 152510 1600091 1230995 2026-09-24T11:45:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Omo''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] nchini [[Ethiopia]] iliyoanzishwa mnamo [[1980]]. Ipo katika [[Jimbo la Mataifa ya Kusini]] kwenye ukingo wa [[magharibi]] wa [[Mto Omo]], mbuga hii ina eneo la takribani [[kilomita za mraba]] 4,068, [[kilomita]] 870 kusini-magharibi mwa [[Addis Ababa]], ng'ambo ya Omo kuna Hifadhi ya taifa ya Mago na Hifadhi ya wanyamapori ya Tama. Ingawa [[uwanja wa ndege]] ulijengwa hivi majuzi karibu na makao makuu ya mbuga kwenye [[Mto Mui]], mbuga hii haifikiki kwa urahisi <ref>Matt Philips and Jean-Bernard Carillet, ''Ethiopia and Eritrea'', third edition (n.p.: Lonely Planet, 2006), p. 211</ref> == Wanyama == Hifadhi ya taifa ya Omo kuna makazi ya makundi makubwa ya [[Nyati wa Afrika|nyati]], [[Punda milia|pundamilia,]] elands, beisa oryxes, tiangs, Lelwel hartebeests, [[Digidigi|dik-diks]], bushbucks, [[Tohe|reedbucks]], na swala wa Grant. Mamalia wengine ambao ni adimu kupatikana ni pamoja na tembo, [[simba]], [[chui]], [[duma]], nguruwe, [[Mbwa-mwitu wa Afrika|mbwa mwitu wa Kiafrika]], twiga, oribi, [[Taya (mnyama)|klipspringers]], [[Ngurunguru|kudus]], [[fisi]], kifaru weusi, [[Kiboko (mnyama)|viboko]] na [[Ngiri|viboko]]. <ref>Renaud, Pierre-Cyril. “Omo National Park Report for the Wet Season Aerial Survey.” African Elephant Database, African Parks Conservation, https://africanelephantdatabase.org/system/population_submission_attachments/files/000/000/013/original/svyFEETOMO2007AS.pdf. (June 2007)</ref> Nyani kama vile guerezas Mantled, nyani wa Olive, na nyani De Brazza pia wanaishi ndani ya maeneo ya misitu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] mf17vvkfef6tgoalpqe75wxfw4njgg0 0 152590 1599738 1513965 2026-09-23T22:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde''', pia inajulikana kama "Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Liwonde", <ref name="Moving2">{{cite news|last1=Morlin-Yron|first1=Sophie|title=Malawi is moving 500 elephants across the country|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/20/africa/malawi-relocation-of-elephants/index.html|accessdate=30 August 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=21 July 2016}}</ref> ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] iliyopo [[kusini]] mwa [[Malawi]], karibu na mpaka wa [[Msumbiji]] . Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka [[1973]], na imekuwa ikisimamiwa na [[shirika]] lisilo la faida la uhifadhi wa ''African Parks'' tangu [[Agosti]] [[2015]]. African Parks ilijenga uzio wa umeme kuzunguka eneo la hifadhi hiyo ili kusaidia kupunguza migogoro kati ya binadamu na [[wanyamapori]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liwonde|url=https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/liwonde|accessdate=2021-12-08|work=www.africanparks.org|language=en}}</ref> == Maelezo na jiografia == Hifadhi ya Ktaifa ya Liwonde iko katika [[Kanda ya Kusini, Malawi|Mkoa wa Kusini,]][[Malawi]], <ref >{{Rejea habari|title=Cheetahs Back from the Brink in Malawi|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cheetahs-are-back-from-the-brink-in-malawi/3892401.html|accessdate=24 August 2017|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|date=8 June 2017}}</ref> kusini mwa [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa Malawi]], <ref >{{Rejea habari|title=A new safari nation is born|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/travel/a-new-safari-nation-is-born-1-718522|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=[[Johnston Press]]|date=29 June 2005}}</ref> karibu na mpaka wa [[Msumbiji]] . Kwa sehemu kubwa iko ndani ya [[Wilaya ya Machinga|Wilaya ya]] [[Wilaya ya Machinga|Machinga]], lakini pia iko katika [[Wilaya ya Mangochi]] . [[Wilaya ya Balaka]] na iko kando ya mpaka wake wa [[magharibi]]. <ref name="Snyman2013">Snyman, Susan. "Household spending patterns and flow of ecotourism income into communities around Liwonde National Park, Malawi." Development Southern Africa 30, no. 4-5 (2013): 640–658.</ref> Hifadhi hiyo ina ukubwa wa [[kilomita za mraba]] 548 <ref name="Biodiversity">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGyrXpCbTX4C&pg=PA132|title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use|date=1990|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|isbn=9782831700212|page=132|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> <ref name="East">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcNel7LRwG8C&pg=PA26|title=Antelopes: Southern and South-Central Africa|last=East|first=Rod|date=1989|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature|isbn=9782880329709|pages=20–26|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> ya misitu na [[Savana|savanna]] kavu . A km 30 sehemu ya [[Shire (mto)|Mto Shire]] hupitia mbuga hiyo ikijumuisha sehemu ya mwambao wa [[Ziwa Malombe]], km 20 kusini mwa [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa Malawi]] . Hifadhi hiyo iliongezwa mwaka [[1977]] kwenye ukingo wa [[kaskazini]] wa hifadhi ambayo inaiunganisha na Hifadhi ya Msitu wa Mangochi. <ref >{{Rejea habari|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Malawi.pdf|title=Malawi. Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands|publisher=Pisces Publications and BirdLife International, Newbury & Cambridge|date=2001}}</ref> Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde, na Hifadhi ya Misitu ya Mangochi zinapakana na hifadhi hiyo, inasimamiwa na Hifadhi za Afrika kwa kushirikiana na jamii za wenyeji zinazowakilishwa na [[Jumuiya]] ya Uhifadhi wa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Liwonde (USACOL) na Kamati za [[Maliasili]] za Vijiji 31 zinazozunguka Liwonde. <ref name="Strengthening">{{Rejea habari|title=Institutional Strengthening of the Upper Shire Association for the Conservation of Liwonde National Park (USACOL)|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-397216481.html|accessdate=30 August 2017|work=[[Mena Report]]|date=13 January 2015|publisher=[[Al Bawaba]]|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055118/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-397216481.html}}</ref> Liwonde ina [[kilomita]] 129 za mzunguko, ambao haukuwa na uzio hadi [[shirika]] lisilo la faida la ''African Parks'' lilithibitisha mipango ya kujenga mpaka wenye uzio kamili mwaka [[2015]], <ref >{{Rejea habari|title=Animals kill seven people in seven weeks, says Malawi wildlife park|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/29/animals-kill-seven-people-in-seven-weeks-says-malawi-wildlife-park|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=24 August 2017|date=29 September 2015}}</ref> ambao umekamilika tangu wakati huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Malawi Scoping Mission Identified Partnership Opportunities with African Parks|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/r4/news-events/mediatools/?cid=fseprd549695&width=full|publisher=[[United States Forest Service]]|accessdate=18 September 2017|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429150523/https://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/r4/news-events/mediatools/?cid=fseprd549695&width=full|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Historia == [[Faili:Liwonde Park - view of Shire River.jpg|right|thumb| Mtazamo wa [[Shire (mto)|Mto Shire]], ambao unajumuisha mpaka wa magharibi wa mbuga hiyo, mnamo [[2008]]]] Liwonde ilianzishwa mwaka [[1973]]. <ref >{{Rejea habari|title=Malawi: forty-five years after calling it home|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/11387909/Malawi-forty-five-years-after-calling-it-home.html|accessdate=24 August 2017|date=8 February 2015}}</ref> Hifadhi hiyo ilipotangazwa kwenye [[gazeti]] la [[serikali]], wakazi wengi walilazimika kuhamia jamii za mpakani nje ya hifadhi hiyo, jambo ambalo limesababisha vijiji vya pembezoni mwa hifadhi hiyo kuwa na msongamano mkubwa wa watu ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengine ya nchi. Kabla ya mbuga hiyo kuundwa, [[ardhi]] ilitumika kwa [[kilimo]], kwa kiasi kikubwa kujikimu. [[Pamba]], [[mahindi]], [[tumbaku]], na [[mpunga]] vilikuwa mazao makuu na [[uvuvi]] ulikuwa tasnia nyingine muhimu. <ref name="Novelli&Scarth2007">Novelli, Marina, and Amy Scarth. "Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi)." Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 4, no. 1 (2007): 47–73.</ref> African Parks ilichukua usimamizi wa Liwonde mnamo [[Agosti]] 2015, <ref name="Move">{{Rejea habari|title=The big move: Relocating 500 elephants, one family at a time|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/29/africa/malawi-elephants-rehomed-conservation/index.html|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=CNN|date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Guardian">{{Rejea habari|title=Animals kill seven people in seven weeks, says Malawi wildlife park|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/29/animals-kill-seven-people-in-seven-weeks-says-malawi-wildlife-park|accessdate=24 August 2017|date=29 September 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/29/animals-kill-seven-people-in-seven-weeks-says-malawi-wildlife-park "Animals kill seven people in seven weeks, says Malawi wildlife park"]. ''[[Mlezi|The Guardian]]''. London. 29 September 2015. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878 60623878]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> baada ya kuorodheshwa na Idara ya Mbuga za taifa na Wanyamapori ya Malawi (DNPW). <ref name="Nuwer">{{Rejea habari|title=High Above, Drones Keep Watchful Eyes on Wildlife in Africa|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/13/science/drones-africa-poachers-wildlife.html?mcubz=1&_r=0|accessdate=29 August 2017|date=13 March 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Dasgupta">{{Rejea habari|title=Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/cheetahs-return-to-malawi-after-decades/|accessdate=29 August 2017|date=29 May 2017}}</ref> Kujenga upya uzio wa hifadhi hiyo ilikuwa ni kipaumbele cha kwanza kwa shirika hilo, ili kupunguza migogoro ya binadamu na wanyamapori kwa kuwaweka wanyama ndani ya mipaka ya Liwonde na kupunguza ujangili. Uzio huu hufuatiliwa 24/7 ili kuhakikisha wanyama wanakaa ndani na wawindaji haramu wanakaa nje <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Malawi|first=David McKenzie and Brent Swails, CNN, in Liwonde National Park|title=The big move: New home for 500 elephants|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/29/africa/malawi-elephants-rehomed-conservation/index.html|accessdate=2021-12-08|work=CNN}}</ref> Uzio wa mbuga hiyo uligharimu [[dola]] za Marekani [[milioni]] 1.6 na ilichukua takribani miezi 18 kukamilika. <ref name="Laing">{{Rejea habari|title=Elephants and crocodiles kill seven people in Malawian national park|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/11899369/Elephants-and-crocodiles-kill-seven-people-in-Malawian-national-park.html|accessdate=30 August 2017|date=29 September 2015}}</ref> == Wanyama == Liwonde ina idadi ya takribani mamalia wakubwa 17,800, <ref name="Masina">{{Rejea habari|title=Cheetahs Back from the Brink in Malawi|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cheetahs-are-back-from-the-brink-in-malawi/3892401.html|accessdate=24 August 2017|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|date=8 June 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMasina2017">Masina, Lameck (8 June 2017). [https://www.voanews.com/a/cheetahs-are-back-from-the-brink-in-malawi/3892401.html "Cheetahs Back from the Brink in Malawi"]. [[Sauti ya Amerika|Voice of America]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> na zaidi ya [[spishi]] 380 za [[ndege]]. <ref name="BirdLife">{{Rejea habari|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Malawi.pdf|title=Malawi. Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands|publisher=Pisces Publications and BirdLife International, Newbury & Cambridge|date=2001}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDowsett-LemaireDowsettDyer2001">Dowsett-Lemaire, FR; Dowsett, RJ; Dyer, MI (2001). [http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Malawi.pdf "Malawi. Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pisces Publications and BirdLife International, Newbury & Cambridge. pp.&nbsp;539–555.</cite></ref> Mamalia wakubwa ni pamoja na [[Nyati wa Afrika|nyati wa afrika]], swala (pamoja na Common eland, swala walio hatarini kutoweka ), [[nyani]], faru mweusi, bushbuck, [[Ndovu|tembo]], [[Kiboko (mnyama)|kiboko]], [[Swala pala|impala]], kudu, <ref name="TC">{{Rejea jarida|last=Klara|first=Glowczewska|date=1 February 2017|title=Miracle in Malawi|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-478641028.html|journal=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]|publisher=[[Hearst Communications]]|issn=0040-9952|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010039/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-478641028.html|archive-date=7 November 2017|access-date=29 August 2017|via=HighBeam Research}}</ref> nyani, <ref name="Calkin">{{Rejea habari|title=Malawi: forty-five years after calling it home|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/11387909/Malawi-forty-five-years-after-calling-it-home.html|accessdate=24 August 2017|date=8 February 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCalkin2015">Calkin, Jessamy (8 February 2015). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/11387909/Malawi-forty-five-years-after-calling-it-home.html "Malawi: forty-five years after calling it home"]. ''[[Daily Telegraph|The Daily Telegraph]]''. London. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235 0307-1235]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49632006 49632006]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> na [[Ngiri|nguruwe]] . <ref name="TC" /> Hifadhi hii ni makazi kwa spishi zingine nyingi za wanyama , <ref name="IFAW">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liwonde National Park Conservation Programme – Saving Wildlife & Protecting Communities|url=http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/our-work/elephants/liwonde-national-park-conservation-programme-–-saving-wildlife-protecting-communi|publisher=[[International Fund for Animal Welfare]]|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref> na vile vile <a href="./Mamba" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="undefined" data-cx="{&amp;quot;userAdded&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true}">mamba</a> . <ref name="Scotsman">{{Rejea habari|title=A new safari nation is born|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/travel/a-new-safari-nation-is-born-1-718522|accessdate=28 August 2017|publisher=[[Johnston Press]]|date=29 June 2005}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/travel/a-new-safari-nation-is-born-1-718522 "A new safari nation is born"]. ''[[Mskoti|The Scotsman]]''. Edinburgh: [[Johnston Press]]. 29 June 2005. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5850 0307-5850]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/614655655 614655655]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Malawi]] 1nwjevaupf3cbdg15kucvk5ig5ndkxt 0 152705 1599706 1483964 2026-09-23T19:54:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Gloria USieta |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[19 Juni]] [[1977]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Nigeria]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu |nchi = [Nigeria ] }} '''Gloria Usieta''' (alizaliwa [[19 Juni]], [[1977]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa wanawake wa zamani kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye alicheza katika [[timu ya taifa]] ya wanawake ya mpira wa miguu ya Nigeria katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la [[wanawake]] la mwaka [[1999]] na kombe la [[Olimpiki]] la mwaka [[2000]].<ref>{{cite|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=200/index.html|2=- Players & Coaches - Gloria USIETA|publisher=|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|access-date=2022-06-22|archivedate=2017-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213163635/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=200/index.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] skvsfreuaj1r5oyo1bxbtouv5s15dwu 0 153396 1599662 1534742 2026-09-23T19:00:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:S.Verdiana, Museo di Santa Verdiana.jpg|thumb|250px|Mt. Verdiana alivyochorwa.]] '''Verdiana wa Castelfiorentino''' (pia: '''Viridiana Attavanti'''; [[1182]] - [[1242]]) alikuwa [[bikira]] aliyepokewa na [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] katika [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]] ambaye tangu [[ujana|ujanani]] hadi [[uzee|uzeeni]] aliishi kama [[mkaapweke]] akiwa amejifungia ndani<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/39250 {{it}}</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Heshima]] hiyo ilithibitishwa na [[Papa Klementi VII]] [[mwaka]] [[1533]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[1 Februari]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *Allegri, Francesca. Sante donne prime libere, Carmignani editrice, 2021 *Biagio. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana. Plut. 20.6, 41v-44r. “Vita sanctae viridianae” (c. 1340) *Giacomini, Lorenzo. Acta Sanctorum. Feb. I, pp. 257–61. “Verdiana.” (c. 1420) *Benvenuti, Anna. “Capi d’aglio e serpenti: Aspetti civici del culto di santa Verdiana di Castelfiorentino,” La Toscane et les Toscans autour de la Renaissance: cadres de vie, société, croyances: mélanges offerts à Charles-M. de La Roncière. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l'Université de Provence, 1999. pp. 313–349. *Benvenuti, Anna. “Mendicant Friars and Female Pinzochere in Tuscany: From Social Marginality to Models of Sanctity.” Women and Religion in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Ed. *Daniel Bornstein and Roberto Rusconi. Trans. Margery J. Schneider. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. pp. 84–103. *Del Re, Niccolò. “Verdiana.” Bibliotheca sanctorum. 12 vols., Rome: 1961-9., XIII, col. 1023-1027. *Improta, Maria Cristina. La Chiesa di Santa Verdiana a Castelfiorentino. Castelfiorentino: Comune di Castelfiorentino, 1986. *Wieben, Corinne. "Foster-Mother of Vipers: Episcopal Conflict and the Cult of Verdiana da Castelfiorentino." Languages of Power in Italy (1300–1600). Ed. Daniel Bornstein, Laura *Gaffuri, and Brian J. Maxson. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2017. pp. 143–160. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1182]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1242]] [[Category:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:wakaapweke]] [[Category:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] eiqnozjr5a36da1v4oz9nqyt85c60zr 0 153578 1600064 1237616 2026-09-24T11:42:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vyanzo}} '''Anthony Edward Martin''' (alizaliwa 16 Desemba [[1944]]) ni mkulima kutoka Norfolk, [[Uingereza]], ambaye alimpiga [[risasi]] mwizi na kumuua [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] kwake mnamo [[Agosti]] 1999. Alikuwa na [[haki]] ya kulinda nyumba yake. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya [[watu]] walitilia shaka kwa kusema kwamba hakuwa na [[cheti]] [[Hilali|halali]] cha kumiliki  [[silaha]]. Martin alipatikana na hatia ya [[mauaji]],  na akatumikia [[kifungo]] cha [[Mwaka|miaka]] mitatu, baada ya kunyimwa [[msamaha]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1944|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] mpp36kvpy3r9kvs2j1rl37hace2m865 0 155455 1600129 1510770 2026-09-24T11:50:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deborah Gardner''' alikuwa mfanyakazi wa kujitolea wa [[Marekani]] wa [[Peace Corps]] ambaye aliuawa na [[mfanyakazi]] mwingine wa kujitolea, Dennis Priven ndani ya [[kisiwa]] cha [[Tonga]] mnamo mwaka [[1976]].Usimamiaji wa kesi ya Priven ulileta mtafaruku ndani ya [[Peace Corps]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120423034810/http://www.taimionline.com/articles/1042 "New Cabinet lineup: 1 woman, 2 Demo Party members, 2 nobles"]}}, Taimi Media Network, December 30, 2010</ref><ref name="blumenthal">Les Blumenthal. [http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2032762.html Prosecutors reject second trial in slaying of Peace Corps volunteer] {{Wayback|url=http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2032762.html |date=20250115050141 }}, ''The News Tribune'' (reproduction on PeaceCorpsOnline), June 18, 2005.</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Deborah Gardner alikua mhitimu wa [[Chuo Kikuu|chuo kikuu]] cha [[Washington]] pindi alipojiunga na Peace Corps. Baada ya kumaliza mafunzo alipewa jukumu la kufundisha masomo ya [[Sayansi|sayans]]<nowiki/>i na [[uchumi]] katika shule huko [[Nuku'alofa]], [[Makao makuu]] ya mji wa [[Tonga]]. Huko ndipo alipokutana na Dennis Priven, aliyekuwa anajitolea katika Peace Corps pindi alipowasili huko Tonga mwaka uliopita.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Dennis Priven Obituary - Forest Hills, NY|url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/forest-hills-ny/dennis-priven-11243924|access-date=2024-12-29|website=Dignity Memorial|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="weiss">Philip Weiss.[http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2032824.html "American Taboo: A Peace Corps Tragedy,"] {{Wayback|url=http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2032824.html |date=20251008072251 }} PeaceCorpsOnline.org, June 20, 2005.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041025024821/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/22/48hours/main650833.shtml ''48 Hours Mystery'']</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] pa846qqtaao4anx4dfs9bjuv2m63bpi 0 157842 1599663 1245236 2026-09-23T19:00:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tshwane Suns''' ni timu ya mpira waa kikapu inayopatikana [[Tshwane]], Afrika Kusini. Timu ilishiriki katika mashindano ya [[Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Kikapu]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Boroughs|first=Don|title=Basketball (And The NBA) Try To Find Fans In South Africa|date=2015-08-03|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/08/03/429023380/basketball-and-the-nba-try-to-find-fans-in-south-africa|work=NPR|language=en|access-date=2022-09-02}}</ref> == Uwanja == Kama ilivyo kwa timu nyingine za [[Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Kikapu]].<ref name=":0" /> Suns wanacheza michezo yao katika viwanja vya [[Wembley]] vilivyopo [[Gauteng|Stafford, Gauteng]], katika mji wa [[Johannesburg]] [[Metropolitani]] Municipality, uwanja wa zamani wa barafu ambao huchukua hadi wageni 3,000.<ref name=":0" /> == Wachezaji Mashuhuri == - Awe na historia na mchango katika maendeleo ya clabu au awe na tuzo binafsi kama mchezaji maarufu. - Awe angalau ameshacheza mechi za kimataifa akiwa katika timu yake ya kawaida == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Timu za NBA]] [[Jamii:Michezo]] 99epqi3ps7r1wl0jqmsdo3sxo4q2fpz 0 158681 1600092 1595244 2026-09-24T11:45:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina =Michael A. Bender |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa =mwanasayansi wa kompyuta wa Marekani |kazi_yake =Mwanasayansi |nchi =Marekani }} '''Michael A. Bender''' ni mwanasayansi wa kompyuta wa Marekani, anayejulikana kwa kazi yake katika algoriti zisizosahaulika, miundo ya chini kabisa ya data ya babu, kuratibu (kompyuta) na michezo ya kokoto. Yeye ni David R. Smith Profesa Msomi Mkuu wa sayansi ya kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stony Brook, <ref>[https://www.cs.stonybrook.edu/people/faculty/MichaelBender] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.stonybrook.edu/people/faculty/MichaelBender |date=20220925023350 }}, Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, retrieved 2021-12-23.</ref> na mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya kuanzisha teknolojia ya uhifadhi Tokutek. <ref name="odbms">{{Citation|title=Tokutek Founders to Speak at Big Data Techcon San Francisco|date=October 14, 2014|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/tokutek-founders-speak-big-data-130000335.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANqmz25yF-YafWfNwI9rvyoaaGiMtmQOesomZjj_tIZwmnJPEqyTnfshcahzHPuV3BbpkPNFxYv_RuTqLpOhJYX6t-uk20b5ZlBI0oCL2z1YLDom3iv2V4wa31vruDEDgmkdH98eJ0WD2YCZXFA2oRB6YpIlYj7abkJ-zU9xthxK|periodical=Market Wired|access-date=2022-09-14|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223201258/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/tokutek-founders-speak-big-data-130000335.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANqmz25yF-YafWfNwI9rvyoaaGiMtmQOesomZjj_tIZwmnJPEqyTnfshcahzHPuV3BbpkPNFxYv_RuTqLpOhJYX6t-uk20b5ZlBI0oCL2z1YLDom3iv2V4wa31vruDEDgmkdH98eJ0WD2YCZXFA2oRB6YpIlYj7abkJ-zU9xthxK|url-status=dead}}.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Bender alipata PhD yake katika [[Sayansi ya tarakilishi|sayansi ya kompyuta]] mwaka wa 1998 kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=106329|title=Michael Bender - The Mathematics Genealogy Project|work=www.mathgenealogy.org}}</ref> chini ya usimamizi wa Michael O. Rabin. [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] fn8zp3i2lbpb7sgvzf63xv1s1uvmh7f 0 158682 1599512 1349174 2026-09-23T18:26:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Paul Benioff profile picture with glasses.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Paul Benioff]] '''Paul Anthony Benioff''' <ref>Date of birth and career information from ''American Men and Women of Science'', Thomson Gale 2004</ref> (Mei 1, 1930&nbsp;- Machi 29, 2022) alikuwa [[Fizikia|mwanafizikia]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alisaidia upainia fani ya kompyuta ya quantum. Benioff alijulikana zaidi kwa utafiti wake katika nadharia ya habari ya quantum wakati wa miaka ya 1970 na 80 ambao ulionyesha uwezekano wa kinadharia wa kompyuta za quantum kwa kuelezea muundo wa kwanza wa quantum wa kompyuta. Katika kazi hii, Benioff alionyesha kuwa kompyuta inaweza kufanya kazi chini ya sheria za quantum mechanics kwa kuelezea maelezo ya mlinganyo wa Schrödinger ya mashine za Turing. Kazi ya Benioff katika nadharia ya taarifa ya kiasi ilijumuisha kompyuta za kiasi, roboti za kiasi, na uhusiano kati ya misingi katika mantiki, hesabu na fizikia. {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] 3sff1e896ac6nhmy2kymplaelh5yk7f 0 158687 1599623 1519724 2026-09-23T18:51:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina =Marsha Berger |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =1953 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwanasayansi wa kompyuta wa marekani |nchi =Marekani }} '''Marsha J. Berger''' (amezaliwa 1953) ni mwanasayansi wa kompyuta wa Marekani. Maeneo yake ya utafiti ni pamoja [[Uchambuzi namba|na uchanganuzi wa nambari]], mienendo ya maji ya kukokotoa, na utendakazi wa juu wa kompyuta sambamba. Yeye ni Profesa wa Fedha wa Sayansi ya Kompyuta na Hisabati katika Taasisi ya Courant ya Sayansi ya Hisabati ya Chuo Kikuu cha New York. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Marsha Berger Department of Mathematics|url=https://math.nyu.edu/people/profiles/BERGER_Marsha.html|accessdate=2020-10-27|work=math.nyu.edu}}</ref> Berger alichaguliwa katika Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Uhandisi mnamo 2005 kwa kuunda algoriti za uboreshaji wa matundu na programu ambazo zina matumizi ya hali ya juu ya uhandisi, haswa uchanganuzi wa ndege na vyombo vya angani. == Elimu == Berger alipokea digrii yake ya BS katika hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la New York katika Chuo cha Binghamton-Harpur mnamo 1974. Aliendelea kupokea MS na Ph.D katika sayansi ya kompyuta kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] mnamo 1978 na 1982, mtawalia. <ref name="Wayne">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX1760500091&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=8b8d361d5444db0c398ba71ae4e31f36|title=American Women of Science since 1900|last=Wayne|first=Tiffany K.|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=235–236}}</ref> {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] 4o5gsaimubgo1p68237hgyeqa54roql 0 158857 1599306 1248956 2026-09-23T13:06:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Ouémé]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 75,313 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Ouémé]] kiiqsz96bh0x8pglav9nodeu4umrjpb 0 158863 1599839 1562432 2026-09-24T04:53:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Borgou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 35,513 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Borgou]] sovgyhfhihlmoqkdlkk3gm8pal0lp98 0 158866 1599708 1248977 2026-09-23T20:00:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Atlantique (Benin)|Atlantique]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 253,262 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Atlantique]] ii97naen29xwp14impoi8ya5siipwnj 0 158881 1599846 1570228 2026-09-24T05:08:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Alibori]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 56,043 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Alibori]] kpk3505plz0yl3z40mpgebq3s06kbbp 0 158886 1599981 1571931 2026-09-24T09:41:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Atakora]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 54,276 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Atakora]] tcga7c8ondpyyu1erohczk87j5plws5 0 158889 1599961 1562867 2026-09-24T09:07:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Atakora]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 27,197 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Atakora]] 1ltxtfvvjt9jf92lr25i8sq05dxpb42 0 158954 1599982 1569586 2026-09-24T09:41:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Plateau (Benin)|Plateau]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 39,626 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Plateau (Benin)]] p3p3t0tdefx5rfppb4hg1cjcoyfdxma 0 158955 1599755 1569808 2026-09-23T23:23:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Plateau (Benin)|Plateau]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 31,984 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Plateau (Benin)]] 2ll7d549ny7bimxchfq1d3i96i86ig5 0 158956 1600046 1556329 2026-09-24T11:37:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Mono (Benin)|Mono]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 47,246 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Mono]] tlahjlnzm4qx6ivy44z1ig1h9zqs4yy 0 159050 1599568 1262099 2026-09-23T18:41:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dk. Ashok Agrawala''' ni [[Profesa]] wa Idara ya [[Sayansi]] na [[Kompyuta]] katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Maryland]] katika [[College Park]] na piya ni [[Mkurugenzi]] wa [[Maabara]] la [[Taarifa]] na Mienendo ya Mtandao ya Maryland (MIND). nayeye ndiyo [[mwandishi]] wa [[vitabu]] saba na zaidi ya machapisho mia mbili yaliyopitiwa na kundi lawatu. Glenn Ricart na Ashok Agrawala walitengeneza Algorithm ya Ricart-Agrawala. Algorithm ya Ricart-Agrawala ni kanuni ya kutengwa kwa pande zote kwenye mfumo unaosambazwa. Kanuni hii ni kiendelezi na uboreshaji wa Algorithm ya Kutengwa kwa Pamoja ya Lamport === Maisha === Agrawala alipokea B.E. na [[digrii]] za M.E katika Uhandisi wa [[Umeme]] kutoka Taasisi ya Sayansi ya [[India]], [[Bangalore]], India mnamo mwaka 1963 na hadi 1965 kwa mtiririko; mkubwa na Ph.D. digrii za Applied Hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Harvard]], [[Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]] chini ya usimamizi wa Yu-Chi Ho mwaka wa 1970. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashok Agrawala - The Mathematics Genealogy Project|url=https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=78149|work=mathgenealogy.org|accessdate=2022-09-19}}</ref> Alianza Harakati zake za kitaaluma kama mwandishi Mwandamizi wa [[Maabara]] ya Utafiti iliyotumika wa [[Honeywell]] huko [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]], [[Massachusetts]] mnamo [[1968]] na alifanikiwa kutengeneza [[mashine]] ya utambuzi wa tabia ya Optical. Alianzia taaluma yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Maryland]], [[College Park]] mnamo 1971 kama [[Profesa]] Msaidizi wa Sayansi y na Kompyuta ambapo alipandashwa cheo cha Profesa Kamili mnamo [[1982]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1347ns38qstyyybtb0bp0gykkk7kpym 0 159681 1600093 1300104 2026-09-24T11:45:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lawrence Brakmo''' ni mhandisi wa programu katika kikundi cha Kernel kwenye [[Facebook]]. Hapo awali Brakmo alikuwa mwanachama wa [[wafanyakazi]] wa kiufundi katika [[Google]]. Kabla ya hapo alikuwa mtafiti na [[meneja]] wa mradi katika NTT DoCoMo USA Labs. Hapo awali alikuwa mshirika na Maabara ya Utafiti ya Magharibi ya Shirika la Vifaa vya Dijiti / [[Compaq]] / [[Hewlett-Packard]]. Brakmo alipokea Ph.D. katika [[Sayansi ya tarakilishi|Sayansi ya Kompyuta]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Arizona, ambapo alifanya kazi kwenye mifumo ya [[Mtandao wa kompyuta|kompyuta na utafiti wa mitandao ya kompyuta]] iliyojumuisha x-Sim na TCP Vegas. Mshauri wake alikuwa Larry L. Peterson. Aliwahi kuendesha baiskeli kutoka Idaho hadi Alaska. {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] epquuq5bvq7gke31rrgecsoave0xvjo 0 161180 1600065 1412337 2026-09-24T11:42:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi =Mtu mweusi |jina =M Nex Nex I |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha =M Nex Nex I (2024) |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = [[Januari 15]], [[1999]] |alikufa = |nchi =Tanzania |kazi yake =Mwimbaji |ndoa =[[Hajaoa]] |wazazi =[[Shukuru Nehemiah Senyagwa]] na [[Tumaini Ezekiel Kuhoga]] |watoto = |tovuti rasmi =https://youtube.com/@MNexNexI?si=qDr74M6a6xRx_NBN }} '''Nehemiah Shukuru Senyagwa''' (anajulikana kwa jina la '''M Nex Nex I'''; alizaliwa Sagara, [[Wilaya ya Kongwa]], [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]], [[Januari 15]], [[1999]]) ni msanii, mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Tanzania]]. M Nex Nex I ameanza kuonyesha Kipaji chake akiwa na Umri wa Miaka 10 ambapo dada yake anaejulikana Kama Jemima pamoja na Mama mzazi wa M Nex Nex I walikuwa Watu wa Kwanza kugundua Kipaji na uwezo mkubwa aliokuwa nao katika kutunga mashairi na kuyaimba katika mfumo wa Hip hop. Jemima, dada yake, alimsaidia M Nex Nex I kuandika Mashairi ya wasanii wa kubwa na Maarufu Nchini Tanzania ili aweze kuyakariri na kuyaimba kwa urahisi. Alipokuwa shuleni M Nex Nex I alijiunga na Vikundi vya Kwaya pamoja na wanafunzi wenzake na kushirikishwa katika Matamasha mbalimbali ya kidini pamoja na sherehe mbalimbali zilizokuwa zikifanyika shuleni hapo. Alipomaliza elimu ya Sekondari, M Nex Nex I alielekea Jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] ambako huko alikutana na Baadhi ya wasanii pamoja na wazalishaji wa Muziki ambao walimshauri namna ya kukuza Kipaji chake Cha Muziki. Mnamo Aprili 2020 M Nex Nex I alifanikiwa kurekodi wimbo wake wa Kwanza alioupa jina la [[Come Now]] lenye maana ya (Njoo Sasa hivi) kwa tafsiri ya lugha ya kiswahili. Juni, 2021 M Nex Nex I aliingia studio na kurekodi wimbo wa pili uliokwenda kwa jina [[Sio Poa]] ulioimbwa na [[Kenny Son]] ambapo alisimama Kama Msanii wa kushirikishwa. Wimbo huo uliandaliwa na Nayzer Touch chini ya studio za [[GM Records]] ambako ndiko ulipofanyika wimbo wa Kwanza wa M Nex Nex I - [[Come Now]]. Baada ya kuachia wimbo huo M Nex Nex I akaanza kupata mialiko ya mahojiano katika vyombo vya habari mbalimbali hususani ndani ya Mkoa wa Dodoma Kama vile [[A fm radio 92.9 ]], [[Dodoma Fm 98.4]] n.k. Februali, 2022 M Nex Nex I akiwa ameshajiunga na elimu ya juu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma]] ([[UDOM]]) akisomea shahada ya awali ya Sanaa ya Habari na Mahusiano Ya Umma, aliachia wimbo wake wa pili uliokwenda kwa jina la [[My Valentine]] aliomshirikisha Msanii wa hip hop [[Benchar Mc]]. Wimbo huu ulimpa nafasi kubwa ya kuongeza idadi ya mashabiki na wafuasi wa Muziki wake ndani na nje ya chuo kikuu Cha Dodoma. Baada ya kuachia wimbo huo, M Nex Nex I alitoa nyimbo nyingine 4 ndani ya muda wa miezi miwili tu. Nyimbo hizo ni [[Nakuwaza]] aliomshirikisha Msanii na Mwimbaji wa kike anaejulikana kwa jina la [[Mamilzy]], wimbo mwingine ni [[Dream In love]] aliowashirikisha Wasanii wa Rap, ([[Ibrah Rapper na Rapper Tzee]]), Nyimbo zingine ni [[Sorry]], [[Gimme Right Now]], [[Pretty Girl]] pamoja na [[Useme]] aliomshirikisha msanii wa [[R&B]] kutoka Dodoma [[Imocy]]. ==Vipendwa== M Nex Nex I anapenda sana kusikiliza Muziki hasa Muziki wa miondoko ya [[R&B]], [[Bongo Flava]] pamoja na [[Afrobeat]]. Lakini pia M Nex Nex I anapendelea kutazama filamu mbalimbali zenye maudhui tofauti ikiwemo simulizi na Mikasa ya mapenzi pamoja na filamu za mapigano. M Nex Nex I hajawahi kabisa kutumia kilevi Cha aina yeyote hupendelea sana kunywa maji, maziwa na juisi Kwa kiasi kidogo sana. Vyakula anavyopendelea sana ni wali na samaki, wali nyama, ndizi nyama, ugali choma na ugali na mboga za asili ==Tuzo alizoshiriki== *[[UDOM AWARDS]]: 2022-2023 *[[YOUTH IN BUSINESS AWARDS]]: 2022-2023 ==Marejeo== <References/> *[https://www.lyrics.com/sub-artist/M-Nex-Nex-I/56983, Famous Lyrics by M Nex Nex I]. Ilichapishwa na Peter Frank, Julai 26, 2022, www.lyrics.com {{BD|1999|}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] pnqpgqlt4z9loswb5283aol24l9am36 0 161765 1599664 1525301 2026-09-23T19:00:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kerry Washington LF.jpg|thumb|Filamu hii inaangazia maisha yaliyojaa misukosuko ya Olivia Pope]] '''''Scandal''''' ni kipindi cha [[televisheni]] kinachorushwa kama [[filamu]] ya kusisimua na ya kisiasa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Filamu hii inaigizwa na mwigazi maarufu [[Kerry Washington]] na kuandaliwa na Shonda Rhimes. Ilionyeshwa kwenye shirika la [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] kuanzia Aprili 5, 2012, hadi Aprili 19, 2018, kwenye vipindi 124 katika misimu saba (''seasons''). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/05/17/abc-2011-12-primetime-schedule-announced/92903|title=ABC 2011–12 Primetime Schedule Announced|author=Seidman|first=Robert|work=TV by the Numbers|date=May 17, 2011|accessdate=January 10, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326093303/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/05/17/abc-2011-12-primetime-schedule-announced/92903/|archivedate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> Wasifu wa muigizaji Kerry Washington, Olivia Pope, katika filamu hii umeegemezwa sehemu kubwa kama vile ilivyokuwa kwa msaidizi wa zamani wa utawala wa [[George H. Bush]] Judy Smith, ambaye pia anahudumu kama mtayarishaji mwenza. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/dc-insider-judy-smith-is-basis-for-abc-drama-scandal/2012/03/29/gIQAbT8JlS_story.html|title=ABC bases 'Scandal' on D.C. insider Judy Smith|last=Tucker|first=Neely|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> Filamu hii kubwa ya kusisimua inachukua hadhira ya mji mkuu wa Marekani [[Washington, D.C.]] na kuangalizia sana kampuni ya Olivia Pope ya kudhibiti na kutoa huduma ya utatuzi wa matatizo mbalimbali ya kijamii hususani ya kisheria, Olivia Pope & Associates (OPA), na wafanyakazi wake, pamoja na wafanyakazi katika Ikulu ya White House na eneo la kisiasa linalozunguka [[ikulu]] hiyo ya Marekani. Mbali na Kerry Washington, kipindi hicho kinamshirikisha [[Tony Goldwyn]] kama Fitzgerald Grant III, Rais wa Marekani—baadaye Raisi wa zamani—na Mpenzi wa Olivia; Darby Stanchfield kama Abby Whelan, msaidizi katika OPA (baadaye iliitwa Quinn Perkins & Associates au QPA), na pia aliyekuwa Katibu wa Vyombo vya Habari wa Ikulu ya White House na Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi; Katie Lowes kama Quinn Perkins, msaidizi wa zamani katika OPA na baadaye mkuu wa QPA; Guillermo Diaz kama Huck, wakala wa zamani wa shirika la kijasusi liitwalo B613 na msaidizi katika QPA; Jeff Perry kama Cyrus Beene, Mkuu wa zamani wa Ikulu ya White House chini ya Grant na baadaye Makamu wa Rais wa Marekani chini ya Mellie Grant; Joshua Malina kama David Rosen, [[Mwanasheria Mkuu]] wa Serikali; Bellamy Young kama Mellie Grant, mke raisi wa zamani, seneta wa zamani, na baadaye Rais wa Marekani baada ya Grant; Scott Foley kama Jake Ballard, Mkurugenzi wa NSA na mpenzi wa pili wa Olivia; Cornelius Smith Jr. kama Marcus Walker, [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za [[Raia|kiraia]], ambaye aliwahi kuwa msaidizi wa OPA na Katibu wa [[Vyombo vya habari|Vyombo vya Habari]] vya Ikulu ya White House; Joe Morton kama Eli "Rowan" Papa, baba yake Olivia na mkuu wa zamani wa B613; na George Newbern kama Charlie, wakala wa zamani wa B613 ambaye baadaye anakuwa mwanachama wa QPA. Kipindi hicho cha filamu kilikuwa Kipindi Bora cha Televisheni cha Mwaka na Taasisi ya Filamu ya Marekani, kilipokea Tuzo ya Peabody kwa Ubora katika Televisheni na kilitunukiwa sifa ya Filamu bora katika Tuzo za Picha. Washington alishinda [[NAACP Image Awards|Tuzo ya Picha]] ya Mwigizaji Bora katika Mfululizo wa filamu hii na teuliwa kwenye Tuzo za Emmy kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kina katika Mfululizo wa filamu hii, pia [[Golden Globe|Tuzo ya Golden Globe]] ya Mwigizaji Bora na [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Tuzo ya SAG]]. Kipindi hicho pia kiliweka historia wakati Kerry Washington alipoigizwa kama Olivia Pope, akawa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwafrika kuigiza tamthilia ya Kimarekani kwenye televisheni inayofuatiliwa na watu wengi marekani katika karibu miaka arobaini. == Msimu wa 1 == Msimu wa kwanza wa Scandal ilimtambulisha Olivia Pope ([[Kerry Washington]]) na wanachama mbalimbali katika kampuni yake. Aidha, ilimtambulisha Rais wa Marekani, Fitzgerald Grant III ([[Tony Goldwyn]]) na mkuu wake wa wafanyakazi Cyrus Beene ( Jeff Perry ). Msimu huu unaangazia maisha ya washiriki, uhusiano kati ya Olivia na Rais (mwajiri wake wa zamani), na siri inayozunguka ushiriki wa Amanda Tanner (Liza Weil) na Ikulu ya White House, kati ya kesi zingine ambazo timu ilikuwa imetatua. == Msimu wa 2 == Jaribio la mauaji linafanywa kwenye maisha ya Fitz, ambayo karibu kuuwawa. Matokeo yake, Sally Langston ( Kate Burton ) anachukua nafasi ya rais, kiasi cha kusikitishwa na kukerwa na Cyrus ambaye hakupenda uamuzi huo kwakuwa hali ya raisi huwenda isingepelekea kupoteza maisha. Baada ya kunusurika, Fitz anaamua kumpatia talaka mke wake, ambapo kewe Mellie ( Bellamy Young ) anajaribu kumshawishi daktari wake wa uzazi kumpa muda akiwa leba ili asipate talaka hio. Huck ( Guillermo Díaz ) anakamatwa kwa jaribio la mauaji baada ya kuingizwa katika mtego na mpenzi wake Becky (Susan Pourfar). Baada ya David ( Joshua Malina ) kumsaidia Huck kwenda huru, Huck, Olivia na [[timu]] yake kumlaghai Becky ili ajitokeze katika hospitali ambako amekamatwa. Fitz anagundua kuwa Verna ( Debra Mooney ) alikuwa nyuma ya mauaji hayo na anamuua. Katika mazishi, anafichua kwa Olivia kwamba hataki talaka kwani amevunjika moyo baada ya kujua juu ya wizi kutoka kwa Verna ambaye alikuwa ni rafiki yake wa karibu na ambaye alimsaidia sana katika kupata uraisi wake. Msimu huu unaangazia kumtafuta msaliti ambaye anavujisha habari za siri kutoka Ikulu ya Marekani. Olivia na timu wanachunguza kesi hiyo baada ya kubaini kuwa kujiua kwa Mkurugenzi wa CIA ni mauaji na yalitendeka kwa kumtishia mkurugenzi huyo hadi kujiuwa. Olivia anapata kujuana na Kapteni Jake Ballard ( Scott Foley ), ambaye anafanya kazi na kiongozi wa B613, Rowan ( Joe Morton ), ambaye anaamuru Jake kuwa karibu na Olivia. Mwishoni mwa msimu, Mellie anampa Fitz hati ya mwisho na kwamba atakuwa mwaminifu, na anaenda kwenye runinga ya kitaifa na kufichua uchumba wa Fitz na Olivia. Fitz anamchagua Olivia, jambo ambalo linamfanya Mellie afichue jambo hilo. Fitz atangaza kampeni yake ya kuchaguliwa tena. Wakati Olivia na timu wanaendelea kuchunguza msaliti ni nani, Huck anafanikiwa kumkamata Charlie ( George Newbern ), ambaye anafichua utambulisho wa kama msaliti: Billy Chambers ( Matt Letscher ),Waligundua kuwa Billy anafanya kazi na David, ambaye anaiba kadi ya Cytron, lakini anamtengenezea Billy na kumpa Cyrus kadi hiyo ili kurejeshwa kama Mwanasheria wa Marekani. Mwishowe, jina la Olivia linavuja kwa waandishi wa habari kama mchepuko wa raisi Fitz, na inafichuliwa kuwa Rowan ndiye baba yake Olivia. == Msimu wa 3 == Baada ya jina la Olivia kujulikana na waandishi wa habari kuwa ndiye [[mwanamke]] mchepuko wa Raisi fitz kampuni ya ''Olivia Pope & Associates'' ikapitia kipindi kigumu kupata kazi kutoka kwa wateja wao na hivyo kupitia hali mbaya kifedha. Kampuni inaanza kuchukuwa [[Mteja|wateja]] wapya kabisa tofauti na wale wa zamani ilikuweza kulipia kodi. Rowan anazidi kuingia na kujihusisha na maisha ya Olivia,ambacho kitendo hicho kinaleta madhara kwenye [[maisha]] ya Olovia,na kupelekea Huck na Jake kuanza upelelezi wa shirika la siri la B613.Waligundua kuwa katika tukio la kijeshi lilioitwa “Operesheni Remington”,Fitz aliidungua [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] ya abiria huko Iceland huku mama yake Olivia akiwa ni mmoja wapo wa wahanga 300 katika tukio hilo. Kuzidi kufatila ukweli wa tukio hilo,walikuja kugundua kuwa mmoja ya [[abiria]] aliyetakiwa kupanda ndege hio alishushwa kabla ya ndege hio kuondoka. Quinn (Katie Lowes) akaanza kuzidi kuwa karibu na Charlie,mpaka kuanguka katika mtego wa kumuuwa mlinzi mmoja ambaye ndiye alikuwa ahusike katika ushahidi wa abiria gani aliye shushwa katika ndege ile kabla ya kuondoka. Kutokana na tukio hilo alilolifanya Quinn la mauaji Huck anamteka na kumtesa na hivyo kuondoka katika kampuni yao. Huku Fitz akikumbana na tatizo kutoka kwa kiongozi Josephine "Josie" Marcus (Lisa Kudrow) amabaye amechukua nafasi ya kugombea akikinzana na Seneta Samuel Reston (Tom Amandes) akitumia mgongo wa chama cha demokrati huku kuwania nafasi ya Raisi wa marekani na kuwa raisi wa kwanza wa kike kuwahi kutokea. Cyrus akijaribu kadiri ya uwezo wake kutafuta machafu ya Marcus ilikuharibu [[Kampeni ya kisiasa|kampeni]] zake,lakini alishindwa. Baada ya Olivia kutambua kuwa Fitz alihusika katika tukio la kuishambulia ndege ya [[Abiria|abiri]]<nowiki/>a,ameamua kujitoa kuwa kama kampeni meneja katika kampeni zake za [[Rais wa Marekani|uraisi]] na kuamua kuwa meneja wa Josephine Marcus' == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2012]] 8fpx4ut8v3f84uklbclviqkza4yse97 0 163041 1599933 1347294 2026-09-24T08:16:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisranan''' ('''Sranan Tongo''', yaani '''Suriname Tongue''' kwa [[Kiingereza]]) ni [[krioli]] ya Kiingereza inayotumika nchini [[Surinam]] na watu 520,000 hivi ([[2018]]). ==Viungo vya nje== * Kamusi ** [http://www.sil.org/americas/suriname/sranan/National/SrananNLDictIndex.html SIL International “Sranan wortubuku, Sranan-Nederlands interaktief woordenboek” (Sranan-Dutch interactive dictionary)] ** [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sranan_Swadesh_list Sranan Tongo Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix]) ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129200555/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Sranan-english/ Webster's Sranan-English Online Dictionary] ** [http://www.suriname-languages.sil.org/Sranan/STEng.pdf SIL International “Sranan Tongo – English Dictionary”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.suriname-languages.sil.org/Sranan/STEng.pdf |date=20201130125539 }} (PDF format) * Sarufi ** [http://www.verbix.com/languages/sranantongo.shtml Conjugate Sranantongo verbs (Verbix)] * Mengineyo ** [http://www.sil.org/americas/suriname/sranan/English/SrananEngLLIndex.html "Sranan Tongo Interactive Library": Sranan texts with a bilingual interactive dictionary] ** [http://www.uni-siegen.de/~engspra/Papers/Creole/braun-plag.pdf How Transparent is Creole Morphology? A Study of Early Sranan Word Formation (30 p., Braun & Plag, 2002)] (PDF format) ** [https://dbnl.org/tekst/aren012synt01_01/aren012synt01_01.pdf Syntactic Developments in Sranan (408 p., Arends, 1989)] (PDF format) * Kujifunza ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmVFzVUAr88 Words of Life: Sranang Tongo talk (audio)] (YouTube) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mkbB2F4KVE “Mama Sranan” - ''Mother Suriname'', a song in Sranantongo (with subtitled translation) by Steven Akkrum & Da Originals] (YouTube) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325174742/https://itunes.apple.com/nl/podcast/sranan-tongo-bible/id349483793 The New Testament in Sranan for iTunes] {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Surinam]] [[Jamii:Krioli]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]] 9jt409u2vypbd85q35ex2r057aooy2y 0 164279 1600066 1267020 2026-09-24T11:42:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Aleksander Aamodt Kilde''' (amezaliwa [[21 Septemba]] [[1992]]) ni mkimbiaji wa ski ya Alpine wa Kombe la Dunia la Norway. Ameshindana katika matukio manne kwa lengo kuu la shindano la super-G na Mchezo wa kuteleza kwenye theluji. Kilde anatoka Bærum na anawakilisha klabu ya michezo ya Lommedalens IL. . == Maisha ya awali == Ingawa jina lake la kati linatokana na jina la mama yake la kwanza, yeye hana uhusiano na mwanariadha mwenzake wa Alpine wa Norway Kjetil André Aamodt. Kilde amekuwa kwenye uhusiano na mwanariadha wa Marekani wa skier na mshindi mwenzake wa jumla wa Kombe la Dunia Mikaela Shiffrin tangu mapema 2021. == kazi == Kilde alikua bingwa wa dunia wa vijana katika slalom kubwa mnamo [[2013]] huko Mont-Sainte-Anne, Quebec, Kanada, <ref>[http://www.vg.no/sport/ski/alpint/artikkel.php?artid=10107874 Aamodt Kilde tok storslalåm-gull i junior-VM] [[Verdens Gang|VG]].</ref> na kushinda taji la Kombe la Uropa msimu huo. Pia alimaliza wa pili katika Super-G kwenye michuano ya kitaifa ya Norway, akiweka muda wa 0.11 wa sekunde nyuma ya mshindi Aksel Lund Svindal. Alianza Kombe la Dunia kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo Oktoba 2012 na ameshindana kwenye mzunguko tangu msimu wa 2014 . <ref>[http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/athlete-biography.html?sector=AL&listid=&competitorid=137380&type=result KILDE Aleksander Aamodt] FIS.</ref>Kilde aliiwakilisha Norway katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya baridi ya 2014 huko [[Sochi]], Urusi, <ref>[http://www.tv2.no/2014/01/20/sport/sotsji/ol/vintersport/5167636#.UubM8LSUkl1 Her er Norges OL-tropp til Sotsji] TV2.</ref> na alikuwa wa 13 katika Super-G huko Rosa Khutor, lakini hakumaliza katika Mchezo wa kuteleza kwenye theluji kwenye Olimpiki ya Majira ya baridi, ambapo alishika nafasi ya nne katika sehemu ya kuteremka ya mchanganyiko. Alipata kwa mara ya kwanza Kombe la Dunia katika super-G huko Val Gardena mnamo Desemba [[2015]]. Ilikuwa nafasi ya tatu katika kwa Norway, akitanguliwa na wachezaji wenzake Aksel Lund Svindal na Kjetil Jansrud. Kilde alishinda taji la jumla la Kombe la Dunia la 2019-20, baada ya kustaafu kwa Marcel Hirscher mara nane mfululizo. Licha ya kushinda mbio mbili huko Val Gardena mnamo Desemba [[2020]], alishindwa kutetea taji kutokana na jeraha la kumaliza msimu mnamo Januari. Msimu uliofuata wa 2021/22, ulishuhudia Kilde akifikia idadi bora zaidi ya Tuzo ndani ya msimu mmoja, ushindi saba na nafasi mbili za pili. Alishinda globu ya Super-G kwa mara ya pili katika uchezaji wake na pia alisherehekea ulimwengu wake wa kwanza wa Kuteremka Katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 2022, Kilde alishinda medali mbili, shaba kutoka kwa Super-G na fedha ya mshangao kutoka kwa alpine zikiwa zimeunganishwa. Pia alimaliza wa tano katika mteremko. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:wanamichezo wa Norwei]] m8excfawr4kiw5qsfoz350z2v72a07z 0 164510 1599513 1511204 2026-09-23T18:26:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dounia Abdourahim 20140321.png|alt=Dounia Abdourahim nyuma kushoto de l'équipe de Toulon St-Cyr Var Handball. Machi 21, 2014|thumb|Dounia Abdourahim nyuma kushoto de l'équipe de Toulon St-Cyr Var Handball. Machi 21, 2014]] '''Dounia Abdourahim''' (amezaliwa 17 Januari [[1992]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Mpira wa mkono|mpira wa mikono]] wa [[Ufaransa]]. Anachezea klabu ya Siófok KC, na timu ya taifa la Ufaransa. Aliwakilisha Ufaransa kwenye [[Mashindano]] ya [[Dunia]] ya Mpira wa Mikono ya [[Wanawake|Wanawak]]<nowiki/>e ya 2013 huko [[Serbia]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=DOUNIA ABDOURAHIM - Career & Statistics {{!}} EHF|url=https://www.eurohandball.com/en/player/IQA-cVHQuPFOS-SCkYKpkA/dounia-abdourahim/|work=www.eurohandball.com|accessdate=2023-02-15|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] fiy5ogq5faz5x4btmrhrgwxwpbc7yop 0 167024 1599881 1516622 2026-09-24T05:45:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katriina Elovirta''' ([[15 Februari]] [[1961]] - [[19 Juni]] [[2018]]) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hs.fi/muistot/|title=Muistot|work=Helsingin Sanomat|language=fi|accessdate=16 July 2018}}</ref> alikuwa [[mchezaji]] na [[refa|mwamuzi]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kimataifa ambaye alifanya kazi tangu [[1991]] hadi [[2003]]. Alikuwa mwamuzi wa [[FIFA]] kati ya [[1995]] na 2003 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.soccerpunter.com/referees/291370-Katriina-Elovirta|title=Katriina Elovirta - Profile and Statistics - SoccerPunter.com|work=www.soccerpunter.com|language=en-US|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> Pia alifanya kazi kama meneja wa maendeleo wa Chama cha Soka cha [[Finland]] hadi kifo chake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://groupspaces.com/RefereeConnection/item/233470|title=FIFA Referees Committee 2012-2015|work=GroupSpaces|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/obituaries/newsid=2563416.html|title=Finnish football mourns Katriina Elovirta|author=UEFA.com|work=UEFA.com|language=en|accessdate=22 June 2018|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622063742/https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/obituaries/newsid=2563416.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elovirta alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 57 baada ya kuugua kwa muda mrefu. <ref name="uefa" /> == Kazi == === Kama mchezaji === Elovirta alionekana katika mechi 9 za kimataifa kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa Finland na alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya Helsinki United ambayo ilishinda taji lao la kwanza la Kombe la Wanawake la Finnish Women's Cup mwaka 1990 ambapo waliifunga FC Kontu 3-2 katika fainali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesf/fin-womcuphist.html|title=Finland - List of Women Cup Finals|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> <ref name="uefa">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/obituaries/newsid=2563416.html|title=Finnish football mourns Katriina Elovirta|author=UEFA.com|work=UEFA.com|language=en|accessdate=22 June 2018|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622063742/https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/obituaries/newsid=2563416.html|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUEFA.com">UEFA.com. [https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/obituaries/newsid=2563416.html "Finnish football mourns Katriina Elovirta"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/obituaries/newsid=2563416.html |date=20180622063742 }}. ''UEFA.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Kama mwamuzi === Elovirta alianza kuwa mwamuzi mwaka 1991 baada ya kustaafu kucheza soka la kimataifa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/referee_summary/katriina-elovirta/|title=Katriina Elovirta - Matches as referee|work=worldfootball.net|language=en-GB|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa mwamuzi katika michuano mingi ya soka ya wanawake ikiwa pamoja na Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la Wanawake 1999, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la Wanawake 2003, UEFA Women's Euro 1997, UEFA Women's Euro 2001 na 2001-02 UEFA Women's Cup . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/referee_summary/katriina-elovirta/3/1/frauen-wm-2003-usa/|title=Katriina Elovirta - World Cup 2003 USA|work=worldfootball.net|language=en-GB|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=1999/m=7/news=wwc99-elovirta-and-denoncourt-referee-semi-finals-70954.html|title=WWC99: Elovirta and Denoncourt to referee semi-finals|language=en-GB|accessdate=2023-04-02|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624093004/https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=1999/m=7/news=wwc99-elovirta-and-denoncourt-referee-semi-finals-70954.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/15/six-u-s-soccer-referees-named-to-work-at-the-fifa-womens-world-cup-usa-2003|title=Six U.S. Soccer Referees Named to Work at the FIFA Women's World Cup USA 2003|work=www.ussoccer.com|language=en|accessdate=24 June 2018}}</ref> Pia alichezesha mechi katika Fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake 1999 na Fainali ya Kombe la Wanawake la UEFA 2002 . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/referees/frauen-wm-1999-usa/1/|title=Women World Cup 1999 USA - Referees|work=worldfootball.net|language=en-GB|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> Mnamo 2005, aliteuliwa kama mmoja wa wakufunzi 5 wanawake kama sehemu ya kikundi cha kiufundi cha FIFA. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://theref.online/history-womans-refereeing/|title=The history of women's refereeing - The Ref Online|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-04-02|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624063949/https://theref.online/history-womans-refereeing/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Ufini]] tpqncy6i5lwu6lf7n0yie98rlay6rim 0 168025 1600094 1513217 2026-09-24T11:46:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William De White''' (amezaliwa Septemba 4, [[1951]]), anajulikana zaidi kama '''Guy Juke''', ni msanii wa picha na [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Austin, Texas]]. Kama msanii wa mabango aliunda na kuchora jengo la klabu ya usiku na alikuwa mmoja wa kikundi cha sana cha 'Armadillo Art Squad'. Mara nyingi kazi zake hutokea katika aina ya [[kivuli]] na katika pembe tofauti tofauti,ambazo nyingi huvutia filamu za kutisha na za mawindo na pia [[katuni]] == Maisha binafsi == Guy Juke alizaliwa huko San Angelo, [[Texas]] mnamo Septemba 4, 1951. Mapema baba yake alitambua talanta ama kipaje chake cha asili cha usanii.Akamtia moyo kwa kumpa masomo ya sanaa. <ref name="awhq">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.awhq.com/juke/|title=GUY JUKE|publisher=ARMADILLO WORLD HEADQUARTERS|accessdate=August 11, 2020|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129230937/https://www.awhq.com/juke/}}</ref> Juke aliachana na mafunzo yake rasmi ya sanaa na kujiunga na jumuiya katika mji wake. <ref name="a2atx">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Austin to ATX|last=Patoski|first=Joe Nick|date=23 January 2019|publisher=Texas A&M Press|isbn=9781623497033|page=59}}</ref> Baada ya kuhamia Austin mwishoni mwa 1972 alikuja kujulikana kwa jina la Guy Juke. Juke (De White) alifunga [[ndoa]] na Doris Eleanor Bickley (kutoka Corpus Cristi) Januari 1985. Bickley, pia ni msanii kuoka Austin, alifanya kazi hasa katika sanaa ya uchoraji. Studio mbili za ghorofa za juu zilizokodishwa kwenye ghorofa ya juu ya duka la rejareja la Half Price Books ambapo jengo zima lilikuwa na wasanii, mafundi, [[wachezaji]] na [[wanamuziki]]. Juke baadaye alimuoa na mwanamuziki kutokz Austin Jo Carol Pierce. Walianza uhusiano wao mwaka wa 1990 wakati wakifanya kazi kwenye tamasha liitwalo "The Wedding at the End of the World". Alikuwa akichangia sanaa na alikuwa akiandika pia kwenye onyesho hilo. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Bad Girls Get Old|url=https://features.texasmonthly.com/editorial/bad-girls-get-old/|accessdate=August 8, 2020|archive-date=2022-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214104004/https://features.texasmonthly.com/editorial/bad-girls-get-old/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 8l2vm4rp9wwcp2css1p99lhikerup68 0 168939 1599486 1466343 2026-09-23T18:23:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alchemy of Souls,''' ni kipindi cha televisheni kutoka nchini [[Korea Kusini]] kilichohusisha waigizaji kama Lee Jae-wook, Jung So-min, Go Youn-jung, na Hwang Min-hyun. <ref name="Lead2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=009&aid=0004929478| title = '환혼', 이재욱·정소민·황민현·신승호 대세 배우 출연 확정|author=Lee Da-gyeom|publisher=Maeil Business Newspaper| date = Machi 3, 2022|accessdate=March 3, 2022|language=ko|archivedate=March 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303234327/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=009&aid=0004929478}}</ref> Tamthilia hii Imeandikwa na Hong sisters, inahusisha wachawi wanaoshughulika na mbingu na dunia. <ref name="SCMP2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/k-pop/k-drama/article/3182459/netflix-k-drama-alchemy-souls-jung-so-min-lee-jae-wook-cgi| title = Netflix K-drama Alchemy of Souls: Jung So-min, Lee Jae-wook in CGI-heavy fantasy action romance that offers a magical mix of genres|author=Pierce Conran|publisher=South China Morning Post| date = Juni 21, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622033604/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/k-pop/k-drama/article/3182459/netflix-k-drama-alchemy-souls-jung-so-min-lee-jae-wook-cgi|archivedate=June 22, 2022|accessdate=July 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Filming2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hancinema.net/soul-marriage-cancels-shooting-staff-confirmed-with-covid-19-154708.html| title = "Soul Marriage" Cancels Shooting, Staff Confirmed With COVID-19|work=HanCinema|publisher=The Fact| date = Oktoba 7, 2021|accessdate=March 3, 2022|archivedate=March 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303233628/https://www.hancinema.net/soul-marriage-cancels-shooting-staff-confirmed-with-covid-19-154708.html}}</ref> Ilianza kuonyeshwa mnamo tarehe Juni 18, 2022 hadi Januari 8, 2023, katika siku ya Jumamosi na Jumapili kwenye [[tvN]] saa. <ref name="Premiere2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000979827|author=Hong Se-young| title = "정소민 색다른 매력 발견하게 될 것" (환혼)|publisher=Sports DongA| date = Mei 13, 2022|accessdate=May 13, 2022|language=ko|archivedate=May 13, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513015828/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000979827}}</ref> Inapatikana pia kwenye TVING na [[Netflix]] katika baadhi ya maeneo. <ref name="Streaming2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220615000732| title = 'Alchemy of Souls' promises to entertain with hybrid genre, unique setting|author=Lee Si-jin|work=The Korea Herald|publisher=Herald Corporation| date = Juni 15, 2022|accessdate=June 16, 2022|archivedate=June 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615200751/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220615000732}}</ref> Tamthilia hii iligawanyika katika sehemu mbili: Sehemu ya Kwanza ilionyeshwa kuanzia Juni 18 hadi Agosti 28, 2022 ikiwa na vipindi 20, <ref name="Part 1 Finale">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=079&aid=0003679498| title = 이재욱×정소민 '케미' 활극…'환혼' 파트1이 남긴 3가지|author=Yoo Won-jeong|publisher=No Cut News| date = Agosti 29, 2022|accessdate=August 29, 2022|language=ko|archivedate=August 31, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831063041/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=079&aid=0003679498}}</ref> huku Sehemu ya Pili ( ''Alchemy of Souls: Light and Shadow'' ) ilirushwa hewani kuanzia Desemba. 10, 2022 hadi Januari 8, 2023 ikiwa na vipindi 10. <ref name="Female lead">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001514103|author=Choi Hee-jae| title = tvN 측 "'환혼' 파트2, 12월 10일 첫 방송" [공식입장]|publisher=Xports News| date = Oktoba 19, 2022|accessdate=October 19, 2022|language=ko|archivedate=October 19, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019075216/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001514103}}</ref> <ref name="End date">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001544226|author=Hwang Su-yeon| title = '환혼2' 이재욱♥고윤정 해피엔딩…완벽한 결말로 이뤄낸 유종의 미 [엑's 이슈]|publisher=Xports News| date = Januari 9, 2023|accessdate=January 11, 2023|language=ko|archivedate=January 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111061708/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001544226}}</ref> == Muhtasari == === Sehemu ya Kwanza === Imeigizwa katika nchi ya kufikirika iitwayo Daeho, ikihusisha mapenzi, upendo na ukuaji mamajusi wachanga wanaojitahidi kushindana na hatima zao potofu kutokana na uchawi uliokatazwa unaojulikana kama "alchemy of souls", uchawi huo unahusisha kubadili roho katika miili ya binadamu. <ref name="SCMP">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/k-pop/k-drama/article/3182459/netflix-k-drama-alchemy-souls-jung-so-min-lee-jae-wook-cgi| title = Netflix K-drama Alchemy of Souls: Jung So-min, Lee Jae-wook in CGI-heavy fantasy action romance that offers a magical mix of genres|author=Pierce Conran|publisher=South China Morning Post| date = Juni 21, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622033604/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/k-pop/k-drama/article/3182459/netflix-k-drama-alchemy-souls-jung-so-min-lee-jae-wook-cgi|archivedate=June 22, 2022|accessdate=July 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=020&aid=0003328571| title = 아이디어 떠오르면 자다가도 벌떡… 새 작품은 젊은 술사들의 사랑 다룬 판타지 사극|author=Lee Ho-jae|publisher=DongA Ilbo| date = Desemba 26, 2020|accessdate=March 3, 2022|language=ko|archivedate=March 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303233657/https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=020&aid=0003328571}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/07/18/entertainment/television/CELEB-Jung-Somin-Alchemy-of-Souls/20220718131151961.html|author=Lee Jae-lim| title = [CELEB] Jung So-min's portrayal of youth is breath of fresh air|work=Korea JoongAng Daily| date = Julai 18, 2022|accessdate=September 8, 2022|archivedate=September 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904114433/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/07/18/entertainment/television/CELEB-Jung-Somin-Alchemy-of-Souls/20220718131151961.html}}</ref> Pia inahusisha historia ya shujaa wa kike ajulikanae kama Nak-su ambaye roho yake aliibadilisha katika mwili dhaifu wa Mu-deok kwa bahati mbaya. Nak-su anajichanganya na Jang Uk ambaye anatoka katika familia yenye hadhi, na anakua mtumishi na [[mwalimu]] wa Jang Uk, na kumfundisha Jang Uk ujuzi wa kichawi wake huku wote wawili wakipendana. <ref name="Streaming">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220615000732| title = 'Alchemy of Souls' promises to entertain with hybrid genre, unique setting|author=Lee Si-jin|work=The Korea Herald|publisher=Herald Corporation| date = Juni 15, 2022|accessdate=June 16, 2022|archivedate=June 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615200751/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220615000732}}</ref> <ref name="Synopsis">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/07/18/entertainment/television/CELEB-Jung-Somin-Alchemy-of-Souls/20220718131151961.html|author=Lee Jae-lim| title = [CELEB] Jung So-min's portrayal of youth is breath of fresh air|work=Korea JoongAng Daily| date = Julai 18, 2022|accessdate=September 8, 2022|archivedate=September 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904114433/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/07/18/entertainment/television/CELEB-Jung-Somin-Alchemy-of-Souls/20220718131151961.html}}</ref> === Sehemu ya Pili === Hii inaonyesha miaka baada ya mkasa uliosababisha Mu-deok ( Nak-su) kukimbia na kuua watu wasio na hatia, mkasa huo uliotengenezwa na Jin Mu. Jang Uk, ambaye alirudi kutoka kwa wafu kutokana na Jiwe la Barafu lenye nguvu ndani ya mwili wake, anakuwa mwindaji mkatili wa watu wanaohamisha roho.Jung Uk anazidi kutengwa na kuogopwa na watu kutokana na nguvu zake kua nyingi kuliko mamajusi wengine katika nchi ya Daeho. Pia anakua mtu wa mawazo mengi na [[huzuni]] juu ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha mpenzi wake-Mu-deok. Kisha anakutana na mrithi wa ajabu wa Jinyowon, Jin Bu-yeon, ambaye anafanana na Nak-su. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=052&aid=0001824319| title = "갑시다 서방님"...'환혼2' 고윤정, 여주 교체 후 4개월 만 첫방(종합)|author=Gong Young-joo|publisher=YTN| date = Desemba 11, 2022|accessdate=December 18, 2022|language=ko|archivedate=December 18, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218100908/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=052&aid=0001824319}}</ref> == Marejeo == ** a Seo Yul mchanga <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&aid=0000360141|author=Kim Won-gyeom| title = 배우 문성현, FNC 전속 계약…tvN 새드라마 '환혼' 어린 서율 역 캐스팅|publisher=SpoTV News| date = Mei 19, 2022|accessdate=May 19, 2022|language=ko|archivedate=May 19, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519083354/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&aid=0000360141}}</ref> [[Jamii:vipindi vya televisheni]] [[Jamii:filamu za Korea Kusini]] 9iq2hvbmg3iv3l3himdb8h94cypokw3 0 168987 1599624 1518722 2026-09-23T18:51:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mac Thornberry portrait 116th congress.jpg|thumb|Mac Thornberry]] '''William McClellan''' " '''Mac''' " '''Thornberry''' (alizaliwa [[15 Julai]] [[1958]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa mwakilishi wa Marekani katika [[jimbo]] la 13 la [[bunge]] la [[Texas]] kuanzia [[1995]] hadi [[2021]]. <ref name="nationaljournal.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/almanac/member/494#biography|title=Mac Thornberry|work=www.nationaljournal.com|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.reporternews.com/news/big-country/reflecting-on-previous-work-with-presidential-on|title=Reflecting on previous work with presidential candidate, Thornberry stays neutral on Newt - Reporter News|accessdate=2015-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090225/http://www.reporternews.com/news/big-country/reflecting-on-previous-work-with-presidential-on|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref> Thornberry aliwakilisha chama cha Republican nchini Marekani kwa kupigiwa kura na washiriki kwa ufasaha. Wilaya aliyoongoza ilikuwa katikati ya Texas Panhandle na kwenda hadi katikati ya mpaka wa [[Oklahoma]] na [[New Mexico]]. Mnamo [[Septemba]] [[2019]], Thornberry alitangaza kwamba hatagombea tena mwaka [[2020]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Byrnes|first=Jesse|date=2020-11-03|title=Ex-Trump White House doctor Ronny Jackson wins Texas House race|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/523412-ex-trump-white-house-doctor-ronny-jackson-wins-texas-house-race|accessdate=2020-12-02|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] loaxw3nvp59phver2bx9k494sjicuog 0 169019 1599655 1512700 2026-09-23T18:59:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Genevieve Juliette Guenther''' ni [[mwandishi]] na [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Msomi wa zamani wa fasihi ya Utamaduni, <ref name="NewYorkerProfile">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/how-should-the-media-talk-about-climate-change|title=How Should the Media Talk About Climate Change?|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|date=October 17, 2020|accessdate=2022-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811084040/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/how-should-the-media-talk-about-climate-change|archivedate=August 11, 2022}}</ref> Guenther alikuwa mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa shirika la uangalizi wa vyombo vya habari lililojulikana kama ''End Climate Silence'' . <ref name="EndClimateSilenceContacts">{{Rejea tovuti|title=EndClimateSilence.org|url=https://www.endclimatesilence.org/contact-us|work=EndClimateSilence.org|accessdate=2022-12-11}}</ref> <ref name="NewYorkerProfile" /> <ref name="NatGeo">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/now-or-never-un-climate-report-urgent-takeaways|title='It's now or never': UN climate report's 4 urgent takeaways|publisher=[[National Geographic]]|date=2022-04-04|accessdate=2022-12-11|archive-date=2022-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405004055/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/now-or-never-un-climate-report-urgent-takeaways|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="NewClimatewar">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The New Climate War: The Fight to Take Back Our Planet|url=https://archive.org/details/newclimatewarfig0000mann|last=[[Michael E. Mann]]|date=2021-01-12|publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|isbn=9781541758223|page=[https://archive.org/details/newclimatewarfig0000mann/page/66 67]}}</ref> <ref name="DontLookUp">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/11/climate/dont-look-up-climate.html|title=Don't Just Watch: Team Behind 'Don't Look Up' Urges Climate Action|work=nytimes.com|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=2022-01-11|accessdate=2022-12-23}}</ref> <ref name="DWWPanic">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/16/opinion/sunday/fear-panic-climate-change-warming.html|title=Time to Panic: The planet is getting warmer in catastrophic ways. And fear may be the only thing that saves us.|author=[[David Wallace-Wells]]|work=nytimes.com|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=2019-02-16|accessdate=2022-12-23}}</ref> <ref name="FossilCash">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Universities must reject fossil fuel cash for climate research, say academics|date=2022-03-21|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/mar/21/universities-must-reject-fossil-fuel-cash-for-climate-research-say-academics|publisher=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Kwa sasa yeye ni kitovu cha ushirika katika Kituo cha [[Mazingira]] na Usanifu cha Tishman katika Shule Mpya . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.tishmancenter.org/blog/cross-post-our-house-is-on-fire-faculty-at-the-new-school-on-our-climate-emergency|title=[Cross-Post] "Our House is on Fire": Faculty at The New School on our Climate Emergency|work=tishmancenter.org|date=2019-09-24|accessdate=2022-12-11}}</ref> Kitabu chake kinachojulikana kama "''Lugha ya Siasa za Hali ya Hewa"'' kinakuja kutoka Vyombo vya habari vya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] . <ref name="NewRepublicCDR">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165996/carbon-removal-cdr-ipcc-climate-change|title=Carbon Removal Isn't the Solution to Climate Change|date=2022-04-04|accessdate=2022-12-11}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Guenther alipokea shahada yake ya kwanza kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] <ref name="amasia">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://amasia.vc/blog/interview-five-questions-with-genevieve-guenther-on-climate-communication|title=Interview: Five Questions With Genevieve Guenther on Climate Communication|work=amasia.vc|accessdate=2022-12-19|archivedate=2022-12-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223210931/https://amasia.vc/blog/interview-five-questions-with-genevieve-guenther-on-climate-communication}}</ref> na shahada ya uzamivu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley, mnamo mwaka [[2004]], katika fasihi ya Utamaduni. <ref name="NewYorkerProfile2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/how-should-the-media-talk-about-climate-change|title=How Should the Media Talk About Climate Change?|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|date=October 17, 2020|accessdate=2022-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811084040/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/how-should-the-media-talk-about-climate-change|archivedate=August 11, 2022}}</ref> ==Maisha ya kazi== Guenther alianza kazi yake kama profesa wa Kiingereza katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rochester]]. [1] Kitabu chake, "Magical Imaginations," kilichanganua kazi za Spenser, Marlowe, na Shakespeare.[1] ==Kazi inayohusiana na hali ya hewa== Guenther ameandika makala kuhusu lugha ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, utangazaji wa vyombo vya habari kuhusu mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, na vipengele vya kitamaduni vya mgogoro wa hali ya hewa. Mnamo mwaka wa 2018 alianzisha shirika la kujitolea la [[End Climate Silence]], ambalo linatetea utangazaji zaidi wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa katika vyombo vya habari, [1][2][4][3][5][6][7] na ametajwa kama shirika. "mtetezi mzuri sana wa kuwashawishi waandishi wa habari kujumuisha dharura ya hali ya hewa katika hadithi zao." [11] Guenther amejulikana kwa kusifu filamu ya [[Don't Look Up]] kuwa muhimu katika kuongeza "ufahamu kuhusu uharaka wa kutisha wa mgogoro wa hali ya hewa", [5] na kwa kubainisha kuwa teknolojia zinapatikana, angalau katika, "utafiti, maendeleo, na hatua za maandamano, za kuondoa [[kaboni]] katika uchumi, "na sera zinazofaa." [15] Guenther alikuwa Mkaguzi Mtaalam wa Ripoti ya Tathmini ya Sita ya IPCC. [10] Kitabu chake kijacho, [[The Language of Climate Politics]], kitatolewa kutoka [[Oxford University Press.]] [9] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] 4sgypnvfrmf4zoztefyj33eos2e1jj2 0 169070 1599759 1514752 2026-09-24T00:07:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irma Thomas''' (née '''Lee'''; amezaliwa [[18 Februari]] [[1941]]) <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/ihearyouknockins00hann|title=I Hear You Knockin : The Sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues|last=Jeff Hannusch|date=1985|publisher=Swallow Publications|isbn=978-0961424503|quote="I was born in Ponchatoula, Louisiana, February 18, 1941"|url-access=registration}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[New Orleans]], [[Marekani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url={{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p5638/biography |pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Irma Thomas|author=Ankeny|first=Jason|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}</ref> Thomas anaishi na kufanya kazi zake wakati mmoja na [[Aretha Franklin]] na Etta James, lakini hakuwahi kupata mafanikio ya kibiashara makubwa zaidi yao. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url={{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p5638/biography |pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Irma Thomas|author=Ankeny|first=Jason|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAnkeny">Ankeny, Jason. [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5638/biography "Biography: Irma Thomas"]. ''[[Allmusic|AllMusic]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Mnamo 2007, alishinda tuzo ya Grammy ya Albamu Bora ya Kisasa ya [[Blues]] ya ''After the Rain'', Grammy yake ya kwanza katika taaluma iliyochukua zaidi ya miaka 50 ya maisha yake. <ref">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/irma-thomas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624200628/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/irma-thomas|archivedate=June 24, 2020|title=Irma Thomas|date=May 14, 2007|work=Grammy.com|accessdate=March 4, 2023}}</ref> == Maisha na kazi == Alizaliwa na kupewa jina la Irma Lee, huko Ponchatoula, [[Louisiana]], [[Marekani]], <ref name="Larkin">{{Rejea kitabu|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|date=1997|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|isbn=1-85227-745-9|editor-last=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|edition=Concise|page=[https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000unse/page/1175 1175]}}</ref> alikuwa binti wa Percy Lee, fundi wa vyuma , na Vader Lee, ambaye alifanya kazi za ndani kwenye nyumba za waajiri wake. <ref>1950 United States Federal Census, New Orleans, Orleans County, Louisiana, E.D. Number 36-504, p. 43-44</ref> Akiwa katika umri wa kati ya miaka 13 hadi 19 , aliimba pamoja na kwaya ya kanisa la [[Baptist]]. Alifanya majaribio ya Rekodi Maalum akiwa na umri wa miaka 13. Kufikia umri wa miaka 19, alikuwa ameolewa mara mbili na alikuwa na watoto wanne. Akihifadhi jina la mume wake wa pili wa zamani, alifanya kazi kama mhudumu huko [[New Orleans]], mara kwa mara akiimba na kiongozi wa bendi Tommy Ridgley, ambaye alimsaidia kupata mkataba wa rekodi na lebo ya eneo la Ron . Wimbo wake wa kwanza, "Don't Mess with My Man", <ref name="Larkin" /> ulitolewa mwishoni mwa mwaka wa [[1959]], na kufikia nambari 22 kwenye chati ''[[Billboard|ya]]'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|R&B]] ya Marekani. <ref name="AMG">{{Rejea tovuti|url={{AllMusic |class=artist |id=p5638/biography |pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Irma Thomas|author=Ankeny|first=Jason|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAnkeny">Ankeny, Jason. [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5638/biography "Biography: Irma Thomas"]. ''[[Allmusic|AllMusic]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> === Washawishi === * Etta James * Mahalia Jackson * Pearl Bailey * Nancy Wilson * [[Brook Benton]] * John Lee Hooker * Percy Mayfield <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sinclair|first=John|title=Irma Thomas: An Audience with the Soul Queen of New Orleans|url=http://www.bluesaccess.com/No_41/irma.html|work=Bluesaccess.com|accessdate=May 16, 2014}}</ref> == Diskografia == === Miziki isiyo katika albamu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka || A || B || Lebo na marejeo || Takwimu za chati za Marekani<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/303889/irma-thomas/chart |title=Irma Thomas – Chart history – Billboard |website=Billboard.com |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-date=2019-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629111240/https://www.billboard.com/artist/303889/irma-thomas/chart |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1959 || "Don't Mess with My Man" || "Set Me Free" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Ron 328 || No. 22 – R&B |- | 1959 || "A Good Man" || "I May Be Wrong" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Ron 330 || |- | 1961 || "Girl Needs Boy" || "Cry On" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Minit 625 || |- | 1961 || "It's Too Soon to Know" || "That's All I Ask" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Minit 633 || |- | 1962 || "Gone" || "I Done Got Over It" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Minit 642 || |- | 1962 || "It's Raining" || "I Did My Part" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Minit 653 || |- | 1962 || "Two Winters Long" || "Somebody Told Me" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Minit 660 || |- | 1963 || "Ruler of My Heart" || "Hittin' on Nothing" || style="text-align:center;| Rekodi ya Minit 666 || |- | 1963 || "For Goodness Sake" || "Whenever (Look Up)" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Bandy 368 || |- | 1963 || "Foolish Girl" || "When I Met You" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Bumba 711 || |- | 1964 || "Wish Someone Would Care" || "Breakaway" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66013 || No. 17 – [[Pop]] |- | 1964 || "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)" || "Time Is on My Side" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66041 || No. 52 – Pop |- | 1964 || "Times Have Changed" || "Moments to Remember" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66069 || No. 98 – Pop |- | 1964 || "He's My Guy" || "(I Want A) True, True Love" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66080 || No. 63 – Pop |- | 1965 || "Some Things You Never Get Used To" || "You Don't Miss a Good Thing" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66095 || |- | 1965 ||"I'm Gonna Cry Till My Tears Run Dry" || "Nobody Wants to Hear Nobody's Troubles" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66106 || |- | 1965 || "It's Starting to Get to Me Now" || "Hurt's All Gone" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66120 || |- | 1965 || "Take a Look" || "What Are You Trying to Do" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66137 || |- | 1966 || "It's a Man's-Woman's World (part 1)" || "It's a Man's-Woman's World (part 2)" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Imperial 66178 || |- | 1967 || "Somewhere Crying" || "Cheater Man" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Chess 2010 || |- | 1967 || "A Woman Will Do Wrong" || "I Gave You Everything" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Chess 2017 || |- | 1968 || "Good to Me" || "We Got Something Good" || style="text-align:center;|Chess Records 2036 || No. 42 – R&B |- | 1970 || "Save a Little Bit For Me" || "That's How I Feel About You" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Canyon 21 || |- | 1971 || "I'd Do It All Over You" || "We Won't Be in Your Way Anymore" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Canyon 31 || |- | 1972 || "Full Time Woman" || "She's Taking My Part" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Cotillion 41444 || |- | 1973 || "She'll Never Be Your Wife" || "You're the Dog" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Fungus 15119 || |- | 1973 || "In Between Tears (part 1)" || "In Between Tears (part 2)" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Fungus 15141 || |- | 1974 || "Coming from Behind (part 1)" || "Coming from Behind (part 2)" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Fungus 15353 || |- | 1977 || "Don't Blame Him" || "Breakaway" || style="text-align:center;|Maison de Soul 1012 || |- | 1978 || "Hip Shakin' Mama" || "Hittin' on Nothin'" || style="text-align:center;|Maison de Soul 1058 || |- | 1979 || "Safe With Me" || "Zero Willpower" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya RCS 1006 || |- | 1980 || "Take What You Find" || "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya RCS 1008 || |- | 1980 || "A Woman Left Lonely" || "Dance Me Down Easy" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya RCS 1010 || |- | 1981 || "Looking Back" || "Don't Stop" || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya RCS 1013 || |- | 1988 || "Mardi Gras Mambo" || "I Believe Saints Go All the Way"|| style="text-align:center;|Sound of New Orleans 10311 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~ilva/irmadisco.html |title=Irma Thomas: A discography of US singles |website=Helsinki.fi |access-date=May 16, 2014}}</ref> |- | 2013 || "For The Rest Of My Life" || "Forever Young" || style="text-align:center;|Swamp Island || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5H6eoIgjOl1Nm9lE0xIp1W |website=Open.spotify.com |title=Irma Thomas |access-date=May 12, 2020}}</ref> |} === Albamu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka || Jina || Lebo || Nukuu |- | 1979 || ''Irma Thomas Sings'' || style="text-align:center;|Bandy || Bandy/Minit |- | 1983 || ''Time Is on My Side'' || style="text-align:center;|Kent || Minit/Imperial |- | 1986 || ''Break-A-Way: The Best of Irma Thomas'' || style="text-align:center;|Legendary Masters Series (EMI-USA) || |- | 1987 || ''BreakaWay'' || style="text-align:center;|Stateside || Minit/Imperial |- | 1990 || ''Something Good: The Muscle Shoals Sessions'' || style="text-align:center;|MCA/|Chess || Rekodi ya Chess |- | 1991 || ''Safe with Me/Irma Thomas Live'' || style="text-align:center;|Paula || |- | 1992 || ''Time Is on My Side: The Best of Irma Thomas Volume 1'' || style="text-align:center;|EMI-USA || Minit/Imperial |- | 1996 || ''Ruler of Hearts'' || style="text-align:center;|Charly || Rekodi ya Minit/Bandy/Island |- | 1996 || ''Sweet Soul Queen of New Orleans: The Irma Thomas Collection'' || style="text-align:center;|Razor & Tie || Minit/Imperial |- | 1996 || ''Time Is on My Side'' || style="text-align:center;|Kent || Toleo lililoongezwa la 1983 LP |- | 2001 || ''If You Want It, Come and Get It'' || style="text-align:center;|Rounder || |- | 2005 || ''Straight from the Soul'' || style="text-align:center;|Stateside || Minit/Imperial |- | 2006 || ''A Woman's Viewpoint: The Essential 1970s Recordings'' || style="text-align:center;|Ace || Fungus/Canyon/RCS |- | 2006 || ''Wish Someone Would Care/Take a Look'' || style="text-align:center;|Collectables || Imperial |- | 2009 || ''The Soul Queen of New Orleans: 50th Anniversary Celebration'' || style="text-align:center;|Rounder || Nyimbo tatu ambazo hazijatolewa, kati ya nyimbo kumi na tano |}<ref name="auto"/> ===Washiriki walioalikwa=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! mwaka || Jina || Msanii || Lebo || Nukuu |- | 1993 || ''Blues Summit'' || B.B. King || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya MCA || Kolabo ya "We're Gonna Make It"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/blues-summit-mw0000098246 |title=Blues Summit – B.B. King – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2005 || ''I Believe to My Soul'' || Wasanii mbalimbali || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Rhino || Wakiimba "Loving Arms"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/i-believe-to-my-soul-mw0000539743 |title=I Believe to My Soul – Various Artists – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2005 || ''Our New Orleans: A Benefit Album for the Gulf Coast'' || Wasanii mbalimbali || style="text-align:center;|Elektra/Nonesuch]] || Wakiimba "Back Water Blues"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/our-new-orleans-a-benefit-album-for-the-gulf-coast-mw0000351963 |title=Our New Orleans: A Benefit Album for the Gulf Coast – Various Artists – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2006 || ''Sing Me Back Home'' || Klnabu ya Kijamii ya New Orleans || style="text-align:center;|Burgundy/Honey Darling || Kolabo na Marcia Ball kwenye nyimbo ya "Look Up"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/sing-me-back-home-mw0000402086 |title=Sing Me Back Home – The New Orleans Social Club – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2007 || ''Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino'' || Various artists || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Vanguard]] || Kolabo na Marcia Ball kwenye wimbo wa "I Can't Get New Orleans Off My Mind"<ref name="auto2"/> |- | 2010 || ''Ya-Ka-May'' || Galactic || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Anti-]] || Akiingiza sauti kwenye nyimbo ya "Heart of Steel"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ya-ka-may-mw0001368553 |title=Ya-Ka-May – Galactic – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2011 ||''Let Them Talk''(katika albamu ya Hugh Laurie) || Hugh Laurie || style="text-align:center;|Rekodi ya Warner Bros.]] || Akiingiza sauti kwenye "John Henry" na kwenye nyimbo ya "Baby, Please Make a Change"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/let-them-talk-mw0002112639 |title=Let Them Talk – Hugh Laurie – Songs, Reviews, Credits – AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref> |} == Filamu == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka || Jina || Nukuu |- | 1978 || ''Always for Pleasure'' || |- | 2005 || ''Make It Funky!'' || |- | 2006 || ''New Orleans Music in Exile'' || |- | 2010 || ''Treme'' || Mfululizo wa [[Filamu]] ya [[televisheni]] |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Grammy]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] aliqoyhxa67celoxwcgk4eve6ej2sfm 0 169244 1600095 1525460 2026-09-24T11:46:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sevilla Fútbol Club''' ni kilabu ya [[mpira wa miguu]] ya nchini [[Hispania]] iliyo na makao yake makuu huko [[Sevilla|Seville]], [[mji mkuu]] na jiji kubwa zaidi la jamii inayojitegemea ya [[Andalusia]], [[Hispania|Uhispania]]. Inacheza katika ligi kuu ya soka la Uhispania, [[La Liga]]. Sevilla wameshinda ligi ya [[UEFA]] [[Europa]] mara sita, idadi kubwa kuliko klabu yoyote [[Dunia|duniani]]. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Rejea tovuti|author=UEFA.com|title=Most titles {{!}} History {{!}} UEFA Europa League|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/history/winners/|accessdate=2021-06-20|work=UEFA.com|language=en}}</ref> Ni klabu kongwe zaidi ya mchezo wa mpira nchini Uhispania. <ref name="The British Newspaper Archive">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/your-bna-stories-sevilla-football-club-the-oldest-football-club-in-spain-founded-in-1890-by-british-residents/|title=Your BNA Stories: Sevilla Football Club – the Oldest Football Club in Spain, Founded in 1890 by British Residents|publisher=The British Newspaper Archive|date=5 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="The Courier">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/courier-proves-seville-s-claim-as-spain-s-oldest-football-club-1.67812|title=Courier proves Seville's claim as Spain's oldest football club|publisher=The Courier|date=7 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213145810/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/courier-proves-seville-s-claim-as-spain-s-oldest-football-club-1.67812|archivedate=13 February 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Marca">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.marca.com/2012/09/10/en/football/spanish_football/1347305537.html|title=The day Spanish football was born|publisher=Marca|date=9 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Evening Times">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/how-glasgow-man-hugh-mccoll-helped-set-up-spains-oldest-football-club-104007n.19098806|title=How Glasgow man Hugh McColl helped set up Spain's oldest football club|work=Evening Times|date=11 October 2012}}</ref> Klabu hii iliundwa tarehe [[25 Januari]] [[1890]], <ref name="The British Newspaper Archive" /> <ref name="The Courier" /> <ref name="Marca" /> <ref name="Evening Times" /> huku mzaliwa wa Uskoti Edward Farquharson Johnston akiwa rais wao wa kwanza wa klabu hio. Tarehe [[14 Oktoba]] [[1905]], makala ya ushirika ya klabu hio ilisajiliwa katika Serikali ya Kiraia ya Seville chini rais mzaliwa wa Jerez,José Luis Gallegos Arnosa. Sevilla ina ushindani wa muda mrefu na wapinzani wa mji mikubwa wa [[Real Betis]]. Sevilla pia ndiyo klabu iliyofanikiwa zaidi kwenye kandanda [[Andalusia]] kwa suala la kuchukua mataji, ikiwa na Vikombe [[kumi na nane]] vya Andalusia, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Honours|url=https://sevillafc.es/en/the-club/honours|accessdate=2022-01-03|work=sevillafc.es}}</ref> taji moja la [[La Liga|ligi]] la kitaifa mnamo 1945-46, mataji matano [[Copa del Rey|ya Kombe la Uhispania]] ( [[1935]], [[1939]], 1948, 2007 na 2010 ), moja la Uhispania na la Super Cup ( [[2007]] ), rekodi sita za makombe ya UEFA /UEFA Europa ( [[2006]], [[2007]], [[2014]], [[2015]], [[2016]] na [[2020]] ) na UEFA Super Cup moja ( 2006 ). Pia waliteuliwa na Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Historia ya Soka na Takwimu kama klabu bora zaidi ya Dunia mwaka [[2006]] na [[2007]], hivyo kuwa klabu ya kwanza kufikia kupewa nafasi hii katika miaka miwili mfululizo. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/Sevilla/premio/IFFHS/mejor/equipo/pasado/ano/elpepudep/20070108elpepudep_11/Tes|title=El Sevilla, premio de la IFFHS al mejor equipo del pasado año}}</ref> === Vilabu vya mashabiki === [[Faili:Edward Farquharson Johnston.png|thumb|'''Edward Farquharson Johnston''' muanzilishi na raisi wa kwanza wa timu ya Sevilla]] Vilabu vya mashabiki wa Sevilla vimejikita zaidi katika jiji la Seville, [[Mkoa wa Sevilla|jimbo lake]] na maeneo mengine ya Andalusia. Uwepo wa vilabu vya mashabiki katika jumuiya nyingine zinazojitegemea ni mkubwa zaidi katika miji ya [[Catalonia]] na [[Extremadura]]. Wengi wao wamejumuishwa katika "Shirikisho la Vilabu vya Mashabiki wa San Fernando" (Federación de Peñas Sevillistas "San Fernando"), ambalo shirika hilo, kulingana na sheria zake, ni huru kabisa kutoka kwenye bodi ya klabu, kuwa na bodi yake na isiyoingiliwa na [[chama]] ama klabu yoyote. === Upinzani === Sevilla wanachuana kwenye dabi ya Seville dhidi ya wapinzani wao wa jiji la kati [[Real Betis]]. Wawili hao walicheza kwa mara ya kwanza tarehe [[8 Oktoba]] [[1915]] katika mechi ambayo ilisha kwa Sevilla 4-3. Mchezo huo unachukuliwa kuwa moja ya dabi muhimu zaidi katika kandanda ya nchini Uhispania. Sevilla pia ina upinzani mkubwa na klabu ya mpira ya [[Atlético Madrid]] na [[Valencia CF]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Hispania]] fb3et12tgvst0ygxeuot7h7qv952zly 0 169273 1599514 1464231 2026-09-23T18:26:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Presidente de Guatemala Bernardo Arévalo sostuvo reunión con la presidenta de México Claudia Sheinbaum - 54036513094 (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Claudia Sheinbaum (2024)]] '''Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo''' (amezaliwa [[24 Juni]] [[1962]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[Mexico]], ambaye anahudumu kama [[Raisi]] wa nchi tangu [[tarehe]] [[1 Oktoba]] [[2024]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Serikali ya Jiji la Mexico, wilaya ya shirikisho sawa na gavana wa jimbo, tangu mwaka [[2018]]. Aliyechaguliwa kuwa mgombea wa muungano wa mlengo wa kushoto wa ' Juntos Haremos [[Historia]] ', yeye ni mwanamke wa kwanza na Myahudi kushika nafasi hiyo. Hapo awali, Sheinbaum aliwahi kuwa [[Meya|Mkuu wa Uwakilishi]] wa wilaya ya Tlalpan kuanzia mwaka [[2015]] hadi mwaka [[2017]]. Kati ya mwaka [[2000]] na [[2006]], yeye ni Katibu wa eneo la [[Mazingira]] chini ya meya wa mwanachama mwenzake wa chama cha Morena [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], ambaye alihudumu kama [[Rais]] wa Mexico kwa muhula wa 2018-[[2024]]. Sheinbaum ana shahada ya uzamivu. katika [[uhandisi]] wa [[nishati]], na ndiye [[mwandishi]] wa makala zaidi ya 100 na vitabu viwili kuhusu mada za nishati, mazingira, na maendeleo endelevu. Alichangia pia katika Jopo la Serikali Mbalimbali la Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi, ambalo lilipokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani|Tuzo ya Amani ya Nobel]] mwaka wa 2007. Mnamo mwaka 2018, aliorodheshwa kama mmoja wa ''Wanawake 100'' wa BBC. Kutokana na sifa, umaarufu na ushirikiano wake wa muda mrefu na Rais Obrador, Sheinbaum anazingatiwa na wengi kama mgombeaji katika [[uchaguzi]] wa urais wa mwaka 2024. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Mexiko]] a3zqcmlqaz479pqpp05f05odk5cvd7a 0 170719 1600067 1529165 2026-09-24T11:42:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Defenders of Wildlife''' (Watetezi wa [[Wanyamapori]]) ni shirika lisilo la faida 501(c)(3) la uhifadhi lenye makao yake nchini [[Marekani]]. Inafanya kazi kulinda wanyama na [[mimea]] asilia kote Amerika Kaskazini katika jumuiya zao za [[asili]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://defenders.org/about|title=About Us|website=Defenders of Wildlife}}</ref> Watetezi wa Wanyamapori ni shirika la kitaifa la uhifadhi ambalo linafanya kazi ya kuhifadhi wanyamapori, kulinda makazi ya wanyamapori. Ilianzishwa mwaka wa [[1947]], ''Defenders of Wildlife'' awali iliitwa ''Defenders of Fur Bearers'', na ilifanya kazi ya kuhifadhi [[Wanyamapori|wanyama pori]]. Ingawa kazi yake imepanuka na kujumuisha makazi ya wanyamapori, kuwalinda wanyama pori—hasa wanyama wanaokula nyama wakubwa—limesalia kuwa lengo kuu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Digienvironment]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] 406fb5lr0p1elfgcp3iufuf0rmcjmdz 0 170720 1599625 1283500 2026-09-23T18:51:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle Arblaster''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[Australia]] alikuwa ni [[profesa]] wa shule ya ya masuala ya dunia ,anga na mazingira kwenye chuo kikuu cha Monash alishiriki katika kuandika ripoti ya serikali inayohusu mabadiliko ya tabia ya nchi na alipokea [[medali]] ya heshima ya mwaka [[2007]] pia mwaka [[2004]] alipata medali hio baada ya kufanya uchunguzi wa [[Kimondo|vimondo]] na [[bahari]] ,pia amekua kama mtu mwenye ushawishi mkubwa wa mwaka [[2010]] hadi [[2020]] kama mwanasayansi wa [[dunia]]. == Elimu == '''Arblaste'''r alikulia Swan hill huko Loddon Mallee mji wa victoria,[[Australia]], alipata [[stashahada]] yake ya elimu ya anga kutoka chuo kikuu cha Macquirie mwaka [[1995]].kutoka mwaka [[1997]] hadi [[1999]] alisoma katika chuo kikuu cha [[Colorado]] huko [[USA]]. Pia aliweza kusoma elimu yake ya juu ([[shahada ya uzamili]] ) ya elimu ya anga na bahari, hiyo elimu yake iliongozwa na Gernaid Meehl pia na Andrew Moore,pia kutoka mwaka 2017 hadi 2020 akimalizia PhD yake katika shule ya sayansi ya [[dunia]] viongozi wake wa PhD walikuwa '''David Karoly''' na '''Ian Simmonds''' na '''Gernald''' == Ujuzi == kutoka mwaka 1999 hadi 2003 alifanya kazi kama [[profesa]] kwenye umoja wa uchunguzi wa [[anga]], mwaka 2003 alirudi [[Australia]] na alifanya kazi na NCAR na shirika la ''Bureau of Meteorology'' huko [[Melbourne|Meibourne]]. Pia mkufunzi Arblaster alifanya kazi kama mwandamizi [[mwanasayansi]] kutoka mwaka [[2003]] hadi [[2016]] kwenye timu ya mabadiliko ya mazingira, mwaka 2020 alijiunga na shule ya sayansi ya [[dunia]], [[anga]] na [[mazingira]] huko [[Chuo Kikuu|chuo kikuu]] cha Monash. == Vitu alivyokuwa anavipenda kwenye uchunguzi == '''Arblaster''' alitokea kupenda kuhusu masuala ya [[Kimondo|vimondo]] katika mwaka wa kwanza alipokuwa anasoma [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] na ilimpa ushawishi asome [[Sayansi|sayans]]<nowiki/>i ya anga. Katika muda wake kama mwanafunzi alimaliza masomo huko Burea inayousu masuala ya [[Kimondo|vimondo]] na ndicho kilicho mpa hamasa ya kusoma kuhusu [[tabia ya nchi]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] [[Jamii:Diginveroment]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Australia]] ax8h02ye9u79spg7x36d4pluag78d45 0 170810 1599767 1575697 2026-09-24T01:26:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janice Lough''' FAA ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa hali ya hewa katika Taasisi ya Australia ya Sayansi ya Bahari (AIMS) katika Chuo Kikuu cha James Cook,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough – ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies |url=https://www.coralcoe.org.au/person/janice-lough |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.coralcoe.org.au |accessdate=2023-05-21 |archivedate=2022-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203044642/https://www.coralcoe.org.au/person/janice-lough }}</ref>anatafiti [[mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]], na athari za [[halijoto]] na kuongezeka kwa kaboni dioksidi kwenye miamba ya matumbawe. Alichaguliwa katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha Australia mwaka wa [[2022]] kwa ajili ya utafiti wake kuhusu mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, miamba ya matumbawe, na kuendeleza historia ya hali ya juu ya mazingira na ukuaji kutoka kwa matumbawe, hasa [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough |url=https://www.science.org.au/profile/janice-lough |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.science.org.au |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=FAA2022>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-05-26 |title=Academy announces 2022 Fellows for outstanding contributions to science |url=https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/two-firsts-academy-announces-2022-fellows |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Australian Academy of Science |language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi yake== Lough alipata [[shahada]] yake ya sayansi mwaka wa [[1976]], na [[shahada ya uzamivu]] mwaka wa [[1981]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha East Anglia, nchini [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3789-1009 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=orcid.org}}</ref>Alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Arizona, katika Maabara iitwayo Tree-Ring Research, kutoka mwaka 1982 hadi 1986, na baadaye akahamia Taasisi ya [[Australia]] ya Sayansi ya Bahari mwaka wa [[1986]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Janice-Lough|title=Research Gate}}</ref> Lough ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[hali ya hewa]] ambaye amekuwa akifanya kazi juu ya ukuaji na rekodi za mazingira kutoka kwa matumbawe katika [[karne]] kadhaa zilizopita, na kuziweka katika muktadha wa kihistoria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-09-13 |title=Townsville students submerged in marine science |url=http://geteducation.com.au/townsville-students-submerged-marine-science/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Get Education |language=en-US |accessdate=2023-05-21 |archivedate=2023-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521120047/http://geteducation.com.au/townsville-students-submerged-marine-science/ }}</ref>Pia anasoma jinsi mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yameathiri mifumo [[ikolojia]] ya bahari ya kitropiki tayari, kwani ongezeko kubwa la joto ndani ya bahari ya kitropiki limerekodiwa. Anaripoti juu ya athari zinazothihirika na zinazoonekanazo za ongezeko hili la joto na matokeo yanayoonekana kwa miamba ya sasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=sarah |date=2015-05-22 |title=Dr Janice Lough |url=https://www.science.org.au/curious/person/dr-janice-lough |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Curious |language=en}}</ref> Taaluma ya Lough imejikita maeneo matatu, kuendeleza na kuchambua uundaji upya wa hali ya hewa ya paleo, kugundua asili, sababu na matokeo ya kutofautiana na kupishana kwa hali ya hewa kwenye miamba ya matumbawe ya kitropiki, pamoja na kuendeleza historia ya kufanya matumbwe yawe magumu kwa njia ya kukausha, kulingana na aina ya matumbawe hayo. Ana ujuzi katika ukuaji wa matumbawe, ukaushaji wa matumbwe, mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na katika Great Barrier Reef.<ref name="auto"/> She has expertise in coral growth, calcification, climate change and the Great Barrier Reef.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough - Scimex |url=https://www.scimex.org/experts?name=Janice-Lough&a=36803 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.scimex.org |archive-date=2022-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602161915/https://www.scimex.org/experts?name=Janice-Lough&a=36803 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Pia, ni mwanachama wa ARC Center for Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, katika Chuo Kikuu cha James Cook.ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough |url=http://www.stemwomen.org.au/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=STEM Women |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107081106/https://www.stemwomen.org.au/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazi ya Lough imefafanuliwa na [[Carbon Brief]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-02-23 |title=Ocean acidification: Decline of Great Barrier Reef likely to be worse than feared |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/ocean-acidifiction-decline-of-great-barrier-reef-likely-to-be-worse-than-feared/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> ABC,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Monday |first=30 May 2011 Anna SallehABC |date=2011-05-30 |title=Winners and losers in ocean acidification |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/05/30/3230813.htm |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.abc.net.au |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Anthropocene: a new age of humans |date=2016-11-15 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/the-anthropocene-a-new-age-of-humans/11017076 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en-AU |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> New York Times,na Australian Geographic,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-04-08 |title=More than 1000km of the Great Barrier Reef has bleached |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2016/04/more-than-1000km-of-the-great-barrier-reef-has-bleached/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Australian Geographic |language=en-AU}}</ref> pamoja na vyombo vingine vya habari<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-02-24 |title=Saving Our Marine Archives |url=http://eos.org/science-updates/saving-our-marine-archives |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Eos |language=en-US}}</ref> vikielezea athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa kwa miamba ya matumbawe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-10-11 |title=A changing climate for coral reefs |url=https://thebulletin.org/2016/10/a-changing-climate-for-coral-reefs/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |language=en-US}}</ref>Pia amechapisha kwenye vyombo vya habari kuhusu kukauka kwa bahari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Calcification in changing oceans |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140723114202.htm |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> ==Tuzo== *2020 – International Coral Reef Society (ICRS) Fellow award<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Awards & Honors Recipients |url=http://coralreefs.org/awards-and-honors/recipients/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=International Coral Reef Society |language=en-US}}</ref> *2022 – Fellow, Australian Academy of Science<ref name=FAA2022 /> ==Baadhi ya machapisho yake== #Lough, J.M.; Barnes, D.J. (2000). "Environmental controls on growth of the massive coral Porites". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 245 (2): 225–243. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00168-9. PMID 10699212. #Hobday, Alistair J.; Lough, Janice M. (2011). "Projected climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments". Marine and Freshwater Research. 62 (9): 1000. doi:10.1071/MF10302. ISSN 1323-1650. #Hughes, T. P.; Baird, A. H.; Bellwood, D. R.; Card, M.; Connolly, S. R.; Folke, C.; Grosberg, R.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Jackson, J. B. C.; Kleypas, J.; Lough, J. M. (15 August 2003). "Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs". Science. 301 (5635): 929–933. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..929H. doi:10.1126/science.1085046. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12920289. S2CID 1521635. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] 5i21oae50jw093lcsofpj8031o4e5t3 0 171419 1599551 1435779 2026-09-23T18:34:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marc Arnold''' (amezaliwa 19 Septemba [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa Ujerumani-Afrika Kusini ambaye alitumia kipindi chake chote cha taaluma yake ya kitaalamu nchini [[Ujerumani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/rlsw/regionalliga-suedwest-2012/2006-07/hessen-kassel-97/1335/spieler_marc-arnold.html|title=Profaili ya mchezaji kwenye kicker.de|accessdate=18 Julai 2012|publisher=kicker.de}}</ref> Tangu astaafu kucheza, amefanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa mpira wa miguu katika Hessen Kassel (kuanzia 2007 hadi 2008) na Eintracht Braunschweig (tangu 2008). ==Kazi== ===Maisha ya Klabu=== Alizaliwa [[Johannesburg]], Afrika Kusini, Arnold alianza taaluma yake ya kucheza katika timu za Stuttgarter Kickers na Freiburger FC,<ref name="RSSSF">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/dp-others.html|title=Germany – Player Data – various German clubs|website=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=28 Februari 2008}}</ref> na alicheza kwa SSV Ulm 1846 kati ya 1993 na 1994. Baadaye alijiunga na [[Borussia Dortmund]] kwa msimu wa 1994–95. Baada ya kushinda ubingwa wa Ujerumani na Dortmund, akicheza mechi tisa za ligi wakati wa kampeni, Arnold alihamia Hertha BSC. Baada ya misimu miwili katika [[Bundesliga]] timu ilipanda daraja kwenda [[Bundesliga]], huko Arnold alicheza mechi 26 na kufunga mabao mawili wakati wa msimu wa 1997–1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-shot.com/africa/players2.htm|title=Wachezaji wa Kiafrika katika Bundesliga ya Ujerumani|accessdate=28 Februari 2008|publisher=The Shot}}</ref> Baada ya msimu huo, alihamia Karlsruher SC,na pia alichezea LR Ahlen hadi 2003 na kwa Eintracht Braunschweig kati ya 2003 na 2005.<ref name="RSSSF"/> ===Kazi ya Kimataifa=== Mnamo mwaka wa 1998, Arnold alikuwa akitazamwa kama mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya [[Afrika Kusini]] kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/events/1998/worldcup/teams/south.africa/player_profiles.html|title=World Cup France 1998: South Africa Player Profiles|accessdate=28 Februari 2008|publisher=CNN & Sports Illustrated|archivedate=2012-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022120621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/events/1998/worldcup/teams/south.africa/player_profiles.html}}</ref> lakini hakuchaguliwa kuwa miongoni mwa kikosi cha mwisho.<ref>{{cite web|title=Den Nationalstolz konnte er nicht umspielen|date=23 Mei 1998|accessdate=10 Julai 2014|publisher=[[Berliner Zeitung]]|language=Kijerumani|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/in-suedafrikas-wm-kader-ist-fuer-den-dribbler-marc-arnold-kein-platz-und-bei-hertha-wartet-neuzugang-dariusz-wosz-den-nationalstolz-konnte-er-nicht-umspielen,10810590,9434184.html|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124717/http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/in-suedafrikas-wm-kader-ist-fuer-den-dribbler-marc-arnold-kein-platz-und-bei-hertha-wartet-neuzugang-dariusz-wosz-den-nationalstolz-konnte-er-nicht-umspielen,10810590,9434184.html}}</ref> ==Kazi baada ya kustaafu== Baada ya kustaafu kama mchezaji mwaka 2007, Arnold aliingia katika uongozi. Katika msimu wa 2007-08, alifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa michezo katika Hessen Kassel, klabu ambapo alikuwa amemaliza kazi yake ya kucheza mwishoni mwa msimu uliopita. Kwa msimu wa 2008-09, Arnold aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa michezo katika klabu ya Eintracht Braunschweig, iliyokuwa katika matatizo makubwa ya kifedha wakati huo, iliyokuwa katika ligi ya 3. Liga. Chini ya uongozi wa Arnold na meneja Torsten Lieberknecht, klabu ilifanikiwa kupunguza madeni yake kwa kiasi kikubwa na kuimarisha matokeo yao ya uwanjani wakati huohuo, huku wakati wasaini wachezaji wengine wapya wenye vipaji kutoka idara ya chini juu ya uhamisho bila malipo.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fr-online.de/sport/eintracht-braunschweig-spagat-auf-der-baustelle,1472784,20706956.html| title = Spagat auf der Baustelle | language = Kijerumani | publisher = [[Frankfurter Rundschau|fr-online.de]] | accessdate = 9 Desemba 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.zeit.de/sport/2012-12/eintracht-braunschweig-aufstieg-tradition/komplettansicht| title = Kein Geld – und trotzdem erfolgreich | language = Kijerumani | publisher = [[Die Zeit|zeit.de]] | accessdate = 18 Desemba 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ndr.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga/arnold171.html | title = Manager Arnold: Braunschweigs Mr. Aufstieg | language = Kijerumani | publisher = [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|ndr.de]] | accessdate = 19 Julai 2013 | archive-date = 2013-10-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131024161653/http://www.ndr.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga/arnold171.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Wakati Arnold alipokuwa akifanya kazi hiyo, Braunschweig ilipanda daraja kwenda 2. Bundesliga mwaka 2011, na tena kufanikiwa kupanda daraja kwenda Bundesliga mwaka 2013. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fsx6r0c782gpjs11469gbefa4pcrcqh 0 172729 1600031 1518074 2026-09-24T10:46:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leslyn Lewis''' ni mwanasheria na mwanasiasa wa [[Kanada]] ambaye kwa sasa ni Mbunge wa Haldimand-Norfolk. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Conservative na aliamua kugombea katika chaguzi za uongozi wa chama mwaka [[2020]] na [[2022]], akishika nafasi ya tatu mara zote mbili. Alihamia [[Kanada]] kutoka [[Jamaika]] akiwa na umri mdogo, ana digrii katika sheria, masomo ya mazingira, na sheria za kimataifa. Lewis ana mazoezi ya kisheria katika mashitaka ya kibiashara na biashara ya kimataifa. Pia amejihusisha na siasa tangu uchaguzi wa shirikisho wa [[2015]], ambapo aligombea kama mgombeaji wa Conservative<ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Werner |first=Kevin |date=February 1, 2020 |title=Toronto lawyer Leslyn Lewis could make Canadian political history in Conservative leadership race |url=https://www.hamiltonnews.com/news-story/9839237-toronto-lawyer-leslyn-lewis-could-make-canadian-political-history-in-conservative-leadership-race/ |website=HamiltonNews.com |accessdate=2023-07-02 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226224333/https://www.hamiltonnews.com/news-story/9839237-toronto-lawyer-leslyn-lewis-could-make-canadian-political-history-in-conservative-leadership-race/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> na akashika nafasi ya pili. Lewis alishinda kiti chake katika Baraza la Commons katika uchaguzi wa shirikisho wa [[2021]]. Ameteuliwa kama mkosoaji wa miundombinu katika baraza la mawaziri kivuli la Conservative na kwa sasa anahudumu kama mwenyekiti wa Caucus ya [[Kanada]] ya Washirika wa [[Israeli]]. Lewis amekabiliwa na mzozo fulani, ikiwa ni pamoja na upinzani wake kwa mamlaka ya chanjo ya [[Mlipuko wa virusi vya corona 2019-20|COVID-19]] na kuhusika kwake katika mkutano na mjumbe wa Bunge la [[Ulaya]] ambaye ana maoni ya chuki dhidi ya [[Uislamu]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Leslyn Ann Lewis <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=Leslyn |date=22 Novemba 2019 |title=Attracting Foreign Investments for Green Energy Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Climate Change Policy & Innovation in International Legal Compliance |url=https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/phd/55/ |journal=PhD Dissertations}}</ref> alizaliwa nchini [[Jamaika]], na alihamia [[Kanada]] akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano na kukulia katika East York, [[Ontario]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Leadership candidate Leslyn Lewis on representing a side of the Conservatives you 'may not have seen before'|url=https://www.thechronicleherald.ca/news/canada/leadership-candidate-leslyn-lewis-on-representing-a-side-of-the-conservatives-you-may-not-have-seen-before-422093/|access-date=8 Novemba 2020|website=www.thechronicleherald.ca|last1=Platt|first1=Brian}}</ref> Lewis alihitimu kwa [[shahada ya kwanza]] ya [[sanaa]] (Bachelor of Arts) kwa heshima ya juu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Toronto]], akiwa mwanafunzi wa Chuo cha Trinity. Pia ana Shahada ya Uzamili katika Masomo ya [[Mazingira]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha York]] kwa mwelekeo wa [[biashara]] na mazingira kupitia Shule ya Biashara ya Schulich. Aidha, anashikilia shahada ya Juris Doctor na [[PhD]] katika sheria za kimataifa kutoka Chuo cha Sheria cha Osgoode Hall.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://torontosun.com/news/local-news/warmington-toronto-lawyer-sets-sights-on-conservative-leadership|title=WARMINGTON: Toronto lawyer sets sights on Conservative leadership|work=torontosun|date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2023 Kilimanjaro]] [[jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]] bfxoj5nqo0kl25u4qo2vjnrtm0uba5z 0 172991 1599665 1524977 2026-09-23T19:00:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Salim Ahmed | picha = | maelezo ya picha = Gabo—2018 | jina la kuzaliwa = Salim Ahmed Issa | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1983|06|06|mf=yes}} [[Muheza]], [[Tanga]], [[Tanzania]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = Muheza | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = Gabo Zigamba | kazi yake = Mwigizaji, mwigizaji wa sauti, mtunzi wa filamu, mwongozaji, mtayarishaji | miaka ya kazi = 2008- | ndoa = Latifa Babla Ivan (Tiffany Stores) (2020) | watoto = 4 | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Salim Ahmedy Issa''' (amezaliwa [[Muheza]], [[Tanga]], [[6 Juni]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwongozaji]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mtayarishaji wa filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Exclusive interview na Gabo; Je ni teja,mmakonde au mchaga?|url=http://bongopublishertz.blogspot.com/2014/05/exclusive-interview-na-gabo-je-ni.html|work=Bongo Publisher|accessdate=2023-07-22|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722121921/http://bongopublishertz.blogspot.com/2014/05/exclusive-interview-na-gabo-je-ni.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama Gabo Zigamba. Salim amekuwa akisifika kwa umahiri wake katika kuzishika nyusika tofauti. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kucheza filamu ya Big Surprise, Danija, Siyabonga, na nyingine nyingi. Pia ameonekana katika mifululizo ya runinga maarufu kama vile Jua Kali, Kapuni na Baba Olivia. ==Maisha ya awali== Salim alianza elimu ya msingi mnamo 1992 hadi 1998 katika shule ya Iringa Wilolesi. Baadaye sekondari katika shule ya Al-Haramain. Akamaliza 2002. Kuanzia 2003-2006 alijiunga na Chuo Darul Ulumi, Elimu ya Thanawiy. 2006 Chuo Cha Tasuba, Kozi ya Mwaka Mmoja upande wa sanaa. 2007 alijiunga na kampuni ya Super Loaf. Ambapo alifanyakazi mwaka mmoja pekee. Hapo alijikita zaidi kama mhasibu na baadaye akawa mchanganya viambata vya bidhaa. ==Kazi== ===Mwigizaji, umarufu=== Akiwa katika mahojiano ya kipindi cha Salama Na kinachotupwa mkondoni huko YouTube chini ya Salama Jabir, Salim alitoa siri ya chimbuko la jina la Gabo, "Asili ya jina ni Gabo ni Gabon. Lina maana ya 'sauti isiyosikika" na Zigamba, ni ng'ombe wa kimila aliyekuwa akiabudiwa na Wasukuma zama za kale. Kimsingi, Salim alianza uigizaji rasmi mnamo mwaka wa 2006. Akiwa katika kipindi cha awali kabisa kupoteana na ujalunga, yaani, umri wa miaka 23. Wakati huo alikuwa akisoma Chuo cha Sanaa Bagamoyo (TASUBA). Kabla ya kufika kilele cha kufahamika, alijitupa katika makundi kadhaa ya uigizaji yaliyokuwa jijini Dar es Salaam huku ari ya kutaka kuwa mwigizaji nyota ikifika pomoni. Katika kutimiza ile ndoto ya miaka mingi, hatimaye akawemo katika filamu ya "Olopong" iliyotayarishwa na Al Riyamy Production iliyoongozwa na Khalfan Abdalah, ikafuatiwa na 007 Days. Atafutaye hachoki, hata akichoka, basi keshapata. Dumu la kutojulikana lilipasuka rasmi mnamo mwaka 2012 baada ya kucheza katika filamu ya "Bado Natafuta." Yaliyomo ndani yake yakaonekana vema. Filamu hiyo alicheza na [[Patcho Mwamba,]] [[Zuberi Mohamed]] na [[Shamsa Ford]]. Baada ya kufanya kazi, hatmaye akaanzisha kampuni yake ya utayarishaji wa filamu. Akaipa jina la Gabz Media Production (T) Limited. ==Filmografia== ===Filamu=== Baadhi ya filamu za Gabo; {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Filamu za Salim Ahmedy |- ! Na.!! Jina la filamu !Mwaka!! Uhusika !! Maelezo |- | 1 || Bado Natafuta |2012|| Mr. James || Mwongozaji Sulesh Marwa, Mtayarishaji Jerumasalem Films |- | 2 || Jicho Langu |2014|| James ||Mwongozaji: Leah Mwendamseke Mtayarishaji: J-Film For Life Production |- | 3 || Kona |2015|| Mjomba wa Zazuba || Mwongozaji: Salim Ahmedy<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Full Interview: Gabo Zigamba Akizungumzia Filamu Yake ya Kona 3|url=https://www.bongomovies.com/full-interview-gabo-zigamba-akizungumzia-filamu-yake-ya-kona-3/|work=Artists News in Tanzania|date=2016-02-28|accessdate=2023-07-22|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722121920/https://www.bongomovies.com/full-interview-gabo-zigamba-akizungumzia-filamu-yake-ya-kona-3/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Utayarishaji: Landline Production |- | 4 || Big Surprise |2014 || Gabo || Mwongozaji: Leah Mwendamseke Mtayarishaji: J-Film for Life Production |- | 5 || Danija |2014 || Johnson || Mwongozaji: Jacob Steven (JB) Mtayarishaji: Jerusalem Film Company |- | 6|| Safari ya Gwalu |2015|| Gwalu || Mwongozaji: Daniel Manege Mtayarishaji: Manege Entertainment |- | 7 || Kasanga Nae Mwana |2016|| Zigamba || Utayarishaji: King Media |- | 8|| Heaven Sent |2017 || Gabo || Mwongozaji: Neema Ndepanya Mtayarishaji: Endless Fame Production |- | 9 || Siyabonga | 2017|| Siyabonga || Mwongozaji: Salum Majagi Mtayarishaji: Sarafu Media |- | 10 ||Dr. Okosovo | 2018|| Dr. Okosovo Kalababash || Mwongozaji : Salim Ahmedy Mtayarishaji: Above The Rim Production |- | 11 || Sumu | 2018|| Salim || Mwongozaji: Patrick Komba Mwongozaji Msaidizi: Salim Ahmedy Mtayarishaji: Third Eye Africa |- | 12 || Segere |2019 || Chief Segere || Mwongozaji: Takura Maurai. Mtayarishaji: Sarafu Media |- | 13 || Kesho |2020 || Matete Mkandara || Mwongozaji: Salum Majagi Mtayarishaji : Yusuph Mlela |- | 14 || Kigoma | 2020|| Gabo || Mtayarishaji: Mpakasi Films Company |- | 15 || Tug of War | 2021|| Koplo Matata || Mwongozaji: Amil Shivji Mtayarishaji: Kijiweni Film Production |} === Mifululizo ya Runinga === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Mifululizo ya TV |- ! Na !! Jina la filamu !! Mwaka !! Jina la uhusika !! Maelezo |- | 1 || Kapuni || 2019 || Mr. Brown || DSTV |- | 2 || Baba Olivia || 2020 || Baba Olivia|| Pendwa App |- | 3 || Jua Kali || -2023 || Diba|| DSTV |- | 4 || Bondeni || 2015 || ?|| TBC1 pia ni mtayarishaji |- | 5 || Family Love || 2017|| ?|| Clouds TV. Pia ni mtayarishaji |- | 6 || Maskani || 2021 || ?|| Gabz Media |} == Tuzo na Teuzi == {|class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka !Tamasha !Tuzo !Mshindi !Matokeo |- |2016 |Tuzo za ZIFF |Mwigizaji Bora |Salim Ahmedy |{{won}}<ref>Ziff Awards 2016</ref> |- |rowspan=2|2017 |Tuzo za EATV |Mwigizaji Bora |? |{{won}} |- |Tuzo za ZIFF |Mwigizaji Bora |? |{{won}}<ref>ZIFF Awards 2018</ref> |- |2018 |Tuzo za EATV |Mwigizaji Bora | |{{won}} |- |2018 |Tuzo za SIZIFF |Mwigizaji Bora | |{{won}}<ref>SIZIFF 2018</ref> |- |2021 |Tanzania Film Festival |Mswada Bora wa Filamu | |{{won}} |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[https://www.instagram.com/gabozigamba/?hl=en {{PAGENAME}}] katika [[Instagram]] {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] rjzdxi0qivxdmu5duq6tthymwqk6qa3 0 174030 1599891 1516756 2026-09-24T06:09:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599891 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kelly Kovach Schoenly''' ni kocha wa mchezo wa softball wa Marekani na pia alikuwa mchezaji wa softball. Amekuwa kocha mkuu wa softball katika chuo kikuu cha [[Ohio State]] tangu Juni 2012. Awali alikuwa kocha mkuu wa softball katika chuo kikuu cha [[Miami]] (Ohio) kutoka 2006 hadi 2012. Pia amewahi kuwa kocha msaidizi katika vyuo vikuu vya Michigan na [[Pennsylvania|Penn State.]] Kovach Schoenly alikuwa mchezaji wa softball wa chuo kikuu cha Michigan kuanzia 1992 hadi 1995. Alichaguliwa kama mchezaji wa kwanza wa timu ya kwanza ya NFCA All-American mnamo 1995 na CoSIDA [[Academic All-American]] kwa mwaka wa masomo 1994–1995. Pia aliteuliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora Mpya wa Msimu wa Big Ten Conference mnamo 1992 na Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu wa [[Big Ten Conference]] kwa miaka 1992 na 1995. == Miaka ya Awali == Kovach Schoenly alikulia magharibi mwa [[Pennsylvania]] na alikuwa akicheza softball, mpira wa kikapu, na mpira wa wavu katika shule ya upili ya Baldwin iliyoko nje kidogo ya mji wa Pittsburgh. Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, alitunukiwa heshima ya kuingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Maarifa wa [[Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Welcome|url=https://www.tribliveoffers.com/|work=www.tribliveoffers.com|accessdate=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Welcome|url=https://www.tribliveoffers.com/|work=www.tribliveoffers.com|accessdate=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sports/high-school-other/wpial-announces-2012-hall-of-fame-class-631091/ "WPIAL announces 2012 Hall of Fame class". ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. July 9, 2013.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sports/high-school-other/wpial-announces-2012-hall-of-fame-class-631091/ |date=20120622131323 }} iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 09/08/2023</ref> == Binafsi == Kovach Schoenly ameolewa na mchezaji wa tenisi [[Doug Schoenly]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Former Michigan star Kelly Kovach Schoenly indebted to coach Carol Hutchins for Miami (Ohio) job|url=https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/other/2009/05/former_michigan_star_kelly_kov.html|work=mlive|date=2009-05-16|accessdate=2023-08-09|language=en|author=Steve Warns}}</ref> Wanayo mtoto wa kike, Danielle.<ref>[http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/kelly_kovach_schoenly_804373.html "Kelly Kovach Schoenly Biography". Ohio State University.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/kelly_kovach_schoenly_804373.html |date=20180121144143 }} iliwekwa mnamo 09/08/2023</ref> [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] aj304ny5xwbkjm739lzuvtslpuuz4ea 0 176151 1599552 1306929 2026-09-23T18:34:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jasmyne Ariel Cannick''' (amezaliwa [[22 Oktoba|Oktoba 22]], [[1977]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]], mwandishi wa habari, na utamaduni wa pop, masuala ya mbio na mchambuzi wa [[siasa]].<ref name="FOX LA">{{cite news |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/former-foster-youth-jasmyne-cannick-and-actress-tiffany-haddish-get-computers-to-kids-in-foster-care |title=Former foster youth Jasmyne Cannick and actress Tiffany Haddish get computers to kids in foster care |newspaper=Fox 11 Los Angeles |publisher=FOX LA |date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2020-10-15 |archive-date=2020-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013805/https://www.foxla.com/news/former-foster-youth-jasmyne-cannick-and-actress-tiffany-haddish-get-computers-to-kids-in-foster-care |url-status=live |last1=Devine |first1=Christine }}</ref> ==Maisha Ya Awali== Hapo awali Cannick alikulia huko katika [[pwani]] ya Hermosa, [[California]]. Wazazi wake walipotalikiana aligawanya wakati wake kati ya pwani ya Hermosa, California na Compton, California.<ref name="New York Times">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/magazine/ed-buck-case.html |title=What Happened in Ed Buck's Apartment |work=New York Times |date= |access-date=2020-10-15 |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017165755/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/magazine/ed-buck-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NBC News">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/serial-predator-l-writer-has-been-sounding-alarm-ed-buck-n957776 |title=Serial predator: L.A. writer has been sounding alarm on Ed Buck for over a year |publisher=NBC News |date= |access-date=2020-10-15 |archive-date=2020-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016005445/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/serial-predator-l-writer-has-been-sounding-alarm-ed-buck-n957776 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii: wanasiasa]] keijtjs4h4q8no5m8ltrb2bmnul30ze 0 178044 1599629 1426972 2026-09-23T18:56:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan''' ni profesa wa Misri wa Teknolojia ya Uhandisi na Sayansi Tumizi katika Kitivo cha Uhandisi, Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo, Misri. Yeye ni mshiriki aliyechaguliwa wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Kiafrika. Radwan pia ni mwanachama mwandamizi wa Taasisi ya Wahandisi ya Umeme na Elektroniki. Alikuwa mkurugenzi wa zamani wa kituo cha Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center ya Chuo Kikuu cha Nile, na Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Kiufundi cha Maendeleo ya Kazi (TCCD), Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2021-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219133917/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37542278300|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=ieeexplore.ieee.org}}</ref> Kwa sasa ni Kaimu Mkuu wa Utafiti na Miradi Inayofadhiliwa, Chuo Kikuu cha Nile, Misri. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan|url=https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv}}</ref> == Elimu == Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan alijiunga kwa masomo Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo kuanzia B.SC hadi kiwango cha Ph.D. Nakupata digrii yake ya B.SC ya Mawasiliano ya Kielektroniki mnamo 1997. Miaka miwili baadaye, aliongeza Diploma ya Hisabati ya Uhandisi (1999) na kumaliza M.Sc katika Hisabati ya Uhandisi mwaka 2002.Pia alipata digrii yake ya udaktari katika Hisabati ya Uhandisi mwaka 2006. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan|url=https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv "Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan"].</cite></ref> == Tuzo na uanachama == Mwaka 2003, alishinda tuzo bora zaidi ya Master Thesis (2001-2004) katika Kitivo cha Uhandisi-Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo, Misri. <ref name=":1"/> Mwaka 2011, alishinda tuzo ya karatasi bora ya 2 katika mkutano wa kimataifa wa microelectronics (ICM) huko [[Tunis]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan|url=https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv "Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan"].</cite></ref> Mwaka 2012, alitunukiwa uanachama Mkuu wa IEEE. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan|url=https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv "Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan"].</cite></ref> Katika mwaka huo huo, alipewa tuzo ya mafanikio ya serikali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2021-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219133917/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan "Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan | The AAS"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan |date=20210219133917 }}. ''www.aasciences.africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mwaka 2013, alishinda tuzo ya Sayansi ya Kimwili katika Shindano la Kimataifa la Uchapishaji ya 2013 na Taasisi ya Misr El-Khair. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan|url=https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=agradwan/biocv "Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan"].</cite></ref> Katika mwaka huo huo, pia alishinda tuzo ya mafanikio ya Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2021-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219133917/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan "Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan | The AAS"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan |date=20210219133917 }}. ''www.aasciences.africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mwaka 2014, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe katika baraza la kwanza la kisayansi la Kituo cha Maendeleo cha Sayansi, Teknolojia na Ubunifu cha Misri (ECASTI). Mwaka 2016, alishinda tuzo ya Prof. Mohamed Amin Lotfy. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2021-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219133917/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan "Ahmed Gomaa Ahmed Radwan | The AAS"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ahmed-gomaa-ahmed-radwan |date=20210219133917 }}. ''www.aasciences.africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mwaka 2018, alipokea medali ya serikali ya daraja la kwanza ya sayansi na sanaa. Mwaka 2019, alipokea tuzo ubora ya serikali na pia alishinda tuzo ya scopus katika uhandisi na teknolojia.  [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Misri]] 7izjbp7mxahxzujr914quu2s02pjof2 0 178763 1599419 1544453 2026-09-23T16:56:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Felician V. M. Nkwera |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Luilo |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=28 Aprili 1936 |mahala_pa_kufariki=Dar es Salaam |tarehe_ya_kufariki=8 Mei 2025 |uraia=Mtanzania|residence=|anafahamika=Padri mwasisi wa Kituo Cha Maombezi cha Mama Bikira Maria |miaka ya Upadri=1968-2025 |elimu= |Dini=Mkristo)|Dhehebu=Mkatoliki |tovuti= |bodi= |Washauri Wa Mwanzo= |nchi=Tanzania|utaifa=Mtanzania|nyumbani=Tanzania}} '''Felician Venant Nkwera''' ([[Luilo]], leo katika [[Wilaya ya Ludewa]], [[mkoa wa Njombe]], [[28 Aprili]] [[1936]] - [[Dar es Salaam]], [[8 Mei]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[padri]] aliyetengwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] <ref>https://peacefulsocieties.uncg.edu/2010/06/24/dissident-catholic-cult-simmers-in-fipa-territory/#:~:text=The%20story%20goes%20back%20to,Madunda%20Parish%2C%20in%20northern%20Tanzania {{Wayback|url=https://peacefulsocieties.uncg.edu/2010/06/24/dissident-catholic-cult-simmers-in-fipa-territory/#:~:text=The%20story%20goes%20back%20to,Madunda%20Parish%2C%20in%20northern%20Tanzania |date=20240218033521 }}. https://peacefulsocieties.uncg.edu/2010/06/24/dissident-catholic-cult-simmers-in-fipa-territory/#:~:text=The%20story%20goes%20back%20to,Madunda%20Parish%2C%20in%20northern%20Tanzania {{Wayback|url=https://peacefulsocieties.uncg.edu/2010/06/24/dissident-catholic-cult-simmers-in-fipa-territory/#:~:text=The%20story%20goes%20back%20to,Madunda%20Parish%2C%20in%20northern%20Tanzania |date=20240218033521 }}.</ref> na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. == Maisha == Wazazi wa Padri Nkwera walikuwa Venant Nkwera ([[baba]]) na Emmaculata Mhagama ([[mama]]). Alipata [[upadirisho]] [[mwaka]] [[1968]] akaanza huduma ya maombezi akiwa bado padri [[Ujana|kijana]] [[mkoa wa Tabora|mkoani Tabora]] na baadaye kuhamia [[jiji|jijini]] Dar es Salaam. Ni huduma ambayo imemfanya awe kwenye mgogoro mkubwa na [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] alilokuwa akilihudumia wakati huo; mgogoro huo ukafika [[makao makuu]] ya [[Baraza la Maaskofu Katoliki Tanzania]] na baadaye [[Kanisa la Roma|Roma]]. Ni huduma ambazo wenye [[imani]] nayo wamekuwa wakikiri kwa [[kinywa]] na [[maandishi]] kwamba wameponywa huku [[rozari]], [[maji ya baraka]] na [[sala]] vikiwa ndio msingi mkuu wa maombi yaliyopelekea kuponywa huko. Shuhuda za uponywaji wa wagonjwa zinaandikwa ama kusimuliwa na wahusika wenyewe.<ref>https://ixtheo.de/Record/1571447695/Description#tabnav</ref> Baadhi wanakosoa huduma hizi za maombezi, hasa wakiangazia namna sakata hili lilivyoanza. Baadhi wanaangalia sababu kuu ni ukaidi, huku wakiainisha bayana kwamba padri Nkwera hakuwa mtii kwa aliyekuwa [[kiongozi]] wake kwa wakati huo alipokuwa akilihudumia [[Jimbo Katoliki la Njombe]] na zaidi hakutii maamuzi na maelekezo yaliyotolewa na viongozi wake wakubwa yaani [[Askofu|maaskofu]], [[Baraza la Maaskofu Katoliki Tanzania|Baraza la Maaskofu]] na hata [[Kardinali]] [[Polycarp Pengo]] kwa wakati huo. == Kesi mahakamani == Felician V. Nkwera amekuwa na kesi nyingi mahakamani huku baadhi ya waumini au wafuasi wake pia wakiwa na kesi zenye sura tofautitofauti. == Kifo == Nkwera alifariki [[dunia]] [[usiku]] wa kuamkia [[Alhamisi]] Mei 8, 2025 katika [[Hospitali]] ya TMJ alipopelekwa kwa ajili ya kupatiwa [[matibabu]]. == Vitabu na machapisho yake == # Tumbuizo la jioni (1968)<ref>https://search.worldcat.org/title/tumbuizo-la-jioni-kimetungwa-na-felician-vi-nkwera/oclc/479562544</ref> # Johari Ndogo (1979) # Sarufi na Fasihi Sekondari na Vyuo (1979)<ref>https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/170373</ref> # Kiswahili Sekondari na Vyuo (1979) # Maana na Lengo la Adhabu ya Kifungo (1987)<ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books/about/Maana_na_lengo_la_adhabu_ya_kifungo.html?id=K6lJAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref> # Tamrin za Fasihi Simulizi, Secondary na Vyuo (1998) <ref>https://bookpremiumfree.com/downloads/nadharia-za-kuhakiki-fasihi/ {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1936|2025}} [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Tanzania]] 3o1tdxeezhjg2xm9lf7929yld2i1nfg 1 179365 1599733 1323861 2026-09-23T21:54:16Z ~2026-51255-78 92568 /* kiswahili */ Jibu 1599733 wikitext text/x-wiki == kiswahili == matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya [[Maalum:Michango/102.0.0.10|102.0.0.10]] 16:35, 17 Machi 2024 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:102.0.0.10|102.0.0.10]] [[Maalum:Michango/~2026-51255-78|~2026-51255-78]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:~2026-51255-78|talk]]) 21:54, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) rhz5adz6yxfg8m0sm6p4vaxy7erm47f 1599734 1599733 2026-09-23T21:54:38Z ~2026-51255-78 92568 /* kiswahili */ Jibu 1599734 wikitext text/x-wiki == kiswahili == matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya [[Maalum:Michango/102.0.0.10|102.0.0.10]] 16:35, 17 Machi 2024 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:102.0.0.10|102.0.0.10]] [[Maalum:Michango/~2026-51255-78|~2026-51255-78]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:~2026-51255-78|talk]]) 21:54, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) ::mmn [[Maalum:Michango/~2026-51255-78|~2026-51255-78]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:~2026-51255-78|talk]]) 21:54, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) i7h2tj8j33jmganr5lbju9valj6fod4 0 179473 1599743 1546234 2026-09-23T22:25:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_asili = {{lang|es|Reino de España ([[es]])}} | jina_refu_rasmi = Ufalme wa Hispania | common_name = Hispania | bendera = Flag of Spain.svg | nembo = Escudo de España.png | ramani = Spain (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Uhispania | kauli_mbiu = "Plus Ultra" ([[Kilatini]] kwa "Mbele na zaidi") | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Marcha Real" au " Marcha Granadera" | lugha_rasmi = [[Kihispania]] | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Madrid]] | serikali = [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mfalme | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Mawaziri Wakuu wa Hispania|Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi1 = Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez | tukio1 = Muungano wa nasaba | tukio2 = Dola ya Muungano | tukio3 = Katiba ya kwanza | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = 20 Januari 1479 | tukio2_tarehe = 9 Juni 1715 | tukio3_tarehe = 19 March 1815 | tukio4_tarehe = 29 December 1918 | kabila = 50% [[Wahispania]] </br> 19.1 Wasio na asili ya Uhispania | mwaka_kabila = 2025 | eneo_jumla = 505,990 | cheo_eneo = ya 50 | maji = 1.04% | muundo_uhuru = '''Kuanzishwa''' | watu_kadirio = 49,077,984 | mwaka_kadirio = 2018 | cheo_watu = ya 35 | watu_sensa = 40,847,371 | mwaka_sensa = 2001 | msongamano = 92 | population_density_rank = 112 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $2.67 T<!--IMF--> <ref name='auto1'>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain GDP|url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP|year=2024}} </ref> | cheo_plt_ppp = 12 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $59,090 <ref name='auto1'/> | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 25 | plt = {{increase}} $1.73 T <ref name='auto1'/> | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $35,790 <ref name='auto1'/> | maendeleo = 0.911 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | cheo_maendeleo = 27 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) EUR | majira_saa = +1 [[Central European Time|CET]] | upande_gari = Kulia | tld = [[.es]] | msimbo_simu = 34 | footnotes = {{fnb|1}} [[Majimbo ya kujitawala ya Hispania]] yanatumia lugha za: [[Kikatalunya]]/[[Kivalencia]], [[Kibaski]] na [[Kigalicia]] pamoja na Kihispania. Katika Bonde la [[Val d'Aran]] lahaja ya [[Kiarani]] ya lugha ya [[Kioksitani]] ni lugha rasmi pamoja na Kihispania; {{fnb|2}} Hadi 1999: [[Peseta]]<br />{{fnb|3}} Ispokuwa Visiwa vya [[Kanari]] }} '''Hispania''' (pia: '''Uhispania'''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''España''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Spain''; jina rasmi: '''Ufalme wa Hispania''') ni nchi iliyoko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ulaya]] ikiwa na maeneo kaskazini mwa [[Afrika]]. Ikiwa na sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya bara la [[Ulaya]], ni nchi kubwa zaidi katika Ulaya ya Kusini na ya nne kwa idadi ya watu miongoni mwa nchi wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Inashika maeneo makubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], na eneo lake pia linajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Kanari]], vilivyoko Mashariki mwa [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], [[Visiwa vya Baleari]], vilivyoko Magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], na miji ya kiutawala ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]], katika [[Afrika]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa nchini ni [[Madrid]]. [[Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi. [[Hispania#Historia|Uhispania ina historia]] ndefu na yenye ushawishi mkubwa iliyoundwa na [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali, wakiwemo [[Waroma]], [[Wavisigothi]], na dola za Kiislamu zilizotawala sehemu za [[Rasi ya Iberia]] wakati wa [[Enzi za Kati]]. <ref name="Britannica_Spain_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/History |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=History of Spain |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Muungano wa falme za Castile na Aragon mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 15]] uliweka msingi wa dola ya kisasa ya Hispania. Katika [[karne ya 16]] na [[karne ya 17|17]], Hispania ilikua mojawapo ya himaya kubwa zaidi za kikoloni duniani, ikidhibiti maeneo katika [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]], na [[Asia]]. <ref name="NatGeo_SpanishEmpire">{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/spanish-empire/ |title=The Spanish Empire |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baadaye nchi hiyo ilikumbwa na misukosuko ya kisiasa, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na utawala wa kidikteta kabla ya kubadilika kuwa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] na demokrasia ya kibunge baada ya mwaka 1975. <ref name="BBC_Spain_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175713 |title=Spain country profile |website=BBC News |date=February 14, 2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Hispania#Uchumi|Uchumi wa Hispania]] ni miongoni mwa mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unategemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], na [[utalii]]. <ref name="OECD_Spain_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> [[Utalii]] ni mchango mkubwa katika shughuli za kiuchumi, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, fukwe, na miji ya kihistoria. Uzalishaji wa viwandani unajumuisha magari, kemikali, mashine, na usindikaji wa chakula, wakati kilimo huzalisha zeituni, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, zabibu, na nafaka. <ref name="WFB_Spain_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |title=Spain - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 |archive-date=2021-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024323/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hispania pia imeunganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro, ikitumia euro kama sarafu yake rasmi. [[Hispania#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Hispania ina mandhari mbalimbali zinazojumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, na pwani ndefu kandokando ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari ya Mediterania]]. Tambarare ya Meseta Central inachukua sehemu kubwa ya eneo la ndani, huku safu za milima kama Pyrenees na Sierra Nevada zikiathiri [[hali ya hewa]] na mifumo ya makazi. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya Mediterania kwa kiasi kikubwa, ingawa hali ya hewa ya baharini na ya ukame kiasi hupatikana katika maeneo tofauti. Mito mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. <ref name="Britannica_Spain_Land">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-land |title=Spain: The Land |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Hispania ni [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa kibunge ambapo mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi, huku mamlaka ya kiutendaji yakitekelezwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] pamoja na [[serikali]]. <ref name="LaMoncloa_State">{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The State - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi hiyo imegawanywa katika jumuiya zinazojitawala ambazo zina viwango tofauti vya kujitawala chini ya Katiba ya Hispania ya mwaka 1978. <ref name="Spain_Constitution_78">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Hispania ni mwanachama wa mashirika makubwa ya kimataifa yakiwemo [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], [[NATO]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD), na ina jukumu muhimu katika masuala ya [[Ulaya]] na ya kimataifa. <ref name="WFB_Spain_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |title=Spain - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |date=2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 |archive-date=2021-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024323/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Historia == === Historia ya awali === Wakazi wa kwanza waliojulikana kwa jina kuwa waliishi Uhispania walikuwa [[Wakelti]]. ===Wafoinike=== Katika [[karne]] za [[KK]] [[Wafoinike]] walianzisha miji kwenye pwani na kuchimba [[madini]] hasa [[shaba]] na [[fedha]]. === Waroma === [[Waroma wa Kale]] walivamia na kutawala Uhispania kwa [[karne]] kadhaa wakileta lugha yao ya [[Kilatini]] kilichopata kuwa msingi wa lugha za kisasa za Uhispania. [[Kibaski]] pekee si [[lugha ya Kirumi]]. Katika [[karne ya 5]] ma[[kabila]] ya [[Kigermanik]] walivamia [[Dola la Roma]] pamoja na Uhispania. Kati yao [[Wavandali]] na [[Wavisigothi]] walitawala sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania. === Waarabu === Tangu mwaka [[711]] jeshi la [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] liliingia kutoka [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na kutwaa sehemu kubwa ya Uhispania hadi karibu [[milima ya Pirenei]], lakini watawala wa maeneo kadhaa katika [[kaskazini]] walijihami na kufaulu kudumisha [[uhuru]] wao. Waarabu walileta [[fani]] nyingi za [[maendeleo]] nchini. Katika kipindi cha vita cha karne nyingi [[Wakristo]] wa Kaskazini walifaulu polepole kuwarudisha nyuma Waarabu hadi kusini kwa nchi. Hatimaye mwaka [[1492]] mfalme [[Boabdil]] wa [[Granada]], mji wa mwisho wa Waarabu, alishindwa na mfalme [[Ferdinand II wa Aragon]] na malkia [[Isabella wa Kastilia]]. === Makoloni ya Amerika === Wiki chache kabla ya kushinda huko Granada wafalme wa Uhispania walimkubalia [[nahodha]] [[Kristoforo Kolumbus]] kutafuta njia ya kufika [[Bara Hindi]] kupitia [[magharibi]]. Badala ya kufika [[India]] Kolumbus alifika kwenye visiwa vya [[Amerika ya Kati]]. Huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa upanuzi wa Uhispania katika "Dunia Mpya" ya [[Amerika]]. Wahispania walijenga dola kubwa la ki[[koloni]] na kutwaa karibu [[Amerika ya Kusini]] yote pamoja na Amerika ya Kati na [[Mexiko]] hadi sehemu za kusini za [[Marekani]] ya leo. Katika miaka mia tatu iliyofuata Uhispania ilitajirika sana kutokana na [[maliasili]] ya Amerika. ===Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Uhispania=== Vita hivyo vilitokea mwaka [[1898]]. Vilianza kwa shambulizi la [[Marekani]] tarehe [[25 Aprili]] dhidi ya [[Puerto Rico]] vilivyokuwa [[koloni]] la Uhispania na kuishia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] 1898, [[jeshi]] la Uhispania huko [[Manila]] ([[Ufilipino]]) liliposalimu amri. Vita hivyo vilikuwa mwanzo wa Marekani kufuata [[siasa]] ya nje ya upanuzi hata katika maeneo ya mbali. Kabla ya vita hivyo Marekani ilishughulika kupanua eneo lake kwenye [[bara]] la [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] dhidi ya [[Waindio|wakazi asilia]] na dhidi ya [[Mexiko]]. Marekani ilitumia nafasi ya [[ghasia]] ya wenyeji wa Kuba dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kikoloni wa Uhispania. Baada ya [[mlipuko]] kwenye [[manowari]] ya Marekani [[USS Maine]] katika [[bandari]] ya [[Havana]], Marekani ilitangaza vita dhidi ya Uhispania ingawa sababu ya mlipuko haijajulikana hadi leo ilikuwa nini. Uhispania haikuweza kushindana na manowari na [[silaha]] za Marekani zilizokuwa zimeendelea [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. Pia Marekani ilikuwa karibu na mahali pa vita na Uhispania ilishindwa kuongeza wanajeshi na silaha. Hivyo Marekani ilitwaa makoloni ya Uhispania ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[Kuba]] na [[Ufilipino]]. == Jiografia == [[Picha:Spain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ramani ya Uhispania.]] [[Jiografia]] ya Hispania ina utofauti mkubwa, ikijumuisha safu za milima, [[tambarare]] za juu, mabonde ya mito, nyanda za pwani, na maeneo ya visiwa. Hispania iko [[Ulaya ya Kusini|kusini-magharibi mwa Ulaya]] na inachukua sehemu kubwa ya [[Rasi ya Iberia]], ikipakana na [[Ureno]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Andorra]], na eneo la ng’ambo la [[Uingereza]] la [[Gibraltar]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain⁠ |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Geography |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}</ref> Nchi hiyo pia inajumuisha [[Visiwa vya Balearic]] katika [[Bahari ya Mediterania]], [[Visiwa vya Canary]] katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], pamoja na miji huru ya [[Ceuta na Melilla]] katika [[Afrika Kaskazini]]. Eneo lake lote lina takriban kilomita za mraba 505,990, jambo linaloifanya kuwa mojawapo ya nchi kubwa zaidi barani [[Ulaya]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#geography⁠ |title=Spain - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 |archive-date=2021-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024323/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/#geography⁠ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kitopografia, sehemu kubwa ya Hispania bara inaongozwa na Meseta Kati, ambayo ni [[tambarare]] kubwa ya juu iliyozungukwa na mifumo ya milima. Safu kuu za milima ni pamoja na [[Milima ya Pyrenees]] kaskazini-mashariki kandokando ya mpaka na [[Ufaransa]], Milima ya Cantabrian kaskazini, Mfumo wa Kati katika eneo la ndani, na Sierra Nevada kusini, ambako Mlima Mulhacén ndio kilele cha juu zaidi katika [[Rasi ya Iberia]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/destinations/spain⁠ |title=Geography of Spain |website=nationalgeographic.com |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}</ref> Nyanda za pwani zinapatikana kando ya [[Bahari ya Mediterania]] na [[Atlantiki]], huku mabonde ya mito yakisaidia shughuli za kilimo na maendeleo ya mijini. Hispania ina [[hali ya hewa]] yenye utofauti mkubwa unaoathiriwa na mwinuko, latitudi, na ukaribu na bahari. Maeneo mengi ya pwani na kusini yana hali ya hewa ya Mediterania inayojulikana kwa kiangazi cha joto na kikavu pamoja na majira ya baridi yenye hali ya wastani na mvua zaidi. Kaskazini mwa Hispania kuna hali ya hewa ya bahari yenye mvua nyingi na halijoto za chini zaidi, huku maeneo ya kusini-mashariki yakiwa na hali ya ukame kiasi. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/estudios/detalles/climatological_atlas_of_spain⁠ |title=Climatological Atlas of Spain |website=aemet.es |publisher=State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Tambarare za ndani hupata tofauti kubwa zaidi za halijoto kati ya misimu kutokana na mwinuko wake na umbali kutoka pwani. Mfumo wa mito wa nchi hiyo unajumuisha mito mikubwa kama [[Mto Tagus]], [[Mto Ebro]], [[Mto Duero]], [[Mto Guadiana]], na [[Mto Guadalquivir]]. [[Mto Ebro]] ndio mkubwa zaidi kwa kiwango cha maji unaopatikana kabisa ndani ya Hispania, huku [[Mto Tagus]] ukiwa mto mrefu zaidi katika [[Rasi ya Iberia]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Drainage⁠ |title=Spain: Drainage |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}</ref> Mito mingi huanzia maeneo ya milimani na kuelekea [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] au Mediterania. Mabwawa na vizuizi vya maji hutumiwa sana kwa umwagiliaji, uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji, na usambazaji wa maji, hasa katika maeneo makavu ambako upungufu wa maji ni changamoto kubwa ya kimazingira. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/env/resources/water-management-in-spain.htm⁠l |title=Water Resources Management in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}</ref> ==Demografia== === Kabila === Wakazi walio wengi (84.8[[%]]) ni [[Wahispania]] asili, lakini uhamiaji mkubwa wa miaka ya mwisho umeleta watu wengi hasa kutoka [[Amerika ya Kilatini]], [[Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Ulaya Mashariki]] n.k. === Lugha rasmi === [[Lugha]] rasmi ni [[Kihispania]] inayozungumzwa nyumbani na 74% za watu lakini majimbo 17 yamepewa mamlaka ya kujitawala katika mambo mbalimbali pamoja na sera za kiutamaduni, hivyo lugha za [[Kikatalunya]] (17%), [[Kigalicia]] (7%), [[Kibaski]] (2%) na [[Kioccitan]] zimekuwa [[lugha rasmi]] za kijimbo pamoja na Kihispania. === Dini === Wahispania walio wengi (61%) ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. 34% hawana [[dini]] yoyote. == Uchumi == [[File:City of Madrid (18035561592).jpg|thumb|Mji wa Madrid, Uhispania]] Uchumi wa Hispania ni mojawapo ya mikubwa zaidi [[Ulaya]] na unaendesha kama uchumi wa soko mchanganyiko ulioendelea sana uliounganishwa katika [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na ukanda wa euro. <ref name="OECD_Spain_2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/spain.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: Spain |website=OECD.org |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Hispania hutumia [[euro]] kama sarafu yake rasmi na ina uhusiano mkubwa wa biashara na kifedha na uchumi mwingine wa [[Ulaya]]. Nchi hiyo ina mfumo wa uchumi uliotofautishwa unaotegemea [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[kilimo]], [[utalii]], na biashara ya kimataifa. Vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi ni pamoja na [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], na [[Bilbao]]. <ref name="WFB_Spain_Econ"/> Sekta ya huduma ndiyo sehemu kubwa zaidi ya uchumi wa Hispania, ikichangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]] na ajira. <ref name="Britannica_Spain_Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Economy |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> [[Utalii]] ni muhimu sana, huku Hispania ikiwa mara kwa mara miongoni mwa nchi zinazotembelewa zaidi duniani kutokana na urithi wake wa kitamaduni, pwani ya [[Mediterania]], visiwa, na miji ya kihistoria. Sekta nyingine muhimu za huduma ni pamoja na [[fedha]], [[mawasiliano]], [[usafiri]], biashara ya rejareja, na utawala wa umma. <ref name="UN_Tourism_Spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=International Tourism Data |website=unwto.org |publisher=UN Tourism |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> [[Viwanda]] pia vina jukumu kubwa katika uchumi, hasa utengenezaji wa magari, mashine, kemikali, dawa, teknolojia ya nishati jadidifu, na usindikaji wa chakula. Hispania ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakubwa wa magari Ulaya. <ref name="Coface_Spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/spain-country-report |title=Spain: Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nchi hiyo pia imewekeza sana katika nishati jadidifu, hasa nishati ya upepo na jua, na kuifanya kuwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa wa nishati jadidifu [[Ulaya]]. <ref name="IEA_Spain_Energy">{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/spain |title=Spain Energy Profile |website=iea.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> [[Kilimo]] bado ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi, huku Hispania ikiwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakubwa duniani wa zeituni na mafuta ya zeituni, pamoja na zabibu, matunda ya jamii ya machungwa, mboga, na nafaka. <ref name="FAO_Spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/203 |title=Spain at a glance |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> [[Uvuvi]] na ufugaji wa viumbe wa majini pia ni muhimu katika maeneo ya pwani. Biashara ya Hispania imeunganishwa sana na masoko ya Ulaya, huku bidhaa kuu za kuuza nje zikiwa magari, mashine, bidhaa za kilimo, dawa, na bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani. <ref name="WFB_Spain_Econ"/> Licha ya ukubwa na utofauti wa uchumi wake, Hispania imekabiliwa na changamoto kama ukosefu wa ajira, deni la umma, tofauti za kiuchumi za kikanda, na mabadiliko katika soko la nyumba. <ref name="IMF_Spain_Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ESP |title=Spain and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Uchumi uliathiriwa sana na mgogoro wa kifedha wa mwaka 2008 na baadaye janga la [[COVID-19]], ingawa juhudi za kupona ziliungwa mkono kupitia ufadhili wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mageuzi ya ndani. Leo, Hispania bado ni mojawapo ya uchumi mkuu wa [[Ulaya Kusini]] na mshiriki muhimu katika biashara na fedha za kimataifa. == Serikali na Utawala == Serikali ya Hispania inaendesha chini ya mfumo wa [[ufalme wa kikatiba]] wa [[serikali ya kibunge|kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1978. <ref name="Spain_Constitution_English">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/constitucion.php?lang=en |title=The Spanish Constitution |website=boe.es |publisher=Official State Gazette |date=1978 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Mfalme hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na hutekeleza majukumu ya kiishara na ya kikatiba, ikiwa ni pamoja na kumteua rasmi [[Waziri Mkuu]], kuidhinisha sheria, na kuiwakilisha nchi katika shughuli za kiserikali. <ref name="LaMoncloa_Monarchy">{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/monarchy/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Monarchy - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |publisher=Presidency of the Government of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Mamlaka ya kiutendaji hutekelezwa na Serikali ya Hispania, ambayo inaongozwa na [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kujumuisha mawaziri wanaosimamia maeneo mbalimbali ya utawala wa kitaifa. [[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye mkuu wa serikali na huongoza sera za ndani na za nje, husimamia utawala wa umma, na kuratibu kazi za baraza la mawaziri. <ref name="Britannica_Spain_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Government-and-society |author=Vicente Rodriguez |title=Spain: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 22, 2026 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> [[Waziri Mkuu]] huteuliwa na mfalme na lazima apate imani ya [[Bunge la taifa|Bunge la Wawakilishi]], ambalo ni bunge la chini. Baraza la Mawaziri hutumika kama chombo kikuu cha kufanya maamuzi ya kiutendaji na lina wajibu wa kutekeleza sheria, kuandaa [[bajeti]] ya taifa, na kusimamia taasisi za serikali. <ref name="LaMoncloa_Executive">{{cite web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/state/executive/Paginas/index.aspx |title=The Executive - Spain |website=lamoncloa.gob.es |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria nchini Hispania yako mikononi mwa ''Cortes Generales'', ambayo ni bunge lenye mabunge mawili linalojumuisha Bunge la Wawakilishi na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="Cortes_Generales_Overview">{{cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/conocenos/funciones |title=Functions of the Congress of Deputies |website=congreso.es |publisher=Congress of Deputies |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Bunge la Wawakilishi lina mamlaka makubwa zaidi ya kutunga sheria na lina jukumu la kuidhinisha sheria, kusimamia serikali, na kupiga kura za imani. Seneti hutumika kama chombo cha uwakilishi wa maeneo, ikiwakilisha maslahi ya jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo ya Hispania. <ref name="Senate_Functions">{{cite web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/funciones/index.html?lang=en_GB |title=Functions of the Senate |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Hispania imepangwa kimaeneo katika jumuiya zinazojitawala na majimbo, kila moja ikiwa na viwango tofauti vya kujitawala. <ref name="OECD_Spain_Regional">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/spain.htm |title=Regional Development in Spain |website=OECD.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 9, 2026 }} </ref> Serikali hizi za kikanda husimamia maeneo kama [[elimu]], [[afya]], [[usafiri]], na masuala ya kitamaduni chini ya mfumo wa utawala uliogatuliwa wa Hispania. Mahakama ni huru na inaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, huku Mahakama ya Kikatiba ikitafsiri masuala ya katiba na kuhakikisha kuwa sheria zinafuata katiba. <ref name="WFB_Spain_Gov"/> ===Majimbo ya kujitawala=== [[Image:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya majimbo 17 ya Uhispania.]] {| style="clear:both" class="sortable wikitable" |- style="background:#bbb" ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px" | Bendera ! Jimbo<br />la kujitawala ! Mji mkuu wa jimbo ! Rais wa jimbo !Bunge la jimbo !Vyama tawala jimboni !Viti katika seneti ! Eneo(km²) ! Wakazi (2019) ! Msongamano (/km²) ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi (kwa [[euro]]) ! Hali |- style="background:#eee" | align="center"| [[File:Flag_of_Andalucía.svg|75px]] | [[Andalusia]] | [[Seville]] | [[Juan Manuel Moreno]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]) |[[Parliament of Andalusia]] |[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] |41 (9 RA, 32 DE) | align="right"| 87,268 | align="right"| 8,414,240 | align="right"| 96 | align="center"| 19,107 | Nationality |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg|75px]] | [[Catalonia]] | [[Barcelona]] | [[Pere Aragonès]] ([[Republican Left of Catalonia]]) |[[Parliament of Catalonia]] |[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]] <small>(until 2020)</small> |24 (8 RA, 16 (DE) | align="right"| 32,114 | style="text-align:right" | 7,675,217 | align="right"| 239 | align="center"| 30,426 | Nationality |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg|75px]] | [[Jimbo la Madrid]] | [[Madrid]] | [[Isabel Díaz Ayuso]] (PP) |[[Assembly of Madrid]] |[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|C's]] <small>(until 2021)</small> |14 (7 RA, 4 DE) | align="right"| 8,028 | style="text-align:right" | 6,663,394 | align="right"| 830 | align="center"| 35,041 | Region |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg|75px]] | [[Jimbo la Valencia]] | [[Valencia]] | [[Ximo Puig]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]) |[[Corts Valencianes|Valencian Cortes]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Unidas Podemos|Unides Podem]] |17 (5 RA, 12 DE) | align="right"| 23,255 | style="text-align:right" | 5,003,769 | align="right"| 215 | align="center"| 22,426 | Nationality |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_Galicia.svg|75px]] | [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] | [[Santiago de Compostela]] | [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]] (PP) |[[Parliament of Galicia]] |[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] |19 (3 RA, 16 DE) | align="right"| 29,574 | style="text-align:right" | 2,699,499 | align="right"| 91 | align="center"| 23,183 | Nationality |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_Castile_and_León.svg|75px]] | [[Castilia na León]] | [[Valladolid]]<br /><small>(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)</small> | [[Alfonso Fernández Mañueco]] (PP) |[[Cortes of Castile and León]] |[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] |39 (3 RA, 36 DE) | align="right"| 94,223 | style="text-align:right" | 2,399,548 | align="right"| 25 | align="center"| 24,031 | Historical region |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg|75px]] | [[Nchi ya Kieuskara]] | [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]<br /><small>(''[[de facto]]'' seat of institutions)</small> | [[Iñigo Urkullu]] ([[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]]) |[[Basque Parliament]] |[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |15 (3 RA, 12 DE) | align="right"| 7,234 | style="text-align:right" | 2,207,776 | align="right"| 305 | align="center"| 33,223 | Nationality |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[file:Bandera_Castilla-La_Mancha.svg|75px]] | [[Castilla–La Mancha]] | [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] | [[Emiliano García-Page]] (PSOE) |[[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |23 (3 RA, 20 DE) | align="right"| 79,463 | style="text-align:right" | 2,032,863 | align="right"| 26 | align="center"| 20,363 | Region |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg|75px]] | [[Visiwa vya Kanari]] | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] and [[Las Palmas|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] | [[Ángel Víctor Torres]] (PSOE) |[[Parliament of the Canary Islands]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[New Canaries|NCa]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]] |14 (3 RA, 11 DE) | align="right"| 7,447 | style="text-align:right" | 2,153,389 | align="right"| 289 | align="center"| 20,892 | Nationality |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg|75px]] | [[Jimbo la Murcia]] | [[Murcia]] | [[Fernando López Miras]] (PP) |[[Regional Assembly of Murcia]] |[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] <small>(until 2021)</small> |6 (2 RA, 4 DE) | align="right"| 11,313 | style="text-align:right" | 1,493,898 | align="right"| 132 | align="center"| 21,269 | Region |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|75px]] | [[Aragon]] | [[Zaragoza]] | [[Javier Lambán]] (PSOE) |[[Aragonese Corts]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Aragonese Party|PAR]] |14 (2 RA, 12 DE) | align="right"| 47,719 | style="text-align:right" | 1,319,291 | align="right"| 28 | align="center"| 28,151 | Nationality |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[file:Flag of Extremadura, Spain (with coat of arms).svg|75px]] | [[Extremadura]] | [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (PSOE) |[[Assembly of Extremadura]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |10 (2 RA, 8 DE) | align="right"| 41,634 | style="text-align:right" | 1,067,710 | align="right"| 26 | align="center"| 18,469 | Region |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg|75px]] | [[Visiwa vya Baleari]] | [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]] | [[Francina Armengol]] (PSOE) |[[Parliament of the Balearic Islands]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Unidas Podemos|Podemos-EUIB]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]] |7 (2 RA, 5 DE) | align="right"| 4,992 | style="text-align:right" | 1,149,460 | align="right"| 230 | align="center"| 27,682 | Nationality |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_Asturias.svg|75px]] | [[Asturias|Ufalme mdogo wa Asturias]] | [[Oviedo]] | [[Adrián Barbón]] (PSOE) |[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |6 (2 RA, 4 DE) | align="right"| 10,604 | style="text-align:right" | 1,022,800 | align="right"| 96 | align="center"| 22,789 | Historical region |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[file:Bandera_de_Navarra.svg|75px]] | [[Navarra|Jimbo la Navarra]] | [[Pamplona]] | [[María Chivite]] (PSOE) |[[Parliament of Navarre]] |[[Socialist Party of Navarre|PSN]], [[Geroa Bai|GBai]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] |5 (1 RA, 4 DE) | align="right"| 10,391 | style="text-align:right" | 654,214 | align="right"| 63 | align="center"| 31,389 | Nationality |- style="background: #ddd" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_Cantabria.svg|75px]] | [[Cantabria]] | [[Santander, Spain|Santander]] | [[Miguel Ángel Revilla]] ([[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]]) |[[Parliament of Cantabria]] |[[Regionalist Party of Cantabria|PRC]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |5 (1 RA, 4 DE) | align="right"| 5,321 | style="text-align:right" | 581,078 | align="right"| 109 | align="center"| 23,757 | Historical region |- style="background: #eee" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_of_La_Rioja_(with_coat_of_arms).svg|75px]] | [[La Rioja (Hispania)|La Rioja]] | [[Logroño]] | [[Concha Andreu]] (PSOE) |[[Parliament of La Rioja]] |[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] |5 (1 RA, 4 DE) | align="right"| 5,045 | style="text-align:right" | 316,798 | align="right"| 63 | align="center"| 27,225 | Region |} ''R.A: Regionally appointed; D.E: Directly elected.'' ====Miji ya kujitawala==== {| style="clear:both" class="sortable wikitable" |- style="background:#bbb" ! class="unsortable" style="width:50px" | Bendera ! Mji wa kujitawala ! Meya !Halmashauri !Vyama tawala mjini !Viti katika seneti ! Eneo (km²) ! Wakazi (2019) ! Msongamano (/km²) ! [[GDP]] kwa mkazi <br>(kwa [[euro]]) |- style="background:#eee" | align="center" |[[file:Flag_of_Melilla.svg|75px]] |[[Melilla]] |[[Eduardo de Castro]] ([[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]]) |[[Assembly of Melilla]] |[[Coalition for Melilla|CpM]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Cs]] |2 (DE) | align="right" | 12.3 | align="right" | 86,487 | align="right" | 7,031 | align="right" | 16,981 |- style="background:#eee" | align="center"| [[file:Flag_Ceuta.svg|75px]] | [[Ceuta]] | [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]) |[[Assembly of Ceuta]] |[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] |2 (DE) | align="right"| 18.5 | align="right"| 84,777 | align="right"| 4,583 | align="right"| 19,335 |} ==== Marundiko ya miji mikubwa ==== * [[Madrid]] ni [[mji mkuu]] - wakazi 6,052,247 (2018) * [[Barcelona]] katika [[Catalonia]] - wakazi 5,030,679 * [[Valencia]] - wakazi 1,959,084 * [[Sevilia]] katika [[Andalusia]] - wakazi 1,539,018 * [[Malaga]] katika Andalusia - wakazi 974,822 * [[Bilbao]] katika [[nchi ya Kieuskara]] - wakazi 910,843 * [[Asturias kati]] - wakazi 835,053 * [[Zaragoza]] katika [[Aragon]]- wakazi 771,246 == Picha == <gallery> Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 12-15-09.jpg|[[Daraja]] lililojengwa zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] huko Cordoba Image:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|[[Mezquita]] (=[[msikiti]] wa zamani) huko [[Cordoba]] Image:Sagradafamilia-overview.jpg|[[Kanisa]] la [[Sagrada Familia]] mjini Barcelona Image:AZCA (Madrid) 01.jpg|Madrid Image:PlazaCastillaMadrid.JPG |Uwanja wa Kastilia na "Puerta de Europa" (''Geti la Ulaya'') mjini Madrid Image:ValenciaHemisphere2corr.jpg |Valencia Image:SanAndrés2.JPG|Tenerifa Image:El angliru desde el Monsacro.jpg|[[Mlima]] [[Alto de Angliru]] Image:Isla de deva.jpg|Kisiwa cha [[Deva (kisiwa)|Deva]] kinavyoonekana kutoka [[Rasi Vidrias]] </gallery> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Hispania|Orodha ya miji ya Uhispania]] * [[Mikoa ya Hispania|Mikoa ya Uhispania]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Spain}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|sp|Spain}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm Spain] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641 Spain] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES Key Development Forecasts for Spain] from [[International Futures]] ;Serikali * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210924160415/http://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk E-Government portal for Spain] ;Ramani * {{wikiatlas|Spain}} ;Utalii * [http://www.spain.info/en/ Official tourism portal for Spain] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Hispania}} [[Jamii:Hispania| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Mkataba wa Schengen]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kihispania]] [[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] llj7ukxg0b8yatvz8m5aehuiuuegkew 0 180160 1599461 1512565 2026-09-23T18:16:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599461 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Fridamaanum arsenal.jpg|thumb|337x337px|Maanum akiichezea Arsenal mwaka 2024.]] '''Frida Leonhardsen Maanum''' (alizaliwa [[16 Julai]] [[1999]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Norway]] anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] au [[beki]] wa klabu ya [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] ya Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake(WSL) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bosher|first=Luke|title=Hemp, Toone up for PFA young player award|url=https://theathletic.com/3490527/2022/06/01/pfa-womens-young-player-of-the-year-lauren-hemp-lauren-james-ella-toone-nominated/|access-date=2023-01-30|website=The Athletic|language=en}}</ref> na pia anacheza katika timu ya taifa ya Norway.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frida Maanum – Norway – WEURO|url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2017/teams/player=250078059/index.html|website=UEFA.com|accessdate=2024-04-09|archive-date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714235135/http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2017/teams/player=250078059/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last1=Sandberg|first1=Fredrik Økstad|last2=Ihle|first2=Marthe|date=2017-06-28|title=17-åring med i kvinnelandslagets EM-tropp|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/17-aring-med-i-kvinnelandslagets-em-tropp/68236133|access-date=2023-01-30|website=dagbladet.no|language=no}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] dinzic5v6z7o8ql0rjmckc66qdyf297 0 180658 1599326 1511689 2026-09-23T14:17:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Emma Koivisto 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Koivisto akichezea Florida State Seminoles mnamo [[2014]]]] '''Emma Wilhelmina Koivisto''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1994]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2014/pdf/FU20W_2014_SquadLists.pdf|work=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-04-21|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629175249/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2014/pdf/FU20W_2014_SquadLists.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Ufini|Finland]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ya Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL) na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Finland]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Finland - E. Koivisto - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/emma-koivisto/130285/|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2024-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/season=2012/teams/player=250017233/profile/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-21 |archive-date=2014-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928204425/http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/season=2012/teams/player=250017233/profile/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufini]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] rxrmaezrs8k3bkqskavvw3qh07g2o40 1599430 1599326 2026-09-23T17:05:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Emma Koivisto 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Koivisto akichezea Florida State Seminoles mnamo [[2014]]]] '''Emma Wilhelmina Koivisto''' (alizaliwa [[25 Septemba]] [[1994]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2014/pdf/FU20W_2014_SquadLists.pdf|work=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-04-21|archive-date=2015-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629175249/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FU20W/2014/pdf/FU20W_2014_SquadLists.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Ufini|Finland]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ya Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL) na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Finland]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Finland - E. Koivisto - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/emma-koivisto/130285/|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2024-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/season=2012/teams/player=250017233/profile/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-21 |archive-date=2014-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928204425/http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/season=2012/teams/player=250017233/profile/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufini]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] ajkmpjv8snsl7kzo7guh6h5tv6eexsf 0 180889 1599487 1520274 2026-09-23T18:23:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Megan_Connolly_2015_(cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Megan Connolly]] '''Megan Connolly''' (alizaliwa [[7 Machi]] [[1997]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connolly goals drive on Cork|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-20200978.html|work=Irish Examiner|date=2012-07-17|accessdate=2024-04-26|language=en|author=Cork 5-06 Kerry 0-10 Máire de Faoite}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Eire]] ambae anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] katika klabu ya Bristol City inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake, ambayo yeye pia ni nahodha, na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Jamhuri ya Ireland]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Republic of Ireland - M. Connolly - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/megan-connolly/270331/|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2024-04-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Eire]] [[Jamii:CWW24]] cpq99syrf6cgxvc79j7wa49kdcb2p0r 0 181132 1599312 1438533 2026-09-23T13:41:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ellie_Brazil_(46072348545)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Ellie Brazil]] '''Ellie Jade Brazil''' (alizaliwa [[10 Januari]] [[1999]] )<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161104230225/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/83/62/03/fu17w_2016_squadlists_neutral.pdf</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji wa klabu ya Tottenham Hotspurs inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL) na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Uingereza kwa walio na umri chini ya miaka 23.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250097353/profile/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2020-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523051424/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player%3D250097353/profile/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] fp6x9j3b19qe3u7swyav15qvrk9rxe4 1599427 1599312 2026-09-23T17:03:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ellie_Brazil_(46072348545)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Ellie Brazil]] '''Ellie Jade Brazil''' (alizaliwa [[10 Januari]] [[1999]] )<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161104230225/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/83/62/03/fu17w_2016_squadlists_neutral.pdf</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji wa klabu ya Tottenham Hotspurs inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL) na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Uingereza kwa walio na umri chini ya miaka 23.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250097353/profile/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2020-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523051424/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player%3D250097353/profile/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] d39cgo7b3gb2zxpzrqct2vkztes0mll 0 181348 1600026 1518000 2026-09-24T10:32:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lena Headey (47086135862) (cropped).jpg|thumb|'''Lena Headey''' Mwaka 2019]] '''Lena Kathren Headey''' (amezaliwa [[Hamilton, Uingereza|Hamilton]], Oktoba 3, [[1973]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lena-headey/bio/161706 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-30 |archive-date=2014-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010003115/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lena-headey/bio/161706 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) ni mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Alianza kuwa maarufu kimataifa baada ya kuigiza kama Cersei Lannister katika tamthilia ya [[Game of Thrones]] ambapo alichaguliwa mara 5 kuwania tuzo za Primetime Emmy Award na Golden Globe Award . Na pia alikua maarufu baada ya kuigiza kama Malkia Gorgo kwenye filamu ya 300 ([[2006]]). == Maisha ya awali == Lena Kathren Headey ni mtoto wakike na wazazi wake wote Sue na John Headey wakiwa ni [[Waingereza]]. Baba yake alikuwa afisa wa polisi kutoka [[Yorkshire na Humber|Yorkshire]], alifanya kazi [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] wakati Lena anazaliwa katika kituo cha Polisi cha Bermud. Anamdogo wake wakiume anayeitwa Tim<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=She's Beautiful When She's Angry|url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a19544151/lena-headey-profile/|work=Men's Health|date=2010-10-05|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref>. Lena ana asili ya [[Kiingereza]] na [[Ireland]]. Alipokua na umri wa miaka mitano familia yake ilirudi [[Uingereza]] na kuishi [[Somerset West|Somerset]]. Alisoma masomo ya ballet akiwa mdogo<ref>{{Citation|title=Lena Heady on Letterman|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4f0NUmL6eig|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>. Headey alipata uzoefu wake katika kuigiza alipokua mwanafunzi wa Chuo cha Shelley, akiwa na umri wa miaka 17. Akiwa anaigiza katika ukumbi wa Chuo ulioitwa Royal National Theatre, alichaguliwa kuigiza katika tamthilia ya Waterland 1992<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lena gets ready to terminate TV ratings|url=http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/music/lena-gets-ready-terminate-tv-5043633|work=Yorkshire Live|date=2008-01-16|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en|author=YorkshireLive}}</ref>. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:CWW24]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] sbcl7ccity9lntpjzxkjmzhalaqjvdk 0 181349 1599553 1518905 2026-09-23T18:35:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Maisie Williams |majina mengine = Margaret Constance "Maisie" Williams |picha= Maisie Williams by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg |caption = Williams mwaka 2019 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Bristol]], England</small> |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 15 Aprili 1997 |utaifa = [[Tanzania|Mtanzania]] |kazi yake = mwigizaji, mjasiriamali |miaka ya kazi = 2011-hadi sasa |mwenza = | mhitimu = </small> | wavuti = }} '''Margaret Constance''' "'''Maisie'''" '''Williams''' (amezaliwa [[Bristol]], Aprili 15, [[1997]]) ni mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Williams alianza kuigiza mnamo [[2011]] kama Arya Stark akiwa kama mmoja ya wahusika wakuu wa tamthilia ya Game of Thrones(2011-2019). Alianza kua maarufu kupitia tamthilia hio na kuchaguliwa kuwania tuzo mbili za Emmy Award. Williams alionekana katika tamthilia zingine kama vile Doctor Who (2015) akiigiza kama Ashildr, aliigiza pia katika filamu ya [[Uingereza]] iliyoitwa Cyberbully (2015), na katika filamu ya vijana ''iBoy'' (2017). Aliigiiza pia kama muhusika mkuu katika tamthilia ya maigizo ya vichekesho iliyoitwa ''Two Weeks to Live'' (2020), na aliigiza kama Jordan katika filamu ya Pistol(2022). Williams pia aliigiza sauti ya Cammie MacCloud katika katuni ya [[marekani]] ambayo ilikua ikijulikana kama ''Gen:Lock'' (2019–2021). Mnamo mwaka wa 2014, aliigiza kama Lydia katika filamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa The Falling, ambayo ilimpa umaarufu na kupata baadhi ya tuzo. Na pia aliigiza kama muhusika mkuu katika filamu kama ''Mary Shelley'' (2017), katuni ya vichekesho ''Early Man'' (2018), na filamu ya mapenzi ''Then Came You'' (2018). Mnamo mwaka 2018 alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye jukwaa la filamu katika tamthilia ya Lauren Gunderson I and You kwenye ukumbi wa Hampstead huko [[London]]. Mnamo [[2020]] aliigiza katika filamu ya kutisha The New Mutants na ''The Owners''. Mnamo mwaka wa [[2019]], Williams kwa pamoja walitengeneza na kuzindua jukwaa la mitandao ya kijamii Daisie, programu ya mitandao ya media anuwai iliyoundwa kuwa njia mbadala ya kuwasaidia wasanii na watayarishi (haswa wale wanaojaribu kuanza) katika taaluma zao. == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Margaret Constance Williams alizaliwa na Gary Williams na Hilary Frances, Mama yake alikua ni msimamizi wa kozi ya chuo kikuu ambaye baadaye aliacha kazi yake ili amsaidie Maisie katika kazi zake za uigizaji<ref>{{Citation|last=Hughes|first=Sarah|title=Game of Thrones' Maisie Williams: 'It's not all fun and games'|date=2016-04-22|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/apr/22/game-of-thrones-maisie-williams-its-not-all-fun-and-games|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hughes|first=Sarah|title=Game of Thrones' Maisie Williams: 'It's not all fun and games'|date=2016-04-22|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/apr/22/game-of-thrones-maisie-williams-its-not-all-fun-and-games|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=London|first=Lela|title=What happened to Arya Stark in the Game of Thrones finale - and what's west of Westeros?|date=2019-05-05|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/arya-stark-maisie-williams-character-game-of-thrones-season-8/|work=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Everything we know about Game of Thrones' Bristolian Maisie Williams|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/everything-know-game-thrones-bristolian-2784420|work=Bristol Live|date=2019-04-28|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en|author=Emma Elgee, Daniel Chipperfield}}</ref>. Wazazi wa Williams walitalikiana alipokuwa na umri wa miezi minne tu. Williams ndio mtoto mdogo kabsa kati ya ndugu zake wanne James, Beth na Ted, Williams alilelewa na mama yake na babake wa kambo katika nyumba yenye vyumba vitatu vya kulala katika kijiji cha Clutton, Somerset<ref>{{Citation|last=Cronin|first=Emily|title=Maisie Williams on finding her style, growing up in the spotlight... and the final series of Game of Thrones|date=2018-07-07|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/maisie-williams-finding-style-spending-45-million-fortune-final/|work=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>. Williams amejulikana kama "Maisie" tangu umri akiwa mdogo<ref>{{Citation|last=Heawood|first=Sophie|title=Maisie Williams: ‘I was covered in blood and gnawing on pizza’|date=2019-04-14|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/apr/14/maisie-williams-i-was-covered-in-blood-and-gnawing-on-pizza|work=The Observer|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>, alipewa jina hilo la utani kwa sababu alikua anafanana na mhusika wa katuni ya vibonzo wa gazeti la Uingereza The Perishers. Williams alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Clutton na Shule ya Norton Hill huko jiji la Midsomer Norton. Baadaye alihamia Chuo cha Bath Danceambapo alisomea sanaa ya uigizaji, ambako alijifunza katika ukumbi wa michezo wa kuigiza, ballet, pointe, tap, street, mitindo huru, mazoezi ya viungo, kwa nia ya kuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa. Aliacha shule akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 kwa sababu ya kufanya vizuri katika kazi yake na kuamua kuanza kuigiza. Wakati huo alikuwa anasoma akiwa nyumbani, lakini hakufanya mitihani ya GCSEs yoyote<ref>{{Citation|last=Nicholson|first=Rebecca|title=Game of Thrones' Maisie Williams: 'I'm still petrified of my peers'|date=2018-10-17|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/oct/17/game-of-thrones-maisie-williams-interview-marvel|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Game of Thrones star Maisie Williams was bullied after becoming famous|date=2015-02-10|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-31173974|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Maisie Williams On ‘Game Of Thrones’ And The Future: “It Needs To Happen Organically”|url=https://deadline.com/2016/08/game-of-thrones-maisie-williams-arya-stark-emmys-interview-1201799468/|work=Deadline|date=2016-08-15|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US|author=Joe Utichi}}</ref>. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:CWW24]] p5cb5r0kr317tfdpz62m5uz91z4qxy2 0 181515 1599749 1334295 2026-09-23T23:05:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hugo the Hippo''' ni [[filamu]] ya uhuishaji iliyotengenezwa mwaka wa [[1975]] na Pannónia Filmstúdió ya Hungaria na kushirikiana na [[Marekani]] na Brut Productions, tawi la kampuni ya manukato ya [[Kifaransa]] Faberge<ref>https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck</ref>. Ilizinduliwa nchini Hungaria mwaka wa 1975 na nchini Marekani mwaka wa 1976 na 20th Century-Fox (kama filamu yake ya kwanza ya uhuishaji kusambazwa).<ref>https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/184/mode/2up</ref> Filamu iliyoongozwa na William Feigenbaum na József Gémes (aliyeongoza uhuishaji).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24450/Hugo-The-Hippo/full-credits.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-05-04 |archive-date=2018-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134947/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24450/Hugo-the-Hippo/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 1975]] [[Jamii:Filamu]] iai5w8t3hz84jirphvvbjvt0pqpjzlm 1599876 1599749 2026-09-24T05:40:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hugo the Hippo''' ni [[filamu]] ya uhuishaji iliyotengenezwa mwaka wa [[1975]] na Pannónia Filmstúdió ya Hungaria na kushirikiana na [[Marekani]] na Brut Productions, tawi la kampuni ya manukato ya [[Kifaransa]] Faberge<ref>https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck</ref>. Ilizinduliwa nchini Hungaria mwaka wa 1975 na nchini Marekani mwaka wa 1976 na 20th Century-Fox (kama filamu yake ya kwanza ya uhuishaji kusambazwa).<ref>https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/184/mode/2up</ref> Filamu iliyoongozwa na William Feigenbaum na József Gémes (aliyeongoza uhuishaji).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24450/Hugo-The-Hippo/full-credits.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-05-04 |archive-date=2018-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134947/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24450/Hugo-the-Hippo/full-credits.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 1975]] [[Jamii:Filamu]] 0gf7mvthca4pkzzsjtlwuifcqppu5r4 0 181536 1599666 1529320 2026-09-23T19:01:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''West of Zanzibar''''' ni [[filamu]] ya matukio ya [[Uingereza]] ya mwaka wa [[1954]] iliyoongozwa na Harry Watt na kuigiza Anthony Steel, Sheila Sim na Edric Connor.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BFI {{!}} Film & TV Database {{!}} WEST OF ZANZIBAR (1954)|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/57545|work=web.archive.org|date=2009-01-14|accessdate=2024-05-04|archive-date=2009-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114021653/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/57545|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ni mwendelezo wa ''Where No Vultures Fly'' ([[1951]]), kutoka kwa mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji, na kuendeleza matukio ya mlinzi wa wanyamapori Bob Payton, iliyochezwa tena na Anthony Steel. Mada ya filamu hiyo ni magendo ya pembe za ndovu, na ingawa [[filamu]] hiyo inaonekana kuunga mkono wenyeji wa Kiafrika dhidi ya unyonyaji wa kiuchumi, ilipigwa marufuku na serikali ya [[Kenya]], ambayo ilizingatia mtazamo wake kuwa wa kibaba sana.<ref name="tvguide1">{{cite web |url=http://movies.tvguide.com/west-of-zanzibar/review/122605 |title=West Of Zanzibar Review |publisher=Movies.tvguide.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-22 |archive-date=2014-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225141326/http://movies.tvguide.com/west-of-zanzibar/review/122605 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1403334/index.html |title=BFI Screenonline: West of Zanzibar (1954) |publisher=Screenonline.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-02-22}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] 4t11cgoomdo0wx0rbyuash2alp3q756 0 181651 1599776 1335620 2026-09-24T02:04:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Jenny Hallstenson |picha = Jenny Hallstenson.jpg |caption = Jenny Hallstenson |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 29 Ocktoba 1980 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = Mchezaji soko |utaifa = Uswidi }}'''Jenny Hallstenson''' (alizaliwa [[29 Oktoba]] [[1980]]) ni kiungo wa soka wa [[Uswidi]] ambaye mara ya mwisho alikuwa akicheza katika Ligi ya Kwanza ya Uswidi kwa klabu ya QBIK. Awali alikuwa akicheza katika Damallsvenskan na QBIK na Göteborg FC,<ref>https://svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/person/?playerid=5345 </ref> na pia alicheza katika Ligi ya Mabingwa na klabu ya mwisho.<ref>http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250040681/profile/index.html {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alitangaza [[ujauzito]] wake wakati wa msimu wa [[2012]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Uswidi]] 6euvt8ifmiv8lbowo8e987q5cpw8k64 0 181838 1599554 1509391 2026-09-23T18:35:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catherine credo''' (alizaliwa [[2 Agosti]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa kike wa [[Tanzania]] anayefahamika zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya Neema na Hidaya katika [[filamu]] za (FATUMA & BAHASHA ) zote zikionyeshwa kwenye mtandao wa Netflix, Bibie katika kipindi cha Tv KOMBOLELA (2021), Frida katika filamu ya FRIDA ( 2022) ,Dorice katika kipindi cha Tv cha SINIA ([[2022]]) , Mwahamu katika Filamu fupi ya NIA (2023) filamu iliyoandaliwa na Seko shamte, Kidawa katika filamu ya KIDAWA ([[2023]]) inayoonyeshwa kwenye mtandao wa Showmax na katika kipindi cha Tv cha DHOHAR ([[2024]]) kama sabina kinachooneshwa kwenye [[DStv|DSTV]]. ==Taaluma== Kwa filamu ya Kiswahili ya Jordan Riber 2018 aliyoshirikishwa kama "Neema" inayoitwa, ''Hadithi za Kumekucha: Fatuma'', pia akiwa na [[Beatrice Taisamo]] na [[Ayoub Bombwe]], aliteuliwa na kutunukiwa tuzo ya "Muigizaji bora wa kike" katika kitengo maalum cha Sinema za Swahili. Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar la 2018.<ref name=US>Cite web |url=https://www.africaleadftf.org/2018/03/07/new-movie-features-africas-everyday-superheroes-women-farmers/ |title=USAID Tanzania Supported Film “Kumekucha: FATUMA” Wins Top Swahili Awards at 2018 Zanzibar Film |publisher=Africa Lead |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022021831/https://www.africaleadftf.org/2018/03/07/new-movie-features-africas-everyday-superheroes-women-farmers/ |url-status=dead </ref><ref>Cite web |url=https://www.paff.org/films/#!/film/fatuma |title=Fatuma: Feature {{!}} Narrative |publisher=PAFF |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109175610/https://www.paff.org/films/#!/film/fatuma |url-status=dead </ref> Bado mnamo mwaka [[2018]], alishiriki tena katika tamthilia ya lugha ya Kiswahili ya Jordan Riber iliyoitwa, Bahasha, ambayo aliigiza nafasi ya Hidaya. Nyota wengine walioangaziwa ni pamoja na [[Ayoub Bombwe]] na Godliver Gordian.<ref>https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8540608/ |title=Bahasha (2018) |publisher= IMDb |access-date=November 7, 2020.</ref><ref>https://torontoblackfilm.com/movie/bahasha/ |title=BAHASHA |last=Riber |first=Jordan |publisher=Toronto International Black Film Festival |access-date=November 7, 2020.</ref> Katika Tuzo za 15 za ''Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA-[[2019]])'', aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya mwingizaji bora mwenye umri mdogo katika filamu ya Fatuma,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://africine.org/analyse/amaa-2019-the-nominees/14762 {{Wayback|url=http://africine.org/analyse/amaa-2019-the-nominees/14762 |date=20201114080908 }} | title = AMAA 2019, the nominees {{!}} The ceremony is scheduled on the 27th of October 2019 in Lagos, Nigeria |last=Dia |first=Thierno Ibrahima |date=September 19, 2019 |publisher=Africine |access-date=November 7, 2020</ref> ambayo alishinda Cynthia Dankwa wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amaa-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-the-15th-edition-of-award/m1ppsb7 |last=Gbenga |first=Bada | title = AMAA 2019: Here are all the winners at the 15th edition of award|website=Pulse Nigeria | date = Oktoba 27, 2019|access-date=November 7, 2020</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://hotfm.ng/abuja/2019/10/28/amaa-2019-see-full-list-of-winners-at-the-15th-edition-of-movie-award/ {{Wayback|url=http://hotfm.ng/abuja/2019/10/28/amaa-2019-see-full-list-of-winners-at-the-15th-edition-of-movie-award/ | date = 20201109202812}} |title=AMAA 2019: SEE FULL LIST OF WINNERS AT THE 15TH EDITION OF MOVIE AWARD |publisher=HotFM |access-date=November 9, 2020</ref> == Kazi za filamu == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Filamu ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Nafasi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Maelezo ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Rejea |- |2023 |''Dhohar'' |Sabina |Mfululizo wa Televisheni | |- |2022 |''Ndoano'' |Somoe |Tamthilia | |- |2021–2022 |''Kombolela'' |Bibie |Mfululizo wa Televisheni | |- | rowspan=2|2018 | ''[[Bahasha (film)|Bahasha - The Envelope]]'' | Mwigizaji (''Hidaya'') | Tamthilia | |- | ''[[Fatuma (film)|Haditha za Kumekucha: Fatuma]]'' | Mwigizaji (''Neema'') | Tamthilia | |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] piom025jydtlkyzm9a9w8z51lsl5nlh 0 182176 1599667 1521106 2026-09-23T19:01:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Mona Mwakalinga |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Tanzania |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Dr. Mona Mwakalinga |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mhadhiri |nchi = Tanzania }} '''Mona Mwakalinga''' (PhD) ni Amidi wa Shule kuu ya Uandishi wa Habari na Mawasiliano ya Umma na Mhadhiri [[Mwandamizi|Mwandamiz]]<nowiki/>i wa [[Filamu]], [[Televisheni]], Michezo ya jukwaani na Mafunzo ya Vyombo vya [[Habari]] katika Idara ya Sanaa ya Ubunifu, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]]. Eneo lake la utaalam ni [[Filamu]] na [[Televisheni]] za Kitanzania/Kiafrika, Sinema za Kimataifa, Jinsia, Mazoea ya Kuigiza ya Kiafrika na mtazamo na mapokezi ya Vyombo vya Habari. Alipata Shahada yake ya Sanaa katika Sanaa ya Tamthilia na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Tamthilia na Filamu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Dar es Salaam]] na shahada yake ya udaktari katika Masomo ya Filamu na Vyombo vya Habari kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas, [[Marekani]].<ref>https://www.filmboard.go.tz/administration/146/board-members</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/staff/name/Mona/895 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-06-07 |archive-date=2024-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607101616/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/staff/name/Mona/895 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kazi== Mona Mwakalinga amefundisha kozi nyingi za filamu kama: Utangulizi wa Filamu, Utangulizi wa Filamu na Televisheni, Utangulizi wa Utayarishaji wa Video za Msingi, Utayarishaji wa video, Filamu kwa Maendeleo, Uchumi wa Kisiasa wa Tasnia ya Ubunifu, Tamthilia ya Televisheni ya kubadili tabia. Nadharia na vitendo, Uongozaji wa Filamu, Mazoezi ya Kisasa ya Filamu na Televisheni barani Afrika, Fedha za Filamu, Uuzaji na Usambazaji, Sinema za Kiafrika, Sinema ya Cuba, Mbinu za Kuigiza na Kutengeneza Filamu, Hati ya Utangazaji, na Uandishi wa Filamu.<ref>https://www.filmboard.go.tz/administration/146/board-members</ref> ==Miradi aliyoshiriki== *AREC-SIDA sponsorship *Fulbright Fellowship *Outstanding Conference paper for a Film symposium<ref>https://maishafilmlab.org/maisha-mentor/mona-mwakalinga/</ref> ==Filamu== Maangamizi: The Ancient One<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0236461/</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocreatives edit-a-thon 2024 in Tanzania]] 1d0gk4agaydxg7x81iqr5f8so9cjpqd 0 182517 1599555 1339131 2026-09-23T18:35:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Bardo National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography 3.jpg|thumb|Makumbusho ya mahakama]] '''Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Historia na Ethnografia ya Bardo''' (Kiarabu: المتحف الوطني باردو, El-mathaf El-ouatani Bardo, Kifaransa: Musée National de Préhistoire et d'Ethnographie du Bardo) ni [[Jumba la Makumbusho|makumbusho]] ya kitaifa yaliyoko [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]].<ref name="Oulebsir2004">{{cite book|author=Nabila Oulebsir|title=Les Usages du patrimoine: Monuments, musées et politique coloniale en Algérie, 1830-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv8-7vKP9PMC&pg=PA263|year=2004|publisher=Les Editions de la MSH|isbn=978-2-7351-1006-3|page=263}}</ref> ilifunguliwa kama makumbusho mwaka [[1927]].<ref name="JordiPlanche1999">{{cite book|author1=Jean-Jacques Jordi|author2=Jean-Louis Planche|title=Alger, 1860-1939: le modèle ambigu du triomphe colonial|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ap8tAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Éds. Autrement|isbn=978-2-86260-887-7|page=79}}</ref> ==Marejeoo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-historia}} [[jamii:Makumbusho ya Algeria]] [[Jamii:Algiers]] mrkjdtfhanhzru1vy32q6cuyuvduxkw 0 183510 1599713 1597644 2026-09-23T20:15:45Z ~2026-51364-86 92567 1599713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vivian Onano''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa kijamii kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye anatetea elimu ya wasichana na kukomesha ndoa za utotoni barani Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Africa Leadership Series |url=https://teachforall.org/africa-leadership-series |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Teach For All |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2021-11-15 |title=Vivian Onano - Global Citizen Forum |url=https://www.globalcitizenforum.org/speakers2/vivian-onano/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Global Citizen Forum |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Vivian Onano |url=https://womendeliver.org/classmember/vivian-onano/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Women Deliver |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-04-09 |title=Kenyan Vivian Onano promotes girls access to education |url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/260434/Kenyan-Vivian-Onano-promotes-girls-access-to-education |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1991]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wanaharakati wa Kenya]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] 0zt6qicla75unpa1mjyrrqp6vlgqbok 0 183986 1599488 1343016 2026-09-23T18:23:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Inge Eberhard.jpg|thumb|'''Inge Sargent''']] '''Inge Sargent''' ([[23 Februari]] [[1932]] - [[5 Februari]] [[2023]]), pia anajulikana kama Sao Nang Thu Sandi, alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Austria]] na [[Marekani]],[[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za binadamu]] ambaye alikuwa wa mwisho kutawala Hsipa Mahawde mnamo [[1957]] hadi [[1959]]. <ref name="a">{{cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=INGE SARGENT: BURMA'S AUSTRIAN PRINCESS |url=https://www.insideasiatours.com/insideburma/blog/2016/06/23/inge-sargent-burma-austrian-princess/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021542/https://www.insideasiatours.com/insideburma/blog/2016/06/23/inge-sargent-burma-austrian-princess/ |archive-date=18 September 2017 |accessdate=18 September 2017 |work=InsideAsia Tours |language=en}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite web|url=https://www.oeamtc.at/autotouring/reise/inge-sargent-shan-prinzessin-burma-12015806|title=Plötzlich Prinzessin|work=oeamtc|date=15 March 2016|accessdate=18 September 2017|language=de}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1932]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2023]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:wanaharakati wa Austria]] f9zhxa190qff32ypxfpiot85az4nwg9 0 184326 1599819 1344233 2026-09-24T04:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Independence Hall at Night.jpg|thumb|Independence Hall wakati wa usiku]] [[File:US $100 series 2006 reverse.jpg|thumb|Upande wa nyuma wa dola 100 ya Marekani ina picha ya jengo tangu 1928]] '''Jumba la Uhuru''' (pia '''Ukumbi wa Uhuru'''; kutoka [[Kiing.]]: '''''Independence Hall''''') ni jengo la kihistoria lililopo mjini [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], ambalo lina umuhimu mkubwa katika historia ya [[Marekani]]. Awali, jengo hili lilijulikana kama Pennsylvania State House na lilijengwa kati ya miaka 1732 na 1753 kwa ajili ya mikutano ya bunge la kikoloni la Pennsylvania. Hata hivyo, umuhimu wake wa kihistoria unatokana na matukio makubwa mawili yaliyotokea humo: kupitishwa kwa [[Azimio la Uhuru]] mwaka 1776 na kuandikwa na kupitishwa kwa [[Katiba ya Marekani]] mwaka 1787-1788. ==Urithi na Uhifadhi== Independence Hall ni sehemu ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Uhuru (Independence National Historical Park), ambayo inajumuisha pia Kengele ya Uhuru (Liberty Bell) na majengo mengine ya kihistoria katika eneo hilo. Mnamo mwaka 1979, Independence Hall iliorodheshwa kama sehemu ya Urithi wa Dunia na UNESCO kutokana na umuhimu wake katika historia ya binadamu. ==Utalii na Elimu== Leo, Independence Hall ni kivutio kikubwa cha watalii na mahali pa kujifunza historia ya Marekani. Wageni kutoka sehemu mbalimbali duniani hufika hapa kujionea mahali ambapo misingi ya taifa la Marekani iliwekwa. Maonyesho na ziara zinazoongozwa na waongozaji hutoa fursa ya kuelewa zaidi matukio muhimu yaliyotokea hapa na umuhimu wake kwa historia ya Marekani na ulimwengu. Kwa ujumla, Independence Hall ni alama ya uhuru, demokrasia, na utawala wa sheria, na inabaki kuwa ishara muhimu ya historia na urithi wa Marekani. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Independence Hall}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes}} * [http://www.nps.gov/inde/ Independence National Historical Park]. National Park Service official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061011021727/http://www.nps.gov/archive/inde/archeology/archeology3.htm Archeology at the site]. National Park Service official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706050850/http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/132independence/132independence.htm ''Independence Hall: International Symbol of Freedom,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan]. National Park Service official website * [https://www.ushistory.org/tour/independence-hall.htm Independence Hall]. ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association website * {{HABS |survey=PA-1430 |id=pa0939 |title=Independence Hall Complex |photos=708 |color=8 |dwgs=45 |cap=66}} * [http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/independence-hall.html Independence Hall. World Heritage Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205160326/http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/independence-hall.html |date=February 5, 2017 }} official webpage. World Heritage Committee * [http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/independence-hall.html Independence Hall (at "Satellite View of Independence National Historical Park")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205160326/http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/independence-hall.html |date=February 5, 2017 }}. World Heritage Sites official webpage. World Heritage Committee * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_rAmG3D3lw Video of the Signing Room at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania] * [http://www.quiz-tree.com/Declaration-of-Independence-Trumbull.html Interactive Flash Version of John Trumbull's ''Declaration of Independence''] {{KWW}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Marekani]] cmjq0vxbw952f4bndtz1x5k94vtjmu1 0 184591 1599387 1346841 2026-09-23T16:19:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599387 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Eusebio (1963).jpg|thumb|Eusebio (1963)]] '''Eusébio da Silva Ferreira''' (maarufu kama '''Eusébio''', [[Maputo|Lourenço Marques]], sasa Maputo, [[Msumbiji]], 25 Januari 1942 - [[Lisbon]], Ureno, 5 Januari 2014) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Ureno kutoka Msumbiji. Alikulia katika familia maskini na alianza kucheza soka katika viwanja vya mitaani na timu za shule. Katika ujana wake, alionyesha kipaji kikubwa katika soka na kujiunga na timu ya Sporting Lourenço Marques, ambayo ilikuwa tawi la klabu ya [[Sporting CP]] ya [[Ureno]]. Hapo ndipo kipaji chake kilipoanza kuonekana wazi na akaanza kupata umaarufu kama mshambuliaji mahiri. Mwaka 1961, Eusébio alihamia Ureno na kujiunga na klabu ya [[Benfica]]. Akiwa Benfica, alicheza kwa mafanikio makubwa na kuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji bora zaidi duniani. Alifunga mabao mengi na kusaidia klabu yake kushinda mataji mengi, ikiwemo Kombe la Ulaya (sasa Ligi ya Mabingwa UEFA) mwaka 1962. Eusébio alikuwa mchezaji mwenye kasi, nguvu, na uwezo wa kipekee wa kufunga mabao kutoka mbali. Katika msimu wa 1967-1968, alishinda tuzo ya [[Ballon d'Or]] kama mchezaji bora wa Ulaya, na pia alikuwa mfungaji bora wa [[Kombe_la_Dunia_la_FIFA|Kombe la Dunia]] mwaka 1966 nchini [[Uingereza]], akiisaidia Ureno kumaliza katika nafasi ya tatu. Katika kipindi cha uchezaji wake, Eusébio alishinda mataji mengi na tuzo mbalimbali. Alikuwa mfungaji bora wa [[ligi kuu ya Ureno]] (Primeira Liga) mara saba na alifunga mabao zaidi ya 300 kwa Benfica katika mashindano yote. Mbali na mafanikio yake binafsi, aliisaidia Benfica kushinda mataji 11 ya ligi kuu ya Ureno na mataji mengine mengi ya ndani. Umahiri wake na mchango wake mkubwa uwanjani ulimfanya kuwa kipenzi cha mashabiki na alijulikana kama "Simba wa Ureno" kutokana na uwezo wake wa kucheza kwa nguvu na kuogopwa na mabeki wengi. Baada ya kustaafu soka mwaka 1979, Eusébio aliendelea kuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika soka la Ureno na duniani kote. Alikuwa balozi wa soka na alishiriki katika shughuli nyingi za kuendeleza mchezo huo, hususan kwa vijana. Alifanya kazi na Benfica kama mshauri na balozi wa klabu, akiwasaidia wachezaji wachanga na kushiriki katika matukio mbalimbali ya klabu. Umaarufu wake na mchango wake katika soka uliendelea kumfanya kuwa alama ya heshima na kumbukumbu kwa mashabiki wengi. Eusébio anakumbukwa kwa mambo mengi, ikiwemo uchezaji wake wa kipekee, uwezo wa kufunga mabao, na mchango wake katika soka la kimataifa. Alikuwa kielelezo cha wachezaji wengi waliokuja baada yake na aliheshimika na kuenziwa na wachezaji, makocha, na mashabiki kote duniani. Urithi wake katika soka unaendelea kuishi kupitia historia na kumbukumbu zake. ==Marejeo== * https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jan/05/eusebio-dies-benfica-portugal * https://www.fifa.com/news/eusebio-passes-away-2254054 * https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0253-0d7f5028c9a4-7fd79764f43b-1000--eusebio-s-legacy/ {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/1675298/eusebio-portuguese-football-legend-dies-71 * https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/eusebio-dies-portuguese-football-legend-passes-away-aged-71-9038598.html * https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9105827/portugal-legend-eusebio-dies-aged-71 * https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/sports/soccer/eusebio-portuguese-star-of-the-1960s-dies-at-71.html * https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1912624-eusebio-passes-away-benfica-and-portugal-legend-dies-at-age-71 {{BD|1942|2014}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ureno]] skkczd32obrm17dmca2zcl4kkq2sy1e 0 184597 1599688 1348407 2026-09-23T19:18:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Gerd Müller c1973 (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px| Gerd Müller]] '''Gerd Müller''' (Novemba 3 1945 - Agosti 15 2021) maarufu kama "Der Bomber" alizaliwa huko [[Nördlingen]], [[Ujerumani]]. Hakuwa na mwili mkubwa au nguvu nyingi, lakini alijulikana kwa uwezo wake mkubwa wa kufunga mabao, ujuzi wa kumalizia nafasi, na wepesi wa harakati zake uwanjani. Müller alianza kucheza soka katika timu ya vijana ya klabu ya mji wake, [[TSV 1861 Nördlingen]], ambako aliangaza kwa mabao yake mengi. Mwaka 1964, alihamia klabu ya [[Bayern Munich]], na hapo ndipo alipoanza kung'ara zaidi. Katika kipindi cha miaka 15 aliyokaa Bayern, Müller alifunga mabao 398 katika mechi 453 za mashindano yote. Akiwa Bayern, alishinda mataji mengi ikiwemo [[Bundesliga]] mara nne (1969, 1972, 1973, 1974), [[Kombe la Ujerumani]] mara nne (1966, 1967, 1969, 1971), na [[Kombe la Ulaya]] mara tatu mfululizo (1974, 1975, 1976). Alikuwa mfungaji bora wa Bundesliga mara saba na mshindi wa tuzo ya Ballon d'Or mwaka 1970. Katika timu ya [[taifa ya Ujerumani Magharibi]], Müller alifunga mabao 68 katika mechi 62, na hivyo kuwa mmoja wa wafungaji bora zaidi katika historia ya soka ya kimataifa. Alikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika ushindi wa [[Kombe la Dunia]] mwaka 1974, ambapo alifunga bao la ushindi katika fainali dhidi ya [[timu_ya_taifa_ya_uholanzi|Uholanzi]]. Pia alisaidia Ujerumani kushinda [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Ulaya]] mwaka 1972, akifunga mabao manne katika mashindano hayo. Baada ya kustaafu soka mwaka 1981, Müller alihamia [[Marekani]] na kucheza kwa muda mfupi katika klabu ya [[Fort Lauderdale Strikers]]. Baada ya hapo, alirudi Ujerumani na kuanza kazi kama kocha wa vijana katika klabu ya Bayern Munich, akiwasaidia wachezaji vijana na kuendeleza vipaji vipya. Hata hivyo, maisha yake baada ya soka hayakuwa rahisi, kwani alikumbwa na matatizo ya pombe yaliyomletea changamoto kubwa. Kwa msaada wa marafiki zake wa zamani na klabu ya Bayern Munich, Müller alifanikiwa kushinda matatizo hayo na kuendelea na maisha yake kwa amani. Gerd Müller anakumbukwa kwa mambo mengi, ikiwemo uwezo wake wa kipekee wa kufunga mabao, nafasi yake katika historia ya soka kama mmoja wa wafungaji bora zaidi, na mafanikio yake makubwa akiwa na klabu ya Bayern Munich na timu ya taifa ya Ujerumani Magharibi. Aliweka rekodi nyingi za ufungaji ambazo zimevunjwa tu na wachezaji wachache, na urithi wake katika soka unaendelea kuenziwa na mashabiki na wachezaji kote duniani. ==Marejeo== *The Guardian (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/15/gerd-muller-obituary) *FIFA (https://www.fifa.com/news/legendary-german-striker-gerd-muller-dies-3067985) *UEFA (https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/news/026c-12bbfbfa3081-96c3d13e7d3c-1000--farewell-to-legend-gerd-muller/ {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) *ESPN (https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/31914553/gerd-muller-germany-bayern-munich-great-dies-aged-75) *The Independent (https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/gerd-muller-death-bayern-munich-b1902861.html) *Sky Sports (https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12382224/gerd-muller-germany-and-bayern-munich-legend-dies-aged-75) *The New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/15/sports/soccer/gerd-muller-dead.html) *Bleacher Report (https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2946946-gerd-muller-german-soccer-legend-dies-at-age-75 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) {{BD|1945|2021}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] oj9qpkkdk8mr55uvgdb7rkqaelddemn 0 184621 1599429 1346842 2026-09-23T17:04:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ferenc Puskás (1982).jpg|thumb|'''Ferenc Puskás (1982)''']] '''Ferenc Puskás''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Ferenc Purczeld''' April 2 1927 - Novemba 17 2006) alizaliwa huko [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] katika familia yenye mapenzi makubwa kwa soka, na baba yake alikuwa kocha wa soka. Puskás alianza kucheza soka tangu akiwa mtoto mdogo, akifundishwa na baba yake. Alijiunga na timu ya vijana ya [[Kispest AC]], ambayo baadaye ilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[Budapest Honvéd]]. Puskás alianza kucheza soka la kulipwa mwaka 1943 akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 katika klabu ya Kispest AC. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 18, alijulikana sana kwa uwezo wake wa kufunga mabao na kuongoza timu yake kushinda mataji mbalimbali. Katika kipindi chake na Honvéd, alifunga mabao 352 katika mechi 341 za ligi, na hivyo kuwa mmoja wa wafungaji bora zaidi katika historia ya soka ya Hungary. Katika timu ya taifa ya Hungary, Puskás alicheza mechi 85 na kufunga mabao 84, rekodi ambayo ilikuwa ngumu kuvunjwa kwa muda mrefu. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya [[timu_ya_taifa_ya_Hungary|Hungary]] iliyojulikana kama "Mighty Magyars" ambayo ilitawala soka ya kimataifa katika miaka ya 1950. Timu hiyo ilishinda medali ya dhahabu katika michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya 1952 na kufika fainali ya [[kombe la dunia]] mwaka 1954, ambapo walipoteza kwa [[Ujerumani Magharibi]]. Baada ya [[uasi wa Hungary]] mwaka 1956, Puskás alikimbilia [[Ulaya Magharibi]] na baadaye alijiunga na klabu ya [[Real Madrid]] ya [[Hispania]] mwaka 1958. Akiwa Real Madrid, Puskás aliendelea kung'ara na kushinda mataji mengi ikiwemo [[ligi_kuu_ya_hispania|La Liga]] mara tano (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965), [[Kombe la Mabingwa Ulaya]] mara tatu (1959, 1960, 1966), na kombe la Hispania mara mbili (1962, 1965). Katika mechi 180 za La Liga alizocheza, alifunga mabao 156. Alishinda tuzo ya mfungaji bora wa La Liga mara nne (1960, 1961, 1963, 1964). Baada ya kustaafu soka mwaka 1966, Puskás alijiingiza katika ukocha. Alifundisha timu mbalimbali duniani ikiwemo [[Panathinaikos]] ya [[Ugiriki]], ambapo aliifikisha fainali ya [[Kombe la Ulaya]] mwaka 1971. Alifundisha pia timu za San Francisco Golden Gate Gales, Vancouver Royals, Real Murcia, na [[timu ya taifa ya Saudi Arabia]] na Hungary. Ferenc Puskás anakumbukwa kwa mambo mengi, ikiwemo uwezo wake wa kipekee wa kufunga mabao, ujuzi wake wa hali ya juu katika kumiliki mpira, na ufundi wake wa hali ya juu. Alikuwa na kipaji cha kipekee cha kufunga mabao kutoka umbali wowote na kwa miguu yote miwili. Alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora zaidi katika historia ya soka na FIFA ilimpa jina la "Mchezaji Bora wa Karne ya 20." Katika heshima yake, tuzo ya [[FIFA Puskás Award]] ilianzishwa mwaka 2009, ikitolewa kwa mchezaji aliyefunga bao bora zaidi katika mwaka wa soka. Puskás pia aliingizwa katika orodha ya FIFA ya wachezaji bora wa karne na ameacha urithi mkubwa katika mchezo wa soka. ==Marejeo== * https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/nov/17/newsstory.sport * https://www.fifa.com/news/puskas-a-legend-of-the-beautiful-game-2831407 * https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/history/news/0253-0d7bc97b344d-87f12c9c942e-1000--farewell-to-ferenc-puskas/ {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.espn.com/soccer/news/story/_/id/3792125/legendary-hungary-real-madrid-striker-ferenc-puskas-dies-aged-79 * https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ferenc-puskas-424241.html * https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/2401547/ferenc-puskas-dies-aged-79 * https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/17/sports/soccer/17puskas.html * https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1808967-ferenc-puskas-remembering-a-footballing-icon {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{BD|1927|2006}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hungaria]] 127ry3z9bww2c1v7f87mionlcnp9p7d 0 184646 1599453 1489292 2026-09-23T17:55:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Francis Ford Coppola 2007.jpg|thumb|Francis Ford Coppola (2007)]] '''Francis Ford Coppola''' (alizaliwa [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], 7 Aprili 1939) ni mmoja wa watengeneza filamu mashuhuri na wenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani. Akiwa na asili ya [[Italia]], alikulia katika familia ya wasanii ambapo baba yake, Carmine Coppola, alikuwa [[mtunzi]] wa [[muziki]] na mama yake, Italia Pennino, alikuwa [[mwigizaji]]. Hali hii ilimweka katika mazingira ya sanaa tangu akiwa mdogo. Coppola alianza kuonyesha kipaji chake cha ubunifu akiwa mdogo alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na moja alipoanza kufanya filamu fupi za nyumbani kwa kutumia kamera ya milimita 8. Alisoma katika chuo kikuu cha Hofstra ambapo alisomea maigizo na kisha kuendelea na masomo ya uzamili katika chuo kikuu cha California, [[Los Angeles]] (UCLA) ambapo alisomea uandishi wa skripti na utengenezaji wa filamu. Katika kipindi hiki, alikutana na baadhi ya washirika wake wa baadaye kama [[George Lucas]]. Kazi ya Coppola ilianza kuchanua katika miaka ya 1960 alipofanya kazi kama mhariri wa filamu na baadaye akaanza kutengeneza filamu zake mwenyewe. Umaarufu wake ulipanda sana katika miaka ya 1970 alipotoa filamu ya "The Godfather" (1972), ambayo ilipokelewa vyema na wachambuzi wa filamu na kupata mafanikio makubwa ya kibiashara. "The Godfather" ilishinda tuzo nyingi za Oscar, ikiwemo picha bora na mwigizaji bora kwa [[Marlon Brando]]. Ubunifu wake uliongezeka kupitia filamu kama "The Conversation" (1974) na "Apocalypse Now" (1979), zote zikionyesha ustadi wake wa kuunganisha hadithi za kina na uchambuzi wa kisaikolojia. Filamu hizi ziliimarisha nafasi yake kama mmoja wa watengeneza filamu wakubwa wa wakati wake. Maisha ya nje ya sanaa ya Coppola pia yalikuwa na changamoto na mafanikio. Alimuoa Eleanor Neil wakapata watoto watatu, Sophia Coppola, Roman Coppola, na Gian-Carlo Coppola. Sophia na Roman wamefuata nyayo zake na kuwa watengeneza filamu maarufu. Hata hivyo, maisha yake yalikuwa na huzuni baada ya kifo cha mwanaye, Gian-Carlo, kutokana na ajali ya boti mwaka 1986. Coppola pia anajihusisha na biashara nyingine nje ya utengenezaji wa filamu. Anamiliki Francis Ford Coppola Winery huko Napa Valley, California. Ameanzisha pia miradi mbalimbali ya uzalishaji wa [[divai]] na mikahawa, akijitahidi kuwa na mchango mkubwa katika nyanja mbalimbali za maisha. Pamoja na changamoto za kifedha na kutoelewana na baadhi ya watu katika tasnia ya filamu, Coppola amefanikiwa kudumisha umaarufu wake na ushawishi wake katika sinema. Anaendelea kuwa mfano wa kuigwa na watengeneza filamu wapya na watazamaji wa sinema kote duniani. {| class="wikitable" |+ Baadhi ya kazi za Francis Coppola |- ! Jina la Filamu/Tamthilia !! Mwaka Uliotoka !! Idadi ya tuzo !! Wasanii wakubwa |- | Dementia 13|| 1963 || 0 || William Campbell, Luana Anders, Bart Patton |- | You're a Big Boy Now|| 1966 || 0 || Elizabeth Hartman, Geraldine Page, Peter Kastner |- | The Godfather || 1972 || 3 || Marlon Brando, [[Al Pacino]], James Caan |- | The Conversation || 1974 || 6 || Gene Hackman, John Cazale |- | The Godfather II || 1974 || 6 || Al Pacino, [[Robert De Niro]], Diane Keaton |- | Apocalypse Now || 1979 || 2 || Martin Sheen, Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall |- | One from the Heart || 1981 || 0 || Frederic Forrest, Teri Garr, Raul Julia |- | The Outsiders || 1983 || 0|| Matt Dillon, Ralph Macchio, Patrick Swayze |- | Rumble Fish || 1983 || 0 || Matt Dillon, Mickey Rourke, Diane Lane |- | The Cotton Club || 1984 || 0 || Richard Gere, Gregory Hines, Diane Lane |- | Peggy Sue Got Married || 1986 || 0|| Kathleen Turner, [[Nicolas Cage]] |- | Gardens of Stone || 1987 || 0 || James Caan, Anjelica Huston, James Earl Jones |- | Tucker: The Man and His Dream || 1988 || 0 || Jeff Bridges, Joan Allen, Martin Landau |- | The Godfather III || 1990 || 0 || Al Pacino, Diane Keaton, Andy Garcia |- | Bram Stoker's Dracula || 1992 || 3 || Gary Oldman, Winona Ryder, Anthony Hopkins |- | Jack || 1996 || 0 || [[Robin Williams]], Diane Lane |- | The Rainmaker || 1997 || 0 || [[Matt Damon]], Danny DeVito, Claire Danes |- | Youth Without Youth || 2007 || 0 || Tim Roth, Alexandra Maria Lara |- | Tetro || 2009 || 0 || Vincent Gallo, Alden Ehrenreich, Maribel Verdú |- | Twixt || 2011 || 0 || Val Kilmer, Bruce Dern, Elle Fanning |} Francis Ford Coppola ameacha alama kubwa katika tasnia ya filamu, na kazi zake zinaendelea kuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kwa watengeneza filamu na watazamaji wa sinema duniani kote. Uwezo wake wa kusimulia hadithi za kipekee na za kuvutia unampa heshima ya kipekee katika ulimwengu wa sinema. ==Marejeo== * Francis Ford Coppola - Biography (https://www.biography.com/filmmaker/francis-ford-coppola) * Francis Coppola's Early Works (https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/7155-early-works-of-francis-ford-coppola) * Apocalypse Now: Behind the Scenes (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/27/apocalypse-now-behind-the-scenes) * Francis Ford Coppola's Influence on Cinema (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/francis-ford-coppola-his-influence-modern-cinema-1275660/) * The Conversation: A Film Study (https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-conversation-1974) * Coppola's Wine Business (https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeslifestyle/2018/09/04/francis-ford-coppola-winery/) * Coppola's Business Ventures (https://www.wsj.com/articles/francis-ford-coppola-wine-films-restaurants-11617825483) * Francis Ford Coppola's Career (https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/38555%7C0/Francis-Ford-Coppola/#biography {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) * Francis Ford Coppola's Awards and Recognitions (https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1975) {{BD|1939|}} [[Jamii:Watengenezaji filamu wa Marekani]] qsiyg32cxjm2jh8xj3blgs1rncguygx 0 185115 1599723 1346812 2026-09-23T21:00:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Hans Zimmer crop.jpg|thumb|Hans Zimmer (2008)]] '''Hans Zimmer''' (alizaliwa Frankfurt, Ujerumani, Septemba 12, 1957) ni mmoja wa watunzi maarufu wa muziki wa filamu duniani, anayejulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee unaojumuisha muziki wa kipekee wa ala za kielektroniki na za kitamaduni. Alionyesha mapenzi ya muziki tangu akiwa mdogo. Alijifunza kupiga piano akiwa na umri mdogo, ingawa hakupokea mafunzo rasmi kwa muda mrefu. Badala yake, alijifunza kwa njia ya kujitegemea, na hivi karibuni alianza kuunda muziki wake mwenyewe. Maisha yake ya awali yalijaa changamoto, hasa baada ya kifo cha baba yake alipokuwa na umri wa miaka sita. Hali hii ilimlazimisha Hans kuanza kujitegemea mapema, na alijikita zaidi katika muziki kama njia ya kujieleza. Baada ya kuhitimu shule, alihamia London ambako alianza kufanya kazi katika matangazo ya televisheni na utengenezaji wa muziki wa kibiashara. Kazi yake ilianza kupaa alipokutana na mtayarishaji maarufu [[Trevor Horn]], ambaye alimsaidia kupata nafasi katika tasnia ya muziki. Mafanikio ya kwanza ya Hans Zimmer katika muziki wa filamu yalikuja kupitia filamu ya "Rain Man" mwaka 1988. Muziki wa filamu hii ulimletea umaarufu mkubwa na kumletea uteuzi wake wa kwanza wa tuzo ya Academy (Oscar) kwenye kipengele cha muziki bora. Hii ilikuwa ni mwanzo wa safari ndefu ya mafanikio katika muziki wa filamu. Baadaye, aliendelea kutengeneza muziki kwa filamu kama vile "The Lion King" (1994), ambayo ilimletea tuzo yake ya kwanza ya Oscar ya muziki bora wa Filamu, na "Gladiator" (2000), ambayo pia ilimletea uteuzi wa Oscar. Muziki wa Hans Zimmer unajulikana kwa matumizi ya ala za kielektroniki, nyimbo za kipekee, na uwezo wake wa kuunganisha muziki na hisia za hadithi inayosimuliwa. Alifanya kazi kwa karibu na muongoza filamu [[Christopher Nolan]] kwenye filamu kama "Inception" (2010) na "The Dark Knight Trilogy," ambazo zimemfanya kuwa mmoja wa watunzi wa muziki wa filamu wanaopendwa zaidi ulimwenguni. Hans Zimmer ameendelea kuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika tasnia ya muziki wa filamu, na amekuwa mfano wa kuigwa kwa watunzi wengi wa kizazi kipya. Muziki wake umeacha alama kubwa katika historia ya filamu, na ameendelea kushinda tuzo nyingi kwa kazi zake bora. ==Baadhi ya kazi bora za Hans Zimmer== {| class="wikitable" !Na. !Kazi !Mwaka !Aina ya Kazi !Tuzo |- |1 |The Lion King |1994 |Filamu |Oscar, Golden Globe, Grammy |- |2 |Gladiator |2000 |Filamu |Golden Globe, Grammy |- |3 |Inception |2010 |Filamu |BAFTA, Grammy |- |4 |The Dark Knight |2008 |Filamu |Grammy |- |5 |Interstellar |2014 |Filamu |BAFTA, Grammy |- |6 |The Last Samurai |2003 |Filamu |Golden Globe |- |7 |Pirates of the Caribbean Series |2003-2017 |Filamu |Grammy (nominee) |- |8 |Dunkirk |2017 |Filamu |Oscar (nominee), BAFTA |- |9 |The Thin Red Line |1998 |Filamu |Oscar (nominee), Golden Globe |- |10 |Dune |2021 |Filamu |Oscar, BAFTA, Golden Globe |} ==Marejeo== * IMDb** - Wasifu wa Hans Zimmer: [imdb.com](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001877/). * Official Website** - Tovuti rasmi ya Hans Zimmer: [hanszimmer.com](https://www.hanszimmer.com/). * Berklee College of Music** - Maelezo kuhusu Hans Zimmer kama mhitimu wa heshima: [berklee.edu](https://www.berklee.edu/). * Variety** - Mahojiano na Hans Zimmer kuhusu kazi zake: [variety.com](https://variety.com/). * The Guardian** - Makala kuhusu Hans Zimmer: [theguardian.com](https://www.theguardian.com/). * Rolling Stone** - Mahojiano na Hans Zimmer: [rollingstone.com](https://www.rollingstone.com/). * Hollywood Reporter** - Makala na mahojiano na Hans Zimmer: [hollywoodreporter.com](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/). * BAFTA** - Hans Zimmer na tuzo zake za BAFTA: [bafta.org](https://www.bafta.org/). * Grammy.com** - Maelezo kuhusu tuzo za Grammy alizoshinda Hans Zimmer: [grammy.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20200714062909/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/hans-zimmer). {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Ujerumani]] 93qk9m45rn3th0f7q99lp2yq62fo7eq 0 185420 1599556 1515649 2026-09-23T18:35:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joel Nanauka''' (alizaliwa [[Mtwara (mji)|Mtwara]], [[4 Julai]] [[1983]]) ni [[waziri]] wa Wizara ya Maendeleo ya Vijana nchini [[Tanzania]] kuanzia tarehe 17 Novemba 2025. Uteuzi wake umetokana na sifa zake kama mhamasishaji maarufu, [[mwandishi]] wa [[vitabu]] 45, na msomi aliyebobea katika masuala ya maendeleo na diplomasia ya uchumi. Anajulikana kwa kazi yake ya utoaji [[mafunzo]] ya [[uongozi]], mara nyingi akitoa hotuba na [[semina]] za kuhamasisha watu binafsi na mashirika kufikia malengo yao. Nanauka ameandika vitabu 45 na ni mzungumzaji maarufu kwenye matukio, akishiriki maarifa kuhusu mada kama vile mafanikio, uongozi, na ukuaji binafsi. Ana ushawishi mkubwa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kama [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]], [[X (Twitter)]] na [[Facebook]], ambapo amekuwa anashiriki maudhui ya kuhamasisha na kushirikiana na hadhira pana akigusia mambo mbalimbali ya kijamii ikiwemo kujitambua na kuweza kujiinua, kupambana kutoka kwenye umaskini na kupambana na janga hilo, mwenyewe Nanauka kwenye moja ya mahojiano yake alikiri kuwa alishawahi kuwa [[Tanzania One (T.O)]] kwenye mitihani ya kidato cha nne ila akaamua kuwa mhamasishaji na sio fani nyingine kutokana na mapenzi yake ya kupenda kuhamasisha jamii kuwa na maendeleo endelevu na sasa amechaguliwa rasmi na [[Rais]] wa jamhuri ya muungano wa Tanzania [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] kuwa waziri wa wizara ya maendeleo ya vijana ambapo wizara yake inadili haswa na maendeleo ya vijana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joel Nanauka katika Kinagaubaga na DW Kiswahili – DW – 03.05.2024|url=https://www.dw.com/sw/joel-nanauka-katika-kinagaubaga-na-dw-kiswahili/audio-68991411|work=dw.com|accessdate=2024-08-26|language=sw}}</ref> Watu wanampenda na kumuimba. ==Elimu== Dr. Joel Nanauka alihitimu darasa la saba mwaka [[1992]], huku akishika nafasi ya 3 kimkoa kama mwanafunzi bora huko kwao mkoani Mtwara na hivyo kuchaguliwa kujiunga na shule ya vipaji Kibaha (Kibaha Secondary School) ambapo alisoma kidato cha kwanza mpaka cha sita. Akiwa kidato cha pili 2000 alikuwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi bora 10 waliofanya vizuri katika kanda ya Mashariki. Mnamo mwaka 2002 kidato cha nne huku akiwa ni mwanafunzi bora kitaifa akipata ufaulu wa alama A katika masomo tisa kati ya 10 aliyoyasoma na kufanikiwa kujiunga kidato cha sita hapohapo Kibaha Sekondari. Alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] mwaka 2005 akisomea shahada ya Biashara na Uongozi na baadae alisoma Stashahada ya Juu ya Diplomasia Ya Uchumi (Post-graduate in Economic Diplomacy) na baadaye kupata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Maendeleo na Uhusiano wa Kimataifa (International Cooperation and Development).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joel Nanauka – Life Coach. Author and Speaker|url=http://www.joelnanauka.com/|accessdate=2024-08-26|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2024 Joel Nanauka alitunikiwa shahada ya heshima ya Uzamivu katika Uongozi na Usimamizi wa Biashara (PhD in Leadership and Business Management) na chuo kikuu cha Veridian kilichopo Atlanta,Georgia nchini Marekani. ==Maisha binafsi== Joel Nanauka ni mume na [[baba]] wa [[Mtoto|watoto]] watatu wa kike. Mama yake anaitwa Anjela ambaye amewahi kuwa mwalimu mkuu wa shule ya Raha Leo huko Mtwara na baba yake ni mzee Nanauka. ==Mafanikio== Licha ya kuwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi bora kitaifa, Joel Nanauka amewahi kutajwa kuwa miongoni mwa vijana 100 wenye ushawishi zaidi barani Afrika, akibebwa zaidi na utoaji elimu kuhusu uchumi na uongozi katika majukwaa mbalimbali ikiwemo mitandao ya kijamii na vitabu mbalimbali. Joel Nanauka amewahi kuajiliwa katika shirika la umoja wa kimataifa la Elimu, Sayansi na Utamaduni UNESCO. Amewahi pia kutunikiwa tuzo ya I-Change Nations iliyotambua mchango wake wa kuleta mabadiliko kwa watu nchini Tanzania. Tuzo hizi zinatolewa na taasisi ya ICN iliyoko nchini Marekani. Joel Nanauka ni mwanzilishi wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Joel Nanauka Foundation lenye maono, lililojitolea kuboresha maisha ya watu wasio na fursa kupitia mipango endelevu, lililojikita katika kutekeleza miradi inayoshughulikia mahitaji ya haraka ya jamii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joel Nanauka Foundation|url=https://www.joelnanaukafoundation.or.tz/|work=www.joelnanaukafoundation.or.tz|accessdate=2024-08-26|archive-date=2024-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826162708/https://www.joelnanaukafoundation.or.tz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> pia ni waziri wa vijana nchini Tanzania na m bunge wa mtwara mjini. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} {{BD|1983|}} [[jamii:wanauchumi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:mawaziri wa Tanzania]] sny9ehvxobxvhz00l0irxizhr20yvwk 0 186116 1599807 1516099 2026-09-24T04:12:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julian Charles Becket Amyes''' (maarufu kama Julian Amyes, [[9 Agosti]] [[1917]] – [[26 Aprili]] [[1992]]) alikuwa mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]] na [[televisheni]] wa [[Uingereza]].<ref name="bfi">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba11b0bb1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043028/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba11b0bb1|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2017|title=Julian Amyes|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n87838405.html|title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|first=The Library of|last=Congress|website=id.loc.gov}}</ref> Licha ya kuwa [[mkurugenzi]] na [[mtayarishaji]] mkuu, Amyes pia alicheza katika filamu kama ''High Treason'' ([[1951]]) na ''Mandy'' ([[1952]]). <ref name="allmovie">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/julian-amyes-p79568|title=Julian Amyes - Movies and Filmography - AllMovie|website=AllMovie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6ac4da80|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013080647/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6ac4da80|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2016|title=High Treason (1951)|publisher=}}</ref>Alianza kazi yake ya uongozaji kupitia tamthilia ya [[BBC]] ''Sunday Night Theatre'' ya ''The Merry Wives of Windsor'' mnamo [[1952]], na aliongoza maonyesho mengine kadhaa kabla ya kujiunga na Granada Television mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1960]], ambako alikuwa mkuu wa kitengo cha drama kuanzia [[1963]] hadi [[1977]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b74376fa7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717080000/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b74376fa7|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2020|title=The Merry Wives of Windsor (1952)|publisher=}}</ref> [[Kazi]] zake za filamu kama mkurugenzi zinajumuisha ''A Hill in Korea'' ([[1956]]) na ''Miracle in Soho'' ([[1957]]). Baada ya [[1977]], alirejea kwenye televisheni na kuongoza mabadiliko ya ''The Old Curiosity Shop'' ([[1979]]), ''Great Expectations'' ([[1981]]), na ''Jane Eyre'' ([[1983]]) kwa ajili ya BBC. Amyes pia alifanya kazi katika uzalishaji huru, na alikuwa [[mkurugenzi]] wa vipindi vya ''The Bill'' ([[1990]]) na ''Rumpole of the Bailey'' ([[1989]]–[[91]]) kwa ajili ya Thames Television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/julian-amyes/credits/186092/|title=Julian Amyes|website=TVGuide.com|accessdate=2024-09-17|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044120/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/julian-amyes/credits/186092/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa ameoa mwigizaji na mwandishi Anne Allan, na walikuwa na [[watoto]] wawili; Sebastian, Profesa katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Edinburgh]], na Isabelle, [[mwigizaji]]. Julian Amyes alifariki kwa kiharusi mnamo [[1992]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji Filamu wa Uingereza]] l4ko24yfjnh0dnny5c9mpmmk4ywuify 0 186471 1599840 1516353 2026-09-24T04:54:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2022 FIFA World Cup England 6–2 Iran - (33) (cropped).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Phillips akiwa na [[timu ya taifa]] mnamo [[2022]]]] '''Kalvin Mark Phillips''' (alizaliwa [[2 Desemba]] [[1995]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kalvin Phillips Ipswich Town Midfielder, Profile & Stats {{!}} Premier League|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/10768/Kalvin-Phillips/overview|work=www.premierleague.com|accessdate=2024-09-23|language=en}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uingereza]], ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo]] mkabaji katika klabu ya [[Ipswich Town]], inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza [[Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL)|EPL]], akitokea klabu ya [[Manchester City]] kwa mkopo na timu ya taifa [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0269-12464679fb2e-84fa175e53ca-1000--all-the-euro-2020-squads/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-09-23 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628171333/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0269-12464679fb2e-84fa175e53ca-1000--all-the-euro-2020-squads/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] stxo4u3o9j80qlnk2wjoapv95yl0919 1599896 1599840 2026-09-24T06:20:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2022 FIFA World Cup England 6–2 Iran - (33) (cropped).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Phillips akiwa na [[timu ya taifa]] mnamo [[2022]]]] '''Kalvin Mark Phillips''' (alizaliwa [[2 Desemba]] [[1995]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kalvin Phillips Ipswich Town Midfielder, Profile & Stats {{!}} Premier League|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/10768/Kalvin-Phillips/overview|work=www.premierleague.com|accessdate=2024-09-23|language=en}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uingereza]], ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo]] mkabaji katika klabu ya [[Ipswich Town]], inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza [[Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL)|EPL]], akitokea klabu ya [[Manchester City]] kwa mkopo na timu ya taifa [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0269-12464679fb2e-84fa175e53ca-1000--all-the-euro-2020-squads/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-09-23 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628171333/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0269-12464679fb2e-84fa175e53ca-1000--all-the-euro-2020-squads/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] 4cdar5vh12ez9xxh4e1ixjqouxrnh48 0 186765 1600068 1522584 2026-09-24T11:42:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Odell Haggins Jr.''' (alizaliwa Februari 27, 1967) ni kocha na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[futiboli ya Marekani]]. Yeye ni kocha mkuu msaidizi wa timu ya mpira wa miguu na kocha wa wachezaji wa safu ya ulinzi wa kati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la [[Florida]]. Haggins amekuwa akifundisha katika jimbo la Florida tangu mwaka 1994 na amewahi kuhudumu mara mbili kama kocha mkuu wa muda katika michezo miwili ya mwisho ya msimu wa mwaka 2017 wa timu ya futiboli ya Jimbo la Florida, baada ya kujiuzulu kwa ''Jimbo Fisher'' na michezo minne ya mwisho ya msimu wa mwaka 2019 wa timu ya futiboli ya Jimbo la Florida, baada ya kufutwa kazi kwa ''Willie Taggart''.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.tomahawknation.com/florida-state-football-fsu-noles/2017/12/1/16718398/florida-state-odell-haggins-interim-head-coach-louisiana-monroe-jimbo-fisher-resigns-texas-am|title=FSU's Odell Haggins to serve as Interim Head Coach for Louisiana-Monroe game|work=Tomahawk Nation|access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-08-16/sports/1992229112_1_washington-redskins-seifert-49ers |title=49ers to keep backfield in motion against Redskins |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=August 16, 1992 |accessdate=2024-09-28 |archivedate=2013-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231534/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-08-16/sports/1992229112_1_washington-redskins-seifert-49ers }}</ref> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] rde4adnf7r5pmqqvukiri534f77kslg 0 186818 1600069 1417968 2026-09-24T11:43:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qamar Aden Ali''' ({{lang-so|Qamar Aadan Cali}}, {{lang-ar|قمر آدم علي}}; 19 Septemba 1957 – 3 Desemba 2009) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa. Aliuawa wakati akihudumu kama Waziri wa Afya katika serikali ya Mpito ya Shirikisho la [[Somalia]]. ==Wasifu== Qamar alizaliwa tarehe 19 septemba 1957 katika kijiji kidogo nje ya [[Mogadishu]], mji mkuu wa Somalia.Alikuwa mtoto wa tatu (3) kati ya watoto 11. Qamar alikulia huko Mogadishu ambapo pia alienda shule na kuhitimu chuo. Baadaye alihamia [[Ujerumani Mashariki]] kusomea Sayansi ya siasa na baadaye akasoma sheria nchini Uingereza. Hatimaye alihitimu kuwa mwanasheria na akawa raia wa Uiengereza. Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, Qamar alirudi Somali, ambako baadaye alijiunga na serikali ya mpito ya taifa hilo.. Kuanzia 2007 hadi kifo chake, alihudumu kama Waziri wa afya wa kitaifa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/local/north/79694647.html?page=2&c=y|title=Minneapolis surgeon feels calling back to Somalia|author=Shah, Allie|work=[[Star Tribune]]|date=December 19, 2009|access-date=July 10, 2011|archive-date=2012-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017095832/http://www.startribune.com/local/north/79694647.html?page=2&c=y|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Urithi== Kuna shule iliyopewa jina kwa heshima yake na hii ingefanyiwa ukarabati mwaka wa 2018 kama ilivyotangazwa na Waziri wa Somalia Deqa Yasin mnamo Novemba 2018.<ref>{{Citation|last=AMISOM Public Information|title=2018_11_24_Qamar_School_Rehabilitation-23|date=2018-11-24|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_unistphotostream/45976827312/|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{BD|1957|2009}} [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Somalia]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] 8e20n49h1sdyvm7nfgz55qh8qp00089 0 186964 1599822 1353885 2026-09-24T04:28:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Junkichi Matoba''' (的場 淳吉, ''Matoba Junkichi'',alizaliwa [[15 Januari]] [[1931]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani nchini [[Japani]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za mita 400 za wanaume kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1952]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/junkichi-matoba-1.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-09-29 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417211025/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/junkichi-matoba-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] nntstt9d44d4m8yi4lst7zq4ktflvio 1599895 1599822 2026-09-24T06:16:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Junkichi Matoba''' (的場 淳吉, ''Matoba Junkichi'',alizaliwa [[15 Januari]] [[1931]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani nchini [[Japani]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za mita 400 za wanaume kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1952]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/junkichi-matoba-1.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-09-29 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417211025/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/junkichi-matoba-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] hj9vhdw3g66mhbcv2pi7eq6vfjusa86 0 187178 1599381 1354395 2026-09-23T16:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Eugène Bayon 1920.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Eugène Bayon]] '''Eugène Bayon''' ([[27 Novemba]] [[1899]] – [[3 Aprili]] [[1941]]) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Ufaransa]] ambaye alishiriki katika mashindano ya mita 400 katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] mwaka [[1920]] lakini alishindwa kufika fainali.<ref>=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68056 </ref><ref>[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/eugene-bayon-1.html Eugène Bayon] {{Wayback|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/eugene-bayon-1.html |date=20121112084913 }}.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1899|1941}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Ufaransa]] fhxx53xsra74vxjju50g3ekm8llaxsu 0 187304 1599764 1354628 2026-09-24T01:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jakob Schüller 1928.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Jakob Schüller]] '''Jakob Schüller''' ( [[26 Juni]] [[1905]] – [[22 Januari]] [[1944]] ) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Ujerumani]] ambaye alishiriki katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] mwaka [[1928]] katika mbio za mita 200 na kumaliza katika nafasi ya sita. Aliuawa wakati wa vita ya pili ya dunia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/jakob-schuller-1.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-10-04 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114085014/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/jakob-schuller-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141107022804/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/friv/lists.cgi?id=65</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1905|1944}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Ujerumani]] e10rj0rkypwlmhiea5vzzbapuvpvx86 1599884 1599764 2026-09-24T05:52:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jakob Schüller 1928.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Jakob Schüller]] '''Jakob Schüller''' ( [[26 Juni]] [[1905]] – [[22 Januari]] [[1944]] ) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Ujerumani]] ambaye alishiriki katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] mwaka [[1928]] katika mbio za mita 200 na kumaliza katika nafasi ya sita. Aliuawa wakati wa vita ya pili ya dunia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/jakob-schuller-1.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-10-04 |archive-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114085014/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/jakob-schuller-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141107022804/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/friv/lists.cgi?id=65</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1905|1944}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Ujerumani]] 3xqcqqhsv5u08pqguyn2kgzafz5xhc9 0 187769 1600010 1448778 2026-09-24T09:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Lagbaja.jpg|thumb|Lagbaja]] '''Bisade Ologunde''' (alizaliwa [[Lagos]], [[1960]]) ni mwanamuziki wa afrobeat, mwimbaji-mtunzi wa nyimbo na mpiga ngoma kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunde |first1=Okanlawon |title=Nigerians celebrate Iconic Afrobeat musician, Lagbaja |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/05/20/nigerians-celebrate-iconic-afrobeat-musician-lagbaja/ |accessdate=21 June 2020 |publisher=PM News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mark |first1=Jenkins |title=Lagbaja takes Afropop in many different directions at Howard Theater |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/lagbaja-takes-afropop-in-many-different-directions-at-howard-theater/2015/05/19/5b329408-fd65-11e4-8b6c-0dcce21e223d_story.html |accessdate=21 June 2020 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Ologunde alichukua jina la kisanii "Lágbájá" alipoanza kazi yake mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]]. Jina hilo lilidhihirika katika mavazi yake ya jukwaani – kitambaa chenye mpasuko na barakoa ya mpira, vilivyotumika ili kumwakilisha mtu wa kawaida kwa kuendana na utamaduni wa sherehe za kifumbo wa jamii ya Kiy Yoruba. Mnamo mwaka [[1991]] akiwa Lagos, alianzisha bendi yake ya kwanza baada ya kujifundisha mwenyewe kupiga saxophone. Muziki wake ulijikita sana kwenye ala za ngoma, zikiwemo conga na ngoma za maongezi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Artist Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/lagbaja-mn0000125482/biography |accessdate=21 Juni 2020 |publisher=ALLMUSIC}}</ref> Albamu yake ''We Before Me'' (IndigeDisc/PDSE) iliyotolewa mwaka [[2000]], iliwataka wanasiasa kuwa waaminifu na ilihimiza mshikamano na umoja. Alishirikiana mara kwa mara na mwimbaji wa nyuma [[Ego (singer)|Ego Ihenacho]], ambaye aliimba sehemu za nyimbo, huku naye akicheza saxophone ya tenor. Kwa sauti imara na yenye nguvu inayofanana na ile ya [[John Coltrane]] na Pharoah Sanders, alibeba midundo ya nyimbo, wakati mwingine akiongozana na [[Ego (singer)|Ego]] aliyekuwa akitumbuiza kwa "scat singing".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jon |first1=Pareles |title=POP REVIEW; Mining a Musical Diaspora, From a Yoruban Beat to Jazz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/11/arts/pop-review-mining-a-musical-diaspora-from-a-yoruban-beat-to-jazz.html?pagewanted=1 |accessdate=21 Juni 2020 |work=The New York Times|date=11 Agosti 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Annemette |first1=Kirkegaard |title=Playing with Identities in Contemporary Music in Africa |date=2002 |pages=32–35 |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |isbn=9789171064967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlko7YMatxIC&q=lagbaja+part+with+ego&pg=PA32 |accessdate=21 Juni 2020}}</ref> == Tuzo == * 2006 – Channel O Music Video Awards – Video Bora ya Msanii wa Kiume ("Never Far Away")<ref>BBC: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17796.shtml Channel O Spirit Of Africa Music Video Awards 2006] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17796.shtml |date=20100105043119 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1960]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 29j376wykmgua7qejp0dktunz0vdy9r 0 188038 1599916 1365700 2026-09-24T07:08:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kichizo Sasaki''' (Kijapani : 佐 々木 吉蔵, Hepburn: ''Sasaki Kichizō'', [[10 Machi]] [[1912]] – [[23 Januari]] [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Japani]] ambaye alichaguliwa katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Los Angeles]] mwaka [[1932]] lakini alilazimika kuacha kwa sababu ya jeraha. Alishiriki katika mbio za mita 100 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1936]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kichizo Sasaki |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/kichizo-sasaki-1.html |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212907/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/kichizo-sasaki-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Baadaye alifanya kazi katika Wizara ya Elimu ya Japani na alikuwa mwanzilishi wa fainali za mita 100 katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Tokyo]] mwaka [[1964]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1912|1983}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Japani]] 99qqzga3eby4fe1lrpstcfqkhef9ep1 0 188650 1599879 1516595 2026-09-24T05:42:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kathryn Isobel Hay''' (amezaliwa Launceston, [[Tasmania]], 24 Novemba [[1975]]) ni mwanasiasa wa chama cha ''Australian Labor Party'' kutoka [[Australia]] na alikuwa mbunge wa zamani wa ''Tasmanian House of Assembly'' katika eneo la uchaguzi la Tasmania.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/01/2479393.htm Kathryn Hay to run for Windermere seat] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/01/2479393.htm |date=20110125125536 }}, ''ABC News'', 1 February 2009</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Treacy |first=Alex |date=2023-03-02 |title=Kathryn Hay: Ex-Labor MP charged with emotional abuse/intimidation |url=https://www.themercury.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TMWEB_WRE170_a_TCA&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercury.com.au%2Ftruecrimeaustralia%2Fpolice-courts-tasmania%2Fkathryn-hay-exlabor-mp-charged-with-emotional-abuseintimidation%2Fnews-story%2F83900b170034fb53fcaaa9e03a211594&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&offerset=tm_truecrime_premium |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] 0a6zkl7d2ad83ox80lfer92tp3fmix8 0 189062 1599720 1513358 2026-09-23T20:52:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Halimah Nakaayi at 2022 World Indoor Championships.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Halimah Nakaayi (2022)]] '''Halimah Nakaayi''' (alizaliwa [[16 Oktoba]] [[1994]])<ref name="WAprofile">{{cite web |title=Halimah NAKAAYI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/uganda/halimah-nakaayi-14431159}}</ref> ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Uganda]] wa mbio za kati ambaye ni mtaalamu wa mbio za mita 800. Yeye ndiye Bingwa wa Dunia mwaka [[2019]] kwenye hafla hiyo na alishinda [[medali]] ya shaba katika Mashindano ya Ndani ya Dunia mwaka [[2022]]. Nakaayi ndiye anayeshikilia rekodi ya sasa ya Uganda kwa mita 800 nje na ndani, na pia kwa mita 1000. Alishiriki katika mbio za mita 800 katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Rio]] mwaka [[2016]] na [[Tokyo]] [[2020]], na kufika nusu fainali kila wakati.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/halima-nakaayi |title=Halimah Nakaayi |accessdate=2024-10-23 |archive-date=2016-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826092054/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/halima-nakaayi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Athletics NAKAAYI Halimah |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1466186-nakaayi-halimah.htm |accessdate=2024-10-23 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817025112/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1466186-nakaayi-halimah.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] bsianmcisw0jo7c2hrkidzsxgbfihka 0 191011 1599792 1515843 2026-09-24T03:22:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:1 jordan webb tampines rovers 2016.jpg|thumb|Webb akicheza kwa [[Tampines Rovers FC]] mwaka 2016.]] '''Jordan Webb''' amezaliwa 24 Machi 1988 ni mchezaji wa soka wa [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] akiwa na Unionville Milliken SC katika Ligi1 Ontario.<ref name="DR">{{Rejea tovuti |date=12 August 2007 |title=Webb set to begin collegiate soccer career in Iowa |url=http://www.durhamregion.com/sports-story/3486725-webb-set-to-begin-collegiate-soccer-career-in-iowa/ |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=Durham Region |archive-date=2017-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708202850/https://www.durhamregion.com/sports-story/3486725-webb-set-to-begin-collegiate-soccer-career-in-iowa/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti |date=1 December 2020 |title=Football: Stage set for Webb to make amends and seal Singapore Premier League for Tampines |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-stage-set-for-webb-to-make-amends-and-seal-singapore-premier-league-for |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] s56e7irllo2dg8txpkyw6tlxtt1lhcx 0 191083 1599302 1365566 2026-09-23T12:47:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddy Berdusco''' (alizaliwa Septemba 8, 1969) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka kutoka [[Kanada]]. Kama mshambuliaji, alianza kazi yake katika Ligi ya Soka ya Kanada (1987–92), ambapo alimaliza akiwa mfungaji wa tatu wa muda wote. Baada ya kuanguka kwa CSL, alitumia muda wake akiwa [[Ulaya]], [[China]] kabla ya kurudi [[Amerika Kaskazini]] kucheza na Milwaukee Rampage. Berdusco alitumia muda wa mwisho wa kazi yake katika Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Soka ya Kanada, akishinda michuano kadhaa ya timu na Toronto Olympians na alistaafu akiwa na Toronto Supra mnamo mwaka 2002.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.canadasoccer.com/moment-8-canada-draws-brazil-in-front-of-50-000-in-edmonton-p150658&t=article_canadasoccer100| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120603051742/http://www.canadasoccer.com/moment-8-canada-draws-brazil-in-front-of-50-000-in-edmonton-p150658&t=article_canadasoccer100| archive-date = 2012-06-03| title = Moment 8: Canada draws even with World Cup champion {{!}} Canada Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-berduedd001| title = Eddy Berdusco soccer statistics on StatsCrew.com| accessdate = 2024-11-20| archive-date = 2025-02-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250224045944/https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-berduedd001| url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] h5wsz2eqclhpovvr7m00tyv6a00rq68 0 191225 1599425 1591752 2026-09-23T17:01:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Felix N'sa''' (amezaliwa Septemba 25, 2003) ni mchezaji wa soka wa [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza katika klabu ya Thunder Bay Chill katika Ligi ya Pili ya USL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesuburban.com/sports/montreal-s-n-sa-brothers-sign-with-york9-fc-of-the-canadian-premier-league/article_1d85a65a-3679-5118-9184-2faa9a37ae28.html|title=Montreal’s N’sa brothers sign with York9 FC of the Canadian Premier League|first=Mark|last=Lidbetter|work=[[The Suburban]]|date=November 18, 2020|accessdate=2024-11-21|archive-date=2025-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825160047/https://www.thesuburban.com/sports/montreal-s-n-sa-brothers-sign-with-york9-fc-of-the-canadian-premier-league/article_1d85a65a-3679-5118-9184-2faa9a37ae28.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://northerntribune.ca/york9-fx-felix-nsa/|title=York9 FC Signs Young Defender Felix N’sa|date=November 4, 2020|work=Northern Tribune|first=John|last=Jacques}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/york9-fc-signs-u18-canadian-midfielder-felix-nsa|title=York9 FC Signs U18 Canadian Midfielder Felix N’sa|date=November 4, 2020|work=[[York United FC]]|accessdate=2024-11-21|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204165402/https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/york9-fc-signs-u18-canadian-midfielder-felix-nsa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://canpl.ca/article/york9-fc-ink-felix-nsa-chrisnovics-younger-brother-to-multi-year-deal|title=York9 FC signs Felix N’Sa, Chrisnovic’s younger brother, to multi-year deal|date=November 4, 2020|work=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2003|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 4d1hvjhbjjsbxsi7mc2aoyvtczacaxc 0 191353 1599390 1511999 2026-09-23T16:23:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Evan James''' (alizaliwa [[19 Juni|Juni 19]], [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anachezea timu ya Oakville Blue Devils FC kama mshambuliaji.<ref>{{cite news | work = Montreal Impact | title=Mallace, James and Garcia under contract, links and notes | url=http://www.impactmontreal.com/en/news/2012/03/mallace-james-and-garcia-under-contract | author=Montreal Impact | date=1 March 2012 | access-date=26 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/impact-release-3-little-used-players-ahead-of-italy-trip-1.1132158| title = Impact release 3 little-used players ahead of Italy trip {{!}} CBC Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.kwunitedfc.com/createarticle.php?ID=56|title=James sees bright future for K-W United FC - K-W United FC News|website=www.kwunitedfc.com|language=en-US|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=29 September 2013|title=United ends CSL season with draw|url=https://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/sports-story/8179587-united-ends-csl-season-with-draw/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613000129/https://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/sports-story/8179587-united-ends-csl-season-with-draw/|archive-date=2020-06-13|access-date=12 June 2020|website=NiagaraFallsReview.ca|publisher=Niagara Falls Review|language=en-CA|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] m7vd0lrp8ytq6hubnhah879g1tnmw5d 0 191403 1599294 1367158 2026-09-23T12:29:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Duwayne Oswald Ewart''' (alizaliwa [[22 Machi]] [[1998]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye mara ya mwisho alichezea timu ya ProStars FC katika ligi ya 1 Ontario.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.league1ontario.com/roster_players/34265065|title=Duwayne Ewart profile|website=League1 Ontario|access-date=July 22, 2019|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022215747/https://www.league1ontario.com/roster_players/34265065|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mirror>{{cite web|url=https://www.toronto.com/news-story/6165037-scarborough-soccer-players-nominated-for-national-awards/|title=Scarborough soccer players nominated for national awards|date=December 8, 2015|work=Scarborough Mirror|accessdate=2024-11-23|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120064256/https://www.toronto.com/news-story/6165037-scarborough-soccer-players-nominated-for-national-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.league1ontario.com/news_article/show/598871|title=Sigma FC 3 - Vaughan Azzurri 2|date=September 13, 2015|work=[[League1 Ontario]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] o7ea5kvf1ue4vbyfh5gsy333khi9i0h 0 191413 1599791 1515834 2026-09-24T03:19:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:HFDvPGH 2021-05-15 - Jordan Dover (51182827900) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dover akiwa na Pittsburgh Riverhounds mwaka 2021.]] '''William Emmanuel Jordan Dover''' alizaliwa [[Desemba]] 14, [[1994]] ni mchezaji wa soka anayecheza kama mlinzi. Alizaliwa [[Kanada]], anaiwakilisha [[Guyana]] kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/3495130-ajax-strikers-cap-strong-season-with-dunleavy-cup/|title=Ajax Strikers cap strong season with Dunleavy Cup|date=October 9, 2006|work=Oshawa This Week}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/3498871-three-ontario-cup-wins-for-ajax-fc/|title=Three Ontario Cup wins for Ajax FC|date=October 8, 2011|work=Oshawa This Week|accessdate=2024-11-23|archive-date=2022-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416120552/https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/3498871-three-ontario-cup-wins-for-ajax-fc/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greenbayphoenix">{{cite web|url=https://www.greenbayphoenix.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205427452|work=[[Green Bay Phoenix]]|title=Jordan Dover Green Bay profile}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://greenbayphoenix.com/news/2012/10/7/205706790.aspx|date=October 7, 2012|work=[[Green Bay Phoenix]]|title=Dover's Goal Helps Green Bay to Tie on the Road}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] h3rvunyj72k25v3cny6tga70equjqy0 0 191492 1599897 1516794 2026-09-24T06:20:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kennedy Jade Faulknor''' (amezaliwa Juni 30, [[1999]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]] wa kati wa ''Minnesota Aurora''. Mwaka [[2015]], aliwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Kanada, ambapo, akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, alikuwa beki wa kati mdogo zaidi kuwahi kuchezea Kanada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sharenewsarchive.com/soccer-star-cleared-to-begin-training-after-concussion/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071457/http://sharenewsarchive.com/soccer-star-cleared-to-begin-training-after-concussion/|archive-date=January 21, 2018|url-status=dead|first=Ron|last=Fanfair|work=[[Share (newspaper)|Share]]|date=June 15, 2016|title=Soccer star cleared to begin training after concussion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/1448934-soccer-girls-kick-up-storm/|title=Soccer girls kick up storm|work=[[Markham Economist & Sun]]|date=September 10, 2008|accessdate=2024-11-24|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806070423/https://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/1448934-soccer-girls-kick-up-storm/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkregion.com/community-story/6137935-markham-soccer-star-earns-invite/|title=Markham soccer star earns invite|first=Michael|last=Hayakawa|work=[[Markham Economist & Sun]]|date=November 26, 2015}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1999|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] 8tssmvaxav24ur0qed45p6cthvgy8vp 0 191747 1599781 1515549 2026-09-24T02:21:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Corsi''' (alizaliwa Juni 19, [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa hockey ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] na [[Italia]] ambaye alicheza kama mlinda lango na ni kocha wa sasa wa walinda lango wa Columbus Blue Jackets. Alikuwa pia kocha wa walinda lango wa St. Louis Blues na Buffalo Sabres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=720750&navid=nhl:topheads |title=Corsi hired as Blues goaltending coach |accessdate=2024-11-26 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204104504/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=720750&navid=nhl:topheads |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/C/Corsi.James.htm |title = NASL-James Corsi}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Ororato|first=Andre|date=May 21, 1974|title=Corsi's goal produces tie for soccer Selects|page=38|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Italia]] mjhi2est29rvj4kgt1gyub0iuubhdc5 1599889 1599781 2026-09-24T06:01:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599889 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Corsi''' (alizaliwa Juni 19, [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa hockey ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] na [[Italia]] ambaye alicheza kama mlinda lango na ni kocha wa sasa wa walinda lango wa Columbus Blue Jackets. Alikuwa pia kocha wa walinda lango wa St. Louis Blues na Buffalo Sabres.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=720750&navid=nhl:topheads |title=Corsi hired as Blues goaltending coach |accessdate=2024-11-26 |archive-date=2015-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204104504/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=720750&navid=nhl:topheads |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/C/Corsi.James.htm |title = NASL-James Corsi}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Ororato|first=Andre|date=May 21, 1974|title=Corsi's goal produces tie for soccer Selects|page=38|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Italia]] jqx7s439ei8tg6ouurrtbwc0gkybo99 0 192150 1599831 1578985 2026-09-24T04:39:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''K. J. Manoj Lal''' (alizaliwa [[16 Mei]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa Olimpiki wa [[India]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=K. J. Manojlal KUNNATHUVELI|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/k-j-manojlal-kunnathuveli|access-date=2021-07-20|website=Olympics.com}}</ref> kutoka [[Kerala]]. Alifunzwa na [[Thankachan Mathew]] na kuiwakilisha India kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[2000]] huko [[Sydney]]. Alikimbia mita 400 katika sekunde 46.01. <ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Chandran|first=M. R. Praveen|date=2010-05-10|title=Thankachan Mathew finally gets his due|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/Thankachan-Mathew-finally-gets-his-due/article16299636.ece|access-date=2021-07-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=K. J. MANOJlal of Kerala|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=1829241&highlights=MANOJ%20BAJPAYEE|accessdate=2024-11-29|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725001134/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=1829241&highlights=MANOJ%20BAJPAYEE|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hii ilifanywa vyema baadaye na K. M. Binu wa Kerala ambaye aliifanya kwa sekunde 45.59. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Binu attains Olympic qualification mark; Anju wins gold|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/binu-attains-olympic-qualification-mark-anju-wins-gold/215167|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.outlookindia.com/|archive-date=2021-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720080636/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/binu-attains-olympic-qualification-mark-anju-wins-gold/215167|url-status=dead}}</ref> K. J. Manoj Lal pia alishinda [[medali]] za [[fedha]] katika Mashindano ya Riadha ya Asia ya mwaka 2000 na [[Michezo]] ya [[Asia]] ya mwaka [[2002]] kwa kupokezana kwa mita 4 × 400. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=InterSportStats|url=https://intersportstats.com/athletes/3000038545|access-date=2021-07-20|website=intersportstats.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa India]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] mlrwoahfbmez423gffl59drxuye4ohr 0 192724 1599772 1515352 2026-09-24T01:53:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Jeff Oster.jpg|thumb|Jeff Oster]] '''Jeff Oste'''r ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] aliyeteuliwa kwa [[Tuzo]] za Grammy, anayejulikana kwa ustadi wake wa kupiga [[tarumbeta]] na flugelhorn katika aina ya muziki wa New Age. Pia, ni mshiriki wa [[bendi]] ya watu wanne iitwayo Flow.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-11-23|title=2022 Grammy Awards: Complete Nominations List|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022-grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list|access-date=2021-11-26|website=grammy.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220010438/https://www.grammy.com/Grammys/news/2022-Grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] tp9lznmeacra7kdcyu7huzbe9j2j3kf 0 193061 1599293 1511221 2026-09-23T12:17:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Drew Ferguson''' (alizaliwa Powell River, [[British Columbia]], Kanada, 9 Novemba [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]]. <ref name=canada>{{cite web|url=https://www.canadasoccer.com/profile/?id=1124|title=Drew Ferguson profile|work=[[Canadian Soccer Association]]}}</ref><ref name=powell>{{cite web|url=https://www.prpeak.com/local-sports/drew-ferguson-named-to-powell-river-sports-hall-of-fame-3411642|title=Drew Ferguson named to Powell River Sports Hall of Fame|date=May 24, 2019|first=Sara|last=Donnelly|work=Powell River Peak}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.statscrew.com/soccer/stats/p-fergudre001|title=Drew Ferguson Division I and Indoor Stats|work=Stats Crew}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-fergudre001|title=Drew Ferguson Division II and III Stats|work=Stats Crew|accessdate=2024-12-07|archive-date=2024-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207111242/https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-fergudre001|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] divlpmsbfrjx5b2pz75tkigtv9glvhl 0 194013 1599301 1491068 2026-09-23T12:45:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Sydney Schwartz''' (alizaliwa [[22 Desemba]], [[1949]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Kanada]] aliyepata mafanikio ya wastani kama msanii wa kurekodi mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980 kabla ya kuwa [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na mtayarishaji wa rekodi aliyefanikiwa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0462&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0462.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0462 |title=RPM Adult Contemporary, February 20, 1982 |accessdate=2024-12-10 |archive-date=2019-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410154657/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0462&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.0462.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0462 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Order of Canada: Edward Sydney Schwartz |website=The [[Governor General of Canada]] |url=http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=13180&t=12 |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329142217/http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=13180&t=12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1949|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] jtajswuazgucx0o2a08i07m513l0ulm 1599421 1599301 2026-09-23T16:57:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Sydney Schwartz''' (alizaliwa [[22 Desemba]], [[1949]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Kanada]] aliyepata mafanikio ya wastani kama msanii wa kurekodi mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980 kabla ya kuwa [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na mtayarishaji wa rekodi aliyefanikiwa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na 1990.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0462&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0462.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0462 |title=RPM Adult Contemporary, February 20, 1982 |accessdate=2024-12-10 |archive-date=2019-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410154657/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0462&URLjpg=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f4/nlc008388.0462.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0462 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Order of Canada: Edward Sydney Schwartz |website=The [[Governor General of Canada]] |url=http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=13180&t=12 |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329142217/http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=13180&t=12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1949|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] fl0ny913d1g89sefj0hkl9idyip7izb 0 194067 1599912 1373361 2026-09-24T06:40:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Keshia Chante 2016 Shoot.jpg|thumb|Keshia Chanté]] '''Keshia Chanté Harper''' (alizaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1988]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]], [[Mwigizaji|muigizaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo, mjasiriamali, na mchambuzi wa masuala ya kijamii wa [[Kanada]].<ref name="bramptonguardian.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bramptonguardian.com/whatson-story/5920028-the-stars-shine-at-brampton-arts-walk-of-fame-ceremony/|title=The stars shine at Brampton Arts Walk of Fame ceremony|website=BramptonGuardian.com|first=Radhika|last=Panjwani|date=September 20, 2015|accessdate=2024-12-10|archive-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020221454/https://www.bramptonguardian.com/whatson-story/5920028-the-stars-shine-at-brampton-arts-walk-of-fame-ceremony/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7qpxucaorarlbnl2u0mn06ms63e3zsc 0 194456 1599785 1373930 2026-09-24T02:45:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joel Richard Stephan Feeney''' (alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]], [[1957]]) ni msanii wa [[muziki]] wa nchi, pop, mtunzi wa nyimbo na mtayarishaji wa rekodi kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://worldradiohistory.com/CANADA/RPM/90s/1991/RPM-1991-07-27.pdf | title=Session man Joel Feeney releases gem of his own | author=Pablo Fairhall | journal=RPM | pages=7 | date=July 27, 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=joel+feeney& | title=Search results for Joel Feeney | journal=RPM | date=17 July 2013 | archive-date=2025-08-20 | access-date=2024-12-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820225954/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=joel+feeney& | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] en8jqtygo8mglqxo3h8elsdn5e76492 0 194641 1599786 1391675 2026-09-24T02:53:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Bottomley''' (amezaliwa [[17 Septemba]], [[1960]] – amefariki [[6 Aprili]], [[2011]])<ref>{{cite news|title=I Read The News Today... For April 8, 2011 |url=http://www.chartattack.com/news/2011/apr/08/i-read-the-news-today-for-april-8-2011# |accessdate=April 9, 2011 |newspaper=[[ChartAttack]] |date=April 8, 2011 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410233337/http://www.chartattack.com/news/2011/apr/08/i-read-the-news-today-for-april-8-2011 |archivedate=April 10, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=ctv>[https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/singer-songwriter-john-bottomley-dies-at-age-50-1.630295 "Singer-songwriter John Bottomley dies at age 50"] {{Wayback|url=https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/singer-songwriter-john-bottomley-dies-at-age-50-1.630295 |date=20241213112753 }}. [[CTV News]], April 11, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/arts/weekend-post/you-oughta-juno-what-happened-to-those-artists-voted-most-likely-to-succeed-part-1-1986-1999 "You oughta Juno: What happened to those artists voted most likely to succeed? Part 2 — 1986 – 1999"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''National Post'', David Berry and Rebecca Tucker | March 14, 2015</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1960|2011}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] nzcrru6fu5luff01rw572aj6w2x6dss 0 194647 1599307 1511505 2026-09-23T13:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elias Elton Dummer''' (alizaliwa [[3 Machi]], [[1983]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]], mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]], na mwandishi kutoka [[Kanada]] anayeishi Tennessee.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ccmmagazine.com/reviews/elias-dummer-the-work-vol-1-review/|title=Elias Dummer The Work Vol 1|author=Matt Conner|website=www.ccmmagazine.com|date=February 22, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name=rock>[https://www.waterloochronicle.ca/whatson-story/7378351-rockingham-the-city-harmonic-calls-it-quits-with-benediction-live-/ 'ROCKINGHAM: The City Harmonic calls it quits with “Benediction Live”'] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''The Hamilton Spectator'', June 21, 2017 by Graham Rockingham</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] gw19ff3hyejtnov5wfev4nuc8p3rvnl 0 195195 1599757 1375875 2026-09-23T23:38:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indio''' ni [[jina la kisanii]] la [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] wa [[Kanada]] '''Gordon Peterson''' ambaye alitoa albamu moja, *Big Harvest* mwaka 1989, ambayo inajumuisha wimbo maarufu wa 10 bora "Hard Sun".<ref>[https://archive.today/20240524165920/https://www.webcitation.org/5ko2huOON?url=http://www.geocities.com/saveforthememory/interview.html An Exclusive Hits Interview with INDIO by Holly Gleason ©August 21, 1989]</ref><ref>[http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=4952& "RPM Top 100 Albums"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=4952& |date=20150205180743 }}. ''RPM Magazine'' Volume 50, No. October 24, 14, 1989.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] aso7etwhvy7336z8esjfd1ajh90dssf 0 195865 1599569 1491027 2026-09-23T18:42:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Annie Matundu 1.jpg|thumb]] '''Annie Matundu Mbambi''' (jina kamili: '''Annie Matundu''', alizaliwa [[Boma (Kongo)|Boma]], [[Mkoa wa Kongo Kati]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[6 Septemba]] [[1955]]) ni mshauri wa jinsia na maendeleo, rais wa heshima wa [[Ligi]] ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake. kwa ajili ya Amani na Uhuru, sehemu ya DRC, [[mwakilishi]] wa kikanda wa Ligi ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake [[Afrika|Africa]]. Mkufunzi katika Ajenda ya Wanawake, Amani na Usalama na Ajenda ya Vijana, Amani na Usalama. [[Mwandishi]] wa Faharasa ya maneno yaliyotumika katika Azimio 1325 la [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] na maazimio yake yanayohusiana. == Wasifu == Annie Matundu ni mshauri wa jinsia na maendeleo na [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za wanawake, mwenye tajriba ya miaka 31 katika fani hiyo, hasa katika mapambano ya kuingiza [[usawa wa kijinsia]] na kutokomeza aina zote za [[ukatili]] dhidi ya wanawake. Ana shahada mbili za uzamili katika fedha za umma na mipango ya kiuchumi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Antwerp, [[Ubelgiji]]. Mkurugenzi wa heshima wa Kituo cha Ugavi wa Dawa cha Kiprotestanti cha Kanisa la Kristo nchini Kongo, rais wa heshima wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake kwa Amani na Uhuru (sehemu ya DRC), mshauri mkuu wa heshima wa [[mkoa wa Kongo Kati]], mgombea makamu wa gavana wa Kongo ya Kati 2022), inayohusika na miradi ya wafadhili baina ya nchi mbili na kimataifa, na naibu meya wa heshima wa jiji la Boma, Annie Matundu Mbambi ni mwakilishi wa Afrika wa Ligi ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake kwa Amani na Uhuru. Mojawapo ya maswala yake makuu ni kujumuisha usawa wa kijinsia na uwezeshaji wa wanawake, kwa kuzingatia Azimio nambari 1325 [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa|la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] na Mkataba wa Mfumo wa Ushirikiano wa Amani na Usalama nchini DRC na kanda, na vile vile kwa msingi wa Makubaliano Mapya ya hali tete. Annie Matundu anajihusisha na kazi ya kuongeza ushiriki wa wanawake katika siasa; yeye ni rais wa Action-Femmes du Bas-Fleuve, ambayo inashughulikia jinsia na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, mwanachama wa [[:en:Association_for_Women's_Rights_in_Development|AWID]], CAFCO, [[:en:Arms_control|Controls Arms]], CNC-ALPC, GNWP, IANSA, Peace Women, CBFP/RDC na mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mtandao wa Jinsia katika Vitendo na Harakati [[:en:Nothing_Without_Women|za Hakuna Bila Wanawake]]. Yeye pia ni mjumbe wa Baraza la Ushauri [[UN Women|la Umoja wa Mataifa la Wanawake]] nchini DRC, mjumbe wa bodi ya XOESE na Focal ya Pointi/West Pool ya Mkataba wa Mfumo wa Amani, Usalama na Ushirikiano wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na kanda. Annie Matundu Mbambi anaitwa kwa utani "Mama 1325". == Uingiliaji kati == Juni 17, 2023, Annie Matundu Mbambi, katika nafasi yake kama Rais wa Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Wanawake la Amani na Uhuru nchini DRC na mwakilishi wa Afrika wa shirika hilo hilo, alikutana na Malkia wa Wabelgiji Mathilde, pamoja na Baroness Jennie Vanlerberghe, mwanaharakati wa wanawake na mwanzilishi wa tawi la Ubelgiji la "Mama kwa Amani", Sima Samar, waziri wa zamani nchini Afghanistan na mwanachama wa Jopo la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhamishwa kwa Ndani, hasa alialikwa na Malkia. Wanajadili changamoto zinazowakabili wanawake katika nafasi za uongozi katika kuzuia migogoro na utatuzi katika mkutano wa kimataifa "Wanawake katika Jedwali la Amani" huko Ypres == Machapisho na shughuli nyingine == * Alishiriki katika Jopo la Ufunguzi la Ngazi ya Juu, Mkutano wa Tano wa Nchi Wanachama (CSP5) kwenye Mkataba wa Biashara ya Silaha (ATT) mnamo Agosti 24, 2019. * Faharasa ya maneno yaliyotumika katika Azimio 1325 la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa na maazimio yake yanayohusiana. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{BD|1955|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 3culjhv9u1utoo47xs11ydosz7dtpg2 0 196051 1599718 1391519 2026-09-23T20:50:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Hali ya hewa ya [[Butembo]]''' ni subutropikali yenye unyevunyevu (Afi), iliyosimamiwa na ushawishi wa milima. Wastani wa halijoto ya kila mwaka ni 24.5°C na wastani wa mvua 312.9 mm. == Maelezo == Katika jiji la Butembo, kuna aina mbili za misimu, yaani msimu wa kiangazi (moto) na msimu wa mvua (baridi). [[Kiangazi|Msimu wa kiangazi]] ambao huchukua angalau miezi 1.7, kuanzia Januari 30 hadi Machi 19, na kiwango cha juu cha joto cha kila siku kinazidi 24°C pamoja na wastani wa joto la kila siku usiozidi 15°C. [[Majira ya mvua|Msimu wa mvua]] ungechukua miezi 2.1, kuanzia Oktoba 8 hadi Desemba 11, na wastani wa halijoto ya kila siku isiyozidi 22°C. Machi na Novemba hutambuliwa kama miezi yenye joto zaidi na baridi zaidi ya mwaka, kwa mtiririko huo. == Mvua == Huko Butembo, uwezekano wa mvua za mchana hutofautiana sana mwaka mzima. Kipindi cha mvua nyingi huchukua angalau miezi 9.0, kutoka Machi hadi Desemba; na uwezekano wa mvua ya kila siku zaidi ya 54%. Kipindi cha mvua kidogo huchukua miezi 3.0 tu, kufunika mwezi kutoka Desemba 10 hadi Machi 10. Oktoba ni mwezi wenye siku nyingi za mvua (siku 23.1, kwa jumla ya milimita 148 za mvua) na Januari ni mwezi wenye siku chache za mvua (9.6, au 49 mm ya mvua). == Data ya hali ya hewa == Kulingana na utafiti wa tofauti za mvua zilizorekodiwa katika kituo cha hali ya hewa cha Taasisi ya Ufundi wa Kilimo na Mifugo (ITAV) huko Butembo, mvua na sifa zake zilibaki imara katika kipindi cha 1957 hadi 2010. {| style="border:none; border-top: solid 1px; border-bottom: solid 1px; border-left: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; float:right; margin: 1em;" |+'''Wastani wa halijoto na mvua''' ! style="background:#efefef;" | ! style="background:#efefef;" | Dak.<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (°C) ! style="background:#efefef;" | Max.<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (°C) ! style="background:#efefef;" | Mvua<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> (mm) |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Januari | align="center" | 17.8 | align="center" | 29.7 | align="center" | 6 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | FEBRUARI | align="center" | 18 | align="center" | 30.8 | align="center" | 5.6 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Machi | align="center" | 18.7 | align="center" | 29.8 | align="center" | 33 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Aprili | align="center" | 19 | align="center" | 28.9 | align="center" | 41.7 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Mei | align="center" | 19 | align="center" | 29.2 | align="center" | 32.5 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Juni | align="center" | 18 | align="center" | 29.2 | align="center" | 22.5 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Julai | align="center" | 18 | align="center" | 28.7 | align="center" | 21.4 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Agosti | align="center" | 18.3 | align="center" | 29.4 | align="center" | 18.6 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Septemba | align="center" | 18.2 | align="center" | 29.4 | align="center" | 23.3 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Oktoba | align="center" | 18.1 | align="center" | 28.8 | align="center" | 34.6 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Novemba | align="center" | 18.2 | align="center" | 28.6 | align="center" | 46.1 |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Desemba | align="center" | 17.9 | align="center" | 28.7 | align="center" | 27.6 |- ! colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid;" | <small>*Vyanzo: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050526065955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000770 Hali ya hewa ya BBC]</small> |} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini]] po1noxqpz4n5lb1nd1xtue56fe2pfk8 0 196305 1599570 1517555 2026-09-23T18:42:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Kurugenzi Kuu ya Forodha na Ushuru''' (DGDA) ni huduma ya umma ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] yenye uhuru wa kiutawala na kifedha, iliyoundwa na Amri n 09/43 ya 3 décembre 2009, ikifuata Ofisi ya Forodha na Ushuru (OFIDA). Inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Fedha. Imeongozwa na Bernard Kabese Musangu tangu Juni 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=Fr|title=Le DG Bernard Kabese Musangu aux commandes de la DGDA|url=https://gei-cd.org/?p=article&i=613}}</ref> == Mgawo == === Kodi === Kurugenzi Mkuu wa Forodha na Excise mazoezi katika eneo la kitaifa ujumbe wote na haki zinazohusiana na matumizi ya forodha na Excise sheria, pamoja na yale ya maandiko mengine yote ya kisheria na udhibiti kuhusiana na kuagiza au kuuza nje, usafiri na kukaa kwa bidhaa katika maghala ya forodha. Kutoka hapo juu, Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Forodha na Excise anawajibika kwa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=liste complète des taxes à l’importation et exportation supprimées et rabattues par le Gouvernement|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/07/13/actualite/economie/rdc-liste-complete-des-taxes-limportation-et-exportation-supprimees-et}}</ref>: ukusanyaji wa ushuru, ushuru na ada za asili ya forodha na fedha, ya sasa na ya baadaye, ambayo inadaiwa ama kutokana na kuagiza au kusafirisha nje ya nchi bidhaa za kila aina, ama kutokana na usafirishwaji wao au kukaa katika ghala la forodha; * ukusanyaji wa ushuru wa sasa na ujao wa ushuru na matumizi; * uainishaji wa bidhaa; * kuamua asili ya bidhaa; * uamuzi wa thamani ya forodha ya bidhaa juu ya kuagiza na kuuza nje; * udhibiti wa bei za zamani za kiwanda cha bidhaa zinazotozwa ushuru; * muundo na utekelezaji wa hatua zinazolenga kuwezesha na kupata biashara, pamoja na zile zinazohusiana na uzalishaji wa ndani wa bidhaa zinazotozwa ushuru; * kujenga uwezo wa wafanyakazi katika mbinu za kisasa za usimamizi katika nyanja ya forodha na ushuru; * ulinzi wa nafasi ya kiuchumi ya kitaifa hasa kwa kutumia viwango vya mipakani; utekelezaji wa sheria ya mipaka inayohusiana kuhusu ulinzi wa mazingira kwa mujibu wa mikataba ya kimataifa; * ulinzi wa jamii kwa kupambana na usafirishaji haramu wa bidhaa hatari na taka zenye sumu, bidhaa zinazoharibu tabaka la ozoni. ; * utekelezaji wa hatua za ulinzi wa ugavi wa kimataifa; * ushiriki katika sera ya ushirikiano wa nchi katika jumuiya za kiuchumi za kikanda; * ufuatiliaji wa mipaka ya nchi na viwanda vya bidhaa zinazotozwa ushuru; * mapambano dhidi ya ugaidi na uhalifu uliopangwa wa kuvuka mipaka; * vita dhidi ya utakatishaji fedha; * uchunguzi na ugunduzi wa makosa yanayohusiana na forodha na ushuru na sheria zinazohusiana; * mapambano dhidi ya bidhaa ghushi na mashambulizi mengine dhidi ya haki za mali za viwanda, miliki na kisanii; * uanzishwaji na uchapishaji wa takwimu za biashara ya nje kulingana na data iliyokusanywa wakati wa uondoaji wa forodha wa bidhaa. === Kiuchumi === Kurugenzi Mkuu wa Forodha na Excise ni uwezo tu wa kutathmini, kukusanya na kurejesha kodi, ada, tume, ada au malipo ya aina yoyote kwa niaba ya utawala mwingine na / au mashirika ya umma wakati wao ni kutokana na ama wakati wa kuagiza na / au kuuza nje ya bidhaa, au kama matokeo ya usafiri wao au kukaa katika ghala forodha. Kwa hivyo, Kurugenzi Mkuu wa Forodha na Excise inawajibika kwa usimamizi wa maduka ya kuacha moja yaliyowekwa katika ofisi za forodha. Itawasiliana na utawala na miili inayohusika na habari zinazohusiana na mambo ya ushuru wa kuagiza na kuuza nje. === Kupanga ratiba === Kurugenzi Mkuu wa Forodha na Excise ina jukumu la kuhakikisha kufuata mila na sheria na kanuni. Ili kufikia mwisho huu, ni wajibu hasa wa kuwasilisha kwa mamlaka husika rasimu ya maandishi ya kisheria na udhibiti juu ya mada pamoja na rasimu ya marekebisho kwao. Inashauriwa juu ya rasimu yoyote ya maandishi, mkataba au uwekezaji unaoathiri mila na majukumu ya Excise. == Shirika == Kurugenzi Mkuu wa Forodha na Ushuru, ikiongozwa na Mkurugenzi Mkuu (DG) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Kinshasa : des nouveaux mandataires publics à la tête des régies financières|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/societe/2007/12/13/kinshasa-des-nouveaux-mandataires-publics-a-la-tete-des-regies-financieres|date=2007-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Felix Tshisekedi nomme Kawanda Jeanne Blandine à tête de la DGDA|url=https://actualite.cd/2021/12/03/rdc-felix-tshisekedi-nomme-kawanda-jeanne-blandine-tete-de-la-dgda}}</ref>, akisaidiwa na Manaibu Wakurugenzi Wakuu wawili, mmoja wao anahusika na masuala ya utawala na fedha na mwingine kiufundi. maswali, anaelewa: * utawala kuu unaoundwa na Kurugenzi 15, Ofisi ya Uratibu na chombo maalum kinachoundwa na wafanyikazi waliovaa sare chini ya usimamizi wa kijeshi na nidhamu * kurugenzi kumi na mbili za mikoa * wajumbe wanne wa forodha (misheni za uwakilishi) nje ya nchi huko Brussels, [[Mombasa|Mombasa (OMD)]], [[Douala]] na [[Dar es Salaam|Dar-Es-Salaam]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] qmzqg70e14axkx4rju079ffg8t09bk2 0 196410 1599571 1391503 2026-09-23T18:42:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean Pierre Finant''', alizaliwa mwaka [[1922]] na kufariki mwaka [[1961]], ni mwanasiasa kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo-Kinshasa]], gavana wa jimbo la Orientale. Finant ni mmoja wa [[Patrice Lumumba|Wanalumumbi]] waliorejeshwa Kasai Kusini; alifariki huko [[Mbuji-Mayi|Bakwanga]]. Ilikuwa ni mwaka 1961 wakati wa kuwakusanya wanataifa, baada ya kifo cha Waziri Mkuu [[Patrice Lumumba|Patrice Lumumba,]] aliyechaguliwa na kura ya maoni kwa wote ndani ya mfumo wa [[Serikali ya kibunge|utawala wa Bunge]] ulioanzishwa nchini Kongo (zamani Kongo ya Ubelgiji), Finant, Fataki, Nzuzi, Engelesa, Yangara na Muzungu walitekwa nyara na kuletwa Léopoldville ([[Kinshasa]]), kisha wakatumwa [[Mbuji-Mayi|Bakwanga]] 9 février 1961. Binti yake Élisabeth Finant, anayejulikana kama [[Abeti Masikini]], alikuwa msanii mwenye ushawishi na mshiriki (mwimbaji-mtunzi na mtunzi) wa muziki kutoka miaka ya 1970 na 1990. == Wasifu == Jean Pierre Finant alizaliwa na mama wa Zande kutoka eneo la [[Eneo la Bondo|Bondo]] katika wilaya ya [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini|Bas-Uele]] na baba Mbelgiji. Alisoma katika Shule ya Marist Brothers huko [[Buta]]. Alimaliza mafunzo yake kwa mwaka mmoja katika Shule Rasmi ya Mawasiliano ya Kinshasa. Aliajiriwa katika huduma ya mawasiliano ya simu huko [[Kisangani]], na akabaki ofisini hadi 1960. Yeye ni rais wa Chama cha Wafanyakazi wa Mawasiliano [Lini]. Jean Pierre Finant alioa na kupata watoto watano, akiwemo msanii Élisabeth Finant ([[Abeti Masikini]]) na mpiga gitaa, mwimbaji-mtunzi wa nyimbo Jeannot Finant (Abumba Masikini). Alianza kazi yake ya kisiasa kama diwani wa manispaa ya Mangobo mnamo 1959. Alijiunga na MNC ya Lumumba na kuwa makamu wa kwanza wa rais wa mkoa wa chama ambacho Joseph Kasongo alikuwa rais. Mnamo Januari-Februari 1960, aliketi kwenye Jedwali la Kisiasa la Brussels katika ujumbe wa Bw. N. C/Lumumba. Mnamo Machi 1960, akawa mmoja wa wanachama watatu wa Kongo wa Chuo cha Mtendaji wa Mkoa, kilichoongozwa na gavana wa mkoa P. Leroy. Katika uchaguzi wa Mei 1960, alichaguliwa kuwa diwani wa jimbo la Bondo ambako alikuwa anatoka na naibu wa kitaifa na zaidi ya kura 20,000 za upendeleo. Kwa ombi la Lumumba, alikataa mamlaka yake ya kitaifa. Tarehe 11 Juni 1960, alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa serikali ya jimbo la Mashariki kwa kura 69 kati ya wapiga kura 72. Serikali yake ilikuwa na mawaziri tisa kutoka M.N.C./Lumumba na P.N.P. mmoja ambaye pia aliahidi utii kwa M.N.C. Wakati wa kipindi cha shida cha Force Publique (Julai-Oktoba 1960), Jean Pierre Finant alipitisha mtazamo wa uaminifu usio na masharti kwa MNC na kwa mtu wa Lumumba. [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 61vdj8xncb1xllvm9edvphfinh3cgbi 0 196560 1599693 1385487 2026-09-23T19:30:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gil Grand''' (aliyezaliwa kama '''Gilles Lagrandeur''', tarehe [[8 Januari]], mwaka [[1968]]) ni mwimbaji wa [[muziki wa country]] kutoka nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/gil-grand/chart-history/csi|title=Gil Grand – Chart History (Hot Country Songs)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Gil+Grand&ChartEn=Country+Albums%2fCDs&|title=Gil Grand – Country Albums/CDs|work=RPM|date=July 17, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2022|archive-date=2025-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223172522/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Gil+Grand&ChartEn=Country+Albums%2fCDs&|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] p5d304tabmf0h1bkfsy2tkd6p076mfz 0 196689 1600096 1392430 2026-09-24T11:46:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alvaro III wa Kongo''' ('''Mbika-a-Mpangu Nimi Lukeni lua Mvemba''' kwa [[Kikoongo|Kikongo]] na '''D. Alvaro III''' kwa [[Kireno]]; alizaliwa [[1595]]) alikuwa [[Manikongo|mfalme]] wa [[ufalme wa Kongo]] kuanzia [[1615]] hadi kifo chake {{Date|4 Mei 1622}}. == Wasifu == Alvaro III alikuwa mtoto wa Mfalme Alvaro II wa Kongo na mama mwenye asili ya utumwa ambaye hakuwa na uhusiano na mtu wa familia ya kifalme. Aliteuliwa kuwa mrithi wa baba yake, alipaa kiti cha enzi mwaka mmoja baada ya kifo cha mwisho, katika [[Agosti]] [[1615]], baada ya kuuawa mjomba wake Bernard II wa Kongo. Anafaidika kutokana na kuungwa mkono na wakuu wawili ambao si wa familia ya kifalme : Dom Miguel ambaye aliwataja kuwa Count of [[Soyo]] na Dom Antonio da Silva, Duke wa Mbamba, ambaye alioa binti yake. Baba mkwe wake, ambaye alijipa jina la "Grand Duke wa Mbamba" (mani Mbamba) katika nyaraka hizo, alimpinga na kumtishia vita mwaka 1616. Mwaka 1618, alivamia jimbo la Mpemba, ambako Dom Felix, kaka wa Mfalme Alvaro III, alikuwa gavana. Gavana huyo alilazimishwa kukimbia. Kisha duke akapiga vita juu ya mfalme mwenyewe, lakini alikufa mnamo 1620. Mfalme kisha akatafuta msaada wa Manuel Jordão, ambaye alimteua Duke wa Nsundi mnamo 1621. Mfalme Alvaro wa Tatu alifaulu kwa muda kuwafukuza Waholanzi kwenye mdomo wa [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]],Lakini alikufa tarehe 5 Mei 1622. Mtoto wake Ambrose, anayechukuliwa kuwa mchanga sana, aliondolewa kwenye urithi kwa niaba ya mkuu wa ukoo mwingine wa kifalme, Pedro Nkanga a Mvika, ambaye alikuwa amemfanya Duke wa Mbamba. {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1595|1622}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Angola]] aftfup3f7nb8ljghjnyo1gfj3dzlqif 0 196880 1599788 1515780 2026-09-24T03:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Southworth''' ni mwimbaji, [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], mwigizaji, mwandishi, na mtengenezaji wa video wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Kanada]].<ref>"[http://www.nypress.com/article-15488-good-ol-timey-sweetness.html Good Ol'-Timey Sweetness: John Southworth takes up residence at Pianos]", ''[[New York Press]]''. Retrieved December 2, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/arts/music/dave-bidini-my-top-record-of-the-year-is-john-southworths-niagara-the-best-album-of-2014-youve-never-heard-of |title=Top 2,104 Things of 2014: The best 2014 album is one you've never heard of &#124; National Post |website=News.nationalpost.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-12}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stereogum.com/1897039/john-southworth-second-childhood/mp3s/ |title=John Southworth – "Second Childhood" |publisher=[[Stereogum]] |date=2016-09-02 |accessdate=2017-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rialto-mw0003615832|title=John Southworth Rialto Album Reviews, Songs & More &#124; AllMusic |website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1972|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] su7ofkmcylb12dz602u7unxjpc445b7 0 196999 1600149 1391787 2026-09-24T11:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lorne Ryder''' (alizaliwa '''Lorne MacMillan''' [[Mississauga]], [[Ontario]] Septemba [[1970]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na mwanamuziki anayecheza vyombo vingi kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourottawaregion.com/webapp/KanataKourier/article/9007 |title=Three's a charm at OIMAs |publisher=YourOttawaRegion Article |date=5 November 2007 |accessdate=13 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://radio3.cbc.ca/#/bands/Lorne-Ryder Lorne Ryder] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301032334/http://radio3.cbc.ca/ |date=1 March 2011 }}, CBC Radio 3. Retrieved August 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.overhear.com/artists/lorneryder/ |title=Canadian Indie Singer-Songwriter: Lorne Ryder |publisher=Overhear.com |date=1 January 2007 |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191826/http://www.overhear.com/artists/lorneryder/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mississauga.com/article/20935 |title=Musician riding high after award nomination |publisher=Mississauga Article |date=1 September 2008 |accessdate=13 August 2011}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 07ck8ka3mab8sr6bxt1dp4urhjsw770 0 197134 1599296 1385196 2026-09-23T12:31:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dylan Menzie''' ni mwimbaji na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] kutoka Belle River, [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Kanada]].<ref name=launch>[https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/living/peis-dylan-menzie-will-be-featured-in-the-next-episode-of-the-launch-on-ctv-179037/ "P.E.I.s Dylan Menzie will be featured in the next episode of ‘The Launch’ on CTV"]. ''[[The Guardian (Charlottetown)]]'', January 19, 2018.</ref><ref name=therecord>[https://www.therecord.com/whatson-story/6704586-dylan-menzie-s-sophomore-album-is-a-record-of-artistic-growth/ "Dylan Menzie’s sophomore album is a record of artistic growth"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.therecord.com/whatson-story/6704586-dylan-menzie-s-sophomore-album-is-a-record-of-artistic-growth/ |date=20160609054226 }}. ''[[Waterloo Region Record]]'', June 3, 2016.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 2z3wvdcvgc2mu0si81dg2tm5wrtijw3 0 197412 1599300 1511314 2026-09-23T12:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ed McNally''' (alizaliwa 7 Oktoba [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyewahi kucheza kama kiungo.<ref>{{NFT player|pid=21177|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-mcnaled001|title=Ed McNally soccer Statistics on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com|accessdate=2025-01-14|archive-date=2025-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114170332/https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-mcnaled001|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "NASL">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/M/McNally.Ed.htm|title=Profile|access-date=11 December 2016|publisher=NASL Jerseys}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] hi6fhgbwl0rasurvdpdoq0sn184nzq1 0 197930 1599292 1388088 2026-09-23T12:12:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doug Muirhead''' (alizaliwa Machi 20, [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] ambaye aliichezea timu ya taifa kuanzia mwaka 1989 hadi 1992.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-muirhdou001| title = Doug Muirhead soccer statistics on StatsCrew.com| accessdate = 2025-01-19| archive-date = 2021-09-09| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909063611/https://www.statscrew.com/minorsoccer/stats/p-muirhdou001| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120830063651/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=209099/index.html Record at FIFA Tournaments] - FIFA</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] ed7viom1xdugvyc3f4wlz0gmayxdvco 0 197989 1599962 1517445 2026-09-24T09:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599962 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kreesha Turner'''(alizaliwa [[10 Juni]], [[1985]]) ni msanii wa kurekodi na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Kanada]], alizaliwa huko [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], Kanada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url = https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/i-could-stay-radio-edit-single/id473454437|title = I Could Stay (Radio Edit) - Single by Kreesha Turner|website = [[iTunes]]|date = January 2011|accessdate = 2025-01-19|archive-date = 2011-12-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111204111544/http://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/i-could-stay-radio-edit-single/id473454437|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url = https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/love-again-radio-edit-single/id513580506|title = Love Again (Radio Edit) - Single by Kreesha Turner|website = [[iTunes]]|date = January 2012|accessdate = 2025-01-19|archive-date = 2014-06-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140602111211/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/love-again-radio-edit-single/id513580506|url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 7780oun8n8z7jfdwlgj6pn9z15ikqnb 0 197992 1599874 1388307 2026-09-24T05:39:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kate Todd'''(alizaliwa [[12 Desemba]], [[1987]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] wa [[Kanada]].<ref name="Kate Todd Official Website">{{cite web|title=Kate Todd Official Website|url=http://www.katetodd.com/about.html|website=www.katetodd.com|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Finding My Way|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/finding-my-way/id515452859|website=itunes.apple.com|date=3 April 2012 |access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Country Christmas|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/country-christmas-single/id939824320|website=itunes.apple.com|date=10 November 2014|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185617/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/country-christmas-single/id939824320|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] se79ovy5wwixs8qdefp782167utta50 0 198201 1599557 1394009 2026-09-23T18:35:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599557 wikitext text/x-wiki Kulingana na '''UNDP (Programu ya maendeleo ya Umoja wa taifa)''', Aslimia 83.2% ya watu walio na [[Umaskini Wa Vipengele Vingi|umaskini wa vipengele vingi]] duniani wanaishi Afrika ya [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] na [[Asia ya Kusini]] 553M na 404M mtawalia.Kati ya milioni 553 waliotajwa kama maskini wa Vipengele nyingi, 85.8% waliishi maeneo ya vijijini<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Multidimensional poverty in Sub Saharan rural areas|url=https://www.emerics.org:446/issueFileDownload.es?brdctsNo=342695&brdctsFileNo=84231}}</ref>.[[Somalia]], [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Chad]] ni nchi zilizokuwa na Umaskini Wa vipengele Vingi mwingi sana, Asilimia 80%+. [[Shelisheli|Ushelisheli]], Morisi, [[Tunisia]] na [[Aljeria]] ndizo zilizokuwa na Umaskini wa vipengele vingi wa chini kabisa china ya asilimia 2% [[File:Multidimensional poverty in Africa.png|350px|thumb|Umaskini wa Vipengele Vingi]] == Orodha == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Umaskini wa vipengele vingi ! Rank !! Country !! Umaskini wa vipengele vingi (%) |- | 1 || Somalia || 83.8 |- | 2 || Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati || 83.1 |- | 3 || Burundi || 82.5 |- | 4 || Chad || 80.4 |- | 5 || Jamhuri ya Kongo || 78.3 |- | 6 || Niger || 74.8 |- | 7 || Sudan Kusini || 74.8 |- | 8 || Ethiopia || 68.7 |- | 9 || Madagaska || 68.4 |- | 10 || Mali || 68.3 |- | 11 || Guinea || 66.2 |- | 12 || Burkina Faso || 64.5 |- | 13 || Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo || 64.5 |- | 14 || Guinea-Bissau || 64.2 |- | 15 || Nigeria || 62.9 |- | 16 || Msumbiji || 60.7 |- | 17 || Sierra Leone || 59.2 |- | 18 || Mauritania || 58.4 |- | 19 || Benin || 55.9 |- | 20 || Uganda || 55.1 |- | 21 || Eritrea || 52.8 |- | 22 || Liberia || 52.3 |- | 23 || Sudan || 52.3 |- | 24 || Senegal || 50.8 |- | 25 || Malawi || 49.9 |- | 26 || Rwanda || 48.8 |- | 27 || Zambia || 47.9 |- | 28 || Tanzania || 47.2 |- | 29 || KamerUn || 43.6 |- | 30 || Cape Verde || 43.6 |- | 31 || Côte d'Ivoire || 42.3 |- | 32 || Gambia || 41.7 |- | 33 || Angola || 41.2 |- | 34 || Jibuti || 33.66 |- | 35 || Namibia || 27.94 |- | 36 || Guinea ya Ikweta || 27.8 |- | 37 || Togo || 26.4 |- | 38 || Zimbabwe || 25.8 |- | 39 || Kenya || 25.4 |- | 40 || Ghana || 24.8 |- | 41 || Lesotho || 19.6 |- | 42 || Comoros || 19.2 |- | 43 || São Tomé na Príncipe || 11.7 |- | 44 || Botswana || 10.2 |- | 45 || Gabon || 8.6 |- | 46 || Eswatini || 7.9 |- | 47 || Moroko || 6.4 |- | 48 || Afrika Kusini || 6.3 |- | 49 || Misri || 2.94 |- | 50 || Libya || 2.94 |- | 51 || Algeria || 1.4 |- | 52 || Tunisia || 1.0 |- | 53 || Shelisheli || 0.9 |- | 54 || Mauritius || 0.4 |} == Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:orodha]] [[Jamii:uchumi wa Afrika]] 1kydo05nf4bta64aldxkzcyfv3iy7vc 0 198522 1599810 1389753 2026-09-24T04:15:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Masse''' (aliyezaliwa [[3 Juni]], [[1970]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[pop]] kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>Alan Hustak, "Singer Julie Masse marries photographer". ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', July 17, 1993.</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/arts/weekend-post/you-oughta-juno-what-happened-to-those-artists-voted-most-likely-to-succeed-part-1-1986-1999 "You oughta Juno: What happened to those artists voted most likely to succeed? Part 2 — 1986 – 1999"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''National Post'', David Berry and Rebecca Tucker | March 14, 2015</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] og9do3amwf7upfqzqszvscjpvqteu0z 0 199224 1599858 1391733 2026-09-24T05:25:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karen Brooks''' (alizaliwa [[30 Aprili]], [[1954]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] wa muziki wa [[country]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Karen+Brooks&ChartEn=Country+Albums%2fCDs&|title=Karen Brooks - Country Albums/CDs|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=17 July 2013|access-date=December 5, 2021|archive-date=2025-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224161734/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Karen+Brooks&ChartEn=Country+Albums%2fCDs&|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] q92ntqh52x9t8do85843twyuy1porrz 0 199364 1599310 1392888 2026-09-23T13:35:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Cook''' (alizaliwa [[18 Julai]], [[1972]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[muziki wa country]] kutoka [[Marekani]] na mtangazaji wa [[redio]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/elizabeth-cook-grand-ole-opry-member-1069785/|title = Why Isn't Elizabeth Cook a Grand Ole Opry Member?| magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date = October 2020}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00sy7f0 |title=BBC Radio 2 - Bob Harris Country, Elizabeth Cook in session |website=Bbc.co.uk |date=July 8, 2010 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-date=2010-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712100608/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00sy7f0 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1972|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] i2y02p57uk8y0tznffbg2qk5isplaae 0 199558 1599826 1393017 2026-09-24T04:32:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Justin Springer.jpg|thumb|Justin Springer]] '''Justin Springer''' (alizaliwa Julai 8, [[1993]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka wa kitaalamu na sasa ni kocha. Alizaliwa [[Kanada]], aliwakilisha timu ya taifa ya [[Saint Kitts na Nevis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gryphons.ca/news/2012/10/31/MSOC_1031122133.aspx|title=Springer’s & Agyemang receive all-star status|date=October 31, 2012|work=[[Guelph Gryphons]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insideottawavalley.com/sports-story/4492131-burlington-s-mckinty-springer-to-play-in-oua-soccer-showcase/|title=Burlington's McKinty, Springer to play in OUA soccer showcase|work=[[Hamilton Spectator]]|date=April 30, 2014}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gryphons.ca/news/2014/10/28/MSOC_1028145829.aspx|title=Three Gryphons named OUA All-Stars, Vyrostko named ROY|date=October 28, 2014|work=[[Guelph Gryphons]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] k1dlzncmze1sry3d1x1l0e7d3j330kg 0 200356 1599289 1398069 2026-09-23T12:02:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donna Lynne Hughes'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/901276632 |title=ALL YOU NEED IS A DREAM |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |access-date=April 26, 2023}}</ref> Ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[country]] na bluegrass, mwandishi wa [[nyimbo]], mchezaji wa [[gitaa]], mpianisti na mtetezi wa haki za wanyama kutoka [[Marekani]]. <ref>[http://www.wnctimes.com/opinion/723-donna-hughes-bluegrass-musician-a-dog-s-best-friend.html "Donna Hughes, Bluegrass Musician, Dogs' Best Friend!"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wnctimes.com/opinion/723-donna-hughes-bluegrass-musician-a-dog-s-best-friend.html |date=20160305040154 }} by Staff, ''[[WNC Times]]'', February 19, 2015.</ref> <ref>[http://courier-tribune.com/news/local/randolph-singersongwriter-donna-hughes-targets-dogs-chains-video "Randolph singer/songwriter Donna Hughes targets dogs on chains (+video)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907202858/http://courier-tribune.com/news/local/randolph-singersongwriter-donna-hughes-targets-dogs-chains-video |date=2015-09-07 }} by Chip Womick, ''[[The Courier Tribune]]'', February 7, 2015.</ref> <ref>[http://courier-tribune.com/news/hughes-release-piano-bluegrass-albums "Hughes to release piano, bluegrass albums"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090851/http://courier-tribune.com/news/hughes-release-piano-bluegrass-albums |date=2016-03-04 }} by Staff, ''[[The Courier-Tribune]]'', May 2, 2014</ref> <ref>[http://www.herald-dispatch.com/homepage/x2010532474/Bluegrass-singer-Donna-Hughes-coming-to-Mountaineer-Opry-House "Bluegrass singer Donna Hughes coming to Mountaineer Opry House"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.herald-dispatch.com/homepage/x2010532474/Bluegrass-singer-Donna-Hughes-coming-to-Mountaineer-Opry-House |date=20081202225444 }} by Derek Halsey, ''[[The Herald-Dispatch]]'', September 4, 2008.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 0wci821frvcl1xfxecct7i6ms5jk7pe 0 201101 1599687 1399239 2026-09-23T19:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerard William Tickle''' ([[2 Novemba]] [[1909]] – [[14 Septemba]] [[1994]]) alikuwa askofu wa Uingereza katika Kanisa Katoliki. Alihudumu kama Askofu wa Majeshi kutoka 1963 hadi 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/the_redemption_of_shane_paul_odoherty/?page=full |title=Profile of Shane O'Doherty in ''The Boston Globe'' |accessdate=2025-02-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120454/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/the_redemption_of_shane_paul_odoherty/?page=full |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130121113708/http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/i-met-hain-shane-paul-1-3471608 Profile of O'Doherty in ''The Derry Journal'' (subscription required to read entire article)]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] ewg052a6fspn8v0exc7w8m80ihaw9pb 1599739 1599687 2026-09-23T22:10:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerard William Tickle''' ([[2 Novemba]] [[1909]] – [[14 Septemba]] [[1994]]) alikuwa askofu wa Uingereza katika Kanisa Katoliki. Alihudumu kama Askofu wa Majeshi kutoka 1963 hadi 1978.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/the_redemption_of_shane_paul_odoherty/?page=full |title=Profile of Shane O'Doherty in ''The Boston Globe'' |accessdate=2025-02-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120454/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/08/07/the_redemption_of_shane_paul_odoherty/?page=full |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130121113708/http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/i-met-hain-shane-paul-1-3471608 Profile of O'Doherty in ''The Derry Journal'' (subscription required to read entire article)]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] 6gvnwju8ibt1501ebu9bc5hbq6ejscy 0 201494 1599668 1411614 2026-09-23T19:01:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Country calling codes map.svg|thumb|500px|Misimbo ya simu ya nchi]] '''Msimbo wa simu''', unaojulikana pia kama '''msimbo wa kupiga simu wa nchi''', ni namba ya kipekee inayotumiwa kupiga simu za [[taifa|kimataifa]] kwa nchi au eneo tofauti. Misimbo hii inasimamiwa na Umoja wa kimataifa wa mawasiliano(ITU) chini ya mpango wa E.164 wa upangaji wa namba za simu.<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Country Calling Codes|lang=en|url=https://support.unitedworldtelecom.com/my-account/country-calling-codes/|accessdate=2025-02-15}}</ref> == Muundo na matumizi == Wakati wa kupiga simu ya kimataifa, mpigaji hufuata mpangilio huu: *1. Msimbo wa Kutoka (International Prefix): Huu ni msimbo unaotumiwa kuanza simu ya kimataifa kutoka nchi fulani (mfano, 011 nchini Marekani, 00 katika mataifa mengi ya Ulaya). *2. Msimbo wa Simu wa Nchi: Huu ni msimbo wa kipekee unaotambulisha nchi lengwa (mfano, +1 kwa Marekani, +44 kwa Uingereza, +81 kwa Japani). *3. Namba ya Simu ya Ndani: Hii inajumuisha msimbo wa eneo (kama unahitajika) na namba ya mpokeaji ndani ya nchi husika. Kwa mfano, kupiga simu London, Uingereza, kutoka Marekani: 011 + 44 + Namba ya Simu ya Ndani ==Historia na maendeleo== ITU ilianzisha misimbo ya simu ya kimataifa katika karne ya 20 ili kurahisisha mawasiliano ya kimataifa. Kabla ya mfumo huu, waendeshaji wa simu walihitaji kuunganisha simu moja kwa moja kati ya nchi tofauti. Baadaye, kiwango cha E.164 kilianzishwa ili kuhakikisha upangaji wa namba za simu unakuwa wa kimataifa na wa kawaida. == Misimbo ya simu ya bara == ITU imegawa misimbo ya simu kulingana na kanda za kijiografia: *Amerika Kaskazini (NANP): +1 (Marekani, Kanada, Karibi) *Ulaya: +3 (Ufaransa, Uhispania, Ureno), +4 : (Uingereza, Ufini, Ujerumani) *Asia Mashariki: +8 *Asia(Uarabu, India,n.k) : +9 *Afrika: +2 (Kenya, Nigeria, Afrika Kusini, n.k.) *Amerika Kusini: +5 (Brazil, Argentina, Kolombia, n.k.) *Oceania: +6 (Australia, New Zealand, visiwa vya Pasifiki) ==Misimbo maalum ya simu== Hapa kuna baadhi ya misimbo ya simu inayotumiwa mara kwa mara: *+1 – Marekani, Kanada, na baadhi ya mataifa ya Karibiani *+44 – Uingereza *+33 – Ufaransa *+49 – Ujerumani *+27 – Afrika kusini *+86 – China *+91 – India *+61 – Australia *+7 – Urusi na Kazakhstan *+254 – Kenya<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Misimbo ya simu ya nchi|lang=en|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/international-calling-codes.htm|accessdate=2025-02-15}}</ref> == Misimbo maalum == Baadhi ya misimbo ya simu haitumiki kwa nchi moja pekee bali kwa huduma maalum: * +800 – Simu za Kimataifa zisizolipishwa (Toll-free) * +808 – Huduma za Gharama Inayoshirikiwa Kimataifa * +882 / +883 – Mitandao ya Kimataifa na Huduma za Satelaiti * +870 – Inmarsat (Huduma za simu za satelaiti) == Mabadiliko == Msimbo wa simu wa nchi unaweza kubadilishwa au kugawanywa kutokana na mabadiliko ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, au maendeleo ya teknolojia. Kwa mfano: *Ujerumani Mashariki na Magharibi (kabla ya 1990): Ujerumani Mashariki ilitumia +37 kabla ya kuungana na Ujerumani Magharibi chini ya +49. *Yugoslavia (iliyovunjika): Ilitumia +38 kabla ya kugawanyika na mataifa yaliyotokana nayo kupata misimbo tofauti. *Eritrea (1993): Ilibadilika kutoka +251 (iliokuwa ya Ethiopia) hadi +291 baada ya kupata uhuru. == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Dunia]] [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] 26y8nial7waaoyp4c0et7ky3096alsm 0 201754 1599780 1401554 2026-09-24T02:16:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jessica-lynn-usa-pic.png|thumb|Jessica Lynn]] '''Jessica Lynn''' (alizaliwa [[6 Januari]], [[1990]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mwandishi wa [[nyimbo]] wa muziki wa [[country]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jessica Lynn, country music's newest star from New York|website=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/jessica-lynn-country-musics-newest-star-from-new-york/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jessica Lynn homegrown talent|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/entertainment/2014/09/30/jessica-lynn/16482395/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TV Guide|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/jessica-lynn-this-much-fun-live-from-the-winery-at-st-george/662522/|accessdate=2025-02-17|archive-date=2017-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217082245/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/jessica-lynn-this-much-fun-live-from-the-winery-at-st-george/662522/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jessica Lynn 'takin over' Paramount Hudson Valley|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/entertainment/2014/09/25/jessica-lynn-pbs-special/16215471/}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] po5mcbj1kavfmmpyxjajqepfo7fl85w 0 201765 1600045 1401586 2026-09-24T11:36:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Long''' ni mrembo wa [[muziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayeimba bluegrass na [[country]].<ref>[http://www.herald-dispatch.com/life/x1103453082/Lizzy-Long-to-play-at-Mountaineer-Opry-tonight Lizzy Long to play at Mountaineer Opry tonight] {{Wayback|url=http://www.herald-dispatch.com/life/x1103453082/Lizzy-Long-to-play-at-Mountaineer-Opry-tonight |date=20120306060514 }} on ''[[The Herald-Dispatch]]''; Halsey, Derek (July 18, 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.littleroyandlizzy.com/ The Little Roy and Lizzy Show]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1984|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ajf222ev9s2lnvmdxj5iumg1tvpprwf 0 201918 1599335 1511722 2026-09-23T14:36:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599335 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Emmanuel-zambazis.jpg|thumb|Zambazis akichezea timu ya York9 FC mwaka 2019]] '''Emmanuel Zambazis''' (alizaliwa Aprili 24, [[1997]]), ambaye pia anajulikana kama '''Manolis Zambazis''', ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] kutoka [[Kanada]] anayecheza kwa timu ya Vaughan Azzurri katika Ligi ya kwanza ya [[Ontario]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.toronto.com/community-story/25774-east-york-boys-win-prestigious-robbie-crown/|title=East York boys win prestigious Robbie crown|date=July 4, 2008|work=East York Mirror}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkulions.ca/news/2019/6/20/varsity-athletics-from-york-lions-to-york9-fc.aspx|title=From York Lions to York9 FC|date=June 20, 2019|work=[[York Lions]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkulions.ca/news/2018/9/8/mens-soccer-mscr.aspx|title=Lions tie Marauders in Friday night road game|date=September 8, 2018|work=[[York Lions]]|first=Stella|last=Isaac}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 12864x4588qkd5mc915x1bbi7112rda 0 202026 1599388 1511998 2026-09-23T16:21:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599388 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Evan Hultman.png|thumb|Evan "Curly" Hultman]] '''Evan "Curly" Hultman''' ([[15 Julai]] [[1925]] – [[16 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na [[wakili]] kutoka [[Marekani]], akiwa katika jimbo la [[Iowa]]. Alikuwa [[Mwanasheria]] Mkuu wa Iowa kuanzia [[1961]] hadi [[1965]], akiwa na chama cha Republican. Alikuwa jenerali mkuu katika Jeshi la Akiba la Marekani na alihudumu katika Jeshi wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Iowa, akipata shahada ya B.A. mwaka [[1949]], na J.D. mwaka [[1952]]. Hultman alifariki mnamo Februari 16, 2025, akiwa na umri wa miaka 99. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.iowalum.com/magazine/jun02/people_hultman.cfm|title=IOWALUM ⋆ A Q&A blog shared by Iowa students|accessdate=2025-02-18|archive-date=2017-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102072900/http://www.iowalum.com/magazine/jun02/people_hultman.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJALAQAAIAAJ&q=Hultman&pg=PA121|title=Iowa Official Register|last1=Secretary Of State|first1=Iowa|year=1961}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://globegazette.com/news/local/retired-waterloo-general-gets-rare-award/article_5be4f495-3980-5e8a-b0df-75624cb373cc.html|title=Retired Waterloo general gets rare award|date=6 September 2009|accessdate=2025-02-18|archive-date=2025-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221101333/https://globegazette.com/news/local/retired-waterloo-general-gets-rare-award/article_5be4f495-3980-5e8a-b0df-75624cb373cc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Reinitz|first1=Jeff|title=Evan 'Curly' Hultman, champion for veterans and former Iowa attorney general, dies at 99|url=https://wcfcourier.com/news/local/evan-curly-hultman-champion-for-veterans-passes-away/article_2da3c232-ed6a-11ef-b287-8bd17d24ab29.html|access-date=17 February 2025|publisher=The Courier|date=17 February 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:wanasheria wa Marekani]] 4akpyt95632ioxn3unj2r154z0m29pc 0 203269 1599864 1589669 2026-09-24T05:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karli Whetstone''', aliyezaliwa [[Ohio]], [[Marekani]] ni mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[muziki wa country]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karli.com {{!}} Music|url=http://www.karli.com/music/|accessdate=2012-10-25|archive-date=2012-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828080649/http://www.karli.com/music/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WSMV.com NBC 4|url=http://www.wsmv.com/story/17166882/karli-whetstones-leprechaun-surprise-cake-31512|accessdate=October 25, 2012|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222853/http://www.wsmv.com/story/17166882/karli-whetstones-leprechaun-surprise-cake-31512|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CountryWeekly.com|url=http://www.countryweekly.com/music/karli-whetstone-premieres-frozen-video|accessdate=March 16, 2016|archive-date=2016-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323213142/http://www.countryweekly.com/music/karli-whetstone-premieres-frozen-video|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=iTunes|website=[[iTunes]]|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/country-enough-ep/id1079719934|accessdate=March 16, 2016|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324010958/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/country-enough-ep/id1079719934|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] mb85uy4jdi42qkuw9cfxvcxpknvj34j 0 204503 1599748 1407557 2026-09-23T22:59:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Howard McNeal Burnett''' (alizaliwa [[8 Machi]] [[1961]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa kiume mstaafu kutoka [[Jamaika]], ambaye alishiriki zaidi katika mbio za mita 400 za wanaume wakati wa taaluma yake. Yeye ni Mwana [[Olimpiki]] mara moja, alionekana pekee mnamo 1988 (Seoul, Korea Kusini), aliposhinda [[medali]] ya [[fedha]] na timu ya wanaume ya mbio za 4 × 400 m. Yeye ni mhitimu wa NYIT. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/sports/college/nyit-reinstates-track-1.20094207|title=NYIT to reinstate track and field program|accessdate=2025-03-06|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801034435/https://www.newsday.com/sports/college/nyit-reinstates-track-1.20094207|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] jprk67snvlp64m69mf9ubj6294xy6mc 0 204810 1599932 1408309 2026-09-24T08:08:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kirsten Price''' (alizaliwa [[8 Septemba]], [[1979]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] kutoka [[Uingereza]], pia ni mchezaji wa vyombo vingi na mtayarishaji. Alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza "Magic Tree".<ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/magic-tree-single/id211635475 "Magic Tree – Single"]. Apple iTunes Store. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</ref><ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/guts-garbage/id266803557 "Guts & Garbage"]. Apple iTunes Store. 19 October 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</ref><ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/with-or-without-you/id385525126 "With or Without You by Kirsten Price"]. Apple iTunes Store. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</ref><ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/brixton-to-brooklyn/id39150658 "Brixton to Brooklyn"] {{Wayback|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/brixton-to-brooklyn/id39150658 |date=20141226113354 }}. Apple iTunes Store. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] m2o0qyzay246j69ckyoea24pdh1itrc 0 204838 1599816 1516160 2026-09-24T04:22:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Julian Araujo.jpg|thumb|Araujo akiwa na LA Galaxy mwaka 2019]] '''Julián Vicente Araujo Zúñiga''' (alizaliwa tarehe 13 Agosti [[2001]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaaluma ambaye anacheza kama beki wa kulia kwa klabu ya AFC Bournemouth katika Ligi kuu. Alizaliwa [[Marekani]] na anawakilisha timu ya taifa ya [[Meksiko]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Julián Araujo, new Barça Atlètic player (17-02-23) |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/photos/3069107/julian-araujo-new-barca-atletic-player-17-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www.fcbarcelona.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://santamariatimes.com/sports/high-school/lompoc-native-julian-araujo-gets-a-potential-starting-chance-as-galaxy-resume-season/article_fde4518f-c80a-58ba-9eb7-ba7165380eb5.html|title=Lompoc native Julian Araujo gets a potential starting chance as Galaxy resume season|website=Santa Maria Times|date=7 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Reyna|first=Lorenzo J.|title=Julian Araujo completes first season with Barca Academy as an All-Conference player|url=https://santamariatimes.com/sports/local/julian-araujo-completes-first-season-with-barca-academy-as-an-all-conference-player/article_709882ca-9213-52cf-af6b-5708f39f9fc6.html|access-date=1 June 2021|website=Santa Maria Times|date=17 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213759/https://santamariatimes.com/sports/local/julian-araujo-completes-first-season-with-barca-academy-as-an-all-conference-player/article_709882ca-9213-52cf-af6b-5708f39f9fc6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://syvnews.com/sports/high-school/araujo-commits-to-ucsb-prendergast-lands-first-offer/article_c7680ee0-0248-5cc2-9f19-909bfbdaf9b0.html|title=Araujo commits to UCSB, Prendergast lands first offer|first=Lorenzo J.|last=Reyna|work=Santa Yves Valley News|date=21 March 2017|accessdate=2025-03-09|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327222229/https://syvnews.com/sports/high-school/araujo-commits-to-ucsb-prendergast-lands-first-offer/article_c7680ee0-0248-5cc2-9f19-909bfbdaf9b0.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] fpxvhe7it5fcgr34v2fdr2wncdwx2xt 0 204956 1599777 1408606 2026-09-24T02:04:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jennifer Ann Simmons''' (alizaliwa [[17 Novemba]], [[1980]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Jenny Simmons''' ni msanii wa [[muziki wa Kikristo]] wa [[Marekani]], aliyekuwa mshiriki wa [[bendi]] ya Addison Road.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2012/08/01.Jenny%20Simmons%20of%20Addison%20Road%20Embarks%20on%20Solo%20Career%20Debut%20Project%20from%20Acclaimed%20Singer%20Due%20February%2012.asp | title=Jenny Simmons of Addison Road Embarks on Solo Career; Debut Project from Acclaimed Singer Due February 12 | work=Jesus Freak Hideout | date=August 1, 2012 | accessdate=November 29, 2012}}</ref><ref name=chr>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2013-02-23/christian-albums|title=Christian Albums : February 23, 2013|author=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.biz|date=February 14, 2013|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=September 12, 2013|archive-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914062319/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2013-02-23/christian-albums|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 4sv2gc6alcpmfqhrc6thhxlywwe6fzs 0 205413 1600033 1415844 2026-09-24T11:03:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Lierre Keith''' (alizaliwa [[1964]]) ni mwandishi wa [[Marekani]], [[mwanafeministi]] wa kimapinduzi, [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[chakula]], na mwanamazingira wa kimapinduzi.<ref>{{cite book |last3=Jensen |first3=Derrick |last2=Keith |first2=Lierre |last1=McBay |first1=Aric |date=2011 |title=Deep Green Resistance: Strategy to Save the Planet |url=https://archive.org/details/deepgreenresista0000mcba|location= |publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/deepgreenresista0000mcba/page/n105 104] |quote=Direct action, even nonviolent direct action, has also been derailed by liberalism. I was born the same year as the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. Twenty-five years later, I watched on TV as the people of Berlin pulled down that wall. Nonviolence is a form of resistance that works but it needs to be understood if it's to be used effectively. |isbn=978-1-58322-929-3}}</ref><ref>[http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss478.html Periodicals Collection, 1784- (ongoing)] {{Wayback|url=http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss478.html |date=20110629081147 }}, Sophia Smith Collection, Five College Archives & Manuscript Collections, Asteria.</ref><ref name=cv>[http://www.lierrekeith.com/CV.htm Lierre Keith CV] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403043218/http://www.lierrekeith.com/CV.htm |date=2010-04-03 }}, Lierre Keith official website</ref> == Wasifu == Alianza ushiriki wake wa umma katika harakati za kifeministi kama mhariri mwanzilishi wa Vanessa and Iris: A Journal for Young Feminists ([[1983]]–[[1985]]). Katika kipindi hicho hicho, pia alijitolea na kikundi kiitwacho Women Against Violence Against Women huko Cambridge, ambapo alishiriki katika matukio ya kielimu na kampeni za [[maandamano]]. Mnamo [[1984]], alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Minor Disturbance, kikundi cha maandamano dhidi ya militarism kutoka mtazamo wa kifeministi. Mnamo [[1986]], alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Feminists Against Pornography huko Northampton, [[Massachusetts]]. Yeye ni mhariri mwanzilishi wa Rain and Thunder, jarida la kifeministi la kimapinduzi huko Northampton.<ref>[http://www.lierrekeith.com/appearances.htm Lierre Keith appearance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118034237/http://www.lierrekeith.com/Appearances.htm |date=2012-11-18 }}, contains many external links to radio and press interviews</ref><ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/food/articles/2006/07/26/movement_toward_more_sustainable_food_systems_is_growing "Movement toward more sustainable food systems is growing"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/food/articles/2006/07/26/movement_toward_more_sustainable_food_systems_is_growing |date=20160304070452 }}, By Emily Shartin, Boston Globe Staff, July 26, 2006</ref> Kama [[mwanafeministi]] wa kimapinduzi, na, hivi karibuni, kama mwanamazingira wa kimapinduzi, Keith amekuwa na maonyesho mengi, mahojiano, na hotuba kote [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]]. Keith alikuwa mtetezi wa umma wa mapema wa harakati ya chakula cha ndani ya Marekani. Katika hadithi ya kibinadamu ya Boston Globe ya [[2006]], alisema, "Napenda kujua kwamba ninaunga mkono uchumi wa ndani, na sio Marekani ya ushirika."<ref name=dna>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_vegan-wars_1350094 |title=Vegan Wars |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Uttarika Kumaran |date=February 20, 2010 |accessdate=April 20, 2017}}</ref> Maoni yake yamevuta umakini hasi kutoka kwa baadhi ya walaji [[mboga]], kile ambacho [[mwandishi wa habari]] mmoja amekiita "Vita vya Wala Mboga". Kwa mfano wa mjadala wa kisiasa wa moto, waandamanaji walimpiga Keith na mikate iliyochanganywa na pilipili kali wakati wa uwasilishaji wa kitabu chake The Vegetarian Myth katika Maonyesho ya Kitabu cha Anarchist cha Bay Area cha [[2010]].<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Pies-in-face-attack-roils-anarchist-vegan-world-3196299.php "Pies-in-face attack roils anarchist-vegan world"], Demian Bulwa, San Francisco Chronicle Staff, March 17, 2010</ref><ref name="dgr2011">[[Aric McBay]], [[Derrick Jensen]], Lierre Keith. [http://www.sevenstories.com/book/?GCOI=58322100590170 ''Deep Green Resistance: Strategy to Save the Planet''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818031247/http://www.sevenstories.com/book/?GCOI=58322100590170|date=2010-08-18}}. Seven Stories Press, May 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-58322-929-3}}. Last accessed May 29, 2011.</ref> Kitabu cha Keith cha [[2009]] The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability ni uchunguzi wenye utata wa athari za kiikolojia za kilimo na ulaji [[mboga]]. Katika The Vegetarian Myth, anatoa ushahidi wa kilimo kuharibu mifumo ya ikolojia nzima, kama vile nyasi za Amerika Kaskazini. Pia anahoji kwa ajili ya kilimo cha [[wanyama]] juu ya kilimo cha mimea, akisema kwamba cha mwisho kinaharibu udongo wa juu, huku ufugaji wa wanyama ukiujenga upya.<ref name="wolfboard">{{cite web|url=https://www.womensliberationfront.org/staff-and-board|title=Staff and Board|website=Women's Liberation Front|accessdate=June 16, 2021}}</ref> Keith anahusishwa na harakati ya Deep Green Resistance, na pamoja na Aric McBay na Derrick Jensen, aliandika pamoja Deep Green Resistance: Strategy to Save the Planet, kilichochapishwa mnamo Mei [[2011]]. Kitabu hicho kinajielezea kama "mwongozo wa jinsi ya kujenga harakati ya upinzani ambayo itaangusha ustaarabu wa viwanda na kuokoa sayari", na "kinatathmini chaguzi za kimkakati za upinzani, kutoka kwa kutotumia jeuri hadi vita vya msituni, na masharti yanayohitajika ili chaguzi hizo zifanikiwe". Baada ya kuchapishwa kwa [[kitabu]] hiki, waandishi walianzisha shirika lenye jina moja. McBay aliondoka katika shirika hilo mapema [[2012]], akisema hakukubaliana na Jensen na Keith kufuta sera inayojumuisha waliobadili jinsia. Deep Green Resistance imepinga akaunti hii, ikisema kwamba sera ya nafasi salama ya wanawake ilikuwa moja ya masuala mengi, na kwamba uamuzi wa kuzuia nafasi za [[wanawake]] ulifanywa na wanawake wa DGR, na sio na Jensen au Keith.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kolowrat |first=Hayden |date=2021-02-01 |title=UPDATED: QLaw opposes Women's Liberation Front's involvement in UW Law interview program |url=https://badgerherald.com/news/2021/02/01/qlaw-opposes-womens-liberation-fronts-involvement-in-uw-law-interview-program/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926233050/https://badgerherald.com/news/2021/02/01/qlaw-opposes-womens-liberation-fronts-involvement-in-uw-law-interview-program/ |archive-date=2024-09-26 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Badger Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Deedee |date=2019-12-11 |title=Event at Seattle Public Library causes firestorm, group accused of being 'hate group' |url=https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/controversial-hate-group-event-seattle-public-library-causes-firestorm/SHZT7665XZAYRNCV3FT5OM5IWA/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926232848/https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/controversial-hate-group-event-seattle-public-library-causes-firestorm/SHZT7665XZAYRNCV3FT5OM5IWA/ |archive-date=2024-09-26 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=KIRO 7}}</ref> Keith ni mwanzilishi wa Women's Liberation Front, na, hadi [[2021]], anahudumu kama mwenyekiti wake. Women's Liberation Front ni shirika la utetezi wa kisheria la Marekani ambalo hushughulikia hasa mada za waliobadili jinsia, na pia linasaidia haki za uavyaji mimba, na linapendelea hatua za kupambana na unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake na kuanzishwa kwa mbinu ya Nordic model kwa ukahaba. Women's Liberation Front limechukuliwa kuwa kikundi cha chuki na shirika la wanafunzi la QLaw la Shule ya Sheria ya Chuo Kikuu cha [[Wisconsin]] na Gender Justice League.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Mia |date=2021-02-24 |title=Inclusion of anti-trans group in UW employment fair sparks controversy |url=https://badgerherald.com/news/2021/02/24/print-2-23-inclusion-of-anti-trans-group-in-uw-employment-fair-sparks-controversy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926233141/https://badgerherald.com/news/2021/02/24/print-2-23-inclusion-of-anti-trans-group-in-uw-employment-fair-sparks-controversy/ |archive-date=2024-09-26 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Badger Herald}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]] hczkiogs63ivwzrsmxrexpuyubhd8w5 0 205927 1600130 1414603 2026-09-24T11:50:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = Sicario | picha = Sicario poster.jpg | ukuwa_wa_picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Theatrical release poster | mwongozaji = [[Denis Villeneuve]] | mtayarishaji =[[Basil Iwanyk]]<br>Edward L. McDonnell<br>Molly Smith<br>Thad Luckinbill<br>Trent Luckinbill | mtunzi = [[Taylor Sheridan]] | mwadithiaji = | nyota = [[Emily Blunt]] * [[Benicio del Toro]] * [[Josh Brolin]] * [[Victor Garber]] | muziki = Jóhann Jóhannsson | sinematografi = Roger Deakins | mhariri = Joe Walker | msambazaji = [[Black Label Media]]<br>[[Thunder Road Pictures]]<br>[[Thunder Road]] | imetolewa = 19, 05, 2015 | muda = 121 | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = Dola milioni 30 | mapato = $85 milioni | imetanguliwa_na = | ikafuatiwa_na = }} '''''Sicario''''' ni filamu ya [[Marekani]] ya mwaka 2015 [[filamu za uhalifu|uhalifu]] na [[filamu za msisimko|kusisimua]] iliyoongozwa na [[Denis Villeneuve]], ikiandikwa na [[Taylor Sheridan]] katika maandiko yake ya kwanza ya sinema. Inaigizwa na [[Emily Blunt]], [[Benicio del Toro]], na [[Josh Brolin]]. Filamu inahusu [[kachero maalum]] wa [[FBI|Shirika la Upelelezi la Marekani]] mwenye misingi thabiti ya maadili ambaye anashirikishwa na kikosi kazi cha serikali kuangusha kiongozi wa [[kikundi cha madawa ya kulevya]] chenye nguvu na ukatili nchini [[Meksiko]]. ''Sicario'' ilichaguliwa kushindania [[Palme d'Or]] katika [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes|Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2015]]. Ilianza kutolewa kwa kiwango kidogo nchini Marekani tarehe 18 Septemba 2015, kisha ikatolewa kwa nchi nzima tarehe 2 Oktoba 2015. ''Sicario'' ilipongezwa kwa uigizaji wake, uandishi, uongozaji, muziki wake wa filamu, na upigaji picha. Filamu hii iliteuliwa kwa [[Tuzo za Academy]] kwa Upigaji Picha Bora, Muziki Bora Halisi wa Filamu, na Uhariri Bora wa Sauti katika [[Tuzo za Akademi|Tuzo za Academy za 88]]. Pia ilipata uteuzi wa [[Tuzo za BAFTA]] kwa Muigizaji Msaidizi Bora, Upigaji Picha Bora, na Muziki Bora wa Filamu.<ref name="TNYT">{{cite web|title=Portrayal of Juárez in 'Sicario' Vexes Residents Trying to Move Past Dark Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/world/americas/portrayal-of-juarez-in-sicario-vexes-residents-trying-to-move-past-dark-times.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Victoria|last=Burnett|date=October 11, 2015|access-date=January 17, 2016|archive-date=October 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015001016/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/world/americas/portrayal-of-juarez-in-sicario-vexes-residents-trying-to-move-past-dark-times.html?_r=0|url-status=live|quote=The turnaround for Juárez began in 2012 and has been significant. Kidnappings have plummeted — officially there have been none in 20 months — and the murder rate has fallen from as many as eight a day during the worst times in 2010 to 20 to 30 per month now.|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="BBC Mundo">{{cite news|language=es|last1=Nájar|first1=Alberto|title=¿Por qué la película "Sicario" enoja tanto a Ciudad Juárez?|url= http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/10/151007_sicario_cine_ciudad_juarez_boicot_an|access-date=23 May 2016|agency=[[BBC News|BBC Mundo]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date= October 7, 2015| archive-date=November 14, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151114193415/http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/10/151007_sicario_cine_ciudad_juarez_boicot_an|url-status=live }}</ref> Mwendelezo wake, ''[[Sicario: Day of the Soldado]]'', uliongozwa na [[Stefano Sollima]], ulitolewa tarehe 29 Juni 2018. Filamu ya tatu, yenye jina ''Sicario: Capos'', ipo katika hatua ya uandaaji. ==Muhtasari wa hadithi== Huko [[Chandler, Arizona]], makachero maalum wa [[FBI]] Kate Macer na Reggie Wayne wanaongoza uvamizi kwenye nyumba ya maficho ya [[Sonora Cartel]], ambapo wanakuta maiti zilizooza zimefichwa kwenye kuta. Nje, mtego wa mabomu unaua maafisa wawili wa polisi. Kufuatia uvamizi huo, Kate anapendekezwa na kujiunga na kikosi kazi cha pamoja kinachosimamiwa na afisa wa [[CIA]] Matt Graver na Alejandro Gillick, mtaalamu wa zamani wa sheria wa [[Meksiko]] aliyegeuka kuwa muuaji aliyefunzwa na CIA. Misheni yao ni kumtoa na kumkamata Manuel Díaz, luteni wa Sonora anayefanya kazi na kujificha Marekani. Kikosi hicho, ambacho kinajumuisha waendeshaji wa [[Delta Force]], Naibu Wamarekani wa Marshals, na wafanyakazi wa CIA, wanasafiri hadi [[Ciudad Juárez]], Meksiko, kumrudisha kaka wa Díaz, Guillermo. Wakati wa kuvuka mpaka wa [[El Paso–Juárez]], kikosi kinashambuliwa na wauaji wa kiwango cha chini wa cartel, ambao Wamarekani wanawaua haraka. Wakati wa mapigano, Kate analazimika kumuua afisa wa Polisi wa Shirikisho, na anaachwa akiwa ameshtushwa na vurugu hizo. Huko Marekani, Alejandro anamtesa Guillermo na kugundua kuwa cartel hutumia handaki karibu na [[Nogales, Sonora]], kusafirisha [[madawa ya kulevya]] kinyume cha sheria. Wakati huo huo, Kate anakabiliana na Matt, ambaye anafichua kuwa misheni halisi ni kuvuruga shughuli za madawa ya kulevya za Díaz ili aweze kuwaongoza kwa bosi wake, mkuu wa madawa ya kulevya Fausto Alarcón. Akiwa ameshtushwa, Kate anamwomba Reggie aungane naye kwa msaada. Kikosi kazi kinavamia benki inayotumika kutakatisha pesa za Díaz. Baada ya kupata ushahidi wa kifedha, Kate na Reggie wanataka kuanzisha kesi ya kisheria dhidi ya Díaz lakini wanaamriwa kuacha ili kuepuka kuhatarisha operesheni. Katika baa, Reggie anamtambulisha Kate kwa Ted, afisa wa Idara ya Polisi ya Phoenix. Kate na Ted wanakuwa karibu katika nyumba yake, lakini anagundua Ted anafanya kazi na cartel. Katika mapambano yanayofuata, Ted anaanza kumkaba Kate kabla ya Alejandro kutokea na kumdhibiti. Alejandro na Matt wanampiga na kumtisha Ted kwa ukatili ili kumlazimisha kufichua majina ya maafisa wengine wanaofanya kazi kwa Díaz. Baada ya kikosi kujifunza kuwa Díaz ameitwa tena Meksiko, wanajiandaa kuvamia handaki karibu na Nogales. Matt anafichua kwa Kate na Reggie kuwa ushiriki wao ni hitaji la kiufundi kwani CIA hairuhusiwi kufanya kazi peke yake ndani ya mipaka ya Marekani. Reggie akiwa na hasira anamwambia Kate waondoke, lakini anasisitiza kubaki ili kujifunza kuhusu madhumuni halisi ya misheni. Wakati mapigano na cartel yanaanza, Kate anamfuata Alejandro hadi Meksiko. Anamuona akimteka Silvio, afisa wa polisi wa [[Sonora]] aliyepotoka anayefanya kazi kama mtoroshaji wa madawa ya kulevya wa Díaz. Kate anajaribu kumkamata Alejandro, lakini anamfyatulia risasi mara mbili kwenye [[Kevlar]] yake ili kumdhibiti, akimwambia kwa hasira asithubutu kumwelekezea bunduki tena, kabla ya kuondoka na Silvio akiwa amemwelekezea bunduki. Upande wa mpaka wa Marekani, Kate anakabiliana na Matt, ambaye anaeleza kuwa misheni ni sehemu ya operesheni pana ya kurudisha cartel mbalimbali za madawa ya kulevya kuwa biashara moja inayoendeshwa na [[Kolombia]] ambayo Marekani inaweza kudhibiti kwa urahisi na kufanya kazi nayo. Alejandro, ambaye hapo awali alifanya kazi kwa [[Medellín Cartel]], aliajiriwa kumuua Alarcón, mtu aliyewajibika kwa kuamuru mauaji ya mke na binti wa Alejandro alipokuwa mwendesha mashtaka huko Juárez. Alejandro anamuua Silvio baada ya kusimamisha gari la Díaz na kumlazimisha Díaz kuendesha hadi kwenye mali ya Alarcón. Alipofika, anamuua haraka Díaz na walinzi wa Alarcón; akiwakuta familia wameketi kwa chakula cha jioni, anamuua kwa kisasi mke wa Alarcón na wanawe wawili kwanza kisha anamuua Alarcón. Siku inayofuata, Alejandro anaonekana katika nyumba ya Kate na kumlazimisha kwa bunduki kusaini taarifa inayothibitisha kuwa operesheni yote ilikuwa halali. Anapoondoka, anamwelekezea bastola yake na Alejandro anageuka kumtazama, lakini hawezi kujiletea kumfyatulia risasi. Huko Nogales, mjane wa Silvio anatazama mechi ya mpira wa miguu ya mwanawe, ambayo inakatizwa kwa muda mfupi na sauti ya milio ya bunduki ya mbali. ==Wahusika== * [[Emily Blunt]] kama Kate Macer, Kachero Maalum wa [[FBI]] * [[Benicio del Toro]] kama Alejandro Gillick, mtaalamu wa sheria wa zamani wa [[Meksiko]] aliyegeuka kuwa [[muuaji]] * [[Josh Brolin]] kama Matt Graver, afisa wa [[CIA]] wa SAC/SOG * [[Daniel Kaluuya]] kama Reggie Wayne, Kachero Maalum wa FBI mchanga na mshirika wa Kate * [[Victor Garber]] kama Msimamizi Mshirika Maalum wa FBI Dave Jennings * [[Jon Bernthal]] kama Ted, afisa wa [[Idara ya Polisi ya Phoenix|Phoenix PD]] * [[Jeffrey Donovan]] kama Steve Forsing, afisa wa [[CIA]] wa SAC/SOG na opereta wa zamani wa [[Delta Force]] * [[Raoul Trujillo]] kama Rafael, afisa wa polisi wa Meksiko * [[Julio Cesar Cedillo]] kama Fausto Alarcón, mkuu wa madawa ya kulevya wa [[Sonora Cartel]] anayejulikana sana na mtu aliyewajibika kwa mauaji ya familia ya Alejandro * Hank Rogerson kama Phil Coopers * [[Bernardo Saracino]] kama Manuel Díaz, luteni mwandamizi wa Sonora Cartel na binamu wa Alarcón * [[Maximiliano Hernández]] kama Silvio, afisa wa [[Jimbo la Polisi|Sonora]] wa Meksiko * Edgar Arreola kama Guillermo, kaka wa Manuel Díaz ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb title|3397884|Sicario}} * {{mojo title|sicario|Sicario}} {{Denis Villeneuve}} {{Taylor Sheridan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sicario}} [[Category:Filamu za 2015]] [[Category:Filamu zilizoongozwa na Denis Villeneuve]] [[Category:Mfululizo wa filamu za Sicario]] d3xzdpxasxcemc3v37uha5l5akjwhr6 0 206237 1599712 1513134 2026-09-23T20:11:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award''' (kwa [[Kiswahili]]: '''Tuzo ya Grammy ya Mafanikio ya Maisha''') ni [[Tuzo ya Grammy]] maalum inayotolewa na [[The Recording Academy]] kwa "wasanii ambao, wakati wa maisha yao, wamefanya mchango mkubwa wa kiubunifu wenye umuhimu wa kipekee wa kisanaa katika tasnia ya muziki."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards |title=Lifetime Achievement Award | GRAMMY.org |access-date=2011-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328225623/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards |archive-date=2015-03-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tuzo hii ni tofauti na [[Tuzo ya Grammy Hall of Fame]] (''Grammy Hall of Fame Award''), ambayo inatambua rekodi mahususi badala ya watu binafsi, na [[Tuzo ya Grammy Trustees]] (''Grammy Trustees Award''), inayotambua wale ambao si wasanii wa kutumbuiza. Heshima hii ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1962, na mshindi wa kwanza akatangazwa mwaka wa 1963. ==Wapokeaji wa tuzo== Watu wafuatao wamepokea Tuzo za Mafanikio ya Maisha, wakiwa wameorodheshwa kwa mwaka: {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka!!Mshindi!!Rejeo |- |1963||[[Bing Crosby]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1965||[[Frank Sinatra]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1966||[[Duke Ellington]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1967||[[Ella Fitzgerald]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1968||[[Irving Berlin]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1971||[[Elvis Presley]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1972||[[Louis Armstrong]], [[Mahalia Jackson]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1984||[[Chuck Berry]], [[Charlie Parker]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1985||[[Leonard Bernstein]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1986||[[Benny Goodman]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Andrés Segovia]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1987||[[Roy Acuff]], [[Benny Carter]], [[Enrico Caruso]], [[Ray Charles]], [[Fats Domino]], [[Woody Herman]], [[Billie Holiday]], [[B.B. King]], [[Isaac Stern]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Arturo Toscanini]], [[Hank Williams]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1989||[[Fred Astaire]], [[Pablo Casals]], [[Dizzy Gillespie]], [[Jascha Heifetz]], [[Lena Horne]], [[Leontyne Price]], [[Bessie Smith]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Sarah Vaughan]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1990||[[Nat King Cole]], [[Miles Davis]], [[Vladimir Horowitz]], [[Paul McCartney]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1991||[[Marian Anderson]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[John Lennon]], [[Kitty Wells]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1992||[[James Brown]], [[John Coltrane]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Muddy Waters]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1993||[[Chet Atkins]], [[Little Richard]], [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Bill Monroe]], [[Pete Seeger]], [[Fats Waller]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1994||[[Bill Evans]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Arthur Rubinstein]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1995||[[Patsy Cline]], [[Peggy Lee]], [[Henry Mancini]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], [[Barbra Streisand]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1996||[[Dave Brubeck]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Georg Solti]], [[Stevie Wonder]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1997||[[Bobby Bland|Bobby "Blue" Bland]], [[The Everly Brothers]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Stéphane Grappelli]], [[Buddy Holly]], [[Charles Mingus]], [[Oscar Peterson]], [[Frank Zappa]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1998||[[Bo Diddley]], [[The Mills Brothers]], [[Roy Orbison]], [[Paul Robeson]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |1999||[[Johnny Cash]], [[Sam Cooke]], [[Otis Redding]], [[Smokey Robinson]], [[Mel Tormé]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2000||[[Harry Belafonte]], [[Woody Guthrie]], [[John Lee Hooker]], [[Mitch Miller]], [[Willie Nelson]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2001||[[The Beach Boys]], [[Tony Bennett]], [[Sammy Davis Jr.]], [[Bob Marley]], [[The Who]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2002||[[Count Basie]], [[Rosemary Clooney]], [[Perry Como]], [[Al Green]], [[Joni Mitchell]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2003||[[Etta James]], [[Johnny Mathis]], [[Glenn Miller]], [[Tito Puente]], [[Simon & Garfunkel]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2004||[[Van Cliburn]], [[The Funk Brothers]], [[Ella Jenkins]], [[Sonny Rollins]], [[Artie Shaw]], [[Doc Watson]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2005||[[Eddy Arnold]], [[Art Blakey]], The [[Carter Family]], [[Morton Gould]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Jelly Roll Morton]], [[Pinetop Perkins]], [[The Staple Singers]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2006||[[David Bowie]], [[Cream (band)|Cream]], [[Merle Haggard]], [[Robert Johnson]], [[Jessye Norman]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[The Weavers]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2007||[[Joan Baez]], [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]], [[Maria Callas]], [[Ornette Coleman]], [[The Doors]], The [[Grateful Dead]], [[Bob Wills]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2008||[[Burt Bacharach]], [[The Band]], [[Cab Calloway]], [[Doris Day]], [[Itzhak Perlman]], [[Max Roach]], [[Earl Scruggs]]||style="text-align:center;"| <!-- and not The Beatles, according to http://www.grammy.com/MusiCares/News/Default.aspx?newsID=2720&newsCategoryID=7 --> |- |2009||[[Gene Autry]], [[The Blind Boys of Alabama]], [[Four Tops|The Four Tops]], [[Hank Jones]], [[Brenda Lee]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Tom Paxton]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2010||[[Leonard Cohen]], [[Bobby Darin]], [[David "Honeyboy" Edwards]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Loretta Lynn]], [[André Previn]], [[Clark Terry]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2011|| [[Julie Andrews]], [[Roy Haynes]], [[Juilliard String Quartet]], [[The Kingston Trio]], [[Dolly Parton]], [[Ramones]], [[George Beverly Shea]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web | title = The Recording Academy Announces Special Merit Award Honorees| work = Grammy.com News| url = http://www.grammy.com/news/the-recording-academy-announces-special-merit-award-honorees | access-date = December 22, 2010}}</ref> |- |2012|| [[The Allman Brothers Band]], [[Glen Campbell]], [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]], [[George Jones]], [[The Memphis Horns]], [[Diana Ross]], [[Gil Scott-Heron]]||style="text-align:center;"| |- |2013|| [[Glenn Gould]], [[Charlie Haden]], [[Lightnin' Hopkins]], [[Carole King]], [[Patti Page]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[The Temptations]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/the-recording-academy-announces-2013-special-merit-awards-recipients|title=The Recording Academy Announces 2013 Special Merit Awards Re|date=12 December 2012|website=Grammy.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> |- |2014|| [[The Beatles]], [[Clifton Chenier]], [[The Isley Brothers]], [[Kraftwerk]], [[Kris Kristofferson]], [[Armando Manzanero]], [[Maud Powell]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/special-merit-awards-class-of-2014|title=Special Merit Awards: Class Of 2014|date=12 December 2013|website=Grammy.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> |- |2015|| [[Bee Gees]], [[Pierre Boulez]], [[Buddy Guy]], [[George Harrison]], [[Flaco Jiménez]], [[The Louvin Brothers]], [[Wayne Shorter]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/special-merit-awards-class-of-2015|title=Special Merit Awards: Class Of 2015|date=18 December 2014|website=Grammy.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> |- |2016|| [[Ruth Brown]], [[Celia Cruz]], [[Earth, Wind & Fire]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Jefferson Airplane]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Run-DMC]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/special-merit-awards-class-of-2016|title=Special Merit Awards: Class of '16|date=13 January 2016|website=Grammy.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> |- |2017|| [[Shirley Caesar]], [[Ahmad Jamal]], [[Charley Pride]], [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]], [[Nina Simone]], [[Sly Stone]], [[The Velvet Underground]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/special-merit-awards-class-of-2017|title=The Academy to honor Nina Simone, Sly Stone, more|date=19 December 2016|website=Grammy.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> |- |2018|| [[Hal Blaine]], [[Neil Diamond]], [[Emmylou Harris]], [[Louis Jordan]], [[The Meters]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Tina Turner]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/tina-turner-queen-2018-recording-academy-special-merit-awards |title=Tina Turner To Queen: 2018 Recording Academy Special Merit Awards |first=Renée |last=Fabian |website=[[The Recording Academy]] |date=January 9, 2018 |accessdate=2025-04-27 |archive-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407155511/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/tina-turner-queen-2018-recording-academy-special-merit-awards |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2019|| [[Black Sabbath]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]] and [[Parliament-Funkadelic]], [[Billy Eckstine]], [[Donny Hathaway]], [[Julio Iglesias]], [[Sam & Dave]], [[Dionne Warwick]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/recording-academy/news/dionne-warwick-donny-hathaway-more-receive-special-merit-awards |title=Special Merit Awards Recipients Revealed &#124; Recording Academy |publisher=GRAMMY.com |date=2019-05-11 |access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> |- |2020|| [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]], [[Roberta Flack]], [[Isaac Hayes]], [[Iggy Pop]], [[John Prine]], [[Public Enemy]], [[Sister Rosetta Tharpe]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/sister-rosetta-tharpe-isaac-hayes-john-prine-more-be-honored-2020-lifetime-achievement |title=Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Isaac Hayes, John Prine & More To Be Honored With 2020 Lifetime Achievement Award |publisher=GRAMMY.com |date=2019-12-19 |access-date=2020-01-25 |archive-date=2020-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127003210/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/sister-rosetta-tharpe-isaac-hayes-john-prine-more-be-honored-2020-lifetime-achievement |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2021|| [[Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five]], [[Lionel Hampton]], [[Marilyn Horne]], [[Salt-N-Pepa]], [[Selena]], [[Talking Heads]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.grammy.com/recording-academy/news/recording-academy-2021-special-merit-awards-lifetime-achievement-award |title=The Recording Academy Announces 2021 Special Merit Awards Honorees: Selena, Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five, Talking Heads, Lionel Hampton, Marilyn Horne, Salt-N-Pepa And More |publisher=GRAMMY.com |date=2020-12-22 |access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> |- |2022|| [[Bonnie Raitt]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=https://americansongwriter.com/bonnie-raitt-to-receive-lifetime-achievement-award-at-2022-grammy-awards/ | title=Bonnie Raitt to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2022 Grammy Awards | date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> |- |2023|| [[Bobby McFerrin]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Ma Rainey]], [[Slick Rick]], [[Nile Rodgers]], [[The Supremes]], [[Ann Wilson]] and [[Nancy Wilson (rock musician)|Nancy Wilson]] of [[Heart (band)|Heart]]||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2023-grammys-special-merit-awards-recipients-lifetime-achievement-technical-trustees-honorees|title=The Recording Academy Announces 2023 Special Merit Awards Honorees: Nirvana, Nile Rodgers, The Supremes, Ann Wilson And Nancy Wilson Of Heart, Slick Rick "The Ruler" & Many More |publisher=GRAMMY.com |date=2023-01-05}}</ref> |- |2024|| [[Laurie Anderson]], [[The Clark Sisters]], [[Gladys Knight]], [[N.W.A]], [[Donna Summer]], [[Tammy Wynette]] ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2024-grammys-special-merit-awards-recipients-lifetime-achievement-award|title=The Recording Academy Announces 2024 Special Merit Award & Lifetime Achievement Award Honorees: N.W.A, Gladys Knight, Donna Summer, DJ Kool Herc & Many More |publisher=GRAMMY.com |date=2024-01-05}}</ref> |- |2025|| [[Frankie Beverly]], [[The Clash]], [[Bobby Jones (singer)|Bobby Jones]], [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Roxanne Shante]], [[Frankie Valli]] ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/news/2025-grammys-special-merit-awards-recipients|title=The Recording Academy Announces 2025 Special Merit Award Honorees: Prince, The Clash, Taj Mahal, Roxanne Shante & Many More |publisher=GRAMMY.com |date=2024-12-20}}</ref> |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Tuzo]] kaz8oznx6qz9vf2psjx5v51ok5g2lmz 0 206876 1599630 1512441 2026-09-23T18:56:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwanasiasa}} '''Francine Muyumba''' ni mwanasiasa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|wa Kongo]] aliyezaliwa {{Date|februari 1987}} huko [[Bukavu]] ( [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]] ). Akiwa karibu na Rais wa zamani [[Joseph Kabila]] na mwanachama wa PPRD, amekuwa seneta wa [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Haut-Katanga]] tangu 2019. Pia alikuwa rais wa {{Lien|Union panafricaine de la jeunesse}} kutoka 2014 hadi 2019. == Wasifu == Kwa jina lake kamili Francine Furaha Muyumba, alizaliwa mwezi Februari 1987 huko Bukavu katika jimbo la Kivu ya Kusini, na alikulia katika jimbo la zamani la Katanga (ambalo sasa linajulikana kama Tanganyika) Alipata diploma ya kiserekali mujini [[Kalemie]], kisha akaenda kusomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Namibia]], akitarajia kuwa wakili. Walakini, alipoteza kupendezwa na ''sheria ya kawaida'' iliyofundishwa ka tika chuo k ikuu hiki na akaamua kugeukia [[uandishi wa habari]]. Alianza pia kufanya kampeni wakati wa masomo yake, na kuwa mwanafunzi wa kwanza wa kigeni kuwekwa mkuu wa " Baraza la Wawakilishi wa Wanafunzi » wa chuo kikuu hiki. Mnamo 2011, alipata digrii katika rasilimali watu, sayansi na teknolojia, chaguo " masomo ya vyombo vya habari / uandishi wa habari ", kisha akarudi Congo <ref name=":1"/> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jules Ntambwe|title=[Après 5 ans passés aux commandes] UPJ : Francine Muyumba démissionne pour se consacrer à son mandat de Sénatrice|url=https://www.laprosperite.online/index.php/societe/31-computer/1591-apres-5-ans-passes-aux-commandes-upj-francine-muyumba-demissionne-pour-se-consacrer-a-son-mandat-de-senatrice|date=25 avril 2019|accessdate=2025-05-30|archive-date=2025-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530104401/https://www.laprosperite.online/index.php/societe/31-computer/1591-apres-5-ans-passes-aux-commandes-upj-francine-muyumba-demissionne-pour-se-consacrer-a-son-mandat-de-senatrice|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Mwaka 2013, aliamua kuendelea na masomo yake ya sheria <ref name=":1"/>, safari katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kiprotestanti nchini Congo ( [[Kinshasa]] ), ambako alipata shahada katika 2018 <ref name=":2"/> . === Uanaharakati === [[Faili:Lydia_Wanyoto_&_Francine_Muyumba_-_2016_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Francine Muyumba (kulia) akiwa kama rais wa UPJ pamoja na mwanadiplomasia {{Lien|Lydia Wanyoto}} wakati wa ziara kwa ujumbe wa umoja wa africa nchini Somalia mwaka 2016.]] Francine Muyumba anajitolea ndani ya Shirikisho la Vijana wa Kidemokrasia Duniani (WFDJ) na anafanya kazi hasa na " Ligi ya Vijana » ndani ya chama [[Joseph Kabila|cha Rais Joseph Kabila]], pamoja na vyama vingine vya kisiasi kutoka [[kusini mwa Afrika]]. Mnamo 2011, muda mfupi baada ku rudi Kongo, alizungumza na Kabila kwa niaba ya PPRD (chama tawala) diaspora katika mkutano katika shamba la rais huko Kingakati (kitongoji cha [[Kinshasa]] ), ambapo alivutia umakini <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Trésor Kibangula|title=RDC : l’ascension de Francine Muyumba, combattante pour la jeunesse|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/496128/politique/rdc-lascension-de-francine-muyumba-combattante-pour-la-jeunesse/|date=6 décembre 2017}}</ref> . Mwishoni mwa Novemba 2014, alichaguliwa kuwa mkuu wa {{Lien|Union panafricaine de la jeunesse}} (UPJ), shirika lililoundwa mwaka wa 1962 <ref name=":2"/> na kuwajibika tangu 2009 na [[Umoja wa Afrika]] kwa kuratibu mashirika ya vijana katika [[Afrika]] <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=La Tribune Afrique|title=RDC : à 32 ans, Francine Muyumba devient la benjamine du Sénat|url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2019-03-16/rdc-a-32-ans-francine-muyumba-devient-la-benjamine-du-senat-810929.html|date=16 mars 2019}}</ref> , <ref name=":1"/> . Alichaguliwa tena kwa muhula wa pili mnamo Desemba 2017 <ref name=":2" /> . Akiwa karibu na Rais wa zamani [[Joseph Kabila]] na watu wake wa karibu, alieleza mnamo mwaka 2017 katika jarida la ''Jeune Afrique'' kwamba anamwona Jaynet Kabila, dada pacha wa rais, kama « dada mkubwa » <ref name=":1"/> . Mnamo Desemba 2018, kabla tu ya uchaguzi wa rais, Joseph Kabila, akiwa rais anayeondoka, alimteua kuwa " balozi ", pamoja na watu wengine 25, kumshukuru kwa msaada wake <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Pierre Boisselet|title=RDC : avant de quitter le pouvoir, Kabila a « élevé » 26 personnalités au rang d’ambassadeur|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/723469/politique/rdc-avant-de-quitter-le-pouvoir-kabila-a-nomme-26-nouveaux-ambassadeurs/|date=30 janvier 2019}}</ref> . === Seneta === Mgombea katika uchaguzi wa useneta wa 2019, alichaguliwa seneta wa [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Haut-Katanga]] mnamo Machi 15, 2019, na alichukua wadhifa huo Aprili 5 wakati bunge liliporejelea <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RDC: au Sénat, une plénière inaugurale dans une ambiance particulière|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20190406-rdc-senat-elections-dominees-fcc-kabila-rentree-parlementaire-tshisekedi|date=6 avril 2019}}</ref> . Akiwa na umri wa miaka 32, alikua mwanachama mdogo zaidi wa Seneti ya Kongo <ref name=":0"/>, ambapo aliongoza Tume ya Mahusiano ya Kigeni <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Les pro-Kabila contestent le rappel de trois ambassadeurs|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/rdc-les-pro-kabila-contestent-le-rappel-de-trois-ambassadeurs/5209783.html|date=17 décembre 2019}}</ref> . Alijiuzulu kutoka urais wa UPJ mnamo Aprili 25, ili kutochanganya nafasi hii na mamlaka yake kama seneta <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ibrahima Bayo Jr.|title=Francine Muyumba : «Ma génération a une mission, changer le paradigme africain»|url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2019-05-06/francine-muyumba-ma-generation-a-une-mission-changer-le-paradigme-africain-816281.html|date=6 mai 2019}}</ref> . En tant que sénatrice, elle critique en décembre 2019 le rappel de deux ambassadeurs par le ministère des Affaires étrangères, estimant que la ministre Marie Tumba Nzeza {{Citation|a agi en usurpant les compétences qui ne lui sont pas reconnues}}<ref name=":3"/>, et demande l'annulation de cette décision<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jules Ntambwe|title=[Rappel définitif de deux ambassadeurs en poste aux Nations Unies] Sénat : Francine Muyumba pour l’annulation de cette décision par le Chef de l’Etat|url=https://laprosperite.online/index.php/nation/3759-rappel-definitif-de-deux-ambassadeurs-en-poste-aux-nations-unies-senat-francine-muyumba-pour-l-annulation-de-cette-decision-par-le-chef-de-l-etat|date=15 décembre 2019|accessdate=2025-05-30|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031165807/https://laprosperite.online/index.php/nation/3759-rappel-definitif-de-deux-ambassadeurs-en-poste-aux-nations-unies-senat-francine-muyumba-pour-l-annulation-de-cette-decision-par-le-chef-de-l-etat|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Wakati wa janga la Covid-19 nchini DRC, alitoa wito Machi 23, 2020, pamoja na wabunge wengine watatu, kuutenga mji mkuu [[Kinshasa|wa Kinshasa]] kutoka nchi nzima <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus en RDC : Félix Tshisekedi décrète l’état d’urgence et isole Kinshasa|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/915794/politique/coronavirus-en-rdc-felix-tshisekedi-decrete-letat-durgence-et-isole-kinshasa/|date=25 mars 2020}}</ref> . Mnamo Aprili 2, alitangaza kwamba atatoa 30 % ya mshahara wake ili kupambana na janga hili, na anapendekeza mchango kutoka kwa sekta ya [[mawasiliano ya simu]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coronavirus en RDC : La sénatrice Francine Muyumba accorde 30 % de ses émoluments à la riposte et propose la contribution des télécoms|url=https://actualite.cd/2020/04/02/coronavirus-en-rdc-la-senatrice-francine-muyumba-accorde-30-de-ses-emoluments-la-riposte|date=2 avril 2020}}</ref> . == Ushawishi == Mnamo Oktoba 2017, Francine Muyumba aliorodheshwa kati ya watu 100 wa Kiafrika wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi ulimwenguni katika " Mipad 2017 » (mpango unaoungwa mkono na UN) <ref name=":1"/> . == Malumbano na mijadala == Mnamo Aprili 2019, shirika la [[haki za binadamu]] " Justicia ASBL » (aliyeishi [[Lubumbashi]] ) anamtuhumu Francine Muyumba kwa kuwa na askari wawili waliotekwa nyara na kuteswa nyumbani kwake kati ya Aprili 11 na 16, kwa kushirikiana na Jenerali Mushimba. Wanaume hao wawili, waliokuwa wakilinda makazi ya seneta huyo, wanadaiwa kuiba mkoba wake, ambao ulikuwa na thamani ya 148 000 dollars. Wakili wake, M Patrick Malamba, anakanusha mashtaka haya na akatangaza mnamo Aprili 27 kwa vyombo vya habari [[Radio France Internationale|RFI]] kwamba seneta huyo alikuwa amelalamika tu kuhusu wizi huo kwa uongozi wa kijeshi, ambao unadaiwa kuwaadhibu watu hao wawili <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Affaire Francine Muyumba en RDC: les avocats de la sénatrice montent au créneau|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20190427-rdc-francine-muyumba-accusations-soldats-tortures-justicia-absl-lubumbashi|date=27 avril 2019}}</ref> . Mnamo Mei 2019, karibu mashirika mia moja ya haki za binadamu ya Kongo yaliitisha, katika rufaa ya pamoja, kufunguliwa mashitaka dhidi ya Francine Muyumba na Jenerali Mushimba katika kesi hii <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lucien Dianzenza|title=Lubumbashi : des poursuites réclamées contre le général Mushimba et la sénatrice Francine Muyumba|url=http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/lubumbashi-des-poursuites-reclamees-contre-le-general-mushimba-et-la-senatrice-francine|date=9 mai 2019}}</ref> . Mapema mwaka wa 2024, uvumi ulienea kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kwamba alikuwa amejiunga na Muungano wa [[Corneille Nangaa]] wa ''Congo River'' <ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Faux ! Francine Muyumba n'a pas rejoint le Mouvement militaire de Corneille Nanga|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2024/03/01/emissions/les-faits-sont-sacres/faux-francine-muyumba-na-pas-rejoint-le-mouvement|date=2024-03-01|accessdate=2024-11-10}}</ref>, muungano wa kisiasa na kijeshi ambao kundi lenye silaha la [[Kundi la M 23|M23]] ni <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=RDC: Corneille Nangaa lance une coalition politico-militaire dont fait partie le M23|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231215-rdc-corneille-nangaa-lance-une-coalition-politico-militaire-dont-fait-partie-le-m23|date=2023-12-15|accessdate=2024-11-10}}</ref> . Uvumi huu unageuka kuwa habari za uwongo <ref name=":5" /> . == Faragha == Francine Muyumba ameolewa tangu 2019 na Patrick Nkanga Bekonda, mwandishi wa ofisi ya kisiasa ya PPRD, rais wa zamani wa " Ligi ya Vijana » wa chama kimoja, mshauri wa zamani wa Rais [[Joseph Kabila]], na mgombeaji katika uchaguzi wa ubunge wa 2018 katika jimbo la Équateur <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Thierry Kasongo|title=Pourquoi Francine Muyumba préfère un politicien? “Patrick NKANGA”. Est-il, un homme idéal?|url=https://legrandcongo.com/pourquoi-francine-muyumba-prefere-un-politicien-patrick-nkanga-est-il-un-homme-ideal-enquete-du-site-legrandcongo/|date=30 juillet 2019|accessdate=2025-05-30|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104320/https://legrandcongo.com/pourquoi-francine-muyumba-prefere-un-politicien-patrick-nkanga-est-il-un-homme-ideal-enquete-du-site-legrandcongo/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Page rose : Francine Muyumba unie à Patrick Nkanga|url=https://pourelle.info/page-rose-francine-muyumba-unis-a-patrick-nkanga/|date=22 février 2019|accessdate=2025-05-30|archive-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815212048/https://pourelle.info/page-rose-francine-muyumba-unis-a-patrick-nkanga/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}  [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 8lm7pk4gk8ymw66gcjbxw8syupi5r33 0 206961 1599380 1511952 2026-09-23T16:13:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eugene "Silent" Hairston''' (Julai 1, [[1929]] - Novemba 24, [[2014]]) alikuwa [[bondia]] wa kwanza mweusi kiziwi wa Marekani.<ref name="Daily Moth">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-02-18|title=Black Deaf History: Eugene “Silent” Hairston|url=https://www.dailymoth.com/blog/black-deaf-history-eugene-silent-hairston|access-date=2024-10-24|website=The Daily Moth|language=en-US}}</ref> Alizaliwa Harlem mwaka wa 1929 na akawa kiziwi akiwa na umri wa mwaka 1 kutokana na kisa cha uti wa mgongo.<ref name="Galludet University">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hairston, Eugene "Silent" {{!}} Gallaudet University Library Guide to Deaf Biographies and Index to Deaf Periodicals|url=https://liblists.wrlc.org/biographies/55553|access-date=2024-10-24|website=liblists.wrlc.org}}</ref> Alikua, alikwenda kwa [[P.S. 47]] hadi alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 15, alipolazimika kuacha shule ili kusaidia familia yake.<ref name="Galludet University" /> Alianza ndondi kama mwanariadha mwaka wa 1945, akishinda 59 kati ya mechi zake 60.<ref name="MET">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Issued by Topps Chewing Gum Company {{!}} Eugene Hairston, Welterweight, from the Topps Ringside series (R411) issued by Topps Chewing Gum Company|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/633285|access-date=2024-10-24|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo 1947, Hairston alikua bondia wa kitaalam.<ref name="Galludet University" /> Enzi zake akiwa bondia, pambano lake maarufu lilikuwa dhidi ya [[Jake LaMotta]] ambalo liliisha kwa suluhu. Pia alikuwa bingwa wa [[Golden Globe|Golden Glove]] mnamo 1947.<ref name="MET" /> Mnamo 1953, Hairston alilazimika kustaafu kwa sababu ya majeraha.<ref name="Daily Moth" />Baada ya wakati wake kama bondia, Hairston alifanya kazi kwa UPS.<ref name="Galludet University" /> Eugene Hairston ni chanzo cha fahari kwa jamii ya Weusi viziwi na inasemekana kwamba alidai kwa fahari jina la utani "Silent Hairston" kama kielezi chake.<ref name="Daily Moth2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-02-18|title=Black Deaf History: Eugene “Silent” Hairston|url=https://www.dailymoth.com/blog/black-deaf-history-eugene-silent-hairston|access-date=2024-10-24|website=The Daily Moth|language=en-US}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, inasemekana kwamba Eugene Hairston alihitaji taa zinazomulika kuashiria mechi ilipomalizika, jambo ambalo mashabiki wanamkumbuka kwa furaha.<ref name="BoxRec">https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Eugene_Hairston {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} BoxRec</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Kuna vyanzo vinavyopingana ikiwa Hairston alizaliwa mnamo 1929 au 1930.<ref name="Galludet University2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hairston, Eugene "Silent" {{!}} Gallaudet University Library Guide to Deaf Biographies and Index to Deaf Periodicals|url=https://liblists.wrlc.org/biographies/55553|access-date=2024-10-24|website=liblists.wrlc.org}}</ref><ref name="Great Deaf Americans">{{Rejea tovuti|last=|title=Great deaf Americans by Matthew S. Moore {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3278095W/Great_deaf_Americans?edition=ia:greatdeafamerica00moor|access-date=2024-10-24|website=Open Library|language=en}}</ref> Hata hivyo, ni wazi kwamba alikua kiziwi katika mwaka wake wa kwanza wa maisha na ikabidi aache shule akiwa na umri wa miaka 15.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans" /> Baba ya Hairston alitarajia angekuwa msanii, lakini Hairston alitiwa moyo na mafanikio ya Joe Louis na alitaka kuwa bondia.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans" /> Baada ya kuacha shule, Hairston alifanya kazi zisizo za kawaida kama vile kuwa pini na viatu vya kuangaza kabla ya kuhamia ndondi kuwa chanzo chake kikuu cha mapato.<ref name="MET2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Issued by Topps Chewing Gum Company {{!}} Eugene Hairston, Welterweight, from the Topps Ringside series (R411) issued by Topps Chewing Gum Company|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/633285|access-date=2024-10-24|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref> Hairston alitatizika kutaka kupendezwa na ndondi kuzingatiwa kwa uzito kutokana na yeye kuwa Viziwi na bubu lakini hatimaye akapata mafanikio katika Klabu ya Tremont Athletic inayoendeshwa na ndugu wa Italia Mike na Joe Miele. Mike Miele hatimaye akawa meneja wa Hairston na Joe Miele akawa mkufunzi wake.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans" /> == Kazi ya ndondi == Hairston alikuwa na kazi fupi kama bondia, iliyodumu chini ya miaka 10 (kutoka 1945 hadi 1953).<ref name="Great Deaf Americans2">{{Rejea tovuti|last=|title=Great deaf Americans by Matthew S. Moore {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3278095W/Great_deaf_Americans?edition=ia:greatdeafamerica00moor|access-date=2024-10-24|website=Open Library|language=en}}</ref> Walakini, katika kipindi chake kifupi kama bondia, alishindana na watu wengi maarufu na kushinda mataji anuwai. === Kazi ya ndondi kwa ridhaa === Baada ya miezi sita ya kuendelea kuuliza na kusubiri nje ya Klabu ya Tremont Athletic, pambano la kwanza la ndondi kwa Hairston lilikuwa mwaka wa 1945. Haya yalitokea wakati wamiliki wa klabu hiyo ya riadha walipoamua kumpa nafasi na kumfanya apige ngumi baadhi ya wachezaji wengine waliokuwa kwenye tovuti. Katika mechi hizi za kwanza, aliweza kuwashinda wapinzani wanne tofauti.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans3">{{Rejea tovuti|last=|title=Great deaf Americans by Matthew S. Moore {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3278095W/Great_deaf_Americans?edition=ia:greatdeafamerica00moor|access-date=2024-10-24|website=Open Library|language=en}}</ref>Katika 1947, Hairston alipokea Chicago Intercity Golden Gloves (147 lb.) Welterweight Championship na New York Golden Gloves Championship, 137 lb. Open Division.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans3" /> Wakati wa maisha yake yote ya ndondi amateur alishinda 59 kati ya mechi 60 alizorekodi.<ref name="MET3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Issued by Topps Chewing Gum Company {{!}} Eugene Hairston, Welterweight, from the Topps Ringside series (R411) issued by Topps Chewing Gum Company|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/633285|access-date=2024-10-24|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref> === Taaluma ya Ndondi. === Katika msimu wa joto wa 1947, Hairston aliingia katika safu ya wataalamu, akishinda mapigano yake 16 ya kwanza mfululizo.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans4">{{Rejea tovuti|last=|title=Great deaf Americans by Matthew S. Moore {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3278095W/Great_deaf_Americans?edition=ia:greatdeafamerica00moor|access-date=2024-10-24|website=Open Library|language=en}}</ref> Alipoanza kukusanya tahadhari ya umma, alipewa majina ya utani "Silent Hairston" na "The Deaf Wonder." Zaidi ya hayo, alikuwa kwenye mechi ambazo zilionekana kwenye TV ya Taifa mara 13. Wakati wake kama bondia wa kulipwa, alipigana na watu binafsi kama vile Jake LaMotta, Kid Gavilán, Johnny Bratton, Paul Pender, na Paddy Young.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans4" /> Pambano la Hairston dhidi ya LaMotta mnamo Machi 5, 1952, lilionyeshwa kwenye TV ya kitaifa na kuuzwa zaidi ya viti 10,000. LaMotta alimwambia babake kwamba ikiwa angeshindwa pambano hilo, angeachana kabisa na ndondi.<ref name="Jake LaMotta vs. Gene Hairston">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kabs8Az8C4A|title=Jake LaMotta vs Gene Hairston 5.3.1952 (Selected Round Highlights)|date=2016-03-27|last=Classic Boxing Matches|access-date=2024-10-24|via=YouTube}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, mapambano ya Hairston dhidi ya LaMotta yametajwa katika wasifu wa LaMotta, Raging Bull.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans4" /> Kazi ya ndondi ya Hairston ilikatishwa mnamo Agosti 27, 1952, wakati wa pambano lake dhidi ya Carl "Bobo" Olson. Wakati wa pambano hili, Hairston alipata jeraha kali juu ya nyusi yake ya kulia ambayo ilisababisha uharibifu wa neva na uharibifu wa maono yake. Kwa sababu ya ukali wa jeraha hili, leseni yake ya ndondi ilisimamishwa na Tume ya Riadha ya Jimbo la [[New York (jimbo)|New York.]] Kwa sababu ya leseni yake iliyosimamishwa katika majimbo mengi ya [[Amerika]], Hairston alikuwa na pambano moja tu kama bondia, ambapo alikwenda [[Ufaransa]] na kupigana na Charley Humez mnamo Novemba 3, 1952. Kisha alistaafu kutoka kwa ndondi akiwa na umri wa miaka 22.<ref name="Great Deaf Americans4" /> == Kifo == Hairston alifariki dunia mnamo Novemba 24, 2014, akiwa na umri wa miaka 85.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://47alumniofthedeaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/alumni-newsletter-62.pdf|title="47" Alumni Newsletter|website=47alumniofthedeaf.com|date=May 2020|access-date=March 24, 2024|archive-date=2025-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221104655/https://47alumniofthedeaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/alumni-newsletter-62.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1929|2014}} [[Jamii:mabondia wa Marekani]] mzxptp9lyuqfkn0c8l3d65jbcscjkdv 0 207908 1600097 1433940 2026-09-24T11:46:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wivine N'Landu Kavidi''' ni mshairi na mwanasiasa wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. == Wasifu == Wivine N'Landu Kavidi alishikilia nyadhifa kadhaa muhimu katika utawala wa nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti katika Kituo cha Kitaifa cha Utafiti wa Kisayansi (CNRS) na Mshauri Mkuu wa Masuala ya Kijamii na Kitamaduni. Mnamo Agosti 1980, chini ya uongozi wa [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Masuala ya Wanawake, kisha mwaka 1996 akawa Waziri wa Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, alihamia uhamishoni nchini Afrika Kusini kufuatia kuingia madarakani kwa [[Laurent Kabila]].Ni mke wa Jean Nguza Karl-I-Bond na binti wa Edmond Nzeza-Nlandu, mwanzilishi wa Chama cha Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO). Kama mwandishi, anajulikana kwa mkusanyiko wake wa Lures na Glimmers. Mnamo 4 avril 2006, alijiwasilisha kama mgombea wa chama cha Muungano wa Ulinzi wa Jamhuri (UDR) katika uchaguzi wa rais. Marie-Thérèse Nlandu, mwanachama wa familia yake, pia amesimama kama mgombea, lakini kwa chama cha Kongo-Pax. == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kibzekizhvf0t3hschx0t2ac0rfg6se 0 208044 1599783 1549648 2026-09-24T02:38:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = | maelezo = | jina lingine = The Bad Boys of R&B | background = group_or_band | chimbuko = [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[North Carolina]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[hip hop soul]]|[[new jack swing]]}} | diskografia = [[Diskografia ya Jodeci]] | miaka ya kazi = 1988–sasa | vikundi_shirika = {{flatlist| * [[K-Ci & JoJo]] * [[Swing Mob]] }} | studio =Sphinx, [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Uptown Records|Uptown]], [[MCA Records|MCA]] | tovuti = {{URL|jodeci.com}} | wanachama sasa = [[DeVanté Swing|Donald "DeVanté Swing" DeGrate]]<br />[[Dalvin DeGrate|Dalvin "Mr. Dalvin" DeGrate]]<br />[[K-Ci (singer)|Cedric K-Ci" Hailey]]<br />[[K-Ci and JoJo|Joel "JoJo" Hailey]] }} '''Jodeci''' ni kundi la [[Rhythm na blues|muziki wa R&B]] lenye wanachama wanne kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Wanachama wake ni pamoja na [[DeVanté Swing]], [[Dalvin DeGrate|Mr. Dalvin]], [[K-Ci]], na [[K-Ci & JoJo|JoJo]]. Lilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1988<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|last1=Tortorici|first1=Frank|title=Jodeci's K-Ci|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/13ahxa/jodecis-k-ci|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122045001/https://www.mtv.com/news/13ahxa/jodecis-k-ci|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2023|website=mtv.com|publisher=Music Television|access-date=November 20, 2023|date=September 1, 1998}}</ref> [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], Jodeci lilianza kama kundi la wawili tu, DeVanté Swing na JoJo, lakini baadaye kila mmoja aliongeza ndugu yake. Baada ya kusaini mkataba na [[Uptown Records]] mnamo 1990,<ref name="MTV"/> kundi hilo lilikamilisha kazi kwenye albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Forever My Lady]]'' (1991), iliyowapa mafanikio makubwa na nyimbo tatu mfululizo zilizoshika nafasi ya 1 kwenye chati za [[R&B/Hip-Hop songs|''Billboard'' R&B]]: [[Forever My Lady (wimbo)|wimbo wa jina la albamu]], "[[Stay (Jodeci song)|Stay]]" na "[[Come and Talk to Me]]".<ref name="Mca's k-ci & jojo get">{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=Aliya|title=Mca's k-ci & jojo get...|journal=Billboard Magazine|date=June 5, 1999|volume=111|issue=23|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ0EAAAAMBAJ&q=jodeci|access-date=February 28, 2015|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Mafanikio ya kundi hilo kibiashara na kwa wakosoaji yaliendelea na kutolewa kwa ''[[Diary of a Mad Band]]'' (1993), ambayo inajumuisha nyimbo zilizovuma za ''Billboard'' "[[Cry for You (Jodeci song)|Cry for You]]" na "[[Feenin']]", na ''[[The Show, the After Party, the Hotel]]'' (1995), ambayo inajumuisha nyimbo zingine zilizovuma zaidi katika chati za ''Billboard'' " [[Freek'n You]]", "[[Love U 4 Life]]", na "[[Get On Up (Jodeci song)|Get On Up]]". Kundi hilo lilijaribu mitindo mbalimbali ya muziki ambayo kwa kawaida haihusiani na R&B ya asili. Kwa ujumla Jodeci wanajumuisha [[hip hop soul]], [[muziki wa injili]] na [[new jack swing]] katika muziki wao, jambo lililosababisha kundi hilo kuonekana sana na wasanii wa [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] wakati wa miaka ya 1990.<ref name="Mca's k-ci & jojo get"/> Kila albamu iliyotolewa na kundi hilo katika kipindi hiki ilipata cheti cha platinamu na [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), na kusaidia kufafanua upya aina hiyo ya muziki, ikiruhusu ukuaji wa kimaudhui na kimuziki katika R&B.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video: jodeci – 'every moment'|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2015/02/25/video-jodeci-every-moment/|website=rap-up.com|access-date=February 26, 2015|quote=The Bad Boys of R&B are back.}}</ref> Mnamo 1996, walitangaza kusitisha shughuli – ingawa waliendelea kufanya kazi ya muziki kama kundi – jambo lililomfanya [[K-Ci & JoJo]] kujitenga kama wawili, wakitoa albamu tano hadi 2013,<ref>{{cite journal|title=K-ci and jojo hailey enjoy...|journal=Jet Magazine|date=November 24, 1997|volume=93|issue=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMQDAAAAMBAJ&q=k-ci+and+jojo&pg=PA57|access-date=February 28, 2015|issn=0021-5996|last1=Company|first1=Johnson Publishing}}</ref> wakati kundi hilo liliungana tena kwa albamu yao ya nne ya studio, ''[[The Past, the Present, the Future (Jodeci album)|The Past, the Present, the Future]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ni'Kesia|title=Jodeci reveals details about new album, teases 'every moment' video|url=http://www.thisisrnb.com/tag/jodeci/|website=thisisrnb.com|access-date=February 25, 2015|date=February 24, 2015|quote=The original Bad Boys of R&B are back!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Rea|title=Jodeci releases teaser for 'every video + new album moment'|url=http://allhiphop.com/2015/02/24/jodeci-releases-teaser-for-every-moment-video-new-album/|website=allhiphop.com|access-date=February 25, 2015|date=February 24, 2015|quote=The Bad Boys of R&B aka iconic R&B group Jodeci}}</ref> Hadi sasa, Jodeci wameuza zaidi ya rekodi milioni 20 ulimwenguni kote. Jarida la ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' lililiweka kundi hilo nafasi ya 1 kwenye orodha yao ya "1990s Male R&B Group Pyramid of Excellence" mnamo 2014,<ref>{{cite web|first1=Ross|last1=Scarano|title=The '90s Male R&B Group Pyramid of Excellence|url=http://uk.complex.com/music/2014/05/90s-male-r-and-b-group-pyramid-of-excellence|website=Complex|access-date=May 8, 2014|quote=Jodeci as number one with multiple classic albums, and various Top 10 songs.}}</ref> likiwa moja ya makundi yenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi ya miaka ya 1990,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sinclair|first1=Tom|title=Guns and roses|journal=Vibe|date=December 1993|volume=1|issue=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OygEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22The+Bad+Boys+of+R%26B%22&pg=PT88|issn=1070-4701|quote=Today, their label, Uptown Records, encourages the groups's penchant for wearing boots and hip hop gear, and tacitly condones Jodeci's image as "the bad boys of R&B."}}</ref> na kundi bora zaidi la R&B wakati wote.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bossip Staff|title=25 Male R&B Groups We Loved From The '90s|url=http://bossip.com/1118870/25-male-rb-groups-we-loved-from-the-90s/2/|website=Bossip|date=March 22, 2015 |access-date=March 22, 2015|quote=The best R&B group ever?.}}</ref> == Historia == === 1983–1991: Mwanzo na uanzilishaji wa kundi === Wakiwa wamekulia katika familia ya kidini sana ya [[Wapentekoste|Kipentekoste]], ndugu wawili K-Ci na JoJo – ambao wakati huo walijulikana kama [[Little Cedric]] & the Hailey Singers – awali walitumbuiza na kurekodi kama kundi la gospo, wakitoa albamu tatu; ''Jesus Saves'', ''I'm Alright Now'', na ''God's Blessings''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albums|url=https://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A163856011%2Ck%3ALittle%20Cedric%20And%20The%20Hailey%20Singers|website=amazon.com|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Darden|first1=B|title=Gospel lectern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Little+Cedric+and+the+Hailey+Singers+billboard&pg=PA46|website=books.google.com|access-date=March 1, 2015|date=November 3, 1984}}</ref> Baadaye K-Ci wakafananishwa na [[Michael Jackson]] wakati wa kazi yao ilikuwa Gospel pekee. Tofauti, Bw. Dalvin na DeVanté Swing walitumbuiza na kufanya ziara katika kundi la gospel la familia yao lililoitwa Degrate Delegation. Studio ndipo mahali ambapo wawili hao baadaye walijuana kupitia mahusiano ambayo wanachama walikuwa nayo wakati huo. Katika mahojiano ya 2011, Dalvin alisema, "kulikuwa na kundi hili la gospel la wasichana lililoitwa UNITY na kisha Don DeGrate Delegation, ambalo mimi na Devanté tulicheza nalo. Kwa hivyo tulikutana na baadhi ya wasichana kutoka UNITY na [mmoja] alikuwa na mahusiano na K-Ci kabla hata hatujakutana [na yeye] alikuwa akituambia kila wakati kwamba tunahitaji kukutana na K-Ci na JoJo."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=C.|title=Dalvin degrate recalls...|url=http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/dalvin-degrate-recalls-making-jodecis-1991-album-forever-my-lady-return-to-the-classics/|website=soulculture.com|access-date=March 4, 2015|date=November 1, 2011|quote=there was this girl gospel group called UNITY...}}</ref> Muda mfupi baada ya kukutana, ndugu hao walianza kuishi pamoja baada ya kuacha familia zao ili kufuata kazi za muziki.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.myhot1065.com/lsp/a238/#__federated=1|website=www.myhot1065.com|access-date=March 2, 2015|archive-date=2018-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827005316/http://www.myhot1065.com/lsp/a238/#__federated=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, DeVanté Swing alisafiri hadi [[Minneapolis]], akitumaini kutembelea [[Paisley Park]] ili kufanya majaribio kwa [[Prince (musician)|Prince]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bogdanov|first1=Val|title=All Music Guide to Soul|date=2003|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|page=368|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o552g5xRRiwC&q=DeVante+ran+away|access-date=March 2, 2015|isbn=978-0-87930-744-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About jodeci|url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/jodeci/biography/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304134454/http://www.mtv.com/artists/jodeci/biography/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2015|website=mtv.com|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Baadaye Swing alisema, 'Nilikuwa Paisley Park kila siku nikiomba kazi, nikiwaomba watu wasikilize kanda yangu. Mpokeaji aliendelea kusema asingeweza kunisaidia'. Kukataliwa kulimchochea Swing kuhamia tena North Carolina, na kufanya kazi ili kuboresha ujuzi wake wa utunzi wa nyimbo na utayarishaji. Baada ya kuwasili, Swing aliendelea kurekodi na wanachama wa ziada wa kundi, hatimaye kuunda Jodeci, na akaanza kufanya kazi kwenye kanda '''mfano awali''' (demo) ili kuwasilisha kwa watendaji wa lebo. Jina Jodeci ni kifupi cha majina ya wanachama wote. "Jo" inatoka kwa JoJo, "De" inatoka kwa Devante, na Ci inatoka kwa K-Ci, huku Dalvin akijiunga na kundi baadaye. Hivi karibuni wanachama walisafiri hadi [[New York City]] na demo ya nyimbo 29, kanda 3, wakitarajia mkataba wa kusaini na [[Uptown Records]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Whitlock|first1=Jason|title=Music|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-04-10/entertainment/9204101023_1_degrate-dalvin-hailey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124534/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-04-10/entertainment/9204101023_1_degrate-dalvin-hailey|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2015|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=April 10, 1992}}</ref> Baada ya kuwasili New York, na bila kujua mahali pa kampuni tanzu ya [[MCA Records|MCA]], kundi lilitumia kitabu cha simu kupata anwani ya kampuni hiyo, iliyoko Clinton Street huko [[Brooklyn]]. Baadaye Swing alitoa maoni juu ya usajili huo, "hatukuwa na miadi lakini nilijua Uptown ilikuwa nini, na nilitaka tuwepo huko."<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Jones|first1=J.|title=Sean 'diddy' combs|date=January 1, 2014|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR-WAgAAQBAJ&q=jodeci%22&pg=PA31|access-date=March 2, 2015|publisher=Enslow Publishers, Inc.|quote=We didn't have an appointment...|isbn=978-0-7660-4296-4}}</ref> Kundi lilikatazwa haraka kufanya majaribio hadi [[Andre Harrell]] alipokubali kusikiliza demo.<ref>{{cite web|quotation=Harrell is an executive many have credited with reenergizing r&b with hip-hop textures in the 1990s, e.g. Barry Michael Cooper, Kira Wakeam, and Tinbete Ermyas|title=He Revived R&B': The Legacy of Andre Harrell and Uptown Records|date=May 12, 2020|url=https://vocalo.org/andreharrelllegacy/|website=Vocalo.org|access-date=May 28, 2024}}</ref> Akiwa na shaka juu ya ubora wa hali ya juu wa utayarishaji, Harrell aliomba kundi litumbuize, ambapo walitumbuiza "[[Come and Talk to Me]]" na "[[I'm Still Waiting (Jodeci song)|I'm Still Waiting]]",<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Chris|title=Dalvin degrate recalls making...|url=http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/dalvin-degrate-recalls-making-jodecis-1991-album-forever-my-lady-return-to-the-classics/|website=soulculture.com|publisher=SoulCulture|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=November 1, 2011|quote=We sung 'Come and...}}</ref> mbele ya [[Jeff Redd]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gonzalez|first1=M.|title=K-ci & jojo talk the history of a mad band|url=http://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/k-ci-jojo-talk-the-history-of-jodeci-interview-111#axzz3TF9HtL40|work=Ebony|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=September 18, 2013|quote='We went to the office...}}</ref> Msanii wa [[Hip hop]] [[Heavy D]] alisikia utumbuizaji huo na akamshauri Harrell,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lazerine, D|author2=Lazerine, C|title=The Ultimate Guide to Hip-Hop and R&B|date=February 29, 2008|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5Y7-DTbSMcC&q=jodeci+%22heavy+D%22&pg=PT197|access-date=March 2, 2015|isbn=978-0-446-51162-9}}</ref> hatimaye akawapeleka kundi hilo kwenye chakula cha jioni na kuwapa mkataba wa kurekodi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=C.|title=Dalvin DeGrate recalls...|url=http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/dalvin-degrate-recalls-making-jodecis-1991-album-forever-my-lady-return-to-the-classics/|website=soulculture.com|publisher=Soul Culture|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=November 1, 2011|quote=The next thing we knew...}}</ref> Jodeci walipewa mwanafunzi wa wakati huo wa Uptown alikuwa [[Sean Combs]], ambaye alichukua jukumu la kukuza wasanii wapya. Kutofautisha mitindo iliyoasisiwa katika R&B na akina [[New Edition]] na [[Boyz II Men]], Bw. Dalvin aliunda sura mpya ya kundi. Combs alisaidia kupata sura hiyo kupitia kwa Andre Harrell,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Charnas|first1=D.|title=The big payback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idYFcmXcRm4C&q=andre+harrell%22+%22heavy+d%22&pg=PT386|publisher=Penguin|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=November 1, 2011|quote=''Dress Jodeci the same...''|isbn=978-1-101-56811-8}}</ref> akiendeleza mtindo wa hip-hop, kama vile kofia za besiboli na [[The Timberland Company|buti za Timberland]], kwa kundi ili kuanzisha urembo tofauti katika aina hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Ro|first1=Ronin|title=Bad boy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frt_Py4XUvwC&q=andre+harrell+jodeci&pg=PA16|publisher=Simon and Schuster|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=February 2, 2002|isbn=978-0-7434-3417-1}}</ref> Kundi lilianzishwa baada ya kutoa sauti za usuli kwenye wimbo wa 1990 "[[Treat Them Like They Want to Be Treated]]", na lilitumbuiza moja kwa moja kwenye ''[[Soul Train]]'' mnamo Juni 11, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inductee jodeci|url=http://northcarolinamusichalloffame.org/inductee-jodeci/|website=northcarolinamusichalloffame.org|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=October 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306100750/http://northcarolinamusichalloffame.org/inductee-jodeci/|archive-date=March 6, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 1990–1995: ''Forever My Lady'', ''Diary of a Mad Band'', na ''The Show, the After Party, the Hotel'' === Baada ya kupata mkataba wa kurekodi mwaka 1990,<ref name="MTV"/> kundi lilitoa albamu yao ya kwanza ''[[Forever My Lady]]'' mwaka uliofuata. Mwandishi [[Ronin Ro]] alisisitiza, ''"Hawafanani tena na waimbaji wa injili… [[Sean Combs|Puffy]] pia aliwaomba wajenge fumbo lao kwa kupiga picha wakiwa wamegeuka mgongo kwa kamera, jambo alilokopa kutoka kwenye onyesho la jukwaa la [[Guy (band)|Guy]]."''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Ro|first1=R.|title=Bad boy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frt_Py4XUvwC&q=%22forever+my+lady%22+jodeci&pg=PA17|publisher=Simon and Schuster|access-date=March 3, 2015|date=February 2, 2002|quote=They no longer resembled...|isbn=978-0-7434-3417-1}}</ref> Nishati ya kuvutia ya albamu hiyo ilionyesha uwezo wa DeVanté wa kutunga nyimbo, ikianzisha upekee katika uzalishaji wake ambao ulichanganya uimbaji wa soul wa zamani na New Jack Swing, na kuunda uzalishaji wenye ujasiri mkubwa. Ilikuwa na nyimbo nambari 1 za R&B "Forever My Lady," "Stay," na "Come and Talk to Me." Bw. Dalvin anakumbuka jinsi albamu ''Forever My Lady'' ilivyoundwa, ''"Toleo la mwisho la albamu lililotolewa lilituchukua wiki moja tu kulimaliza kwa sababu tayari tulikuwa tumeandika nyimbo. Ilikuwa kuhusu kupata sauti zetu sawa kwa sababu sauti za kuimba zilikuwa tayari zimekamilika. Ilikuwa suala letu kurudi studio kuunda upya biti na nyimbo... Nyimbo nyingi ziliandikwa kabla hatujaondoka North Carolina. Kaka yangu alikuwa na miaka 16 na mimi nilikuwa na miaka 14 tulipounda nyimbo..."''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Willians|first1=C.|title=Dalvin DeGrate recalls making...|url=http://soulculture.com/features/interviews/dalvin-degrate-recalls-making-jodecis-1991-album-forever-my-lady-return-to-the-classics/|website=soulculture.com|access-date=March 4, 2015|date=November 1, 2011|quote=The last version of the album that was released...}}</ref> Albamu hiyo iliendelea kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni tatu. Mnamo 1993, ugomvi mdogo uliibuka juu ya albamu ya pili ya bendi, ''[[Diary of a Mad Band]]''; Jodeci, wakiwa hawafurahishwi na jinsi walivyotendewa na Uptown, walianzisha wazo la kuondoka kwenda [[Death Row Records]], jambo lililosababisha karibu kutokuwepo kabisa kwa matangazo ya albamu. Ikifikia nambari 3 kwenye [[Billboard 200]] na nambari moja kwenye chati ya albamu za R&B, ambapo ilikaa kwa wiki mbili, ikitoa kibao cha #1 cha R&B "[[Cry for You (Jodeci song)|Cry for You]]"; "[[Feenin']]" na "What About Us", ''Diary of a Mad Band'' hatimaye ilipata platinum maradufu. Jodeci pia walifanya toleo la "Lately", wimbo wa [[Stevie Wonder]], kwa ajili ya toleo la ''Uptown MTV Unplugged'' mnamo 1993. Toleo la wimbo wa kundi hilo lilitolewa kama wimbo wa kukuza, likidai nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]] kama kibao nambari moja cha R&B cha nne cha kundi. Pia ilikuwa kibao cha pop kilichofika kilele cha juu zaidi cha Jodeci, ikifikia nambari nne kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] mnamo Agosti 1993.<ref name="JdciLtly">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26053|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Jodeci > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))|website=Allmusic|access-date=2010-04-17}}</ref> Iliuza nakala 900,000 na ilipewa cheti cha [[RIAA certification|dhahabu]] na [[Recording Industry Association of America]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA73 |title=Best-Selling Records of 1993 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=BPI Communications|date=January 15, 1994 |access-date=May 4, 2015 |page=73 |issn=0006-2510|volume=106|number=3}}</ref> Toleo la studio ya wimbo huo lilijumuishwa kwenye ''Diary of a Mad Band''. Albamu ya tatu ya Jodeci, ''[[The Show, the After Party, the Hotel]]'', ilitolewa mnamo Julai 1995, ikifikia nafasi ya pili kwenye [[Billboard 200]] na kuifanya kuwa toleo la juu zaidi la kundi na kuongoza chati ya Albamu za R&B za Marekani. Kufikia Septemba 1995, ilipewa cheti cha platinamu katika mauzo na [[RIAA]], baada ya mauzo kuzidi nakala milioni moja nchini [[Marekani]]. Albamu hiyo ilikuwa na nyimbo zilizovuma [[Top 40]] "[[Freek'n You]]", "[[Love U 4 Life]]" na "[[Get on Up (Jodeci song)|Get on Up]]". === 2014–Sasa: Kurudi na ''The Past, the Present, the Future'' === Mnamo Februari 2014, [[Timbaland]] alifichua kuwa alikuwa akifanya kazi na Jodeci kwenye albamu yao ya kurudi mjini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/timbaland-is-working-on-a-new-jodeci-album-news.9181.html|title=Timbaland Is Working On A New Jodeci Album|website=HNHH|date=February 3, 2014|accessdate=2025-06-18|archive-date=2014-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302233654/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/timbaland-is-working-on-a-new-jodeci-album-news.9181.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 7, 2014, Jodeci waliungana tena na kutumbuiza nyimbo zao za kale kwenye Tuzo za Soul Train za 2014. Utumbuizaji huo pia ulijumuisha sehemu ya wimbo mpya kabisa ulioitwa "Nobody Wins," ambao ulitolewa Desemba 22, 2014. Wimbo huo ni wimbo wa kwanza kutolewa na Jodeci baada ya zaidi ya miaka 18. Wimbo wa mwisho uliotolewa na kundi hilo ulikuwa "Get on Up", mnamo 1996. Kabla ya utumbuizaji huo, kundi hilo halikuwa limepanda jukwaa pamoja nchini Marekani tangu 2006. Mnamo Januari 28, 2015, wimbo wa pili ulioitwa "Every Moment" ulitolewa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jodeci Debuts New Single "Every Moment"|url=http://www.epicrecords.com/news/jodeci-debuts-new-single-every-moment|website=epicrecords.com|publisher=Epic Records|access-date=January 31, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206161107/http://www.epicrecords.com/news/jodeci-debuts-new-single-every-moment|archive-date=February 6, 2015}}</ref> Pia mwezi huo huo, ilitangazwa na [[Epic Records]] kwamba Jodeci walikuwa wamesainiwa na lebo hiyo ili kutoa albamu yao mpya.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bristout|first1=Ralph|title=Jodeci Signs To Epic Records, Preps New Album|url=http://revolt.tv/news/jodeci-signs-to-epic-records-preps-new-album/53571322-2F9E-4521-92AE-06B384595888|website=revolt.tv|publisher=Revolt Television|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> Timbaland, ambaye hivi karibuni alileta [[Mosley Music Group]] yake kwa Epic, alifanya kazi kwenye albamu hiyo. Albamu yao ya nne, ''[[The Past, the Present, the Future (Jodeci album)|The Past, the Present, the Future]]'', ilitolewa mnamo Machi 31, 2015. Ilikuwa albamu yao ya kwanza baada ya miaka 20.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jean Baptiste, Jr.|first1=Renaud|title=Jodeci's New Single "Every Moment" Proves Their Reunion Was Worth The 20 Year Wait|url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2015-01-29/jodecis-reunion-every-moment/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131055208/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2015-01-29/jodecis-reunion-every-moment/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2015|website=vh1.com|publisher=VH-1|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> Muda mfupi baada ya kutolewa kwa albamu, ziara ya kuungana tena ya Jodeci ilitangazwa. Onyesho la kwanza lilifanyika mnamo Juni 6, 2015, huko [[Richmond, Virginia]], kama sehemu ya tamasha la 11 la kila mwaka la Stone Soul Music Festival la jiji hilo. Jodeci walikuwa wa kwanza kutumbuiza katika tukio hilo, ikiashiria tamasha rasmi la kwanza la kundi hilo nchini Marekani tangu 1995. == Wanachama == ;Sasa *[[DeVante Swing]] – (1988–sasa) (mtayarishaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, sauti za nyuma; Baritone) *[[Dalvin DeGrate|Mr. Dalvin]] – (1988–sasa) (mtayarishaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, sauti za nyuma; Tenor wa Pili) *[[K-Ci]] – (1988–sasa) (mwimbaji kiongozi, mtunzi wa nyimbo, Tenor / Baritone) *[[K-Ci & JoJo|JoJo]] – (1988–sasa) (mwimbaji kiongozi, mtunzi wa nyimbo, Tenor) == Diskografia == '''Albamu za Studio''' * ''[[Forever My Lady]]'' (1991) * ''[[Diary of a Mad Band]]'' (1993) * ''[[The Show, the After Party, the Hotel]]'' (1995) * ''[[The Past, the Present, the Future (Jodeci album)|The Past, the Present, the Future]]'' (2015) == Tazama pia == *[[K-Ci & JoJo]] *[[Swing Mob]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26053|label=Jodeci}} *{{IMDb name|1411613}} [[Category:Makundi ya muziki]] [[Category:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 0vku2sedt0o03bz5kt5kruo7244gc0a 0 208438 1600098 1558846 2026-09-24T11:46:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Géraldine Tobe''' (alizaliwa Kinshasa, 9 Februari 1992) ni msanii wa picha na mchoraji kutoka Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Akiwa mtoto, alishtakiwa kwa uchawi na kufanyiwa ibada ya kumtoa pepo kwa nguvu. Sasa hupaka turubai zake kwa kutumia moshi wa taa ya mafuta. Kazi zake za sanaa huhoji imani za mababu na nafasi ya dini ya kikoloni, zikielezea mateso yake binafsi pamoja na yale ya wanawake na watu wa Kongo kwa ujumla. Amepata umaarufu wa kimataifa, maonyesho katika nchi tofauti ulimwenguni na anashiriki katika miradi inayohusiana na urejeshaji wa kazi za sanaa. == Wasifu == === Utoto na elimu === Géraldine Tobe alizaliwa mnamo Februari 9, 1992, katika familia ya watoto wanne, huko Kinshasa, Zaire. Wakiwa watoto, Géraldine Tobe na kaka yake mkubwa Joël, ambaye alikuwa na ulemavu wa kiakili na ambaye shauku yake ya kuchora ilikuwa ya kutatanisha, walionwa na [[Mchungaji|wachungaji]] wa [[Ukristo wa Kiinjilisti|Kiinjilisti]] kuwa watoto wachawi wakawekwa chini ya [[mazinguo]] ambapo walipigwa, wakawekwa kwenye mduara wa mishumaa ndani ya moshi mzito wa uvumba kwa siku kadhaa, bila kula wala kunywa. Joel aliacha kuongea na kuchora baada ya kiwewe hicho. Geraldine Tobe, ambaye anamwona kuwa msanii wa kweli wa wawili hao, anasema kwamba alimpa zawadi yake,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Editions La pensée|last=sauvage|title=L'art et la culture : une histoire de performance ?|url=https://revuelautre.com/documents/lart-et-la-culture-une-histoire-de-performance/|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> . Tukio hili la kutisha liko nyuma ya mazoezi yake ya kisanii : anatumia moshi kutoka kwa taa ya mafuta kupaka rangi <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Géraldine Tobe Mutamande|url=https://pointcontemporain.com/geraldine-tobe-mutamande/|date=2020|accessdate=2022-11-20|archive-date=2022-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120223239/https://pointcontemporain.com/geraldine-tobe-mutamande/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Anaripoti kupasuliwa kati ya utamaduni wake wa jadi na [[Ukristo]] ulioingizwa na wakoloni. Hata aliingia katika shule ya utawa wa Kikristo. Zaidi ya hayo, nyanya yake, Mluba kutoka [[Mkoa wa Kasai|Kasai]], ambaye huabudu mababu, alimpa dhana ya ''Kalunga'', mpaka wa majini ambao hutenganisha walio hai na wafu katika mawazo ya Kongo, lakini pia <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=es|first=Rodrigo|last=Santodomingo|title=El despertar espiritual en el arte africano que Europa se niega a devolver|url=https://elpais.com/planeta-futuro/2022-05-16/el-despertar-espiritual-en-el-arte-africano-que-europa-se-niega-a-devolver.html|date=2022-05-16|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> . Alisoma katika Chuo cha Sanaa Nzuri huko Kinshasa ambapo, akiwa msichana pekee katika darasa lake, alipata digrii ya bachelor katika uchoraji mnamo 2012. Wakati huo, alijiunga na kikundi cha Wakongo " Wasanii wa Bokutani walikusanyika » <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Geraldine Tobe - Bandombe Galerie {{!}} Vente d'Art contemporain africain en ligne|url=https://bandombe.com/artiste/tobe/|accessdate=2022-11-20|archive-date=2022-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120230246/https://bandombe.com/artiste/tobe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>,<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Geraldine Tobe en résidence|url=https://www.africamuseum.be/fr/get_involved/artists/tobe|accessdate=2022-11-20}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en-US|title=Géraldine TOBE|url=https://www.africanspaceartproject.com/artists/geraldine-tobe/|accessdate=2022-11-21|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121124126/https://www.africanspaceartproject.com/artists/geraldine-tobe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . === Usemi wa kisanii === Hapo awali alichora kwa njia ya kitamaduni, lakini mnamo 2004, bila kuridhika, alichoma picha zake za kuchora. Kisha akaanza kupaka rangi na moshi kutoka kwa taa ya mafuta, akiunganisha sanaa yake na majeraha ya utoto wake. : usiku, moto na roho<ref name=":3"/> . Géraldine Tobe anafanya kazi chini ya turubai iliyoning'inia kwenye gorofa, ambayo yeye huweka stencil na kusogeza taa. Kisha anachimba, anakata, na kutaja athari za masizi. Kazi zake zinaonyesha picha potovu zinazoshuhudia mateso yake binafsi, yale ya wanawake wanaotendewa isivyo haki na watu walio katika umaskini na jeuri. Picha zake za uchoraji zinahusu ethnografia na mahali pa kanisa katika historia ya ukoloni na kiroho cha mababu. Kwenye turubai zake, barakoa za Kiafrika huchanganyika na miili iliyotengana, inayocheza. Matumizi ya moto na moshi humruhusu, anasema, kuunganisha ulimwengu usio na mwili na ulimwengu wa kimwili <ref name=":3"/>,<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=La|last=Rédaction|title=Géraldine Tobé : cette « artiviste » qui met l’art au service de la santé mentale.|url=https://www.onart.media/fr/portrait/geraldine-tobe-cette-artiviste-qui-met-lart-au-service-de-la-sante-mentale/|date=2021-05-01|accessdate=2022-11-20}}</ref> . "Ninafanya kazi kwa kutumia moto kama brashi na moshi kama rangi" Anafurahia kushiriki katika maonyesho ya mitaani, kuwasiliana na wakazi wa Kinshasa, na kuwasilisha sanaa yake kwa watazamaji wengi. Ambayo wakati mwingine husababisha kutokuelewana na athari za vurugu <ref name=":4"/> . == Maonyesho (uteuzi) == * 2018 : ** Dakar Biennale <ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=En sol majeur - Géraldine Tobé, la flamme congolaise|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/en-sol-majeur/20210815-g%C3%A9raldine-tob%C3%A9-la-flamme-congolaise|date=2021-08-15|accessdate=2022-11-20}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Géraldine Tobe {{!}} Mu in the City|url=https://www.mu-inthecity.com/tag/geraldine-tobe|accessdate=2022-11-21|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121124122/https://www.mu-inthecity.com/tag/geraldine-tobe|url-status=dead}}</ref>,<ref name=":9">{{Rejea tovuti|title=mediacongo.net - Actualités - Expo : Géraldine Tobe à l'épreuve de '' l'écran de fumée''|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-35945_expo_geraldine_tobe_a_l_epreuve_de_l_ecran_de_fumee.html|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> ** ''L'Écran de fumée'', Institut français, Kinshasa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=LECRAN DE FUMEE DE GERALDINE TOBE {{!}} Bizcongo|url=https://www.bizcongo.com/agenda/lecran-de-fumee-de-geraldine-tobe|accessdate=2022-11-21|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121124136/https://www.bizcongo.com/agenda/lecran-de-fumee-de-geraldine-tobe|url-status=dead}}</ref>,<ref name=":9" /> ** ''Megalopolis.'' ''Stimmen kutoka Kinshasa'', Grassi Museum, [[Leipzig]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig: Megalopolis #1 – Stimmen aus Kinshasa|url=https://grassi-voelkerkunde.skd.museum/ausstellungen/megalopolis-1-stimmen-aus-kinshasa/|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> * 2019 : ''Pilar'', maonyesho ya pamoja wakati wa maadhimisho ya miaka 50 ya Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels <ref name=":1"/> * 2020 : ''Wanawake wa Kiafrika kwa ajili ya Sanaa'', nyumba ya sanaa ya Art'Z, Paris <ref name=":8">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Renaud Barret et Géraldine Tobe pour « Système K »|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/un-jour-dans-le-monde/renaud-barret-et-geraldine-tobe-pour-systeme-k-1300592|date=2020-01-15|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=AWA: une exposition dédiée aux artistes africaines à Paris|url=https://lespanafricaines.com/lng/fr/2020/01/29/awa-une-exposition-dediee-aux-artistes-africaines-a-paris/|date=2020-01-29|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> * 2022 ** ''Hauko tayari kwa hili'', Brussels <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en|title=Kalunga: overzichtstentoonstelling van Géraldine Tobe|url=https://www.vub.be/en/event/kalunga-overzichtstentoonstelling-van-geraldine-tobe|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> == Tuzo == * 2018: Mshindi wa Mwisho wa Tuzo ya Sanaa ya Luxemburg <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Luxembourg Art Prize @ Pinacotheque|url=https://www.pinacotheque.lu/fr/luxembourg-art-prize-fr/|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> == Filamu == Filamu ya ''Milinga-Fumée'' iliyoongozwa na Bob Nelson Makengo mwaka wa 2015 imetolewa kwa Géraldine Tobe <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Films + rencontre - Nelson Makengo, documentariste congolais|url=https://zintv.org/agenda/films-rencontre-nelson-makengo-documentariste-congolais/|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref> . Mnamo 2019, alishiriki katika filamu iliyoongozwa na Renaud Barret '', Système K'', ambayo inaonyesha eneo la kisanii la Kongo <ref name=":8"/> . == Bibliografia == * Aude Bernard, ''Sanaa na Utamaduni : hadithi ya utendaji ?'' ''Tafakari kulingana na safari ya Géraldine Tobe mjini Kinshasa : kutoka kwa mtoto mchawi hadi msanii aliyejitolea'', L'Autre, gazeti la transcultural, sd <small>[https://revuelautre.com/documents/lart-et-la-culture-une-histoire-de-performance/ Soma mtandaoni]</small> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ptn9nubf3s9g68loxaux70yltw9po00 4 208508 1599396 1599271 2026-09-23T16:29:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1599396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3522 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 684 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 744 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35034 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 11704 || ↑ +24.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 67.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1154.4% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 684 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 551 || ↑ +16.5% |- | 4 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +21.6% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 366 || ↑ +19.6% |- | 6 || [[Ethiopia]] || 339 || ↑ +42.4% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 321 || ↑ +11.8% |- | 8 || [[Irani]] || 248 || ↓ -3.5% |- | 9 || [[Israeli]] || 228 || ↓ -3.8% |- | 10 || [[Ufaransa]] || 204 || ↑ +10.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 484 || 40.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.8% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} epbtay8p1jptfld3ah182ckxew3j8xj 1599400 1599396 2026-09-23T16:36:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1599400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3522 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 684 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 744 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 199 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35034 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21526 || ↑ +20.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 123.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3522 || ↑ +44.7% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1154.4% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 684 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 551 || ↑ +16.5% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 434 || ↑ +4.8% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +21.6% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 366 || ↑ +19.6% |- | 8 || [[Ethiopia]] || 339 || ↑ +42.4% |- | 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 337 || ↑ +27.7% |- | 10 || [[Urusi]] || 321 || ↓ -28.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 484 || 40.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.8% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} p2lxzaayisc39qao9bd6b0s46feugtf 1599800 1599400 2026-09-24T03:59:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1599800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-24) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-24)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 561 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3478 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 675 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 706 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 311 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35034 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21526 || ↑ +20.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 123.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3522 || ↑ +44.7% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1154.4% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 684 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 551 || ↑ +16.5% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 434 || ↑ +4.8% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +21.6% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 366 || ↑ +19.6% |- | 8 || [[Ethiopia]] || 339 || ↑ +42.4% |- | 9 || [[Uingereza]] || 337 || ↑ +27.7% |- | 10 || [[Urusi]] || 321 || ↓ -28.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 484 || 40.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 141 || 11.8% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 3o5bfhjcsn50ocg37fuob2fychxe923 1599809 1599800 2026-09-24T04:14:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1599809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-24) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-24)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 561 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3478 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 675 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 706 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 311 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35035 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21447 || ↑ +20.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 123.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3478 || ↑ +39.0% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 714 || ↑ +1131.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 675 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 561 || ↑ +18.4% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 441 || ↑ +6.3% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 396 || ↑ +20.4% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 367 || ↑ +20.3% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 340 || ↑ +25.0% |- | 9 || [[Ethiopia]] || 339 || ↑ +40.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 313 || ↑ +9.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 484 || 40.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 142 || 11.9% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 862lhcnyp2djvi14nw3b8y42k8kle6g 1599873 1599809 2026-09-24T05:39:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1599873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-24) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-24)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 561 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3478 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 675 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 706 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 311 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35035 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21447 || ↑ +20.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 123.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3478 || ↑ +39.0% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 714 || ↑ +1131.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 675 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 561 || ↑ +18.4% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 441 || ↑ +6.3% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 396 || ↑ +20.4% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 367 || ↑ +20.3% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 340 || ↑ +25.0% |- | 9 || [[Ethiopia]] || 339 || ↑ +40.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 313 || ↑ +9.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 484 || 40.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 142 || 11.9% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 811snkmu8j78880s1xfpszkil16purs 1600042 1599873 2026-09-24T11:29:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1600042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-24) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-24)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 561 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3478 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 675 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 706 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 311 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 714 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35039 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21563 || ↑ +20.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 123.9 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3478 || ↑ +39.0% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 714 || ↑ +1131.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 675 || ↑ +13.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 561 || ↑ +18.4% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 441 || ↑ +6.3% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 396 || ↑ +20.4% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 367 || ↑ +20.3% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 340 || ↑ +25.0% |- | 9 || [[Ethiopia]] || 339 || ↑ +40.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 313 || ↑ +9.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 30.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 143 || 12.0% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 2hhogwucucgfetxvh1cbe0c4myjlm9w 0 209104 1599515 1438767 2026-09-23T18:26:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox siasa ya nchi | jina_la_nchi = Eritrea | picha_ya_nembo = Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg | maelezo_ya_nembo = Nembo ya Taifa ya Eritrea | aina_ya_serikali = Jamhuri ya urais ya utawala wa kijeshi wa chama kimoja | rais_wa_nchi = [[Isaias Afwerki]] | makamu_wa_rais = Hakuna nafasi rasmi | chama_tawala = People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) | vyama_vikuu = PFDJ pekee | uchaguzi_wa_mwisho = Hakuna uchaguzi tangu uhuru (1993) | uchaguzi_ujao = Haijapangwa bado | katiba = Katiba ya 1997 (haitekelezwi) }} [[Faili:Flag of Eritrea.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Eritrea]] '''Siasa ya Eritrea''' nchi ya kihistoria yenye mizozo ya kisiasa na kijeshi, ikiwa na mfumo wa siasa wa chama kimoja unaoendeshwa na chama cha People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). Hali ya siasa nchini [[Eritrea]] imekuwa ya ukandamizaji wa upinzani na uhuru wa vyombo vya habari, na imekuwa ikizuiliwa na mashirika ya kimataifa kwa ukosefu wa haki za binadamu. == Vita vya Uhuru (1961–1991) == Siasa za kisasa za [[Eritrea]] zilianza rasmi mwaka 1961, wakati harakati za uhuru zilipoanzishwa dhidi ya utawala wa [[Ethiopia]] uliojaribu kuunganisha Eritrea kwa nguvu. Harakati hizi ziliongozwa na makundi mbalimbali kama Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) na baadaye Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), ambayo iliibuka kama chama kikuu cha kupigania uhuru. Vita hivi vilidumu kwa zaidi ya miongo mitatu hadi Eritrea ilipopata uhuru wake rasmi mwaka 1993.<ref>Connell, Dan. Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press, 2011.</ref><ref>Pool, David. From Guerrillas to Government: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front. Ohio University Press, 2001.</ref> == Uhuru na Maeneo ya Kwanza ya Siasa (1993–1998) == Baada ya uhuru, Eritrea ilianzisha serikali ya chama kimoja chini ya EPLF ambayo ilibadilisha jina kuwa People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). Mipango ya demokrasia iliahirishwa na chama hicho kikipata nguvu zote za serikali. Katika kipindi hiki, Eritrea ilijitahidi kujenga miundombinu na taasisi za kisiasa lakini ikawa na ukosefu wa upinzani wa kisiasa.<ref>International Crisis Group. "Eritrea: The Siege State." Africa Report No. 146, 2008.</ref> == Vita vya Eritrea na Ethiopia (1998–2000) == Mzozo wa mpaka kati ya Eritrea na Ethiopia ulizuka mwaka 1998 na kusababisha vita vya miongo miwili vya mpaka. Vita hii ilisababisha maafa makubwa na kusababisha hali ya usalama duni ndani ya Eritrea, pamoja na ukandamizaji wa haki za binaadamu na kuimarisha ushawishi wa serikali ya kijeshi.<ref>Human Rights Watch. Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea. 2009.</ref> == Mfumo wa Siasa na Serikali == Eritrea ina mfumo wa siasa wa chama kimoja ambapo chama cha PFDJ kina mamlaka yote. Bunge la nchi linafanya kazi kama mwendelezo wa maamuzi ya chama hicho, bila upinzani wa kisiasa. Rais wa Eritrea, ambaye pia ni kiongozi wa chama hicho, anashikilia madaraka makubwa ya kiutawala. Hali hii imekosa mchakato wa uchaguzi wa huru na wa haki.<ref>United Nations Human Rights Council. "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea," 2015.</ref> == Haki za Binadamu na Hali ya Demokrasia == Eritrea imekuwa ikikosolewa vikali kuhusu hali ya haki za binadamu, ambapo ripoti za mashirika ya kimataifa zinabainisha ukandamizaji wa vyombo vya habari, ukatili dhidi ya waandishi wa habari na wapinzani wa kisiasa, na kuwepo kwa huduma ya jeshi isiyo ya lazima na ya muda mrefu. Taarifa zinaonyesha kuwepo kwa magereza ya kisiasa na mateso kwa wafungwa wa maoni.<ref>Amnesty International. "Eritrea 2020," Amnesty International Report, 2020.</ref><ref>United States Department of State. "Eritrea 2021 Human Rights Report."</ref> == Siasa za Kimataifa == Eritrea ina uhusiano tata na mataifa jirani, hasa [[Ethiopia]] na [[Sudan]]. Ingawa mkataba wa amani ulisainiwa na Ethiopia mwaka 2018, uhusiano bado ni dhaifu katika baadhi ya nyanja. Eritrea pia imekuwa sehemu ya migogoro ya kanda na imeshutumiwa kwa kuunga mkono vikundi vya wapiganaji katika mataifa jirani.<ref>BBC News. "Eritrea and Ethiopia sign peace agreement," 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Africa in topic|Siasa ya}} [[Jamii:Afrocrowd 2025]] {{mbegu-siasa}} opvcnpj0bs0kdb6f6h2cn7rdvwrcbjn 0 211956 1599516 1450071 2026-09-23T18:26:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Annie Rauwerda |picha = [[File:Annie Rauwerda smiling 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Annie Rauwerda akicheka]] |caption = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1999|11|27|df=yes}} |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = Mchekeshaji mwana Wikipedia |kazi_yake = Mwanamtandao wa kijamii |utaifa = Mmarekani }} '''Annie Rauwerda''' / / ˈr aʊ . ərdə / ; alizaliwa Novemba 27, 1999) ni mwana mtandao wa Marekani, mwanahabari, na mchekeshaji anayejulikana kwa Depths of Wikipedia, kundi la akaunti za mitandao ya kijamii zinazoangazia ukweli kutoka [[Wikipedia]]. Rauwerda huandaa aina na maonyesho ya vichekesho yanayolenga Wikipedia kulingana na akaunti. Rauwerda alitajwa kuwa [[Mwanawikimedia wa Mwaka|Mchangiaji Bora wa Vyombo vya Habari 2022]] na [[Wikimedia Foundation]], shirika lisilo la faida ambalo ni shirika mama la Wikipedia. Mnamo Juni 2023, Rauwerda alipata umaarufu mkubwa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kwa kuandaa kipindi cha pertual stew katika bustani ya [[Brooklyn]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Annie Rauwerda alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 27, 1999, na alilelewa huko [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids, Michigani]]. Alipokuwa akikua, alihudhuria Shule za Kikristo za K–12 Grand Rapids. Kabla ya kusoma chuo kikuu, Rauwerda alitumia muda wa mwaka mmoja kuhudumu kupitia AmeriCorps kama mkufunzi wa STEM huko Chicago. Kufuatia kukamilisha kwake kwa mwaka wake wa huduma, alifuzu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan mnamo 2019, akihitimu na Shahada ya Sayansi katika sayansi ya neva mnamo 2022. == Wikipedia == [[Faili:Depths_of_Wikipedia_Great_Star_Theater.jpg|alt=Rauwerda speaking at a live show in front of a slide with only the text "depths of wikipedia live".|thumb|Rauwerda amefanya maonyesho ya moja kwa moja yaliyochochewa na akaunti zake za mitandao ya kijamii, Depths of Wikipedia .]] Rauwerda alipendezwa na [[Wikipedia]] alipokuwa akishiriki mashindano ya wikiracing katika shule ya upili na Sekondari. Akiwa mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa pili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan wakati wa kipindi cha kutotoka nje wakati wa COVID-19, Rauwerda aliunda mtandao wa kijamii wa Depth of Wikipedia, kundi la akaunti za mitandao ya kijamii ambazo zinaangazia ukweli kutoka Wikipedia anaouchukulia kuwa "ajabu na wa ajabu". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Lehr|first=Sarah|date=April 11, 2022|title=Depths of Wikipedia: Meet the Michigander who scours the web for anything weird and wonderful|url=https://www.wkar.org/wkar-news/2022-04-11/depths-of-wikipedia-meet-the-michigander-who-scours-the-web-for-anything-weird-and-wonderful|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723214229/https://www.wkar.org/wkar-news/2022-04-11/depths-of-wikipedia-meet-the-michigander-who-scours-the-web-for-anything-weird-and-wonderful|archivedate=July 23, 2023|accessdate=July 23, 2023|work=WKAR Public Media}}</ref> Akaunti ya kwanza ilizinduliwa kwenye [[Instagram]] mnamo Aprili 2020, na tangu wakati huo imepanuliwa hadi [[TikTok]] na [[Twitter]]. Akaunti zikijumlishwa zina mamilioni ya wafuasi. <ref> {{Rejea tovuti|author=Villena|first=Cole|date=February 28, 2023|title=Depths of Wikipedia's Annie Rauwerda Is Obsessed With Accessible Information|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/depths-of-wikipedia-s-annie-rauwerda-is-obsessed-with-accessible-information/article_ce2a88e2-b6e1-11ed-bcfe-07f34efd94c6.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325080210/https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/depths-of-wikipedia-s-annie-rauwerda-is-obsessed-with-accessible-information/article_ce2a88e2-b6e1-11ed-bcfe-07f34efd94c6.html|archivedate=March 25, 2023|accessdate=July 23, 2023|work=Nashville Scene}}</ref> Kando na Undani wa akaunti za mitandao ya kijamii ya Wikipedia, Rauwerda huandaa aina na maonyesho ya vichekesho yanayolenga Wikipedia, kwenda kwenye ziara mwaka wa 2022 na 2023. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Spencer|first=George|date=August 26, 2022|title=From rabbit hole to raging success|url=https://michigantoday.umich.edu/2022/08/26/from-rabbit-hole-to-raging-success/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723213003/https://michigantoday.umich.edu/2022/08/26/from-rabbit-hole-to-raging-success/|archivedate=July 23, 2023|accessdate=July 23, 2023|work=Michigan Today}}</ref> Seti ya kwanza ya vichekesho ya Rauwerda ilikuwa Julai 2021, ikipanuka hadi kuwa mfululizo wa vichekesho vya nchi mbalimbali. <ref name="Montgomery-2023">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Montgomery|first=Blake|date=February 3, 2023|title=Instagram Memers Are Performing in Sold Out Live Shows|url=https://gizmodo.com/instagram-memes-wikipedia-sold-out-live-shows-1850040438|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723214637/https://gizmodo.com/instagram-memes-wikipedia-sold-out-live-shows-1850040438|archivedate=July 23, 2023|accessdate=July 23, 2023|work=Gizmodo}}</ref> Kipindi chake kinahusisha uwasilishaji wa slaidi za viwambo vya Wikipedia, sawa na Undani wa maudhui ya mtandaoni ya Wikipedia, na maoni ya vichekesho. <ref name="Villena-2023">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Villena|first=Cole|date=February 28, 2023|title=Depths of Wikipedia's Annie Rauwerda Is Obsessed With Accessible Information|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/depths-of-wikipedia-s-annie-rauwerda-is-obsessed-with-accessible-information/article_ce2a88e2-b6e1-11ed-bcfe-07f34efd94c6.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325080210/https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/depths-of-wikipedia-s-annie-rauwerda-is-obsessed-with-accessible-information/article_ce2a88e2-b6e1-11ed-bcfe-07f34efd94c6.html|archivedate=March 25, 2023|accessdate=July 23, 2023|work=Nashville Scene}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVillena2023">Villena, Cole (February 28, 2023). [https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/depths-of-wikipedia-s-annie-rauwerda-is-obsessed-with-accessible-information/article_ce2a88e2-b6e1-11ed-bcfe-07f34efd94c6.html "Depths of Wikipedia's Annie Rauwerda Is Obsessed With Accessible Information"]. ''Nashville Scene''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230325080210/https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/depths-of-wikipedia-s-annie-rauwerda-is-obsessed-with-accessible-information/article_ce2a88e2-b6e1-11ed-bcfe-07f34efd94c6.html Archived] from the original on March 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Montgomery-2023" /> Mnamo Agosti 2022 Rauwerda alitajwa kuwa [[Mwanawikimedia wa Mwaka|Mchangiaji Bora wa Vyombo vya Habari 2022]] na [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wikimedia Foundation|date=August 14, 2022|title=Celebrating the 2022 Wikimedians of the Year!|url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/14/celebrating-the-2022-wikimedians-of-the-year/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826070613/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/14/celebrating-the-2022-wikimedians-of-the-year/|archivedate=August 26, 2022|accessdate=November 28, 2023|work=Diff|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2022, aliandika katika jarida la Slate kuhusu makala ya Wikipedia kuhusu vifo vya kutiliwa shaka vya wafanyabiashara wa Urusi, akiangazia manufaa ya ensaiklopidia kama chanzo cha habari katika maeneo yanayokabiliwa na udhibiti. <ref name="Villena-2023"/> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=October 21, 2022 |title=Russian Oligarchs Keep Dying in Suspicious Ways. Wikipedia Is Keeping a List. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/10/russia-oligarchs-mystery-deaths-wikipedia.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724080802/https://slate.com/technology/2022/10/russia-oligarchs-mystery-deaths-wikipedia.html |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |access-date=July 23, 2023 |via=slate.com}}</ref> Hadi mwaka 2023 , Rauwerda anafanyia kazi kitabu kuhusu historia ya kitamaduni ya Wikipedia. == Kitoweo cha Perpertual stew == [[Faili:Annie_Rauwerda_Discusses_Perpetual_Stew_with_News_12.jpg|alt=A news reporter holds her microphone to Rauwerda while she is cooking the perpetual stew while wearing a chef's hat.|thumb|Rauwerda akihojiwa na News 12 kuhusu supu yake ya perpetual stew]] Mnamo Juni Mnamo tarehe 7, 2023, Rauwerda alianzisha kitoweo cha mboga mboga katika nyumba yake. Kwa kuhamasishwa na dhana ya kitoweo cha kudumu (Perpetual stew), kiasi fulani cha kitoweo kilihifadhiwa baada ya kila mlo na kujazwa na mchuzi zaidi na viungo. Hatimaye Rauwerda alipanua "usiku wa kitoweo" kwa umma, akiandaa mikusanyiko ya nje katika Fermi Park huko Bushwick, Brooklyn, ambapo watu walichangia na kula kitoweo hicho. Washiriki walihimizwa kuleta viungo vya mbogamboga, na takriban watu 300 walichangia kitoweo. Kitoweo hicho kilipikwa kwa siku 60, na kumalizika tarehe 6 Agosti 2023. == Maisha binafsi == Rauwerda aliasili paka kutoka kwa mshawishi wa Instagram Caroline Calloway mnamo 2021. Mwaka 2023 Rauwerda anaishi katika ghorofa huko [[Brooklyn]], New York. == Baadhi ya Kazi zake == * {{Cite news|last=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=May 11, 2021|title=Billy Magic and the internet's unabashed enthusiasm for public transit|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/statement/billy-magic-and-the-internets-unabashed-enthusiasm-for-public-transit/|work=[[The Michigan Daily]]|ref=none}} * {{Cite news|last=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=July 14, 2021|title=College quantified|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/statement/college-quantified/|work=The Michigan Daily|ref=none}} * {{Cite news|last=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=September 15, 2021|title=Stars, they're just like us: Why astrology sticks around|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/statement/stars-theyre-just-like-us-why-astrology-sticks-around/|work=The Michigan Daily|ref=none}} * {{Cite news|last=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=October 21, 2022|title=Russian oligarchs keep dying in suspicious ways. Wikipedia is keeping a list.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/10/russia-oligarchs-mystery-deaths-wikipedia.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|ref=none}} * {{Cite news|last=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia's redesign is barely noticeable. That's the point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|work=Slate|ref=none}} * {{Cite news|last=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=April 12, 2023|title=In search of Wikipedia's shrug guy|url=https://defector.com/in-search-of-wikipedias-shrug-guy|work=Defector|ref=none}} ** == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{User Wikimania|2025}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Wikipedia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] lsope2g2sbtt1ce32scxsebboooh00p 0 211971 1600099 1451862 2026-09-24T11:46:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600099 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vina vya Wikipedia''' ni kundi la akaunti za mitandao ya kijamii zilizojitolea kuangazia ukweli kutoka [[Wikipedia]]. Iliundwa kwenye [[Instagram]] na [[Annie Rauwerda]] mnamo 2020, akaunti husambaza nukuu kutoka kwenye baadhi ya makala za Wikipedia juu ya mada kadhaa. == Uundwaji == [[Faili:Annie2023Wikimania.jpg|left|thumb|Rauwerda mnamo 2023 katika [[Wikimania]]]] Annie Rauwerda ambaye wakati huo alikuwa mwanafunzi wa sayansi ya neva katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan, aliunda akaunti [[Instagram|ya Instagram ya]] Vina vya Wikipedia mnamo Aprili 2020 kama mradi wa kibinafsi mwanzoni mwa [[Mlipuko wa virusi vya corona 2019-20|janga la COVID-19]], akikusudia kusambaza maudhui tofauti kutoka [[Wikipedia ya Kiingereza]] kwa marafiki. Kulingana na Rauwerda, mradi huo ulitiwa msukumo na mkusanyiko wa picha kutoka Wikipedia alizokua ametengeneza kwa ajili marafiki, na kwa picha kutoka makala ya Wikipedia kuhusu kudokeza ng'ombe. Alikuwa amevutiwa na Wikipedia kabla ya kuanza mradi, baada ya kutumia muda kuisoma alipokua mtoto na kipindi yuko Wikiracing na marafiki kupitia shule ya kati na ya upili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cavender|first=Elena|date=October 24, 2021|title=Travel down a Wikipedia rabbit hole with the mastermind behind DepthsOfWikipedia Instagram|url=https://mashable.com/article/depths-of-wikipedia-instagram-tiktok-account|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026225359/https://mashable.com/article/depths-of-wikipedia-instagram-tiktok-account|archivedate=October 26, 2021|accessdate=October 26, 2021|publisher=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> [[Faili:Healthy_Cow_screenshot.png|alt=An image of a cow on Wikipedia, with the caption "A healthy cow lying on her side is not immobilized; she can rise whenever she chooses."|thumb|Rauwerda amenukuu picha hii, iliyochukuliwa kutoka kwenye makala kuhusu kudokeza ng'ombe, kama kuonesha kuvutiwa na Vina vya Wikipedia. <ref name="Stiernberg-2021">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Stiernberg|first=Bonnie|date=January 15, 2021|title=How One Instagram Account Finds the Weirdest Stuff on Wikipedia|url=https://www.insidehook.com/article/internet/how-one-instagram-account-finds-the-weirdest-stuff-on-wikipedia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031041642/https://www.insidehook.com/article/internet/how-one-instagram-account-finds-the-weirdest-stuff-on-wikipedia|archivedate=October 31, 2021|accessdate=October 7, 2021|publisher=InsideHook}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStiernberg2021">Stiernberg, Bonnie (January 15, 2021). [https://www.insidehook.com/article/internet/how-one-instagram-account-finds-the-weirdest-stuff-on-wikipedia "How One Instagram Account Finds the Weirdest Stuff on Wikipedia"]. InsideHook. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211031041642/https://www.insidehook.com/article/internet/how-one-instagram-account-finds-the-weirdest-stuff-on-wikipedia Archived] from the original on October 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/video/bizarre-wonderful-depths-wikipedia-89092169 Undani wa Mshangao na maajabu ya Vina vya Wikipedia], video katika ABC News [[Jamii:Mitandao ya kijamii]] du6oiky2qimg9hr82hdmc21fg187fk8 0 212088 1600100 1518686 2026-09-24T11:46:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maafikiano ya utambuzi''' hufanyika wakati nchi mbili au zaidi au taasisi nyingine zinatambua maamuzi au sera za nchi nyingine, kwa mfano katika taaluma. '''Maafikiano ya utambuzi wa kila upande''' ( '''MRA''' ) ni makubaliano ya kimataifa ambayo nchi mbili au zaidi zinakubali kutambua tathmini, maamuzi au matokeo (kwa mfano vyeti au matokeo ya mtihani). Makubaliano kama haya hutumiwa sana sana kwenye [[bidhaa]], kwa mfano katika udhibiti wa ubora. Hata hivyo, pia yanatumika kwa mikataba ya utambuzi wa hitimisho za kitaaluma na maamuzi yanayohusiana na masuala ya uhalifu. == Maafikiano katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki == Itifaki ya Soko la Pamoja la Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki imetoa nafasi ya kuwepo kwa makubaliano ya kila nchi katika jumuiya kutambua na kutambuliwa hitimisho za kitaaluma na sifa za kitaaluma. Makubaliano yaliyofanywa ni katika taaluma za [[uhasibu]], [[uhandisi]], [[usanifu majengo]] na [[sayansi ya tiba ya wanyama]]. Wananchi wa nchi zilizosaini makubaliano hayo wana haki ya kufanya kazi katika nchi nyingine iliyosaini bila kuwekewa vikwazo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mutual Recognition Agreements|url=https://www.eac.int/education/mutual-recognition-agreements|work=www.eac.int|accessdate=2025-08-21}}</ref>. == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:sheria]] ccqh0rwoas96uu8kzlcvhq6owungvk5 0 212115 1599928 1448733 2026-09-24T07:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kilimani Sesame''''' ni toleo la [[Demografia ya Tanzania|Tanzania]] la ''Sesame Street,'' Kipindi kinarushwa na Shirika la Utangazaji Tanzania ([[TBC]]) na Televisheni Zanzibar (TVZ). <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2017-11-21|title=Welcoming Back Kilimani Sesame!|url=https://www.ubongo.org/welcoming-back-kilimani-sesame/|accessdate=2023-01-03|work=Ubongo}}</ref> Utayarishaji huu ulizinduliwa mwezi wa Aprili 2008,<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=30 June 2010|title=Kilimani Sesame Has Positive Impact on Children in Tanzania|url=https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2010/borzekowski-sesame-street|accessdate=2023-01-03|work=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brandt|first=Cory|date=21 March 2011|title=Kilimani Sesame|url=https://www.comminit.com/jhuccp/content/kilimani-sesame|accessdate=2023-01-03|work=The Communication Initiative Network|language=en}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Matey|first=Patricia|date=30 August 2010|title=Barrio Sésamo enseña en África|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundosalud/2010/08/30/noticias/1283150777.html|accessdate=2023-01-03|work=El Mundo|language=es}}</ref> likihifadhiwa na [[USAID|Shirika la Marekani la Maendeleo ya Kimataifa]] (USAID) . <ref name=":2" /> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:ACWP + film in Tanzania]] kuedgbf449koysix9a6qt6ju7ho9ohc 0 212497 1599631 1471102 2026-09-23T18:56:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}}{{umbo}} [[Faili:Children_playing_as_rain_approaches.jpg|thumb|Watoto wakicheza mvua inapokaribia, Kenya]] Mtindo wa [[mvua]] wakati wa kipindi cha kilele cha ukuaji cha Machi, Aprili na Mei umeonyesha mabadiliko katika miongo michache iliyopita katika eneo la Rift Valley, Kenya. Kuanzia miaka ya 1970, kiwango cha mvua katika msimu huu kimeongezeka, lakini idadi ya siku zenye mvua imepungua. Hii imesababisha ongezeko la mkusanyiko wa mvua. Mabadiliko haya ya mifumo ya mvua katika eneo hii la [[Kenya]] ni sehemu ya [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya tabia nchi]] yanayosababishwa na kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha joto la kila mwaka na ongezeko la joto la juu ya uso ya bahari katika upande wa kusini magharibi mwa [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha mvua kumesababisha mmomonyoko wa udongo na ardhi isiyo na rutuba. Kupungua kwa siku za mvua kulisababisha msimu wa ukuaji mfupi. Mambo haya yanaathiri maisha ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya watu katika Bonde la Ufa kwani mapato na chakula chao kwa kiasi kikubwa hutegemea kilimo na kilimo cha kujikimu. Marekebisho ya kilimo yanapitishwa na wakulima wanaoishi katika Bonde la Ufa ili kukabiliana na kupungua kwa mavuno kutokana na mabadiliko ya mifumo ya mvua. == Kubadilisha mwelekeo wa mvua wakati wa msimu wa kilele katika Bonde la Ufa == Mtindo wa mvua katika Bonde la Ufa, Kenya, umebadilika katika miongo michache iliyopita kwa wingi, idadi ya siku zilizonyesha, kwa ukali. Mtindo wa mvua katika Bonde la Ufa ni '''mfumo wa mvua wa misimu miwili''' kwa msimu wao mkuu wa mvua ukitokea Machi, Aprili na Mei na ule wa pili ukitokea Oktoba, Novemba na Desemba. Pia kuna msimu mdogo wa mvua wa kiwango cha juu unaotokea Juni, Julai na Agosti. Utafiti ulifanywa ili kupima mabadiliko ya mitindo ya mvua wakati wa misimu ya kilele cha ukuaji wa Machi, Aprili na Mei katika Bonde la Ufa kati ya miaka ya 1976 na 2005. Utafiti ulionyesha kuwa mvua katika kipindi cha juu cha kilimo iliongezeka kwa milimita18. Ongezeko hili lilikuwa thabiti kwa miongo mitatu kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye Mchoro 1; hata hivyo, idadi ya siku zilizonyesha ilipungua katika kipindi hiki cha muda. Data inaonyesha hili kwa kutumia wastani wa idadi ya siku zilizonyesha katika mwezi wa Machi, Aprili na Mei. Kati ya 1976 na 1985, wastani wa siku za mvua ilikuwa siku 29, ikipungua hadi siku 26 kati ya 1996 na 2005. Ongezeko la mvua pamoja na kupungua kwa idadi ya siku za mvua linaashiria ongezeko la kiasi cha mvua. Hali hii ilijitokeza katika miezi ya Aprili na Mei, ilhali Machi ilibainisha upungufu wa kiasi cha mvua. Katika kipindi cha miaka 1976 hadi 1985, kiasi cha mvua kilikuwa 7.7mm/h na iliongezeka hadi 10.2mm/h katika miaka ya 1996 hadi 2005.. Mnamo Mei, kiwango cha mvua kilikuwa 5.9mm/h katika miaka kati ya 1976 na 1985 na kuongezeka kwa 6.8mm/hadi 18.8. 1995. Machi, hata hivyo, haikufuata mwelekeo wa kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha mvua inayoonyesha tofauti kidogo. Kulikuwa na kupungua kwa kiwango cha mvua Machi kutoka 6.5mm/h katika miaka ya 1976 na 1985 hadi 7.4mm/h katika miaka ya 1986 hadi 1995. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">akitoa mfano</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Mvua nyingi katika msimu mkuu wa mvua wa Machi, Aprili na Mei imesababisha kupungua kwa mvua katika misimu ya pili na ya tatu ya mvua na kuporomoka kwa mwenendo wa mvua wa kila mwaka.. {| class="wikitable" !Muongo ! Mvua katika miezi ya Machi, Aprili na Mei iliyopimwa kwa milimita |- | 1976-1985 | 214.1mm |- | 1986-1995 | 224.4mm |- | 1996-2005 | 232.1mm |} [[Jamii:Kenya]] 55d1yv3028oy7hdxfoldpobkkr5qzuk 0 212831 1599632 1526010 2026-09-23T18:56:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solomon Ehigiator Arase''' ([[21 Juni]] [[1956]] – [[31 Agosti]] [[2025]]) alikuwa afisa wa polisi wa [[Nigeria]]. Pia alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Huduma ya [[Polisi]] ya Nigeria. Aliteuliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti mnamo [[Januari]] [[2023]] na hayati Muhammadu Buhari. Arase pia aliwahi kuhudumu kama Mkuu wa 18 wa Polisi wa Nigeria (IGP) baada kuondolewa kwa Suleiman Abba. Kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa IGP, Arase alikuwa mkuu wa kitengo cha juu zaidi cha ukusanyaji wa taarifa za kijasusi cha polisi wa Nigeria yaani, Idara ya Ujasusi na Upelelezi wa Makosa ya Jinai.<ref>[https://www.westernpost.ng/breaking-former-igp-solomon-arase-passes-away-in-abuja/ Former IGP Solomon Arase passes away in Abuja]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Oyelakin|first=Saheed|date=2025-08-31|title=Anxiety over reports of ex-IG Arase's death|url=https://punchng.com/anxiety-over-reports-of-ex-ig-arases-death/|access-date=2025-08-31|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vanguard Newspaper|title=Jonathan sacks Suleiman Abba, appoints Arase|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/jonathan-sacks-igp-suleiman-abba-appoints-dig-solomon-arase/|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="PT2">{{cite web|last1=Nnennah|first1=Ibeh|title=Meet Nigeria's new Inspector General of Police, Solomon Arase|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/181795-meet-nigerias-new-inspector-general-of-police-solomon-arase.html|publisher=Premium Times|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] osq1xtg353tp2nul0vbmvwzstx22b6o 0 214900 1599517 1458483 2026-09-23T18:26:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2|jina=Ninochka Manoug Kupelian|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=14,11,1946|jina lingine=Lableba|kazi yake=Muigizaji|ndoa=mtalaka|picha=Lebleba, CIFF (2024).png}} '''Ninochka Manoug Kupelian ('''alizaliwa '''[[Novemba 14|Novemba 14,]] [[1946]]),''' anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii Lebleba, ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] na mburudishaji wa Misri. Yeye ni binamu wa mwigizaji wa Misri Feyrouz na mburudishaji Nelly. == Maisha na Kazi == Alizaliwa '''Cairo''' katika familia ya Waamerika. Alianza kama mwigizaji wa watoto akiiga waigizaji wengine, ikiwemo kuonekana kwenye Ukumbi wa Maigizo wa Kitaifa wa Misri uliotangazwa na Mwalimu Sadiq. Alipewa nafasi yake ya kwanza ya filamu kupitia mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu wa Misri, '''Anwar Wagdi''', na mwandishi wa filamu/tamthilia, '''Abo El Seoud El Ebiary''', katika filamu ya '''Habebti Susu'''. El Ebiary pia alichagua jina '''Lebleba''' baada ya kumwona Ninochka Kupelian ambaye alikuwa na vipaji vingi vya uigizaji, ucheshi, kucheza dansi, na kuimba. Katika miaka ya 1970, aliigiza pamoja na mwigizaji mkuu '''Salah Zulfikar''' kwenye filamu za '''Borg El-Athraa''' (1970) na '''Fi Saif Lazim Nohib''' (1974), na pamoja na mwigizaji mkuu '''Ahmed Zaki''' katika filamu ya '''Ma'ali al Wazir''' (2003). Pia aliigiza pamoja na mwigizaji mkuu '''Omar Sharif''' katika filamu ya '''Hassan and Marcus''' (2008). Katika miaka ya 1990, Lebleba alifanya kazi na mwigizaji mkuu '''Nour El-Sherif''' katika filamu ya '''Lela Sakhena''' (1995), ambapo alipokea tuzo nyingi kwa uigizaji wake.<ref>https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/2/1/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%AA-13-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%89/4613580</ref>Aliolewa na mwigizaji '''Hassan Youssef''', lakini walitalikiana, hakuwahi kuolewa tena.<ref>https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3294316</ref> == Filamu == * ''Al Beit Al Said'' * ''Kadi Gharam'' * ''Rehla Shahr Al Asal'' * ''Habibti Soo Soo'' * ''Arba3 Banat We Zabet'' * ''Borj El-Athraa'' * ''Al Nagham Al Hazeen'' * ''Al Milionair AL Mouzayaf'' * ''AL Habib AL Maghool'' * ''Agaza Bel Afia'' == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za waigizaji filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] agjpe57i95w1bkx7me4epl9xctmzbas 0 215069 1599490 1464003 2026-09-23T18:23:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marianne Mwaniki''' ni afisa mkuu mtendaji na [[:en:Banker|mfanyikazi wa benki]] ambaye ni makamu mwandamizi wa raisi wa masuala ya athari za kijamii katika shirika la [[Visa Inc.|Visa, Inc.]], kuanzia tarehe 10 Septemba mwaka wa 2018. <ref name="1R">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html|title=US payments firm Visa taps Kenyan banker for top job|accessdate=11 September 2018|date=10 September 2018|first=Brian|author=Ngugi|archivedate=10 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910231033/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html}}</ref> == Historia na elimu yake == Mwaniki alizaliwa nchini Kenya. Alisomea [[Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Alliance]], ilioko katika mji wa [[Kikuyu (mji)|Kikuyu]], [[kaunti ya Kiambu]]. Alihitimu kutoka [[London School of Economics|Shule ya London ya Uchumi]] na [[Uzamili|shahada ya uzamili]] mwaka wa 1998. <ref name="1R">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html|title=US payments firm Visa taps Kenyan banker for top job|accessdate=11 September 2018|date=10 September 2018|first=Brian|author=Ngugi|archivedate=10 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910231033/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html}}</ref> <ref name="2R">{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=11 September 2018|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mariannemwaniki/|date=11 September 2018|publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]|author=Mwaniki|first=Marianne|title=Marianne Mwaniki, Senior Vice President & Head of Social Impact, Visa Inc.}}</ref> == Taaluma == Mwaniki ana uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka 20 kwenye taaluma ya benki.Alifanya kazi katika benki ya [[:en:Standard_Chartered|Standard Chartered]] kwa kipindi cha miaka 10 kuanzia mwezi januari mwaka wa 2002 kama mkurugenzi mkuu, afisaa wa mikopo ya mtu binafsi katika benki ya [[:en:Standard_Chartered_Kenya|Standard Chartered Kenya]].Aliweza kupanda ngazi kwa miaka mingi ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwa mkuu wa mipango ya kimkakati ya rasilimali na kama meneja mkuu wa maswala endelevu. <ref name="1R">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html|title=US payments firm Visa taps Kenyan banker for top job|accessdate=11 September 2018|date=10 September 2018|first=Brian|author=Ngugi|archivedate=10 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910231033/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNgugi2018">Ngugi, Brian (10 September 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180910231033/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html "US payments firm Visa taps Kenyan banker for top job"]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Kampala. Archived from [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/markets/marketnews/US-payments-firm-Visa-taps-Kenyan-banker-for-top-job/3815534-4753090-k4uhsl/index.html the original] on 10 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2R">{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=11 September 2018|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mariannemwaniki/|date=11 September 2018|publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]|author=Mwaniki|first=Marianne|title=Marianne Mwaniki, Senior Vice President & Head of Social Impact, Visa Inc.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwaniki2018">Mwaniki, Marianne (11 September 2018). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mariannemwaniki/ "Marianne Mwaniki, Senior Vice President & Head of Social Impact, Visa Inc"]. [[Linkedin.com]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Kwa miaka miwili, kuanzia mwaka wa 2010 hadi mwaka wa 2012, alihudumu kama mkuu wa maswala endelevu na ushirikishwaji wa washikadau, akiwa katika makao makuu ya mashirika ya benki huko London. <ref name="1R" /> <ref name="2R" /> Baadhi ya majukumu yake kama makamu mkuu wa rais wa maswala ya athari za kijamii katika shirika la Visa Inc. ni kuwajibika katika mikakati ya kampuni katika maeneo ya ujumuishwaji wa kifedha, elimu kuhusu fedha, uwajibikaji wa shirika kwa jamii na miradi ya shirika ya kusaidia jamii.Katika jukumu lake jipya, yeye pia ni mkuu wa ''Wakfu wa Visa'', mojawapo ya miradi ya kampuni ya kijamii. == Mambo mengine ya kuzingatia == Marianne Mwaniki anahudumu kama [[:en:Board_of_directors|mwanachama wa bodi ya wakurugenzi]] ya ''Chama cha Wafanyabiashara cha Uingereza Kenya'' .Pia ni mwanzilishi wa ''Mtandao wa Uongozi wa Afrika''. Mwaka wa 2018, alitajwa kati ya watu 40 bora nchini Kenya walio chini ya miaka 40, na gazeti la [[:en:Business_Daily_Africa|Business Daily Africa,]] gazeti linalochapisha taarifa zake kwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] lenye makao yake jijini Nairobi-Kenya. [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Kenya]] 1e7t8qeenf9d8825f4vb4ynsagsg7vx 0 215876 1599951 1517391 2026-09-24T09:00:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inforbox Kombe la Dunia | jina = Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2014 | picha = 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (Wordmark).svg | maelezo_ya_picha = Nembo ya Kombe la Dunia 2014 | mwenyeji = [[Brazili]] | tarehe = 12 Juni – 13 Julai 2014 | idadi_ya_timu = 32 | mshindi = [[Ujerumani]] | mshindi_wa_pili = [[Argentina]] | mshindi_wa_tatu = [[Uholanzi]] }} [[File:Joseph Blatter - World Cup 2014.jpg|thumb|Kutangazwa kwa Brazili kama mwenyeji wa mashindano ya Kombe la Dunia ya 2014 mnamo 2007]] '''Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2014''' ilikuwa ni [[mashindano]] ya 20 ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]], michuano inayofanyika kila baada ya miaka minne kwa [[Timu ya taifa|timu za taifa]] za [[Mwanaume|wanaume]]. Mashindano hayo yalifanyika nchini [[Brazili]] kuanzia [[12 Juni]] hadi [[13 Julai]] [[2014]], baada ya [[nchi]] hiyo kupewa haki ya kuwa mwenyeji wa mashindano mnamo 2007. Hii ilikuwa mara ya pili kwa Brazili kuandaa mashindano hayo, mara ya kwanza ikiwa 1950, na mara ya tano kufanyika katika [[bara]] la [[Amerika Kusini]]. Timu 31 za taifa zilifuzu kupitia hatua za mchujo kujiunga na nchi mwenyeji katika mashindano (ikiwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] ndiyo timu pekee iliyoshiriki kwa mara ya kwanza). Jumla ya mechi 64 zilichezwa katika viwanja 12 vilivyoko kwenye miji 12 tofauti nchini Brazili. Kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia ya fainali za Kombe la Dunia, waamuzi walitumia teknolojia ya mstari wa goli (''goal-line technology'') pamoja na sprei maalum ya kufutika (vanishing spray) inayotumika kuweka alama kwa mipira ya adhabu ndogo (''free kicks'').<ref name="GLT">{{cite web |title=FIFA launch GLT tender for Brazil 2013/14 |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/qualityprogramme/news/newsid=2014983/index.html |work=FIFA.com |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203081321/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/qualityprogramme/news/newsid=2014983/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Fan fest Brasília.jpg|thumb|Tamasha la mashabiki wa FIFA katika mji wa Brasília]] [[Tamasha la mashabiki wa FIFA]] (''FIFA Fan Fests'') katika kila [[mji]] mwenyeji lilivutia jumla ya watu milioni 5, na nchi hiyo ilipokea wageni milioni 1 kutoka nchi 202. Hispania, waliokuwa mabingwa watetezi, walitolewa katika hatua ya makundi. Nchi mwenyeji Brazili, ambayo ilikuwa imeshinda [[Kombe la Shirikisho la FIFA]] mnamo 2013, ilifungwa na Ujerumani mabao 7–1 katika nusu fainali na hatimaye kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2014/07/em-balanco-da-copa-dilma-afirma-que-brasil-derrotou-pessimistas.html|first1=Nathalia|last1=Passarinho|first2=Filipe|last2=Matoso|title=Em balanço da Copa, Dilma diz que Brasil derrotou prognósticos 'terríveis'|date=14 July 2014|language=pt|work=G1|publisher=[[Grupo Globo]]|access-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622085349/http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2014/07/em-balanco-da-copa-dilma-afirma-que-brasil-derrotou-pessimistas.html|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Katika mchezo wa fainali, [[Ujerumani]] iliifunga [[Argentina]] bao 1–0 baada ya dakika za nyongeza, kufuatia goli la shuti lililofungwa na [[Mario Götze]] katika dakika ya 113 ya mchezo, na hivyo kushinda kombe hilo na kujihakikishia taji la dunia kwa mara ya nne.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Daniel |title=Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Götze goal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jul/13/germany-argentina-world-cup-final-2014-match-report |work=The Guardian |access-date=1 September 2024 |date=13 July 2014}}</ref> Hii ilikuwa ni mara ya kwanza kwa Ujerumani kushinda tangu kuungana kwake mnamo 1990, mwaka ambao (ikiwa kama [[Ujerumani Magharibi]]) pia ilishinda dhidi ya Argentina kwa matokeo yale yale ya 1–0 ndani ya dakika 90 katika fainali ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1990]]. Ushindi huo ulikuwa ni wa kwanza kwa Ujerumani katika mashindano makubwa tangu mashindano ya UEFA ya Mataifa ya Ulaya mnamo 1996. Hivyo Ujerumani ikawa timu ya kwanza ya Ulaya kushinda Kombe la Dunia lililofanyika katika [[Bara la Amerika]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/worldcupcentral/id/53?cc=5739|title=If the World Cup started tomorrow|work=ESPN FC|date=12 June 2013|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231220010/http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/worldcupcentral/id/53?cc=5739|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Matokeo hayo pia yalionyesha kuwa hii ilikuwa mara ya tatu mfululizo kwa timu kutoka [[Ulaya]] kushinda taji la dunia, baada ya [[Italia]] mnamo 2006 na [[Hispania]] mwaka 2010, rekodi ya kipekee iliyodumishwa na [[Ufaransa]] miaka minne baadae.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Owen|first1=David|title=Battle of the Brands: Adidas lifts the World Cup, but Nike scores most goals|url=http://www.insideworldfootball.com/world-cup/brazil-2014/15059-battle-of-the-brands-adidas-lifts-the-world-cup-but-nike-scores-the-most-goals|website=Inside World Football|date=14 July 2014|access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100855/http://www.insideworldfootball.com/world-cup/brazil-2014/15059-battle-of-the-brands-adidas-lifts-the-world-cup-but-nike-scores-the-most-goals|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Trivia>{{cite web|title=Numbers Game: All the stats from Germany's fourth World Cup triumph|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/numbers-game-stats-germanys-fourth-world-cup-triumph-1617441.html|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 July 2014|access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002101405/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/numbers-game-stats-germanys-fourth-world-cup-triumph-1617441.html|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Timu zilizoshiriki== Baada ya [[mechi]] za kufuzu zilizochezwa kati ya [[Juni]] [[2011]] na [[Novemba]] [[2013]], timu 32 zilifuzu kushiriki katika fainali za Kombe la Dunia 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking - Ranking Table - FIFA.com|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/rank=239/index.html|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=2025-10-14|language=en-GB|author=FIFA.com|archive-date=2014-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107005059/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/rank=239/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kati ya timu hizo, ishirini na nne zilikuwa zimerudi kushiriki baada ya kuwa sehemu ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 2010|Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2010]]. Bosnia na Herzegovina ndiyo timu pekee iliyokuwa ikishiriki kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia ya mashindano ya Kombe la Dunia.<ref>{{Citation|last=FIFA.com|title=1 day to go|date=2014-06-10|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=1-day-to-go-2363325.html|work=FIFA.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-10-14|archive-date=2018-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070102/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=1-day-to-go-2363325.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Colombia|Kolombia]] ilifuzu baada ya kukosa mashindano hayo kwa miaka 16, huku [[Ubelgiji]] na [[Urusi]] zikirudi baada ya kukosekana kwa miaka 12. [[Paraguay]] haikufanikiwa kufuzu kwa mara ya kwanza tangu mwaka 1994. Aidha, hili lilikuwa Kombe la Dunia la kwanza katika kipindi cha miaka 32 bila kuwa na mwakilishi yeyote kutoka nchi za [[Kaskazini]] mwa Ulaya (Nordic countries). [[Irani|Iran]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Ecuador]], na [[Croatia]] zilirudi kushiriki baada ya kukosa nafasi mwaka 2010. Timu iliyokuwa na nafasi ya juu zaidi katika viwango vya [[FIFA]] lakini haikufuzu ilikuwa [[Ukraini]] (iliyokuwa nafasi ya 16), ilhali timu iliyokuwa na nafasi ya chini zaidi iliyo fanikiwa kufuzu ilikuwa [[Australia]] (iliyokuwa nafasi ya 62).<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- ! colspan="4" |Timu zilizoorodheshwa kushiriki mashindano kulingana na viwango vya FIFA mnamo Juni 2014.<ref name=":0" /> |- ! !! Nchi !! Shirikisho !! Nafasi |- | 1 || {{ESP}} || UEFA || align="center" | 1 |- | 2 || {{GER}} || UEFA || align="center" | 2 |- | 3 || {{BRA}} (mwenyeji)|| CONMEBOL || align="center" | 3 |- | 4 || {{POR}} || UEFA || align="center" | 4 |- | 5 || {{ARG}} || CONMEBOL || align="center" | 5 |- | 6 || {{SUI}} || UEFA || align="center" | 6 |- | 7 || {{URU}} || CONMEBOL || align="center" | 7 |- | 8 || {{COL}} || CONMEBOL || align="center" | 8 |- | 9 || {{ITA}} || UEFA || align="center" | 9 |- | 10 || {{ENG}} || UEFA || align="center" | 10 |- | 11 || {{BEL}} || UEFA || align="center" | 11 |- | 12 || {{GRE}} || UEFA || align="center" | 12 |- | 13 || {{USA}} || CONCACAF || align="center" | 13 |- | 14 || {{CHI}} || CONMEBOL || align="center" | 14 |- | 15 || {{NED}} || UEFA || align="center" | 15 |- | 16 || {{FRA}}|| UEFA || align="center" | 17 |- | 17 || {{CRO}} || UEFA || align="center" | 18 |- | 18 || {{RUS}} || UEFA || align="center" | 19 |- | 19 || {{MEX}}|| CONCACAF || align="center" | 20 |- | 20 || {{BIH}} || UEFA || align="center" | 21 |- | 21 || {{ALG}} || CAF || align="center" | 22 |- | 22 || {{CIV}} || CAF || align="center" | 23 |- | 23 || {{ECU}} || CONMEBOL || align="center" | 26 |- | 24 || {{CRC}} || CONCACAF || align="center" | 28 |- | 25 || {{HON}} || CONCACAF || align="center" | 33 |- | 26 || {{GHA}} || CAF || align="center" | 37 |- | 27 || {{IRN}} || AFC || align="center" | 43 |- | 28 || {{NGA}} || CAF || align="center" | 44 |- | 29 || {{JPN}} || AFC || align="center" | 46 |- | 30 || {{CMR}} || CAF || align="center" | 56 |- | 31 || {{KOR}} || AFC || align="center" | 57 |- | 32 || {{AUS}} || AFC || align="center" | 62 |} == Waamuzi (Marefa) == Mnamo Machi 2013, [[FIFA]] ilichapisha orodha ya [[refa|waamuzi]] 52 waliotakiwa kushiriki katika maamuzi ya mshindano, ambapo kila mmoja aliunganishwa na wamuuzi wasaidizi wawili kulingana na uraia wao, kutoka katika mashirikisho yote sita ya [[mpira wa miguu]] duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=1/news=referee-trios-and-eight-support-duos-representing-different-countries-ap-2261111.html|title=Referee trios and support duos appointed for 2014 FIFA World Cup|work=FIFA.com|date=15 January 2014|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022232130/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=1/news=referee-trios-and-eight-support-duos-representing-different-countries-ap-2261111.html|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/26/13/55/2014fwcrefereesselected_neutral.pdf|title=Referees & assistant referees for the 2014 FIFA World Cup|work=FIFA.com|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528064654/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/26/13/55/2014fwcrefereesselected_neutral.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Yuichi Nishimura]] kutoka shirikisho la mpira wa miguu nchini [[Japani]] alikuwa mwamuzi wa mechi ya ufunguzi, na [[Nicola Rizzoli]] kutoka shirikisho la mpira wa miguu nchini Italia alikuwa mwamuzi wa mechi ya [[fainali]].<ref name="Matches 1-4">{{cite web|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/36/68/33/140610_1-4_neutral.pdf|title=Referee designations for matches 1–4|date=10 June 2014|work=fifa.com|access-date=19 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630021209/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/36/68/33/140610_1-4_neutral.pdf|archive-date=30 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=255959/match=300186501/report.html|title=2014 FIFA World Cup - Matches |work=FIFA.com|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212234249/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=255959/match=300186501/report.html|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Makundi == Timu 32 zilizoshiriki ziligawanywa katika makundi manane. {|class="wikitable" |- !width=25%|Kundi A !width=25%|Kundi B !width=25%|Kundi C !width=25%|Kundi D |- |{{BRA}} |{{ESP}} |{{COL}} |{{URU}} |- |{{CRO}} |{{NED}} |{{GRE}} |{{CRI}} |- |{{MEX}} |{{CHI}} |{{CIV}} |{{ENG}} |- |{{CMR}} |{{AUS}} |{{JPN}} |{{ITA}} |- !width=25%|Kundi E !width=25%|Kundi F !width=25%|Kundi G !width=25%|Kundi H |- |{{SUI}} |{{ARG}} |{{GER}} |{{BEL}} |- |{{ECU}} |{{BIH}} |{{POR}} |{{ALG}} |- |{{FRA}} |{{IRN}} |{{GHA}} |{{RUS}} |- |{{HON}} |{{NGA}} |{{USA}} |{{KOR}} |} == Viwanja == Viwanja 12 (saba vipya na vitano vilivyokarabatiwa) katika miji 12 vilichaguliwa kwa ajili ya mashindano hayo. Viwanja hivyo vilihusisha maeneo yote ya miji mikubwa nchini Brazili kwa uwiano bora zaidi wa uenyeji ikilinganishwa na mashindano ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1950]] yaliyofanyika nchini humo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/platb/memoriaec/2009/05/31/sedes-da-copa-de-1950-voltam-no-mundial-de-2014/ |title=Host cities in 1950 FIFA World Cup |publisher=Colunas.globoesporte.com |access-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820130504/http://globoesporte.globo.com/platb/memoriaec/2009/05/31/sedes-da-copa-de-1950-voltam-no-mundial-de-2014/ |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ![[Rio de Janeiro]] ![[Brasília]] ![[São Paulo]] ![[Fortaleza]] |- |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Maracanã]] |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Mané Garrincha|Uwanja wa Taifa Mané Garrincha]] |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Corinthians]] <br />'''{{small|(Uwanja wa michezo wa São Paulo)}}''' |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Castelão]] |- |Uwezo: '''78,838'''<ref name="fifa_venues">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=214/index.html |title=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Venues |work=FIFA.com |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516061226/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=214/index.html |archive-date=16 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Uwezo: '''72,788'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |Uwezo: '''63,321'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |Uwezo: '''60,348'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |- |[[File:Maracana 2022.jpg|200x200px]] |[[File:Brasilia aerea estadio nacional.jpg|200x200px]] |[[File:ARENA CORINTHIANS.jpg|200x200px]] |[[File:Fortaleza Arena on March 2014..jpg|200x200px]] |- ![[Belo Horizonte]] | colspan="2" rowspan="8" | {{location map+|Brazil|float=center|width=420|caption=Ramani ya Brazili ikionesha miji iliyochezwa Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2014.|places={{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-19.5157 |long=-43.5815 |label=[[Belo Horizonte]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-16.00 |long=-47.60 |label=[[Brasília]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-3.807267 |long=-38.522481 |label=[[Fortaleza]] |position=left }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-30.060420 |long=-51.213338 |label=[[Porto&nbsp;Alegre]] |position=right }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-23.600112 |long=-46.720227 |label=[[São Paulo]] |position=left }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-22.548118 |long=-43.1348 |label=[[Rio de Janeiro]] |position=bottom }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-12.919164 |long=-38.427078 |label=[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] |position=right }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-5.826805479769213|long=-35.21234619883257|label=[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]] |position=left }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-15.35 |long=-56.05 |label=[[Cuiabá]] |position=right }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-25.25 |long=-49.15 |label=[[Curitiba]] |position=bottom}} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-3.06 |long=-60.01 |label=[[Manaus]] |position=right }} {{location map~ |Brazil |lat=-8.03 |long=-35.00 |label=[[Recife]] |position=left }}}} ![[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] |- |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Mineirão]] |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Fonte Nova]] |- |Uwezo: '''62,160'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |Uwezo: '''51,708'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |- |[[File:Mineirão_(Top_View).jpg|200px]] |[[File:Aerea Fontenova.jpg|200px]] |- ![[Porto Alegre]] ![[Recife]] |- |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Beira-Rio]] |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Pernambuco]] |- |Uwezo: '''51,000'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |Uwezo: '''45,440'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |- |[[File:Vista_Aérea_Beira-Rio.jpg|200px]] |[[File:Arena Pernambuco Recife.jpg|200x200px]] |- ![[Cuiabá]] ![[Manaus]] ![[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]] ![[Curitiba]] |- |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Pantanal]] |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Amazônia]] |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Dunas]] |[[Uwanja wa michezo wa Baixada]] |- |Uwezo: '''42,788'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |Uwezo: '''44,300'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |Uwezo: '''42,000'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |Uwezo: '''42,000'''<ref name="fifa_venues"/> |- |[[File:Cuiaba Arena.jpg|200px]] |[[File:Arena da Amazônia (Aerial View).jpg|200px]] |[[File:Natal, Brazil - Arena das Dunas.jpg|200x200px]] |[[File:Arena Baixada.jpg|200x200px]] |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{KDF}} [[Jamii: Wiki Loves Sports 2025]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa Miguu]] [[Jamii:FIFA]] [[Jamii:Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] ap8y6m285rn7ywszkbjlegp9axdhi49 0 216272 1599952 1464188 2026-09-24T09:00:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inforbox Kombe la Dunia | jina = Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1934 | picha = 1934_FIFA_World_Cup.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Nembo ya Kombe la Dunia 1934 | mwenyeji = [[Italia]] | tarehe = 27 Mei – 10 Juni 1934 | idadi_ya_timu = 16 | mshindi = [[Italia]] | mshindi_wa_pili = [[Chekoslovakia]] | mshindi_wa_tatu = [[Ujerumani]] }} '''Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 1934''' lilifanyika nchini [[Italia]] kuanzia tarehe 27 Mei hadi 10 Juni 1934. Haya yalikuwa mashindano ya pili ya Kombe la Dunia baada ya mwaka wa 1930. Kadhaalika ndiyo ulikuwa mchuano wa kwanza kuhitaji timu zote kushiriki katika mchujo wa awali kabla ya kufika mashindano makuu. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/italy1934/ |title=FIFA World Cup Italy 1934 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=21 October 2025 |archive-date=2020-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616235706/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/italy1934/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Historia == Mashindano ya 1934 yalihusisha timu 16 zilizoshinda hatua za mchujo. Italia, kama mwenyeji, pia ilishiriki hatua ya mchujo, tofauti na mwelekeo wa baadaye wa mashindano ambapo mwenyeji hakuwa na mchujo wa awali. <ref>{{cite book |last=Goldblatt |first=David |title=The Ball is Round: A Global History of Soccer |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=310}}</ref> == Fainali == Fainali ilichezwa kati ya [[Italia]] na [[Chekoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] katika jiji la [[Roma]]. Italia ilishinda 2–1 baada ya muda wa nyongeza na kutwaa kombe la kwanza la Dunia. <ref>{{cite news |title=Italy triumph in Rome |newspaper=La Gazzetta dello Sport |date=10 June 1934}}</ref> == Matokeo ya jumla == Timu zilizofika hatua za juu ni: * Mshindi: [[Italia]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/italy1934/ |title=FIFA World Cup Italy 1934 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2025-10-21 |archive-date=2020-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616235706/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/italy1934/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mshindi wa pili: [[Czechoslovakia]] * Mshindi wa tatu: [[Ujerumani]] == Viwanja == Mashindano yalifanyika kwenye viwanja sita miji ya Italia, ikiwemo [[Rome]] na [[Milan]]. <ref>{{cite book |last=Goldblatt |first=David |title=The Ball is Round: A Global History of Soccer |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=312}}</ref> == Mchezaji bora == [[Oldřich Nejedlý]] wa [[Czechoslovakia]] alikuwa mfungaji bora wa mashindano haya, akiwa na mabao 5. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/italy1934/statistics/players/ |title=Top Scorers Italy 1934 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Wiki Loves Sports 2025]] {{KDF}} {{mbegu-michezo}} 00bjyg5skpue43aygwr8o3zwnbjzqsz 0 216273 1599953 1472305 2026-09-24T09:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inforbox Kombe la Dunia|jina=Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1938|picha=1938 FIFA World Cup.svg|maelezo_ya_picha=Nembo ya Kombe la Dunia 1938|mwenyeji=[[Ufaransa]]|tarehe=4 – 19 Juni 1938|idadi_ya_timu=15|mshindi=[[Italia]]|mshindi_wa_pili=[[Hungaria]]|mshindi_wa_tatu=[[Brazil]]}} '''Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1938''' lilifanyika nchini [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia tarehe 4 hadi 19 Juni 1938. Yalikuwa mashindano ya tatu ya Kombe la Dunia, na Italia iliibuka kama bingwa mara ya pili mfululizo baada ya kushinda pia mwaka wa 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/france1938/|title=FIFA World Cup France 1938|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=21 October 2025|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617052124/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/france1938/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Historia == Mashindano ya 1938 yalihusisha timu 15, baada ya wawakilishi wa [[Autrichia]] kutoshiriki kutokana na kuunganishwa na [[Ujerumani]]. Huu ulikuwa Kombe la Dunia la mwisho kabla ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, ikileta mzunguko wa mashindano mapya hadi 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ball is Round: A Global History of Soccer|last=Goldblatt|first=David|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|page=315}}</ref> == Fainali == Fainali ilichezwa kati ya [[Italia]] na [[Hungaria]] huko jijini [[Paris]]. Italia ilishinda 4–2 na hivyo kutwaa kombe la pili mfululizo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Italy retain World Cup|newspaper=La Gazzetta dello Sport|date=19 June 1938}}</ref> == Matokeo ya jumla == Timu zilizofika hatua za juu ni: * Mshindi: [[Italia]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/france1938/|title=FIFA World Cup France 1938|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=2025-10-21|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617052124/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/france1938/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mshindi wa pili: [[Uhungary]] * Mshindi wa tatu: [[Brazil]] == Viwanja == Mashindano yalifanyika kwenye viwanja sita miji ya Ufaransa, ikiwemo [[Paris]], [[Marseille]], na [[Lyon]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ball is Round: A Global History of Soccer|last=Goldblatt|first=David|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|page=318}}</ref> == Mchezaji bora == [[Leônidas da Silva]] wa [[Brazil]] alijulikana kama mchezaji mmoja wa nyota wa mashindano haya kutokana na ufanisi wake wa kufunga mabao.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/france1938/statistics/players/|title=Top Players France 1938|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{KDF}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Wiki Loves Sports 2025]] lgg8k28zf1j48iqajxgkfcqj8n8x1si 0 216478 1599297 1465004 2026-09-23T12:38:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''E.K.M. Dido''' (anafahamika kama [[Dido]] tu: alizaliwa [[1951]]) ni mwandishi kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa kitabu chake cha kwanza Die storie van Monica Peters (1996), alikua [[mwanamke]] mweusi wa kwanza kuchapisha riwaya kwa lugha ya [[Kiafrikana]] (Afrikaans). == maisha ya elimu na awali == E.K.M. Dido alizaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1951]] mjini Tsomo, Afrika Kusini.<ref name=":0">https://www.nb.co.za/en/authors?authorId=725</ref><ref>https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/participant/ekm-dido {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":1">https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC109828</ref>Alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa kwanza wa kike katika [[familia]] ya [[watoto]] 12<ref>https://oulitnet.co.za/mond/ekmdido.asp</ref>. Dido anaeleza kuwa wazazi wake walikuwa na rangi mchanganyiko,<ref name=":1" /> <ref>https://oulitnet.co.za/mond/ekmdido.asp</ref>na alikulia akizungumza Kiafrikana kwa kubadilishana na Kixhosa. Pia anafahamu Kiingereza kwa ufasaha. Dido alisoma katika shule ya [[bweni]] ya Kikatoliki iliyopo [[Cradock]]. Baadaye alijiunga na mafunzo ya uuguzi na hatimaye kupata shahada ya uuguzi katika usimamizi wa uuguzi, Guzzi wa jamii, na elimu ya uuguzi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini (UNISA). Alipata makazi yake mjini [[Cape Town]] mwaka [[1972]].<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] hma70x3hlv97ovxnb5v8f70s2rjboxg 3 218201 1599328 1599094 2026-09-23T14:23:02Z Ally0111 85292 /* Gofu */ Jibu 1599328 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ==Vyanzo== Ndugu, hongera kwa juhudi zako, ila naomba upitie makala zako jinsi zilivyorekebishwa ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Hasa usiache makala bila vyanzo, walau kimoja! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:58, 23 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :nashukuru kwa hilo nimetambua asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:07, 24 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ::Mbona unaendelea vilevile? Pitia mabadiliko ya karibuni! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:24, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) :::sawa nimeona nashukuru '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:44, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) :::Vipi, badala ya kujifunza, unapinga mabadiliko yetu viongozi? Huoni hiyo link imeshakufa? Unafikiri nimeiondoa bure? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) ::::tayari nimejifunza nimebadili '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:53, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Viungo vya nje == Habari ndugu, Hongera sana kwa michango yako katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, hakika unafanya kazi nzuri ijapokua kuna vitu vichache ukiongeza makala zako zitakua bora zaidi. Mojawapo ya kitu cha kuboresha ni kuongeza viungo vya nje nikimaanisha kwamba baada ya kumaliza kuchapisha makala bonyeza mahali palipoandikwa ongeza viungo halafu baada ya hapo utaweka kiungo enwiki kama umetafsiri makala kutoka Wikipedia ya Kingereza. Kazi ya viungo hivi inakua inaoanisha makala moja zilizoandikwa katika lugha tofauti tofauti. Tafadhali usisite kunitafuta ili nikupatie maelekezo zaidi kama hujaelew. Asante, '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 07:08, 15 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Maboresho zaidi == Habari ndugu, Hongera kwa juhudi zako za kuvutia katika kuchangia maudhui kwenye Wikipedia yetu ya Kiswahili. Unafanya kazi nzuri sana kama mchangiaji mpya mwenye juhudi sana. Ila jitahidi kufanya maboresho ya kutosha baada ya kutumia Translation tool, ili kuondoa shaka ya kuonekana kama makala nzima imeandikwa kwa tafrisi ya Kompyuta, kitu ambacho kinashusha sifa ya makala hiyo kuwepo Wikipedia. Kila la kheri '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:52, 26 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Pitia maboresho == Ndugu, hongera kwa juhudi zako, ila naomba upitie makala zako jinsi zilivyorekebishwa ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 12:07, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Asante nimeona marekebisho yako nitayafanyia kazi kwa makala zinazofuata '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:23, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:12, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Makala Bora == Ndugu hongera kwa uandishi wa makala za wikipedia ya kiswahili, Lakini katika makala zako za ivi karibuni zinachangamoto nyingi hasa makala za sayansi unazoandika, Kumbuka atuandiki makala tu ili ziwe nyingi kwa haraka na kuonekana wachangiaji bora, tunaandika ili na wengine watakaosoma wapate uelewa, na ninatambua kua unatumia tafsiri ya kompyuta kuunda makala mfano [[Samuel Paul Welles]], si vibaya endapo utahakikisha makala yako inasomeka na msomaji mwingine akaielewa. Ivyo napendekeza utafsiri makala unazoweza kuelewa kiswahili chake. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 03:52, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] Ni kweli. Kuandika makala za sayansi kama hujafanya utafiti hata wa awali, hutoboi. Nimesaidia kuipunguza ukakasi wake. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 05:01, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Nimekuelewa ila baadhi ya maneno nilikosa kabisa tafsiri zake baada ya kuyafatilia .Nilijaribu baadhi kuyaandika kwa kirefu (kimaana) na baadhi nimajina ya wanyama mfano dinosauri ambayo sikupata majina yao ya kiswahili.Ila nimesimama kutafsiri haya makala kwasasa juu ya icho nilichokiona nashukuru kwa utambuzi asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:07, 21 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Kura juu ya visual editor kwa miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{BASEPAGENAME}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana.--[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:12, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Makala fupi zisizokua na maana == Habari ndugu, Hongera kwa juhudi za kuandika makala kwenye wikipedia ya kiswahili, lakini kuna tatizo kwenye makala zako, unaandika makala zisizokua na maana mfano Msomaji wa kiswahili akisoma makala kama hii [[Sun Guangxin]] inamsaidia nini? Maana yangu ni kwamba makala zako ni fupi kupita malezo na hazileti maana yoyote, Kuna pendekezo la kukufungia kutoka kwa Mchangiaji mmoja, ndipo nilipoamua kupitia makala zako kuona unachoandika, kama autajirekebisha basi sitakua na budi ya kukufungia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 08:03, 5 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ==Kupitia masahihisho== Ndugu, nakupa hongera kwa kuendelea kwa bidii, ila naomba upitie masahihisho yangu ili ujifunze zaidi nami nisipoteze muda mwingi kurekebisha yaleyale... Nitoe mfano mmoja tu: mwanzoni, karibu na jina, tunapoweka mabano hatuandiki kwamba alizaliwa na alifariki, ila tunaweza tarehe zake tu. Pia pengine katika jamii unaweza "mfanyabiashara wa Kanada", kumbe alizaliwa huko, lakini makala inasema ni raia wa Uingereza au Marekani... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:34, 28 Agosti 2026 (UTC) :Ndugu, nakushukuru kwa kutaka kufuata maelekezo hayo, ila hukunielewa vizuri: hatuandiki kwamba alizaliwa na alifariki ikiwa amefariki dunia tayari. Kama hajafariki, tunaandika "alizaliwa" lini kwa sababu hakuna tarehe nyingine mbele, hivyo ile ya kuzaliwa ingeweza kudhaniwa ni ya kufa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:33, 29 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, tafadhali, endelea kupitia masahihisho, kama yale ya mwisho niliyoyafanyia makala zako kuhusu wachezaji mpira. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:58, 11 Septemba 2026 (UTC) :::sawa napitia kiongozi. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 11 Septemba 2026 (UTC) ::::Ingawa una haraka sana, nakuomba uweke viungo vya interwiki ili makala zako ziunganishwe na zile zinazofanana za lugha nyingine. Nadhani unajua la kufanya, ila haraka inakufanya upuuzie jambo hilo muhimu. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:21, 21 Septemba 2026 (UTC) ==Gofu== Ndugu, naona unaendelea vizuri, lakini <nowiki>[[gofu]]</nowiki> inarejelea maghofu. Kama ni mchezo, weka <nowiki>[[gofu (mchezo)|gofu]]</nowiki>. Asante sana na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:19, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) :sawa ndugu nimerekebisha zote kwanzia mwanzo asante kwa marekebisho hayo aman kwako pia '''[[Mtumiaji:Ally0111|Ally0111]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ally0111#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:23, 23 Septemba 2026 (UTC) gfgp23ejpduqwin1mmy34rz75qqf6y3 0 218260 1599491 1474114 2026-09-23T18:23:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chandra Russell''' ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa uigizaji wake katika [[tamthilia]] ya [[vichekesho]] inayojulikana kama [[South Side]]. == Maisha na kazi == Russell alizaliwa na kukulia upande wa Kusini wa [[Chicago]].<ref name=":0">"Weaves, Wigs & Edges: South Side Writer and Star Chandra Russell Tells Us Why Baby Hairs Are a Waste of Time." ''The Root''. 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2025-01-23</ref> Alisoma katika [[Elimu ya sekondari|Shule ya Sekondari]] ya [[Lincoln Park, Michigan|Lincoln Park]].<ref name=":1">"The Chicago roots of the creative team behind Comedy Central's 'South Side'" ''Chicago Tribune'' 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2025-01-23.</ref> Ingawa awali alitaka kujikita katika uigizaji, aliwahi kusema kuwa ''vichekesho vilinijia kwa urahisi kwa sababu Chicago ni mji wenye ucheshi wa asili; kila mtu huko Chicago anaamini yeye ndiye mtu mcheshi zaidi kuwahi kukutana naye.'' <ref>"'South Side' Actor Chandra Russell On Why Black Women Are The Funniest People Alive." ''HuffPost''. 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2025-01-23.</ref>Russell alipata mafunzo ya uigizaji katika Shule ya [[Sanaa]] ya Tisch, [[Chuo Kikuu cha New York]].<ref name=":0" /> Aliigiza katika [[filamu]] ya mwaka [[2024]], ''All Happy Families'', iliyoongozwa na Haroula Rose na kurekodiwa mjini Chicago. Kwa sasa anaendeleza mradi mpya wa vichekesho pamoja na washirika wake wa uandishi wa ''Downtown Girls''.<ref>Tinubu, Aramide (2019-08-28). "Chandra Russell Is Here To Set You Straight: Exclusive." ''StyleCaster''. Retrieved 2025-01-23.</ref> Russell anaishi [[Los Angeles]] pamoja na [[mume]] wake na [[Mtoto|watoto]] wao.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 51blopk6agchcwuc0qh7wvoh6gnwle7 0 218636 1599371 1476092 2026-09-23T15:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599371 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Errol Kennedy''' (alizaliwa [[Montego Bay]], [[Jamaika]], [[9 Juni]] [[1953]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Jamaika]]-[[Uingereza]]: mpiga ngoma, mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji na mwanachama halisi wa bendi ya Uingereza ya soul, funk na pop Imagination. Kennedy alijifunza kucheza ngoma katika umri mdogo. Kabla ya kuasisi bendi ya Uingereza ya vipande vitatu vya soul, pop na funk Imagination akiwa na Ashley Ingram na Leee John huko London mapema [[1981]], alikuwa mshiriki katika [[bendi]] nyingine mbili za soul-funk, Midnight Express na TFB/Central Line (Typical Funk Band). == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.imaginationband.com/ Tovuti Rasmi ya Mawazo na www.imaginationband.com - Errol Kennedy] * [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/imagination-mn0000078255 "Wasifu wa Andy Kellman"] . allmusic.com. Ilipatikana Januari 11, 2013. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170915221920/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/22c68616-1c32-4888-a6c4-df818cc58b2b Muziki BBC] - bbc.co.uk, Ilipatikana Januari 11, 2013. * [http://www.denbighshirevisitor.com/leisure/entertainment-news/2010/01/27/errol-kennedy-uses-his-imagination-at-rhyl-pavilion-105722-25688192/ Habari za Burudani za Denbighshire] . denbighshirevisitor.com. Ilipatikana Januari 11, 2013. * [https://archive.today/20130420170028/http://www.edp24.co.uk/what-s-on/imagination_man_errol_s_local_date_1_470241 Edp24 Kinachoendelea] . edp24.co.uk. Ilipatikana Januari 11, 2013. [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] mm0ymjsee6s5yh1e9uhn0pg8vrxqkoo 0 219190 1600101 1477457 2026-09-24T11:46:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Leonard Farmer Mkubwa''' (Juni 12, 1886 - Mei 14, 1961), anayejulikana kama '''J. Leonard Farmer,''' alikuwa mwandishi, mwanatheolojia, na mwalimu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mchungaji katika Kanisa la Methodist Episcopal, Kusini na msomi katika historia ya kidini ya awali pamoja na theolojia. == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == James Leonard Farmer alikuwa mwana wa wafanyakazi wa shambani na watumwa wa zamani kutoka Kingstree, South Carolina. Baba yake alikuwa Carolina na mama yake Lorena (Wilson) Farmer. Baada ya masomo machache huko [[Georgia]] na [[Florida]], Farmer alipata udhamini wa masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Boston. Alipata shahada yake ya kwanza, [[Uzamili|shahada ya uzamili]] ya theolojia, na shahada ya uzamili ya udaktari katika taasisi hii. <ref name="aareg">[http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/james-farmer-sr-born "James Farmer Sr. Born"], African American Registry</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 305gm72jc28xwz1j0le8522rfhihtvh 0 219662 1599633 1478982 2026-09-23T18:57:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celestics''' ni kundi la [[Muziki wa hip hop|hip hop]] la Kanada kutoka Montreal. Walioanzishwa mwaka wa 2011, kundi hili linaundwa na ndugu wawili, rapa Lou Phelps na mtayarishaji/DJ Kaytranada. Mradi wao wa kwanza wa studio, unaoitwa ''Massively Massive'', ulitolewa kwa uhuru mwaka wa 2011. The Celestics walitoa mradi wao wa pili, unaoitwa ''Supreme Laziness'', mnamo Mei 20, 2014. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/premiere-the-celestics-supreme-laziness/|title=Premiere: Experience 'Supreme Laziness' With The Celestics|date=20 May 2014|publisher=[[Vice Media|Noisey]] May 20, 2014|accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> == Kazi == === 2011–2014: Mwanzo wa Mapema === Wacelestics walianza kama Louie P. na Kaytradamus. Walitoa mradi wao wa kwanza kwa uhuru ulioitwa ''Massively Massive'' kupitia BandCamp mnamo 2011. === 2014–sasa: Uvivu wa Juu na 001: Majaribio === Mnamo Mei 20, 2014 wawili hao walitoa mradi wao wa pili ulioitwa ''Supreme Laziness''. Mradi huo uliwashirikisha wageni kutoka GoldLink, Dudley Doo, Nana Zen, Costa Joe & ST <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2014/05/kaytranada-the-celestics|title=Kaytranada and His Brother Release Free Mixtape as The Celestics|publisher=Okayplayer May 21, 2014|accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thefader.com/2014/09/13/stream-the-celestics-feat-waldo-173-kaytranada|title=Hear a New Cut from Kaytranada and Rapper Louie P as The Celestics|publisher=Okayplayer September 13, 2014|accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 20, 2017, Lou Phelps alitoa mradi wake wa kwanza wa peke yake ulioitwa ''001: Majaribio'' - mradi huo ulitayarishwa kikamilifu na Kaytranada. Mradi huo uliwashirikisha wageni waliohudhuria Askofu Nehru, Innanet James na Kallitechnis. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] e3b5m3d8lhv2kmsa36cam0iezmlke5n 0 220155 1599793 1480293 2026-09-24T03:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599793 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[picha:Jordin Sparks by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Jordin Sparks]] '''Jordin Brianna Sparks''' (alizaliwa Desemba 22, 1989) <ref name="AllMusic">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jordin-sparks-p890223/biography|title=Jordin Sparks|publisher=[[AllMusic.com]] ([[Rovi Corporation]])|first=Heather|author=Phares|accessdate=January 10, 2011}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] na mwigizaji wa [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu mwaka wa 2007 baada ya kushinda msimu wa sita wa ''American Idol'' akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, na kuwa mshindi mdogo zaidi katika historia ya mfululizo huo. Albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio iliyopewa jina la kibinafsi ya 2007 ilipata mafanikio makubwa ya kibiashara; ilishika namba kumi kwenye [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikapokea platinamu na Chama cha Viwanda vya Kurekodi cha Amerika (RIAA) na kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni mbili duniani kote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Parker|first=Lyndsey|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/reality-rocks/does-winning-american-idol-even-matter-anymore.html|title=Does Winning 'American Idol' Even Matter Anymore?|work=[[Yahoo! Music]]|publisher=[[Yahoo!]] Inc|date=November 24, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206231323/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/reality-rocks/does-winning-american-idol-even-matter-anymore.html|archivedate=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Albamu hiyo iliungwa mkono na [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] - nyimbo kumi bora " Tattoo " na " No Air " (na [[Chris Brown (mwimbaji)|Chris Brown]] ) - wimbo wa mwisho ulipata [[Grammy Awards|Tuzo ya Grammy]] kama wimbo bora wa kushirikishwa wa Pop na Sauti na unabaki kuwa wimbo wa tatu uliofanya mauzo makubwa zaidi kama mshiriki wa ''American Idol'' - huku nakala milioni tatu za kidijitali zikiuzwa nchini Marekani. <ref name="Grein">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Grein|first=Paul|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/41816/week-ending-oct-11-2009-oprah-saves-the-music-industry/|title=Week Ending Oct. 11, 2009: Oprah Saves The Music Industry|work=Yahoo! Music|publisher=Yahoo! Inc|date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=January 8, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110144700/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/41816/week-ending-oct-11-2009-oprah-saves-the-music-industry/|archivedate=November 10, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/jordin-sparks|title=Jordin Sparks|date=March 17, 2014|work=GRAMMY.com|language=en|accessdate=January 7, 2019}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Albamu ya pili ya studio ya Sparks, ''[[:en:Battlefield_(album)|Battlefield]]'' (2009) ilianza kushika nafasi ya saba kwenye ''Billboard'' 200. Wimbo wake wa same name [[:en:Battlefield_(song)|lead single of the same name]] ulifikia nambari kumi kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na kumfanya Sparks kuwa mshiriki pekee wa ''American Idol'' kuwa na kilele cha nyimbo tano za kwanza kati ya 20 bora kwenye chati. Baada ya kutokuwepo kwenye muziki kwa miaka mitano, alisaini mkataba na lebo ya rekodi ya Salaam Remi ya Louder Than Life, chapa ya Sony Music ili kutoa [[Kandamseto|mixtape]] yake ya kwanza, ''#ByeFelicia'' (2014). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/jordin-sparks|title=Jordin Sparks|date=March 17, 2014|work=GRAMMY.com|language=en|accessdate=January 7, 2019}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Albamu yake ya tatu ya studio, ''Right Here Right Now'' (2015), ilipata sifa kubwa licha ya kushuka kwa kasi katika mauzo. Albamu ya nne ya Sparks ''ya Cider & Hennessy'' ilitolewa mwaka wa 2020. Albamu yake ya tano, ''No Restrictions'', ilifuata mwaka wa 2024. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Articles with hCards]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} 9ycmelhevvzm3wnsszfocn6psamr1tx 0 220625 1600014 1517799 2026-09-24T10:03:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Landi Swanepoel''' (alizaliwa [[8 Oktoba]], [[1979]], mjini [[Cape Town]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kushiriki katika kampeni za matangazo za Guess?, lakini heshima yake kubwa zaidi ilikuwa kuchaguliwa kuigiza mhusika “Sylvia” katika tangazo la bia ya Peroni Nastro Azzurro, lililotoa heshima kwa filamu ya La Dolce Vita ya Federico Fellini. Nafasi hiyo awali iliigizwa na Anita Ekberg. Swanepoel aligunduliwa kama mwanamitindo alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nne akinunua pamoja na mama yake. Pia amewahi kuonekana katika matangazo ya Chanel na Land Rover, na aliwahi kuonekana kwenye jalada la jarida la FHM. Swanepoel pia ameonekana katika toleo la Afrika Kusini la Sports Illustrated pamoja na kitabu ''A Second Decade of Guess? Images''. Amefananishwa na Brigitte Bardot wa ujana wake. Aidha, alionekana katika toleo la Februari 2009 la Swimsuit Issue la jarida la Maxim.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Maxim's Swimsuit Issue Features Not One, But Two Hot Covers|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2009/01/14/maxims-swimsuit-issue-features-hot-covers/|work=www.foxnews.com|date=2009-01-14|accessdate=2026-01-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111411/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2009/01/14/maxims-swimsuit-issue-features-hot-covers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Afrika Kusini]] sb2lk3pdv8vej11ve4zgxeg5fo0apfn 0 220686 1599634 1518104 2026-09-23T18:57:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leïla Jaffel''' (Kiarabu: ليلى جفال; alizaliwa [[29 Agosti]] [[1960]]) ni hakimu na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Tunisia anayehudumu kama [[Waziri]] wa Haki tangu Oktoba 2021 katika serikali iliyoongozwa na Najla Bouden na baadaye Ahmed Hachani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Membres du gouvernement|url=http://fr.tunisie.gov.tn/membre-de-gouvernement/126/3-jaffel.htm|work=fr.tunisie.gov.tn|accessdate=2026-01-21|language=fr}}</ref> Awali, alikuwa Waziri wa Ardhi na Masuala ya Hali za Hukumati katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Mechichi kutoka Septemba 2020 hadi Februari 2021. == Wasifu == Jaffel ni hakimu mwenye uzoefu wa miaka mingi. Amehudumu kama Rais wa Kwanza wa Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Nabeul, Rais wa Mahakama ya Kwanza ya Grombalia, Rais wa Idara ya Jinai ya Mahakama ya Kwanza ya Nabeul, na Mshauri wa Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Juu (Court of Cassation). Mwaka [[2020]], aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Ardhi na Masuala ya Hali za Hukumati katika serikali ya Hichem Mechichi, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika wadhifa huo. Mwaka 2021, Oktoba, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Haki katika [[serikali]] ya Najla Bouden. == Maisha == Akiwa hakimu wa kazi, amehudumu kama Rais wa Kwanza wa Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Nabeul, Rais wa Mahakamani ya Mwanzo ya Grombalia, Rais wa Kitengo cha Jinai cha Mahakama ya Mwanzo ya Nabeul na Mshauri wa Mahakamani ya Cassation2,3. Aliteuliwa kuwa Wiliki za serikali na masuala ya archi katika serikali ya Hichem mechichîs mnamo wa mwaka wa Septemba 2020. Yeye ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza kushikilia na fasi hiyo. Mnamo Oktoba 2021, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Sheria katika serikali ya Najla Bouden. == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tunisia]] lp28d7ikjk4zltkk72pi9d6jw3ve8ph 0 220862 1599303 1511341 2026-09-23T12:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599303 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edith Wilma Jean Conner'''<ref>{{Citation|title=Article clipped from Okmulgee Daily Times|date=2012-11-11|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/okmulgee-daily-times/93891807/|work=Okmulgee Daily Times|pages=1|access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref> ([[5 Septemba|Septemba 5]], [[1935]] – [[28 Novemba|Novemba 28]], [[2020]]), anayejulikana kama Edith Connor, alikuwa mjenzi wa mwili kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alitangazwa na Kitabu cha Rekodi za Dunia cha Guinness mwaka 2012 kuwa mwanamke mjenzi wa mwili mwenye umri mkubwa zaidi aliyeshiriki mashindano, akiwa na umri wa miaka 77,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oldest Female Bodybuilder, 77-Year-Old Edith Connor, Breaks Guinness World Record|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/oldest-female-bodybuilder-77-year-old-edith-connor-breaks-guinness-world-record-700529|work=International Business Times|date=2012-05-29|accessdate=2026-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> na hivyo kuvunja rekodi iliyokuwa ikishikiliwa na Ernestine Shepherd.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nyad's not alone: 7 senior citizens with superhuman strength|url=http://www.today.com/news/nyads-not-alone-7-senior-citizens-superhuman-strength-8C11067716|work=TODAY.com|date=2013-09-03|accessdate=2026-01-22|language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == Conner alizaliwa mjini [[Denver, Colorado]], tarehe 5 Septemba 1935. Alianza mazoezi ya ujenzi wa mwili kwa sababu alihisi kazi yake ya kuingiza data ilimfanya akae sana bila kufanya mazoezi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Over 60, but not over the hill: seniors still making an impression on the sports world|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/badass-seniors-impressing-the-sports-world/|work=www.cbsnews.com|date=2015-04-21|accessdate=2026-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Aliingia kwenye shindano lake la kwanza la ujenzi wa mwili (Grand Masters huko Las Vegas) siku ya kutimiza miaka 65, na akashinda nafasi ya kwanza.<ref>{{Citation|title=Oldest female bodybuilder loves pumping iron|url=https://torontosun.com/2012/05/28/oldest-female-bodybuilder-loves-pumping-iron|work=torontosun|language=en|access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=PHOTOS: The World's Oldest Female Bodybuilder & Yogi|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20595904,00.html|work=PEOPLE.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-01-22|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043108/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20595904,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Pia alikuwa mkufunzi binafsi wa mazoezi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oldest Female Bodybuilder, 77-Year-Old Edith Connor, Breaks Guinness World Record|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/oldest-female-bodybuilder-77-year-old-edith-connor-breaks-guinness-world-record-700529|work=International Business Times|date=2012-05-29|accessdate=2026-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Alikuwa akifanya mazoezi angalau mara tatu kwa wiki na hakufuata mpango maalum wa lishe.<ref>{{Citation|title=PHOTOS: The World's Oldest Female Bodybuilder & Yogi|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20595904,00.html|work=PEOPLE.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-01-22|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043108/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20595904,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa umaarufu, alishiriki katika Mashindano ya 2011 ya NPC Armbrust Pro Gym Warrior Classic Championships huko [[Loveland, Colorado]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 75 na siku 349.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7|title=Guinness world records 2014|date=2013|publisher=[England] : Guinness World Records Limited|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-908843-35-7}}</ref> Mume wake wa ndoa ya miaka 57, Reuben, alifariki mwaka 2011. Alikuwa na wana watatu, wajukuu saba, na vitukuu sita. Conner alifariki tarehe 28 Novemba 2020 akiwa na umri wa miaka 85.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Remember Edith Wilma Jean Connor on her Online Memorial|url=https://www.forevermissed.com/edith-wilmajean-connor/about|work=www.forevermissed.com|accessdate=2026-01-22|language=en|author=Scott Flynn}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Marekani]] c34wplu6md30k1equssmspy45cx7zvi 0 221056 1599635 1504969 2026-09-23T18:57:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Olufosoye Makinwa''' (alizaliwa [[6 Novemba]], [[1977]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[wanawake]] kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] aliyekuwa akicheza katika nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/nov/26/match.gretna|title=Kingston own goal provides precious point for Gretna|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=26 November 2007|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> Makinwa alikuwa mchezaji mwendesha safari nyingi, akiwakilisha vilabu 17 katika nchi 11 tofauti katika kipindi cha kazi yake ya kitaaluma.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/liga_honra/interior.aspx?content_id=85725|title=Santa Clara, Varzim e V. Setúbal regressam à I Liga|trans-title=Santa Clara, Varzim and V. Setúbal return to ''I Liga''|publisher=[[Record (Portuguese newspaper)|Record]]|language=Portuguese|date=27 May 2001|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kuchezea timu tatu nchini mwake, Makinwa alihamia nje ya nchi akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, kituo chake cha kwanza kilikuwa Rayo Vallecano katika daraja la pili la Uhispania. Katika dirisha lililofuata la uhamisho, bila kuonekana rasmi kwa klabu hiyo, alisaini FC Penafiel ya Ureno, katika kiwango sawa. Makinwa (anayejulikana nchini Ureno kama ''Maki'' ) alitumia misimu minne na nusu iliyofuata nchini humo, hasa kwa Vitória de Setúbal. Katika msimu wa 2000-01, alifunga mabao manane katika michezo 28, huku ''Sadinos'' wakirejea kwenye Ligi Kuu mara tu baada ya kushushwa daraja; <ref>Santa Clara, Varzim e V. Setúbal regressam à I Liga" ''&#x5B;Santa Clara, Varzim and V. Setúbal return to I Liga&#x5D; (in Portuguese).'' Record''. 27 May 2001. Retrieved 3 June 2014.''</ref> mwishoni mwa [[Februari]] [[2003]], aliondoka SC Farense na kuhamia [[Romania]] na FC Rapid Bucureșt Katika kipindi cha misimu minne iliyofuata, Makinwa hakuridhika na timu yoyote, akicheza [[Misri]], Ureno, [[Kupro]], [[Israeli]] na China. Mnamo [[8 Novemba|Novemba 8,]] [[2007]], alisaini mkataba na timu mpya ya [[Ligi Kuu]] ya Scotland Gretna kwa uhamisho wa bure, baada ya kuachiliwa kutoka Tianjin Teda FC ya Ligi Kuu ya China. <ref name=":0" /> Makinwa alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya ushindani mnamo [[25 Novemba|Novemba 25]], 2007 dhidi ya Hearts, akicheza dakika zote 90 katika sare ya 1-1 nyumbani, huku Laryea Kingston akifunga katika pande zote mbili. <ref>"Kingston own goal provides precious point for Gretna"''. The Guardian. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2014.''</ref> Alishindwa kufunga bao lolote katika mechi 14 rasmi na, baada ya Gretna kushushwa daraja na kufutwa, alijikuta tena kama mchezaji huru. Mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[2009]], baada ya kukaa mwaka mmoja nchini [[Indonesia]], Makinwa alijiunga na timu ya Daraja la Kwanza ya Malta ya Vittoriosa Stars FC kwa uhamisho wa bure. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] 16n1erbxwh4pazi0vw0g2da5t9s68wx 0 221066 1599669 1504608 2026-09-23T19:01:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olarenwaju Ayobami Kayode''' (alizaliwa [[8 Mei]] [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaaluma kutoka [[Nigeria]] anayecheza katika nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] kwa klabu ya Uturuki Esenler Erokspor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2017_18/la-liga/jornada_1/ger_atm/|title=El ADN del Atlético no se ficha|trans-title=You can't sign Atlético's DNA|publisher=Marca|language=es|date=19 August 2017|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kayode loaned out to Shakhtar|url=https://shakhtar.com/en/news/2018/march/2_news/2_olarenwaju-kayode/|publisher=[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]|date=2 March 2018|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> == Kazi == Kayode alianza kazi yake na Red Bull Ghana na kusaini mkataba mwezi Februari [[2010]] na [[ASEC Mimosas]]. Mnamo tarehe 2 Februari 2012 Kayode aliondoka ASEC Mimosas <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.asec.ci/fjoueur.php|title=KAYODE Olarenwaju: ASEC Mimosas - Le site officiel|work=asec.ci|accessdate=23 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801054820/http://www.asec.ci/fjoueur.php|archivedate=1 August 2009}}</ref> akijiunga na klabu ya Uswisi FC Luzern kwa mkopo hadi tarehe 30 Novemba 2012. Mnamo tarehe [[10 Oktoba]] [[2013]], Kayode alisaini mkataba wa mwaka mmoja na klabu ya Israel Maccabi Netanya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sport5.co.il/articles.aspx?FolderID=127&docID=151437&lang=HE|title=קאיודה עבר בדיקות וחתם לעונה בנתניה|work=Sport5.co.il - אתר ערוץ הספורט|date=12 September 2013|accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref> Baada ya msimu mwingine mzuri akiwa na Maccabi Netanya, akifunga mabao 13 na pasi sita za mabao, Kayode alisaini mkataba wa miaka minne na FK Austria Wien. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Adewuyi1|first=Lolade|title=Olarenwaju Kayode completes Austria Wien medical and four-year deal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4102/transfer-zone/2015/05/23/12009912/olarenwaju-kayode-completes-austria-wien-medical-and-four|work=Goal|accessdate=21 July 2016|date=23 May 2015}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 2 Agosti 2015, alifunga bao kwenye mechi yake ya kwanza ya FK Austria Wien dhidi ya SC Rheindorf Altach. Mnamo Agosti 17, 2017, [[Manchester City]] ilimsajili Kayode kwa mkataba wa miaka minne na mara moja ikamtoa kwa mkopo kwenda [[Girona FC|Girona]] kwa msimu wa 2017-18. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The scorer of the Austrian Bundesliga will strengthen the attack of Girona|url=http://www.gironafc.cat/noticia/el-golejador-de-la-bundesliga-austriaca-reforcara-latac-del-girona-a-primera|publisher=Girona F.C.|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=ca}}</ref> Kayode alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza [[La Liga]] mnamo Agosti 19, 2017, akichukua nafasi ya Portu katika sare ya 2-2 nyumbani dhidi ya [[Atlético Madrid]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2017_18/la-liga/jornada_1/ger_atm/|title=El ADN del Atlético no se ficha|publisher=Marca|language=es|date=19 August 2017|accessdate=19 August 2017}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2, 2018, Kayode alikopwa kwa klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Ukraine, Shakhtar Donetsk baada ya mkopo wake huko Girona kufutwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kayode loaned out to Shakhtar|url=https://shakhtar.com/en/news/2018/march/2_news/2_olarenwaju-kayode/|publisher=[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]|date=2 March 2018|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 8 Juni 2018, Shakhtar Donetsk ilitangaza kumsajili moja kwa moja. Kayode alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitano na Shakhtar. <ref>{{Rejea habari}}</ref> Tarehe 9 Agosti 2019, Kayode alitolewa kwa mkopo kwa upande wa Uturuki Süper Lig Gaziantep FK <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.gazisehirgaziantepfk.org/tr/haberler/transfer-olarenwaju-kayode-gazisehirde-1331|title=TRANSFER - OLARENWAJU KAYODE GAZİŞEHİR'DE!|date=9 August 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|publisher=GFK|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810044917/https://www.gazisehirgaziantepfk.org/tr/haberler/transfer-olarenwaju-kayode-gazisehirde-1331|archivedate=10 August 2019}}</ref>Mnamo Septemba 17, 2020, Kayode alisaini kwa mkopo kwa timu ya Uturuki ya Süper Lig Sivasspor <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olanrewaju Kayode: Nigeria striker joins Sivasspor on loan {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/olanrewaju-kayode-nigeria-striker-joins-sivasspor-on-loan/hsx3such693o10x97jdmzjw06|accessdate=2 November 2020|work=www.goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sivasspor lose 5-3 to Villarreal in Europa League - Turkish News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/sivasspor-lose-5-3-to-villarreal-in-europa-league-159380|accessdate=2 November 2020|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=23 October 2020|language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Agencies|date=30 October 2020|title=Sivasspor loses to Maccabi Tel Aviv in Europa League|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/sports/football/sivasspor-loses-to-maccabi-tel-aviv-in-europa-league|accessdate=2 November 2020|work=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 30, 2023, Kayode alikopwa na Ümraniyespor hadi mwisho wa msimu wa 2022-23. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|publisher=Ümraniyespor|url=https://www.facebook.com/Umraniyespor/posts/pfbid02rmJ9Pdn52yLSNxNGNauoV929fVC55zaMuGqiZBHSXykJNK1jZkrMhfrLpwp8ze79l|title=Hoş Geldin Kayode!|date=30 January 2023|accessdate=30 January 2023|language=tr}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Kayode alichezea timu ya taifa ya Nigeria ya U17 katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la U-17 la 2009. <ref>{{FIFA player|315433}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 3, 2010, alipata wito wake wa kwanza wa kujiunga na timu ya Nigeria ya U20 kwa ajili ya kufuzu kwa Mashindano ya Vijana ya Afrika nchini [[Libya]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=530|title=NFF invites AZEEZ,35 others to Flying Eagles:: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com|accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref> Aliitwa mnamo [[12 Aprili|Aprili 12]], [[2011]] kwa Mashindano ya Vijana ya Afrika ya 2011 nchini Afrika Kusini. Kayode alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa timu ya wakubwa katika sare ya 1-1 na [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Senegal|Senegal]] mnamo [[23 Machi|Machi 23]], [[2017]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39338161|title=Nigeria v Senegal|date=23 March 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] e46053rwt6wfqcfvnzawp187sxbbxbj 0 221079 1599518 1524021 2026-09-23T18:30:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajae Imran''' (alizaliwa [[1986]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]], [[mtangazaji]] wa [[televisheni]], na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka nchini [[Moroko]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=كل ما تريد معرفته عن رجاء عمران|url=https://pub103.ayam.news/305945|work=موقع أيام نيوز|date=2024-04-16|accessdate=2026-01-24|language=ar-eg}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=رجاء عمران الصحفية الرياضية التي احترفت التمثيل|url=https://yalalla.com/%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%aa%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86/|date=2022-01-06|accessdate=2026-01-24|language=ar}}</ref>. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake na kituo cha [[Televisheni|televisheni]] cha kimataifa cha ''Sky News Arabia'', ambapo amekuwa mmoja wa nyuso maarufu zinazoripoti habari za kijamii, kisiasa, na kitamaduni. == Maisha na elimu == Rajae alizaliwa na kukulia [[Casablanca]], mji mkuu wa kibiashara wa Moroko. Alisoma masuala ya habari na mawasiliano nchini Moroko, ambapo alikuza kipaji chake cha utangazaji na uandishi wa habari za uchunguzi. Rajae Imran alizaliwa katika familia yenye uthamini mkubwa wa [[sanaa]], ambayo inatoka Doukkala, <ref name="yalalla">{{Rejea tovuti|title=رجاء عمران الصحفية الرياضية التي احترفت التمثيل|url=https://yalalla.com/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/|accessdate=2025-03-08}}</ref> na alikubali uigizaji wa maigizo kama sehemu ya shughuli zake za shule. Akiwa shule ya upili, alishiriki katika [[tamthilia]] ya maigizo ambayo ilihudhuriwa na Waziri wa zamani wa Utamaduni Mohamed Achaari. Mmoja wa maprofesa wake alimshauri aendelee na masomo yake katika Taasisi ya maigizo ya Moroko (ISADAC). <ref name="hes1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=رجاء عمران : كاد مستقبلي أن يضيع في المستضعفون|url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3-3360.html|date=2008-01-20|accessdate=2025-03-08}}</ref> Imran alisoma fasihi ya Kiarabu katika [[Al-Qairawin|Chuo Kikuu cha al-Qarawiyyin]], kisha akajiunga na ISADAC kusoma ukumbi wa michezo, na akahitimu mwaka wa 2006. <ref name="yalalla2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=رجاء عمران الصحفية الرياضية التي احترفت التمثيل|url=https://yalalla.com/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/|accessdate=2025-03-08}}</ref> == Kazi == Alianza safari yake ya utangazaji katika vituo vya [[redio]] na televisheni nchini Moroko kabla ya kuelekea katika Umoja wa Falme za Kiarabu (UAE) kujiunga na vituo vya kimataifa. Amefanya kazi kituo cha utangazaji cha ''Sky News Arabia'' kama mtangazaji na mwandishi wa habari, akijikita katika matukio makubwa yanayotokea katika ukanda wa Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini. Pia amekuwa akiandika makala zinazohusu haki za wanawake na maendeleo ya kijamii nchini Moroko. Vile vile mbali na uandishi wa habari, Rajae ameshiriki katika miradi kadhaa ya uigizaji, jambo lililoongeza umaarufu wake miongoni mwa watazamaji wa Kiarabu. Zaidi ya hayo, alionekana katika baadhi ya matangazo nchini Algeria. Aliacha kazi yake mara kwa mara ili kuzingatia familia yake. <ref name="yalalla3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=رجاء عمران الصحفية الرياضية التي احترفت التمثيل|url=https://yalalla.com/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/|accessdate=2025-03-08}}</ref> == Harakati == Rajae anajulikana kwa kutumia jukwaa lake kutetea [[haki za wanawake]] wa Moroko na kupiga vita [[ukatili wa kijinsia]]. Mara nyingi amekuwa akishirikiana na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali kutoa elimu kuhusu umuhimu wa usawa katika jamii. == Maisha binafsi == Imran ameolewa na ana watoto 3. Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, anaishi Uholanzi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=بالصور:الفنانة رجاء عمران تفاجئ الجمهور بشكلها الجديد رفقة زوجها وأبنائها من هولندا|url=https://www.lalamoulati.net/360415.html|date=2023-03-18|accessdate=2025-03-08}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0xcshrbl2lm3mlapfp4b0lyoruyvy1k 0 221119 1599636 1518148 2026-09-23T18:57:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kehinde Lijadu na Taiwo Lijadu''' (Kehinde [[22 Oktoba]] [[1948]] – [[9 Novemba]] [[2019]]) na (Taiwo 22 Oktoba 1948) walikuwa [[mapacha]] wa kike wa pekee kutoka [[Nigeria]] waliokuwa maarufu kwa kuunda kundi la [[muziki]] linalojulikana kama Lijadu Sisters kuanzia miaka ya [[1960]] hadi miaka ya 1980. Walipata mafanikio makubwa ndani ya Nigeria, huku pia wakiwa na mafanikio kidogo lakini ya dhahiri [[Marekani]] na [[Ulaya]].<ref name="twsV17">{{cite news|author=Dada Aladelokun|title=This man won laurel for Nigeria but lost 'everything' to a mysterious fire; now, he seeks manna from heaven|publisher=The Nation (Nigeria)|quote=I performed alongside great minds like ... Lijadu Sisters and Ginger Baker.|date=29 August 2009|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/16228/1/This-man-won-laurel-for-Nigeria-but-lost-everything-to-a-mysterious-fire-now-he-seeks-manna-from-heaven/Page1.html|accessdate=22 June 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830175506/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/16228/1/This-man-won-laurel-for-Nigeria-but-lost-everything-to-a-mysterious-fire-now-he-seeks-manna-from-heaven/Page1.html|archivedate=30 August 2009}}</ref> Waliwekwa kama washawishi wa muziki waliounganisha sauti za [[Afrobeat]] na [[jazz]] pamoja na disco, Lijadu Sisters waliacha tasnia ya muziki mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1980]], lakini wakarudi tena na kufanya maonyesho kwa vipindi vifupi katika miaka ya [[2010]] hadi kifo cha Kehinde mwaka 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nme.com/news/damon-albarn/76483|title=Damon Albarn leads supergroup in live tribute to Nigerian funk pioneer William Onyeabor|magazine=NME|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> Walikuwa pia [[binamu]] wa msanii maarufu wa Nigeria, [[Fela Kuti]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-11-12|title=The Lijadu Sisters: the Nigerian twins who fought the elite with funk|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/12/lijadu-sisters-kehinde-taiwo-lijadu-nigeria-pop-music|access-date=2022-03-10|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Mapacha hao walikulia katika jiji la [[Ibadan]] la Nigeria, na waliongozwa kimuziki na wasanii mbalimbali wakiwemo [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Victor Olaiya]] na [[Miriam Makeba]]. Walipata mwongozo kutoka kwa mtayarishaji wa muziki Lemmy Jackson ambaye anasifiwa kwa kuwasaidia katika mafanikio yao ya awali. Muziki wao ulikuwa mchanganyiko wa [[Jazz]], [[Afrobeat]], [[Reggae]] na [[Waka music|Waka]]. Wakati mwingine waliimba kwa Kiingereza na nyakati nyingine katika lugha yao ya asili, Yoruba. Moja ya nyimbo zao za kwanza ilipangwa kwa usaidizi kutoka kwa mpiga saksafoni wa jazz [[Orlando Julius]]. Walitoa albamu yao ya kwanza ''Iya Mi Jowo'' mwaka wa 1969 baada ya kushinda mkataba wa kurekodi na Decca Records. Walifanya kazi na marehemu Biddy Wright kwenye albamu yao ya tatu ''Danger'' (1976). Rapa wa Marekani [[Nas]] alitoa sampuli ya "Life's Gone Down Low", wimbo katika albamu ''ya Danger'', kama "Life's Gone Low" kwenye Mixtape yake ya 2006 bila kuwapa sifa wawili hao. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Awosika|first=Tomisin|date=2022-02-03|title=Who Were the Lijadu Sisters?|url=https://rpublc.com/gender/who-were-the-lijadu-sisters/|accessdate=2025-06-16|work=The Republic|language=en-GB}}</ref> Lijadu Sisters walirekodi ''Sunshine'' mwaka wa [[1978]] na ''Horizon Unlimited'' mwaka wa [[1979]]. Dada hao walikuwa nyota wakuu nchini Nigeria wakati wa miaka ya 1970 na 1980. Katika miaka hii, walienea hadi Amerika na Ulaya na kupata mafanikio ya kawaida. Walitumbuiza na bendi ya ngoma ya [[Ginger Baker]], ''Salt,'' katika [[1972 Summer Olympics|Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Munich]] ya 1972 huko [[München|Munich]] katika Tamasha la Muziki Duniani. ''Gazeti la New York Times'' liliripoti kwamba dada hao walikuwa "wenye tabasamu la uhuru" Wakati wa miaka ya 1980, dada hao walihamia [[Brooklyn]], New York. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-11-12|title=The Lijadu Sisters: the Nigerian twins who fought the elite with funk|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/nov/12/lijadu-sisters-kehinde-taiwo-lijadu-nigeria-pop-music|accessdate=2022-03-10|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Walitumbuiza katika kumbi mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na klabu ya chini ya Manhattan Wetlands na huko Harlem wakiwa na African Beats ya [[King Sunny Adé]] kama bendi yao ya uungaji mkono. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] oplurdk6ewicqj0qo3pbffar5i0h1or 0 221156 1599519 1513643 2026-09-23T18:30:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henriette Da''' ni mtetezi wa [[haki za binadamu]] kutoka [[Afrika Magharibi]], nchini [[Burkina Faso]], anayetambulika kwa [[uongozi]] wake katika haki za binadamu, haki za wanawake, uvumilivu wa kidini, na mazungumzo ya kiraia. Mnamo mwaka 2025, alipata Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake wa Ush courage kutoka Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Marekani kwa sababu ya uhamasishaji na shughuli zake katika nchi yake. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Henriette Da ni mwanafunzi wa kijamii aliyepewa mafunzo na ana utaalamu katika haki za binadamu, haki za wanawake, na maendeleo. Mwanzoni mwa [[kazi]] yake, alifanya kazi kama mtafiti wa kijamii na [[anthropolojia]] katika sekta ya [[afya]], ambapo alifanya utafiti na uchambuzi kuhusu afya ya umma na vigezo vya kijamii vinavyohusiana na ustawi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=2025 Int'l Women of Courage Awardees Unveiled|url=https://www.miragenews.com/2025-intl-women-of-courage-awardees-unveiled-1435163/|work=Mirage News|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=en-AU|author=Mirage News}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Secretary of State’s 2025 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced - The News Intel|url=https://thenewsintel.com/secretary-of-states-2025-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/|date=2025-03-30|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Pia alihudumu kama [[mwalimu]] katika shule za sekondari na vyuo nchini Burkina Faso, akichangia katika elimu na uhamasishaji wa umma katika jamii yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Secretary of State’s 2025 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced|url=https://agenparl.eu/2025/03/28/secretary-of-states-2025-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/|work=Agenparl|date=2025-03-28|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=it-IT}}</ref> == Kazi == Henriette Da ni miongoni mwa wanachama waanzilishi wa Chama cha Uvumilivu wa Kidini na Mazungumzo ya Kijamii cha Burkina Faso, shirika lenye lengo la kukuza mshikamano wa amani miongoni mwa imani na jamii tofauti. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-03-28|title=Secretary of State's 2025 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced|url=https://agenparl.eu/2025/03/28/secretary-of-states-2025-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/|accessdate=2025-09-25|work=Agenparl|language=it-IT}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|title=2025 Int'l Women of Courage Awardees Unveiled|url=https://www.miragenews.com/2025-intl-women-of-courage-awardees-unveiled-1435163/|accessdate=2025-09-25|work=Mirage News|language=en-AU}}</ref> Pia amehudumu kama rais wa mashirika ya kiraia, ikiwa ni pamoja na Chama cha Wanasosholojia Wanawake wa Maendeleo, akizingatia usawa wa kijinsia, haki za wanawake, na mitazamo ya kijamii kuhusu maendeleo na maisha ya kiraia. <ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-03-28|title=Secretary of State's 2025 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced|url=https://agenparl.eu/2025/03/28/secretary-of-states-2025-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/|accessdate=2025-09-25|work=Agenparl|language=it-IT}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|title=2025 Int'l Women of Courage Awardees Unveiled|url=https://www.miragenews.com/2025-intl-women-of-courage-awardees-unveiled-1435163/|accessdate=2025-09-25|work=Mirage News|language=en-AU}}</ref> Mnamo 2018, aliteuliwa kuwa Rais wa Tume ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Binadamu ya Burkina Faso, nafasi ambayo amejulikana kwa kupinga unyanyasaji, kukuza ulinzi wa haki, na kutetea jamii zilizo katika mazingira magumu. <ref name=":03">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|title=2025 Int'l Women of Courage Awardees Unveiled|url=https://www.miragenews.com/2025-intl-women-of-courage-awardees-unveiled-1435163/|accessdate=2025-09-25|work=Mirage News|language=en-AU}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Rejea habari}}</ref> Uongozi wake katika nafasi hii umemweka kama mmoja wa wanaharakati maarufu wa haki za binadamu nchini Burkina Faso. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Spokesperson|first=Office of the|date=2025-03-30|title=Secretary of State's 2025 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced|url=https://thenewsintel.com/secretary-of-states-2025-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/|accessdate=2025-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuzo == Mnamo 2025, Henriette Da alipewa [[Tuzo]] ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake wa Ujasiri na Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Marekani. Tuzo hiyo inawatambua wanawake wanaoonyesha ujasiri, nguvu, na uongozi wa kipekee, mara nyingi wakiwa katika hatari kubwa ya kibinafsi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Banner|first=Globe|title=International Women of Courage Award continues to honor brave leaders worldwide in 2025|url=https://globebanner.com/stories/670755108-international-women-of-courage-award-continues-to-honor-brave-leaders-worldwide-in-2025|accessdate=2025-09-25|work=Globe Banner|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Spokesperson|first=Office of the|date=2025-03-30|title=Secretary of State's 2025 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced|url=https://thenewsintel.com/secretary-of-states-2025-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/|accessdate=2025-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa tuzo hiyo, alitambuliwa kwa kazi yake katika haki za binadamu, uvumilivu wa kidini, haki za wanawake, na kwa uongozi wake katika asasi za kiraia na taasisi za haki za binadamu za kiserikali. <ref name=":23">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Spokesperson|first=Office of the|date=2025-03-30|title=Secretary of State's 2025 International Women of Courage Award Recipients Announced|url=https://thenewsintel.com/secretary-of-states-2025-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/|accessdate=2025-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":04">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|title=2025 Int'l Women of Courage Awardees Unveiled|url=https://www.miragenews.com/2025-intl-women-of-courage-awardees-unveiled-1435163/|accessdate=2025-09-25|work=Mirage News|language=en-AU}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] shayuz8f7wzacovqns1u5q3df6u2cy7 0 221674 1600131 1515698 2026-09-24T11:50:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Amanam''' (alizaliwa [[14 Novemba]] [[1988]]) ni msanii wa uchongaji sanamu na mtengenezaji wa vifaa bandia vya mwili vinavyofanana kabisa na asili kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Anatambulika kama Mwafrika wa kwanza kutengeneza vifaa hivi bandia vinavyofanana sana na mwili halisi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=AFRO|first=Special to the|date=2023-11-13|title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist|url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/|access-date=2025-01-31|website=[[Baltimore Afro-American]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-01-24|title=John Amanam: The Nigerian Sculptor Who Creates Dark-Skin Prosthetics for Black Amputees|url=https://qazini.com/john-amanam-nigerian-sculptor-creates-dark-skin-prosthetics-for-black-amputees|access-date=2025-12-14|website=qazini.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=TEDxMaitama {{!}} TED|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47162|access-date=2025-12-14|website=www.ted.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=George|first=Godfrey|date=2021-05-22|title=Accident which claimed my brother's fingers motivated me to start making prostheses – Sunday, Nigerian sculptor|url=https://punchng.com/accident-which-claimed-my-brothers-fingers-motivated-me-to-start-making-prostheses-sunday-nigerian-sculptor/|access-date=2025-01-31|website=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bishara|first=Hakim|date=2021-02-09|title=A Sculptor and Former Special Effects Artist Is Paving the Way in Prosthetics for Darker Skin Tones|url=https://hyperallergic.com/614950/john-amaman-prosthesis-dark-skin/|access-date=2025-01-31|website=[[Hyperallergic]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Transforming lives with hyper-realistic prostheses: The story of John Amanam, the first Nigerian prosthetic artist {{!}} NNPA|url=https://nnpa.org/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/|access-date=2025-12-14|website=nnpa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=AFRO|first=Special to the|date=2023-11-13|title=Transforming lives with hyperrealism: The story of John Amanam, Nigerian prosthetic artist|url=https://afro.com/transforming-lives-with-hyper-realistic-prostheses-the-story-of-john-amanam-the-first-nigerian-prosthetic-artist/|access-date=2025-12-13|website=AFRO American Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=George|first=Godfrey|date=2021-05-22|title=Accident which claimed my brother's fingers motivated me to start making prostheses – Sunday, Nigerian sculptor|url=https://punchng.com/accident-which-claimed-my-brothers-fingers-motivated-me-to-start-making-prostheses-sunday-nigerian-sculptor/|access-date=2025-01-31|website=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == John Amanam anatoka Nsit-Atai, Jimbo la Akwa Ibom, lakini alizaliwa na kukulia [[Calabar]], [[Jimbo la Cross River]]. Alisoma chuo cha Federal Government, Ikot Ekpene, kisha alisomea Sanaa za Ufundi na Viwanda katika Chuo Kikuu cha Uyo. == Kazi == Amanam awali alifanya kazi kama msanii wa athari maalumu katika filamu za [[Nollywood]]. Alianza kazi yake ya kutengeneza vifaa bandia vinavyofanana kabisa na mwili baada ya ndugu yake kupoteza sehemu ya mkono wake mwaka [[2018]], na vifaa vilivyopo kuwa vyeupe sana na havikufaa kwa mwili wala tamaduni zao. Prosthetic yake ya kwanza alitengeneza mwaka 2019 na kumkabidhi ndugu yake. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa Immortal Cosmetic Art Ltd, Kampuni yake inatengeneza sehemu bandia za mwili kama vidole, masikio, pua, mikono, miguu, na kifua, ambazo zinaonekana kama kweli kwa watu wenye ngozi ya giza. Amanam pia hutoa huduma za bei rafiki na nafuu, wakati mwingine bure kwa watu wenye kipato kidogo kupitia mpango unaoitwa Ubokobong, unaomaanisha ‘Mkono wa Mungu’ katika lugha ya Ibibio == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rsd08so5pdgkecdh2ojd76d5lrkrx0v 0 221702 1600070 1579169 2026-09-24T11:43:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marcella Liburd 2023.jpg|thumb|Marcella Liburd]] '''Dame Marcella Althea Liburd''' (alizaliwa Julai [[1953]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hon. Marcella Liburd – St. Kitts-Nevis Labour Party|url=http://www.stkittsnevislabourparty.com/hon-marcella-liburd/|work=www.stkittsnevislabourparty.com|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727210349/http://www.stkittsnevislabourparty.com/hon-marcella-liburd/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Saint Kitts na Nevis]].Yeye ni [[gavana]] mkuu wa tano wa Saint Kitts na Nevis tangu [[2023|2023.]] Alipata mafunzo ya ualimu na kisha akasomea sheria na kuwa wakili. Liburd alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuhudumu kama spika wa bunge la kitaifa la Saint Kitts na Nevis  wakati huo huo akiwa gavana mkuu, na pia alikuwa  gavana mkuu wa kwanza kuteuliwa na mfalme [[Charles III|Charles]] [[Charles III|III]] (badala ya kuhamishwa kutoka utawala wa malkia [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth]] [[Elizabeth II|II]]). Amehudumu katika nyadhifa mbalimbali za uwaziri ikiwa ni pamoja na kaimu [[waziri]] mkuu na mwenyekiti wa upinzani wa Chama cha Labour. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuhudumu kama [[mwenyekiti]] katika historia ya shirika hilo lenye umri wa miaka 81. == Maisha ya Awali == Marcella Liburd alizaliwa Julai, [[1953]] katika eneo la [[Basseterre]], [[Saint Kitts na Nevis]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Caribbean Elections {{!}} St. Kitts and Nevis Elections 2009|url=http://caribbeanelections.com/kn/candidates/sknlp/Marcella_Liburd.asp|work=caribbeanelections.com|accessdate=2026-01-31|archive-date=2010-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920011240/http://caribbeanelections.com/kn/candidates/sknlp/Marcella_Liburd.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> kwa Anne Eliza na Clement Liburd.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Historic Basseterre|url=http://historicbasseterre.com/hs_persons.asp?HSID=25&PID=43|work=historicbasseterre.com|accessdate=2026-01-31|archive-date=2016-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326034257/http://historicbasseterre.com/hs_persons.asp?HSID=25&PID=43|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kusoma shule ya wasichana, ndipo alihitimu shule ya [[elimu ya sekondari]] ya Basseterre. Yeye alipata [[Shahada ya Awali]] ya [[Sanaa]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[West Indies]] mwaka [[1976]].<ref name=":0" /> == Kazi == Liburd alirudi kutoka nje ya nchi na kuanza kufundisha katika Shule za sekondari za Basseterre na Cayon. Alirudi kusoma  katika Shule ya Sheria ya Norman Manley ambapo alipata [[Shahada ya Awali]] ya Sheria kwa heshima mwaka [[1992]], alipata Cheti cha Elimu ya Kisheria mwaka [[1994|1994.]] Baada ya Liburd kusajiliwa kama wakili wa mahakama kuu ya mashariki mwaka [[1994]], alianza kazi ya kisiasa. Aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu wa Chama cha Labour mwaka [[1997]]. Mnamo mwaka [[2004]], akawa spika wa bunge la kitaifa,<ref name=":0" /> kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuhudumu katika nafasi hiyo nchini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=St. Kitts News - Labour Spokesman: Marcella Liburd: ¡°Politics is about developing people¡± By Lesroy W.Williams|url=http://www.labourspokesman.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=448|work=www.labourspokesman.com|accessdate=2026-01-31|author=disseminateit@gmail.com|archive-date=2016-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829221903/http://www.labourspokesman.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=448|url-status=dead}}</ref> Liburd alihudumu hadi mwaka [[2008]], alipogombea kama mgombea wa jimbo nambari 2, St. Kitts na akachaguliwa kuwa mbunge.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2013]], Liburd akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kuchaguliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Chama cha Labour katika historia yake ya miaka 81.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liburd: No Confidence Motion not discussed at Labour Conference|url=http://www.winnfm.com/news/local/4237-liburd-no-confidence-motion-not-discussed-at-labour-conference|work=WINN FM 98.9|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-US|author=Toni Frederick|archive-date=2014-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718021051/http://www.winnfm.com/news/local/4237-liburd-no-confidence-motion-not-discussed-at-labour-conference|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2015]], Chama cha Labour kiliondolewa ofisini kwa mara ya kwanza katika kipindi cha miaka ishirini, na kumfanya kuwa mwanachama wa upinzani.<ref>{{Citation|title="We Welcome The Investigations" Says MP Liburd|url=http://antiguaobserver.com/we-welcome-the-investigations-says-mp-liburd/|work=Antigua Observer Newspaper|date=2016-02-18|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-GB|archive-date=2016-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219093547/http://antiguaobserver.com/we-welcome-the-investigations-says-mp-liburd/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa naibu kiongozi wa kwanza [[mwanamke]] wa Chama cha Labour mwaka [[2018]] na akateuliwa kuwa Naibu wa Gavana Mkuu mwaka [[2022]]. Liburd aliwekwa kama mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa Gavana Mkuu wa Shirikisho la St Kitts na Nevis mnamo februari [[2023]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=HER EXCELLENCY MARCELLA LIBURD JP SWORN IN AS ST. KITTS AND NEVIS’ FIRST FEMALE GOVERNOR-GENERAL|url=https://www.sknis.gov.kn/2023/02/01/her-excellency-marcella-liburd-jp-sworn-in-as-st-kitts-and-nevis-first-female-governor-general-2/|work=SKNIS|date=2023-02-01|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref> Baadaye wiki hiyo, aliteuliwa kuwa Dame Grand Cross kwa Amri ya Mtakatifu Michael and Mtakatifu George.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SKNVibes {{!}} Her Excellency Dame Marcella Liburd GCMG, JP installed as the first female Governor-General of St. Christopher and Nevis|url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/121136|work=www.sknvibes.com|accessdate=2026-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The London Gazette|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_London_Gazette&oldid=1334565378|work=Wikipedia|date=2026-01-24|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] fqzt4q35mvpzdsgf7uam90oku8fcp39 0 222055 1599520 1501442 2026-09-23T18:30:56Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fathia Bettahar''' ([[27 Agosti]] [[1936]] - [[4 Agosti]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwalimu]], mshauri wa sera za [[serikali]], na mtetezi wa haki za [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] kutoka [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake katika chuo cha ualimu mjini [[Oran]] mwaka [[1955]], alianza kufundisha kuanzia mwaka [[1956]] hadi [[1964]]. Baadae alifanya [[kazi]] kama [[msimamizi]] wa [[shule]] hadi mwaka [[1974]]. Katika kipindi hicho, alianza kujihusisha na masuala ya [[haki]] za [[wanawake]] na akajiunga na kikundi cha  Umoja wa Kitaifa wa Wanawake wa Algeria. Alikuwa na nia kubwa ya kusaidia wanawake na wasichana kupata [[elimu]].<ref>{{cite report |ref={{harvid|ACHPR|2014}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Cinquième et Sixième rapports périodiques |url=https://achpr.au.int/sites/default/files/files/2023-06/algeriastatereportfre.pdf |publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231164548/https://achpr.au.int/sites/default/files/files/2023-06/algeriastatereportfre.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2023 |location=Banjul, Gambia |language=French |trans-title=Fifth and Sixth Periodic Reports |date=December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwaka 1974, alichaguliwa kuwa [[Katibu mkuu|Katibu Mkuu]] wa Umoja wa Kitaifa wa Wanawake wa Algeria, na kwa wakati huo huo alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Shirika la Wanawake la Afrika PAWO.Alishiriki katika mikutano mingi ya wanawake [[Dunia|duniani]], ikiwemo Mkutano wa Dunia wa Wanawake wa mwaka [[1975]] uliofanyika [[Mexico City]], mkutano wa Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Kidemokrasia la Wanawake (WIDF) uliofanyika [[Berlin]] Mashariki mwaka 1975, na Mkutano wa Dunia wa Wanawake wa mwaka [[1985]] uliofanyika [[Nairobi, Kenya.]]Kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi [[1981]], alikuwa [[Makamu wa rais|Makamu wa Rais]] wa WIDF, na aliendelea kuwa [[kiongozi]] wa PAWO hadi mwaka [[1986]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bouteflika |first1=Abdelaziz |title=Décret présidentiel n° 01-299 du 19 Rajab 1422 correspondant au 7 octobre 2001 portant désignation des membres de la Commission nationale consultative de promotion et de protection des droits de l'Homme |url=https://gazettes.africa/archive/dz/2001/dz-government-gazette-dated-2001-10-10-no-58.pdf |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=Journal officiel de la republique algerienne |issue=58 |date=10 October 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104165335/https://gazettes.africa/archive/dz/2001/dz-government-gazette-dated-2001-10-10-no-58.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2024 |location=Algiers, Algeria |language=French |trans-title=Presidential Decree No. 01-299 of 19 Rajab 1422 Corresponding to 7 October 2001 Designating the Members of the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights |url-status=live}}</ref> Kati ya mwaka [[2001]] na [[2021]], Bettahar alikuwa mjumbe wa Tume ya Kitaifa ya Ushauri wa Kulinda na Kukuza haki za [[Binadamu]] CNCPPDH. Chombo hiki huru cha Algeria kilikuwa kikifuatilia [[sheria]] na hali ya [[haki]] za binadamu nchini humo.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Bettahar |first1=Fathia |editor=Secretariat of the Women's International Democratic Federation |title=Report of the World Congress of Women 8–13 October 1981 at Prague, CSSR |url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cdocument%7C915650?account_id=196403&usage_group_id=1338161 |publisher=Women's International Democratic Federation |access-date=4 January 2024 |location=Berlin, German Democratic Republic |date=1981 |chapter=Report of the Commission on Cooperation of Non-Governmental Organizations among Themselves and with the United Nations |pages=142–149}}{{subscription required |via=Alexander Street Press}} </ref> Katika maisha yake yote, alipokea [[tuzo]] na heshima nyingi, ikiwemo [[Nishani ya Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere|Nishani]] ya Ana Betancourt kutoka [[Cuba]], Nishani ya Kitaifa ya Heshima ya [[Guinea]], na Nishani ya Kitaifa ya [[Mali]]. Pamoja na ya akina [[mama]] [[waanzilishi]] wa Shirika la Wanawake wa Afrika (PAWO), [[picha]] yake inaoneshwa katika makao makuu ya Umoja wa Afrika mjini [[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bencherif |first1=Amira |title=Retour sur le parcours académique d'une pionnière et d'une lutteuse |url=https://algerianembassy-japan.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Quotidien-doran-p10_20210830.pdf |access-date=25 December 2023 |work=Le Quotidien d'Oran |date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225164125/https://algerianembassy-japan.jp/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Quotidien-doran-p10_20210830.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2023 |location=Oran, Algeria |page=10 |language=French |trans-title=A Look Back at the Academic Journey of a Pioneer and a Fighter |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Kifo na Urithi== Bettahar alifariki tarehe 4 Agosti 2021 na akazikwa katika Makaburi ya Jenane Sfari, jijini Algiers. Wasomi Alberto García Molinero na Teresa María Ortega López walimtaja Bettahar kuwa mmoja wa waandishi wasomi mashuhuri zaidi duniani.<ref>{{cite book |ref={{harvid|''Année africaine''|1975}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Année africaine, 1974 |date=1975 |publisher=Éditions A. Pedone |location=Paris, France |language=French |trans-title=African Year, 1974 |quote=L'Algérienne Fathia Bettahar succède à la Guinéenne Jeanne Martin Cisse au secrétariat gènéral. |page=659 |issn= 0570-1937}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1936|2021}} [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] jhgel5tzl8x7zxfq5n0tymmn7ipzn02 0 222090 1600102 1486806 2026-09-24T11:46:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carolyn Hamilton''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa kianthropolojia na mwanahistoria wa Afrika Kusini ambaye ni mtaalamu wa historia na matumizi ya nyaraka. Hamilton ni mshikilia kiti katika Idara ya Nyaraka na Utamaduni wa Umma ya Taasisi ya Taifa ya Utafiti ya Afrika Kusini katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town.<ref>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674874466&content=bios ''Terrific Majesty''.] University of Harvard Press. Retrieved 5 March 2016.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Afrika Kusini]] a8em0b49qezfr80eyxz5nhuw06olmnl 0 222155 1600071 1542887 2026-09-24T11:43:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elise Blenker''' (1824 - 1908<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/05/17/104725571.pdf Taarifa ya kifo, The New York Times, 17 Mei 1908]</ref>) alikuwa mke wa [[Louis Blenker]], afisa wa mapinduzi wa Kijerumani wa miaka ya 1848/1849. Elise pia alishiriki kikamilifu katika matukio mbalimbali ya [[German revolutions of 1848–49|Mapinduzi ya Kijerumani ya 1848–49]] katika maeneo ya [[Palatinate]] na [[Baden]]. ==Maisha nchini Ujerumani== Elise Blenker alizaliwa katika mji wa Aue katika jimbo la Saxony mashariki mwa nchi ya Ujerumani. Alikuwa binti wa mchungaji wa Kiinjili, Johann Christian. Mwaka 1843 aliolewa na aliyekuwa afisa wa [[Uhlan]], Louis Blenker, katika [[Worms]] ndani ya [[Hesse]]. Wakati huo Louis alikuwa akiendesha biashara ya kuuza divai mjini Worms. Mwaka 1848 alikua kanali katika wanamgambo wa Worms. Wakati [[Revolutions of 1848 in Germany|mapinduzi ya 1848]] yalipozuka Baden, Elise aliungana na mume wake katika kampeni zake,huku wakati mwingine akiwa amevaa sare za kijeshi.<ref name="adb">ADB</ref> Wakati huu Elise alikutana na wanawake wengine wa kimapinduzi, wakiwemo Kathinka Zitz-Halein, Emma Herwegh, Amalie Struve na Mathilde Franziska Anneke. Tarehe 20–21 Mei Elise na mume wake walishiriki katika shambulio lisilofanikiwa dhidi ya [[Landau]]. Pia alicheza jukumu muhimu katika uporaji wa [[Alt Eberstein|Ngome ya Eberstein]] huko Baden. ==Maisha nchini Marekani== Baada ya mapinduzi kuzimwa, Elise alilazimika kukimbia pamoja na mume wake, kwanza kwenda [[Uswisi]], na kisha mwaka 1850 kwenda Marekani.<ref name="nie">NIE</ref> Kwa msaada wa baba yake, Elise na Louis walijenga maisha mapya katika [[Rockland County, New York|Kaunti ya Rockland]], ambako waliendesha shamba la maziwa.<ref name="wittke">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Wittke |first=Carl |title=Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year=1952 |location=Philadelphia |pages=233–235 |url=https://archive.org/details/refugeesofrevolu008276mbp}}</ref> Kwa pamoja Elise na Louis walikuwa na watoto wanne (binti watatu na mvulana mmoja). Baada ya kuanza kwa [[American Civil War|Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani]] mwaka 1861, Louis aliunganisha kikosi cha wanajeshi wa kujitolea jijini New York, ambamo alikuwa kanali.<ref name="nie" /> Kwa ushujaa wake katika Bull Run alipandishwa cheo kuwa [[brigadier general|brigedia jenerali]] wa wanajeshi wa kujitolea.<ref name="nie" /> Mwezi Oktoba 1863 Louis alifariki kutokana na majeraha aliyopata alipokuwa na kikosi chake huko [[Warrenton, Virginia]],<ref name="nie" /> akimwacha Elise na watoto wao katika umaskini.<ref name="adb" /> Elise hakuweza kugharamia mazishi yake, na alilazimika kuomba msaada kutoka kwa marafiki na familia.<ref>''Washington ist begeistert von dem Deutschen'' katika ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|FAZ]]'', 30 Oktoba 2013, ukurasa wa 30</ref> Baadaye pensheni yake ya ujane iliongezwa kutoka dola 30 hadi dola 50 za Marekani kwa mwezi. Elise Blenker alifariki tarehe 15 Mei 1908 katika nyumba ya binti yake huko Mount Vernon (New York). ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{BD|1824|1908}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] ocnag1thp9tsm82n6dia2fs4wajn49p 0 222479 1600103 1490144 2026-09-24T11:47:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dorothea Ann Fairbridge''' (anajulikana kama '''Dora Fairbridge'''; [[1862]] - [[25 Agosti]] [[1931]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[mwanzilishi]] mwenza wa Chama cha Wanawake Waaminifu (Guild of Loyal Women) {{Sfn|Sage|Greer|Showalter|1999}} == Wasifu == Fairbridge alikuwa binti wa wakili mashuhuri, msomi na [[mbunge]] wa [[Cape Town]], na [[binamu]] wa Kingsley Fairbridge ([[1885]]–[[1924]]; mshairi wa [[Rhodesia]] na mwanzilishi wa " Fairbridge Society "). Alisoma [[London]] na alisafiri sana. Akiwa [[mlowezi]] wa Uingereza wa kizazi cha tatu aliyeheshimiwa sana, Fairbridge alikuwa nguzo ya uanzishwaji wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]]. Alikutana na wanawake wa Uingereza kutoka tabaka la juu la kijamii waliosafiri hadi Afrika Kusini kutoka Uingereza kabla na wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Makaburu. Fairbridge alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Chama cha Wanawake Waaminifu, [[shirika]] la hisani lililowatia moyo [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] nchini Afrika Kusini na kuunga mkono [[Milki ya Britania|Milki ya Uingereza]] na vikosi vyake vya Milki ya Uingereza vilivyokuwa vikishiriki katika migogoro. Chama hicho kilihakikisha kwamba jamaa za wanajeshi waliokufa waliwasiliana nao, na kwamba makaburi yalitiwa alama na kurekodiwa ipasavyo. Baada ya vita vya Boer, Fairbridge iliendelea kuunga mkono ujumuishaji wa Afrika Kusini katika Milki ya [[Uingereza]]. Alitafuta kuanzisha [[Muungano wa Afrika Kusini]] wenye idadi ya watu iliyopatanishwa na hisia ya pamoja ya historia ya Afrika Kusini. Muungano wa Afrika Kusini ulianzishwa ndani ya mpangilio wa kikatiba uliohimiza uhusiano wa karibu na Milki yote ya Uingereza. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1862|1931}} [[Jamii:waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] 3gb93b5az97z05rcejh9ijp82x3sgeg 0 222513 1600132 1525992 2026-09-24T11:50:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{wikigapjwk2026}}}} '''Soheila Hejab Bidsorkhi'''<ref name="jinha_news_20211117">{{cite web|url=https://jinhaagency.com/en/actual/activist-soheila-hijab-bidsorkhi-exiled-to-another-prison-in-iran-22939|title=Activist Soheila Hijab Bidsorkhi exiled to another prison in Iran|website=jinhaagency.com|date=17 November 2021|access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> (amezaliwa 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://women.ncr-iran.org/2020/01/29/imprisoned-lawyer-soheila-hijab-brutalized-by-evin-prison-guards/|title=Imprisoned lawyer Soheila Hijab brutalized by Evin prison guards|website=women.ncr-iran.org|date=29 January 2020|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>) ni mwanasheria, mwanaharakati wa kisiasa, na mwanaharakati wa haki za kiraia wa Iran. == Historia na elimu == Hejab ni [[Mkurdi]] kutoka [[Kermanshah]].<ref name="jpost_20211006"/> Alipata [[digrii ya sheria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2021/08/three-more-iranian-human-rights-attorneys-slapped-with-unjust-prison-sentences/|title=Three more Iranian human rights attorneys slapped with unjust prison sentences |website=www.iranhumanrights.org/|date=2 August 2022|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> na kuwa mwanasheria wa haki za binadamu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/report/custom/7077b99b4a/|title= Custom Report Excerpts: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina Faso +50 more|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=n.d.|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> Hejab anajulikana kwa kumuunga mkono [[ufalme]] na Kijamii aliyekimbilia [[Reza Pahlavi]].<ref name="rf_20200526"/> == Kukamatwa == Hejab amekamatwa mara nyingi kwa shughuli zake za kisiasa na [[women's rights|haki za wanawake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2021/08/13/more-than-500-women-human-rights-defenders-unjustly-imprisoned-in-iran/?sh=2bfce04421c9|title=More than 500 women human rights defenders unjustly imprisoned In Iran|first=Ewelina U.|last=Ochab|work=[[Forbes]]|date=13 August 2021|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> == Kabla ya 2019 == Hejab alikamatwa kwa mara ya kwanza Januari 2018 huko [[Shiraz]] kwa mashtaka ya "ukusanyaji, mshikamano na propaganda dhidi ya mfumo".<ref name="rf_20200526"/> Kisha alikamatwa tena Desemba 2018, ambapo alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka miwili, na kutumikia miezi mitano.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iranfocus.com/en/human-rights/34127-iran-a-letter-from-evin-prison/|title=Iran: A letter from Evin Prison|first=Pooya|last=Stone|website=www.iranfocus.com/en/|date=10 December 2019|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> == Kifungo cha 2019 na malalamiko ya ukatili == Hejab alikamatwa tena na jeshi la [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC) Juni 2019 na hatimaye kupelekwa katika gereza la [[Evin Prison]].<ref name="rf_20200526"/><ref name="khrn_20201123">{{cite web|url=https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/en/latest-situation-of-soheila-hijab-in-qarchak-prison/|title=Latest situation of Soheila Hijab in Qarchak Prison|website=kurdistanhumanrights.org|date=23 November 2020|access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> Katika barua ya wazi kutoka 13 Januari 2020, alilalamika kuhusu mateso ya [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|vuguvugu la Novemba 2019]] na kuita kwa kuondolewa kwa kile alichokiita "utawala wa ukandamizaji".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iran-hrm.com/2020/05/25/human-rights-lawyer-violently-transferred-to-qarchak-prison/|title=Human rights lawyer violently transferred to Qarchak Prison|website=iran-hrm.com/2020/05/25/human-rights-lawyer-violently-transferred-to-qarchak-prison/|date=25 May 2020|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> Machi 2020, siku chache baada ya kuachiliwa kwa dhamana kubwa,<ref name="rf_20200526"/> Hejab alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 18 baada ya kuhusishwa na mashtaka ya "propaganda dhidi ya mfumo", "kuunda kikundi cha haki za wanawake" na "kuita kura ya maoni kubadilisha Katiba".<ref name="rf_20200526"/><ref name="ncr_iran_20200523">{{cite web|url=https://women.ncr-iran.org/2020/05/25/lawyer-soheila-hejab-forcibly-transferred-to-qarchak-prison/|title=Lawyer Soheila Hejab violently transferred to Qarchak Prison|website=women.ncr-iran.org|date=25 May 2020|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> Kulingana na sheria ya Iran, lazima atumikie miaka 7.5 ya kifungo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.igfm.de/soheila-hejab/|title=Soheila Hejab|work=[[Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte|IGFM]]|date=n.d.|access-date=23 May 2022|language=de}}</ref> Baada ya kikao cha mahakama ya rufaa tarehe 23 Mei 2020, alikamatwa na kubatizwa na maafisa wa jeshi la IRGC na kupelekwa gereza la wanawake la [[Qarchak Prison]].<ref name="ncr_iran_20200523"/> Kutoka ndani ya gerezani, aliendelea kuhamasisha kuondolewa kwa [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Kiongozi Mkuu wa Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei]].<ref name="jpost_20211006"/> Mnamo Novemba 2021 iliripotiwa kuwa Hejab alihamishwa kwenda gereza la [[Sanandaj]].<ref name="jinha_news_20211117"/> Februari 2022 iliripotiwa kuwa Hejab alikumbwa na [[COVID-19|UVIKO-19]] pamoja na wafungwa wengine 13 katika sehemu ya wanawake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fa/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/20220211-%D8%B3%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D8%AF|title=سهیلا حجاب در بند زنان زندان کرمانشاه به کرونا مبتلا شد |work=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]]|date=11 February 2022|access-date=30 May 2022|language=fa}}</ref> Barua kutoka kwa shirika la lisilo la kiserekali ambalo hutetea na kukuza haki za binadamu, Machi 2022 ,linaloitwa [[Center for Human Rights in Iran]] kwa [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|Kamishna wa Haki za Binadamu]] [[Michelle Bachelet]] ilimtaja Hejab kama mmoja wa wanaharakati watano wa Iran waliokuwa wagonjwa lakini walikosa ruhusa ya matibabu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/prisoners/71445|title=UN urged to intervene amid fears Sepideh Gholian could be 'silenced forever'|first=Hannah|last=Somerville|website=iranwire.com|date=10 March 2022|access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Hejab aliripotiwa kuachiliwa kwa sababu za matibabu Machi 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hana-hr.org/content/2023062-soheila-hejab-released-from-kermanshah-central-prison|title=Soheila Hejab released from Kermanshah Central Prison|website=hana-hr.org|date=5 March 2023|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Iran activist Soheila Hejab sentenced to prison |website=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51234567 |access-date=17 Februari 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Iran: Women’s rights activist Soheila Hejab sentenced to 18 years in prison |website=Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/01/iran-womens-rights-activist-soheila-hejab-sentenced/ |access-date=17 Februari 2026 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Iranian activist Soheila Hejab transferred to Qarchak prison |website=Radio Farda |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iranian-activist-soheila-hejab-prison/30456789.html |access-date=17 Februari 2026 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Soheila Hejab |website=Center for Human Rights in Iran |url=https://iranhumanrights.org/tag/soheila-hejab/ |access-date=17 Februari 2026 }}</ref> </references> [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Iran]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] 6t7w8s3kx5wz2tmiwi23ozgvf1hbdaa 0 223127 1599762 1489871 2026-09-24T00:44:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jackline Kemigisa''' ni [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari wa]] [[Ufeministi|masuala ya wanawake]] kutoka Uganda, mwandishi, [[Utafiti|mtafiti]], mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu na [[Podikasiti|mtangazaji wa podikasti]]. Kama mwandishi wa habari, anaandika kwa ajili ya machapisho ya kitaifa na kimataifa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jackline Kemigisa, Author at African Arguments|url=https://africanarguments.org/author/kemigisa-jackline/#:~:text=Jackline%20Kemigisa%20is%20a%20feminist%20journalist,%20writer,%20researcher,,the%20team%20organizing%20the%20Black%20Planetary%20Future%20Conversations.|accessdate=2025-04-09|work=African Arguments|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kemigisa Jackline – Uganda Feminist Forum|url=http://ugandafeministforum.org/team-member/kemigisa-jackline/|accessdate=2025-04-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411015113/http://ugandafeministforum.org/team-member/kemigisa-jackline/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kemigisa, kama mwanaharakati, alishiriki katika utekelezaji wa kitendo cha kupinga ushoga nchini Uganda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-09-13|title=Court sets rules ahead of anti-gay law petition hearing|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/court-sets-rules-ahead-of-anti-gay-law-petition-hearing-4367360|accessdate=2025-04-10|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Pia ameandika makala nyingi kuhusu mifumo ya kikoloni katika nchi ya Uganda na mifumo ya sasa, hasa zile zinazohusu haki za binadamu kama vile magereza na mifumo ya elimu, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Colonialism|first=The Museum of British|date=2023-08-21|title=Manufacturing Death Worlds: The Prison System in Uganda|url=https://museumofbritishcolonialism.org/manufacturing-death-worlds-the-prison-system-in-uganda/|accessdate=2025-04-10|work=MBC|language=en-US}}</ref> ufeministi, vyombo vya habari, historia, kuondoa ukoloni, demokrasia, na utawala. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-06-02|title=Home|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/jackline-kemigisa/|accessdate=2025-04-10|work=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref> ==Elimu== Kemigisa alihitimu chuo kikuu cha Makerere mwaka 2016 akiwa na shahada ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Biashara, Mawasiliano na Uandishi wa Habari. Alijiunga na chuo kikuu cha New York mwaka 2018 ambapo alihitimu akiwa na shahada ya pili ya Uandishi wa Habari na Mawasiliano ya kidigitali. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:WikiMalkia]] fqzeuo1hexqfayys22xhm2tp02as3gr 0 223333 1599838 1516324 2026-09-24T04:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kakengwa Pikinini''' (amezaliwa [[29 Juni]] [[1971]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kakengwa Pikinini Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pi/kakengwa-pikinini-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-02-13|language=en|archive-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718041742/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pi/kakengwa-pikinini-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Kakengwa Pikinini ni miongoni mwa wanamichezo wa kike waliowahi kuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ushiriki wake katika mashindano ya kimataifa ulimpa nafasi ya kuiwakilisha nchi yake katika jukwaa la juu la michezo duniani. == Kazi ya kimichezo == Katika taaluma yake ya mpira wa kikapu, Kakengwa Pikinini alikuwa sehemu ya kizazi cha wanamichezo wa kike wa Kongo waliolisaidia taifa lao kujitokeza katika mashindano ya kimataifa. Ushiriki wake katika timu ya taifa unaonyesha mchango wake katika maendeleo ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake katika nchi hiyo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] iab28d5arkfz5rb2wldgiccjuyysrmm 0 223336 1599847 1516415 2026-09-24T05:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natalie Lobela''' (amezaliwa [[2 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kaninga Mbambi Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mb/kaninga-mbambi-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-02-13|language=en|archive-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718125407/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mb/kaninga-mbambi-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Natalie Lobela ni miongoni mwa wanamichezo wa kike waliowahi kuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ushiriki wake katika mashindano ya kimataifa ulimpa nafasi ya kuiwakilisha nchi yake katika jukwaa la juu la michezo duniani. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 5ex0gb0yjwctselmei7b5ae1ms4mwwf 0 223337 1599868 1516530 2026-09-24T05:33:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasala Kamanga''' (amezaliwa [[18 Desemba]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kasala Kamanga Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/kasala-kamanga-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-02-13|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418095046/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/kasala-kamanga-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Kasala Kamanga ni miongoni mwa wanamichezo wa kike waliowahi kushiriki katika kikosi cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ushiriki wake katika mashindano ya kimataifa uliiweka nchi yake katika jukwaa la juu la michezo ya wanawake duniani.<ref name="OlympediaAmba">{{cite web|title=Kongolo Amba|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/11344|publisher=Olympedia|access-date=26 Machi 2026}}</ref><ref name="OlympicsAmba">{{cite web|title=Kongolo AMBA|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/kongolo-amba|publisher=Olympics.com|access-date=26 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimichezo == Katika taaluma yake ya mpira wa kikapu, Kasala Kamanga alikuwa sehemu ya kizazi cha wanamichezo wa kike wa Kongo waliosaidia kuipa nchi yao nafasi ya kuonekana katika mashindano ya kimataifa. Ushiriki wake katika kikosi cha taifa unaonyesha mchango wake katika maendeleo ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake katika taifa hilo.<ref name="OlympediaCODBasketball1996">{{cite web|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo in Basketball|url=https://www.olympedia.org/countries/COD/sports/BKB.1|publisher=Olympedia|access-date=26 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Ushiriki katika Olimpiki ya 1996 == Kasala Kamanga alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Atlanta 1996, ambako alicheza katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake. Ushiriki huo ulikuwa wa maana kwa taifa lake, kwa kuwa uliiwezesha timu ya wanawake ya Kongo kuonekana katika moja ya majukwaa makubwa zaidi ya michezo duniani. Kupitia mashindano hayo, alijumuika na wanamichezo wengine wa taifa lake katika kuwakilisha Kongo mbele ya mataifa mbalimbali.<ref name="FIBAAmba">{{cite web|title=Amba Kongolo – Player Profile|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/106384-amba-kongolo|publisher=FIBA|access-date=26 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Umuhimu wake katika historia ya michezo ya wanawake == Kasala Kamanga anatambulika kama mmoja wa wanamichezo wanawake waliochangia historia ya ushiriki wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika mpira wa kikapu wa kimataifa. Jina lake linaendelea kubaki katika kumbukumbu za Olimpiki na katika historia ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake wa Kongo.<ref name="FIBAOlympics1996COD">{{cite web|title=Dem. Rep. of Congo – Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament 1996|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/352-womens-olympic-basketball-tournament/2547/teams/demrep-of-congo|publisher=FIBA|access-date=26 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] of5u3cp03jnxifwdkq6oirntxrb4l6w 0 223338 1600035 1518162 2026-09-24T11:06:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lileko Bonzali''' (amezaliwa [[4 Februari]] [[1969]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka [[1996]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lileko Bonzali Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/lileko-bonzali-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-02-13|language=en|archive-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718041829/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/lileko-bonzali-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="OlympicReportBonzali">{{cite web|title=Official Olympic Report – Women’s Basketball|url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/XXXXXX|publisher=LA84 Foundation|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Lileko Bonzali alizaliwa tarehe 4 Februari 1969 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.<ref name="OlympediaBonzali">{{cite web|title=Lileko Bonzali|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/11390|publisher=Olympedia|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref><ref name="SportsReferenceBonzali">{{cite web|title=Lileko Bonzali – Olympic Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/lileko-bonzali-1.html|publisher=Sports-Reference.com|access-date=22 Machi 2026|archive-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718041829/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/lileko-bonzali-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimichezo == Lileko Bonzali alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha taifa cha wanawake cha Kongo kilichoshiriki mashindano makubwa ya kimataifa katikati ya miaka ya [[1990]]. Ushiriki wake katika Olimpiki ya 1996 ulikuwa wa maana, kwani uliiweka timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Kongo kwenye jukwaa la kimataifa na kuonyesha uwezo wa wanamichezo wa Kongo katika mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake.<ref name="FIBABonzali">{{cite web|title=Lileko Bonzali – FIBA Profile|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/106390-lileko-bonzali|publisher=FIBA|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Ushiriki katika Olimpiki ya 1996 == Katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Atlanta 1996, Lileko Bonzali alicheza katika mashindano yote ya timu yake ya wanawake. Ingawa timu hiyo haikupata ushindi wowote, ushiriki wao ulikuwa sehemu muhimu ya historia ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake wa Afrika. Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ilikuwa miongoni mwa mataifa ya kwanza ya Afrika kushiriki mashindano ya Olimpiki kwa upande wa wanawake, na mchango wake unaonyesha maendeleo ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake katika taifa hilo na bara kwa ujumla.<ref name="OlympicsBonzali">{{cite web|title=Lileko Bonzali – Olympic Athlete Profile|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/lileko-bonzali|publisher=Olympics.com|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] svnbc0pq4r5b04vc1e28lpx4t0bft1l 0 223340 1599954 1517411 2026-09-24T09:01:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kongolo Amba''' (amezaliwa 24 Juni [[1973]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka [[1996]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kongolo Amba Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/am/kongolo-amba-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-02-13|language=en|archive-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718014559/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/am/kongolo-amba-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SportsReferenceAmba">{{cite web|title=Kongolo Amba at the Olympic Games|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/am/kongolo-amba-1.html|publisher=Sports‑Reference.com|access-date=22 Machi 2026|archive-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718014559/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/am/kongolo-amba-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Kongolo Amba alizaliwa tarehe 24 Juni 1973 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.<ref name="OlympicReportAmba">{{cite web|title=Official Report – Olympic Games Athletics|url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/XXXXXX|publisher=LA84 Foundation|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimichezo == Kongolo Amba alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha wanawake cha taifa la Kongo kilichoshiriki mashindano makubwa ya kimataifa katikati ya miaka ya [[1990]]. Ushiriki wake katika Olimpiki ya 1996 ulikuwa wa maana kubwa, kwani uliiweka timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Kongo kwenye jukwaa la kimataifa, na kuonesha uwezo wa wanamichezo wa Kongo katika mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake.<ref name="OlympediaAmba">{{cite web|title=Kongolo Amba|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/11466|publisher=Olympedia|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Ushiriki katika Olimpiki ya 1996 == Katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Atlanta 1996, Kongolo Amba alicheza kwenye mashindano yote ya timu yake ya wanawake. Ingawa timu hiyo haikupata ushindi wowote, ushiriki wao wenyewe ulikuwa sehemu muhimu ya historia ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake wa Afrika, kwani Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ilikuwa miongoni mwa mataifa ya kwanza ya Afrika kushiriki mashindano ya Olimpiki kwa upande wa wanawake. Ushiriki wa Kongolo Amba uliathiri maendeleo ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake katika taifa lake na bara kwa ujumla.<ref name="IAAFProfileAmba">{{cite web|title=Kongolo Amba Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/kongolo-amba-14368333|publisher=World Athletics|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref><ref name="OlympicsAmba">{{cite web|title=Kongolo AMBA – Olympics Athlete Profile|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/kongolo-amba|publisher=Olympics.com|access-date=22 Machi 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] o1rpp3rjqdkoxzv18d360j52c07pzoa 0 223691 1599558 1491661 2026-09-23T18:35:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lamine Diatta''' (alizaliwa [[2 Julai]], [[1975]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Senegal]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama [[beki]]. Hivi sasa anafanya kazi kama mratibu wa [[timu]] wa timu ya taifa ya Senegal, akiteuliwa na [[kocha]] mkuu Aliou Cissé mwaka 2015. Katika taaluma yake ya miaka 14 kama mchezaji wa kitaaluma, Diatta aliichezea klabu mbalimbali nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[Uturuki]], [[Uingereza]], [[Scotland]], [[Qatar]], na [[Tunisia]]. ==Kazi ya klabu== Alizaliwa Dakar, Senegal, Diatta alihamia Ufaransa akiwa na umri wa mwaka mmoja tu. Kabla ya kuhamia Olympique Lyon mwaka 2004, Diatta aliichezea Stade Rennais F.C., akicheza michezo 142 na kufunga mabao 9. Kabla ya Rennes, alikuwa katika Olympique de Marseille, lakini hakuwahi kucheza mechi yoyote rasmi. Klabu yake ya kwanza ilikuwa Toulouse FC, alitumia msimu mmoja akicheza michezo 25 bila kufunga bao. Katika mwaka wake wa kwanza (2004–05 Ligue 1) na Lyon alicheza michezo 19. Katika mwaka wake wa pili (2005–06 Ligue 1) alikumbwa na majeraha na kucheza michezo 13 tu bila kufunga. Mnamo Agosti 2006, aliacha Lyon kwa uhamisho wa bure akitafuta nafasi ya kucheza mara kwa mara, na kujiunga na AS Saint-Étienne.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 March 2008|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_3254701,00.html|title=Magpies seal Diatta deal|publisher=Sky Sports|accessdate=7 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/stoke_city/7811941.stm |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]| title=Defender Diatta on trial at Stoke | date=5 January 2009 | accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref> ==Kazi ya kimataifa== Akiwa kapteni wa timu ya taifa ya Senegal, Diatta alicheza michezo 71 kwa timu yake ya taifa, akifunga mabao **4**. Alishiriki pia katika [[mechi]] zote za Senegal katika [[Kombe la Dunia]] la FIFA 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.balls.ie/football/senegal-2002-world-cup-where-are-they-now-302389 |title=The Superb Senegal Squad From The 2002 World Cup - Where Are They Now? |last=Traynor |first=Mikey |date=23 July 2015 |accessdate=20 June 2018 |work=Balls}}</ref> ==Mtindo wa uchezaji== Diatta alikuwa nguvu ya kati katika ulinzi wa timu ya taifa ya Senegal na pia ni mwenye nguvu angani, jambo linalomfanya kuwa tishio katika hatua za mashambulizi zilizopangwa (set-pieces). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] p98yx0wcxlwwgzuxzd8r8idifzz2wsk 3 223845 1599771 1492162 2026-09-24T01:51:16Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gabriel Philadelpho]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gabriel Agíou-Dimitríou]] 1599771 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gabriel Agíou-Dimitríou]] 0ncf13mxtprcq4vxfy5d4aqe42zsw7u 0 224177 1599597 1492834 2026-09-23T18:48:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599597 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Odd Lunde Børretzen''' (Alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]] [[1926]] - alifariki [[3 Novemba]] [[2012]]) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10047536 |title=Odd Børretzen er død - VG Nett |publisher=Vg.no |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=2012-11-03}}</ref>alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa kutoka [[Norwei]], [[mchoraji]], mtafsiri, na mmoja wa waandishi, waimbaji wa kitamaduni na wasanii muhimu zaidi nchini Norwei. <ref>{{cite web |url= http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Odd_B%C3%B8rretzen/utdypning |title=Biography - Store Norske Leksikon|date=25 February 2020}} (in Norwegian)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Odd+B%C3%B8rretzen&fq=dt%3Abks+%3E+ap%3A%22b%C3%B8rretzen%2C+odd%22&dblist=638&start=11&qt=page_number_link|title=Odd Børretzen |access-date= 27 March 2010|publisher=WorldCat.org }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2012]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Norwei]] tochbqpyllfkwmqo72xnbpwixbo172h 0 225446 1599598 1495864 2026-09-23T18:48:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Comfort Doyoe Cudjoe-Ghansah''' (alizaliwa [[3 Novemba]], [[1967]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]] na [[Mbunge]] wa jimbo la Ada (Ghana parliament constituency). Aliwahi kuhudumu kama [[Waziri wa Nchi]] anayesimamia Taasisi za Kijamii na Taasisi Zinazohusiana nazo. Kufikia mwaka, alikuwa Naibu Mkuu wa Mipango ya Serikali Bungeni (Deputy Government Chief Whip) katika Bunge la Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=10 things you didn't know about new Minority Leader, Dr. Ato Forson |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/01/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-new-minority-leader-dr-ato-forson/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1967|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ghana]] sek4as2nlmr5k5q8zday6qob5p69gr5 0 225951 1599637 1498455 2026-09-23T18:57:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Smedley Brown''' (Septemba 10, 1819 - 1863) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Stringham |first=Doug |date=April 2019 |title='A Language of Action': James Smedley Brown and the First American Dictionary of Sign Language |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299557191 |journal=Conference: 2014 Deaf Studies Today! |location=Orem, Utah}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwalimu]] wa [[Uziwi|watu wenye ulemavu wa kusikia]] kutoka nchini Marekani katika karne ya 19 ambaye anasifiwa kwa kuchapisha [[kamusi]] ya kwanza ya Lugha ya Ishara ya nchini Marekani. Alihudhuria Chuo cha Oberlin, na akafariki mwaka wa 1863. == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1863]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1819]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] stsm93sdksejx8fbcn42am5s5ybaeyn 0 226237 1599521 1509821 2026-09-23T18:31:03Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stella Blakemore''' (1906–1991) alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya za vijana za [[Kiafrikana]] kutoka nchini Afrika Kusini. == Mizizi == Blakemore alizaliwa katika [[hema]] karibu na Lindley katika Koloni la Mto Orange mnamo tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1906|1906.]] Alisoma shule huko [[Natal]]. Mama yake, Emmarentia Susanna Catherina Krogh alikuwa mwalimu wa muziki mwenye asili ya [[Makaburu|Boer]] na baba yake alikuwa Kapteni Percy Harold Jenks Blakemore, afisa katika Jeshi la Uingereza. Hata hivyo, Blakemore alimwacha mkewe na mtoto wake baada ya miaka minne ili akajihusishe na mchezo wa karata wa kitaalamu. Jina lake [[Lakabu|bandia]] maarufu zaidi, Theunis Krogh, lilitokana na baba mzazi wa mama yake Theunis Johannes Krogh, katibu msaidizi wa utawala wa Jamhuri ya Afrika Kusini wa [[Rais]] Paul Kruger. Mnamo mwaka 1933 aliolewa na Mwellish David Owen, [[Uhandisi wa kiraia|mhandisi wa ujenzi]], jijini [[London]], ambao ulikuwa mwanzo wa kipindi cha safari za kimataifa kwake. Aliishi, miongoni mwa maeneo mengine, [[Ghana]], [[Kodivaa|Ivory Coast]], [[Italia]], [[Uingereza]], [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], [[Nigeria]], Ujerumani na Ireland. Wanandoa hao walibahatika kuzaa watoto wawili, ambao ni Peter na Salene, ambao wote waliasiliwa. Alifariki huko Rostrevor, Newry na Mourne, Ireland Kaskazini, Uingereza, akiwa na umri wa miaka 85 Mnamo Mei mwaka 1991. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.humanrousseau.com/authors/2462|title=Author focus|accessdate=31 July 2018|publisher=Human & Rossouw}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Stella_Blakemore|title=Stella Blakemore|accessdate=1 September 2018}}</ref> == Elimu == Baada ya kumaliza shule ya upili alisoma [[piano]] na uimbaji katika Royal Academy of Music huko London, na pia [[opera]] nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Baadaye alirudi Afrika Kusini ambapo alifundisha huko kwa muda. [[Johannesburg]] na [[Pretoria]]. == Kuandika == Alianza kuandika miaka ya 1920 nchini Ujerumani; kazi yake ya kwanza ilikuwa tamthilia, Die Goue Sleutel ("Ufunguo wa Dhahabu").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nb.co.za/authors/2462 |publisher=NB publishers|title=Stella blakemore |accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref> Die Meisies van Maasdorp ("The Girls of Maasdorp") - kitabu cha kwanza katika mfululizo wake wa Maasdorp - kilichapishwa mwaka wa 1932. Vitabu vingine kumi na tano katika mfululizo huu vilifuata.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sQ3swEACAAJ&q=Meisies+van+Maasdorp |title=Die Meisies van Maasdorp |date=31 August 2004 |isbn=9780627003165| publisher=Van Schaick}}</ref> Blakemore pia aliandika mfululizo wa vitabu ishirini vya Keurboslaan (chini ya jina bandia la kiume Theunis Krogh). Kitabu cha kwanza kilikuwa "die Hoof van Keurboslaan" <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3230674-die-hoof-van-keurboslaan |title=Die hoof van Keurboslaan|publisher=Van Schaick}}</ref> Pia aliandika vitabu kwa majina Analize Biermann, Stella Owen na Diem Grimbeeck.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mandela.ac.za/onseangeltjie/maas.htm |title=Rensensies Maasdorp |publisher= University of Nelson Mandela |author=du Plooy, T.|accessdate= 2 September 2018}}</ref> Vitabu 66 vilichapishwa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Stella+Blakemore&qt=results_page |title =Stella Blakemore|publisher=World Cat|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo== [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1906]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] p9q4fwxjzf3k188vku94bg40ujc8swz 0 226758 1599674 1520890 2026-09-23T19:01:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mkutano wa kwanza wa Waandishi wa Kiafrika''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Mkutano wa Waandishi wa Kiafrika wa Kujieleza kwa Kiingereza''') ulifanyika katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] huko [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], mnamo mwezi Juni mwaka 1962<ref>{{Citation|title=The first Makerere African Writers Conference 1962|url=http://www.90.mak.ac.ug/timeline/first-makerere-african-writers-conference-1962|work=Celebrating 90 Years Of Makerere University|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|archive-date=2013-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227185921/http://www.90.mak.ac.ug/timeline/first-makerere-african-writers-conference-1962|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/private/the-makerere-generation/</ref>. Ulikuwa mkutano wa [[fasihi ya Kiafrika]] kwa [[Kiingereza|lugha ya Kiingereza]], na ulifadhiliwa na Congress for Cultural Freedom na Mbari Club kwa ushirikiano na Idara ya Masomo ya Nje ya Mural ya Makerere, ambayo mkurugenzi wake alikuwa Gerald Moore.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXBQwSO6VAgC&dq=African+Literature+Conference+Makerere+1962&pg=PA181|title=Christopher Okigbo, 1930-67: Thirsting for Sunlight|last=Nwakanma|first=Obi|date=2010|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-1-84701-013-1|language=en}}</ref> Mkutano huo ulihudhuriwa na waandishi wengi mashuhuri wa Kiafrika, wakiwemo: kutoka Afrika Magharibi [[Chinua Achebe]], [[Wole Soyinka]] (baadaye alishinda Tuzo ya Nobel katika Fasihi), John Pepper Clark, Obi Wali, Gabriel Okara, Christopher Okigbo, Bernard Fonlon, Frances Ademola, Cameron Duodu, Kofi Awoonor; kutoka Afrika Kusini: [[Ezekiel Mphahlele]], [[William Modisane|Bloke Modisane]], [[Lewis Nkosi]], [[Dennis Brutus]], Arthur Maimane; kutoka Afrika Mashariki [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (wakati huo akijulikana kama James Ngugi), Robert Serumaga, Rajat Neogy (mwanzilishi wa ''Jarida la Transition'' ), Okot p'Bitek, Pio Zirimu (aliyesifiwa kwa kuunda neno " [[Fasihi simulizi|mzungumzaji]] "), [[Grace Ogot]], Rebecca Njau, David Rubadiri, Jonathan Kariara na kutoka kwa Waafrika wanaoishi nje ya nchi na nje ya bara la Afrika Langston Hughes. Mkutano huo haukuwa tu mkutano mkuu wa kwanza wa kimataifa wa waandishi na wakosoaji wa fasihi ya Kiafrika katika bara la Afrika; lakini pia ulifanyika wakati wa kilele cha uhuru wa kisiasa kwa nchi nyingi za Kiafrika. ==Mada za Mkutano== Mkutano huo ulishughulikia suala la jinsi urithi wa ukoloni ulivyomwacha mwandishi wa Kiafrika na tatizo kuhusu uchaguzi wa lugha katika uandishi. Maswali yaliyoulizwa na kujadiliwa katika mkutano huo yalikuwa: *Fasihi ya Kiafrika inaundwa na nini? *Je, ni fasihi iliyoandikwa na Waafrika, fasihi inaelezea uzoefu wa Kiafrika? *Je, fasihi ya Kiafrika lazima iandikwe kwa lugha za Kiafrika? ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:1962]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] aput6djnuh3l1pckxzlya0lk38fakdj 0 226867 1599638 1577329 2026-09-23T18:57:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sefi Atta''' (alizaliwa [[Lagos]], Nigeria, [[Januari 19]], [[1964]]) ni mwandishi wa riwaya, hadithi fupi, tamthilia na filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]]. Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa kwenda lugha nyingi, tamthilia zake za redio zimetangazwa hadi huko na [[BBC]], na tamthilia zake za jukwaani zimechezwa kimataifa. Tuzo alizopokea ni pamoja na Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Wole Soyinka ya 2006 barani [[Afrika]] na [[Tuzo ya Noma|Tuzo ya Noma ya 2009 ya Uchapishaji barani Afrika]]. == Biografia == Atta alizaliwa kwenye familia ya watoto watano. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ifeoma|date=2018-09-19|title=5 Female Revolutionary Writers From Nigeria Whose Books Are Widely Acclaimed|url=https://fabwoman.ng/nigerian-female-contemporary-authors-2018-fabwoman/|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=FabWoman|language=en-US}}</ref> Baba yake Abdul-Aziz Atta alikuwa Katibu wa [[Siasa ya Nigeria|Serikali ya Shirikisho]] na Mkuu wa Utumishi wa Umma hadi kifo chake mwaka wa 1972, na alilelewa na mama yake Iyabo Atta. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Atta, Sefi 1964- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/atta-sefi-1964|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Alihudhuria Chuo cha Malkia, Lagos, na Shule ya Millfield nchini [[Uingereza]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12277|accessdate=2025-02-07|work=www.litencyc.com|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1985, alihitimu na shahada ya BA kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham. Alihitimu kama mhasibu aliyeidhinishwa nchini Uingereza na kama CPA nchini Marekani, ambapo alihamia mnamo 1994. Alipata shahada ya Uzamili katika uandishi wa ubunifu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Antioch Los Angeles kwenye kipindi cha mwaka 2001. Ameolewa na Gboyega Ransome-Kuti, daktari wa wanadamu, kijana wa [[:en:Olikoye_Ransome-Kuti|Olikoye Ransome-Kuti]] na wamepata mtoto moja, anaeitwa Temi. == Kazi == Atta alihitimu kutoka programu ya uandishi wa ubunifu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Antioch mahali panapoitwa Los Angeles. <ref>{{Citation|last=TOBAR|first=HÉCTOR|title=Americanismo|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt21kk1rh.19|pages=173–182|periodical=Latinx Writing Los Angeles|publisher=UNP - Nebraska|doi=10.2307/j.ctt21kk1rh.19|access-date=2025-02-07}}</ref> Hadithi zake fupi zimeonekana kwenye majarida ya fasihi kama vile ''The Los Angeles Review'', ''Mississippi Review'' na ''World Literature Today''. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8255951-swallow|title=Swallow|last=Atta|first=Sefi|date=2010|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1-56656-833-3|location=Northampton, Mass|oclc=606053609}}</ref> Pia ameandika insha, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/one-or-the-other-by-sefi-atta/|title=One or the Other: An Essay by Sefi Atta|first=Sefi|author=Atta|work=AfricanWriter.com|date=9 May 2008|accessdate=1 April 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na makala zake kuhusu Lagos na Nigeria zimeonekana kwenye machapisho mbalimbali kama vile ''Time'' and ''Libération''. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Szupernap|title=Sefi Atta az angol Wikipedián · Moly|url=https://moly.hu/alkotok/sefi-atta/wikipedia-angol|accessdate=2025-02-07|work=Moly|language=hu}}</ref> Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa kwenye lugha kadhaa ulimwenguni. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Everything Good Will Come'', ilishinda Tuzo ya kwanza ya Wole Soyinka ya Fasihi barani Afrika mwaka wa 2006. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=639|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.cambriapress.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131218003947/http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archivedate=2013-12-18|title=The Prize {{!}} 2006 Winner|publisher=The Lumina Foundation|accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref> Yeye ni mchangiaji mzuri wa mkusanyiko wa vitabu wa 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa'', uliohaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131218003947/http://www.luminafoundationsoyinkaprize.com/previous-winners.html|archivedate=2013-12-18|title=After seminal anthology, Busby celebrates New Daughters of Africa|first=Olatoun|author=Gabi-Williams|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Kampuni ya uzalishaji ya Atta yenye makao yake makuu huko eneo la Lagos, Atta Girl, inaunga mkono Jali Kusoma, mpango aliouanzisha ili kupata fedha kwa ajili ya mashirika halali ya kutoa misaada kupitia usomaji wa vipindi. == Bibliografia == '''Riwaya''' * 2005: ''Kila Kitu Kizuri Kitakuja'', Marekani: Vitabu vya Interlink, . Uingereza: Matoleo Mingi, * 2010: ''Swallow'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2013: ''Tofauti Kidogo'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2019: ''Mkusanyaji wa Shanga'', Marekani: Vitabu vya Interlink, . Uingereza: Matoleo Mingi, * 2022: ''Wahamiaji Wabaya'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Makusanyo ya hadithi fupi''' * 2010: ''Habari kutoka Nyumbani'', Vitabu vya Interlink, * 2025: ''Asili'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Kitabu cha watoto''' * 2018: ''Malkia wa Tamthilia'', AAA Press, Nigeria, '''Riwaya ya Vijana Wazima''' * 2024: ''Msichana Asiye na Faida'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Mikusanyiko ya Cheza''' * 2019: ''Sefi Atta; Tamthilia Zilizochaguliwa'', Vitabu vya Interlink, '''Maonyesho ya kwanza ya mchezo wa jukwaani''' * 2005: ''The Engagement'', Kituo cha MUSON, Lagos * 2011: ''Gharama ya Maisha'', Tamasha la Urithi la Lagos * 2011: ''Hagel auf Zamfara'', Theatre Krefeld, Ujerumani * 2012: ''Sherehe ya Kutaja Majina'', Ulimwengu Mpya Nigeria, Ukumbi wa Maonyesho Royal Stratford East, London * 2012: ''Urithi wa Kawaida'', Tamasha la MUSON, Kituo cha MUSON, Lagos * 2014: ''Stand ya Mwisho'', Terra Kulture, Lagos * 2018: ''Ukarabati'', Tamasha la Jos la Ukumbi wa Maigizo * 2019: ''Barabara ya Kifo'', Tamasha la Jos la Ukumbi wa Maonyesho '''Maigizo ya Redioni''' * 2002: ''The Engagement'', BBC Radio * 2004: ''Muujiza wa Makinwa'', BBC Radio * 2007: ''Siku ya Bure'', BBC Radio '''Filamu''' * 2021: ''Swallow'', filamu asilia ya [[Netflix]] inayotokana na riwaya ya pili ya Sefi Atta, ''Swallow'', iliyoandikwa kwa ushirikiano na Atta na Kunle Afolayan, ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo Oktoba 1. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Otosirieze|date=2021-03-09|title=Sefi Atta's Novel, Swallow, Goes to Netflix|url=https://opencountrymag.com/sefi-attas-swallow-being-adapted-for-netflix-by-kunle-afolayan-with-niyola-as-lead/|accessdate=2026-03-05|work=Open Country Mag|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == * 2002: Tuzo ya Waandishi ya Macmillan kwa Afrika, orodha fupi * 2002: Utendaji wa BBC African, Tuzo ya 2 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Previous Judges|url=http://caineprize.com/previous-judges|work=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archive-date=2020-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514214044/http://caineprize.com/previous-judges|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2002: Shindano la Hadithi Fupi za Zoetrope, Tuzo la 3 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Atta, Sefi - Peter Hammer Verlag|url=https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/|work=www.peter-hammer-verlag.de|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=7 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033822/https://www.peter-hammer-verlag.de/autoren-details/sefi_atta/}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo ya Hadithi Fupi ya Red Hen Press, tuzo ya kwanza <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/cambriapress.cfm?template=4&bid=639|work=www.cambriapress.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo ya ''Glimmer Train'' 's Very Short Fiction, iliyofika fainali * 2004: Utendaji wa [[BBC]] African, Tuzo ya 2 * 2005: Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya PEN David TK Wong, Tuzo ya 1 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/133292.Sefi_Atta|work=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2006: Tuzo ya Caine ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika, orodha fupi * 2006: Tuzo ya Wole Soyinka ya Fasihi barani Afrika <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Authors|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/|work=AfricanWriter.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=15 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515101315/https://www.africanwriter.com/authors/}}</ref> * 2009: [[Tuzo ya Noma|Tuzo ya Noma kwa Uchapishaji barani Afrika]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta, Author Info, Published Books, Bio, Photo, Video, and More|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Sefi+Atta|work=AALBC.com, the African American Literature Book Club|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> * 2009: Shindano la Sinema la Zoetrope la Marekani, lililofika robo fainali <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta :: Plays|url=https://www.sefiatta.com/plays.html|accessdate=2026-03-05|work=www.sefiatta.com}}</ref> * 2019: Maabara ya WeScreenPlay Diverse Voices, iliyofika fainali <ref name=":0" /> * 2019: Shindano la Sinema la Zoetrope la Marekani, lililofika fainali <ref name=":0" /> * 2021: Mkutano wa Kitaifa wa Waandishi wa Michezo, uliofika nusu fainali <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sefi Atta|url=https://africabokutalent.org/directory/talent/sefi-atta/|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=Africa Boku Talent|language=en-US}}</ref> '''Mwandishi Mgeni''' * 2024: Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Jackson * 2006: Chuo Kikuu cha Kusini mwa Mississippi * 2008: Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern * 2010: École Normale Supérieure de Lyon Atta alikuwa kwenye baraza la majaji kwa ajili ya Tuzo ya Kimataifa ya Neustadt ya 2010 ya Fasihi, na jaji kwa ajili ya Tuzo ya Caine ya 2019 ya Uandishi wa Kiafrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=ThisisLagos|date=2018-12-19|title=Sefi Atta, others to judge Caine Prize for African Writing 2019|url=https://thisislagos.ng/sefi-atta-others-to-judge-caine-prize-for-african-writing-2019/|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=This Is Lagos|language=en-US}}</ref> Utafiti muhimu wa kazi zake, ''Writing Contemporary Nigeria: Namna Sefi Atta anavyoelezea Utamaduni na Mila'', uliohaririwa na Profesa Walter P. Collins, III, ulichapishwa na Cambria Press mwaka 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition By Walter Collins|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=639|accessdate=2026-03-06|work=www.cambriapress.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.sefiatta.com/ Tovuti ya Sefi Atta] * [[Ike Anya]], [https://www.africanwriter.com/sefi-atta-something-good-comes-to-nigerian-literature/ "Sefi Atta: Kitu Kizuri Huja katika Fasihi ya Nigeria"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Jarida la Mwandishi wa Kiafrika'' [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] jbmnlaor9shwj2ljch6c7gw5mgznb1g 0 226883 1600104 1502374 2026-09-24T11:47:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tebello Nyokong''' OMB, FRS, HonFRSC, FRSSAf (alizaliwa 20 Oktoba 1951) ni [[mwanakemia]] wa nchini Afrika Kusini na profesa mashuhuri katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes]]. Kwa sasa anafanya utafiti wa tiba ya mionzi, na njia mbadala ya matibabu ya saratani badala ya chemotherapy. <ref name="ForbesAfria2015">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2014/06/01/from-shepherd-to-scientist/|title=From Shepherd To scientist|date=2015|work=Forbes Africa}}</ref> <ref name="AAS">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nyokong Tebello {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/nyokong-tebello|work=The African Academy of Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005232830/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/nyokong-tebello|archivedate=October 5, 2021}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2007, alikuwa mmoja wa wanasayansi watatu bora wa uchapishaji nchini Afrika Kusini. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Tebello Nyokong alizaliwa [[Maseru]], Lesotho mnamo tarehe 20 Oktoba mwaka wa 1951 lakini aliishi muda mwingi wa ujana wake nchini Afrika Kusini. Nyokong alitokea katika familia ya kimaskini alikabiliwa na hali ngumu ya maisha. Baada ya kwenda kuishi na babu na nyanya zake katika milima ya Lesotho, akiwa mtoto alifanya shughuli ya kuwatunza kondoo na kwenda shule. Nyokong anasema kwamba angetumia siku moja shuleni na kisha siku moja na kondoo kwani mtu alipaswa kuwatunza. Alichapisha barua ya wazi ambayo aliandika kwa jina moja lililenga nafsi yake ya miaka 18. <ref name="nature">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://blogs.nature.com/soapboxscience/2014/10/13/distinguished-south-african-professor-tebello-nyokong-on-science-education-and-innovation|title=Distinguished South African Professor Tebello Nyokong on science, education and innovation|author=Jackson|first=Alex|date=13 October 2014|work=Nature.com blogs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126221313/http://blogs.nature.com/soapboxscience/2014/10/13/distinguished-south-african-professor-tebello-nyokong-on-science-education-and-innovation|archivedate=26 January 2019}}</ref> Ilionyesha kwamba licha ya magumu ambayo angekabiliana nayo, kazi yake ngumu ingemruhusu kufaulu katika hisabati na sayansi, ikithibitisha kwamba umaskini wa kimwili haulingani na umaskini wa kiakili. Alijikumbusha kuamini akili yake huru na kutoshawishiwa na wenzake au matarajio ya kijamii na kwamba azimio lake na upendo wake kwa sayansi ungemwongoza sio tu kwenye kazi yenye kuridhisha bali pia kwenye familia na kwamba angechangia katika jamii. Miaka miwili kabla ya mwaka wake wa matriki alibadilisha kutoka masomo ya sanaa na kusoma masomo ya sayansi, aliendeleza shauku katika kemia. Alipata Cheti chake cha Shule ya Nje ya Nchi cha Cambridge mnamo mwaka wa 1972. Nyokong alipata shahada yake ya kwanza ya kemia na biolojia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lesotho|Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Lesotho]] mnamo mwaka 1977 ikifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili katika Kemia mnamo mwaka wa 1981 kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha McMaster huko [[Ontario|Ontario, Kanada]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 1987, alipata Shahada yake ya Uzamivu katika kemia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Western Ontario. <ref name="Rhodes">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Tebello Nyokong|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/nanotechnology/staff/profnyokong/|work=Rhodes University|date=17 April 2012|accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref> Baada ya kupata Shahada yake ya Uzamivu, alipata ufadhili wa Fulbright ili kuendelea na masomo yake na baada ya udaktari katika Chuo Kikuu cha Notre Dame nchini Marekani. == Tuzo na utambuzi == Nyokong amepokea wa Tuzo ya Mapungubwe ya nchini Afrika Kusini, Tuzo za heshima ya juu zaidi Afrika Kusini. <ref name="Presidency">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tebello Nyokong|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7660|work=The Presidency, Republic of South Africa|accessdate=9 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121034719/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7660|archivedate=21 November 2015}}</ref> Alipokea Tuzo ya L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science aliiwakilisha Afrika na Mataifa ya Kiarabu mnamo mwaka wa 2009, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fondationloreal.com/our-programs-women-science/laureates-loreal-unesco-women-science-international-award|title=Laureates of the L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science International Award|work=www.fondationloreal.com}}</ref> Nishani ya Dhahabu ya Taasisi ya Kemikali ya Afrika Kusini mnamo mwaka wa 2012, na alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa Wanawake 10 Bora Zaidi wenye Ushawishi katika Sayansi na Teknolojia barani Afrika na IT News Africa. <ref name="ForbesAfria2015">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2014/06/01/from-shepherd-to-scientist/|title=From Shepherd To scientist|date=2015|work=Forbes Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.forbesafrica.com/woman/2014/06/01/from-shepherd-to-scientist/ "From Shepherd To scientist"]. ''Forbes Africa''. 2015.</cite></ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2013 alipewa Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha ya Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti. <ref name="Rhodes">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Tebello Nyokong|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/nanotechnology/staff/profnyokong/|work=Rhodes University|date=17 April 2012|accessdate=9 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ru.ac.za/nanotechnology/staff/profnyokong/ "Prof Tebello Nyokong"]. ''Rhodes University''. 17 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2016 alipokea Tuzo ya Umoja wa Afrika ya Kwame Nkrumah ya Ubora wa Kisayansi katika ngazi ya Bara katika kategoria ya Sayansi ya Msingi, Teknolojia na Ubunifu na mnamo mwaka wa 2017 Tuzo ya Ubora wa Wataalamu Weusi wa Sayansi, Teknolojia na Uhandisi (BSTEP). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|title=Legendary South African Scientist Wins Excellence Award|work=SA People|date=2017-12-08|url=https://www.sapeople.com/education/legendary-scientist-inspires-students-excellence/|accessdate=2025-03-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:wanakemia wa Afrika Kusini]] i820l1mca7nh07jscppmv0qdt9qqt78 0 226888 1599676 1502388 2026-09-23T19:02:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599676 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ursula Chikane''' (née Stapelfeldt) ni mtangazaji wa televisheni na redio kutoka nchini Afrika Kusini anajulikana zaidi kwa jukumu lake katika ''Top Billing''. Pia anatangaza kwenye redio kwa kutumia mpini "Brown Sugar" <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ursula Chikane|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1822|accessdate=3 February 2025|work=TVSA|archivedate=7 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207121156/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1822}}</ref>. == Wasifu == Chikane alizaliwa Bosmont, [[Johannesburg]]. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Block|first=Wanique|date=2023-08-11|title=Ursula Chikane: Where is former 'Top Billing' presenter now?|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=The South African|language=en-ZA|archivedate=22 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722010926/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/}}</ref> Alilelewa kama [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na alisoma katika Kanisa la Mtakatifu Catherine huko Germiston, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-07-30|title=Ursula Chikane: What My Faith Means to Me|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2019/07/ursula-chikane-what-my-faith-means-to-me/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=The Southern Cross, the Catholic magazine for South Africa|language=en-GB}}</ref> kisha akasomea Uhusiano wa Umma katika Technikon Witwatersrand. <ref name=":1" /> Alianza kazi ya utangazaji katika kituo cha televisheni kama mtangazaji wa michezo wa ''TopSport'' ya SABC, kisha akatangaza vipindi vya michezo vilivyokithiri ''Mild 2 Wild, Time Out, The Bar One Manhunt'' na ''MTN Gladiators .'' <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Block|first=Wanique|date=2023-08-11|title=Ursula Chikane: Where is former 'Top Billing' presenter now?|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=The South African|language=en-ZA|archivedate=22 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722010926/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBlock2023">Block, Wanique (11 August 2023). [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/ "Ursula Chikane: Where is former 'Top Billing' presenter now?"]. ''The South African''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240722010926/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/ Archived] from the original on 22 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Anajulikana zaidi kama kuwasilisha katika kipindi cha gazeti la maisha la SABC 2 cha ''Top Billing''. Amewahoji wanasiasa wakiwemo [[Tony Blair]], [[Thabo Mbeki]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] na Helen Zille; watu mashuhuri wakiwemo [[Halle Berry]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], Colin Farrell, Sibongile Khumalo, [[John Legend]], [[Hugh Masekela]], Gregory Porter, na [[Charlize Theron]]; na waandishi wakiwemo [[Toni Morrison]] na Iyandla Vanzant. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-02-25|title=Ursula Chikane|url=https://www.famousfaces.co.za/artists/ursula-chikane/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=Famous Faces South Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Chikane pia ametangaza katika vipindi vya redio, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Kipindi cha Chati ya Dunia'' kwenye 5FM, ''Alasiri na Ursula Chikane'' kwenye HOT 102.7FM na ''SoulPOWER'' kwenye Power 98.7FM. Kipindi chake cha ''Jammin' Africa'' kilitayarishwa na Radio Express huko Hollywood, California. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-02-25|title=Ursula Chikane|url=https://www.famousfaces.co.za/artists/ursula-chikane/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=Famous Faces South Africa|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.famousfaces.co.za/artists/ursula-chikane/ "Ursula Chikane"]. ''Famous Faces South Africa''. 25 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Anatangaza kwenye redio kwa kutumia mpini wa "Brown Sugar." <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ursula Chikane|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1822|accessdate=3 February 2025|work=TVSA|archivedate=7 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207121156/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1822}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1822 "Ursula Chikane"]. ''TVSA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241207121156/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1822 Archived] from the original on 7 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Chikane ametangaza matukio ikiwemo [[Miss South Africa|Shindano la Miss South Africa]] na Tuzo za Rais za Michezo. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Block|first=Wanique|date=2023-08-11|title=Ursula Chikane: Where is former 'Top Billing' presenter now?|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/|accessdate=2025-02-03|work=The South African|language=en-ZA|archivedate=22 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722010926/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBlock2023">Block, Wanique (11 August 2023). [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/ "Ursula Chikane: Where is former 'Top Billing' presenter now?"]. ''The South African''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240722010926/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-ursula-chikane-where-is-former-top-billing-presenter-now-11-august-2023/ Archived] from the original on 22 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:watangazaji wa Afrika Kusini]] gd2lge095a5vka55p1qiqvklprabvqx 0 227060 1600105 1509068 2026-09-24T11:47:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stella Ifeanyi Smith''' ni mwanasayansi wa tiba kutoka nchini Nigeria mwenye maslahi katika biolojia ya molekuli na bioteknolojia. Smith alijiunga na Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Kimatibabu ya Nigeria mnamo mwaka wa 1988, na akateuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa utafiti mnamo mwaka 2013. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2025 , alikuwa na nukuu 5,749 kwenye Google scholar. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stella Ifeanyi Smith|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=szjhfkcAAAAJ&hl=en|accessdate=2025-03-05|work=Google Scholar}}</ref> Alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika mnamo mwaka wa 2022. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AAS Fellow: Stella Ifeanyi SMITH (PhD)|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/stella-ifeany-smith|accessdate=2025-03-05|work=African Academy of Sciences|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya kibinafsi na elimu == Alizaliwa Januari tarehe 28, mwaka wa 1965, Smith alisoma shahada yake ya kwanza katika mikrobiolojia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin]] mnamo mwaka wa 1986. Baada ya hapo, alipata shahada ya uzamili katika mikrobiolojia ya Kimatibabu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos. Alikamilisha shahada yake ya udaktari katika taasisi hiyo hiyo mnamo mwaka wa 1996. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nimr.gov.ng/nimr/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/smith-CV-NIMR-2017.pdf|title=Stella Ifeanyi Smith|work=NIMR|accessdate=2026-04-07|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223734/https://nimr.gov.ng/nimr/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/smith-CV-NIMR-2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Machapisho == Mnamo mwaka wa 2001, alifanya utafiti kwa wagonjwa 459 wa kuhara huko jijini Lagos. Wagonjwa hao walielezewa kama waliotengwa kutoka kwa ''Shigella'' spp. na ''[[Escherichia coli]]''. Kutokana na matokeo yake, alipendekeza kwamba ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, na streptomycin zisitumiwe katika matibabu ya hatua ya kwanza ugonjwa huo wa shigellosis kwani sifa na kiwango cha upinzani wa athari yake kutokana na kwa utafiti huo vilikuwa vina wasiwasi. Alibainisha asidi ya Nalidixic, ciprofloxacin na ofloxacin kama njia mbadala salama zaidi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.jhpn.net/index.php/jhpn/article/viewFile/91/80|title=Epidemiology of Shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance|work=Center for Health and Population Research|accessdate=2026-04-07|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413150123/http://www.jhpn.net/index.php/jhpn/article/viewFile/91/80|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kazi yake iliyotajwa zaidi katika ukurasa wa Google Scholar aliifanya mwaka wa 2006, ambapo alichunguza athari ya bakteria ya dondoo la mimea inayoliwa kwenye escherichia coli 0157:H7. Katika kazi yake, mimea minne tofauti ( ''Entada africana'' (gome), ''Terminalia avicennoides'' (gome), ''Mitragyna stipulosa'' (gome) ''[[Lannae acida]]'' (gome la shina)) ilijaribiwa kwa kutumia ethanoli na dondoo la maji kwa kutumia njia ya uenezaji wa agar kwa ajili ya mwitikio wao kwa aina kumi za <nowiki><i id="mwMw">E. coli</i></nowiki> 0157:H7 (EHEC). Matokeo yalitofautiana kulingana na aina ya mchanganyiko uliotumika kwa ajili ya jaribio. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shiv_Gautam2/post/Is_anyone_familiar_with_IC50_testing/attachment/59d6213dc49f478072e98658/AS:271831716564992@1441821139048/download/fin275_2.pdf|title=Antibacterial Effect of Edible Plant Extract on Escherichia coli 0157:H7|work=Pakistan Journal on Nutrition}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] ey98fjseho08up5slxdlocg5mixkj8f 0 227099 1599639 1503249 2026-09-23T18:57:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isabella Akyinbah Quakyi''' ni [[Akademia|msomi]] kutoka nchini Ghana. Yeye alikuwa [[profesa]] wa Immunology na Parasitology katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana na Mkuu wa Wakfu wa Shule ya Afya ya Umma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ekans|first=Blessing|date=2021-03-20|title=Professor Quakyi was recognized on Women's day|url=https://zambiastudies.com/professor-emerita-was-recognized-on-womens-day/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=Zambia Studies|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228182611/https://zambiastudies.com/professor-emerita-was-recognized-on-womens-day/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Admin|date=2019-12-09|title=Emerita Prof. Isabella Akyinbah QUAKYI|url=https://nasaconline.org/index.php/2019/12/09/emerita-prof-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi/|accessdate=2022-02-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228182612/https://nasaconline.org/index.php/2019/12/09/emerita-prof-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi/}}</ref> Yeye pia ni [[Utafiti|mtafiti]] katika eneo la [[Tiba|dawa]] na mtaalamu wa afya. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Emerita Professor Isabella Akyinbah Quakyi Awarded The 2019 Clara Southmayd Ludlow Medal {{!}} University of Ghana|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/emerita-professor-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi-awarded-2019-clara-southmayd-ludlow-medal|accessdate=2021-03-01|work=www.ug.edu.gh|archivedate=2020-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930230743/http://www.ug.edu.gh/news/emerita-professor-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi-awarded-2019-clara-southmayd-ludlow-medal}}</ref> Yeye ni mshiriki katika cha Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi cha Ghana, na mshiriki wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quakyi Isabella Akyinbah {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/quakyi-isabella-akyinbah|accessdate=2021-03-04|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2022-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401092244/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/quakyi-isabella-akyinbah}}</ref> Profesa Quakyi alitambuliwa na jarida la Newsweek kama mmoja wa "wanasayansi saba wa kike waliopinga uwezekano na kubadilisha sayansi milele". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=G|first=Kashmira|date=2021-03-08|title=7 women scientists who defied the odds and changed science forever|url=https://www.newsweek.com/women-scientists-defied-odds-changed-science-forever-international-womens-day-1573764|accessdate=2021-04-21|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> == Elimu == Quakyi alisoma shahada yake ya Shahada ya Sayansi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Surrey, Guildford, na [[Uzamili|shahada yake ya uzamili]] kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Brunel London. Alisoma Shahada yake ya Uzamivu katika Immunoparasitolojia kutoka katika Shule ya Usafi na Tiba ya Tropiki ya London mnamo mwaka wa 2001. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Editorial Team|url=https://hsijournal.org/en/editorial-team.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027172155/https://hsijournal.org/en/editorial-team.html|archivedate=October 27, 2020|accessdate=2021-03-01|work=Journal of Health Sciences Investigations|language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Quakyi Isabella A. {{!}} Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health|url=http://www.ug.edu.gh/beohs/staff/prof-quakyi-isabella|accessdate=2021-03-04|work=www.ug.edu.gh|language=en|archivedate=2020-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220023718/http://www.ug.edu.gh/beohs/staff/prof-quakyi-isabella}}</ref> == Kazi == Amechapisha zaidi ya makala 80 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Isabella. Quakyi|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9csuOUAAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra|accessdate=2021-04-21|work=scholar.google.com}}</ref> na katika majarida 100. Pia amewahi kuwa na wadhifa wa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa [[UNESCO]] wa Wanawake katika Sayansi na Teknolojia katika Kanda ya Afrika Magharibi na bodi na kamati zingine za kitaifa na kimataifa. Miongoni mwa mafanikio yake mengi, katika machapisho yake ya kisayansi ya Quakyi ni pamoja na kazi yake kuhusu jeni za ''Plasmodium falciparum'' na uundaji wa jeni la CSP ( circusporozoite protein ) kutoka kwa ''P. falciparum,'' <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Editorial Team|url=https://hsijournal.org/en/editorial-team.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027172155/https://hsijournal.org/en/editorial-team.html|archivedate=October 27, 2020|accessdate=2021-03-01|work=Journal of Health Sciences Investigations|language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027172155/https://hsijournal.org/en/editorial-team.html "Editorial Team"]. ''Journal of Health Sciences Investigations''. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-01</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> juhudi zilizochangia katika maendeleo na ya chanjo za peptidi na upimaji wa chanjo ya kwanza ya malaria kwa binadamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Union regional awards for scientific women "Kwame N'krumah " {{!}} Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)|url=https://www.ecowas.int/african-union-regional-awards-for-scientific-women-kwame-nkrumah/|accessdate=2021-04-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421223501/https://www.ecowas.int/african-union-regional-awards-for-scientific-women-kwame-nkrumah/}}</ref> == Tuzo == Quakyi alipewa Nishani ya Clara Southmayd Ludlow ya mwaka wa 2019 na Jumuiya ya Madawa ya Kitropiki na Usafi wa chini Marekani kwa kazi yake katika dawa za kitropiki. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Emerita Professor Isabella Akyinbah Quakyi Awarded The 2019 Clara Southmayd Ludlow Medal {{!}} University of Ghana|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/emerita-professor-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi-awarded-2019-clara-southmayd-ludlow-medal|accessdate=2021-03-01|work=www.ug.edu.gh|archivedate=2020-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930230743/http://www.ug.edu.gh/news/emerita-professor-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi-awarded-2019-clara-southmayd-ludlow-medal}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200930230743/http://www.ug.edu.gh/news/emerita-professor-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi-awarded-2019-clara-southmayd-ludlow-medal "Emerita Professor Isabella Akyinbah Quakyi Awarded The 2019 Clara Southmayd Ludlow Medal | University of Ghana"]. ''www.ug.edu.gh''. Archived from [https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/emerita-professor-isabella-akyinbah-quakyi-awarded-2019-clara-southmayd-ludlow-medal the original] on 2020-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2014 Quakyi alipokea Tuzo ya Kwame Nkrumah ya Umoja wa Afrika kwa Wanawake na katika Sayansi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Union regional awards for scientific women "Kwame N'krumah " {{!}} Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)|url=https://ecowas.int/african-union-regional-awards-for-scientific-women-kwame-nkrumah/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=ecowas.int|archivedate=2022-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228182614/https://ecowas.int/african-union-regional-awards-for-scientific-women-kwame-nkrumah/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-11-09|title=Isabella Quakyi, MSc, PhD|url=https://www.malariavaccine.org/about-us/governance/vaccine-science-portfolio-advisory-council-vspac/isabella-quakyi-msc-phd|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative|language=en|archivedate=2022-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228183449/https://www.malariavaccine.org/about-us/governance/vaccine-science-portfolio-advisory-council-vspac/isabella-quakyi-msc-phd}}</ref> == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == ** DNA Cloning of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' Circumsporozoite Gene: Amino Acid Sequence of Repetitive Epitope. V Enea, J Ellis, F Zavala, DE Arnot, A Asavanich, A Masuda, I Quakyi, ... ''Science'' 225 (4662), 628-630. 1984 ** Rationale for development of a synthetic vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. F Zavala, JP Tam, MR Hollingdale, AH Cochrane, I Quakyi, ... ''Science'' 228 (4706), 1436-1440. 1985 ** Genetic analysis of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, D Walliker, IA Quakyi, TE Wellems, TF McCutchan, A Szarfman, ... ''Science'' 236 (4809), 1661-1666. 1987 ** A vaccine candidate from the sexual stage of human malaria that contains EGF-like domains. DC Kaslow, IA Quakyi, C Syin, MG Raum, DB Keister, JE Coligan, ... ''Nature'' 333 (6168), 74-76. 1988 ** Human T-cell recognition of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum: immunodominant T-cell domains map to the polymorphic regions of the molecule. MF Good, D Pombo, IA Quakyi, EM Riley, RA Houghten, A Menon, ... ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 85 (4), 1199-1203. 1988 ** Recombinant Pfs25 protein of Plasmodium falciparum elicits malaria transmission-blocking immunity in experimental animals. PJ Barr, KM Green, HL Gibson, IC Bathurst, IA Quakyi, DC Kaslow. The ''Journal of experimental medicine'' 174 (5), 1203-1208. 1991 [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanabiolojia wa Ghana]] tbabn0tfbudqbex96530rs1rq517qf1 0 227125 1599522 1502995 2026-09-23T18:31:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amel Hadjadj''' ( alizaliwa 1986) ni mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Algeria]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa jarida la ''Le Journal Féministe Algérien'', ambalo huripoti habari na matukio yanayohusu harakati za kifeministi na mipango ya kijamii inayohusiana na haki za wanawake. Hadjadj pia ameandika kwa vyombo vya habari vya kitaifa na kikanda kuhusu [[ufeministi]] na haki za makundi ya wachache.<ref name="frontline2026">{{Cite news |title=Amel Hadjadj |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/profile/amel-hadjadj |work=Front Line Defenders |access-date=11 Januari 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Hadjadj alizaliwa mwaka 1986 katika Constantine, Algeria. Awali alifanya kazi katika ushauri wa masoko na biashara kabla ya kujiunga na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali yanayojihusisha na masuala ya kijinsia na ufeministi.<ref name="untold2024">{{Cite web |last=Hadjadj |first=Amel |title=The bitterness of death, the loneliness of separation: On the right to grieve |url=https://untoldmag.org/the-bitterness-of-death-the-loneliness-of-separation-on-the-right-to-grieve/ |work=Untold Mag |access-date=11 Januari 2026}}</ref> == Harakati na kazi == Hadjadj ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ufeministi cha Algeria, pamoja na harakati ya Kif Kif nchini Algeria.<ref name="frontline2019">{{Cite news |title=Arbitrary detention of woman human rights defender Amel Hadjadj |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/node/5466 |work=Front Line Defenders |access-date=11 Januari 2026}}</ref> Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi wa ''Le Journal Féministe Algérien'', jarida lililolenga kusambaza taarifa kuhusu harakati za wanawake na mipango ya kijamii inayohusu haki za wanawake nchini Algeria.<ref name="untold2024" /> == Uonevu na changamoto za uharakati == Kama matokeo ya uharakati wake, Hadjadj amekuwa chini ya ufuatiliaji wa vyombo vya usalama vya Algeria, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuhojiwa katika uwanja wa ndege na uvamizi wa nyumba yake. Mnamo 21 Novemba 2019, alikamatwa kiholela na kupigwa na polisi nje ya mahakama mjini [[Algiers]]. Pia alizuiliwa kwa muda wa saa mbili bila kuruhusiwa kuwasiliana na familia yake au wakili wake kabla ya kuachiliwa.<ref name="frontline2019" /> == Mitazamo ya kisiasa na kijamii == Mwaka 2020, Hadjadj alikosoa uamuzi wa serikali ya Algeria kufuta sheria ya mwaka 2012 iliyoweka mfumo wa uwakilishi wa wanawake katika siasa. Alisema kuwa kupunguzwa kwa uwakilishi wa wanawake kutoka takribani 31.6% hadi 8% ni ishara ya ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake. Ameendelea kutetea marekebisho ya sheria mbalimbali, hasa Algerian Family Code, akisema kuwa baadhi ya vifungu vyake vinawanyima wanawake haki sawa na wanaume, hususan katika masuala ya talaka, malezi ya watoto na urithi.<ref name="iwnss2025">{{Cite news |last=Zouine |first=Majda |title=Gender-Based Discrimination: How Algerian Women Are Denied Promotion and Excluded From Leadership Positions |url=https://iwnss.arij.net/gender-discrimination-algerian-women-promotion-leadership/ |work=I Will Not Stay Silent |access-date=11 Januari 2026}}</ref> Pia amesisitiza kuwa mitazamo ya kijamii inayowachukulia wanawake kama “watu wa chini” inachangia wanawake wengi kujikosa kujiamini katika uongozi. Ameomba mageuzi ya sheria za familia ili kuhakikisha usawa wa kijinsia, ikiwa ni pamoja na haki za urithi kwa wanawake bila masharti ya ndoa au watoto wa kiume.<ref name="hounna2024">{{Cite news |last=Zouin |first=Majda |url=https://hounna.net |work=Hounna |access-date=11 Januari 2026}}</ref> == Kazi za uandishi == Mwaka 2024, Hadjadj alichapisha hadithi fupi ''The Bitterness of Death, the Loneliness of Separation'', simulizi ya kubuni inayohusu mwanamke wa Algeria anayepitia majonzi. Kazi hiyo ilichapishwa katika jarida la ''Untold Mag''.<ref name="untold2024" /> Pia ameandika makala katika majukwaa mbalimbali ya kimataifa kama ''Syria Untold'', ambapo amejadili masuala ya haki za binadamu na ulinzi wa makundi ya pembezoni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amel Hadjadj |url=https://syriauntold.com/writer/amel-hadjadj/ |work=Syria Untold |access-date=11 Januari 2026}}</ref> == Uanaharakati wa kimataifa == Mwaka 2025, Hadjadj alishiriki katika *Global March to Gaza* kutoka Algeria hadi mpaka wa Rafah kati ya Misri na Palestina, akishirikiana na wanaharakati wengine kuunga mkono haki za Wapalestina.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Algerian feminists at the frontiers of solidarity |url=https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article9232 |work=International Viewpoint |access-date=11 Januari 2026}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} 0libt5bedzdg1le1iszpqu9xsqw78dy 0 227170 1599407 1503146 2026-09-23T16:46:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Father Anne |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Massachusetts]], [[Marekani]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Anne Tropeano |anafahamika kwa = Harakati za kuruhusu wanawake kuwa mapadri katika Kanisa Katoliki |kazi_yake = Mwanaharakati, "Padri wa kike" |nchi = [[Marekani]] |tovuti = https://www.fatheranne.com }} '''Father Anne''' (jina halisi: '''Anne Tropeano''') ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa kidini kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye anajulikana kwa kudai [[haki za wanawake]] kupewa daraja ya upadri ndani ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Mnamo Oktoba 16, 2021, alifanyiwa sherehe ya "upadrisho" kupitia shirika la ''Association of Roman Catholic Women Priests'' (ARCWP), hatua ambayo haitambuliwi na sheria za Kanisa Katoliki na ilimpelekea kutengwa rasmi na Kanisa. == Elimu na wito == Anne Tropeano alipata [[Shahada]] ya [[Uzamili]] ya Divinity kutoka Shule ya [[Teolojia]] ya Kijesuiti, katika taasisi ya kielimu ya Kikatoliki (Jesuit School of Theology) huko [[Berkeley]], [[California]]. Kabla ya kujikita katika masuala ya kidini, alifanya kazi katika mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali na usimamizi wa biashara ndogondogo. Anasema kuwa alihisi wito wa Mungu wa kuwa padri wa kike, jambo ambalo lilimfanya achague kufuata kile anachoamini ni utii kwa Mungu badala ya kufuata mafundisho ya Kanisa yanayozuia wanawake kuingia katika hiyo daraja takatifu.<ref name="ncr-fa">{{cite news|url=https://www.ncronline.org/|title=Future womanpriest 'Father Anne' blames God for leading her towards ordination|work=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Harakati na falsafa == Anne anatumia jina la "Father" (Baba) kwa makusudi kama sehemu ya uanaharakati wake ili kuibua mjadala kuhusu jinsia na ishara za kidini, akijenga hoja kuwa ikiwa padri anawakilisha nafsi ya Kristo, basi jinsia haipaswi kuwa kikwazo kwa sababu Kristo anawakilisha ubinadamu wote. Kupitia kampeni yake ya "God Says Now", anahimiza Kanisa Katoliki kubadilisha sera zake na kuruhusu usawa wa kijinsia katika ngazi zote za uongozi wa kiroho, huku akiendelea kutoa huduma za kichungaji na kufanya ibada kwa ajili ya jamii ya LGBTQ+ na wanawake wanaohisi kutoonekana ndani ya kanisa. [[Harakati]] zake zimesababisha mijadala mikubwa kwenye vyombo vya habari vya kimataifa, akionyesha kuwa vuguvugu la wanawake wanaotaka upadri ni jambo linalokua duniani kote licha ya kutotambuliwa na mamlaka ya Kanisa Katoliki.<ref name="fa-about">{{cite web|url=https://www.fatheranne.com/about.html|title=About Father Anne|website=Father Anne Official Website|access-date=7 Aprili 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Msimamo wa Kanisa == Kanisa Katoliki, kupitia mafundisho ya Mapapa mbalimbali akiwemo [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]], [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] na [[Papa Fransisko]], limesisitiza kuwa halina mamlaka ya kutoa daraja ya upadri kwa wanawake kwa sababu Kristo alichagua wanaume pekee kuwa [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, hatua yoyote ya mwanamke kujitangaza kuwa padri inachukuliwa kuwa ni haramu katika dini, "simulated sacrament" na husababisha adhabu ya moja kwa moja ya kutengwa na Kanisa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] g3mpwisgeg2shf07kyyxcsm4aikb559 0 227635 1599640 1522070 2026-09-23T18:57:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599640 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nevine Gamea''' <ref name=":0" /> au '''Nevin''' <ref name="ministry" /> '''Gamea''' alikuwa Waziri wa Viwanda na Biashara wa nchini Misri. Aliingia katika baraza la mawaziri mnamo Desemba mwaka wa 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nevine Gamea, Arab Republic of Egypt: Profile and Biography|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/21432492|accessdate=2021-04-14|work=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}</ref> Ndiye waziri wa kwanza mwanamke kuwa na wadhifa huu tangu tarehe 30 Juni mwaka wa 2013. Alibadilishana na Ahmed Samir Saleh katika mabadiliko ya baraza la mawaziri mnamo Agosti mwaka wa 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-12-23|title=Profile - Nevine Gamea, first woman since 2013 to become Minister of Commerce and Industry|url=https://egyptindependent.com/profile-nevine-gamea-first-woman-since-2013-to-become-minister-of-commerce-and-industry/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=ministry>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MTI - Minister's C.V|url=http://www.mti.gov.eg/English/aboutus/aboutminister/Pages/ministerscv.aspx|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.mti.gov.eg|archive-date=2024-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104204700/http://www.mti.gov.eg/English/aboutus/aboutminister/Pages/ministerscv.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakati wa mahojiano, alipoulizwa, ni vipi wizara yake inaunga mkono biashara hizo kutokana na [[COVID-19]], Nevin alisema: ''"Tangu ilipoanza kwa janga la COVID-19, MSMEDA wametoa msaada kwa makampuni yake yote yanayofadhiliwa, hasa yale yaliyoathiriwa vibaya ugonjwa huo wa COVID-19. Mamlaka ilizindua mipango mingi ya kupunguza athari za mgogoro kwa makampuni madogo na madogo, ikiwa ni pamoja na kusimamisha au kuongeza muda wa ulipaji kwa awamu wa makampuni yaliyoathiriwa wimbi la ugonjwa huo wa COVID-19. MSMEDA pia imerahisisha taratibu za matumizi na uanzishaji wa utengenezaji wa sabuni na shughuli za matibabu wakati wa mgogoro huo."''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=INTERVIEW: Egypt's Minister of Trade and Industry Nevine Gamea says new MSMEs law provides incentives for enterprises - Economy - Business|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/376265/Business/Economy/INTERVIEW-Egypt%E2%80%99s-Minister-of-Trade-and-Industry-N.aspx|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Ahram Online|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Gamea alisomea katika Kitivo cha Biashara katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo]]. Pia alifanya kazi katika Benki ya Kitaifa ya Kuwait na Benki ya Kitaifa ya Maendeleo (NBD). <ref name=":0" /> == Nafasi zilizopita zilizoshikiliwa == * Katibu Mkuu wa Mfuko wa Jamii wa Maendeleo (SFD), mwaka wa 2016 * Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Wakala wa Maendeleo ya Biashara Ndogo, za Kati na Ndogo, mwaka wa 2017 <ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] szl4koylo0c9uu6cn4zsunpho70fxfr 0 227641 1599523 1504412 2026-09-23T18:31:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patricia Berjak''' FRSSAf ([[29 Desemba]] [[1939]] - [[21 Januari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa mimea wa nchi ya [[Afrika Kusini]] anayetambulika kwa kazi yake juu ya biolojia ya [[Mbegu|mbegu za mimea]], hasa urekebishaji wa mbegu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mycock |first=David |date=2015 |title=Professor Patricia Berjak (1939–2015): World-renowned plant scientist and exceptional mentor |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=111 |issue=5/6 |doi=10.17159/sajs.2015/a0106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Farrant |first=Jill M. |date=2015 |title=Patricia Berjak FRSSAf (1939–2015) |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=191–192 |doi=10.1080/0035919X.2015.1051341 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Alikuwa profesa kwa miaka 48 kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Kwazulu-Natal (UKZN). Alipata elimu yake ya shahada ya B.Sc. juu ya biokemia kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]] (1962), baada ya hapo akaendelea hadi Chuo Kikuu cha Natal (sasa UKZN), akipata elimu ya Shahada ya Uzamili katika fiziolojia ya mamalia na biokemia (mwaka wa 1966) na Shahada ya Uzamivu juu ya biolojia ya mbegu (mwaka wa 1969). Alikuwa mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika Kusini, na Mwanachama wa Chuo Kikuu cha Natal, Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Afrika Kusini na Chuo cha Sayansi cha Dunia ya Tatu. Alipewa Agizo la Mapungubwe (Fedha) mnamo 2006. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |title=Patricia Berjak (1939 - ) |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7665 |url-status=dead |journal=Order of Mapungubwe |publisher=The Presidency, Republic of South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423210610/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7665 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Usomaji zaidi == * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Transforming Science in South Africa: Development, Collaboration and Productivity|last=Sooryamoorthy|first=R.|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-49307-1|pages=226–|chapter=Collaboration Experience: Portrait of an Eminent Scientist|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN6_BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i1pmtddrpjtlv2w9kfeio1kzta8jxxk 0 227643 1599524 1583890 2026-09-23T18:31:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan''' (alizaliwa [[27 Agosti]] [[1962]]) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan – Introductions Necessary|url=https://introductionsnecessary.com/podcast/anusuya-chinsamy-turan/|accessdate=2025-09-22|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426081148/https://introductionsnecessary.com/podcast/anusuya-chinsamy-turan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni mtaalamu wa [[palantolojia]] ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wa Afrika Kusini anayetambulika kwa utaalamu wake na maendeleo yake kwenye utafiti wa muundo mdogo wa meno na mifupa ya visukuku vya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo waliotoweka na walio hai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan|url=http://www.botany.uct.ac.za/bio/staff/academic/chinsamyturan|work=Biological Sciences - UCT|accessdate=25 December 2014|archivedate=15 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415070821/http://www.botany.uct.ac.za/bio/staff/academic/chinsamyturan}}</ref> Alikuwa kiongozi wa Idara ya Sayansi ya Biolojia (hapo kabla ilikuwa na jina la Idara ya Wanyama), kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] kuanzia 2012 hadi 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan {{!}} Department of Biological Sciences|url=http://www.botany.uct.ac.za/bio/staff/academic/chinsamyturan|work=www.botany.uct.ac.za|accessdate=8 April 2018|language=en|archivedate=15 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415070821/http://www.botany.uct.ac.za/bio/staff/academic/chinsamyturan}}</ref> == Elimu na kazi == Chinsamy-Turan alipata elimu yake ya Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi (BSc.) kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]] mwaka wa 1983 na Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi (BSc.) mwaka wa 1984, Shahada ya Uzamivu (HDE) kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Durban-Westville (kwa sasa lina jina Chuo Kikuu cha Kwazulu-Natal ) mwaka 1985, na Shahada ya Uzamivu (Ph.D.) (1991) kutoka Witwatersrand. Baada ya hapo aliendelea kufanya shahada ya uzamivu kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania (1992–1994). Yeye ni mwandishi wa vitabu sita; kazi mbili za kitaaluma, ''The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone - Deciphering Biology Through Fine Scale Techniques'', iliyochapishwa mnamo 2005, na Johns Hopkins University Press na ''Forerunners of Mamalia - Radiation.'' ''Biolojia'' iliyochapishwa na Indiana University Press mnamo 2012; kitabu cha watoto, ''Famous dinosaur of Africa'', kilichochapishwa mnamo 2008, na kitabu maarufu cha ngazi, ''Fossils For Africa'', kilichochapishwa mnamo 2014 na Cambridge University Press. Vitabu vyake viwili vya hivi karibuni (2021) ni vya watoto na vinaitwa "Dinosaurs and other Prehistoric life" na "African Dinosaurs". == Tuzo == Chinsamy-Turan alipatiwa kwa ushindi "Tuzo ya Wanasayansi Wanawake Waliotukuka" kutoka Idara ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Afrika Kusini mwaka wa 2002, na akashinda "Tuzo ya Mwanamke Bora wa Mwaka wa Afrika Kusini" mwaka wa 2005. Wakfu wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti wa Afrika Kusini ulimpa "Tuzo ya Rais" mwaka wa 1995 na "Tuzo ya Mabadiliko" mwaka wa 2012. <ref name="cv">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.botany.uct.ac.za/bio/staff/academic/chinsamyturan|title=Professor Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan|publisher=[[University of Cape Town]]|accessdate=25 December 2014|archivedate=15 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415070821/http://www.botany.uct.ac.za/bio/staff/academic/chinsamyturan}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2013, alipata ushindi wa Tuzo la Chuo cha Sayansi Duniani (TWAS) Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara kwa Uelewa wa Umma na Uenezaji wa Sayansi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ctsc.org.za/dinosaurs-how-we-know-what-we-know-prof-anusuya-chinsamy-turan/|title=Dinosaurs: How we know what we know – Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan|publisher=[[Cape Town Science Centre]]|accessdate=2026-04-10|archive-date=2016-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419005337/http://ctsc.org.za/dinosaurs-how-we-know-what-we-know-prof-anusuya-chinsamy-turan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Lokotunjailurus chinsamyae'' sasa ana aina ya paka aina ya sabre-tooth aliyepewa jina lake. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Brits |first=Elsabé |date=2023-09-07 |title=Sabre-tooth cat named after renowned scientist |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-023-00231-y |journal=Nature Africa |language=en |doi=10.1038/d44148-023-00231-y |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == * Chinsamy, A, Buffetaut, E, Angst, D., Canoville, A. 2014. Insight into the growth dynamics and systematic affinities of the Late Cretaceous Gargantuavis from bone microstructure. ''Naturwissenschaften'' 101:447-452 * Chinsamy, A., Chiappe, L., Marugán-Lobón, J., Chunling, G. and Fengjiao, Z. 2013. Gender Identification of the Mesozoic bird ''Confuciusornis sanctus''. ''Nature Communications''. * Chinsamy, A. Thomas, D. B., Tumarkin-Deratzian, A. & A. Fiorillo. 2012. Hadrosaurs were perennial polar residents. ''Anatomical Record'', 295 (4): 551–714. * Jasinoski, S.C. and A. Chinsamy. 2012. Mandibular histology and growth of the non-mammaliaform cynodont Tritylodon. ''Journal of Anatomy'', 220 (6): 564–579. * Cerda, I. A. & Chinsamy. 2012. Biological Implications of the bone microstructure of the Late Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaur ''Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis''. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology''. 32(2):355-368. * Chinsamy, A., Codorniu, L. and L. Chiappe. 2009 The Bone Microstructure of Pterodaustro guinazui. ''Anatomical Record'' 292: 1462–1477. * Chinsamy, A., and Tumarkin-Deratzian, A. 2009. Pathological bone tissue in a turkey vulture and a nonavian dinosaur. ''Anatomical Record'' 292: 1478-1484 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.botany.uct.ac.za/bio/staff/academic/chinsamyturan Tovuti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town] Archived == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kh11rrttz2f9d35mjltp3bq72rxq7vj 0 227658 1599559 1530718 2026-09-23T18:35:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amar Bose''' ([[2 Novemba]] [[1929]] – [[12 Julai]] [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mhandisi]] wa umeme, [[mjasiriamali]] na mwanataaluma nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Uhindi]]. Alikuwa mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa ''Bose Corporation'', kampuni ya vifaa vya sauti (audio).<ref>{{cite web |title=Amar G. Bose, Acoustic Engineer and Inventor, Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/13/business/amar-g-bose-acoustic-engineer-and-inventor-dies-at-83.html |website=The New York Times |date=July 12, 2013 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Alipata shahada za sayansi, Master of Science, na shahada ya udaktari kutoka Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Massachusetts (MIT), ambako pia alifundisha kwa zaidi ya miaka 45. Mwaka [[2011]], alitoa hisa nyingi za kampuni yake kwa MIT kwa masharti kwamba hisa hizo zisiuzwe kamwe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gift to MIT from Amar Bose Raises Tax Questions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/30/business/30bose.html |website=The New York Times |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] d4oembkdnzeh8nz77wzvcqf6dxwydjf 0 227772 1599525 1504547 2026-09-23T18:31:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cheba Zahouania''' (pia ameandikwa '''Chaba'''; jina la kuzaliwa: '''Halima Mazzi''' (alizaliwa 15 Mei 1959) ni mwimbaji wa kutoka nchini Algeria na anayejulikana kwa muziki wa raï. Ameishi nchini Ufaransa tangu mwenzake waliokuwa wakiiimba naye, Cheb Hasni, alipouawa mwaka wa 1994. == Wasifu wake == Halima Mazzi alizaliwa [[Oran]], chini [[Aljeria|Algeria]], mnamo mwaka wa 1959. Kwa jina la Chaba Zahouania, alikuwa mwimbaji maarufu wa raï, <ref name="discogs">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cheba Zahouania|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Chaba+Zahouania|work=Discogs.com|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref> mtindo mseto wa muziki wa kitamaduni. Mnamo mwaka wa 1986, miaka mitano baada ya kuanza kazi yake ya mziki, alipata kutambuliwa kwa uigizaji wake wa aina ya "Khâli ya khâli" ( ''Mjomba wangu, oh, mjomba wangu'' ) na [[Cheb Hamid]]. Wakati wa kiangazi cha mwaka wa 1987, Zahouania alirekodi "Beraka" ("The Shack"), akiwa na Cheb Hasni, ambayo ilichukuliwa kuwa ya kuleta uchochezi kwa viwango vya Nchi za Algeria, ambayo iliwavutia. <ref name="fr">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.concerts.fr/Artistes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130213140228/http://www.concerts.fr/Artistes|title=Artistes|accessdate=Sep 24, 2020|archivedate=February 13, 2013}}</ref> Mafanikio ya wimbo huo yalimfanya Hasni awe maarufu na kuongeza umaarufu zaidi wa Zahouania, ingawa wimbo huo ulibaki kuwa na utata na wakosoaji na wafuasi wa dini ya Kiislamu, ambao tayari walikuwa tayari na wasiwasi kuhusu umaarufu wa aina ya raï. Hasni aliuawa huko Oran mnamo Septemba tarehe 29, mwaka wa 1994. Zahouania aliondoka Algeria na kwenda kuishi Ufaransa. Aliweza kurudi mwaka wa 1999 na kurekodiwa nchini Algeria, ikiwa ni pamoja na duet na [[Cheb Abdou]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 2006, alianza kuimba kuhusu masomo ya kidini baada ya kualikwa [[Makka]] katika hija yake ya kwanza na Rais Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Ingawa alikuwa hapendi siasa, alijiunga na waimbaji wengine wa raï kuunda kamati ya usaidizi kwa Abdelaziz Bouteflika mwaka wa 2009. == Taswira iliyochaguliwa == * ''H Bibi Darha Biya'' (ya mwaka wa 2003) * ''El baraka'' (ya mwaka wa 2002) * ''Zahouania'' (ya mwaka wa 2001) * ''Samahni ya zina'' (ya mwaka wa 2000) * ''Rhythm n Raï'' (ya mwaka wa 1997) * ''Fomula Raï'' (ya mwaka wa 1995) * ''Usiku Bila Kulala'' (ya mwaka wa 1988) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cheba Zahouania|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Chaba+Zahouania|work=Discogs.com|accessdate=4 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.discogs.com/artist/Chaba+Zahouania "Cheba Zahouania"]. ''Discogs.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Rachid System'' Feat. Rim'K * ''Wourini Win Rak Tergoud'' * ''Mazelt fibal'' * ''Ya Lala Torkia'' * ''Amitiés Sacrée'' akishirikiana na TLF * ''La Route du Soleil'' inayomshirikisha Rim'K == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.hibamusic.com/Algerie/cheba-zahouania/cheba-zahouania-65.htm Chaba Zahounia] katika HibaMusic * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyIO7t4vUKZ1gNlkI4_T9dg Kituo rasmi cha YouTube] {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hiji8xnmaw8atdf3nfsptdy1sa69rhh 0 227912 1599526 1508769 2026-09-23T18:31:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olabisi Oreofe Ugbebor''' (alizaliwa '''Grace Olabisi Falode'''; 29 Januari 1951) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sci.ui.edu.ng/OOUgbebor|title=Professor O.O. Ugbebor|work=Faculty of Science|publisher=University of Ibadan|accessdate=2017-03-21}}</ref> ni profesa wa kwanza wa kike katika somo la hisabati nchini [[Nigeria]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAgfAQAAIAAJ|title=Perspectives on women in science and technology in Nigeria|last=Erinosho|first=Stella Yemisi|date=1994-01-01|publisher=Sam Bookman|isbn=9789782165374|language=en}}</ref> Alizaliwa jijini [[Lagos]], alisoma hisabati katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] na kisha katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]], ambapo alipata Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) mwaka wa 1976. <ref name="queen" /> == Elimu na taaluma == Alizaliwa jijini Lagos huku Nigeria, Ugbebor alisoma shule ya sekondari katika Chuo cha Queen's, Lagos. Alimaliza shahada yake ya kwanza katika hisabati kutoka katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] mnamo mwaka wa 1972. Tangu mwaka wa 1973, alikuwa na diploma ya uzamili katika takwimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha London, kabla ya kukamilisha tasnifu yake kuhusu ''Sifa za Njia ya Mfano wa Brownian Motion'' (mwaka wa 1976) akiwa na umri wa miaka 25. Alipokuwa Unibadan, alikuwa mwanafunzi pekee wa kike darasani kwake. Pia ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza wa Nigeria kupata PhD na kuwa profesa katika hisabati. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.fab.ng/2017/09/first-nigerian-woman-obtain-ph-d-degree-mathematics/|title=Meet Professor Olabisi Ugbebor, First Nigerian Woman To Obtain A Ph.D. Degree In Mathematics|work=fab.ng|accessdate=2018-02-18|date=2017-09-30|archivedate=2018-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523010142/http://www.fab.ng/2017/09/first-nigerian-woman-obtain-ph-d-degree-mathematics/}}</ref> Tangu mwaka wa 2017, aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chama cha Hisabati cha nchini Nigeria. == Machapisho == * Yeye ni Polynomials kwa Suluhisho za Uchambuzi wa Mfano wa Bei wa Black-Scholes kwa Uthamini wa Chaguo la Hisa <ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Edeki|first1=S. O.|last2=Ugbebor|first2=Olabisi O.|last3=Owoloko|first3=E. A.|date=2016|url=http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/7898/#.YKYReahKiM8|language=en|location=London, U.K.|title=Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering|access-date=2026-04-12|archivedate=2022-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020195249/http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/7898/#.YKYReahKiM8}}</ref> * Mfano wa Black-Scholes uliorekebishwa kupitia unyumbufu wa kutofautiana unaoendelea kwa ajili ya tathmini ya chaguo za hisa <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Edeki |first=S. O. |last2=Owoloko |first2=E. A. |last3=Ugbebor |first3=O. O. |date=2016-02-01 |title=The modified Black-Scholes model via constant elasticity of variance for stock options valuation |url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4940289 |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |volume=1705 |issue=1 |pages=020041 |bibcode=2016AIPC.1705b0041E |doi=10.1063/1.4940289 |issn=0094-243X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Suluhisho za Uchanganuzi wa Mfano Endelevu wa Hesabu wa Asia kwa Bei ya Chaguo kwa kutumia Mbinu ya Ubadilishaji Tofauti Iliyokadiriwa * Mabadiliko ya Haraka ya Fourier ya Chaguzi za Mali Nyingi Chini ya Mdororo wa Uchumi Yaliyosababishwa na Kutokuwa na Uhakika * Suluhisho za makadirio ya modeli ya bei ya chaguo la black-scholes inayoendeshwa na tete inayobadilika * UJENZI WA SULUHISHO LA UCHAMBUZI KWA MFANO WA TATHMINI YA CHOCHOTE CHA BLACK-SCHOLES KWA KUPITIA MBINU YA POLYNOMIALS YA HE\ * Suluhisho za uchanganuzi wa modeli ya gharama ya muamala isiyo ya mstari-kipande ya muda kwa ajili ya tathmini ya chaguo la hisa katika mazingira ya soko lisilo na ubora unaoendeshwa na dhana tulivu ya Black-Scholes. == Uanachama wa jumuiya za wasomi == * Mwanachama wa Uwiano, Jumuiya ya Hisabati ya London * Mwanachama, Chama cha Hisabati cha Nigeria * Mwanachama, Chama cha Hisabati cha Nigeria. * Mwanachama, Jumuiya ya Uchumi ya Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home|url=https://www.africaeconometricsociety.com/|accessdate=2025-04-12|work=Africa Econ. Society|language=en}}</ref> * Mwanachama, Jumuiya ya Bernoulli ya Takwimu na Uwezekano wa Hisabati (1988-1992) * Mwanachama, Shirika la Wanawake katika Sayansi Duniani la Tatu, Italia, 1993-tarehe. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sci.ui.edu.ng/OOUgbebor_membership|title=MEMBERSHIP OF LEARNED SOCIETIES {{!}} Faculty of Science, UI|work=sci.ui.edu.ng|accessdate=2019-05-09|archivedate=2019-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701073512/http://sci.ui.edu.ng/OOUgbebor_membership}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b87iaeq930lb0jfwv7brftj9tcm2j15 0 228029 1599527 1509536 2026-09-23T18:31:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Ebun Delano''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 13]], [[1935]], huko [[Kaduna]]) ni mwamamke mweye taaluma ya muuguzi na mkunga kutokea nchini [[Nigeria]] aliyeshikilia jukumu la msingi juu ya upainia wa huduma za upangaji uzazi na afya ya uzazi ndani ya nchi ya [[Nigeria]]. Alitengeneza rasmi Chama cha Afya ya Uzazi na Familia ambacho alishikilia nafasi ya mkurugenzi kwa miaka kadhaa, amefanyika kuwa mshauri wa mashirika mengi tofauti kote kwenye bara la Afrika, naametoa vitabu na kuandika vitabu pamoja na wenzake makala nyingi juu ya afya ya wanawake na mada zinazoingiliana. Mwaka wa 1993, alitunukiwa [[Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kupunguza Hatari za Maafa|Tuzo la Shirika la Afya Duniani Sasakawa]] kwa mchango wa kazi yake kwenye maendeleo ya afya. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Grace Ebun-Oluwa Samuel alizaliwa eneo lenye jina la [[Kaduna]] kwenye tarehe 13 Novemba 1935 binti wa wazazi wa kabila ya [[Wayoruba|Kiyoruba]]. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=October 7, 2013 |title=Grace Ebun Delano - Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College |url=https://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=Smith College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117021148/https://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=May 14, 2016}}</ref> Majina yake Ebun-Oluwa yana maana zawadi kutoka kwa Mungu kwa lugha ya [[Kiyoruba]] : alizaliwa bila mama yake mzazi kupanga na mama akiwa na miaka arobaini na minne na mtoto mmoja mwingine, mtoto wa kiume wa miaka kumi. Alikua akijua kwamba mama yake alikuwa na harakati mfululizo wa changamoto za ujauzito na vifo vya watoto. <ref name="smith" /> Mama yake, mwenye elimu ndogo sana, alimtia moyo binti yake kuhusu elimu na kupa ruksa aende zake shuleni huko jijini [[Lagos]] alipofikisha umri wa miaka kumi na tatu. <ref name="smith">{{Rejea jarida |date=October 7, 2013 |title=Grace Ebun Delano - Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College |url=https://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=Smith College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117021148/https://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=May 14, 2016}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170117021148/https://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf "Grace Ebun Delano - Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Smith College. October 7, 2013. Archived from [https://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf the original] {{Wayback|url=https://www.smith.edu/library/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf |date=20170117021148 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Kigezo:Rejea jarida|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;journal=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#missing periodical|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical]]</ref> Hata hivyo, kabla ya Grace kuhamia Lagos, alihudhuria shule yake ya kwanza ya msingi kwenye shule mchanganyiko yenye jina la United Native African School, huko Kaduna, kwenye jimbo la Kaskazini mwa Nigeria kuanzia mnamo 1940 hadi mnamo 1944. Mwaka wa 1945, alihamia shule ya wavulana tu iitwayo Government School huko eneo la Kaduna ambayo iliongozwa na mkuu wa shule mkali aitwaye Bw. Salako ambaye alilazimika kuwaandikisha wasichana wawili wa kwanza shuleni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Northampton, MA|date=October 7–8, 2003|title=Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project|url=https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf|accessdate=9 April 2021|work=Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College}}</ref> Delano alishinda ufadhili wa masomo uliomruhusu kuhamia shule za juu zaidi, na kuishia na Shule ya Sarufi [[Abeokuta|ya Abeokuta]]. Kwa msaada wa mama yake na kaka yake Delano alisafiri hadi [[Uingereza]] mnamo 1956 kwa miaka mitatu ya mafunzo ya uuguzi. Baada ya hapo alisoma ukunga na kisha akafunzwa kama muuguzi wa wilaya. Hii ilikuwa wakati alipokutana na wanawake waliotaka msaada wa kupanga ujauzito wao, na alichukua fursa hiyo kwenda kwenye mihadhara katika upangaji uzazi na matumizi ya diaphragm. <ref name="smith" /> Delano alirudi Nigeria mwaka wa 1961 na mwaka uliofuata akapata kazi katika kitengo cha uzazi katika Hospitali ya Chuo Kikuu, Ibadan. Wakati huo alikuwa ameolewa na jaji wa baadaye Tunde Delano. <ref name="smith" /> == Nafasi na tuzo == * Mtendaji Mkuu na Makamu wa Rais wa Chama cha Nigeria cha Afya ya Uzazi na Familia (ARFH) <ref name="ARFH Nigeria – Working Together, Building A Healthier Future">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ARFH Nigeria|work=ARFH Nigeria – Working Together, Building A Healthier Future|url=https://arfh-ng.org/arfh-management-staff/10588/|accessdate=2023-06-01}}</ref> * Tuzo la Shirika la Afya Duniani la Sasakawa 1993 * Tuzo ya Ubora kwa michango muhimu kwa mafanikio ya Mpango wa Afya ya Uzazi Mijini wa Nigeria (NURHI). (Imefadhiliwa na Wakfu wa Bill na Melinda Gates ili kuongeza matumizi ya mbinu za kisasa za upangaji uzazi (FP) miongoni mwa maskini wa mijini katika miji sita.) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://arfh-ng.org/mrs-grace-delano-arfh-vice-president-and-executive-director-honored/|title=Mrs. Grace Delano honoured, 15 March 2015|accessdate=14 May 2016|archivedate=1 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701054427/https://arfh-ng.org/mrs-grace-delano-arfh-vice-president-and-executive-director-honored/}}</ref> * Mshauri wa afya ya uzazi kwa mashirika mengi nchini Nigeria na katika nchi zingine za Afrika. <ref name="ihsd_ng – Institute For Humanitarian Studies & Social Development">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fellows and Awardees – ihsd_ng|work=ihsd_ng – Institute For Humanitarian Studies & Social Development|url=https://ihsd-ng.org/fellows-and-awardees/|accessdate=2023-06-01}}</ref> * Mratibu wa Nchi wa Shule ya Afya ya Umma ya Johns Hopkins - Programu za Mawasiliano * Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Uuguzi cha Afrika Magharibi * Mwanachama wa Taasisi ya Masomo ya Kibinadamu na Maendeleo ya Jamii <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ihsd-nigeria.org/?page_id=5|title=IHSD, Lagos|accessdate=2016-05-14|archivedate=2017-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117021020/http://www.ihsd-nigeria.org/?page_id=5}}</ref> * Katibu Mkuu wa Chama cha Kitaalamu cha Wakunga wa Nigeria <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Delano|first=Grace Ebun|date=|title=Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project|url=https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> * Mshauri wa Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Uzazi wa Mpango  * Tuzo kutoka kwa Jumuiya ya Madaktari wa Uzazi na Wanajinakolojia <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Northampton, MA|date=October 7–8, 2003|title=Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project|url=https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf|accessdate=9 April 2021|work=Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSophia_Smith_Collection,_Smith_College_Northampton,_MA2003">Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Northampton, MA (October 7–8, 2003). [https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/prh/transcripts/delano-trans.pdf "Population and Reproductive Health Oral History Project"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Kigezo:Rejea tovuti|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> == Machapisho == * Kukuza Ulinzi Mbili katika Kliniki za Uzazi wa Mpango Nchini Ibadan Nigeria <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2005-02-02|title=Promoting Dual Protection in Family Planning Clinics In Ibadan Nigeria|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2002/06/promoting-dual-protection-family-planning-clinics-ibadan-nigeria|accessdate=2021-04-09|work=Guttmacher Institute|language=en}}</ref> * Mwongozo wa Uzazi wa Mpango <ref name=":0"/> * Majibu ya Maswali Ambayo Vijana Huuliza Kuhusu Ujinsia <ref name=":0" /> * Pandikiza uzazi wa mpango katika kituo cha afya cha msingi kinachosimamiwa na NGO huko Ibadan, Nigeria <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Research Gate|title=Grace Delano's research while affiliated with Society for Family Health and other places|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Grace-Delano-21153148|accessdate=9 April 2021|work=Research Gate}}</ref> * Kutathmini Kiwango cha Utayari wa Watoa Huduma za Afya Binafsi kwa ajili ya Usimamizi wa Kimatibabu wa Janga la VVU/UKIMWI katika Jimbo la Nassarawa, Nigeria. Jarida la Afrika la Afya ya Uzazi (AJRH) <ref name=":1" /> * Jukumu la kampeni za kuzuia VVU/UKIMWI kuhusu mabadiliko ya kitabia yanayohusiana na VVU huko Ibadan, Nigeria <ref name=":1" /> * Mbinu ya mawakala wa usambazaji wa kijamii katika utoaji wa taarifa na huduma za uzazi wa mpango katika Majimbo matano ya Nigeria: Ni maigizo au ukweli? <ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5odmd45al5zor3inrtys5tdrmil86mw 2 228643 1599849 1593391 2026-09-24T05:10:52Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ 1599849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa Enzi ya Chuma, sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola ya Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka, Wa-Anglo-Saxon walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa karne ya 8 ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa [[Danelaw]] katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Anglo-Saxon chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> Alfred the Great alipinga upanuzi wa Waviking, na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa Norman wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> William the Conqueror alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya Elizabeth I, Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> jhwhgdxkk3m4few142ijqsa04zzsrpf 1599853 1599849 2026-09-24T05:20:02Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ 1599853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa Enzi ya Chuma, sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola la Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka,[[Waangli]]-[[Wasaksoni|Saksoni]] walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo ''Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex''.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 8]] ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa Danelaw katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Angli-Saksoni chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> [[Alfred Mkuu]] alipinga upanuzi wa [[Wavikingi]], na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa [[Wanormani|Normani]] wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[William Mshindi]] alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya Elizabeth I, Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> 90i5hswymlyitft4vhztpmp909idlo3 1599854 1599853 2026-09-24T05:20:36Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ 1599854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa Enzi ya Chuma, sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola la Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka,[[Waangli]]-[[Wasaksoni|Saksoni]] walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo ''Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex''.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 8]] ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa Danelaw katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Angli-Saksoni chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> [[Alfredi Mkuu]] alipinga upanuzi wa [[Wavikingi]], na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa [[Wanormani|Normani]] wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[William Mshindi]] alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya Elizabeth I, Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> q3ec8dnslz5ygx7n6e93vjmgrknkbm4 1599860 1599854 2026-09-24T05:26:30Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ 1599860 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa [[Enzi ya chuma]], sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola la Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka,[[Waangli]]-[[Wasaksoni|Saksoni]] walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo ''Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex''.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 8]] ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa Danelaw katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Angli-Saksoni chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> [[Alfredi Mkuu]] alipinga upanuzi wa [[Wavikingi]], na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa [[Wanormani|Normani]] wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[William Mshindi]] alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya Elizabeth I, Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> 9au82p6lrqpsxta9wu1vclx8i5fddnu 1599862 1599860 2026-09-24T05:28:56Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ 1599862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania|Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa [[Enzi ya chuma]], sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola la Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka,[[Waangli]]-[[Wasaksoni|Saksoni]] walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo ''Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex''.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 8]] ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa Danelaw katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Angli-Saksoni chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> [[Alfredi Mkuu]] alipinga upanuzi wa [[Wavikingi]], na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa [[Wanormani|Normani]] wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[William Mshindi]] alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya Elizabeth I, Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> 6vggh2s384mf50c60xzidwrtynthy7w 1599867 1599862 2026-09-24T05:32:43Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ 1599867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania|Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa [[Enzi ya chuma]], sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola la Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka,[[Waangli]]-[[Wasaksoni|Saksoni]] walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo ''Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex''.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 8]] ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa Danelaw katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Angli-Saksoni chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> [[Alfredi Mkuu]] alipinga upanuzi wa [[Wavikingi]], na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa [[Wanormani|Normani]] wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[William Mshindi]] alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya [[Elizabeth I wa Uingereza|Elizabeth I]], Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> 0iawci193i22bkrv7trbk3jo9q8ji0m 0 229264 1599528 1507421 2026-09-23T18:31:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Ovire Enoho''' hujulikana kama Peggy ni mwanamitindo wa Nigeria, mtayarishaji wa filamu na mwigizaji ambaye alishinda tuzo ya ''"Muigizaji Bora wa Mwaka (Kiingereza)"'' katika toleo la 2015 la [[City People Entertainment Awards|Tuzo za Burudani za City People]]. <ref>"Acting doesn't pay my bill - Enoho Ovire"''. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2019.''</ref> <ref>"Beauty queen turned actress, Peggy Ovire is a year older today"''. The NET. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2019.''</ref> <ref name=":2">"I've never been married-Peggy Ovire"''. The Punch. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2019''</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ovire anatoka [[Ugeli|Ughelli]] katika [[Delta (jimbo)|Jimbo la Delta]], Nigeria. Alizaliwa katika familia ya watoto sita ambapo alikuwa mtoto wa mwisho wa wazazi wake. Ovire alizaliwa katika [[jimbo la Lagos]] ambapo amekuwa akiishi kwa sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake. Ovire alihudhuria Shule ya Watoto Wadogo na Msingi ya Itire huko Surulere na Shule ya Upili ya AUD ambayo pia iko Surulere, [[Jimbo la Lagos]]. Ovire, kwa elimu yake ya baada ya shule ya upili alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Delta, Abraka lakini hatimaye aliikamilisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ambrose Alli ambapo alipata Shahada ya Sayansi katika Benki na Fedha. <ref>"5 things you probably don't know about actress"''. Pulse Nigeria. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2019.''</ref> == Kazi == Ovire, kabla ya kuanza kwake katika tasnia ya filamu ya Nigeria [[Nollywood]], alianza kazi yake kama mwanamitindo kama alivyoelezea katika mahojiano na The Punch print media house. <ref name=":22">"I've never been married-Peggy Ovire"''. The Punch. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2019''</ref> Alielezea zaidi kuwa filamu yake ya kwanza kabisa ilikuwa ile iliyotayarishwa na Uche Nancy. <ref name=":22" /> <ref>"Ovire Enoho: My dad is my greatest influence"''. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2019.''</ref> Kazi ya filamu ya Ovire ilionekana wazi kutokana na jukumu lake katika kipindi cha televisheni kilichoitwa Husbands of Lagos. Ovire alidai kuwa kipindi hicho cha televisheni kilimletea umaarufu na alikuwa ametambulika nje ya nchi yake ya asili ya Nigeria. <ref name=":22" /> <ref name=":0">"I always fall ill after shooting movies – Peggy Ovire"''. The Punch. 14 April 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.''</ref> alikuwa sehemu ya waigizaji katika Rising Sun pamoja na Ifeanyi Kalu. Ovire alishinda tuzo ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Mwaka (Kiingereza) katika Tuzo za Burudani za Watu wa Jiji za 2015. Mbali na kuwa mwigizaji na mwanamitindo, Ovire ni mtayarishaji wa filamu ambaye amefanya kazi kwenye filamu ikiwemo Ufuoma, Fool Me Once, na The Other Woman. Peggy aliingia kama mtayarishaji wa filamu kwa kutoa filamu ya Odogwu yenye kichwa cha habari .......Titled Man, ambayo ilitoka Oktoba, 2025. Ilimshirikisha Fredrick Leonard. == Maisha ya awali == Mnamo Novemba 2022, aliolewa na mwigizaji mwenzake [[Nnaemeka Leonard|Frederick Leonard]], <ref>"#Meettheleonards: Why I married Peggy Ovire — Fredrick Leonard"''. Premium Times. Retrieved 12 June 2025.''</ref> ingawa kumekuwa na uvumi wa kutengana. <ref>''Fasan, Yewande (2 May 2024).'' "Peggy Ovire marks husband's birthday amid rumored split"''. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 12 June 2025.''</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji filamu wa Nigeria]] 629sp30g9itq9g9ca9lr6oe3k3skrss 0 229880 1599779 1515453 2026-09-24T02:10:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jerome Kohlberg Jr.''' ([[Julai 10]], [[1925]] – [[Julai 30]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea habari| url = http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=4985652&privcapId=4985639| archive-url = https://archive.today/20140922172029/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=4985652&privcapId=4985639| url-status = dead| archive-date = September 22, 2014|title= Executive Profile - Jerome Kohlberg Jr.|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date = September 22, 2014}}</ref>Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa mapema katika tasnia ya uwekezaji wa kibinafsi (private equity) na ununuzi wa kujiinua (leveraged buyouts), akianzisha kampuni ya uwekezaji wa kibinafsi ''Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR & Co.)'' na baadaye ''Kohlberg & Company''.<ref name=Forbes2008>[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Jerome-Kohlberg-Jr_1CAW.html The World's Billionaires - #785 Jerome Kohlberg Jr.] {{Wayback|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Jerome-Kohlberg-Jr_1CAW.html |date=20171017204814 }} March 2008</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] 5z2d4sdfmpj3bg3agn7zhreuxp4d9n6 0 230057 1599492 1508691 2026-09-23T18:23:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Josephine Louis''' (Alizaliwa [[1930]]) ni bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] aliye rithi mali za mumewe, mke wa [[John J. Louis Jr.]], aliyewahi kuwa Balozi wa Marekani nchini [[Uingereza]].<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|title=Josephine Louis & family|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/josephine-louis/|website=Forbes|accessdate=28 September 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 24oxpz6370c97uxs8zcx2dy03586vb8 0 230582 1599787 1510145 2026-09-24T02:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Charles Martin''' ([[Mei 7]], [[1951]] – [[Machi 30]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]], na alikuwa mwenyekiti mtendaji ([[2016]]–[[2018]]) na afisa mkuu mtendaji ([[1996]]–2016) wa kampuni ya bioteknolojia ya Marekani ''Gilead Sciences''.><ref name="Forbes_2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/12/boss-10_John-C-Martin_A1XN.html|title=#6 John C Martin - Forbes.com|work=forbes.com|access-date=26 November 2012|archive-date=2013-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324021438/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/12/boss-10_John-C-Martin_A1XN.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alijiunga na Gilead Sciences mwaka [[1990]] kama makamu wa rais wa utafiti na maendeleo.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Martin |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Gilead ilijulikana kwa kutengeneza dawa kama ''Atripla'' (kwa [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]) na kusambaza ''Sovaldi'' (sofosbuvir) kwa ajili ya matibabu ya virusi vya ini [[hepatitis]] C.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=199167&ticker=GILD |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130118174804/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=199167&ticker=GILD |archive-date= January 18, 2013 |title=John Martin: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |work=investing.businessweek.com|access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Forbes_2015">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2015/05/06/gileads-john-c-martin-one-breakthrough-drug-after-another/ | title=Gilead's John C. Martin: One Breakthrough Drug After Another | work=Forbes | date=6 May 2015 | access-date=27 October 2015 | author=Herper, Matthew}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] ac7wdtfmlgxkpiocsls4wrjo7p0o4zl 0 230709 1600072 1510389 2026-09-24T11:43:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher Sacca''' (Alizaliwa [[Mei 12]], [[1975]]) ni mwekezaji, mshauri wa kampuni, [[mjasiriamali]], na [[wakili]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name="FORBES;P">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/chris-sacca/ |title=Forbes profile: Chris Sacca |magazine=Forbes.com |access-date=March 9, 2020}}</ref> Yeye ni mmiliki wa ''Lowercase Capital'', mfuko wa uwekezaji nchini Marekani ambao umewekeza katika makampuni ya teknolojia ya hatua za awali na za mwanzo kama ''[[Twitter]]'', ''Uber'', ''[[Instagram]]'', ''Twilio'', na ''Kickstarter''.<ref name="NYT;STAKE">{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/28/new-fund-gives-jpmorgan-a-stake-in-twitter/?_r=0 |title=New Fund Provides Stake in Twitter for JPMorgan |first=Evelyn M. |last=Rusli |date=February 28, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=But for big institutional investors, Mr. Sacca, 35, .... |access-date=May 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025955/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/28/new-fund-gives-jpmorgan-a-stake-in-twitter/?_r=0 |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uwekezaji huu ulisababisha kuwekwa kwake kama nambari 2 kwenye orodha ya ''Forbes'' ya ''Midas List: Top Tech Investors'' mwaka [[2017]].<ref name=konrad>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2015/03/25/how-venture-cowboy-chris-sacca-made-billions/#7c682f09fa8c|title=How Super Angel Chris Sacca Made Billions, Burned Bridges And Crafted The Best Seed Portfolio Ever|last=Konrad|first=Alex|website=Forbes|access-date=May 7, 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gkbqaf1nccp03ughjbne6nht3pra01c 0 231002 1599493 1530277 2026-09-23T18:24:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thurman John Rodgers''' (Alizaliwa [[Machi 15]], [[1948]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] na [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name="Mercury">{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2010/08/20/mercury-news-interview-t-j-rodgers-ceo-and-president-of-cypress-semiconductor/ |title=T.J. Rodgers, CEO and president of Cypress Semiconductor |last=Johnson |first=Steve |newspaper=San Jose Mercury News |date=August 20, 2010 |access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505052633/http://www.mercurynews.com/2010/08/20/mercury-news-interview-t-j-rodgers-ceo-and-president-of-cypress-semiconductor/|archive-date=May 5, 2017|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref>Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa ''Cypress Semiconductor'' na ana hati miliki za teknolojia kuanzia semikondakta, nishati na utengenezaji wa divai.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1991-12-08/the-bad-boy-of-silicon-valley|title = The Bad Boy of Silicon Valley|newspaper = Bloomberg.com|date = December 9, 1991}}</ref> Rodgers alijiuzulu kama afisa mkuu mtendaji wa Cypress Aprili [[2016]] na Mkurugenzi Agosti [[2016]] baada ya kuhudumu kwa miaka 34.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cypress.com/news/cypress-ceo-step-down|title=Cypress CEO to Step Down|website=www.cypress.com|access-date=July 27, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4iomwyg39ct7jzvhjgdbkrudrdrjfte 0 231544 1599765 1531192 2026-09-24T01:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jami Beth Gertz''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 28]], [[1965]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gertz, Jami 1965– |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/gertz-jami-1965 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |access-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref>Gertz aliigiza katika filamu za ''Crossroads'', ''Quicksilver'' (zote [[1986]]), ''Less than Zero'' ([[1987]]), ''The Lost Boys'' (1987), na ''Twister'' ([[1996]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jami Gertz: Biography |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jami-gertz/bio/155579 |website=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=October 11, 2012 |archive-date=2019-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719200329/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jami-gertz/bio/155579/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>Kwenye televisheni, aliigiza katika kipindi cha TV cha miaka ya 1980 cha ''Square Pegs'', katika sitcom ya CBS ''Still Standing'', na katika sitcom ya ABC ''The Neighbors''. Pamoja na mumewe, [[Tony Ressler]], Gertz ni mmiliki wa timu ya [[Atlanta Hawks]] ya mpira wa kikapu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jami-gertz/growing-up-in-glenview_b_119724.html |title=Growing Up Glenview |date=September 18, 2008 |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=October 9, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gmw8sburvfrg94bfse4s1majlj9ir7v 0 231712 1599434 1531586 2026-09-23T17:10:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fikile Khosa''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira]] wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka [[Zambia]] anayocheza kama beki katika klabu ya Red Arrows FC. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Zambia kilichoshiriki mashindano ya mpira wa miguu kwenye Olimpiki za Majira ya Kiangazi 2020. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Khosa amewakilisha Zambia kama mlinzi (defender) na ni miongoni mwa wachezaji wa kikosi cha “Copper Queens” waliounda [[historia]] kwa kushiriki Olimpiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football KHOSA Fikile - Tokyo 2020 Olympics|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/football/athlete-profile-n1351258-khosa-fikile.htm|work=olympics.com|accessdate=2026-05-05|language=en-us|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717093918/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/football/athlete-profile-n1351258-khosa-fikile.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Every confirmed women's football squad for the 2020 Olympic Games|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/every-confirmed-2020-olympic-games-women-football-squad|work=90min.com|date=2021-07-06|accessdate=2026-05-05|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olympics 2020 squads: USWNT, Team GB & every official women's football tournament roster {{!}} Goal.com India|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/olympics-2020-squads-uswnt-team-gb-every-official-womens-football-tournament-roster/nt4h88ud3e591lbug3yoh9466|work=www.goal.com|date=2021-07-07|accessdate=2026-05-05|language=en-IN}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Zambia]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wachezaji mpira]] kx59k5fu5p33en6vtm7gr0zw8nzsl3v 0 232221 1599731 1546205 2026-09-23T21:50:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hervé Batoménila''' (alizaliwa 18 Mei 1984 huko Les Pavillons-sous-Bois<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=herve-Batomenila|url=https://herve-batomenila.skyrock.com/|work=Skyrock|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=fr|author=herve-batomenila|archive-date=2023-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414094554/https://herve-batomenila.skyrock.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka Gabon ambaye anacheza katika Ligi ya Premier Development League kwa klabu ya FC Miami City.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fiche de Hervé Batomenila, l'actu le palmares et les stats de Hervé Batomenila|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur25019.html|work=L'Équipe|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=fr}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Batoménila, anayejulikana pia kama “Bato”, alizaliwa katika kitongoji cha [[Paris]] cha Les Pavillons-sous-Bois na wazazi wa Gabon. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Tarehe 24 Machi 2009 aliitwa kujiunga na [[timu]] ya taifa ya soka ya Gabon, ingawa bado hakuwa amecheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa timu hiyo wakati huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FIFA.com - Giresse turns to Aubameyang youngsters|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1040520.html|work=www.fifa.com|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=en|author=FIFA.com|archive-date=2009-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328135024/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1040520.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kuwa na mafanikio katika soka nchini [[Ufaransa]], Bato aliamua kujaribu nafasi yake nje ya nchi. Alisajiliwa na FC Miami City, timu ya soka ya Marekani yenye makao yake mjini Miami, Florida, inayoshiriki katika Premier Development League. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wachezaji mpira]] msnsfu8gtx91beqatkmnkewkdjyg08t 0 232271 1599694 1535986 2026-09-23T19:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gina''' '''Mariam''' '''Bass''' Bittaye (aliyezaliwa tarehe 3 Mei 1995), anayefahamika zaidi kama Gina Bass, ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] nyota kutoka nchini [[Gambia]] anayebobea katika mbio za mita 100 na 200.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gina Mariam BASS BITTAYE {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14479741|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Athletics - Round 1 - Heat 5 Results|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-women-s-100m-rnd1-000500-.htm|work=olympics.com|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=en-us|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730065227/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-women-s-100m-rnd1-000500-.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jz5in0vs61h9no3ipnayt4jlphw6mbk 0 232272 1599299 1545921 2026-09-23T12:41:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrima''' '''Sorry''' '''Buaro''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 2000) ni mwogeleaji nyota kutoka nchini [[Gambia]], anayefahamika kama mmoja wa waogeleaji bora zaidi katika [[historia]] ya nchi hiyo kwenye mbio fupi (sprints).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Swimming BUARO Ebrima Sorry - Tokyo 2020 Olympics|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/swimming/athlete-profile-n1307350-buaro-ebrima-sorry.htm|work=olympics.com|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=en-us|archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808221736/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/swimming/athlete-profile-n1307350-buaro-ebrima-sorry.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ebrima Sorry BUARO {{!}} Results {{!}} World Aquatics Official|url=https://www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1169092/www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1169092/-|work=World Aquatics|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] o814ym3ezdy2h1urrar0c6wux2zf6rm 0 232273 1599298 1535884 2026-09-23T12:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebrahima''' '''Camara''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 18 Septemba 1996) ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] shupavu kutoka nchini [[Gambia]] ambaye ameweka historia katika mbio fupi za nyika (sprinting).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ebrahima CAMARA {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/the-gambia/ebrima-camara-14579425|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Athletics CAMARA Ebrima - Tokyo 2020 Olympics|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1294447-camara-ebrima.htm|work=olympics.com|accessdate=2026-05-07|language=en-us|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726073437/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1294447-camara-ebrima.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c6jrlsuq5dz33m1xpx6rqg81gx8a6y2 0 232454 1599599 1537784 2026-09-23T18:48:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Lee Yuengling Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 10]] [[1943]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Rais na mmiliki pekee wa kampuni ya bia ya ''Yuengling'' huko Pottsville, [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|title=Richard Yuengling Jr.|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/richard-yuengling-jr/|website=Forbes|accessdate=March 7, 2017}}</ref> Yeye ni kizazi cha tano cha familia ya Yuengling, na anamiliki asilimia 100 ya kampuni, baada ya kununua hisa za baba yake mwaka [[1985]].<ref name=LVB>{{cite news | last1 = Pedersen | first1 = Brian | title = One-on-One with Dick Yuengling: Billionaire brewer plans to keep company lean, nimble, and growing in existing markets | url = http://www.lvb.com/article/20130708/LVB01/307039999/oneonone-with-dick-yuengling-billionaire-brewer-plans-to-keep-company-lean-nimble-and-growing-in-existing-markets | accessdate=October 9, 2015 | work=LVB | date=July 8, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mn59q4927gj10fpe5vibwhrml0esoky 0 233198 1599431 1539286 2026-09-23T17:07:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fernand Coulibaly''' (alizaliwa Agosti 1, 1971) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka Mali aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] (striker) na aliwahi kuwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Mali. Pia ana uraia wa Uturuki kwa jina la Muhammed Doğan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Türk olan yabancı futbolcular - Son dakika Spor Magazin haberleri, fotoğrafları|url=https://www.fotomac.com.tr/galeri/spormagazin/turk-olan-yabanci-futbolcular-397389071486|work=Fotomaç|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=tr}}</ref> Alizaliwa Ségou, Mali. Katika maisha yake ya soka, alicheza katika ligi mbalimbali za Ulaya na Uturuki,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FERNAND COULIBALY - Player Details TFF|url=http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=25815|work=www.tff.org|accessdate=2026-05-09}}</ref> ikiwemo: == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha [[Mali]] kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] 1994 (1994 African Cup of Nations). == Tukio la Baadaye == Mnamo Oktoba 2005, Coulibaly alifungwa katika Gereza Kuu la Bamako kufuatia uchunguzi kuhusu uwekezaji wake katika Banque l’Habitat Mali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Recouvrement des créances par la BHM|url=http://www.rsbiko.com/Recouvrement-des-creances-par-la.html|work=www.rsbiko.com|date=2007-11-03|accessdate=2026-05-09|language=fr|author=Issa Fakaba SISSOKO|archive-date=2008-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123123909/http://www.rsbiko.com/Recouvrement-des-creances-par-la.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Mali]] cbgvih2lgcdbwiy9wyw4othoxf3bn2y 0 233293 1599641 1539691 2026-09-23T18:58:03Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olipa Myaba Chiluba''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Malawi]]. Yeye ni [[Mbunge]] katika Bunge la Malawi akiwakilisha Jimbo la Mzimba Kaskazini Mashariki. Muhula wake wa ubunge ulianza tarehe 20 Mei 2014.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Malawi|url=https://www.parliament.gov.mw/|work=www.parliament.gov.mw|accessdate=2026-05-10|language=en|author=Parliament of Malawi}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Malawi]] hys5w7nnpcpjlqxxeuuz4w1bqg8esyu 0 233923 1599450 1564333 2026-09-23T17:51:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francesca Businarolo''' (alizaliwa 11 Julai 1983) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Italia]]. Kuanzia mwaka 2013 hadi 2022, alikuwa mjumbe wa [[Baraza la Wawakilishi la Italia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.camera.it/deputati/elenco/18-305602|title=Francesca Businarolo|publisher=[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]|language=it}}</ref> == Wasifu == Businarolo ni mwanachama wa chama cha [[Five Star Movement]] (M5S). Kitaaluma ni mwanasheria, na alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza bungeni katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2013 na kurejea tena mwaka 2018. Kuanzia mwaka 2019 hadi 2020, alihudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Sheria (Justice Committee) katika Baraza la Wawakilishi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://parlamento18.openpolis.it/parlamentare/businarolo-francesca/687291|title=On. Francesca Businarolo|publisher=[[:it:Openpolis|Openpolis]]|language=it|accessdate=2026-05-12|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204001341/https://parlamento18.openpolis.it/parlamentare/businarolo-francesca/687291|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika kipindi chake bungeni, alijulikana sana kwa harakati zake za kutetea sheria za kuwalinda watoa taarifa za ufisadi (whistleblowers) na mageuzi ya mfumo wa kisheria nchini Italia. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] {{BD|1983||Businarolo, Francesca}} mhz9xa26i7xsw4c644t1xmj5tk9ujhq 0 234126 1599362 1541196 2026-09-23T15:49:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Érica Farías | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_halisi = | jina_la_utani = La Pantera | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1984|7|13|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Buenos Aires, Argentina | utaifa = Argentina | uzito = {{plainlist| *Uzani Mwepesi *Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi *Uzani wa Kati }} | urefu = | mikono = | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | jumla = 35 | ushindi = 27 | KO = 10 | kupoteza = 8 | sare = | hakuna mashindano = | medali = {{MedalSport|Ndondi ya wanawake}} {{MedalCountry|{{ARG}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Dunia ya Ndondi}} {{MedalSilver|2006 New Delhi|Uzani Mwepesi}} }} '''Érica Anabella Farías''' (amezaliwa 13 Julai 1984), anayejulikana kama "'''La Pantera'''", ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchi ya [[Argentina]]. Yeye ni bingwa wa dunia katika madaraja mawili ya uzito tofauti; alishikilia taji la dunia la WBC katika '''daraja la uzito mwepesi''' (''lightweight'') kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2014, na taji la dunia la WBC katika '''daraja la uzito mwepesi zaidi''' (''super lightweight'') kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2018. Mnamo mwaka 2017, alipigana pia kuwania ubingwa katika '''daraja la uzito wa welter''' (''welterweight'').<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/504629|title=BoxRec: Erica Anabella Farias|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=2019-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021183329/https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/504629|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akiwa mchezaji wa ridhaa, alishinda medali ya shaba katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya mwaka 2006.<ref name="P">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Erica_Anabella_Farias|title=Erica Anabella Farias - BoxRec|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=2019-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123004444/https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Erica_Anabella_Farias|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1984}} [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Argentina]] g3mn2fdvrvjjt01n6su16amsuzpuxfu 0 234409 1600106 1541689 2026-09-24T11:47:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Junus Aditjondro''' (27 Mei 1946 – 10 Desemba 2016) alikuwa mwanasosholojia kutoka [[Indonesia]]. == Maisha na kazi == Aditjondro alizaliwa mjini Pekalongan, Central Java na alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa habari katika jarida la Tempo. Kati ya mwaka 1994 hadi 1995, alijulikana sana kama mkosoaji wa serikali ya Rais Suharto kutokana na masuala ya ufisadi na [[East Timor]]. Baadaye alihamia [[Australia]] kwa miaka saba na alipigwa marufuku kurejea Indonesia na utawala wa Soeharto mnamo Machi 1998. Alifanya kazi kama mhadhiri wa sosholojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Newcastle.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Asrianti|first1=Tifa|title=George Junus Aditjondro : of watchdogs and octopi|url=[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/03/george-junus-aditjondro-watchdogs-and-octopi.html|accessdate=12](http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/03/george-junus-aditjondro-watchdogs-and-octopi.html|accessdate=12) Desemba 2016|work=The Jakarta Post|date=3 Januari 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Indonesia]] 9zs7eus6ogmmserbcfmaf898kqaus0y 0 235054 1599529 1543136 2026-09-23T18:32:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ivan Le Lorraine Albright''' ([[Februari 20]], [[1897]] – [[Novemba 18]], [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]], [[mchongaji]], na mtengenezaji wa michoro nchini [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana zaidi kwa picha zake za kibinafsi, masomo ya wahusika, na maisha yaliyotulia. Kutokana na mbinu yake na mada zake za giza, mara nyingi aliwekwa katika kundi la Magic Realists na wakati mwingine alijulikana kama "master of the macabre".<ref name=":7">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ivan Albright|url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/33376/ivan-albright|access-date=February 15, 2021|website=The Art Institute of Chicago|year=1897 |language=en}}</ref><ref>John P. Murphy, “''Flesh: Ivan Albright and the Aesthetics of Ugliness'',” in {{harvp|Oehler|2019|loc=para 20}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1897]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1983]] mxvhz5ackh8iawrirf3skbolm5uk9bk 0 235371 1599695 1543848 2026-09-23T19:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Ginuwine | picha = Ginuwine performing in Austin, Texas 2014.jpg | maelezo = Ginuwine akitumbuiza mnamo mwaka 2014 | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Elgin Baylor Lumpkin | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1970|10|15}} | chimbuko = [[Washington, D.C.]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theringer.com/2017/4/28/16036838/ginuwine-legend-pony-so-anxious-in-those-jeans-music-pop-culture-1c1edbd47139|title = Ginuwine is an R&B Legend|date = April 28, 2017}}</ref> | kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo | miaka ya kazi = 1991–sasa | studio = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], Notifi, [[Fontana Distribution|Fontana]], [[Entertainment One Music|E1]], [[Warner Records|Warner Bros.]], [[Asylum Records|Asylum]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]], [[550 Music|550]], [[Epic Records|Epic]] | ameshirikiana na = [[TGT (group)|TGT]], [[Swing Mob]] | wavuti = }} '''Elgin Baylor Lumpkin''' (amezaliwa Oktoba 15, 1970),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hicks|first1=Jonathan P.|title=This Daypottyyy in Black History: Oct. 15, 1970|url=https://www.bet.com/article/q4yud8/this-day-in-black-history-oct-15-1970|website=[[BET]]|publisher=BET interactive, LLC|access-date=March 23, 2016|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172715/https://www.bet.com/article/q4yud8/this-day-in-black-history-oct-15-1970|url-status=dead}}</ref> anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Ginuwine''', ni mwimbaji wa muziki wa [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] kutoka nchini Marekani. Alianza safari yake ya muziki mapema miaka ya 1990 kama mwanachama wa kundi la wanamuziki la [[Swing Mob]]. Akiwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea, alisaini mkataba na lebo ya [[Epic Records]]<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p194935|pure_url=yes}} |title=Ginuwine&nbsp;– Biography |work=[[AllMusic]] |last=Huey |first=Steve |access-date=December 29, 2008}}</ref> na kutoa wimbo wake wa kwanza uliotamba wa mwaka 1996, "[[Pony (Ginuwine song)|Pony]]". Wimbo huo ulifikia namba sita kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] na ulitangulia kutoka kwa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[Ginuwine... the Bachelor|Ginuwine...the Bachelor]]'' (1996), ambayo ilitunukiwa hadhi ya platinamu mara mbili na chama cha [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Ginuwine&format=&go=Search&perPage=50 |title=RIAA&nbsp;– Gold & Platinum: "Ginuwine" |access-date=January 10, 2018 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> Albamu zake za pili na tatu, ''[[100% Ginuwine]]'' (1999) na ''[[The Life (album)|The Life]]'' (2001), zote ziliingia kwenye tano bora za chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], huku albamu ya mwisho ikitoa wimbo maarufu wa "[[Differences (song)|Differences]]", ulioshika nafasi ya nne kwenye chati za ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na kusalia kuwa wimbo wake uliofika nafasi ya juu zaidi kwenye chati.<ref name="RIAA" /> Albamu yake ya nne, ''[[The Senior]]'' (2003), ilitoa wimbo ulioingia kumi bora wa "[[In Those Jeans]]", pamoja na nyimbo zilizoingia 40 bora za "[[Hell Yeah (Ginuwine song)|Hell Yeah]]" (akimshirikisha [[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]]) na "[[Stingy (song)|Stingy]]". Albamu yake ya tano, ''[[Back II da Basics]]'' (2005), ilishika nafasi ndani ya kumi bora kwenye chati za ''Billboard'' 200 na ikawa kazi yake ya mwisho kutoa chini ya lebo ya Epic; baadaye alisaini mkataba na [[Warner Records]] na kutoa albamu yake ya sita, ''[[A Man's Thoughts]]'' (2009), ambayo ilifanya vizuri kibiashara licha ya kupokea maoni mseto kutoka kwa wakosoaji wa muziki. Albamu zilizofuata baada ya hapo zilikuwa ''[[Elgin (album)|Elgin]]'' (2011) na ''[[A Ginuwine Christmas]]'' (2011), zikiwa kama matoleo yake ya mwisho chini ya lebo kubwa ya muziki.<ref name="RIAA" /> Kwa mujibu wa jarida la ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'', hadi kufikia mwaka 2013, Ginuwine ameuza wastani wa nakala za albamu milioni 6.98 nchini Marekani.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/tgts-three-kings-debuts-at-no-1-on-top-rbhip-hop-albums-chart/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015844/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/5679825/tgts-three-kings-debuts-at-no-1-on-top-rbhip-hop-albums-chart|url-status=live|archive-date=September 2, 2013|title=TGT's 'Three Kings' Debuts at No. 1 on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart|last=Ramirez|first=Rauly |date=August 29, 2013|magazine=Billboard|access-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref> Nje ya kazi yake kama msanii wa kujitegemea, mnamo mwaka 2007 aliunda kundi la R&B la mastaa watatu lililoitwa [[TGT (group)|TGT]] akishirikiana na wasanii wenzake [[Tyrese Gibson]] na [[Tank (American singer)|Tank]], ambao kwa pamoja walitoa [[Three Kings (albamu ya TGT)|albamu moja ya studio]]. == Diskografia == {{Main|Diskografia ya Ginuwine}} ;Albamu za studio * ''[[Ginuwine... the Bachelor]]'' (1996) * ''[[100% Ginuwine]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Life (album)|The Life]]'' (2001) * ''[[The Senior]]'' (2003) * ''[[Back II da Basics]]'' (2005) * ''[[A Man's Thoughts]]'' (2009) * ''[[Elgin (album)|Elgin]]'' (2011) * ''[[A Ginuwine Christmas]]'' (2011) ;Albamu za ushirikiano * ''[[Three Kings (TGT album)|Three Kings]]'' {{small|(akishirikiana na [[Tank (American singer)|Tank]] na [[Tyrese Gibson|Tyrese]], kama [[TGT (group)|TGT]])}} (2013) == Filamu == === Filamu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Jina ! scope="col" | Uhusika ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Maelezo |- | 2002 | ''[[Juwanna Mann]]'' | Romeo | |- | 2003 | ''[[Honey (2003 film)|Honey]]'' | Mwenyewe | |- | 2006 | ''Da Jammies'' | G (sauti) | Video fupi |- | 2008 | ''Baby Dil Deewana'' | | Filamu fupi |- |rowspan=2| 2011 | ''The Ideal Husband'' | Reggie | Filamu ya TV |- | ''The Bachelor Party'' | Trey | Video |- | 2014 | ''[[Chocolate City (film)|Chocolate City]]'' | Pharaoh | |- | 2016 | ''Paid in Full'' | Brad | |- | 2017 | ''[[Chocolate City: Vegas Strip]]'' | Pharaoh | |} === Televisheni === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Jina ! scope="col" | Uhusika ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Maelezo |- | 1998 | ''[[Martial Law (TV series)|Martial Law]]'' | Zeke Meadows | Sehemu: "How Sammo Got His Groove Back" |- | 2000 | ''[[Moesha]]'' | Khalib | Uhusika wa kujirudia: msimu wa 6 |- | 2003 | ''[[Platinum (TV series)|Platinum]]'' | Hoody Rob | Sehemu: "Loyalty" |- | 2004 | ''[[Half & Half]]'' | R.J. Jackson | Sehemu: "The Big Don't Go Chasing Waterfalls Episode" |- | 2014–15 | ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'' | Mwenyewe | Sehemu: "Moving Up: Part 1 & 2" & "Donna and Joe" |- |rowspan="2"|2018 | ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 21|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' | Mwenyewe/Mshiriki | Alitolewa wa 5; alishika nafasi ya 11 |- | ''Your Husband Is Cheating on Us'' | Mwenyewe | Washiriki wakuu |- | 2023 | ''[[The Masked Singer (American TV series)|The Masked Singer]]'' | Mwenyewe/Husky | Mshiriki wa [[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 10|Msimu wa 10]] |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102232218/http://ginuwine.com/|title=Tovuti rasmi|date=mdy}} * {{IMDb name|0320181}} {{Ginuwine|state=uncollapsed}} {{BD|1970}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] avi6tttbp2g7e5hmo17t08a7zsxm8g8 0 235538 1600107 1544045 2026-09-24T11:47:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Frederick Brawn''' (1 Agosti 1878 – 18 Agosti 1932) alikuwa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye alicheza kama winga wa kulia (outside right) katika Ligi ya Soka, hasa akiwa na klabu za Aston Villa na Chelsea. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani la "Gansey".<ref name="englandfootballonline" /> == Kazi ya uchezaji == Akiwa amezaliwa Wellingborough, Brawn alianza maisha yake ya soka kama mchezaji wa kujitolea katika klabu za eneo lake zisizo za ligi kuu (non-League) kama Wellingborough St Mark's, Wellingborough Town na Northampton Town. Aligeuka kuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa alipojiunga na klabu ya Daraja la Kwanza ya Sheffield United mwezi Januari 1900 kwa ada ya pauni 125.<ref name="englandfootballonline">{{Cite web |title=England Players – Billy Brawn |url=[http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBrawnWF.html](http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBrawnWF.html) |access-date=1 Novemba 2017 |website=[www.englandfootballonline.com](http://www.englandfootballonline.com)}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1878|1932}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] 3xl0i7szr6fvzzv5lonb6jexkoj702v 0 236774 1599441 1584271 2026-09-23T17:19:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiona Farrell''' (alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1947) ni mshairi, mwandishi wa hadithi za kubuni na zisizo za kubuni, na mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza kutoka nchi ya [[New Zealand]]. == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == Farrell alizaliwa na kulelewa mjini [[Oamaru]], katika [[Isla ya Kusini]] ya New Zealand. Alisoma katika shule ya upili ya [[Waitaki Girls' High School]], kisha akahitimu na Shahada ya Sanaa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Otago]] mnamo mwaka 1968.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/otagomagazine/issue33/profiles/otago0356211.html|title=A writer in her residence|last=Tansley|first=Rebecca|date=October 2012|website=The University of Otago|language=en-nz|issn=1175-8147|access-date=2020-03-16|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124225817/https://www.otago.ac.nz/otagomagazine/issue33/profiles/otago0356211.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu, Farrell alihamia [[Oxford]] nchini Uingereza pamoja na mumewe na akajiandikisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha London kusomea historia ya sanaa. Baadaye, yeye na mumewe walihamia nchini Kanada ambapo Farrell alihitimu Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa (1973) na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa (MPhil) katika masuala ya drama (1976) kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last=Sage|first=Lorna|title=The Cambridge guide to women's writing in English|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Greer, Germaine, Showalter, Elaine.|isbn=0-521-49525-3|location=Cambridge|pages=236|oclc=40298523}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.read-nz.org/writer/farrell-fiona|title=Farrell, Fiona|date=January 2017|website=Read NZ Te Pou Muramura|access-date=2020-03-16|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127220912/https://www.read-nz.org/writer/farrell-fiona|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alifanya kazi kama mhadhiri wa drama katika chuo cha ualimu cha Palmerston North Teachers' College na aliishi [[Palmerston North]] kuanzia mwaka 1976 hadi 1991, ambapo alianzia kazi yake ya uandishi kwa kutengeneza michezo ya kuigiza yenye maudhui ya New Zealand kwa ajili ya wanafunzi wake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1947||}} [[Jamii:Watu wa New Zealand]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa New Zealand]] bxlnb1lcyucwflktilhcvcq31oos7yf 0 237589 1599494 1548358 2026-09-23T18:24:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marianne Brocklehurst''' (1832–1898) alikuwa msafiri kutoka [[Uingereza]] na mkusanyaji wa vitu vya kale vya Misri. Alisaidia ufadhili wa uchimbaji kadhaa wa kiakiolojia nchini Misri na alitoa sehemu kubwa ya mkusanyiko wake wa vitu vya kale kwa West Park Museum iliyopo Macclesfield. == Maisha ya binafsi == Brocklehurst alikuwa mmoja kati ya watoto wanane wa John Brocklehurst, mfanyabiashara tajiri wa hariri (silk manufacturer) kutoka Macclesfield, na mke wake Mary.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Marianne Brocklehurst : benefactor, explorer, artist : her life and times 1832-1898.|last=Whistow|first=Thelma|date=2004|publisher=Macclesfield Museums Trust|isbn=978-1870926447|location=Macclesfield|oclc=56774718}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Bray |first=Jean |title=The Lady of Sudeley |publisher=Long Barn Books |year=2000 |pages=9}}</ref> Familia yao ilianza katika biashara ya kutengeneza vifungo, lakini katika karne ya 19 ilihamia katika biashara ya hariri. Marianne alizaliwa mwaka 1832 na alisafiri sana pamoja na dada yake Emma kuanzia akiwa na umri wa takriban miaka 20. Alikuwa na shauku ya mapema katika akiolojia na upigaji picha.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1832|1898}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] hdr74nxm295pueu1u394u9b8n6tw6zt 0 237730 1599361 1548888 2026-09-23T15:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Érica Farías | jina_halisi = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_utani = La Pantera | uzito = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi *Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi Kidogo *Uzani wa Kati }} | urefu = | mikono = | utaifa = Argentina | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1984|7|13|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Buenos Aires, Argentina | tarehe_ya_kifo = | mahala_pa_kifo = | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | jumla = 35 | ushindi = 27 | KO = 10 | kupoteza = 8 | sare = | hakuna mashindano = }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalCountry | {{ARG}} }} {{MedalSport | Ngumi za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Dunia ya Ngumi za Amateurs}} {{MedalSilver| 2006 New Delhi | Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Érica Anabella Farías''' (alizaliwa Julai 13, 1984), anayejulikana kama "'''La Pantera'''", ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Argentina]]. Yeye ni bingwa wa dunia wa madaraja mawili ya uzito, akiwa ameshikilia taji la wanawake la [[uzito wa jepesi|uzito mwepesi]] (lightweight) la WBC kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2014, na taji la wanawake la [[uzito wa jepesi wa juu|uzito mwepesi wa juu]] (super lightweight) la WBC kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2018. Pia, alipambana mara moja kuwania ubingwa usiopingika wa [[uzito wa welter]] (welterweight) mnamo mwaka 2017.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/504629|title=BoxRec: Erica Anabella Farias|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=2019-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021183329/https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/504629|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika ngumi za ridhaa, alishinda medali ya fedha katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya mwaka 2006.<ref name="P">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Erica_Anabella_Farias|title=Erica Anabella Farias - BoxRec|website=boxrec.com|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=2019-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123004444/https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Erica_Anabella_Farias|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] czbgo0vbo3utiwgc8wxe128ubiwq7yx 0 237962 1600073 1549032 2026-09-24T11:43:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Weston Teruya''' (alizaliwa [[1977]] huko [[Honolulu, Hawaii]]) ni [[msanii]] wa taswira na msimamizi wa sanaa anayeishi [[Oakland, California]]. Uchongaji wake wa karatasi, usakinishaji, na michoro hurekebisha alama kuunda maana zisizotarajiwa zinazogusa ukweli wa kijamii/kisiasa, zikitafakari masuala ya nguvu, udhibiti, mwonekano, ulinzi, utofauti na upendeleo.<ref name="related">{{cite web|url=https://relatedtactics.com/who-we-are|title=Who we are|publisher=Related Tactics|accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tm82dluczkx9ge2ekxvlcz5nlebkv72 0 237965 1600074 1575834 2026-09-24T11:43:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''LiQin Tan''' (alizaliwa [[1957]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kidigitali, mhuishaji, mtafiti, na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alifundisha [[Kanada]], [[Uchina]], [[Singapuri]], na Marekani.<ref name="rutgers spotlight">[http://ur.rutgers.edu/archive/spotlight-LiqinTan/ The Art of Perception] {{Wayback|url=http://ur.rutgers.edu/archive/spotlight-LiqinTan/ |date=20110728153902 }}, ''Rutgers Magazine''</ref><ref>[http://en.artintern.net/index.php/exhibition/main/html/899/3 "Refractive Brain Therapy" Solo Exhibition of LiQin Tan]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Artintern.net''</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rzeleb5tmc2bissdh3wf5l1whsxtbxb 0 238468 1599600 1549964 2026-09-23T18:48:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599600 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herbert Aach''' ([[Machi 24]], [[1923]] – [[Oktoba 13]], [[1985]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Marekani]]. Mtindo wa uchoraji wa Aach unajulikana kwa rangi yake kali na iliyowekwa vizuri, ambayo ilitokana na shauku yake kubwa katika nadharia ya rangi na uhusiano wa rangi.<ref name="Aach1">{{cite web|author=John Aach |year=2007 |title=Herb Aach |publisher=John Aach & Doris Aach |url=http://home.comcast.net/~jaach/ |access-date=June 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220045810/http://home.comcast.net/~jaach/ |archive-date=December 20, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1985]] 14x9qorky1ra6j6sjhe5ejms9k4zmni 0 238474 1600075 1549975 2026-09-24T11:43:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisha Taylor Baker''' ([[Februari 17]], [[1827]] – [[1890]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa baharini wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[New York]]. Alikuwa mchoraji wa picha za meli, mtumiaji wa mtindo wa uchoraji uliotegemea mwanga, na mchoraji wa mandhari.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paula |first=Doreen |title=Baker, Elisha Taylor |website=[[Thieme-Becker#Allgemeines_Künstlerlexikon|Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon – Internationale Künstlerdatenbank – Online]] |editor1-last=Beyer |editor1-first=Andreas |editor2-last=Savoy |editor2-first=Bénédicte |editor3-last=Tegethoff |editor3-first=Wolf |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=K. G. Saur |date=2021 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/AKL/entry/_30006314/html |url-access=subscription}} {{twlac|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/AKL/entry/_30006314/html}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1827]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1890]] rporkwtygg6p8dtjw1t8u9rpxrkr5bu 0 238500 1599530 1550029 2026-09-23T18:32:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Shabba Ranks | jina_la_heshima = [[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|OD]] | picha = Shabba Ranks at Reggae Land Festival 2024 (cropped).jpg | maelezo = Shabba Ranks akitumbuiza katika Tamasha la Reggae Land mnamo mwaka 2024 | background = solo_singer | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon | mahali_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Parokia ya Saint Ann|Saint Ann]], Jamaika | asili = [[Kingston, Jamaika|Kingston]], Jamaika | aina = [[Dancehall]], [[Reggae]], [[Hip-hop]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/shabba-ranks-mn0000129817|title=Shabba Ranks - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027043436/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/shabba-ranks-mn0000129817|url-status=live}}</ref> | kazi = Mwanamuziki | miaka ya kazi = 1985–sasa | studio = [[Epic Records|Epic]] (1991–1996) | tovuti = }} '''Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon''' <small>[[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|OD]]</small><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=18 October 2016 |title=Shabba deserves his award! |url=http://jamaica-star.com/article/news/20161018/shabba-deserves-his-award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115074428/http://jamaica-star.com/article/news/20161018/shabba-deserves-his-award |archive-date=2017-01-15 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=jamaica-star.com |language=en |quote=Shabba Ranks was conferred with the Order of Distinction for his outstanding contribution to music at the National Honours and Awards ceremony.}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-10-17 |title=Dancehall invested – Artistes who've received Nat'l Awards |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20231017/dancehall-invested-artistes-whove-received-natl-awards |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en |quote=Rexton 'Shabba Ranks' Gordon was inducted into the Order of Distinction in the rank of Officer in 2016}}</ref> (alizaliwa 17 Januari 1966),<ref name="pitchfork">{{cite news |last1=MacLeod |first1=Erin |title=Shabba Ranks |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/starter/9174-shabba-ranks/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |publisher=Pitchfork |date=30 July 2013 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227120740/https://pitchfork.com/features/starter/9174-shabba-ranks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Shabba Ranks''', ni mwanamuziki wa [[dancehall]] kutoka nchini [[Jamaika]]. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na mapema miaka ya 1990, alikuwa mmoja wa wanamuziki wa Jamaika waliopata umaarufu mkubwa zaidi duniani. Ingawa mafanikio yake ya awali yalimfanya kuwa msanii mashuhuri wa dancehall nchini mwake, alipata umaarufu mkubwa barani [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] kupitia albamu yake ya ''[[Just Reality]]'' mnamo mwaka 1990. Alitoa albamu nyingine zilizofanya vizuri sana, zikiwemo ''[[As Raw as Ever]]'' na ''[[X-tra Naked]]'', ambazo zote zilishinda [[Tuzo za Grammy]] kama Albamu Bora ya Reggae (Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album) mnamo mwaka 1992 na 1993 mtawalia. Shabba Ranks anafahamika duniani kote kwa nyimbo zake zilizovuma sana kama "[[Mr. Loverman]]" na "Ting-A-Ling", ambazo zinatambulika kama alama kuu ya muziki wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20190331/making-mr-loverman-shabbas-biggest-song-date|title=Making 'Mr Loverman', Shabba's biggest song to date|date=31 March 2019|website=Jamaica-gleaner.com|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910004425/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20190331/making-mr-loverman-shabbas-biggest-song-date|url-status=live}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Shabba Ranks alizaliwa katika kijiji cha [[Joseph Sturge|Sturge Town]], katika Parokia ya [[Parokia ya Saint Ann|Saint Ann]], [[Jamaika]], na alilelewa katika mitaa ya [[Seaview Gardens]] jijini [[Kingston, Jamaika|Kingston]].<ref name=Emperor>{{cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Davina |title=The Dancehall Emperor Is Back! |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120717/ent/ent1.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |publisher=The Gleaner |date=17 July 2012 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227061930/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120717/ent/ent1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Seaview">{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Howard |title=Seaview music goes abroad |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/splash/seaview-music-goes-abroad_226194 |website=Jamaica Observer |access-date=29 July 2021 |date=16 July 2021}}</ref> Baba yake, Ivan Gordon, alikuwa mjenzi wa mawe ambaye alifariki dunia mnamo mwaka 1990.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |last1=Louie |first1=Elaine |title=Thanks, Mom. Here's Your New House. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/16/garden/thanks-mom-here-s-your-new-house.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=29 July 2021 |date=16 December 1993}}</ref> Mama yake, Constance "Mama Christie" Christie, aliendelea kuishi Seaview hata baada ya Shabba kupata mafanikio, akisaidia kulisha na kusaidia jamii hiyo kwa fedha zilizokuwa zikitumwa na mwanae kutoka ughaibuni. Mama Christie alikuja kuwa mada ya wimbo uliovuma sana mnamo mwaka 2015 wa "Shabba Madda Pot" ulioimbwa na msanii wa dancehall [[Dexta Daps]].<ref name="Shabba Madda Pot">{{cite web |last1=Deleon |first1=Rene |title='Shabba Madda Pot' more than just a song |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20160508/shabba-madda-pot-more-just-song |website=Jamaica Gleaner |access-date=29 July 2021 |date=6 May 2016}}</ref> == Safari ya kazi == Shabba Ranks alipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mtindo wa "toasting" (kurap juu ya midundo ya reggae/dancehall) tofauti na kuimba kwa sauti ya kawaida kama walivyokuwa wakifanya wasanii wengine wa nyakati zake nchini Jamaika. Alikuwa mwanafunzi na msaidizi wa DJ [[Josey Wales (singer)|Josey Wales]].<ref name="LarkinReggae">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Reggae]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1994|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-734-7|page=218/20}}</ref> Jina lake la kwanza la kisanii lilikuwa Co-Pilot.<ref name= "pitchfork"/> Safari yake ya kimataifa ilianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, akishirikiana na wasanii wenzake wa Jamaika wakiwemo waimbaji wa [[reggae]] [[Cocoa Tea]] na Crystal. Shabba pia alifanya kazi na mwanamuziki mkongwe wa Marekani [[Chuck Berry]] pamoja na wasanii wa hip-hop wa Marekani kama [[KRS-One]] na [[Chubb Rock]]. Alifanikiwa kusaini mkataba mkubwa wa kurekodi muziki na lebo ya [[Epic Records]] mnamo mwaka 1989.<ref name= "pitchfork"/> Asili ya kimtindo ya aina ya muziki inayojulikana leo kama [[reggaeton]] inaweza kufuatiliwa nyuma hadi kwenye wimbo wa Shabba wa mwaka 1990 uitwao "[[Dem Bow]]", kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya ''[[Just Reality]]''. Mdundo huo uliotayarishwa na [[Robert Dixon (musician)|Bobby "Digital" Dixon]], ulijulikana kama mdundo wa *Dem Bow riddim* na ukawa maarufu sana nchini Puerto Rico kiasi kwamba muziki wa mapema wa reggaeton wa Puerto Rico ulikuwa ukiitwa tu "Dembow".<ref>{{cite news | first=Wayne | last=Marshall | title=The Rise of Reggaeton | date=19 January 2006 | url=http://thephoenix.com/Article.aspx?id=1595 | work=The Phoenix | page=4 | access-date=5 December 2007 | archive-date=3 May 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503201436/http://thephoenix.com/article.aspx?id=1595 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mdundo huu umekuwa sehemu isiyotengana na muziki wa reggaeton hadi sasa.<ref>{{cite news | first=Jon | last=Carimanica | title=Grow Dem Bow | date=12 January 2006 | url=http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0603,caramanica,71722,22.html | work=The Village Voice | access-date=5 December 2007 | archive-date=14 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214051738/http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0603,caramanica,71722,22.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Jina la wimbo huo pia limezaa tawi lingine la muziki kutoka Jamhuri ya Dominika linaloitwa [[Dominican dembow]].<ref> Exposito, Suzy; Leight, Elias (2019-11-07). "Dembow Took Over the Dominican Republic. Can It Take Over the World?". Rolling Stone.</ref> Wimbo wake uliopata mafanikio makubwa zaidi nje ya Jamaika ulikuwa mchanganyiko wa reggae na pop uitwao "Mr. Loverman". Nyimbo nyingine zilizovuma sana ni pamoja na "Housecall" aliyoshirikiana na [[Maxi Priest]], "Slow and Sexy" aliyoshirikiana na [[Johnny Gill]], "Respect", "Pirates Anthem", "Trailer Load a Girls", "Wicked inna Bed", "Caan Dun", na "Ting A Ling". Alishinda [[Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album|Tuzo ya Grammy ya Albamu Bora ya Reggae]] mnamo mwaka 1992 kwa albamu ya ''[[As Raw as Ever]]'' na mwaka 1993 kwa albamu ya ''[[X-tra Naked]]''.<ref name="pitchfork"/> Mnamo mwaka 1993, Shabba alipata wimbo mwingine mkubwa kwenye kibwagizo (soundtrack) cha filamu ya ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' ambapo alirudia wimbo maarufu wa kundi la Sly and the Family Stone uitwao "[[Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)|Family Affair]]" kwa mtindo wa rap na reggae.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Breihan |first1=Tom |title=The Number Ones: Sly & The Family Stone's 'Family Affair' |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2031951/the-number-ones-sly-the-family-stones-family-affair/franchises/the-number-ones/ |access-date=26 February 2019 |publisher=Stereogum |date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060534/https://www.stereogum.com/2031951/the-number-ones-sly-the-family-stones-family-affair/franchises/the-number-ones/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Albamu yake ya tatu chini ya Epic Records, ''[[A Mi Shabba]]'', ilitolewa mwaka 1995. Hata hivyo, lebo hiyo ilivunja mkataba naye mnamo mwaka 1996. Epic ilikuja kutoa albamu ya nyimbo zake bora mnamo mwaka 1999 iliyopewa jina la ''[[Shabba Ranks and Friends]]''. Shabba Ranks alirejea kwa kiasi fulani kwenye tasnia mnamo mwaka 2007 alipoonekana kwenye wimbo wa "Clear the Air" wa msanii [[Busta Rhymes]], uliomshirikisha pia [[Akon]]. Mnamo mwezi Aprili 2011, alitoa wimbo uitwao "None A Dem" chini ya mdundo wa Pepper Riddim wa studio ya Big Ship. Mnamo mwaka 2012, alishirikishwa na rappa [[Tech N9ne]] kwenye wimbo wa "Boy Toy". Mwaka 2013, Shabba alitajwa na kupewa heshima kwenye wimbo maarufu wa rappa [[A$AP Ferg]] uitwao "[[Shabba (song)|Shabba]]," ambapo Shabba Ranks mwenyewe alionekana kama mgeni mwalikwa mwishoni mwa video ya wimbo huo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXZxipry6kE&feature=c4-overview&list=UUsjrSi7xMkKPk4gcLSjFKbA |title=A$AP Ferg feat. A$AP Rocky – Shabba |date=15 July 2013 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXZxipry6kE&feature=c4-overview&list=UUsjrSi7xMkKPk4gcLSjFKbA |url-status=live }}</ref> Alisikika pia kwenye mchanganyiko wa wimbo huo (remix) mnamo tarehe 23 Novemba 2013 akiwa na kundi la [[Migos]] na Busta Rhymes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.audiomack.com/song/diversehiphop/shabba-remix-feat-shabba-ranks-busta-rhymes-migos |title=A$AP Ferg – Shabba (Remix) (feat. Shabba Ranks, Busta Rhymes & Migos) – Listen |publisher=AudioMack |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127050957/http://www.audiomack.com/song/diversehiphop/shabba-remix-feat-shabba-ranks-busta-rhymes-migos |archive-date=27 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> == Migogoro na ukosoaji == Shabba Ranks amewahi kukumbwa na ukosoaji mkubwa kutokana na mitazamo na kauli zinazopinga ushoga. Wimbo wake wa mwaka 1990 "Wicked Inna Bed" ulijumuisha mashairi yaliyotafsiriwa kama kuchochea vurugu dhidi ya wanaume wanaofanya mapenzi ya jinsia moja.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chunnu |first1=Winsome Marcia |title=Battyboy must die! Dancehall, class and religion in Jamaican homophobia |journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies |date=February 2021 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.1177/1367549420951578|s2cid=225243371 }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1992, alipotokea kwenye kipindi cha muziki cha Channel 4 nchini Uingereza kiitwacho ''[[The Word (TV series)|The Word]]'', aliulizwa maoni yake kuhusu wimbo wa "Boom Bye Bye" wa msanii mwenzake [[Buju Banton]]. Shabba alinyanyua Biblia aliyokuwa ameishika na kudai kuwa "Neno la Mungu" linaruhusu "kusulubiwa kwa washenzi na mashoga". Kauli hizo zililaaniwa vikali papo hapo na mtangazaji wa kipindi hicho, Mark Lamarr. Kufuatia matamshi hayo, Shabba aliondolewa kwenye tamasha kubwa la mwimbaji [[Bobby Brown]] ambapo alikuwa mtumbuizaji mwalikwa, na alikumbana na misukosuko mikubwa na lebo yake ya Sony Music. Baadaye, Shabba Ranks alitoa ombi rasmi la msamaha, akieleza kuwa hakusudia kamwe kuchochea mauaji au ukatili dhidi ya binadamu yeyote.<ref name= "pitchfork"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIRmQNM4xUk#t=1m22s |title=The Word |year=1992 |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924002216/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIRmQNM4xUk&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1#t=1m22s |url-status=live }}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Shabba Ranks na mke wake, Michelle, wana watoto wawili wa kiume ambao ni Rexton Jr. na Jahwon.<ref name=Emperor/> Kwa sasa wanaishi jijini [[New York]], Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meminger |first1=Dean |title=Soul's Survivors: Shabba Ranks Sees Hip-Hop as Younger Brother of His Dancehall |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/souls-survivors/2017/07/2/shabba-ranks-profile-dancehall-hip-hop-reggae-influences |website=[[NY1]] |access-date=29 July 2021 |date=2 July 2017}}</ref> == Tuzo == {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="text-align:center;"| Mwaka ! style="text-align:center;"| Tuzo ! style="text-align:center;"| Kipengele ! style="text-align:center;"| Kazi Iliyoteuliwa ! style="text-align:center;"| Matokeo |- | 1992 | [[Tuzo za Grammy]] | [[34th_Annual_Grammy_Awards#Reggae|Albamu Bora ya Reggae]] | ''[[As Raw as Ever]]'' | {{Won}} |- | 1993 | Tuzo za Grammy | [[35th_Annual_Grammy_Awards#Reggae|Albamu Bora ya Reggae]] | ''[[X-tra Naked]]'' | {{Won}} |- |} == Diskografia == === Albamu za Studio === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Maelezo ya Albamu ! scope="col" colspan="5" | Nafasi za Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Mauzo na Vyeti (Certifications) |- ! width="45"| <small>[[Billboard 200|US]]</small><br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History: Shabba Ranks - Billboard 200|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shabba-ranks/chart-history/tlp/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ! width="45"| <small>[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]</small><br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History: Shabba Ranks - Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shabba-ranks/chart-history/blp/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ! width="45"| <small>[[Billboard charts|US Reggae]]</small><br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History: Shabba Ranks - Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shabba-ranks/chart-history/bsi/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ! width="45"| <small>[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]</small><br><ref name="ARIA history">{{cite web|url= https://imgur.com/a/4e9pG9z | title=Shabba Ranks ARIA Chart history (complete to 2024)|publisher=ARIA|via=Imgur.com|access-date= July 26, 2024}}</ref> ! width="45"| <small>[[UK Albums Chart|UK]]</small><br><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Rough & Rugged''<br><small>(akiwa na [[Chaka Demus]])</small> | * Ilitolewa: 1988 * Lebo: Jammy's Records/Super Power * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Rappin' with the Ladies]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1988 * Lebo: Jammy's Records/Super Power * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || 75 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Best Baby Father]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1988 * Lebo: [[Greensleeves Records|Greensleeves]] * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Holding On''<br><small>(akiwa na Home T na [[Cocoa Tea]])</small> | * Ilitolewa: 1989 * Lebo: Greensleeves * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Just Reality]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1990 * Lebo: [[VP Records|VP]] * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Golden Touch (album)|Golden Touch]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1991 * Lebo: VP * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[As Raw as Ever]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 21 Mei 1991 * Lebo: [[Epic Records|Epic]] * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | 89 || 1 || — || — || 51 | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Gold<ref name="RIAA">{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=Shabba Ranks|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Mr. Maximum'' | * Ilitolewa: 1992 * Lebo: Greensleeves * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | —|| 56 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Rough & Ready Volume 1]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 14 Julai 1992 * Lebo: Epic * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | 78 || 24 || — || — || 71 | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[X-tra Naked]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Oktoba 1992 * Lebo: Epic * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | 64 || 11 || 14 || 188 || 38 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Rough & Ready Volume 2]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 26 Oktoba 1993 * Lebo: Epic * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || 84 || 10 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[A Mi Shabba]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 13 Juni 1995 * Lebo: Epic * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | 133 || 25 || 2 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Get Up Stand Up (album)|Get Up Stand Up]]'' | * Ilitolewa: Novemba 1998 * Lebo: Artists Only * Mitindo: CD, LP, Cassette | — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="8" style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"| Alama ya "—" inamaanisha kuwa albamu haikuingia kwenye chati. |} === Albamu za Mchanganyiko (Compilation Albums) === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Albamu ! colspan="1"| Chati |- ! width="40"| <small>[[Billboard charts|US Reggae]]</small><br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History: Shabba Ranks - Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shabba-ranks/chart-history/bsi/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> |- | 1998 | align="left"| ''[[Shabba Ranks and Friends]]'' | 14 |- |} === Singo === {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Jina la Wimbo ! colspan="6"| Nafasi ya Chati ! rowspan="2"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| {{Ill|Jamaica Music Society|it|lt={{abbr|JAM<br>Air.|Jamaica Airplay}}}}<br><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jammsonline.com/ |title=JAMMS – BMAT Charts – Top 10 |accessdate=7 December 2025 |lang=en |publisher={{Ill|Jamaica Music Society|it}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811145504/https://www.jammsonline.com/ |archive-date=11 August 2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History: Shabba Ranks - Billboard Hot 100|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shabba-ranks/chart-history/hsi/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History: Shabba Ranks - Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shabba-ranks/chart-history/bsi/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]<br><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Chart History: Shabba Ranks - Hot Rap Songs|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/shabba-ranks/chart-history/rap/|magazine=Billboard|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br><ref name="ARIA history"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book|first=David|last=Roberts|year=2006|title=[[British Hit Singles & Albums]]|edition=19th|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|location=London|isbn= 1-904994-10-5|page=450}}</ref> |- | 1989 | "Peanie Peanie" | align=center rowspan="7" {{n/a|*}} | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|''Peanie Peanie Riddim'' |- | 1990 | "Roots & Culture" | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|''Just Reality'' |- | rowspan="3"| 1991 | "[[She's a Woman]]" <small>(akiwa na [[Scritti Politti]])</small> | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 20 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1" {{N/A|Single ya nje ya Albamu}} |- | "Trailer Load a Girls" | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 63 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"|''As Raw as Ever'' |- | "Housecall" <small>(amemshirikisha [[Maxi Priest]])</small> | align=center | 37 | align=center | 4 | align=center | ― | align=center | 153 | align=center | 31 |- | rowspan="4"| 1992 | "The Jam" <small>(amemshirikisha [[KRS-One]])</small> | align=center | ― | align=center | 52 | align=center | 1 | align=center | ― | align=center | ― |- | "[[Mr. Loverman]]" <small>(amemshirikisha [[Deborahe Glasgow]])</small> | align=center | 40 | align=center | 2 | align=center | ― | align=center | 163 | align=center | 23 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|''Rough & Ready, Vol. 1''/''[[Deep Cover (soundtrack)|Deep Cover]]'' |- | "Ting A Ling" | align=center | 9 | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 25 | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|''X-tra Naked'' |- | "Slow and Sexy" <small>(amemshirikisha [[Johnny Gill]])</small> | align=center rowspan="11" {{n/a|*}} | align=center | 33 | align=center | 4 | align=center | ― | align=center | 181 | align=center | 17 |- | rowspan="6"| 1993 | "I Was a King" <small>(akiwa na [[Eddie Murphy]])</small> | align=center | ― | align=center | 61 | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 64 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1" {{N/A|Single ya nje ya Albamu}} |- | "Mr. Loverman" <small>(Marekebisho)</small> | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 3 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|''X-tra Naked'' |- | "Muscle Grip" | align=center | ― | align=center | 67 | align=center | 29 | align=center | ― | align=center | ― |- | "Housecall" <small>(Remix; amemshirikisha Maxi Priest)</small> | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 8 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1" {{N/A|Single ya nje ya Albamu}} |- | "What'cha Gonna Do" <small>(amemshirikisha [[Queen Latifah]])</small> | align=center | ― | align=center | 62 | align=center | 14 | align=center | ― | align=center | 21 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|''X-tra Naked'' |- | "[[Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)#Notable covers and derivative recordings|Family Affair]]" <small>(amemshirikisha [[Patra (singer)|Patra]] na [[Terri & Monica]])</small> | align=center | 84 | align=center | 16 | align=center | 6 | align=center | ― | align=center | 18 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1" {{N/A|Single ya nje ya Albamu}} |- | rowspan="2"| 1995 | "Let's Get It On" | align=center | 81 | align=center | 27 | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 22 | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|''A Mi Shabba'' |- | "Shine Eye Gal" <small>(amemshirikisha Mykal Rose)</small> | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | 46 |- | 1996 | "Heart of a Lion" | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" {{N/A|Single ya nje ya Albamu}} |- | 1997 | "So Jah Say" | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― | align=center | ― |- | colspan="9" align="center" style="font-size:85%;" | Alama ya "—" inamaanisha kuwa wimbo haukuingia chati au haukutolewa katika eneo hilo.<br>Alama ya "*" inamaanisha chati hiyo ilikuwa haijaanza kutumika kipindi hicho. |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p2930/biography|pure_url=yes|Wasifu wa Shabba Ranks kwenye tovuti ya AMG}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060424215818/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/shabbaranks Shabba Ranks kwenye tovuti ya Rolling Stone] {{BD|1966}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks, Shabba}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamaika]] dt0bv2rydmrl00p9rd6xxhhzj6abm6h 0 238509 1599495 1550043 2026-09-23T18:24:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ole Peter Hansen Balling''' ([[Aprili 13]], [[1823]] – [[Mei 1]], [[1906]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] wa [[Unowe]]. Alihusishwa zaidi na picha zake za watu, kadhaa zikiwa zimeonyeshwa katika National Portrait Gallery huko [[Washington, D.C.]] Marekani .Alihamia Marekani mwaka 1856 na akajulikana kwa picha zake za kihistoria za [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani]]. Picha yake ya [[Abraham Lincoln]] iko katika White House.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisWeilbach.do?kunstnerId=7037&wsektion=alle |title=Ole Peter Hansen Balling|website= Kunstindeks Danmark & Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1823]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1906]] e7gql5xxix4eywffoezwdyn2mn9ic2q 0 238652 1600076 1550265 2026-09-24T11:43:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Sleigh''' ([[1872]] – [[Desemba 7]], [[1954]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] wa picha za ukutani, msanii wa vioo vya rangi, mchoraji picha, na [[mchongaji]] wa mbao wa [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa ''An Anciente Mappe of Fairyland, Newly Discovered and Set Forth'' ([[1917]]), ambayo inaonyesha wahusika wengi kutoka kwa ngano za kale na hadithi za watoto.<ref name="daa">[[Douglas A. Anderson]], "Fairy elements in British literary writings in the decade following the Cottingley fairy photographs episode." ''[[Mythlore]]'', September 22, 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachongaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1872]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1954]] 7hkzgihc2zb8xay730iigfakq0qpg0n 0 239702 1599560 1572427 2026-09-23T18:35:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude Pouteau''' (alizaliwa 14 Agosti 1724 mjini [[Lyon]], na kufariki 10 Februari 1775 katika mji huohuo) alikuwa [[mpasuaji]] na mvumbuzi wa [[Kifaransa]]. == Wasifu == Claude Pouteau alikuwa mwana wa mpasuaji, ambaye alimpa elimu yake ya kwanza ya tiba. Baadaye alisoma mjini Paris, ambapo walimu wake walikuwa Jean-Louis Petit, Henri François Le Dran na Sauveur François Morand.<ref>:fr:Charles Ozanam, article "Pouteau (Claude)", in Louis-Gabriel Michaud, ''Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne'', t. 34, Desplaces, p. 250, [[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51674f/f255](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51674f/f255) online].</ref> Baada ya kutetea tasnifu yake, alirudi Lyon ambako aliteuliwa kuwa mpasuaji msaidizi katika Hôtel-Dieu mwaka 1744. Alimrithi Pierre Grassot kama mpasuaji mkuu wa Hôtel-Dieu na akaendelea, kama mtangulizi wake, kuhamasisha chanjo dhidi ya [[smallpox|ndui]].<ref>Louis Paul Fischer and Khadija Touil, "Claude Pouteau (1725-1775), chirurgien de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon : son asepsie au moyen de l'eau, du feu et du linge propre", in ''Histoire des sciences médicales'', 1998, vol. 32, n° 1, p. 27–37, spec. p. 31, [[https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1998x032x001/HSMx1998x032x001x0027.pdf](https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1998x032x001/HSMx1998x032x001x0027.pdf){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} online].</ref> Mwaka 1753 alielekeza shughuli zake katika tiba binafsi, ambako alipata mafanikio makubwa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1724|1775}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] c1kf14hdo0k4eefrljx6wnu1yy5dfwx 0 240768 1599642 1577777 2026-09-23T18:58:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Faili:Water Tank in Kigali on the road.jpg|thumb|Lori la kusafirishia tangi la maji mjini [[Kigali]]]] [[Faili:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb]] '''Ugavi wa maji''' na usafi wa mazingira nchini Rwanda una sifa ya sera iliyo wazi ya serikali na usaidizi mkubwa wa wafadhili. Kujibu uendelevu duni wa mifumo ya maji vijijini na ubora duni wa huduma, mwaka wa 2002 serikali za mitaa katika Mkoa wa Kaskazini wa Byumba zilitoa huduma kwa sekta binafsi ya ndani kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi. Usaidizi wa ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ukawa sera ya serikali mwaka wa 2004 na ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ulioanzishwa ndani ulienea haraka, ukijumuisha 25% ya mifumo ya maji vijijini kufikia mwaka wa 2007. == Miundombinu == Miundombinu ya maji nchini Rwanda ilijumuisha mifumo 15 ya maji ya mijini na takriban mifumo 796 ya maji ya vijijini mwaka wa 2002. <ref name="PRSP2">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Rwanda_PRSP.pdf |title=PRSP p. 51 |accessdate=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614040647/http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Rwanda_PRSP.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya mijini hulishwa maji kutoka kwa mitambo 17 ya kutibu maji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EWSA Water Production|url=http://www.ewsa.rw/index.php/En/products-services/water/distribution-water|publisher=EWSA|accessdate=24 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324154818/http://www.ewsa.rw/index.php/En/products-services/water/distribution-water|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya vijijini hulishwa zaidi na mabomba ya maji. Pampu za mikono zinazotumia maji ya ardhini na chemchemi zinazosimamiwa hutoa maji tofauti na mifumo ya maji. == Rasilimali za maji na matumizi ya maji == Rwanda ina [[chemchemi]] 22,300 zilizosajiliwa katika orodha ya chemchemi. Jumla ya matumizi ya maji ilikadiriwa kuwa {{Convert|150|e6m3}} mwaka wa 2000, ambapo 24% ( {{Convert|36|e6m3}} kwa mwaka) ilikuwa kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, sawa na mita za ujazo 4 pekee kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka au takriban lita 11 kwa kila mtu kwa siku (140&#x20;cu&#x20;ft/capita/mwaka au kama 3&#x20;Galoni za Marekani au galoni 2½ za kifalme/mtu/siku). <ref name="FAO">[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/rwanda/indexfra.stm FAO Aquastat]</ref> Chanzo kingine kinakadiria jumla ya matumizi ya maji kuwa {{Convert|800|e6m3}} kwa mwaka mwaka wa 1993, ambapo 5% ( {{Convert|40|e6m3}} kwa mwaka) zilikuwa kwa matumizi ya nyumbani. <ref name="WRI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716143242/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_646.pdf WRI]</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Rwanda]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] py8bm45l18y16ruzrrbqm2pozi9wo6b 0 242067 1600133 1579504 2026-09-24T11:50:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukingo wa Magharibi''' ni eneo la nchi kavu lililoko [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. Eneo hili limepakana na [[Yordani]] na [[Bahari ya Chumvi]] upande wa mashariki, na [[Israel]] upande wa kaskazini, magharibi na kusini. Pamoja na [[Ukanda wa Gaza]], Ukingo wa Magharibi unaunda maeneo ya [[Palestina]] yanayotafuta uhuru kamili wa kuwa Jamhuri ya Palestina, huku [[Ramallah]] ikiwa makao makuu ya kiutawala. == Asili ya Jina == Eneo hili liliitwa "Ukingo wa Magharibi" kwa sababu liko upande wa magharibi wa Mto [[Yordani]]. Jina hili lilianza kutumika rasmi baada ya [[Vita vya Palestina vya 1948]] wakati nchi ya Yordani ilipoteka na kulitawala eneo hili, ikitofautisha na ardhi yake kuu iliyoko upande wa mashariki wa mto huo. == Jiografia na Miji Mikubwa == Ukingo wa Magharibi una eneo la takriban kilomita za mraba 5,640. Tofauti na Gaza ambayo ni tambarare ya pwani, Ukingo wa Magharibi una milima mingi na mabonde. Miji mikubwa na yenye umuhimu wa kihistoria katika eneo hili ni pamoja na: * [[Yerusalemu]] ya Mashariki (ambao Wapalestina wanauona kama mji mkuu wao mtarajiwa) * [[Ramallah]] (kitovu cha sasa cha kisiasa na kiuchumi) * [[Hebron]] (mji mkubwa zaidi kiidadi) * [[Nablus]] * [[Bethlehemu]] (mji wa kihistoria wa kuzaliwa kwa [[Yesu]]) * [[Yatima]] na [[Yeriko]] (mji wa kale zaidi duniani uliopo chini ya usawa wa bahari) == Historia ya Kisiasa == === Utawala wa Yordani (1948–1967) === Baada ya kumalizika kwa udhamini wa [[Uingereza]] na kuanza kwa [[Nakba]] mnamo 1948, jeshi la Yordani lilidhibiti eneo hili na kuliunganisha rasmi na ufalme wake mnamo [[1950]]. === Uvamizi wa Israel (1967 hadi sasa) === Wakati wa [[Vita vya Siku Sita]] vya mwaka [[1967]] ([[Naksa]]), jeshi la Israel liliteka Ukingo wa Magharibi kutoka mikononi mwa Yordani. Tangu wakati huo, eneo hili limekuwa chini ya utawala wa kijeshi wa Israel. === Mikataba ya Oslo na Mgawanyo wa Maeneo === Mnamo miaka ya [[1990]], kupitia Mikataba ya Oslo kati ya Israel na Chama cha Ukombozi wa Palestina, Ukingo wa Magharibi uligawanywa katika kanda tatu za kiutawala: # '''Eneo A :''' Chini ya udhibiti kamili wa kiraia na kiusalama wa Mamlaka ya Palestina inajumuisha miji mingi mikubwa. # '''Eneo B :''' Udhibiti wa kiraia uko mikononi mwa Mamlaka ya Palestina, lakini ulinzi na usalama uko chini ya jeshi la Israel. # '''Eneo C :''' Udhibiti kamili wa kiraia na kijeshi uko mikononi mwa Israel. Eneo hili ndilo kubwa zaidi (takriban asilimia 60 ya ardhi yote) na linajumuisha makazi mengi ya walowezi wa Kiyahudi. Ujenzi wa makazi ya walowezi wa Kiyahudi katika Eneo C unatajwa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na mataifa mengi duniani kuwa ni kinyume cha [[sheria za kimataifa]] na ni kikwazo kikubwa kwa amani. == Tazama pia == * [[Ukanda wa Gaza]] * [[Mgogoro wa Israeli na Palestina]] * [[Mto Yordani]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Israeli]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] hn1h88obakkc0jgts0e2w3yn3k4155v 0 242434 1599782 1581126 2026-09-24T02:37:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joanna Pettway''' (1924–1993) alikuwa msanii wa utengenezaji wa mablanketi ya viraka kutoka [[Marekani]] na binti wa [[msanii]] mashuhuri wa Gee's Bend, Martha Jane Pettway. == Wasifu == Joanna Pettway alizaliwa mwaka 1924 katika Gee's Bend, jimbo la Alabama.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MMFA - Joanna Pettway|url=https://collection.mmfa.org/artist-maker/info/830?sort=3|work=collection.mmfa.org|accessdate=2026-07-20|archive-date=2022-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204022401/https://collection.mmfa.org/artist-maker/info/830?sort=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto kumi na wawili wa Martha Jane Pettway na Little Pettway, na aliishi [[maisha]] yake yote katika Gee's Bend. Alikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii waliounda kundi maarufu la watengenezaji wa mablanketi ya viraka la Gee's Bend, ambalo linajulikana kwa kazi zake za kipekee za [[sanaa]] ya viraka. Kazi za Joanna Pettway zinahifadhiwa katika makusanyo ya Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Birmingham,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joanna Pettway, American, Gee’s Bend, Alabama, 1924 - 1993|url=https://www.artsbma.org/artist/joanna-pettway-american-gees-bend-alabama-1924-1993/|work=Birmingham Museum of Art|accessdate=2026-07-20|language=en-US}}</ref> Jumba la [[Makumbusho]] la Sanaa la Montgomery, na Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Philadelphia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections : Search Collections|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/results.html?searchTxt=&bSuggest=1&searchNameID=13485|work=www.philamuseum.org|accessdate=2026-07-20|author=Philadelphia Museum of Art|archive-date=2022-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204022359/https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/results.html?searchTxt=&bSuggest=1&searchNameID=13485|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] 80rbebayk6ati3ug16cefp8jo982zmn 0 242745 1599643 1581553 2026-09-23T18:58:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chikanda''' ni [[chakula]] cha asili cha nchini Zambia kinachotengenezwa kwa kuchemsha mizizi ya mimea ya kwaya ambayo nayo inaitwa chikanda. Chakula hiki mara nyingi huitwa [[soseji]] ya Kiafrika sababu ukila kinakua na ulaini na muundo unaofanana na nyama za soseji. Chikanda inaweza kuliwa kama [[kitafunwa]] cha katikati ya mlo, kitamu cha kufungia mlo, au kama kitoweo cha kulia [[ugali]] wa [[mahindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 7xc231kzaq8cpq99kxoydhr42dp6hx4 0 242936 1600108 1582896 2026-09-24T11:47:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lori White''' ni msomi na msimamizi wa [[Marekani]] ambaye amehudumu kama rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha DePauw huko Greencastle, Indiana, tangu [[2020]]. Hapo awali alikuwa makamu mkuu wa masuala ya wanafunzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Washington huko St. Louis. Yeye ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza na mtu wa kwanza mweusi kuhudumu kama rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha DePauw. <ref name="Herron">Herron, Arika. "DePauw University's new president will be the only woman of color leading an Indiana university". ''Indianapolis Star''. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 193uqqk1o4klqqqn3v6i3hebogyr0ke 0 243281 1599458 1583733 2026-09-23T18:03:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jozua Francois Malherbe''' (alizaliwa [[14 Machi]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anacheza nafasi ya (mchezaji wa mbele anayesukuma upande wa kulia katika safu ya mwanzo ) kwa [[klabu]] ya Stormers katika Mashindano ya [[Umoja]] ya Raga (URC) na pia kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini . == Maisha ya awali == [[Shule]] ya [[Sekondari]] ya Wavulana ya Paarl ndiko Jozua Malherbe alikosoma, na akiwa hapo pia alikuwa [[nahodha]] wa timu ya kwanza ya raga ya shule na kuiongoza kupata ushindi katika mashindano ya Mashindano ya shule mbalimbali wakati wa [[mwaka]] wake wa mwisho wa shule == Heshima na mafanikio == * Bingwa wa Currie Cup: 2012 Stormers * Bingwa wa United Rugby Championship (URC): 2022 Afrika Kusini * Bingwa wa Rugby Championship: 2019 * Bingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2019 * Bingwa wa Ziara ya British & Irish Lions nchini Afrika Kusini [[2021]] * Bingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2023 * Bingwa wa Rugby Championship [[2024]] <ref>https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/47012</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stormers.co.za/players/frans-malherbe/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-08-03 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803110907/https://stormers.co.za/players/frans-malherbe/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 2r5zd8ttegovlfjund2s0mpdqhgjydn 1599736 1599458 2026-09-23T22:03:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jozua Francois Malherbe''' (alizaliwa [[14 Machi]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anacheza nafasi ya (mchezaji wa mbele anayesukuma upande wa kulia katika safu ya mwanzo ) kwa [[klabu]] ya Stormers katika Mashindano ya [[Umoja]] ya Raga (URC) na pia kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini . == Maisha ya awali == [[Shule]] ya [[Sekondari]] ya Wavulana ya Paarl ndiko Jozua Malherbe alikosoma, na akiwa hapo pia alikuwa [[nahodha]] wa timu ya kwanza ya raga ya shule na kuiongoza kupata ushindi katika mashindano ya Mashindano ya shule mbalimbali wakati wa [[mwaka]] wake wa mwisho wa shule == Heshima na mafanikio == * Bingwa wa Currie Cup: 2012 Stormers * Bingwa wa United Rugby Championship (URC): 2022 Afrika Kusini * Bingwa wa Rugby Championship: 2019 * Bingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2019 * Bingwa wa Ziara ya British & Irish Lions nchini Afrika Kusini [[2021]] * Bingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2023 * Bingwa wa Rugby Championship [[2024]] <ref>https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/47012</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://stormers.co.za/players/frans-malherbe/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-08-03 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803110907/https://stormers.co.za/players/frans-malherbe/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] aw5i8ukt1r19kphr74n8opndzzij565 0 243331 1599373 1583551 2026-09-23T16:00:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599373 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Esi Benyarku''' (amezaliwa 28 Novemba 1976) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio fupi kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Esi Benyarku Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/be/esi-benyarku-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418023113/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/be/esi-benyarku-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alishiriki katika mbio za mita 100 za wanawake kwenye [[Michezo]] ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2000. Benyarku alikuwa mwanariadha bora wa [[mbio]] fupi katika timu ya riadha ya USC Trojans. Alikuwa mshiriki muhimu katika mbio za kupokezana kijiti za mita 4×100, ambapo timu yake ilimaliza nafasi ya pili kwenye Mashindano ya Riadha ya Nje ya NCAA Division I mwaka 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=USTFCCCA InfoZone: Meet History by Event ::: USTFCCCA|url=https://www.ustfccca.org/records-lists/meet-history-by-event|accessdate=2026-08-03|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3c0q1jqqjarldcomq2ibdkpg4tu8o6l 0 243384 1600077 1583784 2026-09-24T11:44:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Steyn 2016 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Steyn 2016]] '''Francois Steyn''' (jina kamili '''François Philippus Lodewyk Steyn''', alizaliwa [[14 Mei]] [[1987]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] na mchezaji wa zamani wa raga kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Akiwa mchezaji wa nyuma mwenye uwezo wa kucheza nafasi mbalimbali, aliwakilisha nchi yake na aliweza kucheza nafasi zifuatazo: * Kiungo * Nusu ya ufundi / mchezaji wa kupanga mashambulizi * Beki wa nyuma * [[Winga]] Kwa sasa ni Kocha Mkuu wa Free State Cheetahs katika mashindano ya Currie Cup. == Heshima na mafanikio == Sharks === Mashindano ya Super 14 === * Nafasi ya pili, medali ya fedha (Mshindi wa pili) * Mara 1: [[2007]] === Kombe la Currie === * Bingwa, medali ya dhahabu * Mara 2: 2008, 2013 Montpellier Hérault Rugby === Kombe la Changamoto la Raga la Ulaya === * Bingwa, medali ya dhahabu * Mara 1: [[2015]]–16 === Top 14 === * Nafasi ya pili, medali ya fedha (Mshindi wa pili) * Mara 1: 2017–18 Free State Cheetahs === Kombe la Currie === * Bingwa, medali ya dhahabu * Mara 1: [[2023]] Afrika Kusini (Springboks) === Kombe la Dunia la Raga === * Bingwa wa Dunia, medali ya dhahabu * Mara 2: 2007, [[2019]] === Mashindano ya Raga ya Mataifa ya Kusini === * Bingwa, medali ya dhahabu * Mara 2: 2009, 2019 * Nafasi ya pili, medali ya fedha (Mshindi wa pili) * Mara 1: 2022 <ref>https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/cheetahs-get-coaching-shake-up/</ref><ref>https://www.lepoint.fr/sport/rugby-francois-steyn-racing-metro-rentre-au-pays-02-04-2012-1447467_26.php</ref><ref>https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/francois-steyn-returning-to-sharks-20120529-1zg45.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] ecb7ahf34asvhewmi9ag0zttmwj71v2 0 243662 1599531 1584652 2026-09-23T18:32:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:USO - RCT - 28-09-2013 - Stade Mathon - Mathieu Bastareaud.jpg|thumb|Mathieu Bastareaud.]] '''Mathieu Bastareaud''' (alizaliwa [[17 Septemba]] [[1988]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[raga]] ya muungano kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Hapo awali alicheza katika nafasi ya senta. Katika maisha yake ya soka la raga, aliichezea [[klabu]] za RC Massy na Stade Français, kisha akatumia misimu minane akiichezea Toulon, ambapo alifanikiwa kushinda [[Kombe]] la [[Ulaya]] mara tatu pamoja na Ubingwa wa Ufaransa. == Maisha binafsi == Mchezaji wa kimataifa wa [[soka]] wa Ufaransa, William Gallas, ni [[binamu]] wa Mathieu Bastareaud. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133725/http://www.rctoulon.com/en/rct/joueur/bastareaud/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151007110208/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/france/player/29028</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hkjx6qk8kfoiwezx4u7vzxzxru940ig 0 243717 1599671 1584697 2026-09-23T19:01:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walid Ahmed Juffali''' ([[30 Aprili]] [[1955]] – [[20 Julai]] [[2016]]) alikuwa mwenyekiti wa E. A. Juffali and Brothers, biashara kubwa zaidi ya binafsi nchini [[Saudia]], akichukua nafasi hiyo baada ya kifo cha baba yake Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Juffali. Juffali pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa kampuni yake binafsi "W Investments", kampuni ya uwekezaji iliyokuwa na makao yake [[Zürich]].<ref name="ImperialCollege">{{cite web|title=CBIT Alumni/Past Staff|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/bioinspiredtechnology/people/alumni |website= imperial.ac.uk| publisher= [[Imperial College]] |accessdate=18 November 2015}}</ref> Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa benki ya Saudi American, Saudi Cement Company, na alikuwa katika bodi za makampuni mengi mashuhuri, ikiwa ni pamoja na benki ya Saudi Hollandi na mengineyo<ref name="Walid">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=51814360&capId=6084420.|title=Walid Bin Ahmed Al Juffali Executive profile| publisher= [[Bloomberg News]] |accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref>. Juffali pia alikuwa na mkusanyiko mkubwa wa vito vilivyoamriwa kulipwa kwa mke wake wa zamani Christina Estrada baada ya suluhu ya talaka ya dola milioni 95 mwaka [[2014]], ambayo ilikuwa suluhu kubwa zaidi katika historia ya sheria ya [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.newser.com/story/227835/ex-model-makes-history-with-97m-divorce-settlement.html|title=Ex-Model Makes History With $97M Divorce Settlement|last=Harthorne|first=Michael|date=11 February 2009|newspaper=[[Newser]]|accessdate=10 November 2010}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Saudia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] m2xqvxkvl2gcz9p5r36rsfvz6d0hbfn 0 244205 1599562 1586822 2026-09-23T18:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabrielle Graham''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]]. Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza katika mfululizo wa Amazon Prime ''The Expanse (mfululizo wa televisheni)|The Expanse'' (2017).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Valeriano|first=Gabriel|date=June 2020|title=Twenties|url=http://reservacinefila.com.br/twenties-bet-renova-a-serie-de-comedia-para-2a-temporada/|access-date=2020-07-17|website=reservacinefila.com.br|archive-date=2020-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717112604/http://reservacinefila.com.br/twenties-bet-renova-a-serie-de-comedia-para-2a-temporada/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baadaye mwaka huo, aliigiza nafasi ya kujirudia ya Fatima Gossa katika mfululizo wa [[Netflix]] ''21 Thunder''. Aliendelea kuonekana katika filamu na mfululizo mbalimbali wa televisheni, hasa katika filamu kama Parker katika ''On the Basis of Sex'' (2018) na Tabitha katika ''In the Shadow of the Moon (filamu ya 2019)|In the Shadow of the Moon'' (2019).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=|title=Gabrielle Graham movie reviews & film summaries {{!}} Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/cast-and-crew/gabrielle-graham|access-date=2020-07-17|website=[[Roger Ebert]]|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Alipata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kupewa nafasi kuu ya Nia katika mfululizo ''Twenties (mfululizo wa televisheni)|Twenties'' (2020–2021).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Wilson|first=Angela|date=Mar 3, 2020|title=The Stars of Lena Waithe's 'Twenties' Share Love And Life Advice To Their Younger Selves|url=https://www.bet.com/article/3m7cmp/stars-of-twenties-give-advice-to-their-younger-selves|access-date=2020-07-17|website=[[BET]]|archive-date=2024-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209190844/https://www.bet.com/article/3m7cmp/stars-of-twenties-give-advice-to-their-younger-selves|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bourne|first=Koliah|date=2020-05-21|title=Canadian actor and Twenties co-star Gabrielle Graham is a star on the rise|url=https://shiftermagazine.com/film/twenties-gabrielle-graham|access-date=2020-07-17|website=Shifter Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] dt9d1qr86rlg54pua797kuznle8guft 0 244296 1599677 1586759 2026-09-23T19:02:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Désiré Nonka-Maho Doué''' (hutamkwa; alizaliwa [[3 Juni]] [[2005]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka la kulipwa kutoka [[Ufaransa]] anayecheza kama kiungo [[mshambuliaji]] au winga kwa [[klabu]] ya Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) ya Ligue 1 na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Ufaransa. Anachukuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji vijana bora zaidi [[duniani]]. Doué alianza maisha yake ya soka katika [[Rennes]], ambako alicheza kwa misimu miwili katika Ligue 1. Mwaka [[2024]], alijiunga na PSG, mabingwa wa Ufaransa waliokuwa wakitetea taji, kwa ada ya uhamisho ya €50 milioni. Katika msimu wake wa kwanza PSG, Doué alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji muhimu katika mafanikio ya klabu hiyo ya kushinda mataji matatu ya mashindano ya bara, ikiwemo [[UEFA]] Champions League yao ya kwanza kabisa. == Maisha Binafsi == Doué alizaliwa Angers, katika [[eneo]] la Maine-et-Loire, nchini Ufaransa, akiwa mtoto wa baba mwenye asili ya [[Ivory Coast]] na mama Mfaransa. Ana uraia wa Ufaransa na Ivory Coast. Kaka yake, Guéla Doué, pamoja na binamu zake Yann Gboho, Marc-Olivier Doué na Eddy Doué, pia ni wachezaji wa [[soka]] la kulipwa.<ref>https://www.psg.fr/en/players/desire-doue</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10341-doue-desire/fiche.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2022-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530090147/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10341-doue-desire/fiche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2005]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} kfr93mn69u54vkwuit8ys1epv7j0j4d 0 244299 1599678 1586671 2026-09-23T19:02:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aurelien Tchouameni France v Senegal 16 June 2026-447 (cropped).jpg|thumb|'''Aurélien Tchouaméni''']] '''Aurélien Djani Tchouaméni''' (hutamkwa; alizaliwa [[27 Januari]] [[2000]]) ni mchezaji wa soka la kulipwa kutoka [[Ufaransa]] ambaye hucheza katika nafasi ya kiungo mkabaji au beki wa kati kwa klabu ya Real Madrid ya La Liga nchini [[Hispania]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Ufaransa. == Maisha ya Awali == Aurélien Djani Tchouaméni alizaliwa tarehe 27 Januari 2000 huko Rouen, katika [[eneo]] la Seine-Maritime, nchini Ufaransa. Alikulia Bordeaux, katika eneo la Gironde. Ana asili ya [[Cameroon]]. Tarehe 19 Desemba 2000, alipata uraia wa Ufaransa kupitia uraia wa wazazi wake waliokuwa wamepewa uraia wa Ufaransa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9440-tchouameni-aurelien/fiche.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411144356/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9440-tchouameni-aurelien/fiche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.realmadrid.com/es-ES/futbol/primer-equipo-masculino/plantilla/aurelien-tchouameni</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} m79p6qajchk8pbx48vs4jjynsuvwre6 0 244349 1599679 1586209 2026-09-23T19:02:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jean-François Larios (1979).jpg|thumb|Jean-François Larios (1979)]] '''Jean-François Larios''' (hutamkwa; alizaliwa [[27 Agosti]] [[1956]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] la kulipwa kutoka [[Ufaransa]] aliyecheza kama kiungo. Larios aliichezea [[timu ya taifa]] ya Ufaransa mara 17 na kufunga mabao 5 mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1970]] na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1980]]. Akiwa mchezaji wa Saint-Étienne, Larios alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Ufaransa katika [[Kombe la Dunia]] la FIFA [[1982]]. Hata hivyo, alicheza mechi mbili tu baada ya kuibuka kwa tetesi kwamba alikuwa na uhusiano wa kimapenzi na mke wa Michel Platini. Mwaka [[1983]], Larios alijiunga na Montreal Manic, na hivyo kuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wachache sana wa Ufaransa waliowahi kucheza katika Ligi ya Soka ya [[Amerika Kaskazini]] (NASL). <ref>https://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/L/Larios.Jean-Francois.htm</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} qsbpo5welkvabupdq9jo7cq49ozrhqm 0 244364 1600025 1586260 2026-09-24T10:30:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ledricka Thierry''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia nchini [[Marekani]] na ni mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Louisiana, akiwakilisha wilaya ya 40. Mwaka 2011, Thierry aliwasilisha muswada uliolenga kuwakataza watu waliopatikana na hatia ya unyanyasaji wa kingono dhidi ya watoto kutumia mitandao ya kijamii.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bill limiting convicted sex offenders' use of social network sites breezes out of committee|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/05/bill_limiting_convicted_sex_of.html|work=The Times-Picayune - NOLA.com|language=en|access-date=2026-08-09|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221055600/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/05/bill_limiting_convicted_sex_of.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thierry ni [[Mkatoliki]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ledricka Johnson Thierry becomes first woman to serve as judge in 27th Judicial District|url=https://www.theadvertiser.com/story/news/2020/12/10/ledricka-thierry-first-woman-elected-judge-st-landry-parish-district/3816682001/|work=The Daily Advertiser|accessdate=2026-08-09|language=en-US|author=Ashley White}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] lmj6h0wu606xq7w89dyqw36mchglujf 0 244366 1599496 1586954 2026-09-23T18:24:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lionel Charbonnier.jpg|thumb|Lionel Charbonnier]] '''Lionel André Michel Charbonnier''' (hutamkwa; alizaliwa [[25 Oktoba]] [[1966]]) ni [[kocha]] wa soka kutoka [[Ufaransa]] na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] la kulipwa aliyecheza katika nafasi ya kipa. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza soka, Charbonnier aligeukia ukocha. Aliwahi kuwa kocha wa Aceh United, iliyoshiriki Liga Primer [[Indonesia]], katika msimu uliotangulia kabla ya [[klabu]] hiyo kuvunjwa pamoja na ligi yake huru. Akiwa mchezaji, Charbonnier aliichezea Auxerre iliyoshinda taji la Ligue 1 na Coupe de France katika msimu wa [[1995]]–96, chini ya kocha Guy Roux. Baada ya kuitumikia Auxerre kwa misimu 11, kuanzia [[1987]] hadi [[1998]], alihamia Rangers nchini [[Scotland]]. Katika msimu wake wa kwanza, 1998–99, alisaidia Rangers kushinda treble ya Scotland, ikijumuisha Scottish Premier League, Scottish Cup na Scottish League Cup. Katika msimu wake wa pili, Rangers ilifanikiwa kutetea mataji ya ligi na Scottish Cup. <ref>https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9765-charbonnier-lionel/fiche.html{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151121121639/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=170700/index.html</ref><ref>https://www.lequipe.fr/fiche/lionel-charbonnier/235575</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 1hovdn63ru1djm43sy0p9af8owjcmvm 0 244376 1599680 1590331 2026-09-23T19:02:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincent Guérin''' (hutamkwa; alizaliwa [[22 Novemba]] [[1965]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] la kulipwa kutoka [[Ufaransa]] aliyecheza katika nafasi ya kiungo wa kati. == Maisha na Kazi == Guérin alizaliwa huko Boulogne-Billancourt, Ufaransa. Alikuwa na maisha ya soka yaliyodumu kuanzia [[1984]] hadi [[2002]]. Katika kipindi hicho, aliwahi kuchezea klabu zifuatazo: * Stade Brestois 29 * Matra Racing * Montpellier Hérault * Paris Saint-Germain * Heart of Midlothian nchini [[Scotland]] * Red Star 93, ambayo ilikuwa klabu yake ya mwisho. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8592-guerin-vincent/fiche.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130133651/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8592-guerin-vincent/fiche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe50129/vincent-guerin/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} b7n0aigesx7a6e7rpb7kj5cx6mig9dg 0 244378 1599681 1587859 2026-09-23T19:02:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Bravo''' (hutamkwa; alizaliwa [[9 Februari]] [[1963]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] la kulipwa kutoka [[Ufaransa]] aliyecheza katika nafasi ya kiungo. Isipokuwa kipindi kifupi alichocheza katika klabu ya Parma ya Serie A nchini [[Italia]], Bravo alitumia karibu maisha yake yote ya soka nchini Ufaransa. Alicheza mechi 217 kwa Paris Saint-Germain. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Bravo alishinda [[UEFA]] European Championship [[1984]] akiwa na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Ufaransa. == Heshima na Mataji == [[Monaco]] * Coupe de France: 1984–85 Paris Saint-Germain * Coupe de France: 1992–93, [[1994]]–95 * Division 1: [[1993]]–94 * Coupe de la Ligue: 1994–95 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1995–96 Ufaransa * UEFA European Championship: 1984.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8484-bravo-daniel/fiche.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2022-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625035900/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8484-bravo-daniel/fiche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.lequipe.fr/fiche/daniel-bravo/238968</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} g72mtp9tbw2rvitkpe02jsd5o5xjdwg 0 244653 1600030 1586806 2026-09-24T10:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lesley Tashlin''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 27 Mei 1969) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za kasi kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 100 za wanawake kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesley Tashlin Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/lesley-tashlin-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-08-10|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418102450/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ta/lesley-tashlin-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kanada]] 2qqortmqxqzn270fj1z33nm3hdwu41t 0 245146 1600039 1587823 2026-09-24T11:17:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Linda Beatrice Brown''' ni [[mwandishi]] na mwalimu wa [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa huko Akron, Ohio, na alisoma chuo huko North Carolina katika Chuo cha Bennett. Akiwa North Carolina, alishinda tuzo kadhaa kutokana na uandishi wake wa hadithi za kubuni na zisizo za kubuni. Brown ameandika na kuchapisha [[vitabu]] vingi, vikiwemo ''Belles of Liberty'', ''Black Angels'', ''Crossing Over Jordan'' na ''The Long Walk''. Ameandika katika aina mbalimbali za fasihi, zikiwemo hadithi za kubuni, maandishi yasiyo ya kubuni, tamthilia na mashairi. Kazi zake nyingi zinahusu Harakati za Haki za Kiraia pamoja na mapambano yaliyotokana na [[utumwa]] wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Linda Beatrice Brown: Battling racism as an author, educator and activist|url=https://greensboro.com/exclusive/7overseventy/article_5203adcc-ecd3-11eb-ac16-f319332ad406.html|work=Greensboro News and Record|date=2021-08-15|accessdate=2026-08-14|language=en|author=Carl Wilson|archive-date=2026-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814151041/https://greensboro.com/exclusive/7overseventy/article_5203adcc-ecd3-11eb-ac16-f319332ad406.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jzu2hojhwiqk6xqy7jyssdc4anu8pij 0 245150 1600078 1587841 2026-09-24T11:44:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jens Gerhard Lehmann''' (matamshi: ''[ˈjɛns ˈleːman]''; alizaliwa [[10 Novemba]] [[1969]]) ni [[kocha]] wa soka wa kulipwa wa [[Ujerumani]] na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani aliyekuwa akicheza kama kipa. Lehmann alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha [[Arsenal]] “Invincibles”, ambapo alicheza kila mchezo katika msimu wa 2003–04 ambao Arsenal ilitwaa ubingwa wa Premier League bila kupoteza mchezo wowote. Anashikilia rekodi ya UEFA Champions League ya kutoruhusu bao mfululizo, baada ya kutoruhusu bao katika michezo 8 mfululizo kamili akiwa na Arsenal. Pia ana rekodi ya muda mrefu zaidi mfululizo bila kuruhusu bao, ambapo alidumu kwa jumla ya dakika 853 bila kufungwa. Anachukuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa makipa bora wa kizazi chake. == Heshima na Mafanikio == === Schalke 04 === * UEFA Cup: [[1996]]–97 * 2. Bundesliga: 1990–91 === AC Milan === * Serie A: [[1998]]–99 <ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=14110</ref><ref>https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/jens-lehmann/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 5edhb7eo7wxl6nvx6u25tsy31o44lbl 0 245941 1599956 1589300 2026-09-24T09:02:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Konstantin Anatolyevich Babkin''' (alizaliwa [[13 Februari]] [[1971]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Urusi]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa baraza la shirikisho la chama cha siasa cha Party of Business, ambacho kinamuunga mkono Vladimir Putin nchini Urusi<ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari |date=2014 |title=Feds eye sanctions for Russian man tied to Winnipeg company |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/feds-eye-sanctions-for-russian-man-tied-to-winnipeg-company-1.2584686}}</ref>. Yeye ni rais wa CJSC Novoe Sodruzhestvo na rais wa chama cha Rosspetsmash. Mwanachama wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Rostselmash, Empils na zamani Buhler Industries. Mwenyekiti wa bodi ya Chama cha Biashara na Viwanda cha Shirikisho la Urusi kuhusu Maendeleo ya Viwanda na Ushindani wa Uchumi wa Urusi<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officer-profile/BUI.TO/1111184 Buhler Industries Inc (BUI.TO) / Babkin, Konstantin] {{Wayback|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officer-profile/BUI.TO/1111184 |date=20190619160122 }} // "[[Reuters]]".</ref><ref>[https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/buhler-industries-inc-announces-election-of-directors-617781293.html Information on the site «Newswire.ca»], 27 March 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/824689 "][[Buhler Industries|Buhler]]" entered the "Novoe Sodruzhestvo" // [[Kommersant]], 13 November 2007</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] t87p02elipdagj68auynvuk8hndeyak 0 245977 1599984 1589409 2026-09-24T09:45:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599984 wikitext text/x-wiki '''LaMetta Wynn''' (4 Agosti 1933 – 24 Juni 2021) alikuwa [[meya]] wa Clinton, Iowa, kuanzia mwaka 1995 hadi 2007. Alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mwafrika-Mmarekani kushika nafasi ya umeya katika manispaa yoyote katika jimbo la Iowa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Clinton street to be named for outgoing Mayor Wynn|url=https://qctimes.com/news/local/article_7ad45634-aab8-57ac-8259-79f294bc4fd6.html|work=The Quad-City Times|date=2007-12-28|accessdate=2026-08-19|language=en|author=Anne Farrell|archive-date=2026-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260819182026/https://qctimes.com/news/local/article_7ad45634-aab8-57ac-8259-79f294bc4fd6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=LaMetta Wynn Obituary {{!}} 1933 - 2021 {{!}} Clinton Herald|url=https://obituaries.clintonherald.com/obituary/lametta-wynn-1082691999|work=obituaries.clintonherald.com|accessdate=2026-08-19|language=en}}</ref> Wynn alikuwa na watoto 10 na alifanya kazi kwa miaka 30 kama muuguzi aliyesajiliwa. Alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Galena huko Galena, Illinois. Kabla ya kuwa meya, alihudumu kwa miaka 12 katika Bodi ya [[Shule]] ya Clinton. Mnamo Januari 26, 2006, Wynn alitangaza kugombea nafasi ya Seneti ya Iowa, Wilaya ya 13, akiwa mgombea wa Chama cha Republican. Hata hivyo, alishindwa katika uchaguzi huo na mgombea aliyekuwa tayari madarakani, Roger Stewart, wa Chama cha Democratic. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] ag10wuxzsnbnapxavz08qz83q27lkd4 0 246530 1599561 1590509 2026-09-23T18:35:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth Yen''' ( alizaliwa [[Mei 23]], [[1965]] – Alifariki [[Desemba 3]], [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea nchini [[Taiwan]] ambaye aliorodheshwa kama mmoja wa watu tajiri zaidi duniani. Yen alizaliwa [[Taipei]], Taiwan kwa Yen Ching-ling na Vivian Shun-wen Wu<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/87/biz_taiwanrichest08_Kenneth-Yen-family_RTQ6.html|title=Kenney Yen|work=Forbes|accessdate=10 June 2010}}</ref>. Alisoma shule ya sekondari katika ''Tsai-Hsing High School'' huko Muzha, Taipei na baadaye akaenda shule ya bweni katika ''The Pennington School''. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rider nchini [[Marekani]] ambako alisoma usimamizi wa biashara<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mease|first1=Alyssa|title=The Pennington School names new building after alumnus|url=http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2013/06/the_pennington_school_names_ne.html|accessdate=November 4, 2014|work=[[The Times of Trenton]]|publisher=[[NJ.com]]|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>. Pia alipokea shahada ya heshima ya biashara kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha St. John's. Mwaka [[1986]], alirejea Taiwan kuongoza ''China Motor Corporation'' na ''Yulon'', biashara ya familia yake. Yen aliteuliwa rasmi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Yulon mnamo Agosti [[2007]]. Kulingana na jarida la [[Forbes]], alikuwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1.05. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Taiwan]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Taiwan]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] otojb5ksldkksulhp88y9h26j97nsk9 0 246538 1600134 1590519 2026-09-24T11:50:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:王永在.jpg|thumb]] '''Wang Yung-tsai''' (alizaliwa [[Januari 24]], [[1921]] – Alifariki [[Novemba 27]], [[2014]]) alikuwa mdogo wa [[Wang Yung-ching]], mwanzilishi wa ''Formosa Plastics Group''. Alizaliwa Chyokutan, Shinden Town, Bunsan, Taihoku Prefecture, Taiwan ya Kijapani (leo ni Wilaya ya Xindian, New Taipei)<ref name=cnaeng2>{{cite news|last1=Pan|first1=Chi-i|last2=Wu|first2=Ching-chun|last3=Lin|first3=Meng-ju|last4=Huang|first4=Frances|title=Formosa Group co-founder dies aged 93 (update)|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201411270020.aspx|accessdate=28 November 2014|publisher=Central News Agency|date=28 November 2014}}</ref>. Wang alianza kazi yake ya biashara kwa kuanzisha kampuni ya mbao mwaka [[1948]], ambayo aliifunga miaka kumi baadaye ili kusaidia kuendesha Formosa Plastics. Mwaka [[1993]], Wang aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi wa kiwanda cha naphtha cracker cha Formosa Plastics, kiwanda cha sita cha usindikaji cha aina yake nchini Taiwan. Mwaka [[2002]], Wang Yung-ching alistaafu, na kumwacha Wang Yung-tsai akidhibiti Formosa Plastics. Wote wawili walistaafu rasmi kama wenyekiti mwaka [[2006]], wakakabidhi shirika la makampuni hayo kwa watoto wao. Mwaka [[2010]], Wang Yung-tsai aliorodheshwa nambari 10 miongoni mwa watu tajiri zaidi nchini Taiwan na [[Forbes]]. Kufikia mwaka [[2014]], Wang alikuwa ameshuka nafasi mbili hadi nambari 12<ref name="bb">{{cite news|last1=Sun|first1=Yu-Huay|title=Formosa Plastics Group Co-Founder Wang Yung-Tsai Dies at 92|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-27/formosa-plastics-group-co-founder-wang-yung-tsai-dies-at-92.html|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=Bloomberg|date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=cnaeng>{{cite news|title=Formosa Group chairman Wang Yung-tsai dies, aged 93|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201411270011.aspx|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=Central News Agency|date=27 November 2014}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Taiwan]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Taiwan]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] odg4s2fz1d2h36psl4er5amhi5g9pxs 0 247260 1599888 1591735 2026-09-24T05:59:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keana Lyn Bastidas''' (alizaliwa [[18 Machi]], [[1998]]), ambaye wakati mwingine hutajwa kama '''Keana Bastidas''' au '''Keana Lyn''', ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]].<ref name=childhbo>[https://www.toronto.com/whatson-story/66230-child-actor-plays-major-role-in-new-hbo-show/ "Child actor plays major role in new HBO show"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Toronto.com]]'', July 7, 2011.</ref><ref>Adrian Gomez, [https://www.abqjournal.com/1529576/youthful-sleuths.html "Youthful sleuths: Keana Lyn plays ‘strong-minded’ young woman in ‘The Hardy Boys’"]. ''[[Albuquerque Journal]]'', December 24, 2020.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] axxiq55u9hzaw14zw2q40qotxpuh2ut 0 247352 1599700 1592242 2026-09-23T19:48:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gladys O'Connor''' ([[28 Novemba]] [[1903]] – [[21 Februari]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa nafasi mbalimbali wa [[Kanada]] aliyezaliwa [[London]],[[Uingereza]]. O'Connor alihamia pamoja na familia yake [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Ontario]], Kanada mwaka 1912, na hatimaye wakatulia [[Toronto]].<ref name="Actress 108">{{cite web|url=https://www.toronto.com/news-story/69839-actress-celebrates-108-years/|title=Actress celebrates 108 years|last=Skinner|first=Justin|website=Toronto.com|date=30 November 2011|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710133530/https://www.toronto.com/news-story/69839-actress-celebrates-108-years/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Gladys O'Connor">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9hM_XbAOcQC&pg=PA215|title=Gladys O'Connor profile|date=8 May 2013 |publisher=Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2012|isbn=978-0-7864-7063-1 |access-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1903|2012}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:watu kutoka London]] 4ufya02x8dbj2f8evup6w0071lbcjrc 0 247656 1599602 1592500 2026-09-23T18:48:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen A. Jarislowsky''' (alizaliwa [[9 Septemba]] [[1925]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] tajiri, mwekezaji na mhisani nchini [[Kanada]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi, mwenyekiti na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Jarislowsky Fraser Limited, kampuni ya usimamizi wa uwekezaji ya Kanada yenye zaidi ya dola za Kanada bilioni 40 za mali chini ya usimamizi.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/stephen-jarislowsky/ | work=Forbes| title=Stephen Jarislowsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/stephen-jarislowsky/ | work=Forbes| title=Stephen Jarislowsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/stephen-jarislowsky/ | work=Forbes| title=Stephen Jarislowsky}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jfl.ca/Corp_History.html JFL Corporate history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409105343/http://www.jfl.ca/Corp_History.html |date=2009-04-09 }}</ref> Utajiri wake wa kibinafsi ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 1.42 mnamo Desemba [[2017]], na kumfanya kuwa mtu tajiri wa 34 nchini Kanada. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rxeij70dw5zjjnd5o70k3g3prfzv7zb 0 247912 1600079 1593910 2026-09-24T11:44:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janat Balunzi Mukwaya''' (alizaliwa [[Wilaya ya Mukono]], Uganda, [[12 Desemba]] [[1951]]) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda aliyekuwa Meja katika Jeshi la Uganda. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mshauri Mwandamizi wa Rais.Kabla ya kushika nafasi hiyo, aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Majukumu ya Jumla katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu kuanzia tarehe 16 Februari 2009 hadi 27 Mei 2011. Pia aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa [[Jinsia]], Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii kuanzia tarehe 6 Juni 2016 hadi [[Desemba]] 2019.Vilevile, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya aliwahi kuwa [[Waziri]] wa [[Biashara]] na [[Viwanda]] kuanzia Juni 2006 hadi [[Februari]] 2009.Mnamo Mei 2011, alistaafu kwa muda kutoka katika shughuli za kisiasa, na nafasi yake katika Baraza la Mawaziri ilichukuliwa na Kiddu Makubuya. Aidha, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya aliwahi kuwa Mbunge aliyechaguliwa wa Jimbo la Mukono South, katika Wilaya ya Mukono, kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi alipostaafu mwaka 2011.Kwa ujumla, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya ni [[mwanamke]] aliyeshiriki katika siasa, [[uongozi]] wa serikali na [[jeshi]] nchini Uganda, akihudumu katika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who will be the first Kampala executive director?|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Elimu == Janat Balunzi Mukwaya alisoma Sayansi ya Siasa na Utawala wa Kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere kuanzia mwaka1971 hadi 1975. Alimaliza masomo yake na kupata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sanaa kwa heshima.Kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi 1981, alifanya kazi kama hakimu wa utawala daraja la pili katika mahakama ya vijijini.Mwaka 1981,alijiunga na Jeshi kama mpiganaji. Baadaye alipanda cheo na kufikia Cheo cha Kapteni katika jeshi hilo.Aidha, Janat Balunzi Mukwaya ana Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa, katika Sera za Umma na Usimamizi, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha London.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who will be the first Kampala executive director?|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == '''Kazi na safari yake ya kisiasa''' == Baada ya Jeshi laJeshi la [[Upinzani]] la Kitaifa kuchukua madaraka mwaka 1986, Janat Mukwaya aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Masuala ya [[Wanawake]] katika Wizara ya Jinsia, Kazi na [[Maendeleo]] ya Kijamii. Alifanya kazi katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1990.Mwaka 1994, aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu Binafsi Mkuu wa Makamu wa Rais wa Uganda. Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka 1995.Kati ya mwaka 1995 na 1996, Mukwaya alihudumu kama Waziri wa Nchi anayeshughulikia eneo la Luwero Triangle katika Ofisi ya Rais.Kuanzia mwaka 1996 hadi 2001, alihudumu kama Waziri wa Jinsia, Kazi na Maendeleo ya Kijamii.Kwa ujumla, Janat Mukwaya alikuwa na safari ndefu ya kisiasa na alishika nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi nchini Uganda, hasa katika masuala ya [[wanawake]], jinsia, kazi na [[maendeleo]] ya kijamii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Museveni reshuffles cabinet|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-08-29|author=Vision Reporter}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uganda]] b5oxaw6t8if5fb1obtqllcy1kqg94c3 0 247978 1599532 1593572 2026-09-23T18:32:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Julia Sebutinde (2013).jpg|thumb|Julia Sebutinde]] '''Julia Sebutinde''' (alizaliwa 28 Februari 1954) ni [[mwanasheria]] na [[jaji]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Kwa sasa anahudumu kwa muhula wake wa pili katika [[Mahakama]] ya Kimataifa ya [[Haki]], baada ya kuchaguliwa tena tarehe 12 Novemba 2020.Pia, yeye ni Kansela wa sasa wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kifalme cha Muteesa,ambacho kinamilikiwa na [[Ufalme]] wa Buganda. Sebutinde amekuwa jaji katika Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki tangu Machi 2012.Julia Sebutinde ni mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Afrika kuhudumu kama jaji katika Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki. Kabla ya kuchaguliwa katika mahakama hiyo, alikuwa jaji katika Mahakama Maalumu ya Sierra Leone Aliteuliwa kuwa jaji wa [[mahakama]] hiyo mwaka 2007.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africans in the Diaspora: Promoting African Music, Bridging Cultures, and Shaping Global Narratives|url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2024/12/08/africans-in-the-diaspora-promoting-african-music-bridging-cultures-and-shaping-global-narratives/|work=The News|date=2024-12-08|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Ademola Adegbamigbe}}</ref> == Historia ya Maisha na Elimu == Alizaliwa katika [[familia]] ambayo [[baba]] yake alikuwa mtumishi wa serikali, huku [[mama]] yake akiwa [[mama]] wa nyumbani. Katika miaka ya 1960, Sebutinde alisoma elimu ya [[msingi]] katika shule iliyopo Entebbe. Baadaye, alijiunga na Gayaza High School, na kisha akaendelea na masomo katika King’s College Budo. Baada ya kumaliza elimu ya [[sekondari]], alijiunga na [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Makerere kusomea sheria. Mwaka 1977, alihitimu na kupata Shahada ya Sheria.Mwaka 1978, alipata Stashahada ya Utendaji wa Sheria kutoka sheria maendeleo huko Kampala.Mwaka 1990, Sebutinde alijiunga katika Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh, nchini Scotland, kusomea Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria. Alihitimu mwaka 1991.Mwaka 2009, kutokana na kazi yake nzuri na mchango wake katika haki za kimataifa, [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Edinburgh kilimtunuku Shahada ya [[Heshima]] ya [[Udaktari]] wa Sheria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africans in the Diaspora: Promoting African Music, Bridging Cultures, and Shaping Global Narratives|url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2024/12/08/africans-in-the-diaspora-promoting-african-music-bridging-cultures-and-shaping-global-narratives/|work=The News|date=2024-12-08|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=Ademola Adegbamigbe}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Uganda]] 1kqcrff6anieu6vayt2l07lebb5340r 0 248314 1599290 1594102 2026-09-23T12:02:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doo Aphane''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Swaziland]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kutetea [[haki za wanawake]]. Amefanya kazi na mashirika mengi ya [[haki za binadamu]] na haki za wanawake. [[Mwaka]] [[2012]], alifanikiwa kubadili [[sheria]] ya Swaziland ili kuwawezesha wanawake walioolewa kumiliki mali kwa majina yao wenyewe. == Kazi == Doo Aphane ana [[shahada]] ya [[uzamili]] ya sheria na anafanya kazi kama mwanasheria, akibobea katika sheria ya jinsia. Alianzisha Ushauri wa Maendeleo kwa Wanawake, ambako bado anaendelea kuwa mkurugenzi wa [[kampuni]] hiyo, na pia alianzisha kliniki ya msaada wa kisheria ya Baraza la Makanisa ya Swaziland. Aphane hufanya utafiti wa kisheria na ni [[mwandishi]] mwenza wa machapisho kadhaa ya kitaaluma. Alikuwa mratibu wa kwanza wa kitaifa wa masuala ya wanawake na sheria nchini Swaziland kwa Dhamana ya Haki za Binadamu ya Kusini mwa Afrika, na pia aliwahi kuwa mratibu wa kikanda wa nchi sita za kusini mwa Afrika kwa Mpango wa Haki za Kisheria za Wanawake.<ref>https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2017/attorney-general-v-mary-joyce-doo-aphane-2010-szsc-32/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/03/rights-swaziland-property-rights-at-last-for-women/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-09-03 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024015714/https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/03/rights-swaziland-property-rights-at-last-for-women/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Eswatini]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 2t5gg8t633cdiwib05v77h5x493obuu 1599418 1599290 2026-09-23T16:54:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doo Aphane''' ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Swaziland]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kutetea [[haki za wanawake]]. Amefanya kazi na mashirika mengi ya [[haki za binadamu]] na haki za wanawake. [[Mwaka]] [[2012]], alifanikiwa kubadili [[sheria]] ya Swaziland ili kuwawezesha wanawake walioolewa kumiliki mali kwa majina yao wenyewe. == Kazi == Doo Aphane ana [[shahada]] ya [[uzamili]] ya sheria na anafanya kazi kama mwanasheria, akibobea katika sheria ya jinsia. Alianzisha Ushauri wa Maendeleo kwa Wanawake, ambako bado anaendelea kuwa mkurugenzi wa [[kampuni]] hiyo, na pia alianzisha kliniki ya msaada wa kisheria ya Baraza la Makanisa ya Swaziland. Aphane hufanya utafiti wa kisheria na ni [[mwandishi]] mwenza wa machapisho kadhaa ya kitaaluma. Alikuwa mratibu wa kwanza wa kitaifa wa masuala ya wanawake na sheria nchini Swaziland kwa Dhamana ya Haki za Binadamu ya Kusini mwa Afrika, na pia aliwahi kuwa mratibu wa kikanda wa nchi sita za kusini mwa Afrika kwa Mpango wa Haki za Kisheria za Wanawake.<ref>https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2017/attorney-general-v-mary-joyce-doo-aphane-2010-szsc-32/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/03/rights-swaziland-property-rights-at-last-for-women/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-09-03 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024015714/https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/03/rights-swaziland-property-rights-at-last-for-women/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Eswatini]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 8pmdxapn1nini19hzbxjwlmxo8wnpnm 0 248320 1599672 1594114 2026-09-23T19:01:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uko Essien Udom''', SAN ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Nigeria]] na [[mwanasheria]]. Yeye ni Mwanasheria Mkuu na Kamishna wa Sheria wa [[Jimbo la Akwa Ibom]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Uko alizaliwa [[11 Aprili]] [[1956]] huko Ibadan, katika [[Jimbo la Oyo]]. Alisoma katika Shule ya Abadina, Ibadan, kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1962]] hadi [[1966]] kwa ajili ya [[elimu]] yake ya msingi. Alisoma elimu yake ya [[sekondari]] katika Shule ya International, Ibadan, Jimbo la Oyo. Pia alisoma katika [[Chuo]] cha Holy Family Abak, Jimbo la Akwa Ibom, ambako alifanya [[mtihani]] na kupata [[Cheti]] cha Shule cha [[Afrika Magharibi]] mwaka [[1972]]. Ana [[Diploma]] ya Usimamizi wa [[Kampuni]] na [[Shahada]] ya Sanaa katika Sheria kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Manchester]] Metropolitan, [[Manchester]], [[Uingereza]]. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Uko alihudumu chini ya uongozi wa Obong Victor Attah katika kuandaa Waraka ya [[Jimbo la Akwa Ibom]] kwa ajili ya [[Mkutano]] wa Kitaifa wa Katiba wa mwaka [[1994]]/[[1995]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria wa Jimbo la Akwa Ibom na Gavana Udom Emmanuel tarehe [[4 Januari]] [[2021]]. Aliteuliwa tena kuwa Kamishna wa Sheria na Gavana Umo Bassey Eno, ambaye ni gavana wa sasa wa Jimbo la Akwa Ibom, mwezi [[Februari]] [[2025]].<ref>https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/uko-udom-san/</ref><ref>https://www.thecable.ng/udom-emmanuel-swears-in-four-commissioners-five-perm-secs/</ref><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/our-experience-as-interns-under-late-fra-williams-uko-udom-san/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} lobhd5fj087oaekn54h1mnlcsxl1a5i 0 248727 1599603 1595418 2026-09-23T18:49:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599603 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Bradley Saad''' (alizaliwa [[Juni]] [[1964]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], ambaye ni mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Aspen Pharmacare, mzalishaji mkubwa zaidi wa dawa za asili barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/E-asRzxkSRGMtPnLIVewsBVSOR0/appointments |title=Stephen Bradley SAAD – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House) |publisher=Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="andrewengland">Andrew England, [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3b36fa8a-4d27-11e3-bf32-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2zfSiD34C South Africa’s dose of big pharma], ''[[Financial Times]]'', 17 November 2013</ref><ref name="calebmelby">Caleb Melby, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/calebmelby/2012/12/17/south-african-pharma-entrepreneur-stephen-saad-joins-the-billionaires-club/ South African Pharma Entrepreneur Stephen Saad Joins The Billionaires' Club], ''[[Forbes]]'', 17 December 2012</ref><ref name="dhsfoundation">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.dhsfoundation.co.za/about-us/dhs-foundation-board-of-trustees/26-about-us/the-trustees/89-stephen-saad|title=DHS Foundation {{!}} DHS school community of Old Boys|last=Foundation|first=DHS|website=www.dhsfoundation.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-09-12|archive-date=2017-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913044050/http://www.dhsfoundation.co.za/about-us/dhs-foundation-board-of-trustees/26-about-us/the-trustees/89-stephen-saad/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Stephen Bradley Saad alizaliwa mnamo Juni 1964 katika familia ya Walebanon, na alikulia [[Durban]], Afrika Kusini. Alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Durban huko Durban. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Natal, ambako alipokea Shahada ya Biashara. Alicheza raga nchini [[Eire]] na alisoma kuwa mhasibu mwandishi. == Kazi == Alianza kazi yake katika Quickmed, kampuni ya usambazaji wa dawa kwa maagizo katika matauni ya watu weusi wakati wa ubaguzi wa rangi. Akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini na tisa, aliuza hisa yake katika Covan Zurich kwa dola za Marekani milioni 3, na hivyo kuwa milionea.<ref name="forbes">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/stephen-saad/|title=Stephen Saad|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dncy0hy4bkxs60vctrhrk7u09pfip7l 0 248750 1599682 1594957 2026-09-23T19:04:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Geofrey Massa.jpg|thumb|Geofrey Massa]] '''Geofrey Massa''' (alizaliwa [[19 Februari]] [[1986]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Uganda]] aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]]. == Kazi ya klabu == Akiwa amezaliwa huko Jinja, Massa alianza taaluma yake [[mwaka]] [[2004]] katika Police FC inayoshiriki Ugandan Premier League, kabla ya kuhamia klabu ya [[Misri]] ya Al-Masry Club mwaka [[2005]]. Alitumia miaka mitatu nchini Misri kabla ya kuhamia mwaka [[2008]] katika klabu ya [[Afrika Kusini]] ya Jomo Cosmos, ambayo aliichezea [[mechi]] 14 na kufunga bao moja. Mwaka 2008, aliondoka katika timu hiyo na kurejea Misri, ambapo alisaini [[mkataba]] na Itesalat. Massa alijiunga tarehe [[14 Septemba]] [[2011]] na klabu ya Yenicami Ağdelen SK inayoshiriki Telsim Super League. Tarehe [[21 Agosti]] [[2013]], alisaini mkataba na klabu ya Afrika Kusini ya University of Pretoria F.C. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Massa ameichezea timu ya taifa ya Uganda mara kadhaa, huku mechi yake ya kwanza ikija mwaka 2005. <ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12301/Geofrey_Massa.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ktff.org/InfoBank/PlayerDetails/9413 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-09-07 |archive-date=2019-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909202614/http://www.ktff.org/InfoBank/PlayerDetails/9413 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151120080637/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=238663/index.html</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12301/Geofrey_Massa.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} abgjybi84ykkbtowtsbm6e89m5k2j97 1599737 1599682 2026-09-23T22:08:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Geofrey Massa.jpg|thumb|Geofrey Massa]] '''Geofrey Massa''' (alizaliwa [[19 Februari]] [[1986]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Uganda]] aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]]. == Kazi ya klabu == Akiwa amezaliwa huko Jinja, Massa alianza taaluma yake [[mwaka]] [[2004]] katika Police FC inayoshiriki Ugandan Premier League, kabla ya kuhamia klabu ya [[Misri]] ya Al-Masry Club mwaka [[2005]]. Alitumia miaka mitatu nchini Misri kabla ya kuhamia mwaka [[2008]] katika klabu ya [[Afrika Kusini]] ya Jomo Cosmos, ambayo aliichezea [[mechi]] 14 na kufunga bao moja. Mwaka 2008, aliondoka katika timu hiyo na kurejea Misri, ambapo alisaini [[mkataba]] na Itesalat. Massa alijiunga tarehe [[14 Septemba]] [[2011]] na klabu ya Yenicami Ağdelen SK inayoshiriki Telsim Super League. Tarehe [[21 Agosti]] [[2013]], alisaini mkataba na klabu ya Afrika Kusini ya University of Pretoria F.C. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Massa ameichezea timu ya taifa ya Uganda mara kadhaa, huku mechi yake ya kwanza ikija mwaka 2005. <ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12301/Geofrey_Massa.html</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ktff.org/InfoBank/PlayerDetails/9413 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-09-07 |archive-date=2019-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909202614/http://www.ktff.org/InfoBank/PlayerDetails/9413 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151120080637/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=238663/index.html</ref><ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12301/Geofrey_Massa.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} n07ifzxe499ly8rmov3guog43yexvwi 0 249503 1599725 1596558 2026-09-23T21:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harriet Putnam Fowler''' ([[25 Julai]], [[1842]] – [[28 Julai]], [[1901]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], mshairi na [[mwanahistoria]] wa [[Marekani]]. Machapisho yake mengi yalihusu zaidi masuala ya nasaba na historia. Aliunda karibu juzuu 20 kubwa za miswada ya historia za familia, ambazo aliwasilisha kwa Essex Institute huko [[Salem, Massachusetts]]. Pia alikusanya juzuu kadhaa za kumbukumbu, aliandika mashairi mengi, na kuchapisha juzuu kadhaa ndogo.<ref>[http://explore-art.pem.org/object/american-decorative-arts/108889/detail Putnam Family Cupboard, 1680] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801110402/http://explore-art.pem.org/object/american-decorative-arts/108889/detail |date=August 1, 2016 }} at the [[Peabody Essex Museum]]</ref><ref>[https://pem.as.atlas-sys.com/repositories/2/resources/279 Fowler Family Papers, 1672-1913] {{Wayback|url=https://pem.as.atlas-sys.com/repositories/2/resources/279 |date=20250522130222 }}, undated at the Peabody Essex Museum</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1842|1901}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] q2b80ql8y35h7k20641kqueg6rlvuit 0 249548 1600032 1596633 2026-09-24T10:58:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Liam James Rosenior''' (alizaliwa [[9 Julai]] [[1984]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uingereza]] na meneja. Alichezea [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], [[Reading F.C.|Reading]], [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]], [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]], na timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liam Rosenior |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=35902 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828 |title=Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=2 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143238/https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bristol City 1-1 Stoke |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/1935597.stm |access-date=25 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=20 April 2002 |archive-date=5 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405104330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/1935597.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Liam Rosenior alizaliwa tarehe 9 Julai 1984 huko Wandsworth, [[London]], Uingereza. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Fulham F.C. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Fulham (2002–2007) === Rosenior alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Fulham F.C. mwaka [[2002]]. Akiwa Fulham, alikua mlinzi wa kulia mwenye uwezo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transfers - November 2003 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3248989.stm |access-date=25 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=27 November 2003 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820144401/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3248989.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> === Reading na Hull City (2007–2015) === Rosenior alichezea Reading F.C. na Hull City A.F.C. Akiwa Hull City, alisaidia klabu kupanda daraja hadi Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL) mwaka [[2013]] na kufika fainali ya Kombe la FA mwaka [[2014]].<ref name="RFC contract">{{cite news|date=31 August 2007 |url=http://www.readingfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10306~1103805,00.html |title=Rosenior signs as Seol departs |publisher=Reading F.C. |access-date=31 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220020516/http://www.readingfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10306~1103805%2C00.html |archive-date=20 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=23 July 2010 |title=Bristol City trial for Rosenior |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/8849840.stm |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion na Ustaafu (2015–2018) === Rosenior alichezea Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2018]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2015/june/albion-sign-experienced-defender/ |title=Albion Sign Experienced Defender |first=Paul |last=Camillin |publisher=Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. |date=23 June 2015 |access-date=30 July 2018 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031419/https://www.brightonandhovealbion.com/news/2015/june/albion-sign-experienced-defender/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Rosenior alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21. == Kazi ya Uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu, Rosenior alikua meneja wa Derby County na kocha msaidizi wa klabu nyingine. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] h4e2o8din3nebxii2r5fa522o39nwk8 0 249552 1599291 1596629 2026-09-23T12:07:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dorothea Dutcher Buck''' ([[31 Julai]], [[1887]] – [[9 Mei]], [[1983]]) alikuwa mwanachama wa klabu za [[wanawake]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa rais wa General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) kuanzia 1947 hadi 1950. ==Wasifu== Dorothea Dutcher alizaliwa tarehe 31 Julai 1887, huko [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin.<ref name="Women In Peace">{{cite web |title=July 31 - Women peacemakers born today |url=https://www.womeninpeace.org/july/2017/5/3/july-31?rq=Dorothea%20Dutcher%20Buck |website=Women In Peace | date=3 May 2017 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Dictionary of Virginia Biography">{{cite web |title=Dorothea Dutcher Buck Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=Buck_Dorothea_Dutcher |website=Dictionary of Virginia Biography |access-date=16 May 2022 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005193619/https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=Buck_Dorothea_Dutcher |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1887|1983}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] hd8emndoknnnfpmawrmecgrzmtqydp7 0 249721 1599768 1596905 2026-09-24T01:36:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jason Andre Davis Roberts''' (alizaliwa [[25 Januari]] [[1978]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Grenada]]. Alichezea Wolverhampton Wanderers, [[Bristol Rovers F.C.|Bristol Rovers]], West Bromwich Albion, [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Reading F.C.|Reading]], na timu ya taifa ya Grenada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jason Roberts |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=14133 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0,,12306~8455,00.html |title=Premier League Player Profile |access-date=15 March 2011 |publisher=Premier League |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003160804/http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0%2C%2C12306~8455%2C00.html |archive-date= 3 October 2012 }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Jason Roberts alizaliwa tarehe 25 Januari 1978 huko [[London]], Uingereza, katika familia ya Grenada. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Wolverhampton Wanderers. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Wolverhampton Wanderers na Bristol Rovers (1995–2000) === Roberts alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Wolverhampton Wanderers mwaka [[1995]]. Baadaye alichezea Bristol Rovers F.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenonleaguefootballpaper.com/print_article.asp?aid=1529&iid=50&sud=611 |title=Dave Sargent |publisher=The Non-League Paper |first=Alex |last=Howard |date=2 December 2007 |access-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528225014/http://www.thenonleaguefootballpaper.com/print_article.asp?aid=1529&iid=50&sud=611 |archive-date=28 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-victory-sends-bristol-city-a-point-clear-1153803.html |title=Victory sends Bristol City a point clear |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=31 March 1998 |access-date=17 February 2010 |location=London |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111143023/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-victory-sends-bristol-city-a-point-clear-1153803.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === West Bromwich Albion na Wigan Athletic (2000–2006) === Roberts alichezea West Bromwich Albion na Wigan Athletic F.C. Akiwa Wigan, alikua mmoja wa washambuliaji bora wa klabu hiyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=108782&cc=5739 |title=Preston 2–4 Wigan: Roberts debut joy |publisher=ESPN Soccernet |date=17 January 2004 |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222542/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=108782&cc=5739 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Blackburn Rovers na Reading (2006–2014) === Roberts alichezea Blackburn Rovers F.C. na Reading F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2014]].<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/blackburn_rovers/5142832.stm |title=Blackburn sign Roberts from Wigan |work=BBC Sport |access-date=25 April 2007 |archive-date=12 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712014234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/blackburn_rovers/5142832.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rovers.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10303~2589693,00.html |title=Welcome to the official Blackburn Rovers website |access-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908070744/http://www.rovers.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10303~2589693,00.html |archive-date=8 September 2012}} Roberts joins the Royals. 26 January 2012</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Roberts alichezea timu ya taifa ya Grenada mechi 22 kati ya [[1998]] na [[2008]], akifunga mabao 12.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/nccamerica/matches/round=250441/match=10000015/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329232349/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/nccamerica/matches/round=250441/match=10000015/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2008 |title=Grenada 10:0 US Virgin Islands |publisher=FIFA.com |access-date=31 May 2008}}</ref> == Kazi ya Hisani == Roberts ni mwanzilishi wa Jason Roberts Foundation, taasisi inayosaidia vijana katika Uingereza na Grenada. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Grenada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Grenada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nhs0xvw4ja80jk9cpv4ng04ofrheuqv 0 249723 1599724 1596909 2026-09-23T21:03:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harald Wapenaar''' (alizaliwa [[10 Novemba]] [[1970]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uholanzi]]. Alikuwa kipa na alichezea [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], Utrecht, na timu ya taifa ya Uholanzi chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harald Wapenaar |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=17426 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Harald Wapenaar alizaliwa tarehe 10 Novemba 1970 huko [[Rotterdam]], Uholanzi. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Feyenoord. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Feyenoord na Portsmouth (1990–2003) === Wapenaar alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Feyenoord mwaka [[1990]]. Baadaye alichezea Portsmouth F.C. [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1999]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Walsall lead Merson chase |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3052354.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=8 July 2003 |access-date=24 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Erp |first1=Joost van |title=Willem II trekt Harald Wapenaar aan als keeperstrainer |url=https://www.omroepbrabant.nl/nieuws/2329966/willem-ii-trekt-harald-wapenaar-aan-als-keeperstrainer |access-date=24 February 2021 |work=Omroep Brabant |date=11 July 2016 |language=nl}}</ref> === Utrecht na Ustaafu (2003–2010) === Wapenaar alichezea Utrecht [[Uholanzi]] kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2010]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Wapenaar alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uholanzi chini ya umri wa miaka 21. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] iukjpbg2gspo345fgysc15r7wz7k6sl 0 249725 1599618 1596952 2026-09-23T18:50:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gary Paul O'Neil''' (alizaliwa [[18 Mei]] [[1983]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uingereza]] na meneja. Alichezea [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], Middlesbrough, [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], Norwich City, [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]], na timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gary O'Neil |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=36299 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Hugman 2008-09">{{cite book| editor-last = Hugman| editor-first = Barry J. | title = The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2008–09| publisher = Mainstream| year = 2008| isbn = 978-1-84596-324-8}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Gary O'Neil alizaliwa tarehe 18 Mei 1983 huko [[Beckenham]], London, Uingereza. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Portsmouth F.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gary O'Neil |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/2550/Gary-O'Neil/overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == === Portsmouth (2000–2007) === O'Neil alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Portsmouth F.C. mwaka [[2000]]. Akiwa Portsmouth, alikua mchezaji wa kati mwenye uwezo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Back to basics key to Pompey's victory|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/5630997.back-to-basics-key-to-pompeys-victory/|website=Daily Echo|date=31 January 2000|access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> === Middlesbrough, West Ham United, na Queens Park Rangers (2007–2016) === O'Neil alichezea Middlesbrough, West Ham United F.C., na Queens Park Rangers F.C.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/middlesbrough/6972595.stm |title=Boro capture O'Neil from Pompey |publisher=BBC Sport |date=31 August 2007 |access-date=31 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20110124/hammers-sign-oneil_2236884_2275529 |title=Hammers sign O'Neil |publisher=whufc.com |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128174447/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20110124/hammers-sign-oneil_2236884_2275529 |archive-date=28 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qpr.co.uk/news/article/070813-deal-for-oneil-976632.aspx|title=EXCLUSIVE: DEAL FOR O'NEIL|publisher=Queens Park Rangers|date=7 August 2013|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref> === Bristol City na Ustaafu (2016–2019) === O'Neil alichezea Bristol City F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2019]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36488022|title=Gary O'Neil: Bristol City sign Norwich City midfielder on two-year deal|work=BBC Sport |access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == O'Neil alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2011/january/24-january/hammers-sign-oneil|title=Hammers sign O'Neil |website=West Ham United}}</ref> == Kazi ya Uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu, O'Neil alikua meneja wa Bournemouth na Wolverhampton Wanderers. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kujribtyxlcd81vipapdznc8p7amyhq 0 249727 1600019 1596915 2026-09-24T10:18:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurent Robert Blanc''' (alizaliwa [[19 Novemba]] [[1965]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Ufaransa]] na meneja. Alichezea Montpellier, Napoli, Nîmes, Saint-Étienne, Auxerre, [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], Marseille, Inter Milan, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], na timu ya taifa ya Ufaransa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laurent Blanc |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/7792-blanc-laurent/fiche.html |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.fff.fr}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://players.fcbarcelona.com/en/player/105-blanc-laurent-robert-blanc |title=Blanc |website=FC Barcelona Players |access-date=6 June 2026 |archive-date=2026-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606135235/https://players.fcbarcelona.com/en/player/105-blanc-laurent-robert-blanc |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01e3-0e740b3074ab-296c4384e65c-1000--blanc-s-bordeaux-rise-to-the-occasion/ |title=Blanc's Bordeaux rise to the occasion |publisher=UEFA |date=15 March 2010 |access-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100317/SPORT/703169857/1004/foreign |title=Bordeaux hope this season is not Blanc's last hurrah |publisher=The National |date=16 March 2010 |access-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073855/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20100317%2FSPORT%2F703169857%2F1004%2Fforeign |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Laurent Blanc alizaliwa tarehe 19 Novemba 1965 huko [[Alès]], Ufaransa. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Montpellier. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Montpellier na Napoli (1983–1991) === Blanc alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Montpellier mwaka [[1983]]. Baadaye alichezea Napoli [[Italia]]. === Auxerre, Barcelona, na Marseille (1991–1999) === Blanc alichezea Auxerre, FC Barcelona, na Marseille. Akiwa Auxerre, alishinda Ligue 1 mwaka [[1996]]. === Inter Milan na Manchester United (1999–2003) === Blanc alichezea Inter Milan [[Italia]] na Manchester United F.C. [[Uingereza]]. Akiwa United, alishinda Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL) mwaka [[2003]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Man Utd's amazing comeback|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1567733.stm|website=BBC Sport|date=29 September 2001 |access-date=4 November 2009}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Blanc alichezea timu ya taifa ya Ufaransa mechi 97 kati ya [[1989]] na [[2000]], akifunga mabao 16. Alishinda Kombe la Dunia la FIFA mwaka [[1998]] na Ubingwa wa Ulaya wa UEFA mwaka [[2000]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=1988 Under-21 EURO: France sweep to final glory|work=UEFA|url=https://www.uefa.com/under21/history/1988/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118090818/https://www.uefa.com/under21/history/1988/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2021|access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> == Kazi ya Uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu, Blanc alikua meneja wa Bordeaux, Ufaransa, na Paris Saint-Germain. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7jp199u26uszkjyt7kh11c88e4riwk1 0 249736 1599794 1596939 2026-09-24T03:27:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Miguel González Rey''' (alizaliwa [[15 Novemba]] [[1979]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uhispania]]. Alichezea Málaga, [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]], [[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]], na timu ya taifa ya Uhispania chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Josemi |url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/history/past-players/josemi |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.liverpoolfc.com}}</ref><ref name="FCWC 2005">{{cite web |title=FIFA Club World Championship Japan 2005 – Official Rosters |url=http://www.fifa.com/documents/tournaments/cwc/CWC_2005_sl-latest.xls |publisher=FIFA |date=4 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219093824/http://www.fifa.com/documents/tournaments/cwc/CWC_2005_sl-latest.xls |archive-date=19 December 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Josemi (José Miguel González Rey) alizaliwa tarehe 15 Novemba 1979 huko [[Torremolinos]], Uhispania. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Málaga. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Málaga (2001–2004) === Josemi alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Málaga mwaka [[2001]].<ref>[http://elpais.com/diario/2001/06/18/deportes/992815251_850215.html El Deportivo exhibe su enorme pegada y derrota a un Málaga tenaz (Deportivo display enormous pace and defeat tenacious Málaga)]; [[El País]], 18 June 2001 (in Spanish)</ref> === Liverpool (2004–2006) === Mwaka [[2004]], Josemi alihamia Liverpool F.C. Akiwa Liverpool, alishinda UEFA Champions League mwaka [[2005]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/former-liverpool-defender-josemi-retires-174102067.html|title=Former Liverpool defender Josemi retires|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|date=22 September 2016|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065643/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/former-liverpool-defender-josemi-retires-174102067.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Villarreal na Mallorca (2006–2011) === Josemi alichezea Villarreal CF na RCD Mallorca kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2011]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Josemi alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uhispania chini ya umri wa miaka 21. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uhispania]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uhispania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ei1yz1qlj5rr2dk3weami1ad1sin402 0 249840 1599367 1597174 2026-09-23T15:55:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erika Brynne Donalds'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Cleary |first=Tom |date=2023-01-05 |title=Erika Lees Donalds, Byron Donalds' Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |url=https://heavy.com/news/byron-donalds-wife-erika-donalds/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Heavy.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313021510/https://heavy.com/news/byron-donalds-wife-erika-donalds/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> (amezaliwa mwaka [[1980]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa kihafidhina wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Florida]] ambaye hasa anatetea uchaguzi wa [[shule]]. Anaongoza sera za elimu katika America First Policy Institute. [[Mume]] wake, Byron Donalds, ni mbunge wa Chama cha Republican katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissioner Erika Donalds |url=http://library.law.fsu.edu/Digital-Collections/CRC/CRC-2018/Commissioners/Donalds.html |website=2017-2018 Constitutional Review Commission |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett Williams |first1=Amy |title=Candidate Byron Donalds and his accuser each calls the other a liar; ethics commission won't weigh in until at least next month |url=https://www.news-press.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/08/10/ethics-complaint-alleges-byron-donalds-lied-criminal-charges-donalds-says-complainer-lied/5544174002/ |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=Fort Myers News-Press |date=August 10, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] ayz9dvmtq9yr24s0yofwtmbvt3737bw 0 249849 1599944 1597186 2026-09-24T08:52:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Kléberson Pereira''' (alizaliwa [[19 Juni]] [[1979]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Brazil]]. Alichezea Atlético Paranaense, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], Beşiktaş, Flamengo, na timu ya taifa ya Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kléberson |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=30466 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FIFA World Cup, Final |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/commentary/_/gameId/48871 |access-date=11 July 2026 |work=ESPN}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Kléberson (José Kléberson Pereira da Silva) alizaliwa tarehe 19 Juni 1979 huko [[Uraí]], Brazil. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Atlético Paranaense. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Atlético Paranaense (1998–2003) === Kléberson alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Atlético Paranaense mwaka [[1998]]. Akiwa Atlético, alikua mchezaji wa kati mwenye uwezo. === Manchester United (2003–2005) === Mwaka [[2003]], Kléberson alihamia Manchester United F.C. kwa ada ya £6.5 milioni. Akiwa United, alishinda Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL) mwaka [[2004]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kleberson signs for Man Utd |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3142903.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 August 2003 |access-date=1 July 2009 }}</ref> === Beşiktaş, Flamengo, na Ustaafu (2005–2016) === Kléberson alichezea Beşiktaş [[Uturuki]], Flamengo [[Brazil]], na klabu nyingine kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2016]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Flamengo signs World Cup champion Kleberson |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/27/content_6799143.htm |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=27 September 2007 |access-date=1 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107215908/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/27/content_6799143.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name=bbcbesiktas>{{cite news |title=Kleberson completes Besiktas move |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/4130796.stm |publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 August 2005 |access-date=1 July 2009 }}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Kléberson alichezea timu ya taifa ya Brazil mechi 32 kati ya [[2002]] na [[2010]], akifunga mabao 2. Alishinda Kombe la Dunia la FIFA mwaka [[2002]] na Copa América mwaka [[2004]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11667_5353909,00.html|title=Anderson blow for Brazil|date=29 May 2009|access-date=1 July 2009|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hvxhr46evy6ey1w7m4pvsev7e8hzjsz 0 249863 1599784 1597204 2026-09-24T02:40:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jody Steven Morris''' (alizaliwa [[22 Desemba]] [[1978]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uingereza]] na meneja. Alichezea [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Nottingham Forest, Leeds United, Rotherham United, [[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]], [[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]], [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]], na timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jody Morris |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10599 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0258-0e69fd3f16d9-7f847a394f08-1000/ucl_booking_list_before_gs_-_md6.pdf |title=UEFA Champions League 2019/2020: Booking List before Group stage Matchday 6 |page=8 |publisher=UEFA |date=3 December 2019 |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125004524/https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0258-0e69fd3f16d9-7f847a394f08-1000/ucl_booking_list_before_gs_-_md6.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Jody Morris alizaliwa tarehe 22 Desemba 1978 huko Hammersmith, [[London]], Uingereza. Alijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Chelsea F.C. akiwa na umri mdogo. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Chelsea (1996–2003) === Morris alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Chelsea F.C. mwaka [[1996]]. Akiwa Chelsea, alikua mchezaji wa kati mwenye uwezo.<ref name="Jody Morris Chelsea interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2020/02/04/jody-morris-on-his-unbroken-record-as-chelsea-s-youngest-premier |title= JODY MORRIS ON HIS RECORD AS OUR YOUNGEST PREMIER LEAGUE PLAYER AND THE CURRENT HOMEGROWN CROP MAKING THEIR MARK |website=Chelsea |accessdate=29 July 2021}}</ref> === Nottingham Forest, Leeds United, na Rotherham United (2003–2007) === Morris alichezea Nottingham Forest, Leeds United, na Rotherham United.<ref>{{cite news |title=Morris completes Leeds move |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/leeds_united/3064429.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=19 July 2003 |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> === Millwall na St Johnstone (2007–2014) === Morris alichezea Millwall F.C. na St Johnstone F.C. [[Uskoti]]. Akiwa St Johnstone, alishinda Kombe la Scotland mwaka [[2014]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Millwall land Morris |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/millwall/3860455.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 July 2004 |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Morris alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21. == Kazi ya Uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu, Morris alikua kocha msaidizi wa Chelsea F.C. na Derby County F.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/teams/management-team/jody-morris---under-18-team-manager.html|title=Jody Morris - Under-18 team manager|publisher=Chelsea FC|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 49dxh4ntqdle7b2acpzr3uviu6rp3q7 0 249937 1599892 1597404 2026-09-24T06:11:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kellylee Evans''' (amealiwa [[7 Februari]], [[1975]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa sauti wa [[jazz]] na [[soul]] wa [[Kanada]]. ==Maisha ya awali== Akiwa amesoma katika Carleton University (1993–2000), ilikuwa huko ambapo Evans aligundua jazi baada ya "kupotea katika lifti za Jengo la Loeb na kupata idara ya Muziki kwenye ghorofa ya tisa ya mnara A.<ref name="Carleton">{{cite web|title=Meet Kellylee Evans: Carleton's Artist-in-Residence|url=https://carleton.ca/our-stories/story/kellylee-evans-artist-residence/|website=Carleton.ca|accessdate=31 March 2017|archive-date=2017-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401063207/https://carleton.ca/our-stories/story/kellylee-evans-artist-residence/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Thelonious>{{cite news|url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/17844-25th-thelonious-monk-international-jazz-vocals-competition|title=25th Thelonious Monk International Jazz Vocals Competition|publisher=[[JazzTimes]]|date=16 September 2004}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] phovxgge42083dcqxfs742jhkdzrbe4 0 249955 1600152 1597427 2026-09-24T11:58:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600152 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Lorraine-Klaasen-at-Kola-Note-2006.jpg|thumb|Lorraine Klaasen, Tamasha la Kola Note 2006]] '''Lorraine Klaasen''' (amezaliwa [[1957]])<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-star-early-edition/20170120/281496455989391 Klaasen was Jazz Trailblazer], [[The Star (South Africa)|The Star]], 20 January 2017</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa world music anayeishi [[London, Ontario]]. [[Mama]] yake alikuwa mwimbaji wa [[jazz]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] Thandi Klaasen. Amefanya maonyesho katika Montreal International Jazz Festival, na ratiba yake ya kimataifa imejumuisha [[Marekani]], [[Mexico]] na Karibea. Yeye na mama yake pia walidaiwa kuwa miongoni mwa [[wanamuziki]] wawili waliopendwa zaidi na Nelson Mandela.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lorraine Klaasen on CBC Music |url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/artists/Lorraine-Klaasen |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=10 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301002442/http://music.cbc.ca/ |archivedate=1 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Brownstein|first1=Bill|title=Classic Klaasen Ladies: The end of an era|url=https://montrealgazette.com/Classic+Klaasen+Ladies/10238567/story.html|work=The Gazette|location=Montreal|accessdate=10 April 2016|date=25 September 2014|archive-date=2019-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724023640/http://www.montrealgazette.com/Classic+Klaasen+Ladies/10238567/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] lfoj9wdbiky7ocmehzll2p1seqg3dlb 0 250048 1599967 1597640 2026-09-24T09:11:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599967 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kristinia Jamie DeBarge''' (amezaliwa [[8 Machi]], [[1990]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye televisheni ya kitaifa mwaka 2003 kama mshiriki wa kipindi cha spin-off cha ''American Idol'', ''American Juniors''.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE54E6F120090515|title="Goodbye" a strong beginning for Kristinia DeBarge|date=May 15, 2009 | work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/306127/kristinia+debarge/chart?f=379 |title=Kristinia DeBarge – Chart history |publisher=Billboard |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=July 11, 2015 |archive-date=2015-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123110928/http://www.billboard.com/artist/306127/kristinia+debarge/chart?f=379 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/306127/kristinia+debarge/chart?f=793 |title=Kristinia DeBarge – Chart history |publisher=Billboard |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=July 11, 2015 |archive-date=2015-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123090439/http://www.billboard.com/artist/306127/kristinia+debarge/chart?f=793 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] gr49ytbu3qpabfgpzxqk099a50ucimz 0 250118 1600038 1597829 2026-09-24T11:14:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lincoln Brewster''' (alizaliwa [[30 Julai]], [[1971]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa Kikristo wa kisasa na mchungaji wa ibada. Akiwa mpiga gitaa, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], Brewster akawa [[mpiga gitaa]] wa vipindi aliyekuwa akitafutwa sana mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefishoc.com/content/all/lincoln-brewster-bio|title=Lincoln Brewster Bio|date=January 12, 2012|website=The Fish Base Station|access-date=March 2, 2019|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043335/https://thefishoc.com/content/all/lincoln-brewster-bio|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SonicHits {{!}} Lyrics, Song Meanings, Music Videos, Full Albums & Artist Biographies|url=https://sonichits.com/|access-date=January 27, 2022|website=SonicHits|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1971|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 3asmgowe6w455ygvqftjjsl7spfp9nu 0 250336 1599872 1598194 2026-09-24T05:38:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kate Morgan Chadwick''' ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]], mtayarishaji wa filamu na mwandishi wa [[Marekani]].ambazo kazi yake inajumuisha nafasi katika filamu ''Hail, Caesar!'' (2016), ''Rated'' (2016),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratedthefilm.com/cast-crew/|title=Cast and Crew - Rated Film|author=|date=2 March 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2026-09-20|archive-date=2020-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420083957/http://ratedthefilm.com/cast-crew/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Bed'' (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-bed-play-review-20160210-column.html|title=In 'Bed,' a tale of wounded love, the truth of the acting is a lure|first=Charles|last=McNulty|date=9 February 2016|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> na ''Oh, Baby!'' (2020). ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Chadwick alikulia [[La Mesa]], [[California]], akiwa mtoto wa mwisho kati ya watoto wawili, pamoja na kaka yake Teddy, aliyezaliwa na wazazi Michele West Chadwick<ref name="Wedding">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/fashion/weddings/kate-chadwick-and-clayton-apgar.html|title=Kate Chadwick and Clayton Apgar|last=Radomsky|first=Rosalie R.|date=30 June 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/obituaries/story/2020-01-24/david-chadwick-dies-93|title=Dr. David Chadwick, pioneer in child-abuse treatment, dies at 93|last=Wilkens|first=John|date=Jan 24, 2020|newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune|accessdate=Jan 24, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 7qyazy6f2350z3sx63jdrj6jsh0xaae 0 250373 1599393 1598316 2026-09-23T16:28:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fabio Pereira da Silva''' (alizaliwa [[9 Julai]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Brazil]]. Alichezea Fluminense, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]], Middlesbrough, [[Nantes]], na timu ya taifa ya Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fabio da Silva |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=39461 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gremio.net/futebol/perfil/595 |title=Fabio |publisher=Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fábio: Overview |url= https://www.premierleague.com/players/3665/Fabio/overview |publisher= Premier League |access-date=25 July 2022 }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Fabio da Silva alizaliwa tarehe 9 Julai 1990 huko [[Petrópolis]], Brazil. Ndugu yake, Rafael da Silva, pia ni mchezaji. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/9483868.stm|title = Blackburn 1-1 Man Utd|date = 14 May 2011}}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == === Fluminense (2005–2008) === Fabio alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Fluminense mwaka [[2005]].<ref name="taylor">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Taylor |title=Dazzling Da Silvas plan twin-pronged assault for United |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/nov/15/manchesterunited-premierleague |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=15 November 2008 |access-date=7 December 2008 |location=London}}</ref> === Manchester United (2008–2014) === Mwaka [[2008]], Fabio alihamia Manchester United F.C. Akiwa United, alishinda Ligi Kuu Uingereza (EPL) mwaka [[2009]], [[2011]], na [[2013]], na Kombe la League mwaka [[2009]] na [[2010]]. === Queens Park Rangers, Cardiff City, Middlesbrough, na Nantes (2014–2023) === Fabio alichezea Queens Park Rangers F.C., Cardiff City F.C., Middlesbrough, na Nantes [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd's Fabio Da Silva makes QPR loan move |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18677707 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=2 July 2012 }}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Fabio alichezea timu ya taifa ya Brazil mechi 2 mwaka [[2011]].<ref name="meet">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Bostock |title=Meet the da Silva twins |url=http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Features/2008/Aug/Meet-the-da-Silva-twins.aspx |work=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |page=2 |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=9 December 2008 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dyws8p1ymot41unk90gknjqgs9ln683 0 250451 1599455 1598331 2026-09-23T17:57:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Franco Selvaggi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Franco Selvaggi, Cagliari 1980-81.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1953|5|15|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Pomarico]], Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.71 m | uzito = }} '''Franco Selvaggi''' (alizaliwa 15 Mei 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. == Kazi katika klabu == Selvaggi alizaliwa mjini [[Pomarico]], katika Mkoa wa [[Province of Matera|Matera]]. Katika kazi yake ya soka kwenye Ligi Kuu ya Italia (Serie A) kati ya mwaka 1972 na 1986, alizichezea klabu za [[Ternana Calcio|Ternana]], [[A.S. Roma]], [[Taranto F.C. 1927|Taranto]], [[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]], [[Torino F.C.|Torino]], [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]], na [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.materacalciostory.it/index.php/interviste/1631-l-intervista-della-settimana-franco-selvaggi.html |title=L'intervista della settimana: Franco Selvaggi |last=Salerno |first=Nicola |publisher=Matera Calcio Story |date=29 April 2015 |access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref> Alimalizia kazi yake ya uchezaji katika klabu ya [[A.S.D. Sambenedettese Calcio|Sambenedettese]] ya huko huko Italia mnamo mwaka 1987. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Selvaggi aliitumikia timu ya taifa ya Italia na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mnamo mwaka 1982 chini ya kocha [[Enzo Bearzot]], ingawa hakucheza mechi yoyote katika michuano hiyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17249.html |title=Selvaggi, Franco |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=21 September 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya ukocha == Baada ya kustaafu kucheza mpira wa miguu, Selvaggi alikuwa kocha wa mpira wa miguu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tuttolegapro.com/esclusiva-ultim-ora/esclusiva-tlp-mi-ritorni-in-mente-franco-selvaggi-54124 |title=ESCLUSIVA TLP - Mi ritorni in mente : Franco Selvaggi |last=Mosconi |first=Daniele |publisher=Tutto Lega Pro |date=6 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2026 |archive-date=2016-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018162904/http://www.tuttolegapro.com/esclusiva-ultim-ora/esclusiva-tlp-mi-ritorni-in-mente-franco-selvaggi-54124 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] l6ge89zc4pmzvnnpzlr3ajotiiox8k2 0 250471 1600109 1598937 2026-09-24T11:47:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1600109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Juliano Belletti | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Belletti 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Belletti mwaka 2018 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1976|6|20|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Cascavel]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kulia | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.74 m | uzito = }} '''Juliano Haus Belletti''' (alizaliwa 20 Juni 1976) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu na kocha kutoka nchini [[Brazil]] aliyecheza zaidi nafasi ya beki wa kulia. Kwa sasa ni kocha mkuu wa klabu ya [[FC Barcelona Atlètic|Barcelona Atlètic]]. == Kazi katika klabu == Belletti alianzia kazi yake ya soka nchini Brazil katika Ligi Kuu ya Serie A akiwa na klabu za [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[São Paulo FC]], na [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]. Kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2010, alicheza Barani Ulaya katika klabu za [[Villarreal CF]], [[FC Barcelona]], na [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], ambako alishinda mataji mengi ya heshima. Bao lake pekee alilofungia Barcelona katika fainali ya mwaka 2006 liliwapa taji la ligi ya mabingwa ulaya. Baadaye alirejea Brazil na kushinda Ligi Kuu ya Nchi hiyo akiwa na [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] mnamo mwaka 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://placar.abril.com.br/bola-de-prata/edicoes-anteriores/?1999 |title=Bola de Prata 1999 |publisher=Placar |access-date=21 September 2026 |archive-date=2009-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006120327/http://placar.abril.com.br/bola-de-prata/edicoes-anteriores/?1999 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Belletti aliitumikia timu ya taifa ya Brazil kuanzia mwaka 2001 hadi 2005 na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mnamo mwaka 2002 nchini Korea Kusini na Japan. Pia aliiwakilisha nchi yake katika michuano ya Copa America mwaka 2001 na Kombe la Mabara mwaka 2003. == Kazi ya ukocha == Baada ya kustaafu kucheza mpira wa miguu, alijiunga na ukocha na baadaye kuteuliwa kuwa kocha mkuu wa timu ya akiba ya Barcelona, Barcelona Atlètic. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] 1asows0r808nngkytehw9ky4fijgm6d 0 250528 1599583 1598552 2026-09-23T18:46:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garrett Pierce''' (amezaliwa [[17 Machi]], [[1981]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[California]]. Pierce ametoa albamu tatu za urefu kamili na EP mbili (Crossbill Records, Narnack Records).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.moonshineink.com/tahoe-events/jesca-hoop-garrett-pierce-opening|title=Jesca Hoop with Garrett Pierce opening {{!}} Moonshine Ink|website=www.moonshineink.com|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-date=2016-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822064829/http://www.moonshineink.com/tahoe-events/jesca-hoop-garrett-pierce-opening|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2009/04/14/garrett_pierce/|title=Garrett Pierce|work=2KQED|date=April 14, 2009 |access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/indie_spotlight_garrett_pierce|title=Indie Spotlight: Garrett Pierce|date=April 8, 2011|work=BMI|access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] b0tvfe6l6kk2h2rle9480dqs5usbbwy 0 250614 1599417 1598661 2026-09-23T16:54:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1599417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Felice Borel | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Felice Placido Borel - 1930s - FBC Juventus.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 0.8 | maelezo_ya_picha = Borel II akiwa na [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] miaka ya 1930 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1914|4|5|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Nice]], Ufaransa | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 21 Februari 1993 (akiwa na umri wa miaka 78) | mahala_alipofia = [[Turin]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.75 m | uzito = }} '''Felice Placido Borel''' (5 Aprili 1914 – 21 Februari 1993) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Italia iliyotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mnamo mwaka 1934. == Kazi ya klabu == Borel alizaliwa mjini [[Nice]], Ufaransa. Katika kazi yake ya soka, alichezea [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] na klabu pinzani ya mjini hapo [[Torino F.C.|Torino]] katika ligi kuu ya [[Serie A]], pamoja na [[U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912|Alessandria]] katika [[Serie B]], na hatimaye [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]], ambako alimalizia kazi yake ya soka.<ref name=enciclopediadelcalcio.it>{{cite web|url=http://www.enciclopediadelcalcio.it/Borel%20II.html|title=Borel, Felice Placido|publisher=Enciclopedia del Calcio|language=it|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="storiedicalcio">{{cite web |url=https://storiedicalcio.altervista.org/blog/borel.html |title=BOREL Felice Placido: il volo di Farfallino |publisher=storiedicalcio |language=it |last=Caminiti |first=Vladimiro |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811152038/https://storiedicalcio.altervista.org/blog/borel.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tuttojuve">{{cite web |url=https://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-felice-placido-borel-464560 |title=Gli eroi in bianconero: Felice Placido BOREL |publisher=Tutto Juve |language=it |last1=Bedeschi |first1=Stefano |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=2021-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723201854/https://www.tuttojuve.com/gli-eroi-bianconeri/gli-eroi-in-bianconero-felice-placido-borel-464560 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alifunga mabao 158 akiwa na Juventus, akitwaa mataji matatu ya Serie A (1933, 1934, na 1935) na taji la [[Coppa Italia]] (1938), huku pia akiwa mfungaji bora wa ligi mara mbili mnamo mwaka 1933 na 1934; kwa sasa ni mfungaji bora wa sita katika historia ya Juventus. Wakati wa kipindi chake cha pili na klabu hiyo katika miaka ya 1940, alihudumu pia kama mchezaji na kocha.<ref name=enciclopediadelcalcio.it/><ref name="storiedicalcio"/><ref name="tuttojuve"/> Bado anashikilia rekodi ya kufunga mabao mengi zaidi (mabao 31) katika msimu mmoja wa Serie A kwa mchezaji aliyeshinda tuzo ya mfungaji bora wa ligi akiwa na Juventus. Ingawa [[Ferenc Hirzer]] anashikilia rekodi ya kufunga mabao mengi zaidi kwa jumla katika msimu mmoja wa ligi kuu akiwa na Juventus (mabao 35 katika mechi 24), wakati huo ligi hiyo iliitwa [[Prima Divisione]]. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Borel alicheza mechi tatu katika timu ya taifa ya Italia kati ya mwaka 1933 na 1934, akifunga bao lake pekee la kimataifa katika mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya [[Hungaria]] mnamo 22 Novemba, mjini Budapest, wakati wa mashindano ya kombe la kimataifa la ulaya Kati ya mwaka 1933–35 ambapo Italia ilitwaa ubingwa. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mwaka 1934, akitokea mara moja katika mashindano hayo, wakati wa ushindi wa robo fainali dhidi ya [[Hispania]] mnamo 1 Juni.<ref name="storiedicalcio"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.figc.it/nazionali/DettaglioConvocato?codiceConvocato=199&squadra=1|title=Nazionale in cifre: Borel, Felice|publisher=FIGC|language=it|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> == Mtindo wa uchezaji == Borel mara nyingi alicheza kama mshambuliaji wa kati, na anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa washambuliaji bora zaidi wa muda wote nchini Italia na klabu ya Juventus. Alijulikana kwa kasi, kupiga mashuti, ufungaji mabao, chenga, uchezaji wa kitimu, na uwezo mkubwa wa kiufundi. Mwishoni mwa kazi yake, alicheza pia kama kiungo mshambuliaji. Hata hivyo, pamoja na uwezo wake mkubwa, alikuwa mchezaji aliyepatwa na majeraha mara kwa mara.<ref name="storiedicalcio"/><ref name="tuttojuve"/><ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/felice-placido-borel_%28Enciclopedia-dello-Sport%29/ |title=BOREL, Felice Placido |publisher=Treccani: Enciclopedia del Calcio (2002) |language=it |last1=Garanzini |first1=Gigi |access-date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> == Baada ya kustaafu == Katika msimu wa 1958–59, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa kiufundi wa klabu ya [[Calcio Catania]].<ref name=enciclopediadelcalcio.it/> == Maisha ya binafsi == Kaka yake Felice, [[Aldo Borel]], alikuwa mchezaji wa soka la kulipwa aliyecheza misimu 10 katika [[Serie A]], na baba yao [[Ernesto Borel]] alichezea klabu za [[A.S.D. Biellese 1902|Biellese]], [[A.S. Cannes]], na [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] katika miaka ya 1900 na 1910, na baadaye alihudumu kama kocha. Ili kuwatofautisha ndugu hao wawili, Aldo aliitwa '''Borel I''' na Felice aliitwa '''Borel II'''.<ref name="tuttojuve"/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] aepgx1s8puek4rokyy9f68p8wzazeg1 0 250699 1599315 1599222 2026-09-23T13:45:08Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1599315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Todd Hamilton''' (alizaliwa [[18 Oktoba]] [[1965]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Galesburg, [[Illinois]]. Alishinda The Open Championship mwaka [[2004]] huko Royal Troon, akimshinda Ernie Els katika playoff. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Kabla ya ushindi wake mkubwa, alicheza kwa miaka mingi katika Japan Golf Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ihsa.org/Sports-Activities/Boys-Golf/Records-History?url=/data/gob/records/index.htm |title=Records & History: Boys Golf Medalists |publisher=Illinois High School Association }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIei0t62ldIC |title=Heineken World of Golf 93 |first=Nick |last=Edmund |publisher=Stanley Paul |date=1993 |isbn=0091781000 |page=170}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 18vep0zc58bwor78tuhfudf6rog2rpf 0 250708 1599313 1598822 2026-09-23T13:43:02Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1599313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullah Adil''' (alizaliwa 7 Februari 1994) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeshiriki katika kriketi ya daraja la kwanza. Alishiriki katika [[Michezo]] ya Asia ya 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdullah Adil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/533954.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na Afghanistan A dhidi ya [[Zimbabwe]] A wakati wa ziara ya Afghanistan nchini Zimbabwe, tarehe 27 Januari 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=1st unofficial ODI: Zimbabwe A v Afghanistan A at Harare, Jan 27, 2017 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079256.html|work=Cricinfo|language=en|access-date=2026-09-22}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Speen Ghar Tigers katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 17 Septemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] kmt9ai6943x8zazgmyzakx7ebzglvsi 0 250710 1599314 1598843 2026-09-23T13:43:37Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1599314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad Sami Agha''' (alizaliwa 17 Juni 1989) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Sami ni mpigaji wa kulia. Alizaliwa Kandahar, Mkoa wa Kandahar. Sami alicheza mchezo mmoja pekee kwa ajili ya Afghanistan dhidi ya Hong Kong katika robo fainali ya mashindano ya kriketi katika Michezo ya Asia ya 2010. Afghanistan hatimaye ilishinda medali ya fedha. Sami alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Afghan Cheetahs katika [[Kombe]] la Faysal Bank Twenty-20, dhidi ya Rawalpindi Rams. Alicheza mchezo mwingine katika mashindano hayo dhidi ya Faisalabad Wolves.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1053/1053524/Twenty20_Matches.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2026-09-22}}</ref> Katika michezo hiyo miwili, alifunga jumla ya runs 10 kwa wastani wa 5.00, huku alama yake ya juu ikiwa runs 10. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Boost Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 26 Oktoba 2017.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1053/1053524/tt_Batting_by_Team.html "Twenty20 Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Mohammad Sami".] CricketArchive. Retrieved 30 September 2011.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4sqagf422s4dxy53bmel4ktv02n5451 0 250750 1599295 1599154 2026-09-23T12:29:29Z Asterlegorch367 34615 /* */ Marekebisho madogo 1599295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za afya na za kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika la BSI linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini [[Tanzania]]. == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == *{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }} *{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] lpn4riwod21ozf9mt1khmlklp7gv9da 1599308 1599295 2026-09-23T13:24:58Z SciFusion 76137 1599308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za afya na za kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika la BSI linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }}</ref> == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }}</ref> == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] ly98wvk70jcol7l93wjgrwxykaexllv 1599309 1599308 2026-09-23T13:32:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clementina Chalamila''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa haki za afya na za kijamii nchini [[Tanzania]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' (BSI). Shirika la BSI linajihusisha na kuongeza uelewa wa umma kuhusu ugonjwa wa ngozi wa [[vitiligo]], kupinga unyanyapaa na kutetea fursa sawa kwa watu wanaoishi na hali hiyo nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond the patches: Clementina Chalamila's fight to change how Tanzanians see vitiligo |url=https://ippmedia.co.tz/the-guardian/features/read/beyond-the-patches-clementina-chalamilas-fight-to-change-how-tanzanians-sees-vitiligo-2026-08-03-122421 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=IPP Media |date=3 Agosti 2026 |access-date=23 Septemba 2026 }}</ref> == Harakati na Uongozi == Chalamila alianza kuishi na hali ya vitiligo tangu akiwa mtoto mwenye umri wa miaka saba. Baada ya kukabiliana na changamoto za unyanyapaa na changamoto za kisaikolojia katika mfumo wa elimu na jamii, aliamua kuanzisha taasisi ya ''Beyond Skin Initiative'' ili kuelimisha umma. Pamoja na harakati za kijamii, Chalamila amekuwa akipaza sauti kuitaka serikali na wadau wa afya kutoa matibabu na ushauri wa kisaikolojia bila malipo kwa watu wanaoishi na vitiligo nchini Tanzania, pamoja na kuhamasisha jamii kuacha ubaguzi na kuwachukulia watu hao kwa heshima.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chalamila calls for public awareness to end stigma facing people with vitiligo |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/chalamila-calls-for-public-awareness-to-end-stigma-facing-people-with-vitiligo/ |work=Daily News |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=23 September 2026 }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Instagram|beyondskin__initiative|Beyond Skin Initiative}} {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] r4vglw7cffxdy66mou9b48eo5ut9oq3 0 250787 1599317 1599180 2026-09-23T13:57:42Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Inforbox ya Mchezaji 1599317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |jinalamchezaji = Julián Álvarez |picha = [[File:Julian Alvarez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-052 (cropped).jpg|noborder|250px]] |caption = Álvarez katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026|Kombe la Dunia 2026]] |jinakamili = Julián Álvarez |tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|2000|1|31|df=yes}} |mjialiozaliwa = Calchín |nchialiozaliwa = [[Argentina]] |urefu = {{height|m=1.70}} |nafasi = [[Mshambuliaji]] |klabuyasasa = [[Atlético Madrid]] |nambayaklabu = 19 |miakayaujana = 2014–2016 |Timuzaujana = Atlético Calchín |miakayaujana2 = 2016–2018 |Timuzaujana2 = [[River Plate]] |katikaklabu = Klabu za wakubwa* |years1 = 2018–2022 |clubs1 = [[River Plate]] |caps1 = 74 |goals1 = 34 |years2 = 2022–2024 |clubs2 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |caps2 = 67 |goals2 = 20 |nationalyears1 = 2018–2019 |nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 |nationalcaps1 = 15 |nationalgoals1 = 2 |nationalyears2 = 2019–2021 |nationalteam2 = Argentina U23 |nationalcaps2 = 9 |nationalgoals2 = 2 |nationalyears3 = 2024 |nationalteam3 = Argentina Olimpiki |nationalcaps3 = 4 |nationalgoals3 = 0 |nationalyears4 = 2021– |nationalteam4 = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Argentina|Argentina]] |nationalcaps4 = 60 |nationalgoals4 = 15 |nationalyears5 = 2024– |nationalteam5 = [[Atlético Madrid]] |nationalcaps5 = 69 |nationalgoals5 = 25 |medaltemplates = |club-update = 23 Septemba 2026 |nationalteam-update = 23 Septemba 2026 }} '''Julian Alvarez''' (alizaliwa 31 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya [[Hispania|Uhispania]] (La Liga) na timu ya taifa ya [[Argentina]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa washambuliaji bora zaidi duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/person/player/best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Alvarez alianza kazi yake ya soka nchini Argentina katika chuo cha vijana cha [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], ambapo alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018. Alidumu klabuni hapo kwa misimu minne na kutwaa Kombe la Argentina linaloandaliwa na shirikisho la nchi hiyo, kombe la klabu bingwa barani amerika kusini, na Ligi Kuu ya Argentina mwaka 2021 akiwa mfungaji bora wa mashindano hayo, kisha akachaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Amerika Kusini. Mwaka 2022 alijiunga na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], ambapo alishinda mataji matatu makubwa kwa msimu mmoja Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza , Kombe la FA , na ligi mabingwa ya ulaya katika msimu wake wa kwanza, kabla ya kuhamia Atletico Madrid mwaka 2024 kwa ada iliyoweka rekodi ya klabu hiyo ya karibu euro milioni 95. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Alvarez aliiwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana kabla ya kucheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2021. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Copa Amerika]] mwaka 2021, Finalissima 2022 ambapo hukutanisha bingwa wa ulaya na bingwa wa Amerika kusini, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], Copa Amerika 2024, na kufika fainali ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] alfr3h9ndkik3tprkjj9am7w4bvjz5l 1599318 1599317 2026-09-23T14:00:29Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1599318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |jinalamchezaji = Julián Álvarez |picha = [[File:Julian Alvarez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-052 (cropped).jpg|noborder|250px]] |caption = Álvarez akiwa na [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026|Kombe la Dunia 2026]] |jinakamili = Julián Álvarez |tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|2000|1|31|df=yes}} |mjialiozaliwa = Calchín |nchialiozaliwa = [[Argentina]] |urefu = {{height|m=1.70}} |nafasi = [[Mshambuliaji]] |klabuyasasa = [[Atlético Madrid]] |nambayaklabu = 19 |miakayaujana = 2014–2016 |Timuzaujana = Atlético Calchín |miakayaujana2 = 2016–2018 |Timuzaujana2 = [[River Plate]] |katikaklabu = Klabu za wakubwa* |years1 = 2018–2022 |clubs1 = [[River Plate]] |caps1 = 74 |goals1 = 34 |years2 = 2022–2024 |clubs2 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |caps2 = 67 |goals2 = 20 |nationalyears1 = 2018–2019 |nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 |nationalcaps1 = 15 |nationalgoals1 = 2 |nationalyears2 = 2019–2021 |nationalteam2 = Argentina U23 |nationalcaps2 = 9 |nationalgoals2 = 2 |nationalyears3 = 2024 |nationalteam3 = Argentina Olimpiki |nationalcaps3 = 4 |nationalgoals3 = 0 |nationalyears4 = 2021– |nationalteam4 = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] |nationalcaps4 = 60 |nationalgoals4 = 15 |nationalyears5 = 2024– |nationalteam5 = [[Atlético Madrid]] |nationalcaps5 = 69 |nationalgoals5 = 25 |medaltemplates = |club-update = 23 Septemba 2026 |nationalteam-update = 23 Septemba 2026 }} '''Julian Alvarez''' (alizaliwa 31 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya [[Hispania|Uhispania]] (La Liga) na timu ya taifa ya [[Argentina]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa washambuliaji bora zaidi duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/person/player/best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Alvarez alianza kazi yake ya soka nchini Argentina katika chuo cha vijana cha [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], ambapo alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018. Alidumu klabuni hapo kwa misimu minne na kutwaa Kombe la Argentina linaloandaliwa na shirikisho la nchi hiyo, kombe la klabu bingwa barani amerika kusini, na Ligi Kuu ya Argentina mwaka 2021 akiwa mfungaji bora wa mashindano hayo, kisha akachaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Amerika Kusini. Mwaka 2022 alijiunga na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], ambapo alishinda mataji matatu makubwa kwa msimu mmoja Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza , Kombe la FA , na ligi mabingwa ya ulaya katika msimu wake wa kwanza, kabla ya kuhamia Atletico Madrid mwaka 2024 kwa ada iliyoweka rekodi ya klabu hiyo ya karibu euro milioni 95. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Alvarez aliiwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana kabla ya kucheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2021. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Copa Amerika]] mwaka 2021, Finalissima 2022 ambapo hukutanisha bingwa wa ulaya na bingwa wa Amerika kusini, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], Copa Amerika 2024, na kufika fainali ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] dca1jlv9zoqkgeohy5szpjr9jz7sz2h 1599673 1599318 2026-09-23T19:01:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1599673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |jinalamchezaji = Julián Álvarez |picha = [[File:Julian Alvarez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-052 (cropped).jpg|noborder|250px]] |caption = Álvarez akiwa na [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026|Kombe la Dunia 2026]] |jinakamili = Julián Álvarez |tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|2000|1|31|df=yes}} |mjialiozaliwa = Calchín |nchialiozaliwa = [[Argentina]] |urefu = {{height|m=1.70}} |nafasi = [[Mshambuliaji]] |klabuyasasa = [[Atlético Madrid]] |nambayaklabu = 19 |miakayaujana = 2014–2016 |Timuzaujana = Atlético Calchín |miakayaujana2 = 2016–2018 |Timuzaujana2 = [[River Plate]] |katikaklabu = Klabu za wakubwa* |years1 = 2018–2022 |clubs1 = [[River Plate]] |caps1 = 74 |goals1 = 34 |years2 = 2022–2024 |clubs2 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |caps2 = 67 |goals2 = 20 |nationalyears1 = 2018–2019 |nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 |nationalcaps1 = 15 |nationalgoals1 = 2 |nationalyears2 = 2019–2021 |nationalteam2 = Argentina U23 |nationalcaps2 = 9 |nationalgoals2 = 2 |nationalyears3 = 2024 |nationalteam3 = Argentina Olimpiki |nationalcaps3 = 4 |nationalgoals3 = 0 |nationalyears4 = 2021– |nationalteam4 = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] |nationalcaps4 = 60 |nationalgoals4 = 15 |nationalyears5 = 2024– |nationalteam5 = [[Atlético Madrid]] |nationalcaps5 = 69 |nationalgoals5 = 25 |medaltemplates = |club-update = 23 Septemba 2026 |nationalteam-update = 23 Septemba 2026 }} '''Julian Alvarez''' (alizaliwa 31 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya [[Hispania|Uhispania]] (La Liga) na timu ya taifa ya [[Argentina]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa washambuliaji bora zaidi duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/person/player/best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=22 September 2026}}</ref> Alvarez alianza kazi yake ya soka nchini Argentina katika chuo cha vijana cha [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], ambapo alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018. Alidumu klabuni hapo kwa misimu minne na kutwaa Kombe la Argentina linaloandaliwa na shirikisho la nchi hiyo, kombe la klabu bingwa barani amerika kusini, na Ligi Kuu ya Argentina mwaka 2021 akiwa mfungaji bora wa mashindano hayo, kisha akachaguliwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa Amerika Kusini. Mwaka 2022 alijiunga na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], ambapo alishinda mataji matatu makubwa kwa msimu mmoja Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza, Kombe la FA, na ligi mabingwa ya ulaya katika msimu wake wa kwanza, kabla ya kuhamia Atletico Madrid mwaka 2024 kwa ada iliyoweka rekodi ya klabu hiyo ya karibu euro milioni 95. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Alvarez aliiwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana kabla ya kucheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2021. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa [[Copa Amerika]] mwaka 2021, Finalissima 2022 ambapo hukutanisha bingwa wa ulaya na bingwa wa Amerika kusini, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], Copa Amerika 2024, na kufika fainali ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] d8c909s72uxm3i5gb3bvart1dasfo25 0 250789 1599320 1599227 2026-09-23T14:04:00Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Inforbox ya Mchezaji 1599320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |jinalamchezaji = Lautaro Martínez |picha = [[File:Lautaro Martinez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-049 (cropped).jpg|noborder|250px]] |caption = Martínez akiwa na [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] mwaka 2026 |jinakamili = Lautaro Javier Martínez |tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1997|8|22|df=yes}} |mjialiozaliwa = Bahía Blanca |nchialiozaliwa = [[Argentina]] |urefu = {{height|m=1.74}} |nafasi = [[Mshambuliaji]] |klabuyasasa = [[Inter Milan|Inter Milan]] |nambayaklabu = 10 |miakayaujana = 2013–2014 |Timuzaujana = Liniers |miakayaujana2 = 2014–2015 |Timuzaujana2 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] |katikaklabu = Klabu za wakubwa* |years1 = 2015–2018 |clubs1 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] |caps1 = 48 |goals1 = 22 |years2 = 2018– |clubs2 = [[Inter Milan|Inter Milan]] |caps2 = 267 |goals2 = 132 |nationalyears1 = 2017 |nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 |nationalcaps1 = 11 |nationalgoals1 = 7 |nationalyears2 = 2018– |nationalteam2 = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] |nationalcaps2 = 84 |nationalgoals2 = 4 |nationalyears3 = |nationalteam3 = |nationalcaps3 = |nationalgoals3 = |nationalyears4 = |nationalteam4 = |nationalcaps4 = |nationalgoals4 = |nationalyears5 = |nationalteam5 = |nationalcaps5 = |nationalgoals5 = |medaltemplates = |club-update = 23 Septemba 2026 |nationalteam-update = 23 Septemba 2026 }} '''Lautaro Javier Martinez''' (alizaliwa 22 Agosti [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya [[Inter Milan]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya [[Italia]] ([[Serie A]]), ambapo pia ni nahodha wa klabu hiyo, pamoja na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Argentina. Anajulikana kwa jitihada zake uwanjani, uwezo mkubwa wa kufunga mabao, na mbinu za kimpira, na anachukuliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama mmoja wa washambuliaji bora duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-20-best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="espn">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45178073/2025-fc-100 |title=FC 100: The best centre-forwards in men's football |publisher=ESPN |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref> ==Maisha== Martinez alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Argentina, kabla ya kusajiliwa na Inter Milan mwaka 2018 kwa ada ya euro milioni 22.7. Katika msimu wake wa pili klabuni hapo, aliisaidia timu hiyo kufika fainali ya Ligi ya Ulaya ya UEFA (UEFA Europa League) ya mwaka 2020 kabla ya kuunda safu kali ya ushambuliaji akishirikiana na [[Romelu Lukaku]] na kuisaidia Inter kutwaa taji lao la kwanza la Serie A baada ya miaka 11 katika msimu wa 2020–21. Baada ya Lukaku kuondoka klabuni hapo, Martinez alikua mshambuliaji mkuu wa Inter. Tangu wakati huo ameshinda mataji mengine mawili ya Serie A na makombe matatu ya [[Coppa Italia]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kutwaa mataji mawili kwa pamoja katika msimu wa 2025–26. Katika fainali ya Coppa Italia ya mwaka 2023, alifunga mabao yote miwili ya Inter katika ushindi wa 2–1. Pia alikuwa sehemu muhimu ya klabu hiyo ilipofika fainali za ligi mabingwa ya ulaya miaka ya [[2023 UEFA Champions League final|2023]] na 2025. Kibinafsi, Martinez alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2023–24 na Mshambuliaji Bora wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2025–26. Pia alimaliza kama mfungaji bora wa ligi hiyo katika misimu ya 2023–24 na 2025–26. Hivi sasa Martinez anashika nafasi ya tatu kati ya wachezaji waliofunga mabao mengi zaidi katika historia ya klabu ya Inter Milan. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Martinez alianza kuwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana, akicheza katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 20 la FIFA mwaka 2017 na Mashindano ya Vijana ya Amerika Kusini ya chini ya umri wa miaka 20 mwaka 2017. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018 na ameshinda mashindano ya [[Copa Amerika]] 2021, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], na Copa Amerika 2024, ambapo alitwaa tuzo ya mfungaji bora na kufunga bao la ushindi katika fainali hiyo. Pia alikuwa katika kikosi cha Argentina kilichoshika nafasi ya pili katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] im38x26zyof6i218csof1apu6pn55tl 1600023 1599320 2026-09-24T10:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |jinalamchezaji = Lautaro Martínez |picha = [[File:Lautaro Martinez Argentina v Spain 19 July 2026-049 (cropped).jpg|noborder|250px]] |caption = Martínez akiwa na [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] mwaka 2026 |jinakamili = Lautaro Javier Martínez |tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1997|8|22|df=yes}} |mjialiozaliwa = Bahía Blanca |nchialiozaliwa = [[Argentina]] |urefu = {{height|m=1.74}} |nafasi = [[Mshambuliaji]] |klabuyasasa = [[Inter Milan|Inter Milan]] |nambayaklabu = 10 |miakayaujana = 2013–2014 |Timuzaujana = Liniers |miakayaujana2 = 2014–2015 |Timuzaujana2 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] |katikaklabu = Klabu za wakubwa* |years1 = 2015–2018 |clubs1 = [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] |caps1 = 48 |goals1 = 22 |years2 = 2018– |clubs2 = [[Inter Milan|Inter Milan]] |caps2 = 267 |goals2 = 132 |nationalyears1 = 2017 |nationalteam1 = Argentina U20 |nationalcaps1 = 11 |nationalgoals1 = 7 |nationalyears2 = 2018– |nationalteam2 = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina|Argentina]] |nationalcaps2 = 84 |nationalgoals2 = 4 |nationalyears3 = |nationalteam3 = |nationalcaps3 = |nationalgoals3 = |nationalyears4 = |nationalteam4 = |nationalcaps4 = |nationalgoals4 = |nationalyears5 = |nationalteam5 = |nationalcaps5 = |nationalgoals5 = |medaltemplates = |club-update = 23 Septemba 2026 |nationalteam-update = 23 Septemba 2026 }} '''Lautaro Javier Martinez''' (alizaliwa 22 Agosti [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] anayecheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya [[Inter Milan]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya [[Italia]] ([[Serie A]]), ambapo pia ni nahodha wa klabu hiyo, pamoja na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Argentina. Anajulikana kwa jitihada zake uwanjani, uwezo mkubwa wa kufunga mabao, na mbinu za kimpira, na anachukuliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama mmoja wa washambuliaji bora duniani.<ref name="fourfourtwo">{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-20-best-strikers-in-the-world |title=Ranked! The 20 best strikers in the world |publisher=FourFourTwo |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="espn">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45178073/2025-fc-100 |title=FC 100: The best centre-forwards in men's football |publisher=ESPN |language=English |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref> ==Maisha== Martinez alianza kazi yake ya soka katika klabu ya [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Argentina, kabla ya kusajiliwa na Inter Milan mwaka 2018 kwa ada ya euro milioni 22.7. Katika msimu wake wa pili klabuni hapo, aliisaidia timu hiyo kufika fainali ya Ligi ya Ulaya ya UEFA (UEFA Europa League) ya mwaka 2020 kabla ya kuunda safu kali ya ushambuliaji akishirikiana na [[Romelu Lukaku]] na kuisaidia Inter kutwaa taji lao la kwanza la Serie A baada ya miaka 11 katika msimu wa 2020–21. Baada ya Lukaku kuondoka klabuni hapo, Martinez alikua mshambuliaji mkuu wa Inter. Tangu wakati huo ameshinda mataji mengine mawili ya Serie A na makombe matatu ya [[Coppa Italia]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kutwaa mataji mawili kwa pamoja katika msimu wa 2025–26. Katika fainali ya Coppa Italia ya mwaka 2023, alifunga mabao yote miwili ya Inter katika ushindi wa 2–1. Pia alikuwa sehemu muhimu ya klabu hiyo ilipofika fainali za ligi mabingwa ya ulaya miaka ya [[2023 UEFA Champions League final|2023]] na 2025. Kibinafsi, Martinez alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2023–24 na Mshambuliaji Bora wa Serie A katika msimu wa 2025–26. Pia alimaliza kama mfungaji bora wa ligi hiyo katika misimu ya 2023–24 na 2025–26. Hivi sasa Martinez anashika nafasi ya tatu kati ya wachezaji waliofunga mabao mengi zaidi katika historia ya klabu ya Inter Milan. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Martinez alianza kuwakilisha Argentina katika timu za vijana, akicheza katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 20 la FIFA mwaka 2017 na Mashindano ya Vijana ya Amerika Kusini ya chini ya umri wa miaka 20 mwaka 2017. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa mwaka 2018 na ameshinda mashindano ya [[Copa Amerika]] 2021, [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022]], na Copa Amerika 2024, ambapo alitwaa tuzo ya mfungaji bora na kufunga bao la ushindi katika fainali hiyo. Pia alikuwa katika kikosi cha Argentina kilichoshika nafasi ya pili katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] 9wfnobp207acen9e4a5gmlydes8wvn2 0 250790 1599304 1599275 2026-09-23T12:50:48Z Ally0111 85292 1599304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barton Holan Bryant''' (alizaliwa [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Memorial Tournament mwaka [[2005]] na Tour Championship mwaka [[2005]]. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour.<ref name="st">{{cite web|title=Bart Bryant profile |publisher=The Sand Trap.com |first=Jeff |last=Smith |date=January 20, 2006 |url=http://thesandtrap.com/profiles/bart_bryant |accessdate=August 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201200025/http://thesandtrap.com/profiles/bart_bryant/ |archivedate=December 1, 2008 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hu8e76oa7eg9a3u635gc5k1w0usudhd 0 250792 1599316 2026-09-23T13:47:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Theotimo wa Tomi''' ([[karne ya 4]] - [[Tomi]], leo [[Constanţa]], [[Romania]], [[407]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14775a.htm Vailhé, Siméon. "Tomi." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 November 2021 {{PD-notice}}</ref> kuanzia mwaka [[392]]. Alikuwa [[rafiki]] wa [[Yohane Krisostomo]] na alijitahidi kuongoa [[Wahunni]]. Pia aliandika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vifupi....' 1599316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theotimo wa Tomi''' ([[karne ya 4]] - [[Tomi]], leo [[Constanţa]], [[Romania]], [[407]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14775a.htm Vailhé, Siméon. "Tomi." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 November 2021 {{PD-notice}}</ref> kuanzia mwaka [[392]]. Alikuwa [[rafiki]] wa [[Yohane Krisostomo]] na alijitahidi kuongoa [[Wahunni]]. Pia aliandika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vifupi. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]<ref>[https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2016/04/20/103714-saint-theotimus-bishop-of-lesser-scythia "Saint Theotimus, Bishop of Lesser Scythia", OCA]</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa kila [[mwaka]] [[tarehe]] [[20 Aprili]] au [[4 Septemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] * [[Babu wa Kanisa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 4]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 407]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Romania]] 3bn8rumm3lfzvn2mweefyfkik6gwbtm 0 250793 1599319 2026-09-23T14:03:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hormisda wa Uajemi''' (pia: '''Hormizd'''; [[Uajemi]], [[370]] hivi - [[420]] hivi) alikuwa [[afisa]] muhimu wa Uajemi, aliyeondolewa madaraka yake <ref>Butler Alban, Charles Butler, ''The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments and Other Authentic Records'', Volume 8, ed 3, la Biblioteca Pubblica di New York, J. Moir, 1799, p. 134.</ref> na hatimaye kuuawa kwa [[ukatili]] kwa sababu ya ima...' 1599319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hormisda wa Uajemi''' (pia: '''Hormizd'''; [[Uajemi]], [[370]] hivi - [[420]] hivi) alikuwa [[afisa]] muhimu wa Uajemi, aliyeondolewa madaraka yake <ref>Butler Alban, Charles Butler, ''The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments and Other Authentic Records'', Volume 8, ed 3, la Biblioteca Pubblica di New York, J. Moir, 1799, p. 134.</ref> na hatimaye kuuawa kwa [[ukatili]] kwa sababu ya [[imani]] yake thabiti<ref>Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica. b. 5, c. 39.</ref> katika [[dhuluma]] ya [[mfalme]] [[Barham V]]<ref>Wigram W.A. ''An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church''. Giorgias Press, LLC, 2004, 118.</ref>. Habari zake ziliandikwa na [[Theodoreto wa Kuro]]<ref>Theodoret, “Historia Ecclesiastica: St. Hormisdas, a Persian martyr.” b. 5, c. 39.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian|title = Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> na wengineo<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007055424/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian |date=2015-10-07 }}</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Kanisa la Asiria|Waashuru]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>''La vie des saints : pour tous les jours de l'année, Tirée des meilleurs & des plus fidelles Auteurs''. tomo 3. Paris: Ghez Charles Robustel 1714, 311-314.</ref><ref>Theodoret, “Historia Ecclesiastica: St. Hormisdas, a Persian martyr.” b. 5, c. 39.</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[8 Agosti]]<ref>Roman Martyrology, Saint Homizd Persian and Martyr, Aug 08, 1583</ref><ref>''The Roman Martyrology'' published by Order of Gregory XIII Revised by the authority of Urban VIII, and Clement X, Afterwards, in the year 1749, Augmented and Corrected by Benedict XIV (Baltimore: John Murphy Company,) Revised Edition 1916, p. 237.</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=The roman martyrology | url=http://www.saintsbooks.net/books/The%20Roman%20Martyrology%20(1914).pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906075045/http://www.saintsbooks.net/books/The%20Roman%20Martyrology%20(1914).pdf | archive-date=2012-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5856|title=St. Hormisdas - Saints & Angels}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 370]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 420]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uajemi]] qo1ngjyodk1q3e0eih0b5j5o6wbb70z 1599462 1599319 2026-09-23T18:19:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1599462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hormisda wa Uajemi''' (pia: '''Hormizd'''; [[Uajemi]], [[370]] hivi - [[420]] hivi) alikuwa [[afisa]] muhimu wa Uajemi, aliyeondolewa madaraka yake <ref>Butler Alban, Charles Butler, ''The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments and Other Authentic Records'', Volume 8, ed 3, la Biblioteca Pubblica di New York, J. Moir, 1799, p. 134.</ref> na hatimaye kuuawa kwa [[ukatili]] kwa sababu ya [[imani]] yake thabiti<ref>Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica. b. 5, c. 39.</ref> katika [[dhuluma]] ya [[mfalme]] [[Barham V]]<ref>Wigram W.A. ''An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church''. Giorgias Press, LLC, 2004, 118.</ref>. Habari zake ziliandikwa na [[Theodoreto wa Kuro]]<ref>Theodoret, “Historia Ecclesiastica: St. Hormisdas, a Persian martyr.” b. 5, c. 39.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian|title = Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> na wengineo<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007055424/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-christian |date=2015-10-07 }}</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Kanisa la Asiria|Waashuru]] kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>''La vie des saints : pour tous les jours de l'année, Tirée des meilleurs & des plus fidelles Auteurs''. tomo 3. Paris: Ghez Charles Robustel 1714, 311-314.</ref><ref>Theodoret, “Historia Ecclesiastica: St. Hormisdas, a Persian martyr.” b. 5, c. 39.</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[8 Agosti]]<ref>Roman Martyrology, Saint Homizd Persian and Martyr, Aug 08, 1583</ref><ref>''The Roman Martyrology'' published by Order of Gregory XIII Revised by the authority of Urban VIII, and Clement X, Afterwards, in the year 1749, Augmented and Corrected by Benedict XIV (Baltimore: John Murphy Company,) Revised Edition 1916, p. 237.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title=The roman martyrology | url=http://www.saintsbooks.net/books/The%20Roman%20Martyrology%20(1914).pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906075045/http://www.saintsbooks.net/books/The%20Roman%20Martyrology%20(1914).pdf | archive-date=2012-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5856|title=St. Hormisdas - Saints & Angels}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 370]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 420]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uajemi]] otjnfm2cy5bujex2lfge4hsy8x14bdq 0 250794 1599321 2026-09-23T14:05:12Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Notah Ryan Begay III''' (alizaliwa [[14 Septemba]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]. Ni mchezaji wa kwanza wa asili ya Wahindi wa Marekani kushinda mataji ya PGA Tour, akishinda mashindano mawili mwaka [[1999]] na mmoja mwaka [[2000]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye NBC Sports na Golf Channel.<ref>[http://www.pgatour.com/players/r/?/02/00/29/media PG...' 1599321 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Notah Ryan Begay III''' (alizaliwa [[14 Septemba]] [[1972]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]. Ni mchezaji wa kwanza wa asili ya Wahindi wa Marekani kushinda mataji ya PGA Tour, akishinda mashindano mawili mwaka [[1999]] na mmoja mwaka [[2000]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye NBC Sports na Golf Channel.<ref>[http://www.pgatour.com/players/r/?/02/00/29/media PGA Tour Media Guide profile]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] g8x55i45lyu9owbk9qx746fv2dhp5w0 0 250795 1599322 2026-09-23T14:09:03Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ralph J. Guldahl''' (alizaliwa [[22 Novemba]] [[1911]] – alifariki [[11 Juni]] [[1987]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1937]], [[1938]]) na Masters Tournament mwaka [[1939]]. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=nytobrg>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/obituaries/ralph-guldahl-dies-at-75-golfer-dominated-tour-then-qui...' 1599322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ralph J. Guldahl''' (alizaliwa [[22 Novemba]] [[1911]] – alifariki [[11 Juni]] [[1987]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1937]], [[1938]]) na Masters Tournament mwaka [[1939]]. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=nytobrg>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/obituaries/ralph-guldahl-dies-at-75-golfer-dominated-tour-then-quit.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Ralph Guldahl dies at 75; golfer dominated tour, then quit |last=Thomas |first=Robert McG. Jr. |date= June 14, 1987 |access-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name=latobrg>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-18-sp-8070-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |last=Glick |first=Shav |title=A gentle man praised: Ralph Guldahl |date=June 18, 1987 |access-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1987]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] ey02bk6o3504d8ouqp30lbjapokce0g 1599323 1599322 2026-09-23T14:09:17Z Ally0111 85292 1599323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ralph J. Guldahl''' ( [[22 Novemba]] [[1911]] – [[11 Juni]] [[1987]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1937]], [[1938]]) na Masters Tournament mwaka [[1939]]. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=nytobrg>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/obituaries/ralph-guldahl-dies-at-75-golfer-dominated-tour-then-quit.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Ralph Guldahl dies at 75; golfer dominated tour, then quit |last=Thomas |first=Robert McG. Jr. |date= June 14, 1987 |access-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name=latobrg>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-18-sp-8070-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |last=Glick |first=Shav |title=A gentle man praised: Ralph Guldahl |date=June 18, 1987 |access-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1987]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] f94sb2s1xlswf1l5pt845hrqo57u7he 0 250796 1599324 2026-09-23T14:12:45Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Bennett Elliott Ferrier''' ( [[24 Februari]] [[1915]] – [[13 Juni]] [[1986]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Australia]]. Alizaliwa [[Sydney]], Australia. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1947]]. Alihamia [[Marekani]] na alishinda mataji 18 ya PGA Tour. <ref name=ajfrwgb>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nttOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3k4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2547%2C1938685 |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |last=H...' 1599324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Bennett Elliott Ferrier''' ( [[24 Februari]] [[1915]] – [[13 Juni]] [[1986]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Australia]]. Alizaliwa [[Sydney]], Australia. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1947]]. Alihamia [[Marekani]] na alishinda mataji 18 ya PGA Tour. <ref name=ajfrwgb>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nttOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3k4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2547%2C1938685 |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |last=Hoare |first=Willie |title=Australia's Jim Ferrier ranks with golf's best |date=28 June 1947 |page=13}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1915]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1986]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Australia]] dg7fcl9evq09ijz723k7souuz7hjj1n 0 250797 1599325 2026-09-23T14:16:22Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Scott Rachal Verplank''' (alizaliwa [[9 Julai]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2002]] na [[2006]]. Alishinda Western Open mwaka [[1985]] akiwa na mafanikio ambayo ni nadra sana.<ref name="tinovov">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6rMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U-8DAAAAIBAJ&...' 1599325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scott Rachal Verplank''' (alizaliwa [[9 Julai]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2002]] na [[2006]]. Alishinda Western Open mwaka [[1985]] akiwa na mafanikio ambayo ni nadra sana.<ref name="tinovov">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6rMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U-8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2400%2C2564232 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington |agency=Associated Press |title=Thorpe is not only victim of Verplank |date=August 5, 1985 |page=C1}}</ref><ref name="amotdpft">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4JFTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AIcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4098%2C2203782 |work=The Bulletin |location=Bend, Oregon |agency=UPI |title=Amateur outduels pro for title |date=August 5, 1985 |page=D2}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bpjg1ktau9rnag7dhira3eu72m2hxnn 0 250798 1599327 2026-09-23T14:18:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Puteaux_Notre-Dame-de-Pitié110999.JPG|thumb|Mt. Maurili na Mt. Renato katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]].]] '''Renato wa Angers''' (pia: '''Renatus, René'''; [[karne ya 4]] - [[Angers]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[karne ya 5]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha [[Maurili]] [[mwaka]] [[453]] <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/77300</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama m...' 1599327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Puteaux_Notre-Dame-de-Pitié110999.JPG|thumb|Mt. Maurili na Mt. Renato katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]].]] '''Renato wa Angers''' (pia: '''Renatus, René'''; [[karne ya 4]] - [[Angers]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[karne ya 5]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha [[Maurili]] [[mwaka]] [[453]] <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/77300</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[12 Novemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 4]] [[Category:Waliofariki karne ya 5]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] iq5tvfgqrg55zs8z6wmn3s51ix39yhm 1599330 1599327 2026-09-23T14:26:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1599330 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Quimper_-_Cathédrale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_133.jpg|thumb|Mt. Renato katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]].]] [[File:Puteaux_Notre-Dame-de-Pitié110999.JPG|thumb|Mt. Maurili na Mt. Renato katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]].]] '''Renato wa Angers''' (pia: '''Renatus, René'''; [[karne ya 5]] - [[Angers]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[karne ya 5]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha [[Maurili]] [[mwaka]] [[453]] <ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01489b.htm Goyau, Georges. "Angers." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]], akichanganywa pengine na [[Renato wa Sorrento]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/77300</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[12 Novemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} == Marejeo == * [[Albert Houtin]], ''Les origines de l’Église d'Angers. La légende de saint René'', Laval, éd. A. Goupil, 1901 * [[Albert Houtin]], ''La controverse de l'apostolicité des Églises de France au {{s-|XIX}}'', éd. Picard 1903 * Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis ediderunt socii Bollandiani, Bruxelles, s. n., 1898-1901, 3 t., xxxv + 1387 p. (ici t. 2, p. 1042, nos 7175-7181) [Gallica: t. 1, t. 2, t. 3] [GB: t. 1, t. 2, t. 3] [IA: t. 1, t. 2, t. 3] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 5]] [[Category:Waliofariki karne ya 5]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] iywt2j80o2zwbnbrgbt09lrawxtqcrs 0 250799 1599331 2026-09-23T14:26:48Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Thomas Andrade''' (alizaliwa [[26 Januari]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Bristol, [[Rhode Island]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Pia ameshinda mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa mashindano ya hisani ya CVS Charity Classic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Auclair |first=T. J. |title=How oversleeping led to golfer's lifelong friendship with Sandy Koufax |url=https://www.pga.com...' 1599331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Thomas Andrade''' (alizaliwa [[26 Januari]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Bristol, [[Rhode Island]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Pia ameshinda mataji 2 ya Champions Tour. Ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa mashindano ya hisani ya CVS Charity Classic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Auclair |first=T. J. |title=How oversleeping led to golfer's lifelong friendship with Sandy Koufax |url=https://www.pga.com/archive/how-oversleeping-led-golfers-lifelong-friendship-sandy-koufax |publisher=PGA of America |date=October 12, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7slzgiq70yty56s8zruoj3e2ty2dsdt 0 250800 1599332 2026-09-23T14:29:11Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Chad Campbell''' (alizaliwa [[31 Mei]] [[1974]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Andrews, [[Texas]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]] na [[2006]], na alishiriki katika Presidents Cup mwaka [[2005]] na [[2007]].<ref>[http://www.midland.edu/athletics/all-americans.php Midland College Athletics: All-American Athletes] {{webarchive |url=ht...' 1599332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Chad Campbell''' (alizaliwa [[31 Mei]] [[1974]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Andrews, [[Texas]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[2004]] na [[2006]], na alishiriki katika Presidents Cup mwaka [[2005]] na [[2007]].<ref>[http://www.midland.edu/athletics/all-americans.php Midland College Athletics: All-American Athletes] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131105138/http://www.midland.edu/athletics/all-americans.php |date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] roo9rzcc2k1v944cddwogxcwixokivm 0 250801 1599333 2026-09-23T14:32:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rocco Anthony Mediate''' (alizaliwa [[17 Desemba]] [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Greensburg, [[Pennsylvania]]. Alishinda mataji 6 ya PGA Tour. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kumfukuza Tiger Woods katika playoff ya mashimo 19 ya [[U.S. Open]] ya [[2008]] huko Torrey Pines, ambapo alishindwa. Alishinda pia mataji 3 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asapsports.com/show_interview.php?id=109...' 1599333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rocco Anthony Mediate''' (alizaliwa [[17 Desemba]] [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Greensburg, [[Pennsylvania]]. Alishinda mataji 6 ya PGA Tour. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kumfukuza Tiger Woods katika playoff ya mashimo 19 ya [[U.S. Open]] ya [[2008]] huko Torrey Pines, ambapo alishindwa. Alishinda pia mataji 3 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asapsports.com/show_interview.php?id=10977 |title=Transcript of Rocco Mediate news conference - Buick Open |date=August 11, 2000 |access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 97bwnkomzzwxj5a03h0e52fgekwjjs1 0 250802 1599334 2026-09-23T14:35:53Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bradford John Faxon Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]] [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Oceanport, New Jersey]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa wapiga puti bora katika historia ya gofu. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1995]] na [[1997]]. Alihudumu kama Rais wa PGA Tour mwaka [[2005]].<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=PGA Tour Profile – Brad F...' 1599334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bradford John Faxon Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]] [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Oceanport, New Jersey]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa wapiga puti bora katika historia ya gofu. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1995]] na [[1997]]. Alihudumu kama Rais wa PGA Tour mwaka [[2005]].<ref name=PGApro>{{cite web |title=PGA Tour Profile – Brad Faxon |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01329.html |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rkuywv1yk1zmilzmcblhys2hyfnvdc2 0 250803 1599337 2026-09-23T14:42:06Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edwin Reuben Hawkins''' ([[19 Agosti]], [[1943]] – [[15 Januari]], [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa injili, mpiga piano, [[mwimbaji]], kiongozi wa kwaya, mtunzi wa muziki, na mpangaji wa muziki.<ref name="CBI">{{cite web|title=Edwin Reuben Hawkins, Born 08/18/1943 in California|author=California Birth Index|publisher=California Birth Index |url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/edwin_reuben_hawkins_born_1943_2641...' 1599337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edwin Reuben Hawkins''' ([[19 Agosti]], [[1943]] – [[15 Januari]], [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa injili, mpiga piano, [[mwimbaji]], kiongozi wa kwaya, mtunzi wa muziki, na mpangaji wa muziki.<ref name="CBI">{{cite web|title=Edwin Reuben Hawkins, Born 08/18/1943 in California|author=California Birth Index|publisher=California Birth Index |url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/edwin_reuben_hawkins_born_1943_2641863|access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p73463/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Edwin Hawkins|last=Ankeny|first=Jason|publisher=[[All Media Guide|AMG]]|access-date=May 8, 2010}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1943|2018}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ctd3umoyynyrqtydxcsn05otlxcoltk 0 250804 1599339 2026-09-23T14:46:21Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Leroy "Johnny" Heartsman''' ([[9 Februari]], [[1936]] – [[27 Desemba]], [[1996]])<ref name="bare">{{cite book| first1= Bob| last1= Eagle| first2= Eric S.| last2= LeBlanc| year= 2013| title= Blues: A Regional Experience| publisher= Praeger | location= Santa Barbara, California| pages=402 | isbn= 978-0313344237}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]] wa blues ya umeme na soul blues.<ref name="AMG">{{cite web|author=D...' 1599339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Leroy "Johnny" Heartsman''' ([[9 Februari]], [[1936]] – [[27 Desemba]], [[1996]])<ref name="bare">{{cite book| first1= Bob| last1= Eagle| first2= Eric S.| last2= LeBlanc| year= 2013| title= Blues: A Regional Experience| publisher= Praeger | location= Santa Barbara, California| pages=402 | isbn= 978-0313344237}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Marekani]] wa blues ya umeme na soul blues.<ref name="AMG">{{cite web|author=Dahl. Bill |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/johnny-heartsman-mn0000241784/biography |title=Johnny Heartsman: Biography |publisher=AllMusic.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-26}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1936|1996}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] l64upeho8pr9b2kn0718l4uekt93391 0 250805 1599340 2026-09-23T14:51:17Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Claude Heater''' ([[25 Oktoba]], [[1927]] – [[28 Mei]], [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[opera]] wa [[Marekani]]. Pia anajulikana kwa kuigiza nafasi ya [[Yesu Kristo]] (ambaye hakutajwa katika orodha ya waigizaji) katika filamu ya kale ya mwaka 1959 ''Ben-Hur (1959 film)'', ambamo anaonyeshwa hasa akiwa ameugeuzia mgongo kamera. File:Claude Heater as Scarpia 1956.jpg.jpg|thumb|Heater akiwa Scarpia pamoja na Montserrat Caballé akiwa Tosca huko B...' 1599340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude Heater''' ([[25 Oktoba]], [[1927]] – [[28 Mei]], [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[opera]] wa [[Marekani]]. Pia anajulikana kwa kuigiza nafasi ya [[Yesu Kristo]] (ambaye hakutajwa katika orodha ya waigizaji) katika filamu ya kale ya mwaka 1959 ''Ben-Hur (1959 film)'', ambamo anaonyeshwa hasa akiwa ameugeuzia mgongo kamera. [[File:Claude Heater as Scarpia 1956.jpg.jpg|thumb|Heater akiwa Scarpia pamoja na Montserrat Caballé akiwa Tosca huko Basel mwaka 1956.]] Heater alifariki tarehe 28 Mei 2020 huko [[San Francisco]], [[California]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 92.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Mike|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/claude-heater-dead-opera-singer-who-played-jesus-ben-hur-was-92-1297404|title=Claude Heater, Opera Singer Who Played Jesus in 'Ben-Hur,' Dies at 92|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=June 5, 2020|accessdate=June 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Claude Heater 1927 - 2020|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx?n=claude-heater&pid=196301650|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605215345/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx?n=claude-heater&pid=196301650 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020|website=[[Legacy.com]] {{!}} Where Life Stories Live On}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1927|2020}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] bf52pamvytb8dp9bc1c101ftfimkkw1 0 250806 1599341 2026-09-23T14:52:57Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paul Scott Runyan''' ( [[12 Julai]] [[1908]] – [[17 Machi]] [[2002]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Hot Springs, Arkansas]]. Alishinda [[PGA Championship]] mara mbili ([[1934]], [[1938]]) na [[U.S. Open]] mwaka [[1934]]. Alishinda mataji 29 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kupiga puti na alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa zama zake.<ref name="dance">{{cite book |title=Gettin' to th...' 1599341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Scott Runyan''' ( [[12 Julai]] [[1908]] – [[17 Machi]] [[2002]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Hot Springs, Arkansas]]. Alishinda [[PGA Championship]] mara mbili ([[1934]], [[1938]]) na [[U.S. Open]] mwaka [[1934]]. Alishinda mataji 29 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kupiga puti na alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa zama zake.<ref name="dance">{{cite book |title=Gettin' to the Dance Floor: An Oral History of American Golf |last=Barkow |first=Al |author-link=Al Barkow |year=1986 |publisher=[[Atheneum Books]] |isbn=978-0-689-11517-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/19/sports/paul-runyan-93-winner-of-29-events-on-pga-tour.html |title=Paul Runyan, 93, Winner Of 29 Events on PGA Tour |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 19, 2002 |access-date=December 24, 2010}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] t8gshulf4o4uocslt7ypk43w3z29cji 0 250807 1599342 2026-09-23T14:54:16Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thomas Allan Heath''' (alizaliwa [[31 Machi]], [[1947]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kama [[mwimbaji]] mkuu, mpiga gitaa la midundo, na mpiga kibodi mara kwa mara wa bendi Tommy Tutone, ambayo inajulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake wa mwaka 1981, "867-5309/Jenny".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chron.com/entertainment/music/article/tommy-tutone-s-heath-doesn-t-regret-jenny-2115256.php | author=Lacy, Mike | title= '867-5309' stil...' 1599342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Allan Heath''' (alizaliwa [[31 Machi]], [[1947]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kama [[mwimbaji]] mkuu, mpiga gitaa la midundo, na mpiga kibodi mara kwa mara wa bendi Tommy Tutone, ambayo inajulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake wa mwaka 1981, "867-5309/Jenny".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.chron.com/entertainment/music/article/tommy-tutone-s-heath-doesn-t-regret-jenny-2115256.php | author=Lacy, Mike | title= '867-5309' still rings Tutone singer | publisher=Knight Ridder | date=2002-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/where-are-they-now-1982s-biggest-pop-acts-20120808/tommy-tutone-0079633 | author=Staff | title= Where Are They Now? 1982's Biggest Pop Acts-Catch up with A Flock of Seagulls, Toni Basil, Tommy Tutone and more though | publisher=Rolling Stone | date=2012-08-08 | accessdate=2017-03-15}}</ref ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ljehc0ox8vlicx07fz9bd238weh7uyb 0 250808 1599343 2026-09-23T14:55:16Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Steven Charles Stricker''' (alizaliwa [[23 Februari]] [[1967]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Edgerton, [[Wisconsin]]. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda Comeback Player of the Year mara mbili ([[2006]], [[2007]]). Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2020]] na Presidents Cup mwaka [[2017]] na [[2021]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{...' 1599343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steven Charles Stricker''' (alizaliwa [[23 Februari]] [[1967]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Edgerton, [[Wisconsin]]. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda Comeback Player of the Year mara mbili ([[2006]], [[2007]]). Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2020]] na Presidents Cup mwaka [[2017]] na [[2021]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.golfrankingstats.com/player/Steve-Stricker |title=Official World Golf Ranking Advanced Statistics |work=Golfrankingstats.com |date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=July 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Steve Stricker born in Edgerton, Wis. |url=https://www.wisconsin.golf/steve-stricker-born-in-edgerton-wis/article_f57c0b5e-1f42-11e9-a3f3-6789032b3331.html |access-date=October 1, 2021 |website=Wisconsin.Golf}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6st2e7x4lfjyntjt2ts1yjhzd1mpzt3 1599789 1599343 2026-09-24T03:13:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steven Charles Stricker''' (alizaliwa [[23 Februari]] [[1967]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Edgerton, [[Wisconsin]]. Alishinda mataji 12 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda Comeback Player of the Year mara mbili ([[2006]], [[2007]]). Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2020]] na Presidents Cup mwaka [[2017]] na [[2021]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.golfrankingstats.com/player/Steve-Stricker |title=Official World Golf Ranking Advanced Statistics |work=Golfrankingstats.com |date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=July 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Steve Stricker born in Edgerton, Wis. |url=https://www.wisconsin.golf/steve-stricker-born-in-edgerton-wis/article_f57c0b5e-1f42-11e9-a3f3-6789032b3331.html |access-date=October 1, 2021 |website=Wisconsin.Golf}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jhr9w49uevr9l0au0gmok6a2cd0of31 0 250809 1599344 2026-09-23T14:59:15Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Allen Michael Doyle''' (alizaliwa [[26 Julai]] [[1948]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Woonsocket, [[Rhode Island]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2: U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2005]] na [[2006]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda U.S. Senior Open mara mbili mfululizo tangu Gary Player mwaka [[1987]] na [[1988]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Allen Doyle – Pr...' 1599344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allen Michael Doyle''' (alizaliwa [[26 Julai]] [[1948]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Woonsocket, [[Rhode Island]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2: U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2005]] na [[2006]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kushinda U.S. Senior Open mara mbili mfululizo tangu Gary Player mwaka [[1987]] na [[1988]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Allen Doyle – Profile |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.07267.allen-doyle.html/profile |access-date=November 18, 2018 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1995/05/08/202986/late-riser-at-46-allen-doyle-is-earning-kudos-and-big-money-as-the-oldest-rookie-on-the-nike-tour |title=Late Riser At 46, Allen Doyle Is Earning Kudos, And Big Money, As The Oldest Rookie On The Nike Tour |magazine=Sports Illustrated |first=Jill |last=Lieber |date=May 8, 1995}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6iwtl3h84a8hbmkpvok89achaifukxu 0 250810 1599345 2026-09-23T15:02:16Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Pablo Dorado | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Pablo Dorado (cropped).JPG | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Dorado akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Uruguay|Uruguay]] mwaka 1930 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|6|22}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|11|18|1908|6|22}}...' 1599345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Pablo Dorado | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Pablo Dorado (cropped).JPG | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Dorado akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Uruguay|Uruguay]] mwaka 1930 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|6|22}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|11|18|1908|6|22}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Pablo Aniceto Dorado Gallinares''' (22 Juni 1908 – 18 Novemba 1978) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]] aliyechezea timu ya taifa ya Uruguay.<ref name="AUF">{{cite web |title=Pablo Dorado |url=http://www.auf.org.uy/pablo-dorado/ |publisher=Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol |language=Spanish |accessdate=23 September 2026}}</ref> Ailiwakilisha nchi yake katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA mwaka 1930 na anajulikana zaidi kwa kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kuwahi kufunga bao katika fainali ya Kombe la Dunia. Katika fainali dhidi ya [[Argentina]], alifunga bao la kwanza la mchezo huo katika dakika ya 12, na kuifanya wenyeji Uruguay kuongoza kwa kupiga mpira uliopita katikati ya miguu ya mlinda mlango wa Argentina, [[Juan Botasso]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcupcollections.com/articulos/uru1930/fotos/goldorados.jpg |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 September 2026 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312023753/http://www.worldcupcollections.com/articulos/uru1930/fotos/goldorados.jpg |archivedate=12 March 2007}}</ref> Dorado alicheza soka la klabu katika klabu ya [[C.A. Bella Vista]] nchini Uruguay na [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] nchini Argentina (1931–1935). == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1978]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] d656sa2qqd5yzlmexpsx5btiupxtj4w 0 250811 1599346 2026-09-23T15:03:16Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bud Hobbs''' ([[16 Oktoba]], [[1919]] - [[18 Julai]], [[1958]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa country, ambaye mara nyingi hutajwa kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa awali wa mtindo wa Bakersfield.<ref>{{cite book |last=Romagnoli |first=Francesco |title=Cento anni di musica country: 1922–2022 |publisher=Arcana |location=Italy |year=2023 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Yardbarker |title=California country: 15...' 1599346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bud Hobbs''' ([[16 Oktoba]], [[1919]] - [[18 Julai]], [[1958]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa country, ambaye mara nyingi hutajwa kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa awali wa mtindo wa Bakersfield.<ref>{{cite book |last=Romagnoli |first=Francesco |title=Cento anni di musica country: 1922–2022 |publisher=Arcana |location=Italy |year=2023 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Yardbarker |title=California country: 15 songs that exemplify the Bakersfield sound |website=Yardbarker |url=https://www.yardbarker.com/entertainment/articles/california_country_15_songs_that_exemplify_the_bakersfield_sound/s1__40366263 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Americana UK |title=The Unsung Heroes of Americana – Bakersfield, California |website=Americana UK |url=https://americana-uk.com/the-unsung-heroes-of-americana-bakersfield-california |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=WNYC |title=Ask John Schaefer Anything: What Is The Bakersfield Sound? |website=WNYC |url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/asks-john-schaefer-anything-bakersfield-sound/ |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Longreads |title=Come Hear My Song |website=Longreads |url=https://longreads.com/2015/06/11/come-hear-my-song-2/ |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1919|1958}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 4khtgp2xdg4o8jqznlem86l6f4usjwo 0 250812 1599347 2026-09-23T15:07:21Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Hodo''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Richard Davis Hodo'''; [[7 Julai]], [[1947]], pia anajulikana kama '''David "Scar" Hodo''') ni mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mwanachama wa kikundi Village People, ambamo aliigiza mhusika wa mfanyakazi wa ujenzi kuanzia mwaka 1978 hadi 1982 na tena kuanzia mwaka 1987 hadi 2013.<ref name="PopMatters">{{cite news |last=Wikane |first=Christian John |date=May 29, 2014 |title=Under th...' 1599347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Hodo''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Richard Davis Hodo'''; [[7 Julai]], [[1947]], pia anajulikana kama '''David "Scar" Hodo''') ni mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mwanachama wa kikundi Village People, ambamo aliigiza mhusika wa mfanyakazi wa ujenzi kuanzia mwaka 1978 hadi 1982 na tena kuanzia mwaka 1987 hadi 2013.<ref name="PopMatters">{{cite news |last=Wikane |first=Christian John |date=May 29, 2014 |title=Under the Hard Hat: An Interview with Village People's David Hodo |url=https://www.popmatters.com/182364-under-the-hard-hat-an-interview-with-village-peoples-david-hodo-2495654587.html |work=Pop Matters |location=online |access-date=November 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Daniel |date=2024-12-08 |title=Former Village People member responds to founder denying 'Y.M.C.A.' is "gay anthem" |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/former-village-people-member-responds-to-founder-denying-y-m-c-a-is-gay-anthem-3820091 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 6qjc0bcd6u3j8vjq4w3eqh9iv4i2d93 1599408 1599347 2026-09-23T16:46:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Hodo''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Richard Davis Hodo'''; [[7 Julai]], [[1947]], pia anajulikana kama '''David "Scar" Hodo''') ni mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mwanachama wa kikundi Village People, ambamo aliigiza mhusika wa mfanyakazi wa ujenzi kuanzia mwaka 1978 hadi 1982 na tena kuanzia mwaka 1987 hadi 2013.<ref name="PopMatters">{{cite news |last=Wikane |first=Christian John |date=May 29, 2014 |title=Under the Hard Hat: An Interview with Village People's David Hodo |url=https://www.popmatters.com/182364-under-the-hard-hat-an-interview-with-village-peoples-david-hodo-2495654587.html |work=Pop Matters |location=online |access-date=November 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Peters |first=Daniel |date=2024-12-08 |title=Former Village People member responds to founder denying 'Y.M.C.A.' is "gay anthem" |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/former-village-people-member-responds-to-founder-denying-y-m-c-a-is-gay-anthem-3820091 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] im9r5ssba6ad4lrpgi6vuylmrnlrnm6 0 250813 1599348 2026-09-23T15:10:11Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:-sziget festival 2009 - day 3- brujeria (3868651120) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hoed akiwa na Brujeria (band) mwaka 2009]] '''Pat Hoed''' (amezaliwa [[3 Septemba]], [[1963]] huko [[Hollywood]], [[California]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtoa maoni wa mieleka ya kulipwa na mtangazaji wa redio.<ref>[http://www.alondra.com.ve/noticias.php?idnoti=695 Brujería dará show en Caracas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519005725/http://alondra.com.ve/notic...' 1599348 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:-sziget festival 2009 - day 3- brujeria (3868651120) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hoed akiwa na Brujeria (band) mwaka 2009]] '''Pat Hoed''' (amezaliwa [[3 Septemba]], [[1963]] huko [[Hollywood]], [[California]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtoa maoni wa mieleka ya kulipwa na mtangazaji wa redio.<ref>[http://www.alondra.com.ve/noticias.php?idnoti=695 Brujería dará show en Caracas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519005725/http://alondra.com.ve/noticias.php?idnoti=695 |date=2011-05-19 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1963|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 4xkiis389chrpbx193vhzlhy9i6ivw2 0 250814 1599350 2026-09-23T15:13:40Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eldon Wayne Hoke''' ([[23 Machi]], [[1958]] – [[19 Aprili]], [[1997]]), aliyepewa jina la utani '''El Duce''', alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kama mpiga ngoma na mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya rock ya kushtua Mentors (band), pamoja na vikundi vingine, vikiwemo Chinas Comidas na the Screamers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BI0v3TGjGcJ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BI0v3TGjGcJ |arch...' 1599350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eldon Wayne Hoke''' ([[23 Machi]], [[1958]] – [[19 Aprili]], [[1997]]), aliyepewa jina la utani '''El Duce''', alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kama mpiga ngoma na mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya rock ya kushtua Mentors (band), pamoja na vikundi vingine, vikiwemo Chinas Comidas na the Screamers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BI0v3TGjGcJ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BI0v3TGjGcJ |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=registration|title = Instagram post from August 8, 2016|last=@broysteve|publisher=[[Instagram]]|access-date=June 1, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arrow-player.com/the-el-duce-tapes|title = The el Duce Tapes}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1958|1997}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] svpifg2kahvmjftktll624e9ub824t1 1599423 1599350 2026-09-23T16:59:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eldon Wayne Hoke''' ([[23 Machi]], [[1958]] – [[19 Aprili]], [[1997]]), aliyepewa jina la utani '''El Duce''', alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kama mpiga ngoma na mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya rock ya kushtua Mentors (band), pamoja na vikundi vingine, vikiwemo Chinas Comidas na the Screamers.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BI0v3TGjGcJ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BI0v3TGjGcJ |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=registration|title = Instagram post from August 8, 2016|last=@broysteve|publisher=[[Instagram]]|access-date=June 1, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.arrow-player.com/the-el-duce-tapes|title = The el Duce Tapes}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1958|1997}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] krc0j0cskd2vfa1qh76ds53y83tzxz3 0 250815 1599351 2026-09-23T15:16:55Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hollace Shaw''' ([[24 Julai]], [[1913]] – [[2 Machi]], [[1976]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa soprano ya coloratur ambaye alitumbuiza kwenye redio za zamani na kwenye jukwaa.<ref name=rs>DeLong, Thomas A. (1996). ''Radio Stars: An Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of 953 Performers, 1920 through 1960''. McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-2834-2}}. P. 240.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hollace Shaw Wins Radio Talent Contest|url=https://www.newspap...' 1599351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hollace Shaw''' ([[24 Julai]], [[1913]] – [[2 Machi]], [[1976]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa soprano ya coloratur ambaye alitumbuiza kwenye redio za zamani na kwenye jukwaa.<ref name=rs>DeLong, Thomas A. (1996). ''Radio Stars: An Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of 953 Performers, 1920 through 1960''. McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-2834-2}}. P. 240.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hollace Shaw Wins Radio Talent Contest|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6309153/chino_champion/|work=Chino Champion|date=October 2, 1936|location=California, Chino|page=1|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|accessdate = August 20, 2016}} {{Open access}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1913|1976}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] kprze0k6gnme6lmn8h8zocoet6sfmys 0 250816 1599352 2026-09-23T15:20:41Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bryan Keith''' "'''Dexter'''" '''Holland''' (amezaliwa [[29 Desemba]], [[1965]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi mwenza, [[mwimbaji]] mkuu, mpiga gitaa la midundo, mtunzi mkuu wa nyimbo na mtunzi wa muziki, na mwanachama pekee wa kudumu wa bendi ya punk rock the Offspring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morning Minutes for Saturday, December 29 |url=http://www.littlefallstimes.com/x1665853898/Morning-Minutes-for-Saturday-...' 1599352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bryan Keith''' "'''Dexter'''" '''Holland''' (amezaliwa [[29 Desemba]], [[1965]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi mwenza, [[mwimbaji]] mkuu, mpiga gitaa la midundo, mtunzi mkuu wa nyimbo na mtunzi wa muziki, na mwanachama pekee wa kudumu wa bendi ya punk rock the Offspring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morning Minutes for Saturday, December 29 |url=http://www.littlefallstimes.com/x1665853898/Morning-Minutes-for-Saturday-December-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215062502/http://www.littlefallstimes.com/x1665853898/Morning-Minutes-for-Saturday-December-29 |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |publisher=[[The Times (Little Falls)]]}}</ref><ref>Amy Meyer, "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/dexter-holland-of-the-offspring-is-still-pretty-fly-13923968 Dexter Holland of The Offspring Is Still Pretty Fly]" ''Dallas Observer'', May 2, 2022; accessed 2023.12.12.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] s2jg9782wwtpn9gi8otzfl2zbdr85y2 1599411 1599352 2026-09-23T16:50:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bryan Keith''' "'''Dexter'''" '''Holland''' (amezaliwa [[29 Desemba]], [[1965]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi mwenza, [[mwimbaji]] mkuu, mpiga gitaa la midundo, mtunzi mkuu wa nyimbo na mtunzi wa muziki, na mwanachama pekee wa kudumu wa bendi ya punk rock the Offspring.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Morning Minutes for Saturday, December 29 |url=http://www.littlefallstimes.com/x1665853898/Morning-Minutes-for-Saturday-December-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215062502/http://www.littlefallstimes.com/x1665853898/Morning-Minutes-for-Saturday-December-29 |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |publisher=[[The Times (Little Falls)]]}}</ref><ref>Amy Meyer, "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/dexter-holland-of-the-offspring-is-still-pretty-fly-13923968 Dexter Holland of The Offspring Is Still Pretty Fly]" ''Dallas Observer'', May 2, 2022; accessed 2023.12.12.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] fseta8hx78irrt7g1u7q175iijagr95 0 250817 1599353 2026-09-23T15:24:23Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lester Townes''' "'''Bob'''" '''Hope''' ([[29 Mei]], [[1903]] – [[27 Julai]], [[2003]]) alikuwa mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mburudishaji na mtayarishaji wa [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa [[Uingereza]], ambaye kazi yake ilidumu karibu miaka 80 na kujumuisha mafanikio katika vaudeville, redio za kitaifa, televisheni na ziara za USO.<ref name=BobBirthPlace>{{cite web|title=Bob Hope birthplace for sale|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/99571.stm|...' 1599353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lester Townes''' "'''Bob'''" '''Hope''' ([[29 Mei]], [[1903]] – [[27 Julai]], [[2003]]) alikuwa mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mburudishaji na mtayarishaji wa [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa [[Uingereza]], ambaye kazi yake ilidumu karibu miaka 80 na kujumuisha mafanikio katika vaudeville, redio za kitaifa, televisheni na ziara za USO.<ref name=BobBirthPlace>{{cite web|title=Bob Hope birthplace for sale|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/99571.stm|website=BBC News|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name=BobBirthPlace2>{{cite web|title=Bob Hope – from Eltham to Hollywood|url=http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/nostalgia/10541810.Bob_Hope___from_Eltham_to_Hollywood/|website=newsshopper.co.uk|date=July 11, 2013 |access-date=May 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081207/http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/nostalgia/10541810.Bob_Hope___from_Eltham_to_Hollywood/|archive-date=May 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1903|2003}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 3fxutb9srkfw59o5q002i9hpyk57u66 0 250818 1599354 2026-09-23T15:28:52Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Pedro Cea | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Pedro Cea (1928).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Pedro Cea mwaka 1928 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1900|09|01}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Redondela]], Hispania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|1970|09|18|1900|09|01}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki =...' 1599354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Pedro Cea | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Pedro Cea (1928).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Pedro Cea mwaka 1928 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1900|09|01}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Redondela]], Hispania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|1970|09|18|1900|09|01}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.72 m | uzito = }} '''Jose Pedro Cea Urriza''' (1 Septemba 1900 – 18 Septemba 1970<ref>{{cite news |work=[[La Voz de Galicia]] |title=A selección galega de fútbol debutará frente a Uruguai nun partido especial para a diáspora |url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2005/10/20/100000079032.shtml |language=Galician |date=20 October 2005 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref>) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji, na baadaye akawa kocha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/27656 |title=Pedro Cea |work=Olympedia |language=English |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya klabu == Cea alizaliwa mjini [[Redondela]], nchini [[Uhispania]]. Katika ngazi ya klabu, alichezea [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]], ambapo alishinda mataji kadhaa ya ubingwa wa Uruguay. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Cea alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya taifa ya Uruguay mnamo Novemba 1923. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Uruguay kilichotwaa ubingwa katika Mashindano ya Amerika Kusini ya mwaka 1923. Mnamo mwaka 1924, Cea alitwaa tena ubingwa wa bara hilo wakati Uruguay iliposhinda taji lao la tano katika mashindano ya Amerika Kusini ya mwaka 1924. Cea alishinda medali za dhahabu katika Michezo ya olimpiki ya majira ya joto ya mwaka [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] na [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[El Norte (Monterrey)|El Norte]] |author=Lopez, Ismael |title=Pedro Cea: El peon de brega |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-3355537_ITM |language=Spanish |date=27 September 2001 |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="sr1">{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ce/pedro-cea-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418000046/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ce/pedro-cea-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Pedro Cea |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |language=English |access-date=23 September 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mfungaji bora wa Uruguay katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1930. Alifunga bao muhimu la kusawazisha katika fainali ya Kombe la Dunia dhidi ya [[Argentina]], na kufanya matokeo kuwa 2–2 katika dakika ya 57; Uruguay iliendelea na kushinda mechi hiyo kwa mabao 4–2. Pia alishinda tuzo ya kwanza kabisa ya kiatu cha fedha cha kombe la Dunia la FIFA. Cea alicheza mechi yake ya mwisho ya kimataifa mwaka 1932, akiwa ameichezea timu hiyo mara 27.<ref name="rsssf1">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/uru-recintlp.html |title=Appearances for Uruguay National Team |access-date=23 September 2026 |url-status=live |website=[[RSSSF]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605163643/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/uru-recintlp.html |archive-date=5 June 2009}}</ref> == Kazi ya ukocha == Cea alikuwa kocha wa timu ya taifa mnamo mwaka 1941 na 1942, akiiongoza timu hiyo kutwaa ubingwa wa mashindano ya Amerika Kusini ya mwaka 1942. == Kifo == Alifariki dunia mwaka 1970 akiwa na umri wa miaka 70 na siku 17.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Correo Uruguayo]] |title=Administración Nacional de Correos: Deportistas Olímpicos |url=http://www.correo.com.uy/index.asp?codpag=detProd&smen=filatelia&idp=251&s=1 |language=Spanish |access-date=23 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031210721/http://correo.com.uy/index.asp?codpag=detProd&smen=filatelia&idp=251&s=1 |archive-date=31 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1900]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] mocfznw59aicsh3youjhvtyl1pv94hs 0 250819 1599355 2026-09-23T15:31:06Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Image:LisaHopkins2008.jpg|thumb|right|Lisa Hopkins Seegmiller mwaka 2008]] '''Lisa Hopkins Seegmiller''' (alizaliwa [[1978]]), aliyetajwa kama '''Lisa Hopkins''' hadi mwaka 2008, ni [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa klasiki na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Simi Valley]], [[California]].<ref name=SFGate>Winn, Steven. [https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/About-the-Mimis-and-Rodolfos-2766306.php "About the Mimis and Rodolfos"], ''San Francisco Ch...' 1599355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:LisaHopkins2008.jpg|thumb|right|Lisa Hopkins Seegmiller mwaka 2008]] '''Lisa Hopkins Seegmiller''' (alizaliwa [[1978]]), aliyetajwa kama '''Lisa Hopkins''' hadi mwaka 2008, ni [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa klasiki na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Simi Valley]], [[California]].<ref name=SFGate>Winn, Steven. [https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/About-the-Mimis-and-Rodolfos-2766306.php "About the Mimis and Rodolfos"], ''San Francisco Chronicle'', September 29, 2002</ref><ref name=Yale>Schulman, Michael. {{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20130210080852/http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/6788?badlink=1|title="Hopkins '01 heads off to Broadway"}}, ''Yale Daily News'', February 7, 2003, Retrieved on July 8, 2008</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] h0w391vw019j2tenijdmgbj7142u712 0 250820 1599356 2026-09-23T15:34:50Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marilyn Berneice Horne''' (amezaliwa [[16 Januari]], [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Mike |date=January 16, 2023|title=Today's famous birthdays list for January 16, 2023 includes celebrities Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kate Moss|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2023/01/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-january-16-2023-includes-celebrities-lin-manuel-miranda-kate-moss.html |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[Cleveland.com]]}}</ref> ni [...' 1599356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marilyn Berneice Horne''' (amezaliwa [[16 Januari]], [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Mike |date=January 16, 2023|title=Today's famous birthdays list for January 16, 2023 includes celebrities Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kate Moss|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2023/01/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-january-16-2023-includes-celebrities-lin-manuel-miranda-kate-moss.html |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[Cleveland.com]]}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya mezzo-[[soprano]]. Alijikita katika nafasi zilizohitaji uzuri wa sauti, udhibiti bora wa pumzi, na uwezo wa kutekeleza vifungu vigumu vya coloratura.<ref name="natreview">[https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/08/a-life-of-singing/ Interview with Marilyn Horne], nationalreview.com. August 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref><ref name="KC bio2">{{cite web|title=The Kennedy Center {{!}} Marilyn Horne|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id%3D3744%26source_type%3DA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114917/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=3744&source_type=A|archive-date=2014-08-26|access-date=21 January 2020|work=kennedy-center.org}}</ref><ref name="upb.pitt.edu">{{Cite web|title=Marilyn Horne recalls childhood in Bradford|url=https://upb.pitt.edu/posts/news/marilyn-horne-recalls-childhood-bradford|access-date=2023-10-13|website=upb.pitt.edu}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1934|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] edghx655ktgmd4go081cg0jus0i6o9i 1599360 1599356 2026-09-23T15:48:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marilyn Berneice Horne''' (amezaliwa [[16 Januari]], [[1934]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Rose |first=Mike |date=January 16, 2023|title=Today's famous birthdays list for January 16, 2023 includes celebrities Lin-Manuel Miranda, Kate Moss|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2023/01/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-january-16-2023-includes-celebrities-lin-manuel-miranda-kate-moss.html |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[Cleveland.com]]}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa opera mwenye sauti ya mezzo-[[soprano]]. Alijikita katika nafasi zilizohitaji uzuri wa sauti, udhibiti bora wa pumzi, na uwezo wa kutekeleza vifungu vigumu vya coloratura.<ref name="natreview">[https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/08/a-life-of-singing/ Interview with Marilyn Horne], nationalreview.com. August 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref><ref name="KC bio2">{{cite web|title=The Kennedy Center {{!}} Marilyn Horne|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id%3D3744%26source_type%3DA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114917/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/artists/?entity_id=3744&source_type=A|archive-date=2014-08-26|access-date=21 January 2020|work=kennedy-center.org}}</ref><ref name="upb.pitt.edu">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Marilyn Horne recalls childhood in Bradford|url=https://upb.pitt.edu/posts/news/marilyn-horne-recalls-childhood-bradford|access-date=2023-10-13|website=upb.pitt.edu}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1934|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] aslolj7rqm9o0smvptczmch0g0rmy67 0 250821 1599358 2026-09-23T15:39:16Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edward Evan Duncan Howard''' ([[12 Septemba]], [[1914]] – [[23 Mei]], [[1963]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[kiongozi]] wa [[bendi]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa maarufu katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jurgens Orchestra at Coconut Grove|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4946671/the_salt_lake_tribune/|agency=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=September 2, 1935|location=Utah, Salt Lake City|page=19|via = N...' 1599358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Evan Duncan Howard''' ([[12 Septemba]], [[1914]] – [[23 Mei]], [[1963]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[kiongozi]] wa [[bendi]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa maarufu katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jurgens Orchestra at Coconut Grove|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4946671/the_salt_lake_tribune/|agency=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=September 2, 1935|location=Utah, Salt Lake City|page=19|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = April 14, 2016}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tim and Irene to Continue Farce|newspaper=The Ogden Standard-Examiner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4946725/the_ogden_standardexaminer/|agency=The Ogden Standard-Examiner|date=May 19, 1938|location=Utah, Ogden|page=4|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = April 14, 2016}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Land O'Lakes Series|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/41-OCR/1941-01-12-BC-OCR-Page-0032.pdf|access-date=15 April 2016|agency=Broadcasting|date=January 13, 1941|page=32}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1914|1963}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 6bubyw1ajxhojcy7juj80lbt7vc88bt 0 250822 1599359 2026-09-23T15:42:37Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Cole Chase Hudson''' (amezaliwa [[15 Mei]], [[2002]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a31020831/who-is-lil-huddy-age-tiktok/|title=Lil Huddy's Insane Success on TikTok and YouTube Will Make You Question Your Life's|last=Uy |first=Megan |date=April 14, 2020 |work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Huddy''' (zamani alijulikana kama '''LilHuddy'''...' 1599359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cole Chase Hudson''' (amezaliwa [[15 Mei]], [[2002]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a31020831/who-is-lil-huddy-age-tiktok/|title=Lil Huddy's Insane Success on TikTok and YouTube Will Make You Question Your Life's|last=Uy |first=Megan |date=April 14, 2020 |work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Huddy''' (zamani alijulikana kama '''LilHuddy'''), ni mtu mashuhuri wa mitandao ya kijamii, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa jumuiya ya [[TikTok]] the Hype House.<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web |url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/a31100127/who-is-lil-huddy/ |title=Here's Everything You Need to Know About TikTok Star Lil' Huddy |last=Williams |first=Kori |date=March 5, 2020 |website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]] |access-date=June 20, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2002|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] c0m5gzchdbf08kk47u4g8844xm6inol 1599463 1599359 2026-09-23T18:20:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cole Chase Hudson''' (amezaliwa [[15 Mei]], [[2002]]),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a31020831/who-is-lil-huddy-age-tiktok/|title=Lil Huddy's Insane Success on TikTok and YouTube Will Make You Question Your Life's|last=Uy |first=Megan |date=April 14, 2020 |work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Huddy''' (zamani alijulikana kama '''LilHuddy'''), ni mtu mashuhuri wa mitandao ya kijamii, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa kuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa jumuiya ya [[TikTok]] the Hype House.<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web |url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/a31100127/who-is-lil-huddy/ |title=Here's Everything You Need to Know About TikTok Star Lil' Huddy |last=Williams |first=Kori |date=March 5, 2020 |website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]] |access-date=June 20, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2002|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] cltdyyia8z4al1u9jzywkdeosw6z1cd 0 250823 1599363 2026-09-23T15:50:38Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ashlyne Anderson Huff''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]], [[1985]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na mcheza dansi wa [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni binti wa mtayarishaji wa rekodi wa Nashville na [[mpiga gitaa]] wa vikao Dann Huff, mjukuu wa mpangaji wa muziki wa Nashville Ron Huff, na mpwa wa mpiga ngoma wa Giant (band) na White Heart, David Huff.<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p2121462|pure_url=yes}}|title=Ashlyne Huff – Biography...' 1599363 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ashlyne Anderson Huff''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]], [[1985]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na mcheza dansi wa [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni binti wa mtayarishaji wa rekodi wa Nashville na [[mpiga gitaa]] wa vikao Dann Huff, mjukuu wa mpangaji wa muziki wa Nashville Ron Huff, na mpwa wa mpiga ngoma wa Giant (band) na White Heart, David Huff.<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p2121462|pure_url=yes}}|title=Ashlyne Huff – Biography|last=Leahey|first=Andrew|publisher=[[allmusic|Allmusic.com]]|accessdate=August 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ashlyne huff|chart=all}}|title=Ashlyne Huff - The Basics|last=Leahey|first=Andrew|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 0werijzqgdr1cbz2ko52iy2ul4n1l7c 0 250824 1599364 2026-09-23T15:52:39Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Daniel Clampett Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Carmel, [[California]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour. Alikaribia kushinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1982]] huko Royal Troon, akiongoza baada ya raundi tatu lakini alishindwa na Tom Watson. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye CBS Sports.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/sports/arti...' 1599364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Daniel Clampett Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[13 Aprili]] [[1960]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Carmel, [[California]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour. Alikaribia kushinda The Open Championship mwaka [[1982]] huko Royal Troon, akiongoza baada ya raundi tatu lakini alishindwa na Tom Watson. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye CBS Sports.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Blast-from-the-past-Clampett-to-play-at-Pebble-2505435.php |title=Blast from the past: Clampett to play at Pebble again |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=February 2, 2006 |first=Ron |last=Kroichick}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rieg3v19aoeik54r4kkxis34c3hvigt 0 250825 1599365 2026-09-23T15:53:12Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Fred Henry Hughes''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[R&B]]. ==Maisha ya awali== Hughes alizaliwa huko [[Arkansas]], lakini alihamia [[Compton]], [[California]]<ref name="Whitburn, J 1994">Whitburn, J (1994), ''Billboard Top Pop Singles'', Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research</ref><ref name=amg>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p392887|pure_url=yes}} Biography], AllMusic.com</ref><ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p392887|pure_url=yes}} Billboard Pop Singl...' 1599365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fred Henry Hughes''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[R&B]]. ==Maisha ya awali== Hughes alizaliwa huko [[Arkansas]], lakini alihamia [[Compton]], [[California]]<ref name="Whitburn, J 1994">Whitburn, J (1994), ''Billboard Top Pop Singles'', Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research</ref><ref name=amg>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p392887|pure_url=yes}} Biography], AllMusic.com</ref><ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p392887|pure_url=yes}} Billboard Pop Singles], AllMusic.com</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] mph42r3nbipopcnutnd1yjbcpsuxugx 0 250826 1599366 2026-09-23T15:54:27Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Claude "Butch" Harmon Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]] [[1943]]) ni mwalimu wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alikuwa mwalimu wa Tiger Woods kuanzia [[1993]] hadi [[2004]], na pia amefanya kazi na wachezaji kama Greg Norman, [[Phil Mickelson]], [[Ernie Els]], na Dustin Johnson. Alikuwa mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Sky Sports.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/golf/phil-mickelson-longtime-...' 1599366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude "Butch" Harmon Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]] [[1943]]) ni mwalimu wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alikuwa mwalimu wa Tiger Woods kuanzia [[1993]] hadi [[2004]], na pia amefanya kazi na wachezaji kama Greg Norman, [[Phil Mickelson]], [[Ernie Els]], na Dustin Johnson. Alikuwa mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Sky Sports.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/golf/phil-mickelson-longtime-swing-coach-butch-harmon-split |title=Phil Mickelson, Longtime Swing Coach Butch Harmon Split |date=November 4, 2015 |work=Fox Sports}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Wakufunzi wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ksfs84bck5ly71g59zqqarlrxpsr7uk 0 250827 1599368 2026-09-23T15:56:18Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marvel Marilyn Maxwell''' ([[3 Agosti]], [[1921]] – [[20 Machi]], [[1972]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Katika kazi yake iliyodumu katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950,<ref name="Hyams1991">{{cite book| last=Hyams| first=Joe| title=Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9T5y8lwyYgC| date=March 1991| publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich| isbn=978-0-15-131469-0| page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite n...' 1599368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marvel Marilyn Maxwell''' ([[3 Agosti]], [[1921]] – [[20 Machi]], [[1972]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Katika kazi yake iliyodumu katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950,<ref name="Hyams1991">{{cite book| last=Hyams| first=Joe| title=Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9T5y8lwyYgC| date=March 1991| publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich| isbn=978-0-15-131469-0| page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Actress Marilyn Maxwell Dies| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3217109/the_la_crosse_tribune/| newspaper=[[La Crosse Tribune]]| date=March 21, 1972| page=14| via=Newspapers.com| access-date=September 13, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book| title=Twentieth Century History of Fort Wayne| last=Ankenbruck| first=John| publisher=Twentieth Century Historical Fort Wayne, Inc.| year=1975| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYMCAAAAMAAJ&q=rialto| location=Fort Wayne| page=308}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1921|1972}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5ahflsmpapyg7ujwjmsw3p4usn6qh1u 14 250828 1599369 2026-09-23T15:56:27Z AdamLynnMcGill007 72462 Création "Catégorie" #WIKI100DaysRDC2026 1599369 wikitext text/x-wiki == Jimbo la tshopo == rebe01vn6nyx6fz1oqey5qst6qc0mw9 0 250829 1599370 2026-09-23T15:57:46Z AdamLynnMcGill007 72462 Création en traduction article "Soko Kuu (Kisangani)" #WIKI100DaysRDC2026 1599370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Marché central de Kisangani.jpg|vignette|thumb|300 px|Lango kuu la soko la kati, mkabala na Avenue du 15 Mars]] '''Soko Kuu la Kisangani''', linalojulikana pia kama '''Soko la tarehe 15 Machi''', ndilo soko kubwa zaidi la umma mjini [[Kisangani]], makao makuu ya mkoa wa [[Tshopo]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. == Historia == Kisangani ndilo eneo la mbali zaidi linaloweza kufikika kwa usafiri wa maji kwenye Mto Kongo, likiwa umbali wa kilomita 2,100 kutoka mdomo wa mto huo. Tangu mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, limekuwa kitovu cha biashara katika eneo la kaskazini mwa Kongo<ref name="AdamLynnMcGill007etKASENDA">''fr : [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani, Article sur la ville de Kisangani], fr.wikipedia.org, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Mtandao wa miji nchini Kongo si uvumbuzi wa enzi ya ukoloni. Vituo kadhaa vya mijini vilivyoko kando ya njia za mito—kama vile Kinshasa na Kisangani—vilikuwa vimeanzisha vitovu vya biashara na ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa wa masafa marefu kabla ya enzi ya ukoloni, na vilisaidia hasa kuhuisha ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa na usafiri kati ya miji hiyo miwili mikuu ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]<ref name="saintmoulin">''fr : [https://acp.cd/economie/transport-fluvial-la-relance-du-trafic-kinshasa-kisangani-au-centre-dun-echange/, Transport fluvial : la relance du trafic Kinshasa – Kisangani au centre d’un échange], ACP.CD, 23 avril 2026, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Ukoloni ulipanua na kupanga upya tu mitandao ya kijamii na kiuchumi iliyokuwepo tayari<ref name="AdamLynnMcGill007etKASENDA" />. Kituo cha Stanley Falls kilianzishwa mnamo Desemba 1883 na Henry Morton Stanley kwa niaba ya Mfalme Leopold II. Mji huo ulikua kwa haraka na kuwa kituo muhimu cha biashara ya pembe za ndovu na usafiri wa mtoni, na baadaye—ukijulikana kama Stanleyville—ukawa kituo cha usambazaji bidhaa kwa ajili ya eneo la kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Soko kuu la sasa linaendeleza urithi huo; likiwa limejengwa ukingoni mwa mto, hupokea mitumbwi iliyosheheni mazao ya kilimo kutoka mikoa ya Ituri, Bas-Uele na Maniema. == Maelezo == [[image:MARCHE CENTRAL DE KISANGANI.png|thumb|300px|Muhtasari kuhusu soko kuu la Kisangani]] Soko hilo liko katika eneo la Makiso, kando ya Mto Kongo. Mamia ya vijana wamefufua na kusafisha eneo linalozunguka soko kuu la Kisangani. Walijibu wito wa Askofu Mkuu wa Kisangani—uliotolewa kupitia ofisi ya jimbo kuu inayoshughulikia uchungaji wa kiikolojia na uhifadhi wa mazingira—wakishirikiana na maafisa wa jiji<ref name="AdamETNana8">'' fr : [https://www.congoquotidien.com/2026/05/31/kisangani-central-market-cleanup/, Kisangani : l’archevêque et les jeunes nettoient le marché central, un signal d’alarme], www.radiookapi.net, 31 mai 2026, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana7">''fr : [https://www.radiookapi.net/2026/05/30/actualite/societe/le-marche-central-de-kisangani-assaini-linitiative-de-mgr-ndjadi-ndjate, Le marché central de Kisangani assaini à l’initiative de Mgr Ndjadi Ndjate], www.radiookapi.net, 30 mai 2026, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Inasemekana kuwa ni uwanja wa wazi wa aina ya amfithaita ambapo meli hupakia mizigo nyakati za asubuhi na mapema. Wafanyabiashara hapo huzungumza Kilingala, Kiswahili, Enya, na Lokele<ref name="AdamETNana6">''fr : [https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/10/30/actualite/societe/hausse-des-prix-des-produits-agricoles-sur-le-marche-kisangani, Hausse des prix des produits agricoles sur le marché à Kisangani], www.radiookapi.net, 30 octobre 2025, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. == Bidhaa na vivutio maalum == Soko hilo ni maarufu kwa bustani na mito yake<ref name="AdamETNana6" />{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana5">''fr : [https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-38228_marche_central_de_kisangani_les_produits_du_braconnage_en_vente_libre.html, Marché central de Kisangani : les produits du braconnage en vente libre !], www.mediacongo.net, 11 mai 2018, consulté le=22 septembre 2026</ref> : * '''Samaki wa mtoni''': Sangara (capitaine), sato (tilapia), ngolo, samaki wa kukaushwa kwa moshi * '''Matunda ya kitropiki''': nanasi, embe, papai, ndizi * '''Mazao ya kilimo''': mchele, mihogo, siagi, mahindi, mafuta mekundu ya mawese * '''Bidhaa za ndani''': kahawa, kakao, asali, mvinyo wa nazi * '''Sanaa za mikono za hapa''': mazulia, vikapu, vitu vya mbao vilivyochongwa. == Mwongozo na taarifa za sasa == Soko hilo linaendeshwa na mamlaka ya manispaa ya Kisangani. Meya Delly Likunde aliweka muda wa kufunga soko saa 11:00 jioni kamili na kuwakumbusha wote kuwa barabara si soko<ref name="AdamETNana2">''fr : [https://lebarometre.cd/2025/10/07/kisangani-le-gerant-du-marche-central-en-mission-de-remise-dordre-sous-instruction-du-maire-de-la-ville/, Kisangani : le gérant du marché central en mission de remise d’ordre sous instruction du maire de la ville], lebarometre.cd, 07 octobre 2025, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana3">''fr : [https://lumiernews.net/kisangani-le-maire-delly-likunde-sur-la-premiere-ligne-et-impose-de-lordre-aux-vendeurs-et-vendeuses-du-marche-central/, Kisangani : le Maire Delly Likunde sur la première ligne pour imposer l’ordre aux vendeurs et vendeuses du marché central], lebarometre.cd, 24 novembre 2024, à 08:25' am, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Mnamo tarehe 20 Septemba 2026, eneo linalojulikana kama Madamé—ambalo hapo awali lilijaa matope kila baada ya mvua—lilifunikwa kwa zege kutokana na fedha zilizotolewa na Mbunge wa Kitaifa Jean-Pierre Maowa Akombeya, mwakilishi aliyechaguliwa wa Kisangani<ref name="AdamETNana">''fr : [https://www.boyomainfo.com/kisangani-linsalubrite-du-marche-central-de-kisangani-un-defi-persistant-sous-loeil-impuissant-du-maire/, Kisangani : l'insalubrité du marché central de Kisangani un défi persistant sous l'oeil impuissant du Maire], boyomainfo.com, 07 novembre 2024, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana1">''fr : [https://acp.cd/province/tshopo-action-de-salubrite-autour-du-marche-central-de-kisangani/, Tshopo : action de salubrité autour du marché central de Kisangani], acp.cd, 21 juin 2025, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. == Tazama pia == * [[Kisangani]] * [[Tshopo]] == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kisangani]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la tshopo]] dugw7nda3q6w1pcecs9r10sy79ei8sl 1599382 1599370 2026-09-23T16:15:03Z AdamLynnMcGill007 72462 Ajout des informations #WIKI100DaysRDC2026 1599382 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Marché central de Kisangani.jpg|vignette|thumb|300 px|Lango kuu la soko la kati, mkabala na Avenue du 15 Mars]] '''Soko Kuu la Kisangani''', linalojulikana pia kama '''Soko la tarehe 15 Machi''', ndilo soko kubwa zaidi la umma mjini [[Kisangani]], makao makuu ya mkoa wa [[Tshopo]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. == Historia == Kisangani ndilo eneo la mbali zaidi linaloweza kufikika kwa usafiri wa maji kwenye Mto Kongo, likiwa umbali wa kilomita 2,100 kutoka mdomo wa mto huo. Tangu mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, limekuwa kitovu cha biashara katika eneo la kaskazini mwa Kongo<ref name="AdamLynnMcGill007etKASENDA">''fr : [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani, Article sur la ville de Kisangani], fr.wikipedia.org, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Mtandao wa miji nchini Kongo si uvumbuzi wa enzi ya ukoloni. Vituo kadhaa vya mijini vilivyoko kando ya njia za mito—kama vile Kinshasa na Kisangani—vilikuwa vimeanzisha vitovu vya biashara na ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa wa masafa marefu kabla ya enzi ya ukoloni, na vilisaidia hasa kuhuisha ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa na usafiri kati ya miji hiyo miwili mikuu ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]<ref name="saintmoulin">''fr : [https://acp.cd/economie/transport-fluvial-la-relance-du-trafic-kinshasa-kisangani-au-centre-dun-echange/, Transport fluvial : la relance du trafic Kinshasa – Kisangani au centre d’un échange], ACP.CD, 23 avril 2026, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Ukoloni ulipanua na kupanga upya tu mitandao ya kijamii na kiuchumi iliyokuwepo tayari<ref name="AdamLynnMcGill007etKASENDA" />. Kituo cha Stanley Falls kilianzishwa mnamo Desemba 1883 na Henry Morton Stanley kwa niaba ya Mfalme Leopold II. Mji huo ulikua kwa haraka na kuwa kituo muhimu cha biashara ya pembe za ndovu na usafiri wa mtoni, na baadaye—ukijulikana kama Stanleyville—ukawa kituo cha usambazaji bidhaa kwa ajili ya eneo la kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Soko kuu la sasa linaendeleza urithi huo; likiwa limejengwa ukingoni mwa mto, hupokea mitumbwi iliyosheheni mazao ya kilimo kutoka mikoa ya Ituri, Bas-Uele na Maniema. == Maelezo == [[image:MARCHE CENTRAL DE KISANGANI.png|thumb|300px|''Muhtasari kuhusu soko kuu la Kisangani (jimbo la Tshopo)]] Soko hilo liko katika eneo la Makiso, kando ya Mto Kongo. Mamia ya vijana wamefufua na kusafisha eneo linalozunguka soko kuu la Kisangani. Walijibu wito wa Askofu Mkuu wa Kisangani—uliotolewa kupitia ofisi ya jimbo kuu inayoshughulikia uchungaji wa kiikolojia na uhifadhi wa mazingira—wakishirikiana na maafisa wa jiji<ref name="AdamETNana8">'' fr : [https://www.congoquotidien.com/2026/05/31/kisangani-central-market-cleanup/, Kisangani : l’archevêque et les jeunes nettoient le marché central, un signal d’alarme], www.radiookapi.net, 31 mai 2026, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana7">''fr : [https://www.radiookapi.net/2026/05/30/actualite/societe/le-marche-central-de-kisangani-assaini-linitiative-de-mgr-ndjadi-ndjate, Le marché central de Kisangani assaini à l’initiative de Mgr Ndjadi Ndjate], www.radiookapi.net, 30 mai 2026, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Inasemekana kuwa ni uwanja wa wazi wa aina ya amfithaita ambapo meli hupakia mizigo nyakati za asubuhi na mapema. Wafanyabiashara hapo huzungumza Kilingala, Kiswahili, Enya, na Lokele<ref name="AdamETNana6">''fr : [https://www.radiookapi.net/2025/10/30/actualite/societe/hausse-des-prix-des-produits-agricoles-sur-le-marche-kisangani, Hausse des prix des produits agricoles sur le marché à Kisangani], www.radiookapi.net, 30 octobre 2025, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. == Bidhaa na vivutio maalum == Soko hilo ni maarufu kwa bustani na mito yake<ref name="AdamETNana6" />{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana5">''fr : [https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-38228_marche_central_de_kisangani_les_produits_du_braconnage_en_vente_libre.html, Marché central de Kisangani : les produits du braconnage en vente libre !], www.mediacongo.net, 11 mai 2018, consulté le=22 septembre 2026</ref> : * '''Samaki wa mtoni''': Sangara (capitaine), sato (tilapia), ngolo, samaki wa kukaushwa kwa moshi * '''Matunda ya kitropiki''': nanasi, embe, papai, ndizi * '''Mazao ya kilimo''': mchele, mihogo, siagi, mahindi, mafuta mekundu ya mawese * '''Bidhaa za ndani''': kahawa, kakao, asali, mvinyo wa nazi * '''Sanaa za mikono za hapa''': mazulia, vikapu, vitu vya mbao vilivyochongwa. == Mwongozo na taarifa za sasa == Soko hilo linaendeshwa na mamlaka ya manispaa ya Kisangani. Meya Delly Likunde aliweka muda wa kufunga soko saa 11:00 jioni kamili na kuwakumbusha wote kuwa barabara si soko<ref name="AdamETNana2">''fr : [https://lebarometre.cd/2025/10/07/kisangani-le-gerant-du-marche-central-en-mission-de-remise-dordre-sous-instruction-du-maire-de-la-ville/, Kisangani : le gérant du marché central en mission de remise d’ordre sous instruction du maire de la ville], lebarometre.cd, 07 octobre 2025, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana3">''fr : [https://lumiernews.net/kisangani-le-maire-delly-likunde-sur-la-premiere-ligne-et-impose-de-lordre-aux-vendeurs-et-vendeuses-du-marche-central/, Kisangani : le Maire Delly Likunde sur la première ligne pour imposer l’ordre aux vendeurs et vendeuses du marché central], lebarometre.cd, 24 novembre 2024, à 08:25' am, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. Mnamo tarehe 20 Septemba 2026, eneo linalojulikana kama Madamé—ambalo hapo awali lilijaa matope kila baada ya mvua—lilifunikwa kwa zege kutokana na fedha zilizotolewa na Mbunge wa Kitaifa Jean-Pierre Maowa Akombeya, mwakilishi aliyechaguliwa wa Kisangani<ref name="AdamETNana">''fr : [https://www.boyomainfo.com/kisangani-linsalubrite-du-marche-central-de-kisangani-un-defi-persistant-sous-loeil-impuissant-du-maire/, Kisangani : l'insalubrité du marché central de Kisangani un défi persistant sous l'oeil impuissant du Maire], boyomainfo.com, 07 novembre 2024, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="AdamETNana1">''fr : [https://acp.cd/province/tshopo-action-de-salubrite-autour-du-marche-central-de-kisangani/, Tshopo : action de salubrité autour du marché central de Kisangani], acp.cd, 21 juin 2025, consulté le 22 septembre 2026</ref>. == Tazama pia == * [[Kisangani]] * [[Tshopo]] == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Kisangani]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la tshopo]] jy5f1ehjatm38xqllr24chk1ie071wg 0 250830 1599374 2026-09-23T16:05:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Roland Thatcher''' (alizaliwa [[1977]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Thatcher alizaliwa [[Hampton, Virginia]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili, familia yake ilihamia The Woodlands, [[Texas]]. Familia yake iliishi karibu na TPC at The Woodlands.Alishinda mataji 2 ya Korn Ferry Tour na alicheza PGA Tour.<ref name=PGAmedia>{{cite web|title=Biographical information from PGA Tour's official site|url=http://www.pgatour.c...' 1599374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roland Thatcher''' (alizaliwa [[1977]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Thatcher alizaliwa [[Hampton, Virginia]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili, familia yake ilihamia The Woodlands, [[Texas]]. Familia yake iliishi karibu na TPC at The Woodlands.Alishinda mataji 2 ya Korn Ferry Tour na alicheza PGA Tour.<ref name=PGAmedia>{{cite web|title=Biographical information from PGA Tour's official site|url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/r/?/02/62/87/media|accessdate=2011-02-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629100026/http://www.pgatour.com/players/r/?%2F02%2F62%2F87%2Fmedia|archivedate=2011-06-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] arbvjksbbfesux8emlzhamuj7iybocb 1599376 1599374 2026-09-23T16:07:46Z Ally0111 85292 1599376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roland Churchill Thatcher''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 11]] [[1977]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Thatcher alizaliwa [[Hampton, Virginia]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili, familia yake ilihamia The Woodlands, [[Texas]]. Familia yake iliishi karibu na TPC at The Woodlands.Alishinda mataji 2 ya Korn Ferry Tour na alicheza PGA Tour.<ref name=PGAmedia>{{cite web|title=Biographical information from PGA Tour's official site|url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/r/?/02/62/87/media|accessdate=2011-02-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629100026/http://www.pgatour.com/players/r/?%2F02%2F62%2F87%2Fmedia|archivedate=2011-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://auburntigers.cstv.com/sports/m-golf/spec-rel/07-aub-m-golf-guide.html |title=Auburn 2007 Men's Golf Media Guide |publisher=Auburn Athletic Department |accessdate=2007-11-05}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ogh60iammwdvazdgsqkjpdlzib48jjv 0 250831 1599375 2026-09-23T16:06:14Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''John M. McCollum''' ([[21 Februari]], [[1922]] – [[30 Oktoba]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] mwenye sauti ya tenor wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa na kazi ya uimbaji iliyokuwa hai katika [[opera]], matamasha na maonyesho ya uimbaji kuanzia miaka ya 1950 hadi miaka ya 1970.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/11/11/archives/concert-and-opera-programs-of-the-week.html?sq=%2522John+McCollum+%2522&scp=12&st=p|title=Concert and...' 1599375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John M. McCollum''' ([[21 Februari]], [[1922]] – [[30 Oktoba]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] mwenye sauti ya tenor wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa na kazi ya uimbaji iliyokuwa hai katika [[opera]], matamasha na maonyesho ya uimbaji kuanzia miaka ya 1950 hadi miaka ya 1970.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/11/11/archives/concert-and-opera-programs-of-the-week.html?sq=%2522John+McCollum+%2522&scp=12&st=p|title=Concert and Opera Programs of the Week|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 11, 1951| access-date=June 26, 2009 | first=Marcus | last=Blechman}}</ref><ref name="nyt2">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/19/archives/soprano-and-tenor-share-a-t-w-award.html?sq=%2522John+McCollum+%2522&scp=14&st=p|title=Soprano and Tenor Share A.T. Award|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 19, 1952| access-date=June 26, 2009}}</ref><ref name="nytx">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/07/16/archives/st-john-passion-offered-at-lenox-john-mccollum-sings-role-of.html?sq=%2522John+McCollum+%2522&scp=41&st=p|title='St. John Passion' Offered at Lenox – John McCollum Sings Role of Evangelist for David Lloyd --Munch Is Conductor |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 16, 1956| access-date=June 26, 2009}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1922|2015}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8lv7tmvzoylu5o2bhizxmy1kpu05wkl 0 250832 1599377 2026-09-23T16:10:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harold Lee "Jug" McSpaden''' ( [[julai 21]] [[1908]] – [[Aprili 22]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mbunifu wa majengo nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 17 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kama "Jug" kutokana na umbo lake. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1947]].<ref name=nytobt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/26/sports/jug-mcspaden-87-a-top-golfer-known-for-finishing-in-second.html |newspaper=New Yo...' 1599377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harold Lee "Jug" McSpaden''' ( [[julai 21]] [[1908]] – [[Aprili 22]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mbunifu wa majengo nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 17 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kama "Jug" kutokana na umbo lake. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1947]].<ref name=nytobt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/26/sports/jug-mcspaden-87-a-top-golfer-known-for-finishing-in-second.html |newspaper=New York Times |last=Litsky |first=Frank |title=Jug McSpaden, 87, a top golfer known for finishing in second |date=April 26, 1996 |access-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 3ax5f12oc2cxn7e0rb9p4b4zspc7x7s 0 250833 1599378 2026-09-23T16:11:13Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Audra Ann McDonald''' (amezaliwa [[3 Julai]], [[1970]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa kazi yake kwenye jukwaa la Broadway, ameshinda Tony Awards sita, ushindi mwingi zaidi wa uigizaji kuliko [[mwigizaji]] mwingine yeyote, na ndiye mtu pekee aliyeshinda katika kategoria zote nne za uigizaji.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=September 11, 2017|title=Audra McDonald, Matthew Broderick, Marin Mazzie among 2017 Theater Ha...' 1599378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Audra Ann McDonald''' (amezaliwa [[3 Julai]], [[1970]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa kazi yake kwenye jukwaa la Broadway, ameshinda Tony Awards sita, ushindi mwingi zaidi wa uigizaji kuliko [[mwigizaji]] mwingine yeyote, na ndiye mtu pekee aliyeshinda katika kategoria zote nne za uigizaji.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=September 11, 2017|title=Audra McDonald, Matthew Broderick, Marin Mazzie among 2017 Theater Hall of Fame inductees|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/audra-mcdonald-matthew-broderick-marin-mazzie-among-2017-theater-hall-of-fame-inductees|access-date=December 29, 2017|publisher=[[Playbill]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Audra – Living Her Dream|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FB&p_theme=fb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAE83372BB1CEA1&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|work=The Fresno Bee|date=January 15, 1989|access-date=May 21, 2008}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8xa58lqrmydyvx0zmjx75dwtd0360i6 0 250834 1599379 2026-09-23T16:12:37Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Loren Lloyd Roberts''' (alizaliwa [[24 Juni]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Luis Obispo, [[California]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kama "The Boss of the Moss" kutokana na uwezo wake wa kupiga puti. Alishinda mataji 13 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf Major Championships |url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=3...' 1599379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loren Lloyd Roberts''' (alizaliwa [[24 Juni]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Luis Obispo, [[California]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kama "The Boss of the Moss" kutokana na uwezo wake wa kupiga puti. Alishinda mataji 13 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf Major Championships |url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=323 |access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rc9u8ao74jh665eoqc2z6ah7j4fqbi2 0 250835 1599383 2026-09-23T16:15:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Albert Woody Austin II''' (alizaliwa [[27 Januari]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Tampa]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Presidents Cup mwaka [[2007]]. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuonyesha hisia uwanjani.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/2007/tournaments/presidentscup/09/28/austin092807/index.html |publisher=PGA Tour |title=Austin takes a highligh...' 1599383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albert Woody Austin II''' (alizaliwa [[27 Januari]] [[1964]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Tampa]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Presidents Cup mwaka [[2007]]. Alijulikana kwa tabia yake ya kuonyesha hisia uwanjani.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/2007/tournaments/presidentscup/09/28/austin092807/index.html |publisher=PGA Tour |title=Austin takes a highlight-reel dive, then rallies his team |date=September 29, 2007 |first=T.J. |last=Auclair |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816103134/http://www.pgatour.com/2007/tournaments/presidentscup/09/28/austin092807/index.html |archivedate=August 16, 2009}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1uhaeuouy47jxg8agetsdmsd924w1yw 0 250836 1599384 2026-09-23T16:15:38Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mark Sayers McGrath''' (amezaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[1968]])<ref name=allmusicbio>{{cite web|url= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mark-mcgrath-mn0000290392/biography|title=Mark McGrath Biography|first=Michael|last= Sutton|publisher=[[AllMusic.com]]|access-date=April 4, 2019}}</ref> ni mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye ni [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa bendi ya rock Sugar Ray.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Broeske|first1=Pat H.|title=Growing Up in Orange County|journal=Ora...' 1599384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mark Sayers McGrath''' (amezaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[1968]])<ref name=allmusicbio>{{cite web|url= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mark-mcgrath-mn0000290392/biography|title=Mark McGrath Biography|first=Michael|last= Sutton|publisher=[[AllMusic.com]]|access-date=April 4, 2019}}</ref> ni mwimbaji wa [[Marekani]] ambaye ni [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa bendi ya rock Sugar Ray.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Broeske|first1=Pat H.|title=Growing Up in Orange County|journal=Orange Coast|date=December 2014|page=94}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/qa-mark-mcgrath-of-sugar-ray-184450/ Q&A: Mark McGrath of Sugar Ray], ''[[Rolling Stone]]''</ref> ==Kazi ya muziki== [[File:Mark McGrath 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|McGrath mwaka 2009]] McGrath, Rodney Sheppard, Murphy Karges, na Stan Frazier waliunda [[bendi]] ya Sugar Ray huko [[Orange County]], [[California]], mwaka 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20126771,00.html|title=Mark McGrath: Sexiest Rock Star|date=November 16, 1998|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=2008-08-03}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] imqb6ev785x8b1qtl7g1mmnd30pv5lm 0 250837 1599385 2026-09-23T16:19:28Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Lee Elder''' ( [[14 Julai]] [[1934]] – [[28 Novemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza asili ya [[Afrika]]a kushiriki katika Masters Tournament mwaka [[1975]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alishinda mataji 8 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[1979]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lee Elder obituary |url=https...' 1599385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Lee Elder''' ( [[14 Julai]] [[1934]] – [[28 Novemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza asili ya [[Afrika]]a kushiriki katika Masters Tournament mwaka [[1975]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alishinda mataji 8 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[1979]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lee Elder obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/nov/30/lee-elder-obituary |access-date=30 November 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Peter |last=Mason |date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HFI/is_4_51/ai_60121185 |title=The trailblazer – Twenty-five years ago, Lee Elder became the first black golfer in the Masters |magazine=[[Golf Digest]] |date=April 2000 |access-date=March 3, 2009 |first=Pete |last=McDaniel |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207153543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HFI/is_4_51/ai_60121185 |issue=4 |volume=51 |archivedate=February 7, 2008}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 6f98e0tc14mygvozg6kpd53kxm66kbu 0 250838 1599386 2026-09-23T16:19:30Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Clinton "Bär" McKinnon''' (amezaliwa [[24 Desemba]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mpiga saxophone katika bendi ya rock ya majaribio Mr. Bungle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faithnomorefollowers.com/2016/08/bar-mckinnon-mr-bungle-25th-anniversary.html|title = Bär" McKinnon &#124; Mr. Bungle 25th Anniversary Interview| date=August 6, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rach, Jacq & Dene talk with Bär McKinnon...' 1599386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clinton "Bär" McKinnon''' (amezaliwa [[24 Desemba]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mpiga saxophone katika bendi ya rock ya majaribio Mr. Bungle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faithnomorefollowers.com/2016/08/bar-mckinnon-mr-bungle-25th-anniversary.html|title = Bär" McKinnon &#124; Mr. Bungle 25th Anniversary Interview| date=August 6, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rach, Jacq & Dene talk with Bär McKinnon from Umläut |publisher=Joy Media |date=August 30, 2017 |url=https://joy.org.au/rachjacqanddene/2017/08/30/bar-mckinnon-umlart/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/former-mr-bungle-sax-player-new-project-umlaut-release-debut-album/ |title=Former Mr. Bungle Sax Player New Project, Umlaut, Release Debut Album |date=February 12, 2009 |website=Music Feeds |access-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2011/02/album-review-umlaut-umlaut/ |title=Album Review: Umlaut – Umlaut |date=February 3, 2011 |website=Consequence of Sound |language=en-US |access-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] as7rdbg3hry40m0cz42btxpc35fquys 0 250839 1599389 2026-09-23T16:22:13Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sharon McNight''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mkurugenzi wa [[Marekani]]. Alipokea Theatre World Award na uteuzi wa Tony Award katika kategoria ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike katika Tamthilia ya Muziki kwa tamthilia ya muziki ya kifantasia ya mwaka 1989, ''Starmites''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/sharon-mcnight-vn15436587/awards|title=Sharon McNight &#124; Movie and Film Awards|publisher=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref><ref name=ibdb>{{Cite...' 1599389 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharon McNight''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mkurugenzi wa [[Marekani]]. Alipokea Theatre World Award na uteuzi wa Tony Award katika kategoria ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike katika Tamthilia ya Muziki kwa tamthilia ya muziki ya kifantasia ya mwaka 1989, ''Starmites''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/sharon-mcnight-vn15436587/awards|title=Sharon McNight &#124; Movie and Film Awards|publisher=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref><ref name=ibdb>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/sharon-mcnight-74261#Awards|title=Sharon McNight – Broadway Cast & Staff &#124; IBDB|publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]]}}</ref><ref name=off>{{Cite web|url=https://sharonmcnight.com/|title=Tony Award Nominee Sharon McNight - Tony Award Nominee Sharon McNight Sharon McNight - Award-Winning Singer, Songwriter, and Comedian|website=Tony Award Nominee Sharon McNight}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 0tllziwz0i5fsh5dohxpk090hj6px1p 1599745 1599389 2026-09-23T22:35:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharon McNight''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mkurugenzi wa [[Marekani]]. Alipokea Theatre World Award na uteuzi wa Tony Award katika kategoria ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike katika Tamthilia ya Muziki kwa tamthilia ya muziki ya kifantasia ya mwaka 1989, ''Starmites''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/sharon-mcnight-vn15436587/awards|title=Sharon McNight &#124; Movie and Film Awards|publisher=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref><ref name=ibdb>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/sharon-mcnight-74261#Awards|title=Sharon McNight – Broadway Cast & Staff &#124; IBDB|publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]]}}</ref><ref name=off>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sharonmcnight.com/|title=Tony Award Nominee Sharon McNight - Tony Award Nominee Sharon McNight Sharon McNight - Award-Winning Singer, Songwriter, and Comedian|website=Tony Award Nominee Sharon McNight}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] jhit2jzrwv80m2vpss01v9hvna9svo6 0 250840 1599391 2026-09-23T16:26:30Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carmen Mercedes McRae''' ([[8 Aprili]], [[1920]] – [[10 Novemba]], [[1994]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[jazz]].<ref name="Larkin">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|pages=826/7}}</ref>Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waimbaji wa [[jazz]] wenye ushawishi mkubwa z...' 1599391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carmen Mercedes McRae''' ([[8 Aprili]], [[1920]] – [[10 Novemba]], [[1994]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[jazz]].<ref name="Larkin">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|pages=826/7}}</ref>Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waimbaji wa [[jazz]] wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi wa karne ya 20 na anakumbukwa kwa mtindo wake wa kuimba uliochelewesha maneno kidogo nyuma ya mpigo na kwa ufasiri wake wa kejeli wa mashairi ya nyimbo.<ref>Larkin, Colin, ''The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music'', Guinness, p. 2650 (1995). {{ISBN|1-56159-176-9}}</ref><ref name=HiLobrow>Brian Berger, [http://hilobrow.com/2015/04/08/carmen-mcrae/ "Carmen McRae"], HiLobrow, April 8, 2015.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1920|1994}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] r13y3s7ax4626wnofa10nwx8kno3h4d 0 250841 1599392 2026-09-23T16:26:37Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ryan David Moore''' (alizaliwa [[5 Desemba]] [[1982]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Tacoma, Washington]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa amateur mwaka [[2004]], akishinda U.S. Amateur, U.S. Public Links, na Western Amateur katika mwaka mmoja. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2016]].<ref name="pga">{{Cite web |title=Ryan Moore profile |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/pla...' 1599392 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ryan David Moore''' (alizaliwa [[5 Desemba]] [[1982]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Tacoma, Washington]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa amateur mwaka [[2004]], akishinda U.S. Amateur, U.S. Public Links, na Western Amateur katika mwaka mmoja. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2016]].<ref name="pga">{{Cite web |title=Ryan Moore profile |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.26596.html |access-date=February 5, 2013 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] no6vacklwuly1dob7wouvt1o7c84ql4 1599742 1599392 2026-09-23T22:23:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ryan David Moore''' (alizaliwa [[5 Desemba]] [[1982]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Tacoma, Washington]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa mchezaji bora wa amateur mwaka [[2004]], akishinda U.S. Amateur, U.S. Public Links, na Western Amateur katika mwaka mmoja. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2016]].<ref name="pga">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ryan Moore profile |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.26596.html |access-date=February 5, 2013 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bxf62s4uytud1v7rnkswneb9ajwjhhg 0 250842 1599394 2026-09-23T16:29:04Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Neuman Cook''' (alizaliwa [[2 Oktoba]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Toledo, Ohio]] na alikulia kusini mwa [[California]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour. Alishinda pia mataji 8 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |...' 1599394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Neuman Cook''' (alizaliwa [[2 Oktoba]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Toledo, Ohio]] na alikulia kusini mwa [[California]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour. Alishinda pia mataji 8 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 2.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] f1j7xm8wk05cap5f9218whlchifu8qt 0 250843 1599395 2026-09-23T16:29:40Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thialorei Lising Megia''' (amezaliwa [[30 Januari]], [[1995]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa televisheni wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana kwa kuwa mshiriki katika msimu wa kumi]] wa kipindi cha ''American Idol'' na kwa kuigiza kama Haley Chen katika ''Days of Our Lives''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/icymi-thia-megia-interview/|title=ICYMI: THIA MEGIA INTERVIEW|work=[[Soap Opera Digest]]|date=February 12, 2019}}</ref><ref...' 1599395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thialorei Lising Megia''' (amezaliwa [[30 Januari]], [[1995]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa televisheni wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana kwa kuwa mshiriki katika msimu wa kumi]] wa kipindi cha ''American Idol'' na kwa kuigiza kama Haley Chen katika ''Days of Our Lives''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/icymi-thia-megia-interview/|title=ICYMI: THIA MEGIA INTERVIEW|work=[[Soap Opera Digest]]|date=February 12, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Manila Bulletin march 14 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309120/thia-megia-thankful-filipino-fans |title=Thia Megia thankful to Filipino fans |publisher=Manila Bulletin |date=March 14, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-virtual-academy-student-shoots-for-the-stars-on-american-idol-118257619.html |title=California Virtual Academy Student Shoots for the Stars on American Idol |publisher=PRNEwswire |date=March 18, 2011 |access-date=March 19, 2011}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] i5x0p14gl15b8l1witqcw6mlmw7mo4p 0 250844 1599397 2026-09-23T16:33:09Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Alan Meniketti''' (amezaliwa [[12 Desemba]], [[1953]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo na [[mpiga gitaa]] mkuu wa bendi ya hard rock / heavy metal Y&T.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Meniketti Wines|url = http://menikettiwines.com/about-us/|website = menikettiwines.com|accessdate = 2015-12-14|archive-date = 2023-01-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230127143528/http://menikettiwines.com/...' 1599397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Alan Meniketti''' (amezaliwa [[12 Desemba]], [[1953]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo na [[mpiga gitaa]] mkuu wa bendi ya hard rock / heavy metal Y&T.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Meniketti Wines|url = http://menikettiwines.com/about-us/|website = menikettiwines.com|accessdate = 2015-12-14|archive-date = 2023-01-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230127143528/http://menikettiwines.com/about-us/|url-status = bot: unknown}} (archive.org link)</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] lwrm9m1m03igv5p8qzc82e4tjmgab67 1599398 1599397 2026-09-23T16:34:01Z Christina Charles 71406 /* Marejeo */ 1599398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Alan Meniketti''' (amezaliwa [[12 Desemba]], [[1953]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo na [[mpiga gitaa]] mkuu wa bendi ya hard rock / heavy metal Y&T.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Meniketti Wines|url = http://menikettiwines.com/about-us/|website = menikettiwines.com|accessdate = 2015-12-14|archive-date = 2023-01-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230127143528/http://menikettiwines.com/about-us/|url-status = bot: unknown}} (archive.org link)</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] j6svgin7nwjty4dz9gqm18gqr9wienl 1599406 1599398 2026-09-23T16:46:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Alan Meniketti''' (amezaliwa [[12 Desemba]], [[1953]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo na [[mpiga gitaa]] mkuu wa bendi ya hard rock / heavy metal Y&T.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title = Meniketti Wines|url = http://menikettiwines.com/about-us/|website = menikettiwines.com|accessdate = 2015-12-14|archive-date = 2023-01-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230127143528/http://menikettiwines.com/about-us/|url-status = bot: unknown}} (archive.org link)</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ooaeok6c05nxcewoir0k2niek55jlx1 0 250845 1599399 2026-09-23T16:35:09Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wilfrid Ewart "Wilfie" Reid ''' ( [[3 Novemba]] [[1884]] – [[24 Novemba]] [[1973]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Uingereza]].Reid alizaliwa Bulwell, [[Nottingham]], Uingereza, na kufariki West [[Palm Beach, Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya European Tour na mashindano ya Michigan PGA ya mwaka [[1926]].<ref name=Zmistowski>{{cite web |last1=Zmistowski |first1=Bill |title=Wilfrid Ewart Reid – Golf P...' 1599399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilfrid Ewart "Wilfie" Reid ''' ( [[3 Novemba]] [[1884]] – [[24 Novemba]] [[1973]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Uingereza]].Reid alizaliwa Bulwell, [[Nottingham]], Uingereza, na kufariki West [[Palm Beach, Florida]], [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya European Tour na mashindano ya Michigan PGA ya mwaka [[1926]].<ref name=Zmistowski>{{cite web |last1=Zmistowski |first1=Bill |title=Wilfrid Ewart Reid – Golf Professional |url=https://www.zmistowski.com/wilfrid-e-reid |website=Zmistowski.com |accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Brenner">{{cite book |title=The Majors of Golf: Complete Results of the Open, the U.S. Open, the PGA Championship and the Masters, 1860–2008 |volume=1 |first=Morgan G. |last=Brenner |year=2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3360-5}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1884]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1973]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] gqrjt1npqbq98ck0lz02riguvr5mmdk 0 250846 1599401 2026-09-23T16:37:05Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Roberto Miguel''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Miguel from Oakland''' (amezaliwa [[26 Januari]], [[1981]], huko [[Oakland, California]]), ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na msanii wa sanaa za kuona wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{official website|http://www.robertomiguel.org/}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]]' 1599401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roberto Miguel''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Miguel from Oakland''' (amezaliwa [[26 Januari]], [[1981]], huko [[Oakland, California]]), ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na msanii wa sanaa za kuona wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{official website|http://www.robertomiguel.org/}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] a95cwlgh421h7vcdues3ysadp94gft5 0 250847 1599402 2026-09-23T16:41:17Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edward Edgar Lowery''' ( [[14 Oktoba]] [[1903]] – [[Mei 4]] [[1984]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na muongoza wachezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] maarufu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa maarufu kwa kuwa muongozaji wa [[Francis Ouimet]] katika ushindi wake wa U.S. Open mwaka [[1913]]. Alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa magari baada ya kuacha kuwa muongozaji wa wachezaji.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1202535 |title=Social Secur...' 1599402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Edgar Lowery''' ( [[14 Oktoba]] [[1903]] – [[Mei 4]] [[1984]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] na muongoza wachezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] maarufu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa maarufu kwa kuwa muongozaji wa [[Francis Ouimet]] katika ushindi wake wa U.S. Open mwaka [[1913]]. Alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa magari baada ya kuacha kuwa muongozaji wa wachezaji.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1202535 |title=Social Security Death Index |website=[[FamilySearch]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&rank=0&gsfn=edward&gsln=lowery&sx=&f7=MA&f9=&f10=&f18__n=&f20=&rg_81004011__date=&rs_81004011__date=0&f23=&f17=&f16=&rg_f19__date=&rs_f19__date=0&_8000C002=&f21=&_80008002=&f22=&_80018002=&gskw=&prox=1&db=1910uscenindex&ti=0&ti.si=0&gss=angs-d&pcat=35&fh=0&h=111473182&recoff=1+2 |title=1910 U.S. Census via Ancestry.com }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1903]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1984]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 2nckep4le6l4zkkkgn2o7ni1x8szsr3 0 250848 1599403 2026-09-23T16:41:51Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Salvatore Mineo Jr.''' ([[10 Januari]], [[1939]] – [[12 Februari]], [[1976]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFU-J_W8uRYC&q=Josephine+salvatore+mineo&pg=PA245 |title=Guía del cine clásico: Protagonistas – Antonio Mendez – Google Books |date= January 2006|isbn=9788498213881 |access-date=April 16, 2012|last1=Mendez |first1=Antonio |publisher=Vision Libros }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=ht...' 1599403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salvatore Mineo Jr.''' ([[10 Januari]], [[1939]] – [[12 Februari]], [[1976]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFU-J_W8uRYC&q=Josephine+salvatore+mineo&pg=PA245 |title=Guía del cine clásico: Protagonistas – Antonio Mendez – Google Books |date= January 2006|isbn=9788498213881 |access-date=April 16, 2012|last1=Mendez |first1=Antonio |publisher=Vision Libros }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTKfEQmAnFkC |title=Sal Mineo: A Biography| last =Michaud|first =Michael Gregg |publisher=Three Rivers Press |date= 2011|isbn=9780307716675|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> ===''Rebel Without a Cause'' na umaarufu=== [[File:Sal Mineo, Sue George, and John Saxon.jpg|thumb|Mineo (kushoto) akiwa na Sue George na John Saxon katika picha ya matangazo ya ''Rock, Pretty Baby'' (1956)]] Mafanikio makubwa ya Mineo kama [[mwigizaji]] yalikuja kupitia filamu ''Rebel Without a Cause'' (1955), ambamo aliigiza John "Plato" Crawford, kijana mwenye hisia nyingi aliyempenda sana mhusika mkuu Jim Stark (aliyeigizwa na James Dean).<ref name="EllisEllis2005">{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Chris|last2=Ellis|first2=Julie|title=The Mammoth Book of Celebrity Murder: Murder Played Out in the Spotlight of Maximum Publicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9pAof9Hs2YC&pg=PA415|access-date=January 14, 2011|date=July 27, 2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-140-0|page=415}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1939|1976}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ebuvmgm8ecn1j49mcaxodsn7zvs46dq 0 250849 1599404 2026-09-23T16:44:01Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Samuel McLaughlin Parks Jr.''' ([[Juni 23]] [[1909]] – [[Aprili 7]], [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1935]] huko Oakmont. <ref>{{ cite book |editor-last=O'Brien |editor-first=Jim |title=Hail to Pitt: A Sports History of the University of Pittsburgh |year=1982 |isbn=0-916114-08-2 |publisher=Wolfson Publishing Co |page=222}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [...' 1599404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel McLaughlin Parks Jr.''' ([[Juni 23]] [[1909]] – [[Aprili 7]], [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1935]] huko Oakmont. <ref>{{ cite book |editor-last=O'Brien |editor-first=Jim |title=Hail to Pitt: A Sports History of the University of Pittsburgh |year=1982 |isbn=0-916114-08-2 |publisher=Wolfson Publishing Co |page=222}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] rn0lziojmunbf6uz7ixrw3us1p56yd6 0 250850 1599405 2026-09-23T16:45:24Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kate Miner''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Pamela Kate George''') ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. ==Wasifu== Miner alianza kuimba hadharani akiwa na umri wa miaka minne katika eneo la San Diego. Alipofikisha umri wa miaka kumi, alikuwa akiimba muziki kwa ajili ya matangazo ya televisheni.<ref name="Christiansunite">Profile of Kate Miner at Christiansunite.com. http://lyrics.christiansunite.com/artist_388.shtml</ref><ref name="Jones">Jon...' 1599405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kate Miner''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Pamela Kate George''') ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. ==Wasifu== Miner alianza kuimba hadharani akiwa na umri wa miaka minne katika eneo la San Diego. Alipofikisha umri wa miaka kumi, alikuwa akiimba muziki kwa ajili ya matangazo ya televisheni.<ref name="Christiansunite">Profile of Kate Miner at Christiansunite.com. http://lyrics.christiansunite.com/artist_388.shtml</ref><ref name="Jones">Jones, Kim. "Kate Miner: My return back to the stillness." An interview with Kate Miner in April, 2005. http://christianmusic.about.com/od/interviewsmz/a/aakateminer36gm.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916083128/http://christianmusic.about.com/od/interviewsmz/a/aakateminer36gm.htm |date=2009-09-16 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] q1hc6kim5iav9re2xfiuevma60h4a30 0 250851 1599409 2026-09-23T16:47:43Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Carl Jerome Barber''' ([[Aprili 25]] [[1916]] – [[Septemba 23]] [[1994]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1961]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=latobt>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-24-sp-42266-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=staff and wire reports |title=Golf: Former champion Jerry Barber dies of heart failure |date=Se...' 1599409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carl Jerome Barber''' ([[Aprili 25]] [[1916]] – [[Septemba 23]] [[1994]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1961]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=latobt>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-24-sp-42266-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=staff and wire reports |title=Golf: Former champion Jerry Barber dies of heart failure |date=September 24, 1994 |access-date=April 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name="si">{{cite magazine |title=A Barber with a razor edge |last=Cave |first=Ray |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=July 25, 1960 |pages=40–5 |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1960/07/25/588743/a-barber-with-a-razor-edge}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] rrjdbrh7c82tp2qso91xjvse2k14s95 0 250852 1599410 2026-09-23T16:48:24Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Paul Mirkovich.jpg|thumb|Mirkovich mwaka 2014]] '''Paul Mirkovich''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]], [[1963]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Los Angeles]]. Hapo awali amekuwa kiongozi wa bendi, mpiga kibodi na mshirika wa kuimba dueti wa Cher.<ref>[http://www.brettgarsed.com/bio/bio.php Brett Garsed's biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403073527/http://brettgarsed.com/bio/bio.php |date=2012-04-03 }}. Brettgarsed.com...' 1599410 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paul Mirkovich.jpg|thumb|Mirkovich mwaka 2014]] '''Paul Mirkovich''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]], [[1963]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Los Angeles]]. Hapo awali amekuwa kiongozi wa bendi, mpiga kibodi na mshirika wa kuimba dueti wa Cher.<ref>[http://www.brettgarsed.com/bio/bio.php Brett Garsed's biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403073527/http://brettgarsed.com/bio/bio.php |date=2012-04-03 }}. Brettgarsed.com</ref><ref name="rolandus">{{cite web|url=http://www.rolandus.com/community/rug/?pg=online_exclusives&art=inxs |author=Greg Rule |title=Paul Mirkovich & His All-Roland Rig |publisher=Roland US - Roland Users Group}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1963|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ldd92h3hm56m5q3zlcdycv93himlfot 0 250853 1599412 2026-09-23T16:51:04Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Joseph Brady''' ([[Aprili 15]] [[1887]] – [[Desemba 3]] [[1972]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya PGA Tour katika miaka ya 1910 na 1920.<ref name=who>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Len |first2=Barbara |last2=Kelly |title=Who's Who in Golf |year=1976 |publisher=Arlington House |location=New Rochelle, New York |isbn=0-87000-225-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoi...' 1599412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Joseph Brady''' ([[Aprili 15]] [[1887]] – [[Desemba 3]] [[1972]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji kadhaa ya PGA Tour katika miaka ya 1910 na 1920.<ref name=who>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=Len |first2=Barbara |last2=Kelly |title=Who's Who in Golf |year=1976 |publisher=Arlington House |location=New Rochelle, New York |isbn=0-87000-225-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/27 27] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/27 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 4bce82o4ef80qchd5044dmdicukrrgh 0 250854 1599413 2026-09-23T16:51:21Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Vernessa Ann Mitchell''' (amezaliwa [[1 Januari]], [[1959]]) ni msanii wa [[Marekani]] wa kurekodi muziki wa kisasa wa [[Kikristo]] na muziki wa injili, ambaye uwezo wake wa kubadilika katika uimbaji umesifiwa na mashabiki wa [[R&B]] na muziki wa house.<ref name="GE">{{cite book|title=Uncloudy Days: The Gospel Music Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/uncloudydaysgosp00carp|url-access=registration|first=Bil|last=Carpenter|year=2005|pages=[https...' 1599413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vernessa Ann Mitchell''' (amezaliwa [[1 Januari]], [[1959]]) ni msanii wa [[Marekani]] wa kurekodi muziki wa kisasa wa [[Kikristo]] na muziki wa injili, ambaye uwezo wake wa kubadilika katika uimbaji umesifiwa na mashabiki wa [[R&B]] na muziki wa house.<ref name="GE">{{cite book|title=Uncloudy Days: The Gospel Music Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/uncloudydaysgosp00carp|url-access=registration|first=Bil|last=Carpenter|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/uncloudydaysgosp00carp/page/297 297]–98|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |isbn=9780879308414 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1959|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] adq1ms7pv0fvcnh399v2ajcfimyr082 0 250855 1599415 2026-09-23T16:53:51Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Henry '''"'''Chip'''"''' Beck''' (alizaliwa [[12 Septemba]] [[1956]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1989]] na [[1991]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10...' 1599415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Henry '''"'''Chip'''"''' Beck''' (alizaliwa [[12 Septemba]] [[1956]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1989]] na [[1991]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007%20Stats/86TO0810.pdf |title=69 Players Who Have Reached The Top-10 In World Ranking |access-date=July 15, 2011 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017160152/http://dps.endavadigital.net/owgr/doc/content/2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1zfdfdrjiyqbtydzj1eotwbza7063wx 0 250856 1599416 2026-09-23T16:54:07Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ian Moore''' (amezaliwa [[8 Agosti]], [[1968]], huko [[Berkeley, California]], Marekani) ni [[mpiga gitaa]] na [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Austin]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Moore in concert |url=https://houston.culturemap.com/eventdetail/ian-moore-concert-houston-2021/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Houston.culturemap.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Moore Biography, Songs, & Albums |url=http...' 1599416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ian Moore''' (amezaliwa [[8 Agosti]], [[1968]], huko [[Berkeley, California]], Marekani) ni [[mpiga gitaa]] na [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Austin]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Moore in concert |url=https://houston.culturemap.com/eventdetail/ian-moore-concert-houston-2021/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Houston.culturemap.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Moore Biography, Songs, & Albums |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ian-moore-mn0000021191/biography |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=[[AllMusic]] |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] c1b7ghgmj7peqdhq85wvjpxaka7co0m 1599475 1599416 2026-09-23T18:22:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ian Moore''' (amezaliwa [[8 Agosti]], [[1968]], huko [[Berkeley, California]], Marekani) ni [[mpiga gitaa]] na [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Austin]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ian Moore in concert |url=https://houston.culturemap.com/eventdetail/ian-moore-concert-houston-2021/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Houston.culturemap.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ian Moore Biography, Songs, & Albums |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ian-moore-mn0000021191/biography |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=[[AllMusic]] |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ikvsjx4a12jnbvutom251weljmfi1d3 0 250857 1599420 2026-09-23T16:56:51Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alexa Weber Morales''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[salsa]] na [[jazz]] aliyeshinda Tuzo ya Grammy, anayejulikana kwa "repertoire yake ya lugha nyingi yenye mvuto mkubwa"<ref>http://www.mercurynews.com/music/ci_6637070 Translating her musical passion SINGER FINDS VOICE IN MANY LANGUAGES</ref> na anayeishi katika San Francisco Bay Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chipboaz.com/blog/2011/04/05/latin-jazz-conversations-alexa-weber-morales...' 1599420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexa Weber Morales''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[salsa]] na [[jazz]] aliyeshinda Tuzo ya Grammy, anayejulikana kwa "repertoire yake ya lugha nyingi yenye mvuto mkubwa"<ref>http://www.mercurynews.com/music/ci_6637070 Translating her musical passion SINGER FINDS VOICE IN MANY LANGUAGES</ref> na anayeishi katika San Francisco Bay Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chipboaz.com/blog/2011/04/05/latin-jazz-conversations-alexa-weber-morales-part-1/|title=Latin Jazz Conversations: Alexa Weber Morales (Part 1)|work=The Latin Jazz Corner|access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexawebermorales.com/biography/|title=Latest Release / Biography|work=Alexa Weber Morales|access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 838dn5dp6zr18xv5npeqq94wwnx4mt6 0 250858 1599422 2026-09-23T16:58:27Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nathaniel Patrick Crosby''' (alizaliwa [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Hillsborough, [[California]]. Ni mtoto wa [[Bing Crosby]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1981]] na alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Walker Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1983]].<ref name=express>{{Cite news |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/667704/Bing-Crosby-Nathaniel-Crosby-book-18-Holes-With-Bing |tit...' 1599422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathaniel Patrick Crosby''' (alizaliwa [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Hillsborough, [[California]]. Ni mtoto wa [[Bing Crosby]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1981]] na alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Walker Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1983]].<ref name=express>{{Cite news |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/667704/Bing-Crosby-Nathaniel-Crosby-book-18-Holes-With-Bing |title=Nathaniel Crosby: My dad Bing Crosby was no monster |last=Sheridan |first=Peter |date=2016-05-06 |newspaper=Express |access-date=2019-05-23 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] ejv23iaituzt4rmeuo91t1n6eyf1dnz 1599440 1599422 2026-09-23T17:18:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathaniel Patrick Crosby''' (alizaliwa [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Hillsborough, [[California]]. Ni mtoto wa [[Bing Crosby]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1981]] na alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Walker Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1983]].<ref name=express>{{Rejea habari |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/667704/Bing-Crosby-Nathaniel-Crosby-book-18-Holes-With-Bing |title=Nathaniel Crosby: My dad Bing Crosby was no monster |last=Sheridan |first=Peter |date=2016-05-06 |newspaper=Express |access-date=2019-05-23 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] ajhqmqyxxgrh7e5scx7nft1wp8vo2fq 0 250859 1599424 2026-09-23T16:59:54Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dennis Morgan''' ('''Earl Stanley Morner'''; [[20 Desemba]], [[1908]] – [[7 Septemba]], [[1994]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alitumia jina la kisanii '''Richard Stanley''' kabla ya kupitisha jina ambalo alijipatia umaarufu wake mkubwa zaidi.<ref name="guardian">"Obituary: Too slick to play Rick", ''The Guardian'', October 18, 1994.</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news|title=Dennis Morgan; Obituary|work=The Times|date=Septembe...' 1599424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dennis Morgan''' ('''Earl Stanley Morner'''; [[20 Desemba]], [[1908]] – [[7 Septemba]], [[1994]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alitumia jina la kisanii '''Richard Stanley''' kabla ya kupitisha jina ambalo alijipatia umaarufu wake mkubwa zaidi.<ref name="guardian">"Obituary: Too slick to play Rick", ''The Guardian'', October 18, 1994.</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news|title=Dennis Morgan; Obituary|work=The Times|date=September 16, 1994}}</ref><ref name="ship">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Dennis Morgan|edition=3|author=Shipman, David|work=The Independent|date=September 10, 1994}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1908|1994}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] mzik6lad6olm2ux6xx6sq5o2qm89mmz 0 250860 1599426 2026-09-23T17:03:12Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Jay Sigel''' ([[Novemba 13]], [[1943]] - [[Aprili 19]], [[2025]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mara mbili ([[1982]], [[1983]]) na British Amateur mwaka [[1979]]. Alikua mtaalamu mwaka [[1988]] na alishinda mataji 9 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gapgolf.org/junior-boys-championship/ |title=Junior Boys' Championship |website=gapgolf.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=19...' 1599426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Jay Sigel''' ([[Novemba 13]], [[1943]] - [[Aprili 19]], [[2025]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mara mbili ([[1982]], [[1983]]) na British Amateur mwaka [[1979]]. Alikua mtaalamu mwaka [[1988]] na alishinda mataji 9 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gapgolf.org/junior-boys-championship/ |title=Junior Boys' Championship |website=gapgolf.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1977-01-30|title=Dunaway Finds His Game...|pages=56|work=The Charlotte Observer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80695350/dunaway-finds-his-game/|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] ms25jezra6mapkttgfipmgrlk7lgvta 1599546 1599426 2026-09-23T18:34:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Jay Sigel''' ([[Novemba 13]], [[1943]] - [[Aprili 19]], [[2025]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mara mbili ([[1982]], [[1983]]) na British Amateur mwaka [[1979]]. Alikua mtaalamu mwaka [[1988]] na alishinda mataji 9 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gapgolf.org/junior-boys-championship/ |title=Junior Boys' Championship |website=gapgolf.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|date=1977-01-30|title=Dunaway Finds His Game...|pages=56|work=The Charlotte Observer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80695350/dunaway-finds-his-game/|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] nhihhz3twtv4s2gxi3gixbx59gl5xf9 0 250861 1599428 2026-09-23T17:03:54Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Heather Elizabeth Morris'''ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Aliigiza nafasi ya Brittany S. Pierce katika mfululizo wa vichekesho na maigizo ya muziki wa Fox Broadcasting Company ''Glee (TV series)''.<ref name=KNXV>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc15.com/news/region-northeast-valley/scottsdale/valley-native-heather-morris-continues-to-impress-on-dancing-with-the-stars|title=Valley native Heather Morris continues to impress on...' 1599428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heather Elizabeth Morris'''ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Aliigiza nafasi ya Brittany S. Pierce katika mfululizo wa vichekesho na maigizo ya muziki wa Fox Broadcasting Company ''Glee (TV series)''.<ref name=KNXV>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc15.com/news/region-northeast-valley/scottsdale/valley-native-heather-morris-continues-to-impress-on-dancing-with-the-stars|title=Valley native Heather Morris continues to impress on Dancing With the Stars|first=Nick |last=Ciletti|date= April 3, 2017|publisher=[[KNXV-TV]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona|access-date=June 4, 2020|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170415141459/http://www.abc15.com/news/region-northeast-valley/scottsdale/valley-native-heather-morris-continues-to-impress-on-dancing-with-the-stars|url-status=live|quote=...Scottsdale native Heather Morris...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=livestarringyou |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=745VGuMX9Ww |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/745VGuMX9Ww |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Heather Morris on playing un-glee-ful moments |publisher=YouTube |date=December 8, 2010 |access-date=November 9, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPzvBLAT3mk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/wPzvBLAT3mk |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Stars Stand Up: Teen Choice Awards |publisher=YouTube |date=August 11, 2010 |access-date=May 25, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 415qp9b3sz5m7s0nxcmmibhcoi5lopx 0 250862 1599432 2026-09-23T17:08:24Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dorothy Combs Morrison''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Dorothy Marie Combs''', [[8 Mei]], [[1944]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[gospel]] muziki wa injili. Aliimba sauti kuu katika wimbo "Oh Happy Day" uliorekodiwa mwaka 1967 na Edwin Hawkins Singers.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Virgin encyclopedia of sixties music |first=Colin |last= Larkin|publisher=Virgin in association with Muze Inc.| year=1997 | page= 227|isbn=9780753501498 |url=https://books.googl...' 1599432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dorothy Combs Morrison''' (amezaliwa kwa jina '''Dorothy Marie Combs''', [[8 Mei]], [[1944]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[gospel]] muziki wa injili. Aliimba sauti kuu katika wimbo "Oh Happy Day" uliorekodiwa mwaka 1967 na Edwin Hawkins Singers.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Virgin encyclopedia of sixties music |first=Colin |last= Larkin|publisher=Virgin in association with Muze Inc.| year=1997 | page= 227|isbn=9780753501498 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLo7AQAAIAAJ }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title= The Boy Who Cried Freebird:Rock & Roll Fables and Sonic Storytelling|first= Mitch|last=Myers |year=2008| publisher= Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-06-113902-4|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrEe2fNjTrsC}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1944|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] lntj8y6u2mt9jpgejzjobdqpeued59b 0 250863 1599436 2026-09-23T17:12:07Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Matthew James Morrison'''(amezaliwa [[30 Oktoba]], [[1978]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na mwimbaji wa Marekani, anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake kama Will Schuester katika kipindi cha televisheni cha Fox Broadcasting Company ''Glee (TV series)'' (2009–2015). <ref name="tv">{{cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/matthew-morrison/credits/3000054417/ |title=Matthew Morrison Credits |website=TV Guide}}</ref><ref name="orangecoast">{{c...' 1599436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew James Morrison'''(amezaliwa [[30 Oktoba]], [[1978]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na mwimbaji wa Marekani, anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake kama Will Schuester katika kipindi cha televisheni cha Fox Broadcasting Company ''Glee (TV series)'' (2009–2015). <ref name="tv">{{cite web |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/matthew-morrison/credits/3000054417/ |title=Matthew Morrison Credits |website=TV Guide}}</ref><ref name="orangecoast">{{cite journal |last=Dirmann |first=Tina |title=Matthew Morrison Revealed |journal=[[Orange Coast (magazine)|Orange Coast]] |page=86 |date=December 2009 |issn=0279-0483}}</ref><ref>Stated on ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'', December 17, 2018</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] oe4dul55nhh66kbqxp68akduits9907 0 250864 1599437 2026-09-23T17:12:35Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1599437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Entraînement du RC Lens - 15 juillet 2020 24.jpg|thumb|Gaël Kakuta]] '''Gaël Roméo Kakuta Mambenga''' (alizaliwa [[21 Juni]] [[1991]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] ambaye alicheza kama winga. Alizaliwa nchini [[Ufaransa]], lakini aliiwakilisha [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Kakuta alianza soka la vijana katika klabu ya RC Lens, kabla ya kuhamia [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] mwaka [[2007]] katika uhamisho uliokuwa na utata. Akiwa hatumiki mara kwa mara Chelsea, alipelekwa kwa mkopo katika timu sita kutoka nchi tano kabla ya kuondoka na kujiunga na Sevilla baada ya mkataba wake kumalizika mwaka [[2015]]. Alistaafu kucheza soka tarehe [[4 Julai]] [[2026]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 35, baada ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2026]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu za vijana za Ufaransa na aliiwakilisha nchi hiyo katika kila ngazi kuanzia chini ya umri wa miaka 16 hadi chini ya umri wa miaka 21, kabla ya kubadili utii na kuanza kuichezea timu ya taifa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo mwaka [[2017]]. == Historia ya klabu == === Mwanzo wa maisha ya soka === Kakuta alizaliwa mjini Lille, Nord. Alianza kucheza mpira wa miguu akiwa na umri wa miaka saba, baada ya kumuona mjomba wake akichezea timu ya akiba ya Lille. Alianza maisha yake ya soka katika klabu ya eneo hilo ya US Lille-Moulins. Katika mechi yake ya kwanza akiwa na klabu hiyo, walifungwa mabao 17–1, hata hivyo, kipigo hicho hakikumfanya akate tamaa. Mwaka [[1999]], alijiunga na Lens kama mchezaji wa vijana, na alikaa huko kwa miaka mitano. == Maisha binafsi == Inaeleweka kwamba [[Didier Drogba]] alimchukua Kakuta chini ya uangalizi wake alipowasili nchini [[Uingereza]] kwa mara ya kwanza. Mwezi [[Oktoba]] [[2014]], tapeli Medi Abalimba alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka minne jela baada ya kujifanya kuwa Kakuta na kutumia maelfu ya pauni kupitia kadi za benki zilizoibwa. == Heshima == Ufaransa U19 * Mashindano ya UEFA ya Ulaya ya Wachezaji chini ya umri wa miaka 19: [[2010]] Binafsi * Prix Marc-Vivien Foé: [[2020]]–21 * Mchezaji Bora wa Dhahabu wa Mashindano ya UEFA ya Ulaya ya Wachezaji chini ya umri wa miaka 19: 2010 <ref>https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8928-kakuta-gael/fiche.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160305123851/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=336439/index.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110827105608/http://www.fulhamfc.com/Club/News/NewsArticles/2011/January/LoanDeal.aspx</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} fxbx40vcvei12lknn5if2tl9sbc6pwx 0 250865 1599438 2026-09-23T17:13:57Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Scott Mabon Hoch''' (alizaliwa [[24 Novemba]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1997]] na [[2002]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yoon |first=Peter |date=1998-02-27 |title=Hoch's Words As Much the Story as His Round |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-feb-27-...' 1599438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scott Mabon Hoch''' (alizaliwa [[24 Novemba]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1997]] na [[2002]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yoon |first=Peter |date=1998-02-27 |title=Hoch's Words As Much the Story as His Round |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-feb-27-sp-23570-story.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jv0ak4lhk36az92gk3xl3yyjmav0j2j 1599744 1599438 2026-09-23T22:31:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Scott Mabon Hoch''' (alizaliwa [[24 Novemba]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1997]] na [[2002]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Yoon |first=Peter |date=1998-02-27 |title=Hoch's Words As Much the Story as His Round |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-feb-27-sp-23570-story.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1b8lgsytz8leo91j6k38cpn08nlmcsq 0 250866 1599439 2026-09-23T17:18:44Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Turk Murphy tribute.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Turk Murphy Lane huko San Francisco]] '''Melvin Edward Alton "Turk" Murphy''' ([[16 Desemba]], [[1915]] – [[30 Mei]], [[1987]])<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|pages=1781/2}}</ref> alikuwa mpiga trombon...' 1599439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Turk Murphy tribute.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Turk Murphy Lane huko San Francisco]] '''Melvin Edward Alton "Turk" Murphy''' ([[16 Desemba]], [[1915]] – [[30 Mei]], [[1987]])<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|pages=1781/2}}</ref> alikuwa mpiga trombone na kiongozi wa [[bendi]] wa [[Marekani]], aliyeimba [[jazz]] ya jadi na Dixieland jazz.<ref name="Leigh/trad_jazz_2">{{cite news |last1=Leigh |first1=James |title=Traditional Jazz Scene in the SF Bay Area and Southern California, Part Two: Becoming Turk Murphy |url=http://www.jazzwest.com/articles/trad_jazz_2.html |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=JazzWest.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020312104908/http://www.jazzwest.com/articles/trad_jazz_2.html |archive-date=March 12, 2002}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Alizaliwa tarehe 16 Desemba 1915, huko [[Palermo]], [[California]], Marekani.<ref name="sftjf/wd161gp9938">{{cite web |title=Hambone Kelly's, Turk Murphy. reel no. 35 |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/wd161gp9938 |website=The San Francisco Traditional Jazz Foundation Collection |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=3 February 2026 |location=El Cerrito (Calif.) |date=March 23, 1950 |quote=Yerba Buena Jazz Band}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1915|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] n6thm4vbxa3rnp5g66jfqdowm81lg6p 0 250867 1599443 2026-09-23T17:21:42Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gary D. Koch''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 21]] [[1952]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mchambuzi wa gofu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Tampa]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 6 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye NBC Sports. <ref>Associated Press, "[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_fwNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BHwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3346,351800&dq=gary+koch&hl=en Koch Ousts Champ in Junior Amateur]," ''St. Petersburg T...' 1599443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gary D. Koch''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 21]] [[1952]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mchambuzi wa gofu kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Tampa]], [[Florida]]. Alishinda mataji 6 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye NBC Sports. <ref>Associated Press, "[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_fwNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BHwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3346,351800&dq=gary+koch&hl=en Koch Ousts Champ in Junior Amateur]," ''St. Petersburg Times'', p. 2C (August 1, 1970). Retrieved April 20, 2010.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ag38us4jpc3ys0lmzouryopbetpntnl 0 250868 1599444 2026-09-23T17:27:47Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bilal Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 21 Julai 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1082531.html "Bilal Ahmad".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kandahar katika mashindano ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 7 Machi 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A...' 1599444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bilal Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 21 Julai 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1082531.html "Bilal Ahmad".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kandahar katika mashindano ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 7 Machi 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Kandahar katika mashindano ya Kombe la Changamoto la Mikoa la Afghanistan la 2019, tarehe 5 Agosti 2019. Mnamo Desemba 2021, alijumuishwa katika timu ya Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19 la ICC la 2022, lililofanyika West Indies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211206203805/https://cricket.af/post/suliman-safi-to-lead-afghanistan-at-the-icc-u19-cricket-world-cup-2022 "Suliman Safi to lead Afghanistan at the ICC U19 Cricket World Cup"]. Afghanistan Cricket Board. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ngs7jvybqi1s1nqk7py1314ox9vd0ol 1599445 1599444 2026-09-23T17:40:18Z Don Malya 61486 1599445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bilal Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 21 Julai 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1082531.html "Bilal Ahmad".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kandahar katika mashindano ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 7 Machi 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Kandahar katika [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Changamoto la Mikoa la Afghanistan la 2019, tarehe 5 Agosti 2019. Mnamo Desemba 2021, alijumuishwa katika timu ya Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19 la ICC la 2022, lililofanyika West Indies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211206203805/https://cricket.af/post/suliman-safi-to-lead-afghanistan-at-the-icc-u19-cricket-world-cup-2022 "Suliman Safi to lead Afghanistan at the ICC U19 Cricket World Cup"]. Afghanistan Cricket Board. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a65mjdkx1zglbk8gokbyoxjlhbvh1oj 0 250869 1599446 2026-09-23T17:42:50Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Fareed Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Agosti 1994) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fareed Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/568136.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Siku Moja dhidi ya Falme za Kiarabu tarehe 2 Desemba 2014. Alishiriki pia katika [[Michezo]] ya Asia ya 2014. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Twenty20 akiwa na Afgha...' 1599446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fareed Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Agosti 1994) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fareed Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/568136.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Siku Moja dhidi ya Falme za Kiarabu tarehe 2 Desemba 2014. Alishiriki pia katika [[Michezo]] ya Asia ya 2014. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Twenty20 akiwa na Afghanistan dhidi ya Falme za Kiarabu tarehe 14 Desemba 2016. Mnamo Septemba 2018, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Kabul kwa ajili ya toleo la kwanza la mashindano ya Ligi Kuu ya Afghanistan. Mnamo Septemba 2021, alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa [[wachezaji]] wawili wa akiba waliosafiri pamoja na kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Twenty20 la Wanaume la ICC la 2021. Mnamo Mei 2024, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Twenty20 la Wanaume la ICC la 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan’s squad for the ICC Men’s T20I World Cup|url=http://www.scorewaves.com/cricket-news/afghanistan-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024|work=ScoreWaves|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fz9gb7b7nc3mtl0keywqbd1ldalhelu 1599735 1599446 2026-09-23T21:56:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fareed Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Agosti 1994) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fareed Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/568136.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Siku Moja dhidi ya Falme za Kiarabu tarehe 2 Desemba 2014. Alishiriki pia katika [[Michezo]] ya Asia ya 2014. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Twenty20 akiwa na Afghanistan dhidi ya Falme za Kiarabu tarehe 14 Desemba 2016. Mnamo Septemba 2018, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Kabul kwa ajili ya toleo la kwanza la mashindano ya Ligi Kuu ya Afghanistan. Mnamo Septemba 2021, alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa [[wachezaji]] wawili wa akiba waliosafiri pamoja na kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Twenty20 la Wanaume la ICC la 2021. Mnamo Mei 2024, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Twenty20 la Wanaume la ICC la 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Afghanistan’s squad for the ICC Men’s T20I World Cup|url=http://www.scorewaves.com/cricket-news/afghanistan-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024|work=ScoreWaves|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] p3jf695sszbdutq3jx5n5k677q9ykyg 0 250870 1599447 2026-09-23T17:45:34Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ijaz Ahmad Azad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Januari 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ijaz|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/974177.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A...' 1599447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ijaz Ahmad Azad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Januari 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ijaz|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/974177.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A tarehe 12 Oktoba 2020, akiwa na Amo Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2020. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Pamir Zalmi tarehe 25 Julai 2022, dhidi ya Mis Ainak Knights katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAK vs PLZ Cricket Scorecard, 16th Match at Kabul, July 25, 2022|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/shpageeza-cl-2022-1324545/mis-ainak-knights-vs-pamir-zalmi-16th-match-1324566/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] g1d6zireqyi81k12w15v6yqzo161pqa 1599489 1599447 2026-09-23T18:23:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ijaz Ahmad Azad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Januari 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ijaz|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/974177.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A tarehe 12 Oktoba 2020, akiwa na Amo Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2020. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Pamir Zalmi tarehe 25 Julai 2022, dhidi ya Mis Ainak Knights katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MAK vs PLZ Cricket Scorecard, 16th Match at Kabul, July 25, 2022|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/shpageeza-cl-2022-1324545/mis-ainak-knights-vs-pamir-zalmi-16th-match-1324566/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2004]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] emskvg41emj7gr37fskvb1ibubzt37l 0 250871 1599448 2026-09-23T17:47:31Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ijaz Ahmad Azad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Januari 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naseer Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1109153.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]...' 1599448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ijaz Ahmad Azad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Januari 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naseer Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1109153.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A tarehe 12 Oktoba 2020, akiwa na Amo Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2020. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Pamir Zalmi tarehe 25 Julai 2022, dhidi ya Mis Ainak Knights katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2022. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cxfcrevtuy3xakozl6k0n9wcngu7kgi 1599729 1599448 2026-09-23T21:34:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ijaz Ahmad Azad''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Januari 2004) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Naseer Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1109153.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A tarehe 12 Oktoba 2020, akiwa na Amo Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2020. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Pamir Zalmi tarehe 25 Julai 2022, dhidi ya Mis Ainak Knights katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2022. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 48z98vw3pox9xdihkrxas3d3wdgd85g 0 250872 1599449 2026-09-23T17:49:57Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nazir Ahmad''' ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nazir Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/776707.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Boost Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 7 Novemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} Jamii:Watu walio hai...' 1599449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazir Ahmad''' ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nazir Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/776707.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Boost Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 7 Novemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] fwma803cpgl7rpbv8wdnw3oc56cwz6r 1599730 1599449 2026-09-23T21:35:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazir Ahmad''' ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nazir Ahmad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/776707.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Boost Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 7 Novemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] 1phaj9bcmph7bgtoewjrn3qw8i07d6k 0 250873 1599451 2026-09-23T17:52:38Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Zahid Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 23 Januari 2003) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zahir Khan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1076524.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kunar katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018'''–19''', tarehe 7 Machi 2019. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbeg...' 1599451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zahid Ahmad''' (aliyezaliwa 23 Januari 2003) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zahir Khan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1076524.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kunar katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018'''–19''', tarehe 7 Machi 2019. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 64rpf1ew1g315y4yf2k7rf6ywo6rpui 0 250874 1599452 2026-09-23T17:54:51Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dawlat Khan Ahmadzi''' (aliyezaliwa 5 Septemba 1984) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Alikuwa mpigaji wa kulia na mpangaji wa mipira wa mkono wa kulia mwenye kasi ya wastani hadi ya juu, na aliichezea timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya Afghanistan katika kriketi ya overs chache.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/53/53900/53900.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2...' 1599452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawlat Khan Ahmadzi''' (aliyezaliwa 5 Septemba 1984) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Alikuwa mpigaji wa kulia na mpangaji wa mipira wa mkono wa kulia mwenye kasi ya wastani hadi ya juu, na aliichezea timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya Afghanistan katika kriketi ya overs chache.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/53/53900/53900.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Baada ya timu ya Afghanistan kupata hadhi ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kwa kushika nafasi kati ya [[timu]] sita bora katika Kichujio cha Kombe la Dunia la ICC cha 2009 nchini Afrika Kusini, ingawa haikufuzu kushiriki Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi la 2011, tarehe 19 Aprili 2009 Ahmadzi alichukua wiketi ya kwanza kabisa ya Afghanistan katika mchezo wa Kimataifa wa Siku Moja. Alimfukuza Gavin Hamilton wa Scotland, wakati Afghanistan ilipoishinda [[Scotland]] katika mchezo wa kuwania nafasi ya tano wa Kichujio hicho, uliofanyika katika uwanja wa Willowmoore Park, Benoni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dawlat Ahmadzai: A pioneer who is shaping the Afghan cricket’s Gen Next|date=2018-06-17|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/dawlat-ahmadzai-a-pioneer-who-is-shaping-the-afghanistan-crickets-gen-next-5220737/|work=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ecp9wup9y5p5kwbhbxrrnut2dy0suzw 1599728 1599452 2026-09-23T21:29:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599728 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawlat Khan Ahmadzi''' (aliyezaliwa 5 Septemba 1984) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kimataifa wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Alikuwa mpigaji wa kulia na mpangaji wa mipira wa mkono wa kulia mwenye kasi ya wastani hadi ya juu, na aliichezea timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya Afghanistan katika kriketi ya overs chache.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/53/53900/53900.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Baada ya timu ya Afghanistan kupata hadhi ya Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kwa kushika nafasi kati ya [[timu]] sita bora katika Kichujio cha Kombe la Dunia la ICC cha 2009 nchini Afrika Kusini, ingawa haikufuzu kushiriki Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi la 2011, tarehe 19 Aprili 2009 Ahmadzi alichukua wiketi ya kwanza kabisa ya Afghanistan katika mchezo wa Kimataifa wa Siku Moja. Alimfukuza Gavin Hamilton wa Scotland, wakati Afghanistan ilipoishinda [[Scotland]] katika mchezo wa kuwania nafasi ya tano wa Kichujio hicho, uliofanyika katika uwanja wa Willowmoore Park, Benoni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dawlat Ahmadzai: A pioneer who is shaping the Afghan cricket’s Gen Next|date=2018-06-17|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/dawlat-ahmadzai-a-pioneer-who-is-shaping-the-afghanistan-crickets-gen-next-5220737/|work=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4k6n8oyi6xt3v6g39vi4qfb5cuzxxg5 0 250875 1599454 2026-09-23T17:57:28Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Younas Khan Ahmadzai''' (aliyezaliwa 16 Novemba 1995) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Younas Ahmadzai|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524051.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Afghanistan A dhidi ya Zimbabwe A wakati wa ziara ya Afghanistan nchini Zimbabwe, tarehe 27 Januari 2017. Alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanis...' 1599454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younas Khan Ahmadzai''' (aliyezaliwa 16 Novemba 1995) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Younas Ahmadzai|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524051.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Afghanistan A dhidi ya Zimbabwe A wakati wa ziara ya Afghanistan nchini Zimbabwe, tarehe 27 Januari 2017. Alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19 la 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan Under-19s Squad|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/icc-under-19-world-cup-2014/content/squad/712559.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Speen Ghar Tigers katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 11 Septemba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Band-e-Amir Region katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 20 Oktoba 2017. Katika fainali ya Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, akiwa anaichezea Band-e-Amir Region dhidi ya Speen Ghar Region, alifunga runs 210 bila kufukuzwa katika innings ya kwanza. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0pgvs06hkwrao4shkro39bz1p7ykzts 0 250876 1599456 2026-09-23T18:00:42Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Zohaib Ahmadzai''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Februari 2002) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zohaib|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/974157.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Amo Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 25 Novemba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi...' 1599456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zohaib Ahmadzai''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Februari 2002) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zohaib|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/974157.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Amo Region katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 25 Novemba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Amo Region katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2018, tarehe 10 Julai 2018. Ahmadzai alikuwa mwanachama wa kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Kriketi la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19 la 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan U19 squad announced for ICC U19 World Cup|url=https://cricket.af/post/afghanistan-u19-squad-announced-for-icc-u19-world-cup|work=cricket.af|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 85kveziyj229iwlc3jek2u1q26uawh9 0 250877 1599457 2026-09-23T18:03:14Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ahsanullah''' (aliyezaliwa 11 Mei 1997) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahsanullah|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1108839.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Boost katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 1 Novemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriket...' 1599457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahsanullah''' (aliyezaliwa 11 Mei 1997) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahsanullah|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1108839.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Boost katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 1 Novemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nm4phbaqsrkoxgn2fjwlu8l8vj9l16c 0 250878 1599459 2026-09-23T18:05:48Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Zubaid Akbari''' (aliyezaliwa 1 Mei 2000) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zubaid Akbari|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1015437.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Speen Ghar katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2018, tarehe 22 Aprili 2018. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya...' 1599459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zubaid Akbari''' (aliyezaliwa 1 Mei 2000) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zubaid Akbari|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com:80/ci/content/player/1015437.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Speen Ghar katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2018, tarehe 22 Aprili 2018. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Nangarhar katika [[mashindano]] ya Kombe la Changamoto la Mikoa la Afghanistan la 2019, tarehe 31 Julai 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 7 Septemba 2020, akiichezea Speen Ghar Tigers katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020. Katika mchezo huo wa kwanza wa Twenty20, alifunga nusu karne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://cricket.af/post/brilliant-karim,-zubaid-help-tigers-start-with-a-dominant-win/english|url=https://cricket.af/post/brilliant-karim,-zubaid-help-tigers-start-with-a-dominant-win/english|work=cricket.af|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 057fs3bc9lijq0k76kc46zhnhyirqtt 0 250879 1599460 2026-09-23T18:09:39Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Aftab Alam''' (aliyezaliwa 30 Novemba 1992) ni mchezaji wa kimataifa wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]]. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) akiwa na timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya Afghanistan mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aftab Alam|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440963.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref>Alam anajulikana kwa upangaji wake wa mipira wa mkono wa kulia wenye kasi. Alifan...' 1599460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aftab Alam''' (aliyezaliwa 30 Novemba 1992) ni mchezaji wa kimataifa wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]]. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) akiwa na timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya Afghanistan mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aftab Alam|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440963.html|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref>Alam anajulikana kwa upangaji wake wa mipira wa mkono wa kulia wenye kasi. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 13 Novemba 2017. Mnamo Julai 2018, alikuwa [[mchezaji]] aliyechukua wiketi nyingi zaidi kwa Mkoa wa Speen Ghar katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2018, akiwa amechukua wiketi 10 katika mechi nne. Mnamo Septemba 2018, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Balkh kwa ajili ya toleo la kwanza la mashindano ya [[Ligi]] Kuu ya Afghanistan. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] j05zug18sjjwssen3d7nxjslznd0kng 4 250880 1599564 2026-09-23T18:39:58Z Sikjunior 68979 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' == Zana mbili mpya kwa wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili == Habari ndugu zangu, Nimetengeneza zana mbili ndogo kwenye Toolforge kwa ajili ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Zote mbili ni za kujitolea kwa jamii (si bidhaa ya kampuni). '''1. Swahili Term Helper''' Inasaidia kuchagua neno moja la Kiswahili linalopendekezwa kwa dhana moja (tafuta kwa Kiingereza au Kiswahili). → https://sw-termhelper.toolforge.org/ '''2. Swahili Sister Update Alert...' 1599564 wikitext text/x-wiki == Zana mbili mpya kwa wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili == Habari ndugu zangu, Nimetengeneza zana mbili ndogo kwenye Toolforge kwa ajili ya wahariri wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Zote mbili ni za kujitolea kwa jamii (si bidhaa ya kampuni). '''1. Swahili Term Helper''' Inasaidia kuchagua neno moja la Kiswahili linalopendekezwa kwa dhana moja (tafuta kwa Kiingereza au Kiswahili). → https://sw-termhelper.toolforge.org/ '''2. Swahili Sister Update Alerts''' Inaonyesha mada ambazo makala ya Kiingereza imesasishwa baadaye kuliko ile ya Kiswahili, ili uweze kuangalia kama Kiswahili kinahitaji sasisho. Ni '''ishara tu'''; mhariri ndiye anaamua. Haitahariri makala yenyewe. → https://sw-sister-alerts.toolforge.org/ Maelezo zaidi: * [[m:Swahili Term Helper]] * [[m:Swahili Sister Update Alerts]] * [[wikitech:Tool:Swahili Term Helper]] * [[wikitech:Tool:Swahili Sister Update Alerts]] Karibuni majaribio, maoni, na mapendekezo ya maneno au mada za kufuatilia. Asante. <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> 17eapzbixbybbvu3o3460ptbkm0g57j 0 250881 1599572 2026-09-23T18:45:27Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohammad Alam''' (aliyezaliwa 29 Machi 1996) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/776703.html "Mohammad Alam".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Boost katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 26 Oktoba 2017. Katika innings ya pili, alichukua wiketi saba kwa runs 76 na kutan...' 1599572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad Alam''' (aliyezaliwa 29 Machi 1996) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/776703.html "Mohammad Alam".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Boost katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 26 Oktoba 2017. Katika innings ya pili, alichukua wiketi saba kwa runs 76 na kutangazwa kuwa [[mchezaji]] bora wa mchezo. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Boost katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2018,<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1151365.html "Group B, Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament at Khost, Jul 11 2018".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</ref> tarehe 11 Julai 2018. Katika mchezo wa kufuzu kwa [[fainali]] ya mashindano hayo, alichukua wiketi sita kwa runs 31 dhidi ya Mkoa wa Amo, na kuisaidia Mkoa wa Boost kufuzu kwa fainali. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] e4z6x7ttxc35hkku0oiiuynmklg30gc 0 250882 1599601 2026-09-23T18:48:53Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Morteza Ali''' (aliyezaliwa 1 Januari 1987) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]] ambaye alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza mwezi Aprili 2009, akiwa na Oxford MCCU dhidi ya Worcestershire.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/399332.html "Morteza Ali".] Cricinfo.</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji wa tatu wa Afghanistan, baada ya Mumtaz Habib mwaka 2006 na Mohammad Nabi mwaka 2007, kucheza katika [[mchezo]]...' 1599601 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Morteza Ali''' (aliyezaliwa 1 Januari 1987) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]] ambaye alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza mwezi Aprili 2009, akiwa na Oxford MCCU dhidi ya Worcestershire.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/399332.html "Morteza Ali".] Cricinfo.</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji wa tatu wa Afghanistan, baada ya Mumtaz Habib mwaka 2006 na Mohammad Nabi mwaka 2007, kucheza katika [[mchezo]] wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza nchini Uingereza.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Cricket saved me after my family was murdered'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-48024470|work=www.bbc.com|date=2019-07-02|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} m6ntvv5mvjbyrp0lu51pg5y157ioohq 1599715 1599601 2026-09-23T20:47:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Morteza Ali''' (aliyezaliwa 1 Januari 1987) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]] ambaye alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza mwezi Aprili 2009, akiwa na Oxford MCCU dhidi ya Worcestershire.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/399332.html "Morteza Ali".] Cricinfo.</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji wa tatu wa Afghanistan, baada ya Mumtaz Habib mwaka 2006 na Mohammad Nabi mwaka 2007, kucheza katika [[mchezo]] wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza nchini Uingereza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='Cricket saved me after my family was murdered'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-48024470|work=www.bbc.com|date=2019-07-02|accessdate=2026-09-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} bnhjzs3l2s7v7t1bt1awest8cyp1gkx 0 250883 1599627 2026-09-23T18:52:34Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wahidullah Ali''' (aliyezaliwa 29 Novemba 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1231552.html "Wahidullah Ali".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 10 Septemba 2020, akiwa na Boost Defenders katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1229746.html "8th Match, Kabul, Sep 1...' 1599627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wahidullah Ali''' (aliyezaliwa 29 Novemba 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1231552.html "Wahidullah Ali".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 10 Septemba 2020, akiwa na Boost Defenders katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1229746.html "8th Match, Kabul, Sep 10 2020, Shpageeza Cricket League".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n65dzforxj96vqa1jgmi07afeo98hfn 0 250884 1599628 2026-09-23T18:55:14Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kabir Alikhail''' (aliyezaliwa 13 Novemba 1996) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1015441.html "Kabir Alikhail".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2017, tarehe 10 Agosti 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi y...' 1599628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabir Alikhail''' (aliyezaliwa 13 Novemba 1996) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1015441.html "Kabir Alikhail".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2017, tarehe 10 Agosti 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 20 Oktoba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124056.html "1st Match, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Amanullah, Oct 20-23 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cmaru4whrju5qabkbuvayl0decfyq7i 0 250885 1599675 2026-09-23T19:02:01Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Parvez Amin''' (aliyezaliwa 5 Septemba 2000) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1059040.html "Parvez Amin".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 15 Februari 2019. Alikuwa mchezaji aliyechukua wiketi nyingi zaidi ka...' 1599675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parvez Amin''' (aliyezaliwa 5 Septemba 2000) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1059040.html "Parvez Amin".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 15 Februari 2019. Alikuwa mchezaji aliyechukua wiketi nyingi zaidi katika mashindano hayo, akiwa na jumla ya wiketi 24 katika mechi tano. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Amo Sharks katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2019, tarehe 11 Oktoba 2019.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18041/scorecard/1202458/amo-sharks-vs-boost-defenders-8th-match-shpageeza-cricket-league-2019-20 "8th Match, Shpageeza Cricket League at Kabul, Oct 11 2019".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] oooggdvr48m70muoekkf0szmcbrouaz 0 250886 1599683 2026-09-23T19:04:47Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Haqmal Arya''' (aliyezaliwa 3 Februari 1999) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1108838.html "Haqmal Arya".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 7 Novemba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/112406...' 1599683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haqmal Arya''' (aliyezaliwa 3 Februari 1999) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1108838.html "Haqmal Arya".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 7 Novemba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124063.html "8th Match, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Amanullah, Nov 7-10 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dvsmle5envuq6heapzyfn3oc9v9z0gx 0 250887 1599684 2026-09-23T19:07:40Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mirwais Ashraf Khan''' (Kipashto: ميرويس اشرف خان) (aliyezaliwa 30 Juni 1988) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeichezea timu ya taifa ya kriketi na amekuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Kriketi ya Afghanistan tangu 6 Novemba 2021.<ref>Khawrin, Esmat (6 November 2021). [https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/06/mirwais-ashraf-appointed-cricket-board-chief/ "Mirwais Ashraf appointed cricket board chief"] – via pajhwok.com.</ref> Khan ni mpiga...' 1599684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mirwais Ashraf Khan''' (Kipashto: ميرويس اشرف خان) (aliyezaliwa 30 Juni 1988) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]] anayeichezea timu ya taifa ya kriketi na amekuwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Kriketi ya Afghanistan tangu 6 Novemba 2021.<ref>Khawrin, Esmat (6 November 2021). [https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/06/mirwais-ashraf-appointed-cricket-board-chief/ "Mirwais Ashraf appointed cricket board chief"] – via pajhwok.com.</ref> Khan ni mpigaji wa kulia na mpangaji wa mipira wa mkono wa kulia mwenye kasi ya wastani hadi ya juu. == Maisha ya kriketi == Ashraf alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja dhidi ya Uholanzi katika uwanja wa VRA Cricket Ground tarehe 30 Agosti 2009. Mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza ulikuwa dhidi ya wapinzani hao hao katika mchezo wa kwanza wa Afghanistan katika Kombe la Mabara la ICC. Katika innings ya pili ya Uholanzi, alichukua wiketi nne kwa runs 24 na kusaidia Afghanistan kupata [[ushindi]] wa kihistoria wa wiketi moja.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13326;type=tournament "Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, 2019: Most wickets".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2019, alikuwa mchezaji aliyechukua wiketi nyingi zaidi katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2019, akiwa na wiketi 16 katika mechi sita. == Wadhifa katika bodi == Akiwa Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Kriketi ya Afghanistan, Ashraf alitembelea maeneo ya [[mazishi]] ya wachezaji watatu wa kriketi wa Afghanistan waliouawa katika shambulio la anga la Jeshi la Anga la Pakistan huko Khandaro, kijiji katika Wilaya ya Urgun, [[Mkoa]] wa Paktika, tarehe 20 Oktoba 2025, siku tatu baada ya tukio hilo. Aliandamana na Fareed Ahmad, Zahir Khan, Rahmat Shah, na Shabir Noori. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ia31wv0wafs4mknnnva3d2r8w7giyws 0 250888 1599685 2026-09-23T19:10:54Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sediqullah Atal''' (aliyezaliwa 12 Agosti 2001), anayejulikana pia kama Sediq Atal, ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Ni mpigaji wa kufungua, ambaye alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa kwa Afghanistan mwaka 2023. Aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mabingwa la 2025 nchini Pakistan.<ref>icc (11 February 2025). [https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/champions-trophy-2025/news/every-icc-men-s-champions-trop...' 1599685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sediqullah Atal''' (aliyezaliwa 12 Agosti 2001), anayejulikana pia kama Sediq Atal, ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Ni mpigaji wa kufungua, ambaye alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa kwa Afghanistan mwaka 2023. Aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mabingwa la 2025 nchini Pakistan.<ref>icc (11 February 2025). [https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/champions-trophy-2025/news/every-icc-men-s-champions-trophy-2025-squad "Every ICC Men's Champions Trophy 2025 squad".] www.icc-cricket.com. Retrieved 28 February 2025.</ref> == Maisha ya kriketi == Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 7 Septemba 2020, akiichezea Kabul Eagles katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020. Kabla ya kufanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19 la 2020. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A tarehe 17 Oktoba 2021, akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2021. Mnamo Julai 2021, Sediqullah alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan cha Kimataifa ya Siku Moja kwa ajili ya mfululizo wa mechi dhidi ya Pakistan, lakini mfululizo huo uliahirishwa kufuatia Taliban kutwaa madaraka nchini Afghanistan. Tarehe 23 Januari 2023, mfululizo huo ulipangwa upya na bodi zote mbili za kriketi zilikubaliana kucheza mechi tatu za Kimataifa ya Twenty20 badala ya mechi za Kimataifa ya Siku Moja. Sediqullah alijumuishwa tena katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya mfululizo huo dhidi ya Pakistan. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Twenty20 katika mechi ya tatu na ya mwisho ya mfululizo huo, tarehe 27 Machi 2023. Mnamo Mei 2024, aliteuliwa kuwa mchezaji wa akiba katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Twenty20 la Wanaume la ICC la 2024.<ref>[https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/afghanistan-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024 "Afghanistan's squad for the ICC Men's T20I World Cup".] ScoreWaves. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2024, Sediqullah Atal aliichezea timu ya Afghanistan A katika Kombe la Asia la Timu Zinazochipukia la ACC, ambapo alitangazwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa mashindano baada ya kufunga runs 368 katika mechi tano. Alifunga runs 83, 95, 52, 83 na 55, akiwa na wastani wa upigaji wa 122.66 na kiwango cha kufunga runs cha 145. Uchezaji huo ulimweka miongoni mwa wafungaji bora wa runs katika mashindano hayo na kuisaidia Afghanistan A kushinda taji lake la kwanza la [[Kombe]] la Asia la ACC. Pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mabingwa la ICC la 2025 nchini Pakistan. Tarehe 12 Agosti 2026, katika mchezo wa nne wa mfululizo wa mechi za Kimataifa ya Siku Moja dhidi ya Ireland, Atal alifunga alama == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] f48rzqa9bfb4mx4nv12mmhdaj33ms81 0 250889 1599689 2026-09-23T19:20:15Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lawrence Hogan Mize''' (alizaliwa [[23 Septemba]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Augusta, Georgia]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1987]] kwa pigo la kumbukumbu la chip kutoka umbali wa futi 140 kwenye shimo la 11 katika playoff dhidi ya Seve Ballesteros na Greg Norman . Ni mshindi pekee wa Masters kutoka Augusta . Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka 19...' 1599689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lawrence Hogan Mize''' (alizaliwa [[23 Septemba]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Augusta, Georgia]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1987]] kwa pigo la kumbukumbu la chip kutoka umbali wa futi 140 kwenye shimo la 11 katika playoff dhidi ya Seve Ballesteros na Greg Norman . Ni mshindi pekee wa Masters kutoka Augusta . Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1987]] .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirby |first=Bill |title=Sept. 23, 1958: Larry Mize, Augusta native and Masters champ born this day |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/news/20200922/sept-23-1958-larry-mize-augusta-native-and-masters-champ-born-this-day |access-date=2020-11-15 |newspaper=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tg6sc1od88eino1s7g9ayus9qfy18ik 1599699 1599689 2026-09-23T19:46:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lawrence Hogan Mize''' (alizaliwa [[23 Septemba]] [[1958]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Augusta, Georgia]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1987]] kwa pigo la kumbukumbu la chip kutoka umbali wa futi 140 kwenye shimo la 11 katika playoff dhidi ya Seve Ballesteros na Greg Norman . Ni mshindi pekee wa Masters kutoka Augusta . Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1987]] .<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Kirby |first=Bill |title=Sept. 23, 1958: Larry Mize, Augusta native and Masters champ born this day |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/news/20200922/sept-23-1958-larry-mize-augusta-native-and-masters-champ-born-this-day |access-date=2020-11-15 |newspaper=The Augusta Chronicle}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bwhukgokt8a92a5ejo0rjuu8nijgteq 0 250890 1599690 2026-09-23T19:21:42Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wali Bahadur''' (aliyezaliwa 8 Mei 1990) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1126965.html "Wali Bahadur".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 November 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 25 Novemba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/11240...' 1599690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wali Bahadur''' (aliyezaliwa 8 Mei 1990) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1126965.html "Wali Bahadur".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 November 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 25 Novemba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124068.html "13th Match, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Khost, Nov 25-28 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 November 2017.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5ro7w2edr1klc7qp3zwor3f1207i1eq 0 250891 1599692 2026-09-23T19:25:38Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rokhan Barakzai''', anayejulikana pia kama Rokan Barekzai (aliyezaliwa 1 Januari 1989), ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Twenty20 dhidi ya Hong Kong katika mfululizo wa mechi za Afghanistan dhidi ya Hong Kong. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja dhidi ya [[Zimbabwe]]. Mechi hizo zilichezwa mwezi Novemba 2015 na Desemba 2015, mtawalia.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/e...' 1599692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rokhan Barakzai''', anayejulikana pia kama Rokan Barekzai (aliyezaliwa 1 Januari 1989), ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]]. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Twenty20 dhidi ya Hong Kong katika mfululizo wa mechi za Afghanistan dhidi ya Hong Kong. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja dhidi ya [[Zimbabwe]]. Mechi hizo zilichezwa mwezi Novemba 2015 na Desemba 2015, mtawalia.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/953337.html "Zimbabwe tour of United Arab Emirates, 2nd ODI: Afghanistan v Zimbabwe at Sharjah, Dec 29, 2015".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref> Barekzai alitangazwa kuwa mpangaji bora wa mipira katika mashindano ya Shpageeza T20 ya 2014. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 20 Oktoba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124056.html "1st Match, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Amanullah, Oct 20-23 2017".] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] h2ekuueotfoi7x31wqdpwttm6p0apwp 0 250892 1599696 2026-09-23T19:36:01Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Naseeb Dawlatzai''' ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/790053.html "Naseeb Dawlatzai"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Speen Ghar katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2018, tarehe 8 Aprili 2018.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1137706.html "19th Match, Alokozay...' 1599696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naseeb Dawlatzai''' ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/790053.html "Naseeb Dawlatzai"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Speen Ghar katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2018, tarehe 8 Aprili 2018.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1137706.html "19th Match, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Amanullah, Apr 8-11 2018".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] kh34ztgouhlswghu57wh9x2ozvoifan 0 250893 1599697 2026-09-23T19:39:49Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sadiq Farhad''' ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/976615.html "Sadiq Farhad".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na [[Mkoa]] wa Mis Ainak katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2017, tarehe 14 Agosti 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa...' 1599697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sadiq Farhad''' ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/976615.html "Sadiq Farhad".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika [[kriketi]] ya Orodha A akiwa na [[Mkoa]] wa Mis Ainak katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2017, tarehe 14 Agosti 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 1 Desemba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124071.html "16th Match, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Amanullah, Dec 1-4 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] njm7nixfbdogycwx5ag75eh9ql0x8d3 0 250894 1599698 2026-09-23T19:43:16Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Md Farmanullah''' (aliyezaliwa 14 Machi 2001) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/976429.html "Farmanullah"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 1 Novemba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodh...' 1599698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Md Farmanullah''' (aliyezaliwa 14 Machi 2001) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/976429.html "Farmanullah"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 1 Novemba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2018, tarehe 23 Julai 2018. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 8 Oktoba 2019, akiwa na Amo Sharks katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2019.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202453.html "3rd Match, Shpageeza Cricket League at Kabul, Oct 8 2019".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ics68uxn6n6drgndig68a1bpekxf4ho 0 250895 1599702 2026-09-23T19:49:59Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Azizullah Fazli''' (عزیزالله فضلي) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/pashto/afghanistan-45567896 "عزیزالله فضلي د کرېکټ بورډ مشر شو".] BBC News پښتو.</ref> Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo kuanzia Septemba 2018 hadi Julai 2019, na aliteuliwa tena tarehe 22 Agosti 2021.<ref>Khawrin, Esmat (November 6, 2021). [https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/06/mirwais-ashraf-appointed-cric...' 1599702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Azizullah Fazli''' (عزیزالله فضلي) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/pashto/afghanistan-45567896 "عزیزالله فضلي د کرېکټ بورډ مشر شو".] BBC News پښتو.</ref> Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo kuanzia Septemba 2018 hadi Julai 2019, na aliteuliwa tena tarehe 22 Agosti 2021.<ref>Khawrin, Esmat (November 6, 2021). [https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/06/mirwais-ashraf-appointed-cricket-board-chief/ "Mirwais Ashraf appointed cricket board chief"] – via pajhwok.com.</ref> Aliendelea kuhudumu hadi tarehe 6 Novemba 2021. Fazli alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa kwanza wa kriketi wa Afghanistan. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ahk3c662blsagsx0ved6ddao0dey9rv 0 250896 1599704 2026-09-23T19:52:40Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Shafiqullah Ghafari''' (aliyezaliwa 8 Oktoba 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1176738.html "Shafiqullah Ghafari"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 8 Oktob...' 1599704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shafiqullah Ghafari''' (aliyezaliwa 8 Oktoba 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1176738.html "Shafiqullah Ghafari"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019, tarehe 4 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 8 Oktoba 2019, akiwa na Mis Ainak Knights katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2019. Ghafari pia alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Afghanistan kwa ajili ya [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Kriketi la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19 la 2020. Katika mchezo wa ufunguzi wa mashindano hayo, alichukua wiketi sita kwa runs 15. Huo ulikuwa uchezaji bora zaidi wa mpangaji wa mipira wa Afghanistan katika mchezo wa Kombe la Dunia la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19. Alikuwa mchezaji aliyechukua wiketi nyingi zaidi kwa Afghanistan katika [[mashindano]] hayo, akiwa na jumla ya wiketi 16 katika mechi tano. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A tarehe 16 Oktoba 2020, akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2020.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1234671.html "7th Match, Kandahar, Oct 16 2020, Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bd4b2hfe2mcv3tep6mvreibgu3kjxy2 0 250897 1599707 2026-09-23T19:55:22Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Janat Gul''' (aliyezaliwa 5 Desemba 1991) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/790057.html "Janat Gul".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 1 Desemba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124070.html "15th...' 1599707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janat Gul''' (aliyezaliwa 5 Desemba 1991) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/790057.html "Janat Gul".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 1 Desemba 2017.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124070.html "15th Match, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Khost, Dec 1-4 2017".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 12 Septemba 2020, akiwa na Amo Sharks katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5t2ppx1uqlybwwwyattfehi121zkk4c 0 250898 1599709 2026-09-23T20:00:22Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Juma Gul''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Novemba 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793455.html "Juma Gul".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Boost Defenders katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 11 Septemba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika Mashin...' 1599709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juma Gul''' (aliyezaliwa 10 Novemba 1999) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793455.html "Juma Gul".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Boost Defenders katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2017, tarehe 11 Septemba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18, tarehe 20 Oktoba 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2023, tarehe 29 Oktoba 2023.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/gak-regional-one-day-2023-24-1405969/amo-region-vs-mis-ainak-region-1st-match-1405971/full-scorecard "1st Match, Amanullah, October 29, 2023, Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9r2dz9ozal61i8pdio6l9sjhi93pp8g 0 250899 1599710 2026-09-23T20:03:21Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohammadullah Hamkar''' (aliyezaliwa 25 Septemba 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1174713.html "Mohammadullah Hamkar".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika mashindano ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 15 Februari 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katik...' 1599710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammadullah Hamkar''' (aliyezaliwa 25 Septemba 2001) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1174713.html "Mohammadullah Hamkar".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika mashindano ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 15 Februari 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na [[Mkoa]] wa Band-e-Amir katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2019, tarehe 17 Septemba 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 9 Septemba 2020, akiwa na Mis Ainak Knights katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1229745.html "7th Match, Kabul, Sep 9 2020, Shpageeza Cricket League".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bfe6rjhsdx2zj46mz7z8nywqubxtl3o 0 250900 1599714 2026-09-23T20:45:14Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Haseebullah''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1229279.html "Haseebullah".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika fainali ya Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020, tarehe 16 Septemba 2020, ambapo alichukua wiketi mbili. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A tarehe 12 Oktoba 2020, akiwa...' 1599714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haseebullah''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1229279.html "Haseebullah".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika fainali ya Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020, tarehe 16 Septemba 2020, ambapo alichukua wiketi mbili. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A tarehe 12 Oktoba 2020, akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2020. Katika mchezo huo, alichukua wiketi tano na kutangazwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa mchezo. Alimaliza mashindano hayo akiwa amechukua jumla ya wiketi kumi na akatajwa kuwa Mchezaji Chipukizi Bora wa Mashindano.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mis-e-Ainak becomes the champion for the 2nd time at GAK Regional One Day Tournament|url=https://cricket.af/post/mis-e-ainak-becomes-the-champion-for-the-2nd-time-at-gak-regional-one-day-tournament|work=cricket.af|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2yh699pwfildjqqt060spmzhk02as55 1599740 1599714 2026-09-23T22:22:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haseebullah''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1229279.html "Haseebullah".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 akiwa na Mkoa wa Kabul katika fainali ya Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020, tarehe 16 Septemba 2020, ambapo alichukua wiketi mbili. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A tarehe 12 Oktoba 2020, akiwa na Mkoa wa Mis Ainak katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2020. Katika mchezo huo, alichukua wiketi tano na kutangazwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa mchezo. Alimaliza mashindano hayo akiwa amechukua jumla ya wiketi kumi na akatajwa kuwa Mchezaji Chipukizi Bora wa Mashindano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mis-e-Ainak becomes the champion for the 2nd time at GAK Regional One Day Tournament|url=https://cricket.af/post/mis-e-ainak-becomes-the-champion-for-the-2nd-time-at-gak-regional-one-day-tournament|work=cricket.af|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6jo0k03h5xvnexzy1wewpif6wgo3y88 0 250901 1599716 2026-09-23T20:48:18Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Riaz Hassan''' (aliyezaliwa 9 Julai 2002) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa Afghanistan, ambaye alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa akiwa na timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya Afghanistan mwezi Januari 2022.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1061090.html "Riaz Hussan".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad...' 1599716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Riaz Hassan''' (aliyezaliwa 9 Julai 2002) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa Afghanistan, ambaye alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa akiwa na timu ya taifa ya kriketi ya Afghanistan mwezi Januari 2022.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1061090.html "Riaz Hussan".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2018, tarehe 8 Aprili 2018. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika kriketi ya Orodha A akiwa na Mkoa wa Amo katika Mashindano ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2018, tarehe 18 Julai 2018. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 8 Septemba 2020, akiwa na Kabul Eagles katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1229742.html "4th Match, Kabul, Sep 8 2020, Shpageeza Cricket League"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</ref> == Maisha ya kriketi ya kimataifa == Mnamo Januari 2022, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha [[Afghanistan]] cha Kimataifa ya Siku Moja (ODI) kwa ajili ya mfululizo wa [[mechi]] dhidi ya Uholanzi nchini Qatar. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Kimataifa ya Siku Moja tarehe 25 Januari 2022, akiichezea Afghanistan dhidi ya Uholanzi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] q9b6hs5c88hqxohaemx9igfgyoyx6w7 0 250902 1599719 2026-09-23T20:51:23Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hayatullah''' ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1174744.html "Hayatullah".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza tarehe 20 Februari 2019, akiwa na Mkoa wa Kunduz katika mashindano ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19. Alifunga karne na kutangazwa kuwa [[mchezaji]] bora wa mchezo. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwan...' 1599719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hayatullah''' ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1174744.html "Hayatullah".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza tarehe 20 Februari 2019, akiwa na Mkoa wa Kunduz katika mashindano ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19. Alifunga karne na kutangazwa kuwa [[mchezaji]] bora wa mchezo. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 7 Oktoba 2019, akiwa na Band-e-Amir Dragons katika [[Ligi]] ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2019.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202451.html "1st Match, Shpageeza Cricket League at Kabul, Oct 7 2019".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] 3y5my9zmwuuau8869ijxh5t0db8bbad 0 250903 1599721 2026-09-23T20:54:23Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Toryal Himat''' (aliyezaliwa 29 Oktoba 1997) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1015425.html "Toryal Himat".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kunar katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 2 Machi 2019.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174256.ht...' 1599721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toryal Himat''' (aliyezaliwa 29 Oktoba 1997) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1015425.html "Toryal Himat".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Kunar katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19, tarehe 2 Machi 2019.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174256.html "7th Match, Mirwais Nika 3-day Provincial at Amanullah, Mar 2-4 2019"]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gy2g9p2xujbvaq8sd4cqg3yv8v3d2ia 0 250904 1599722 2026-09-23T20:57:26Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kamran Hotak''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Januari 2003) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1076414.html "Kamran Hotak".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 March 2018.</ref> Alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika fainali ya Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2018, tarehe 8 Mei 2018.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1...' 1599722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamran Hotak''' (aliyezaliwa 7 Januari 2003) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1076414.html "Kamran Hotak".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 4 March 2018.</ref> Alifanya [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa [[kriketi]] ya daraja la kwanza akiwa na Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika fainali ya Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2018, tarehe 8 Mei 2018.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1137718.html "Final, Alokozay Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament at Kandahar, May 8-12 2018".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 12 May 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4hyptuk3jhyj7fzrne24o78xanmxcw8 0 250905 1599795 2026-09-24T03:39:12Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Norma Cecilia Tanega''' ([[30 Januari]], [[1939]] – [[29 Desemba]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa kitamaduni na muziki wa [[pop]], mchoraji na [[mwanamuziki]] wa muziki wa majaribio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-18 |title=Norma Tanega, Cult ’60s Singer/Songwriter, Dead At 80 |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2070494/norma-tanega-cult-60s-singersongwriter-dead-at-80/news/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website...' 1599795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Norma Cecilia Tanega''' ([[30 Januari]], [[1939]] – [[29 Desemba]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa kitamaduni na muziki wa [[pop]], mchoraji na [[mwanamuziki]] wa muziki wa majaribio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-18 |title=Norma Tanega, Cult ’60s Singer/Songwriter, Dead At 80 |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2070494/norma-tanega-cult-60s-singersongwriter-dead-at-80/news/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Stereogum |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Williams, 1955">{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Vera|title=Rudy Tanega|work=Independent Press-Telegram from|date=August 21, 1955|location=Long Beach, California|page=68|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1939|2019}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] hoejupugdp4gnctwz4v5fb0tb0rifdj 1600012 1599795 2026-09-24T09:58:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1600012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Norma Cecilia Tanega''' ([[30 Januari]], [[1939]] – [[29 Desemba]], [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa kitamaduni na muziki wa [[pop]], mchoraji na [[mwanamuziki]] wa muziki wa majaribio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-01-18 |title=Norma Tanega, Cult ’60s Singer/Songwriter, Dead At 80 |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2070494/norma-tanega-cult-60s-singersongwriter-dead-at-80/news/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Stereogum |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Williams, 1955">{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Vera|title=Rudy Tanega|work=Independent Press-Telegram from|date=August 21, 1955|location=Long Beach, California|page=68|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1939|2019}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 86gebzfbr9vzlbg7dryas667aaytr6n 0 250906 1599796 2026-09-24T03:41:45Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Christopher Tanner''' (alizaliwa Desemba 1955) ni msanii wa kisasa na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. == Maisha ya awali == Chris Tanner alizaliwa ndani ya gari karibu na [[Pasadena]], [[California]], na alikulia [[Duarte]], California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.times-standard.com/2021/08/24/former-assemblywoman-ferndale-resident-sally-tanner-remembered-by-community/|title=Former Assemblywoman, Ferndale resident Sally Tanner remembered by community...' 1599796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher Tanner''' (alizaliwa Desemba 1955) ni msanii wa kisasa na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. == Maisha ya awali == Chris Tanner alizaliwa ndani ya gari karibu na [[Pasadena]], [[California]], na alikulia [[Duarte]], California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.times-standard.com/2021/08/24/former-assemblywoman-ferndale-resident-sally-tanner-remembered-by-community/|title=Former Assemblywoman, Ferndale resident Sally Tanner remembered by community|first=Mario |last=Cortez |newspaper=Times-Standard|date=August 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/features/death-be-ridiculous-a-chat-with-etiquette-of-death-creator-chris-tanner-and-director-everett-quinton/|title=Death Be Ridiculous: Chris Tanner and Everett Quinton on Etiquette of Death|first=Gerard|last=Raymond|date=June 12, 2012|website=Slant Magazine}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1955|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] kf5h2jrqto5rdkopb78tgkp462w1m32 0 250907 1599797 2026-09-24T03:45:02Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Tao''' (amezaliwa [[11 Julai]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Taiwan]]. Mtindo wake wa kipekee unajumuisha [[R&B]] na [[rock]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Singer {{!}} David Tao |url=https://www.moc.gov.tw/en/News_Content2.aspx?n=489&s=17845 |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Ministry of Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%89%E5%82%B3%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%97%85%E9%8...' 1599797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Tao''' (amezaliwa [[11 Julai]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Taiwan]]. Mtindo wake wa kipekee unajumuisha [[R&B]] na [[rock]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Singer {{!}} David Tao |url=https://www.moc.gov.tw/en/News_Content2.aspx?n=489&s=17845 |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Ministry of Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%89%E5%82%B3%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%97%85%E9%80%9D-%E4%BA%AB%E5%A3%BD70%E6%AD%B2.html David Tao Sr. died from cancer, David Jr.'s agent confirms (Chinese)]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8i7xcelsmqbiqf5xxyk5r6g7ck36u55 1599828 1599797 2026-09-24T04:34:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Tao''' (amezaliwa [[11 Julai]], [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa [[Taiwan]]. Mtindo wake wa kipekee unajumuisha [[R&B]] na [[rock]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-11 |title=Singer {{!}} David Tao |url=https://www.moc.gov.tw/en/News_Content2.aspx?n=489&s=17845 |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=Ministry of Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%99%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%89%E5%82%B3%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%97%85%E9%80%9D-%E4%BA%AB%E5%A3%BD70%E6%AD%B2.html David Tao Sr. died from cancer, David Jr.'s agent confirms (Chinese)]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 9a0neoerj54vee6hnsxf7rj8f0o02ff 0 250908 1599798 2026-09-24T03:48:48Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Stacey Tappan''' (amezaliwa [[13 Juni]], [[1973]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] mwenye sauti ya coloratura [[soprano]]. Tappan alizaliwa huko [[Boston, Massachusetts]], na alikulia [[Pasadena]], [[California]]. Wazazi wake wote wawili ni wanamuziki wanaopiga ala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060309054357/http://www.lyricopera.org/about/locaa.asp Lyric Opera Center for American Artists]</ref><ref>[http://www.opera-stl.org/ St. Louis Opera Theat...' 1599798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stacey Tappan''' (amezaliwa [[13 Juni]], [[1973]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] mwenye sauti ya coloratura [[soprano]]. Tappan alizaliwa huko [[Boston, Massachusetts]], na alikulia [[Pasadena]], [[California]]. Wazazi wake wote wawili ni wanamuziki wanaopiga ala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060309054357/http://www.lyricopera.org/about/locaa.asp Lyric Opera Center for American Artists]</ref><ref>[http://www.opera-stl.org/ St. Louis Opera Theater]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1973|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] pmp5pauhliv1vg1x0nfkjifc830fdbg 0 250909 1599799 2026-09-24T03:52:52Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Felice Taylor''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Florain Corella Flanagan''', [[29 Januari]], [[1944]] – [[12 Juni]], 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soul-source.co.uk/forums/topic/301928-felice-taylor/|title=Felice Taylor|website=Soul Source UK|accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa [[soul]] na muziki wa [[pop]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa rekodi zake za mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxfor...' 1599799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Felice Taylor''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Florain Corella Flanagan''', [[29 Januari]], [[1944]] – [[12 Juni]], 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soul-source.co.uk/forums/topic/301928-felice-taylor/|title=Felice Taylor|website=Soul Source UK|accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa [[soul]] na muziki wa [[pop]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa rekodi zake za mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803102310914|title=Felice Taylor|website=Oxfordindex.oup.com|accessdate=2015-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083522/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803102310914|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1944|2017}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] t720syf6secotntl465uvfpfjjc5ffp 0 250910 1599802 2026-09-24T04:01:14Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Peggy Taylor''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Margaret Tague''', [[12 Oktoba]], [[1927]] – [[9 Februari]], [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye baadaye alikua mtangazaji wa redio na [[televisheni]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071217140935/http://www.tv-signoffs.com/KNBC_1981.htm Web page with video clip of July 4, 1981 sign-off of KNBC by Peggy Taylor]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1927|2002}}...' 1599802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Taylor''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Margaret Tague''', [[12 Oktoba]], [[1927]] – [[9 Februari]], [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye baadaye alikua mtangazaji wa redio na [[televisheni]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071217140935/http://www.tv-signoffs.com/KNBC_1981.htm Web page with video clip of July 4, 1981 sign-off of KNBC by Peggy Taylor]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1927|2002}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] irfd1cdot8ahi54sxicjvg1uhawwc2o 0 250911 1599803 2026-09-24T04:04:26Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thanh Lan''' (amezaliwa [[1 Machi]], [[1948]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Kivietinamu]]. Yeye ni miongoni mwa wasanii wachache ambao wamefanikiwa katika nyanja zote tatu za muziki, sinema na maigizo ya jukwaani.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Women of Vietnam |journal=Vietnam Magazine |date=1971 |volume=4-5 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Michael |title=Coming Home Again |journal=Oi |date=October...' 1599803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thanh Lan''' (amezaliwa [[1 Machi]], [[1948]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Kivietinamu]]. Yeye ni miongoni mwa wasanii wachache ambao wamefanikiwa katika nyanja zote tatu za muziki, sinema na maigizo ya jukwaani.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Women of Vietnam |journal=Vietnam Magazine |date=1971 |volume=4-5 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Michael |title=Coming Home Again |journal=Oi |date=October 2019 |url=https://oivietnam.com/2019/10/coming-home-again/ |quote=In 1974 Thanh Lan was at the height of her career in Saigon, now 45 years later she returns to the city to relive her glory days.}}</re<ref>{{cite web |title=Thanh Lan: Biography |url=https://www.last.fm/music/Thanh+Lan/+wiki |website=Last.fm |publisher=Last.fm Ltd.}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1948|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] e4xrlxy8cg9b4wj4d9vmycn42u9706j 0 250912 1599805 2026-09-24T04:08:21Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Charles Thomas''' ([[6 Septemba]], [[1891]] - [[13 Desemba]], [[1960]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa baritone katika [[opera]], operetta na matamasha.<ref name=meek>McPherson, Jim, "Mr. Meek Goes to Washington: The Story of the Small-Potatoes Canadian Baritone Who Founded America's 'National' Opera", ''The Opera Quarterly'', volume 20, no. 2, Spring 2004</ref><ref name="Greenberg">{{cite web|last1=Greenberg|first1=Robert|title=Music Hist...' 1599805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Charles Thomas''' ([[6 Septemba]], [[1891]] - [[13 Desemba]], [[1960]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa baritone katika [[opera]], operetta na matamasha.<ref name=meek>McPherson, Jim, "Mr. Meek Goes to Washington: The Story of the Small-Potatoes Canadian Baritone Who Founded America's 'National' Opera", ''The Opera Quarterly'', volume 20, no. 2, Spring 2004</ref><ref name="Greenberg">{{cite web|last1=Greenberg|first1=Robert|title=Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann|url=https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/|website=robertgreenbergmusic.com|accessdate=7 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/|archivedate=7 February 2020|language=en-US|date=26 August 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1891|1960}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 36q4ib80mzceslpz9tvr4r1mr2joyw8 0 250913 1599806 2026-09-24T04:11:42Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ron Thompson''' ([[5 Julai]], [[1953]] – [[15 Februari]], [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mpiga gitaa]], [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa blues ya umeme na blues rock.<ref name="AMG">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ron-thompson-mn0000295326|title=Ron Thompson |author=Bill Dahl |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |access-date=September 16, 2011}}</ref><ref name="RTB">{{cite web |url=http://www.rtblues.com/ |title=Ron Thompson – Rhythm and B...' 1599806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ron Thompson''' ([[5 Julai]], [[1953]] – [[15 Februari]], [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mpiga gitaa]], [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa blues ya umeme na blues rock.<ref name="AMG">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ron-thompson-mn0000295326|title=Ron Thompson |author=Bill Dahl |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |access-date=September 16, 2011}}</ref><ref name="RTB">{{cite web |url=http://www.rtblues.com/ |title=Ron Thompson – Rhythm and Blues Legend |author= |date= |publisher=Rtblues.com |access-date=September 16, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Newark">{{cite web|url=http://www.tricityvoice.com/articledisplay.php?a=4969 |title=Local legend brews the blues by Linda Stone &#124; April 4, 2006 |publisher=Tri City Voice |date=2006-04-04 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1953|2020}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] c0jbykh4etq9drjnyukgco17kbz1q6c 0 250914 1599808 2026-09-24T04:13:27Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alvin Richard Mayer''' ( [[28 Agosti]] [[1924]] – [[2 Juni]] [[1989]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Stamford, Connecticut]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1957]] katika playoff dhidi ya Cary Middlecoff . Mwaka huo aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour na alitajwa kama PGA Player of the Year . Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1957]] .<ref>{{cite book |title=Th...' 1599808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alvin Richard Mayer''' ( [[28 Agosti]] [[1924]] – [[2 Juni]] [[1989]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Stamford, Connecticut]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1957]] katika playoff dhidi ya Cary Middlecoff . Mwaka huo aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour na alitajwa kama PGA Player of the Year . Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1957]] .<ref>{{cite book |title=The Pro: Lessons About Golf and Life from My Father, Claude Harmon, Sr. |first1=Butch |last1=Harmon |authorlink=Butch Harmon |first2=Steve |last2=Eubanks |year=2006 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0307338037 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307338037 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The U.S. Open: Golf's Most Prestigious Tournament |edition=second |first=Robert |last=Sommers |year=1995}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] owwxmawfsw5xp5dhjckl0fvke3k6uzp 0 250915 1599812 2026-09-24T04:16:05Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bruce Patane Altomari Yarnell'''<ref name="a">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltUkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2094| title=Television Western Players, 1960-1975: A Biographical Dictionary| first=Everett| last=Aaker| pages=450–451| publisher=McFarland| date=May 25, 2017| isbn=978-1-4766-6250-3| via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>([[28 Desemba]], [[1935]] – [[30 Novemba]], [[1973]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]].<ref name="b">{{ci...' 1599812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruce Patane Altomari Yarnell'''<ref name="a">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltUkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2094| title=Television Western Players, 1960-1975: A Biographical Dictionary| first=Everett| last=Aaker| pages=450–451| publisher=McFarland| date=May 25, 2017| isbn=978-1-4766-6250-3| via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>([[28 Desemba]], [[1935]] – [[30 Novemba]], [[1973]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]].<ref name="b">{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=December 3, 1973 |title=Yarnell, a Singer, is Killed in Crash |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/03/archives/yarnell-a-singer-is-killed-in-crash-coast-opera-baritone-35-was.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 13, 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="c">{{cite news| url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/381807691/| title=Singer, Two Others Die in Plane Crash| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]| date=December 2, 1973| access-date=October 13, 2021| page=26| via=[[Newspapers.com]]| url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1935|1973}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] cmnzryl2ox7mebvb50smugvmio30ei7 0 250916 1599813 2026-09-24T04:17:23Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Hoke Austin''' ( [[17 Februari]] [[1910]] – [[23 Novemba]] [[2005]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mtaalamu wa kinesiolojia nchini [[Marekani]] . Alizaliwa [[Guernsey]] anajulikana kwa kushika rekodi ya Guinness ya pigo refu zaidi katika mashindano ya kulipwa, akigonga yadi 515 mwaka [[1974]] huko [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] .<ref name=lat>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-nov-24-me-austin24-sto...' 1599813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Hoke Austin''' ( [[17 Februari]] [[1910]] – [[23 Novemba]] [[2005]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mtaalamu wa kinesiolojia nchini [[Marekani]] . Alizaliwa [[Guernsey]] anajulikana kwa kushika rekodi ya Guinness ya pigo refu zaidi katika mashindano ya kulipwa, akigonga yadi 515 mwaka [[1974]] huko [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] .<ref name=lat>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-nov-24-me-austin24-story.html |title=Mike Austin, 95; Set World Record for Longest Golf Drive: 515 Yards |website=Los Angeles Times |first=Peter |last=Yoon |date=November 24, 2005 |accessdate=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name=lat2>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-01-15-sp-1261-story.html |title=Lord OF THE Links : Mike Austin, 82, Has Achieved Legendary Status as a Long Hitter, Instructor, Hustler and Adventurer |website=Los Angeles Times |first=Rich |last=Toches |date=January 15, 1993 |accessdate=April 16, 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] neop9913ee2uw3ltlw9eok2t80lnjtz 0 250917 1599814 2026-09-24T04:19:31Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tony Yazbeck''' (amezaliwa [[14 Machi]], [[1979]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]] na mcheza dansi wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye jukwaa la Broadway, ikiwemo toleo jipya la ''On the Town (musical)'', ambalo lilimletea uteuzi wa Tony Award wa mwaka 2015 na uteuzi wa Outer Critics Circle Award katika kitengo cha mwigizaji mkuu katika tamthilia ya muziki.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paulson |first1=Michael |title=Tripping on Broadway:...' 1599814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tony Yazbeck''' (amezaliwa [[14 Machi]], [[1979]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]] na mcheza dansi wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye jukwaa la Broadway, ikiwemo toleo jipya la ''On the Town (musical)'', ambalo lilimletea uteuzi wa Tony Award wa mwaka 2015 na uteuzi wa Outer Critics Circle Award katika kitengo cha mwigizaji mkuu katika tamthilia ya muziki.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paulson |first1=Michael |title=Tripping on Broadway: A New Musical Explores LSD Use by Cary Grant and More |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/20/theater/broadway-flying-over-sunset-lapine-cusack.html |accessdate=August 20, 2019 |agency=The New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=August 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BWW Interview: ON THE TOWN's Tony Yazbeck on His Birdland Concert and Debut Album!|author=Joseph F. Panarello|publisher=broadwayworld.com |date=June 25, 2015 |accessdate=June 28, 2015 |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/BWW-Interview-ON-THE-TOWNs-Tony-Yazbeck-on-His-Birdland-Concert-and-Debut-Album-20150623}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] cq108wiih4j3eeovcyllfk0g6i20r8z 0 250918 1599815 2026-09-24T04:19:36Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Billy Charles Coody''' (alizaliwa [[13 Julai]] [[1937]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Stamford, [[Texas]] na kukulia [[Abilene, Texas]] . Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1971]], ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu . Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1971]] . Alishinda pia mataji 5 ya Champions Tour .<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Charles Coody profile from PGA T...' 1599815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Billy Charles Coody''' (alizaliwa [[13 Julai]] [[1937]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Stamford, [[Texas]] na kukulia [[Abilene, Texas]] . Alishinda Masters Tournament mwaka [[1971]], ushindi wake pekee wa shindano kuu . Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour na alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1971]] . Alishinda pia mataji 5 ya Champions Tour .<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Charles Coody profile from PGA Tour's official site |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/12/15/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122121231/http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/12/15/ |archive-date=2010-01-22 |access-date=2010-04-17 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] piz1twisvmf5bwus25nbwlynki54qgd 0 250919 1599817 2026-09-24T04:23:20Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kristina Louise Yothers''' (amezaliwa [[5 Mei]], [[1973]])<ref>Arnold, Mark (2023). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9aKnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2017-IA63 Stars of Walt Disney Productions]''. BearManor Media. {{ISBN|979-8-88771-072-3}}. "TINA YOTHERS aka Kristina Louise Yothers (born May 5, 1973)"</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani. Alianza kazi yake kama mwigizaji mtoto akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, na anajulikana zaidi kwa na...' 1599817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kristina Louise Yothers''' (amezaliwa [[5 Mei]], [[1973]])<ref>Arnold, Mark (2023). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9aKnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2017-IA63 Stars of Walt Disney Productions]''. BearManor Media. {{ISBN|979-8-88771-072-3}}. "TINA YOTHERS aka Kristina Louise Yothers (born May 5, 1973)"</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani. Alianza kazi yake kama mwigizaji mtoto akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, na anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake kama Jennifer Keaton katika kipindi maarufu cha NBC ''Family Ties'', pamoja na nafasi zake katika filamu nyingi za televisheni katika miaka ya 1980 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, zikiwemo ''The Cherokee Trail'', ''Crash Course (film)'', na ''Spunk: The Tonya Harding Story'', miongoni mwa nyingine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael J. Fox admits he was in 'denial' for years after Parkinson's diagnosis: 'I was told I only had 10 years left to work' |url=https://celebrity.nine.com.au/latest/michael-j-fox-parkinsons-disease-admits-denial-years-after-diagnosis/eab1a666-77fa-43c5-b9e8-75a55ffb7e2f |access-date=December 2, 2022 |website=celebrity.nine.com.au |date=November 20, 2022 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/02/01/tina-yothers-fulfills-a-role-onstage-and-off/</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1973|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] iojr8uu9i23ipma6krn1v1o77c6q8r1 0 250920 1599818 2026-09-24T04:23:54Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David S. Ishii''' (alizaliwa [[26 Julai]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Kauai,[[Hawaii]]. Alishinda Hawaiian Open mwaka [[1990]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour . Alishinda mataji 14 ya Japan Golf Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya Japan Golf Tour mwaka [[1987]] .<ref>{{cite book |title=Official 1991 PGA Tour Media Guide |publisher=PGA Tour Creative Services |year=1991 |page=209}}</ref><ref>{...' 1599818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David S. Ishii''' (alizaliwa [[26 Julai]] [[1955]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Kauai,[[Hawaii]]. Alishinda Hawaiian Open mwaka [[1990]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour . Alishinda mataji 14 ya Japan Golf Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya Japan Golf Tour mwaka [[1987]] .<ref>{{cite book |title=Official 1991 PGA Tour Media Guide |publisher=PGA Tour Creative Services |year=1991 |page=209}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/hou/sports/m-golf/auto_pdf/2016-17/misc_non_event/mgolf_1617Almanac_Complete.pdf |title=University of Houston Media Almanac: 2016–17 Men's Golf |publisher=Houston Cougars |pages=36, 42, 45, 54 |access-date=2017-09-07 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907124013/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/hou/sports/m-golf/auto_pdf/2016-17/misc_non_event/mgolf_1617Almanac_Complete.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gpr0o2zhp8f3l9v9fjtv5jwqlekbwdp 0 250921 1599823 2026-09-24T04:28:36Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:EarthAngels-with-KathyYoung.jpg|thumb|225px|Kathy Young akiwa na the Earth Angels wakitumbuiza katika Benedum Center|Kituo cha Benedum cha Sanaa za Maonyesho huko Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Mei 2010]] [[File:Kathy Young+Christian Carrasco.jpg|thumb|225px|Kathy Young akiwa na Christian Carrasco, mmoja wa wanachama wa bendi ya Kihispania ya doo-wop inayoitwa the Earth Angels]] '''Kathy Young''' (alizaliwa [[21 Oktoba]], [[1945]])<ref name="LarkinGE">...' 1599823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EarthAngels-with-KathyYoung.jpg|thumb|225px|Kathy Young akiwa na the Earth Angels wakitumbuiza katika Benedum Center|Kituo cha Benedum cha Sanaa za Maonyesho huko Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Mei 2010]] [[File:Kathy Young+Christian Carrasco.jpg|thumb|225px|Kathy Young akiwa na Christian Carrasco, mmoja wa wanachama wa bendi ya Kihispania ya doo-wop inayoitwa the Earth Angels]] '''Kathy Young''' (alizaliwa [[21 Oktoba]], [[1945]])<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=2757}}</ref> ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]]; alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa [[pop]] kwa [[vijana]] mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960, ambaye uimbaji wake wa "A Thousand Stars", akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, ulifikia nafasi ya tatu kwenye 'Billboard' Hot 100. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] jxhg0nqll6dmzy32s2jqmz9hwz6rfb2 0 250922 1599825 2026-09-24T04:30:49Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Zabrecky''' ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], mhadhiri na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. Kazi yake ilianza kama mwanamuziki alipokuwa mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi Possum Dixon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/possum-dixon-mn0000301136 |title=Possum Dixon Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=November 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122155817/http://www.allmusic...' 1599825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Zabrecky''' ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]], mhadhiri na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. Kazi yake ilianza kama mwanamuziki alipokuwa mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi Possum Dixon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/possum-dixon-mn0000301136 |title=Possum Dixon Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=November 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122155817/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/possum-dixon-mn0000301136 |archivedate=November 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |last=Gelt |first=Jessica |url=https://www.latimes.com/books/la-et-jc-rob-zabrecky-memoir-strange-cures-20190530-story.html|title = Rob Zabrecky's memoir 'Strange Cures' is an ode to a forgotten L.A. |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] refq918u1ehzuy9z6q79vbsbmr5ztgz 0 250923 1599827 2026-09-24T04:33:50Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Zoë Montana Hoetzel''' (amezaliwa [[23 Septemba]], [[1994]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Zolita''', ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. Mwaka 2015, alipata umaarufu baada ya video ya muziki ya wimbo wake "Explosion" kusambaa sana mtandaoni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-d.co/article/video-premiere-future-queer-icon-zolitas-feminist-pop-anthem/ |title=Video premiere: future queer icon zolita's feminist pop anthem | first=J.L. | las...' 1599827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoë Montana Hoetzel''' (amezaliwa [[23 Septemba]], [[1994]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Zolita''', ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. Mwaka 2015, alipata umaarufu baada ya video ya muziki ya wimbo wake "Explosion" kusambaa sana mtandaoni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-d.co/article/video-premiere-future-queer-icon-zolitas-feminist-pop-anthem/ |title=Video premiere: future queer icon zolita's feminist pop anthem | first=J.L. | last=Sirisuk | work=[[i-D]] |date=August 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.laweekly.com/zolita-is-the-pride-of-la/ |title=Zolita is the Pride of LA | last=Callwood | first=Brett | work=[[LA Weekly]] | date=June 2, 2022}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] nhnn2dv0bqoz3kt98xoum70qqoh03z9 0 250924 1599829 2026-09-24T04:36:38Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Jacob''' "'''Jake'''" '''Hamilton''' (amezaliwa [[15 Aprili]], [[1979]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa Kikristo wa muziki wa kisasa wa sifa na ibada.<ref name=bbchr>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/304056/jake-hamilton/chart?f=310|title=Jake Hamilton - Chart History: Christian albums|author=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name=...' 1599829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Jacob''' "'''Jake'''" '''Hamilton''' (amezaliwa [[15 Aprili]], [[1979]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] wa Kikristo wa muziki wa kisasa wa sifa na ibada.<ref name=bbchr>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/304056/jake-hamilton/chart?f=310|title=Jake Hamilton - Chart History: Christian albums|author=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name=bbheat>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/304056/jake-hamilton/chart?f=324|title=Jake Hamilton - Chart History: Heatseekers albums|author=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] azix58cumpp46a4x9kfm6ro0xx0xx3s 2 250925 1599832 2026-09-24T04:40:31Z Gayle157 73366 /* */ 1599832 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 250926 1599833 2026-09-24T04:45:21Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Anthony May''' (alizaliwa [[6 Oktoba]] [[1968]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Lynwood, California]] . Anajulikana zaidi kwa kushindwa na Tiger Woods katika playoff ya mashimo matatu ya PGA Championship ya [[2000]] huko Valhalla . Alishinda Victor Chandler British Masters mwaka [[1999]] kwenye European Tour .<ref name=pga>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/006350/bob-may/ |title=PGA...' 1599833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Anthony May''' (alizaliwa [[6 Oktoba]] [[1968]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Lynwood, California]] . Anajulikana zaidi kwa kushindwa na Tiger Woods katika playoff ya mashimo matatu ya PGA Championship ya [[2000]] huko Valhalla . Alishinda Victor Chandler British Masters mwaka [[1999]] kwenye European Tour .<ref name=pga>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/006350/bob-may/ |title=PGA Tour profile |accessdate=April 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501135957/http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/006350/bob-may/ |archivedate=May 1, 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2h59h3hqha1acq74te80c7djbv1wfp0 0 250927 1599834 2026-09-24T04:48:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dana C. Quigley''' (alizaliwa [[14 Aprili]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Lynnfield, Massachusetts]] . Alishinda mataji 11 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na kushinda mara mbili mwaka [[2005]] . Mwaka [[2005]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 58, aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya Champions Tour na kuwa mchezaji mzee zaidi kushinda tuzo ya Arnold Palmer.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090705071207/ht...' 1599834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dana C. Quigley''' (alizaliwa [[14 Aprili]] [[1947]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Lynnfield, Massachusetts]] . Alishinda mataji 11 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na kushinda mara mbili mwaka [[2005]] . Mwaka [[2005]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 58, aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya Champions Tour na kuwa mchezaji mzee zaidi kushinda tuzo ya Arnold Palmer.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090705071207/http://www.nepga.com/gui/newengland40125/pageimages/HallofFame/Quigley.htm Profile on New England Section of PGA Hall of Fame]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ei7wx6k3byn468hjax7snxjrfdlk0eh 0 250928 1599836 2026-09-24T04:50:46Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jay Dean Haas''' (alizaliwa [[2 Desemba]] [[1953]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 9 ya PGA Tour na mataji 18 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 3 . Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara tatu ([[1983]], [[1995]], [[2004]]) . Ni mpwa wa mshindi wa Masters [[Bob Goalby]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.linksmagazine.com/golfs-animal-kingdom-player-nicknames/ |first=David |last=Desmit...' 1599836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jay Dean Haas''' (alizaliwa [[2 Desemba]] [[1953]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 9 ya PGA Tour na mataji 18 ya Champions Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na senior majors 3 . Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mara tatu ([[1983]], [[1995]], [[2004]]) . Ni mpwa wa mshindi wa Masters [[Bob Goalby]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.linksmagazine.com/golfs-animal-kingdom-player-nicknames/ |first=David |last=Desmith |title=Golf's Animal Kingdom of Player Nicknames |magazine=Links Magazine |access-date=2020-11-17 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.golfdigest.com/features/index.ssf?/features/gd200502myshot.html |magazine=Golf Digest |title=My Shot: Curtis Strange |first=Guy |last=Yocom |date=February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305044526/http://www.golfdigest.com/features/index.ssf?%2Ffeatures%2Fgd200502myshot.html |archive-date=March 5, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l9996yi8u74qzx7lwnegk9mkatw8aja 0 250929 1599837 2026-09-24T04:52:31Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rosalie "Rosie" Méndez Hamlin''' ([[21 Julai]], [[1945]] – [[30 Machi]], [[2017]])<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Rolling Stone|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rosie-hamlin-rosie-and-the-originals-angel-baby-singer-dead-at-71-193398/|title=Rosie Hamlin, Rosie and the Originals' 'Angel Baby' Singer, Dead at 71|author=Kreps, Daniel|date=April 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite website|website=rosieandtheoriginals.com|url=https://www.rosieandthe...' 1599837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rosalie "Rosie" Méndez Hamlin''' ([[21 Julai]], [[1945]] – [[30 Machi]], [[2017]])<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Rolling Stone|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rosie-hamlin-rosie-and-the-originals-angel-baby-singer-dead-at-71-193398/|title=Rosie Hamlin, Rosie and the Originals' 'Angel Baby' Singer, Dead at 71|author=Kreps, Daniel|date=April 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite website|website=rosieandtheoriginals.com|url=https://www.rosieandtheoriginals.com/biographies/timeline|title=A chronological record of the life, music, and legacy of Rosalie Méndez Hamlin |date=July 27, 2026}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa mwimbaji mkuu wa Rosie and the Originals. Kikundi hicho kinajulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wa mwaka 1960 "Angel Baby (Rosie and the Originals song)", ambao ulifika kwenye Top 40 mwaka 1961 wakati Hamlin akiwa na umri wa miaka 15 tu.<ref name=ny>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/arts/music/rose-hamlin-dead-sang-angel-baby.html|title=Rose Hamlin, a One-Hit Wonder With 'Angel Baby,' Dies at 71|date=April 5, 2017|author=The Associated Press|accessdate=October 28, 2017}}</ref><ref name=oc>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/music/angel-baby-singer-dead-at-71-8009093|work=OC Weekly|title="Angel Baby" Singer Rosie Hamlin of Rosie and The Originals Dead at 71|author=San Roman, Gabriel|date=April 3, 2017|accessdate=October 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=latinas>{{cite book |last=Ruiz |first=Vicki L. |date=2006 |title=Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_62IjQ-XQScC&pg=PA308 |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=308 |isbn=0-253-34680-0}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945|2017}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 6adcueqnl1psqepy1rdik09c0070dox 0 250930 1599841 2026-09-24T04:55:12Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kelly Hansen''' (amezaliwa [[18 Aprili]], [[1961]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya Foreigner kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-22 |title=Foreigner Behind the Scenes |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/foreigner-behind-the-scenes-11545/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greene |first=Andy |date=2019-08-01...' 1599841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kelly Hansen''' (amezaliwa [[18 Aprili]], [[1961]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya Foreigner kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-22 |title=Foreigner Behind the Scenes |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/foreigner-behind-the-scenes-11545/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greene |first=Andy |date=2019-08-01 |title=Foreigner Launching Las Vegas Mini-Residency in 2020 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/foreigner-las-vegas-residency-2020-866122/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] qgkfs6dcghldl6i0nxp0pzopz4sxp7p 1599902 1599841 2026-09-24T06:29:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kelly Hansen''' (amezaliwa [[18 Aprili]], [[1961]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu wa bendi ya Foreigner kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2025.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2013-01-22 |title=Foreigner Behind the Scenes |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/foreigner-behind-the-scenes-11545/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Greene |first=Andy |date=2019-08-01 |title=Foreigner Launching Las Vegas Mini-Residency in 2020 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/foreigner-las-vegas-residency-2020-866122/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 1gvto3sd58xnml7849f496zu1ekosvl 0 250931 1599842 2026-09-24T04:58:25Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wendy Bryn Harmer''' (alizaliwa karibu mwaka [[1980]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[soprano]] ya sauti nzito, anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi zake katika ''Der Ring des Nibelungen]'' ya Richard Wagner.<ref name="interview">[https://www.operawarhorses.com/2014/03/04/rising-stars-an-interview-wendy-bryn-harmer/ Rising Stars: An Interview with Wendy Bryn Harmer]</ref><ref>[https://ljms.org/directory/listing/biography-wendy-bryn-harmer-soprano La Jolla Music Society...' 1599842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wendy Bryn Harmer''' (alizaliwa karibu mwaka [[1980]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[soprano]] ya sauti nzito, anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi zake katika ''Der Ring des Nibelungen]'' ya Richard Wagner.<ref name="interview">[https://www.operawarhorses.com/2014/03/04/rising-stars-an-interview-wendy-bryn-harmer/ Rising Stars: An Interview with Wendy Bryn Harmer]</ref><ref>[https://ljms.org/directory/listing/biography-wendy-bryn-harmer-soprano La Jolla Music Society, Wendy Bryn Harmer Biography]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] is9z85u79ewa8po9o4j3kd0ak8m8qz6 0 250932 1599843 2026-09-24T04:59:33Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Reginald Thomas Kirkwood''' ( [[30 Mei]] [[1920]] – [[7 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na [[mwigizaji]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Melbourne]], Australia . Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour . Aliigiza filamu kama ''Joe Palooka Champ'' ([[1946]]) ,''Joe Palooka in the Knockout''([[1947]]) na nyingine nyingi.<ref name=barrett>{{cite book |title=Miracle at Merion: The Inspiring Story of Ben Hogan's Amazing...' 1599843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reginald Thomas Kirkwood''' ( [[30 Mei]] [[1920]] – [[7 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na [[mwigizaji]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Melbourne]], Australia . Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour . Aliigiza filamu kama ''Joe Palooka Champ'' ([[1946]]) ,''Joe Palooka in the Knockout''([[1947]]) na nyingine nyingi.<ref name=barrett>{{cite book |title=Miracle at Merion: The Inspiring Story of Ben Hogan's Amazing Comeback and Victory at the 1950 U.S. Open |first=David |last=Barrett |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |date=October 8, 2010 |chapter=Chapter 7: 1949 Philadelphia Inquirer Open/Joe Palooka |asin=B004ULMIR8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Golfer Inducted |newspaper=Gazette and Bulletin |location=Williamsport, Pennsylvania |agency=Associated Press |date=January 5, 1944 |page=2}}<!-- full name --></ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19400310&id=Lm1RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vjMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4004,1196789 |title=Young Kirkwood Joins Atlanta Club Staff |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |date=March 10, 1940 |agency=Associated Press |page=16 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] emem45m39wbpcxzsfk4isqgpeoez8by 0 250933 1599844 2026-09-24T05:01:04Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeff Harnar''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[cabaret]], mkurugenzi na msanii wa kurekodi. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Familia ya Harnar ilihama mara kwa mara alipokuwa mtoto, wakiishi [[California]], [[Chicago]] na maeneo mengine.<ref name="h048">{{cite web |last=Holden |first=Stephen |date=1989-10-21 |title=Life Isn't Always a Cabaret |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/21/arts/life-isn-t-always-a-cabaret.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website...' 1599844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeff Harnar''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[cabaret]], mkurugenzi na msanii wa kurekodi. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Familia ya Harnar ilihama mara kwa mara alipokuwa mtoto, wakiishi [[California]], [[Chicago]] na maeneo mengine.<ref name="h048">{{cite web |last=Holden |first=Stephen |date=1989-10-21 |title=Life Isn't Always a Cabaret |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/21/arts/life-isn-t-always-a-cabaret.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The New York Times}}</re<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenberg |first1=Bart |title=Jeff Harnar and Alex Rybeck: Our 40th Anniversary Songbook |url=https://cabaretscenes.org/2023/06/24/jeff-harnar-and-alex-rybeck-our-40th-anniversary-songbook/ |website=Cabaret Scenes |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jeff Harnar |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeff-harnar-mn0000190123 |website=AllMusic |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Holden |first1=Stephen |title=Review/ Cabaret: A New Singer of Songs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/arts/review-cabaret-a-new-singer-of-old-songs.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 August 1988 |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1959|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] g13v2e3v7fir1ltwl2isbxi82lmo24c 0 250934 1599845 2026-09-24T05:04:13Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Hart''' (amezaliwa [[26 Agosti]], [[1979]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu na mwanachama mwanzilishi wa [[bendi]] ya metalcore Eighteen Visions.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p440670/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Eighteen Visions|last=Downey|first=Ryan J.|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambgoat.com/news/view.aspx?id=8681 |titl...' 1599845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Hart''' (amezaliwa [[26 Agosti]], [[1979]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu na mwanachama mwanzilishi wa [[bendi]] ya metalcore Eighteen Visions.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p440670/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Eighteen Visions|last=Downey|first=Ryan J.|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambgoat.com/news/view.aspx?id=8681 |title=Eighteen Visions breaks up |publisher=Lambgoat |date=April 9, 2007 |accessdate=April 3, 2012}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 1d80qy14el2zy19qe9ekpopvop8cnmp 0 250935 1599848 2026-09-24T05:09:49Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Megan Marie Hart''' (alizaliwa [[1983]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[opera]] mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]], kutoka Eugene, [[Oregon]], anayeshiriki katika nafasi kuu za opera na matamasha nchini [[Marekani]] na [[Ulaya]].<ref>[https://www.staatstheater-darmstadt.de/kuenstler/megan-marie-hart.1744/ Megan Marie Hart] on the Staatstheater Darmstadt website</ref><ref>[https://www.landestheater-detmold.de/de/wir/megan-marie-hart/739 Megan Marie Hart]...' 1599848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Megan Marie Hart''' (alizaliwa [[1983]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[opera]] mwenye sauti ya [[soprano]], kutoka Eugene, [[Oregon]], anayeshiriki katika nafasi kuu za opera na matamasha nchini [[Marekani]] na [[Ulaya]].<ref>[https://www.staatstheater-darmstadt.de/kuenstler/megan-marie-hart.1744/ Megan Marie Hart] on the Staatstheater Darmstadt website</ref><ref>[https://www.landestheater-detmold.de/de/wir/megan-marie-hart/739 Megan Marie Hart] on the Landestheater Detmold website</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13353888/ Megan Marie Hart] on [[IMDb]]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] pw9u0lc6kwsbbjqf5mkejzfnj2igyxh 0 250936 1599850 2026-09-24T05:12:41Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Michael Haskell''' ([[4 Juni]], [[1948]] – [[30 Agosti]], [[2000]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa filamu, jukwaa na televisheni, anayejulikana zaidi kwa uigizaji wake katika tamthilia ya muziki ''Godspell''.<ref>Database (undated). [http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=2929 "David Haskell"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410193821/http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm...' 1599850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Michael Haskell''' ([[4 Juni]], [[1948]] – [[30 Agosti]], [[2000]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa filamu, jukwaa na televisheni, anayejulikana zaidi kwa uigizaji wake katika tamthilia ya muziki ''Godspell''.<ref>Database (undated). [http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=2929 "David Haskell"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410193821/http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=2929 |date=2015-04-10 }}. [[Lortel Archives|Internet Off-Broadway Database]]. Retrieved April 24, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=[[Associated Press]] |date=September 8, 2000 |title=Actor David Haskell |work=Dover New Philadelphia Times Reporter |page=5}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1948|2000}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] bnv3tq3yqmwctj3fe29hutfwd8rtlly 0 250937 1599851 2026-09-24T05:15:57Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ragnar Hasselgren''' ([[3 Juni]], [[1904]] – [[28 Septemba]], [[1982]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na msanii wa kurekodi aliyezaliwa [[Uswidi]], aliyefanya shughuli zake katika Pwani ya [[Magharibi]] ya Marekani kuanzia miaka ya 1920 hadi miaka ya 1970.<ref name="Sweden 1981">''From Sweden To America'' (Stockholm: Caprice Records, 1981).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://musiknostalgi.atspace.cc/raghas.htm |title= Ragnar Hasselgren (03.06.1904 - 01.09.1982)...' 1599851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ragnar Hasselgren''' ([[3 Juni]], [[1904]] – [[28 Septemba]], [[1982]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na msanii wa kurekodi aliyezaliwa [[Uswidi]], aliyefanya shughuli zake katika Pwani ya [[Magharibi]] ya Marekani kuanzia miaka ya 1920 hadi miaka ya 1970.<ref name="Sweden 1981">''From Sweden To America'' (Stockholm: Caprice Records, 1981).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://musiknostalgi.atspace.cc/raghas.htm |title= Ragnar Hasselgren (03.06.1904 - 01.09.1982) |publisher=Svänga-Benga |date= |accessdate= June 22, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1904|1982}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] nwk4k9w5vnz6s175pyi0ttt7sj66yd6 0 250938 1599852 2026-09-24T05:19:38Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Lee Hatfield''' ([[10 Agosti]], [[1940]] – [[5 Novemba]], [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Yeye na Bill Medley walitumbuiza pamoja kama the Righteous Brothers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anaheimcolonists.com/hall-of-fame-history/2011-inductees/bobby-hatfield-class-of-1958-1940-2003/ |title=Bobby Hatfield – Class of 1958 (1940–2003) |work=Anaheim High School Alumni Association |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-url=htt...' 1599852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Lee Hatfield''' ([[10 Agosti]], [[1940]] – [[5 Novemba]], [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Yeye na Bill Medley walitumbuiza pamoja kama the Righteous Brothers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anaheimcolonists.com/hall-of-fame-history/2011-inductees/bobby-hatfield-class-of-1958-1940-2003/ |title=Bobby Hatfield – Class of 1958 (1940–2003) |work=Anaheim High School Alumni Association |access-date=November 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091619/http://www.anaheimcolonists.com/hall-of-fame-history/2011-inductees/bobby-hatfield-class-of-1958-1940-2003/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/07/arts/bobby-hatfield-dies-at-63-righteous-brothers-tenor.html | title=Bobby Hatfield Dies at 63; Righteous Brothers Tenor | newspaper=The New York Times | date=November 7, 2003 | last1=Sisario | first1=Ben }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1940|2003}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] f6ck7hjprg1vjqisyfkf5oz5zo663e4 0 250939 1599856 2026-09-24T05:22:34Z Gayle157 73366 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Zama za Mawe]] 1599856 wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect [[Zama za Mawe]] swjsf9aixykuzv9nem2kwexrziagji1 0 250940 1599857 2026-09-24T05:23:20Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marteen Estevez''' (alizaliwa [[6 Aprili]], [[2001]]), anayejulikana kama '''Marteen''', ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. Ameonekana kama msanii wa ufunguzi kwa wasanii kama Kehlani, Fifth Harmony, Dua Lipa na NCT 127.<ref name="Chron">{{cite news | last=Kato| first=Yoshi| title =Career of 'Sriracha' singer Marteen is starting to heat up| newspaper =San Francisco Chronicle| date =August 31, 2017 | url =http://www.sfchronicle.com/musi...' 1599857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marteen Estevez''' (alizaliwa [[6 Aprili]], [[2001]]), anayejulikana kama '''Marteen''', ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. Ameonekana kama msanii wa ufunguzi kwa wasanii kama Kehlani, Fifth Harmony, Dua Lipa na NCT 127.<ref name="Chron">{{cite news | last=Kato| first=Yoshi| title =Career of 'Sriracha' singer Marteen is starting to heat up| newspaper =San Francisco Chronicle| date =August 31, 2017 | url =http://www.sfchronicle.com/music/article/Career-of-Sriracha-singer-Marteen-Estevez-12164824.php| accessdate =November 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="BillMain">{{cite magazine | last=Ledonne| first=Rob| title =How 'Sriracha' Became Marteen's Red-Hot Breakout| magazine =Billboard| date =October 6, 2017 | url =https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/marteen-sriracha-jr-rotem-7989198/| access-date =November 16, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5qb7ngmn4onq7a68oq06rrmjapvvusw 0 250941 1599861 2026-09-24T05:27:32Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Wesley Marsters''' (amezaliwa [[20 Agosti]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mwandishi wa vitabu vya vichekesho wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/77/James-Marsters.html |title=James Marsters Biography (1962–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = A Vampire With Soul, and Cheekbones | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/arts/television-...' 1599861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Wesley Marsters''' (amezaliwa [[20 Agosti]], [[1962]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mwandishi wa vitabu vya vichekesho wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/77/James-Marsters.html |title=James Marsters Biography (1962–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = A Vampire With Soul, and Cheekbones | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/arts/television-radio-a-vampire-with-soul-and-cheekbones.html?pagewanted=all | work = [[The New York Times]] | first = Joyce | last = Millman | date = January 12, 2003}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 32zpz61oinvt6ojog8br7s5aqlke314 0 250942 1599863 2026-09-24T05:29:31Z Gayle157 73366 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Zama za Chuma]] 1599863 wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect [[Zama za Chuma]] d6wtkcwppgoz6q2cruy2wcay02nny52 0 250943 1599865 2026-09-24T05:30:42Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Marshall''', anayejulikana pia na kutajwa kama '''Mike Marshall''' na '''Mike Meezy''',ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa Marekani na [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa zamani wa kikundi cha Marekani cha [[R&B]] Timex Social Club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/CultureSpyBlog/archives/2009/06/02/your-daily-lick-michael-marshall|title=Your Daily Lick: Michael Marshall Soul of the Bay (Jakil Records)|last=Seltenrich|first=Nate|date=Septemb...' 1599865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Marshall''', anayejulikana pia na kutajwa kama '''Mike Marshall''' na '''Mike Meezy''',ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa Marekani na [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa zamani wa kikundi cha Marekani cha [[R&B]] Timex Social Club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/CultureSpyBlog/archives/2009/06/02/your-daily-lick-michael-marshall|title=Your Daily Lick: Michael Marshall Soul of the Bay (Jakil Records)|last=Seltenrich|first=Nate|date=September 8, 2014|website=eastbayexpress.com|access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/music/2019/1/17/18186101/i-got-5-on-it-jordan-peele-us-song-michael-marshall-luniz-untold-story|title=The Untold Story of the Man Who Sang "I Got 5 on It"|last=Sterling|first=Anna Lucente|date=2019-01-17|website=The Ringer|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 53lc8ztz6vmsnath1zb921l5ejnf9to 1599934 1599865 2026-09-24T08:23:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Marshall''', anayejulikana pia na kutajwa kama '''Mike Marshall''' na '''Mike Meezy''',ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo wa Marekani na [[mwimbaji]] mkuu wa zamani wa kikundi cha Marekani cha [[R&B]] Timex Social Club.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/CultureSpyBlog/archives/2009/06/02/your-daily-lick-michael-marshall|title=Your Daily Lick: Michael Marshall Soul of the Bay (Jakil Records)|last=Seltenrich|first=Nate|date=September 8, 2014|website=eastbayexpress.com|access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theringer.com/music/2019/1/17/18186101/i-got-5-on-it-jordan-peele-us-song-michael-marshall-luniz-untold-story|title=The Untold Story of the Man Who Sang "I Got 5 on It"|last=Sterling|first=Anna Lucente|date=2019-01-17|website=The Ringer|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 0d1tmsnxvbn0blnv7dcyfegiiqap2mc 0 250944 1599869 2026-09-24T05:33:56Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nazanin Aliza Mandighomi''' (amezaliwa [[11 Septemba]], [[1986]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Nazanin Mandi''', ni [[mwigizaji]], mwimbaji, mwanamitindo na kocha wa maisha wa [[Marekani]].<ref name="Latina">{{Cite web|last=Fratangelo|first=Nichole|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/nazanin-mandi-miguel-girlfriend-facts|title=7 Things to Know About Miguel's Girlfriend|website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]|publisher=Latina Media Venture...' 1599869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazanin Aliza Mandighomi''' (amezaliwa [[11 Septemba]], [[1986]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Nazanin Mandi''', ni [[mwigizaji]], mwimbaji, mwanamitindo na kocha wa maisha wa [[Marekani]].<ref name="Latina">{{Cite web|last=Fratangelo|first=Nichole|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/nazanin-mandi-miguel-girlfriend-facts|title=7 Things to Know About Miguel's Girlfriend|website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]|publisher=Latina Media Ventures|accessdate=June 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast|last1=Carp|first1=Daryn|last2=Culley|first2=Liz|title=Scissoring Isn't A Thing - Big Feelings, Big Trouble with Arienne Mandi|website=Apple Podcasts|publisher=[[Embassy Row (production company)|Embassy Row]]|date=August 27, 2021 |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/big-feelings-big-trouble-with-arienne-mandi/id1504542431?i=1000533286888|access-date=August 30, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 0p4gfbt0ez4z42ddsh5cz80ly9fhwr5 1599991 1599869 2026-09-24T09:48:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazanin Aliza Mandighomi''' (amezaliwa [[11 Septemba]], [[1986]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Nazanin Mandi''', ni [[mwigizaji]], mwimbaji, mwanamitindo na kocha wa maisha wa [[Marekani]].<ref name="Latina">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Fratangelo|first=Nichole|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/nazanin-mandi-miguel-girlfriend-facts|title=7 Things to Know About Miguel's Girlfriend|website=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]|publisher=Latina Media Ventures|accessdate=June 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast|last1=Carp|first1=Daryn|last2=Culley|first2=Liz|title=Scissoring Isn't A Thing - Big Feelings, Big Trouble with Arienne Mandi|website=Apple Podcasts|publisher=[[Embassy Row (production company)|Embassy Row]]|date=August 27, 2021 |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/big-feelings-big-trouble-with-arienne-mandi/id1504542431?i=1000533286888|access-date=August 30, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 3l8bvxpxtihlhowf8rdj02xakp1be0w 0 250945 1599871 2026-09-24T05:37:11Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marta Marrero'''<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2006 |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |edition=19th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |isbn=978-1-904994-10-7 |page=351 |title-link=British Hit Singles & Albums}}</ref> (amezaliwa [[18 Mei]], [[1969]]),<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |editor-...' 1599871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marta Marrero'''<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2006 |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |edition=19th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |isbn=978-1-904994-10-7 |page=351 |title-link=British Hit Singles & Albums}}</ref> (amezaliwa [[18 Mei]], [[1969]]),<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |editor-first=Colin |editor-last=Larkin |editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer) |publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]] |date=1992 |edition=first |isbn=0-85112-939-0 |page=1626}}</ref> anayejulikana zaidi kitaaluma kama '''Martika''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa Marekani. Alianza kazi yake kama mwigizaji, akicheza nafasi ya Gloria kijana katika kipindi cha televisheni ''Kids Incorporated'' kati ya mwaka 1984 na 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Martika&ti=Toy+Soldiers&format=Single&type=#search_section |website=RIAA |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] kacmm5498ci1ya0017i6clmbghb8zf1 0 250946 1599878 2026-09-24T05:42:00Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dean Martin''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Dino Paul Crocetti'''; [[7 Juni]], [[1917]] – [[25 Desemba]], [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]], mchekeshaji na mtangazaji wa televisheni wa [[Marekani]]. Akipewa jina la utani "Honorific nicknames in popular music|King of Cool", anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waburudishaji maarufu zaidi wa karne ya 20.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/245966#survey| title=Dean Martin 'jus...' 1599878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dean Martin''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Dino Paul Crocetti'''; [[7 Juni]], [[1917]] – [[25 Desemba]], [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]], mchekeshaji na mtangazaji wa televisheni wa [[Marekani]]. Akipewa jina la utani "Honorific nicknames in popular music|King of Cool", anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waburudishaji maarufu zaidi wa karne ya 20.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/245966#survey| title=Dean Martin 'just a golfer' to his kids| newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]| first=Cassandra| last=Szklarski| agency=[[Canadian Press]]| date=August 14, 2007| access-date=October 1, 2021| archive-date=October 23, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090719/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/245966#survey| url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== [[File:Dean Martin Mural in Steubenville.jpg|thumb|Mural of Dean Martin in Steubenville, Ohio]] Martin was born Dino Paul Crocetti on June 7, 1917, in Steubenville, [[Ohio]]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schoell |first=William |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/864140445 |title=Martini man: the life of Dean Martin |date=2003 |publisher=Cooper Square |isbn=978-1-4617-4170-1 |location=New York |pages=5 |oclc=864140445}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1917|1995}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 9piy2ondf7t308cby9hdfb6grslb3k4 1600047 1599878 2026-09-24T11:37:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1600047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dean Martin''' (alizaliwa kwa jina '''Dino Paul Crocetti'''; [[7 Juni]], [[1917]] – [[25 Desemba]], [[1995]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwigizaji]], mchekeshaji na mtangazaji wa televisheni wa [[Marekani]]. Akipewa jina la utani "Honorific nicknames in popular music|King of Cool", anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waburudishaji maarufu zaidi wa karne ya 20.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/245966#survey| title=Dean Martin 'just a golfer' to his kids| newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]| first=Cassandra| last=Szklarski| agency=[[Canadian Press]]| date=August 14, 2007| access-date=October 1, 2021| archive-date=October 23, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090719/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/245966#survey| url-status=live}}</ref> ==Early life== [[File:Dean Martin Mural in Steubenville.jpg|thumb|Mural of Dean Martin in Steubenville, Ohio]] Martin was born Dino Paul Crocetti on June 7, 1917, in Steubenville, [[Ohio]]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Schoell |first=William |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/864140445 |title=Martini man: the life of Dean Martin |date=2003 |publisher=Cooper Square |isbn=978-1-4617-4170-1 |location=New York |pages=5 |oclc=864140445}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1917|1995}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] by2mc6w9er9fybgfg0p5xf5qrmhby9f 0 250947 1599880 2026-09-24T05:44:53Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kyle Martin''' ni [[mwanamuziki]], mpiga piano na [[mwimbaji]] maarufu kitaifa, asili yake ikiwa [[Sacramento]], [[California]], na sasa anaishi [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/042008/liv_270380192.shtml |title=Billy Joel's music comes to life on stage |last=Kerns |first=William |work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]] |date=April 20, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.modbe...' 1599880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kyle Martin''' ni [[mwanamuziki]], mpiga piano na [[mwimbaji]] maarufu kitaifa, asili yake ikiwa [[Sacramento]], [[California]], na sasa anaishi [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/042008/liv_270380192.shtml |title=Billy Joel's music comes to life on stage |last=Kerns |first=William |work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]] |date=April 20, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.modbee.com/latest-news/article3117139.html |title='Piano Man' keeps his voice strong for Gallo Center-bound spectacular 'Movin' Out' |last=Millegan |first=Lisa |work=[[The Modesto Bee]] |date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] l7xfx7phgoaf61e3xw50j43uizgevv7 1599919 1599880 2026-09-24T07:23:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1599919 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kyle Martin''' ni [[mwanamuziki]], mpiga piano na [[mwimbaji]] maarufu kitaifa, asili yake ikiwa [[Sacramento]], [[California]], na sasa anaishi [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/042008/liv_270380192.shtml |title=Billy Joel's music comes to life on stage |last=Kerns |first=William |work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]] |date=April 20, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.modbee.com/latest-news/article3117139.html |title='Piano Man' keeps his voice strong for Gallo Center-bound spectacular 'Movin' Out' |last=Millegan |first=Lisa |work=[[The Modesto Bee]] |date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] g31i7gvrlyrgabky0otwifk4hqd8b2g 0 250948 1599882 2026-09-24T05:45:51Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joseph Henry Kirkwood Sr.''' ( [[3 Aprili]] [[1897]] – [[29 Oktoba]] [[1970]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Australia]]. Alizaliwa [[Sydney]], Australia . Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour na alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Australia kushinda kwenye PGA Tour .<ref>{{cite web |last=Kelley |first=Brent |title=Largest Margin of Victory on the PGA Tour |url=http://golf.about.com/od/progolftours/qt/pgawinmargin.htm |publisher...' 1599882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Henry Kirkwood Sr.''' ( [[3 Aprili]] [[1897]] – [[29 Oktoba]] [[1970]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Australia]]. Alizaliwa [[Sydney]], Australia . Alishinda mataji 13 ya PGA Tour na alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa Australia kushinda kwenye PGA Tour .<ref>{{cite web |last=Kelley |first=Brent |title=Largest Margin of Victory on the PGA Tour |url=http://golf.about.com/od/progolftours/qt/pgawinmargin.htm |publisher=About.com |accessdate=16 January 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628075033/http://golf.about.com/od/progolftours/qt/pgawinmargin.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1897]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Australia]] 06o5dx31pysih79lqvn7pvia55f8ahb 0 250949 1599883 2026-09-24T05:48:28Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary Virginia Martin''' ([[1 Desemba]], [[1913]] – [[3 Novemba]], [[1990]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Akiwa muse wa Rodgers and Hammerstein, alianzisha nafasi nyingi kuu za uigizaji jukwaani katika kipindi cha kazi yake,<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Martin |year=1976 |title=My Heart Belongs |type=autobiography|publisher=Morrow|isbn=9780688030094}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Mary |title=My Heart Belong...' 1599883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Virginia Martin''' ([[1 Desemba]], [[1913]] – [[3 Novemba]], [[1990]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Akiwa muse wa Rodgers and Hammerstein, alianzisha nafasi nyingi kuu za uigizaji jukwaani katika kipindi cha kazi yake,<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Martin |year=1976 |title=My Heart Belongs |type=autobiography|publisher=Morrow|isbn=9780688030094}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Mary |title=My Heart Belongs |date=1976 |publisher=New York : Morrow |isbn=978-0-688-03009-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/myheartbelongs00mart/page/16/mode/2up |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1913|1990}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] fgzcdxxatm0si2v2v6i74lz1g4oml6p 0 250950 1599885 2026-09-24T05:52:45Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alvin Morris''' ([[25 Desemba]], [[1913]] [[27 Julai]], [[2012]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Tony Martin''', alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki maarufu.<ref name="California births">{{cite web| title=California births|url=http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/calbirths?c=search&first=Alvin&last=Morris&spelling=Exact&4_year=&4_month=12&4_day=25&5=&7=&SubmitSearch.x=63&SubmitSearch.y=17| access-date=October 31, 2009|...' 1599885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alvin Morris''' ([[25 Desemba]], [[1913]] [[27 Julai]], [[2012]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Tony Martin''', alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki maarufu.<ref name="California births">{{cite web| title=California births|url=http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/calbirths?c=search&first=Alvin&last=Morris&spelling=Exact&4_year=&4_month=12&4_day=25&5=&7=&SubmitSearch.x=63&SubmitSearch.y=17| access-date=October 31, 2009| website=Family Tree Legends}}</ref><ref name=hollywoodreporter.com>{{cite news| last=Pedersen| first=Erik| url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/singer-actor-tony-martin-dies-355864| title=Singer-Actor Tony Martin Dies at 98| date=July 30, 2012| newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]| access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1913|2012}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ia5fwdkwap6k7ado5eki2cr07qwcbq7 0 250951 1599887 2026-09-24T05:58:34Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jerry Mason''' (alizaliwa [[1942]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo, [[mpiga gitaa]] na mburudishaji wa zamani wa [[Marekani]] wakati wa enzi ya rock and roll nchini [[Marekani]]. Kwa sasa Mason anaishi [[Southern California]]. Mason ana asili ya [[Kirumi]] (Romani people).<ref>[http://memevsmeme.com/jerrymason/ Official home page]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1942|}} Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marek...' 1599887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jerry Mason''' (alizaliwa [[1942]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo, [[mpiga gitaa]] na mburudishaji wa zamani wa [[Marekani]] wakati wa enzi ya rock and roll nchini [[Marekani]]. Kwa sasa Mason anaishi [[Southern California]]. Mason ana asili ya [[Kirumi]] (Romani people).<ref>[http://memevsmeme.com/jerrymason/ Official home page]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1942|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] fqfy2a298tmfcvh7em1lg137qbj0pau 0 250952 1599890 2026-09-24T06:04:53Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adrienne Matzenauer''' '''Ferrari-Fontana''' ([[20 Januari]], [[1914]] – [[10 Juni]], [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtangazaji wa televisheni wa [[Marekani]]. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== [[File:Mme. Matzenauer LOC 15242032448.jpg|thumb|Adrienne Matzenauer akiwa mtoto, pamoja na mama yake; kutoka Maktaba ya Congress]]Adrienne Matzenauer Ferrari-Fontana alizaliwa huko Boston, Massachusetts, akiwa binti wa Margaret Matzenauer na Edoardo Ferrari-Fon...' 1599890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adrienne Matzenauer''' '''Ferrari-Fontana''' ([[20 Januari]], [[1914]] – [[10 Juni]], [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtangazaji wa televisheni wa [[Marekani]]. ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== [[File:Mme. Matzenauer LOC 15242032448.jpg|thumb|Adrienne Matzenauer akiwa mtoto, pamoja na mama yake; kutoka Maktaba ya Congress]]Adrienne Matzenauer Ferrari-Fontana alizaliwa huko Boston, Massachusetts, akiwa binti wa Margaret Matzenauer na Edoardo Ferrari-Fontana. Alijulikana kama "mtoto wa kwanza wa opera kuu".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1914-08-08 |title=Personalities |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-america_1914-08-08_20_14/page/16/mode/2up?q=Adrienne+Matzenauer |journal=Musical America |volume=20 |issue=14 |pages=16 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1918-04-06 |title='I Hope to Pay My Debt to America Through My Art' Says Mme. Matzenauer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-america_1918-04-06_27_23/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Adrienne+Matzenauer |journal=Musical America |volume=27 |issue=23 |pages=4 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1914|2010}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] tmk2ffka34h5v5zr90hd1tfvjd8zcva 0 250953 1599893 2026-09-24T06:12:00Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Moriah Smallbone'''<ref name="smallbone">{{cite news |last1=Clarks |first1=Jessie |title=Courtney + Moriah Smallbone Preview 'Unsung Hero' Movie |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/courtney-moriah-smallbone-preview-unsung-hero-movie/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=The Christian Beat |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>(alizaliwa kwa jina '''Moriah Castillo Peters''', [[2 Oktoba]], [[1992]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] na msanii wa muziki wa [[Kikristo]]...' 1599893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moriah Smallbone'''<ref name="smallbone">{{cite news |last1=Clarks |first1=Jessie |title=Courtney + Moriah Smallbone Preview 'Unsung Hero' Movie |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/courtney-moriah-smallbone-preview-unsung-hero-movie/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=The Christian Beat |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>(alizaliwa kwa jina '''Moriah Castillo Peters''', [[2 Oktoba]], [[1992]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] na msanii wa muziki wa [[Kikristo]] kutoka [[Nashville]], [[Tennessee]]. ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1992|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 01inf5sighfa1356afxemk79g1llchd 0 250954 1599899 2026-09-24T06:25:40Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Germán Serrano Pinto''' ([[30 Machi]] [[1940]] – [[21 Mei]] [[2016]]) alikuwa mwanasheria na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama Makamu wa Kwanza wa Rais wa Costa Rica kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacion.com/nacional/politica/Fallece-vicepresidente-German-Serrano-Pinto_0_1562043832.html|title = Fallece ex vicepresidente de la República Germán Serrano Pinto| date=21 May 2016 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1940]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2016]] 25j0hsoj23rl7qro093qww5ruvrom49 0 250955 1599901 2026-09-24T06:28:08Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rodolfo Solano Quirós''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama waziri wa mambo ya nje na kuabudu katika mwaka 2020–2022.<ref name="presidente_confirma_solano_2020">{{cite news |title=Presidente confirma a Rodolfo Solano como nuevo canciller de Costa Rica |url=https://delfino.cr/2020/01/presidente-confirma-a-rodolfo-solano-como-nuevo-canciller-de-costa-rica |access-date=9 January 2021 |language=es}}</ref><ref name="carlos_alvarado_nombra_2020">{{Cite news|last=Bravo|first=Josué|date=31 January 2020|title=Carlos Alvarado nombra a Rodolfo Solano, actual viceministro del MOPT, como nuevo canciller|language=es|work=La Nación|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/carlos-alvarado-nombra-a-rodolfo-solano-actual/BH24H6CRFBH6VJ6EWDQUCX2RLU/story/|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 22xhhxqeekeqrslp3olu67fdfouwm4b 0 250956 1599903 2026-09-24T06:30:03Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599903 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tomás Enrique Soley Soler''' ([[1939]]–[[2001]]) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama balozi wa kisiasa katika nchi kadhaa.<ref name="x263">{{cite book | last=Carbonell | first=Jorge Francisco Sáenz | title=Historia diplomática de Costa Rica: 1910-1948 | publisher=Editorial Juricentro | publication-place=San José, C.R | date=1995 | isbn=978-9977-31-099-2 | language=es | page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1994 |title=The Europa World Year Book 1994 |publisher=Europa Publications Limited |page=2374}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1939]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2001]] j1hd6s105cs6gg8jbibq8udz7tgpkiz 0 250957 1599905 2026-09-24T06:32:26Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apolinar de Jesús Soto Quesada''' ([[23 Julai]] [[1827]] – [[13 Juni]] [[1911]]) alikuwa afisa wa jeshi na mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama mteule wa kwanza wa urais kuanzia mwaka 1886 hadi 1890.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYASAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Apolinar%20de%20Jes%C3%BAs%20Soto%20Quesada%22%20-wikipedia%201911 |title=Revista de historia |date=1977 |publisher=Universidad Nacional, Escuela de Historia |pages=27 |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1827]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1911]] 27h6uv78lqgmshtbf64vftfeqh6rpnt 0 250958 1599906 2026-09-24T06:33:54Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricardo Jaime Toledo Carranza''' (alizaliwa [[23 Septemba]] [[1958]]) ni mwanasheria, mwanadiplomasia na mwanasiasa wa [[Costa Rica]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Toledo Presidential Aspirations Official|url=http://insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2005/april/17/nac03.htm|accessdate=17 January 2011|newspaper=Inside Costa Rica|date=17 April 2005}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1958]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] tqhxbat2d5um7a6cppw0pzevtr7v1yc 1599907 1599906 2026-09-24T06:34:25Z AlvinDulle 61179 1599907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricardo Jaime Toledo Carranza''' (alizaliwa [[23 Septemba]] [[1958]]) ni mwanasheria, mwanadiplomasia na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Toledo Presidential Aspirations Official|url=http://insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2005/april/17/nac03.htm|accessdate=17 January 2011|newspaper=Inside Costa Rica|date=17 April 2005}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1958]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 78x96nzgtusp4z6vpf1u45hhtkefqc0 0 250959 1599908 2026-09-24T06:36:44Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazario Toledo''' ([[20 Julai]] [[1807]] – [[17 Desemba]] [[1887]]) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica. Nazario alizaliwa Mjini Guatemala mnamo tarehe 20 Julai 1807.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Urbina Gaitán |first=Chester |date=December 2014 – April 2015 |title=Patriotismo, prensa e intelectuales en Costa Rica (1846-1849) |trans-title=Patriotism, press and intellectuals in Costa Rica (1846-1849) |url=https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1659-42232015000100003 |journal=Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña |language=es |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=33–46 |issn=1659-4223 |via=SciELO}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1807]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1887]] ce3sdffbu49lhr2ryvgm3oc0a27nzvn 1599993 1599908 2026-09-24T09:49:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nazario Toledo''' ([[20 Julai]] [[1807]] – [[17 Desemba]] [[1887]]) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica. Nazario alizaliwa Mjini Guatemala mnamo tarehe 20 Julai 1807.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Urbina Gaitán |first=Chester |date=December 2014 – April 2015 |title=Patriotismo, prensa e intelectuales en Costa Rica (1846-1849) |trans-title=Patriotism, press and intellectuals in Costa Rica (1846-1849) |url=https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1659-42232015000100003 |journal=Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña |language=es |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=33–46 |issn=1659-4223 |via=SciELO}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1807]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1887]] c4s40s2s7lf9xwp0vz8r8xzvf1ee5xc 0 250960 1599909 2026-09-24T06:38:54Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricardo Toledo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] na mwanachama wa chama cha Kidemokrasia cha Kikristo cha umoja wa Kijamii wa Kikristo - PUSC. ==Marejeo=={{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 0di7e2qqj8l4r373i7h73g2uqsdzm88 1599910 1599909 2026-09-24T06:39:07Z AlvinDulle 61179 1599910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricardo Toledo''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] na mwanachama wa chama cha Kidemokrasia cha Kikristo cha umoja wa Kijamii wa Kikristo - PUSC. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] r2r99c739hnffp0bpiqlfmfixiczck3 0 250961 1599911 2026-09-24T06:40:45Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manuel Alejandro Tovar Rivera''' (alizaliwa [[28 Machi]] [[1974]]) ni mwanasheria, mwanasayansi wa siasa na mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica anayehudumu kama Waziri wa mambo ya nje kuanzia mwaka 2026.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramírez Castro |first1=Esteban |title=Manuel Tovar, el próximo ministro de Comex que meses atrás denunció viraje de Costa Rica hacia el proteccionismo |url=https://www.nacion.com/blogs/cronicas-de-mercados/manuel-tovar-el-futuro-ministro-de-comex-que/34YVDHAENVCHXE42RKLXDM624I/story/ |work=[[La Nación (Costa Rica)|La Nación]] |date=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto |url=https://www.rree.go.cr/?sec=ministerio&cat=despacho%20ministro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213905/https://www.rree.go.cr/?sec=ministerio&cat=despacho%20ministro |archive-date=2026-01-27 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=rree.go.cr}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1974]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 82s4sndvfdtakkc338fg08ag7v46qlv 1599931 1599911 2026-09-24T07:54:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1599931 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manuel Alejandro Tovar Rivera''' (alizaliwa [[28 Machi]] [[1974]]) ni mwanasheria, mwanasayansi wa siasa na mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica anayehudumu kama Waziri wa mambo ya nje kuanzia mwaka 2026.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramírez Castro |first1=Esteban |title=Manuel Tovar, el próximo ministro de Comex que meses atrás denunció viraje de Costa Rica hacia el proteccionismo |url=https://www.nacion.com/blogs/cronicas-de-mercados/manuel-tovar-el-futuro-ministro-de-comex-que/34YVDHAENVCHXE42RKLXDM624I/story/ |work=[[La Nación (Costa Rica)|La Nación]] |date=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto |url=https://www.rree.go.cr/?sec=ministerio&cat=despacho%20ministro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213905/https://www.rree.go.cr/?sec=ministerio&cat=despacho%20ministro |archive-date=2026-01-27 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=rree.go.cr}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1974]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 4jvy36ikc3k4guqhsgl4kj60a4zyvo9 0 250962 1599913 2026-09-24T06:42:51Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roberto Tovar Faja''' (alizaliwa [[12 Novemba]] [[1944]]) ni mwanasheria, mfanyabiashara na mwanasiasa mstaafu wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyehudumu kama waziri wa mambo ya nje kuanzia mwaka 2002 hadi 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173420/http://www.asamblea.go.cr/Centro_de_informacion/Sala_Audiovisual/Presidentes%20de%20la%20Asamblea%20Legislativa/Forms/AllItems.aspx Legislative Assembly Official website]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1944]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] rivg9jid3806hfg2h3hwsh8s6ac1n6h 0 250963 1599914 2026-09-24T06:44:55Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerardo Trejos Salas''' ([[19 Agosti]] [[1946]] – [[17 Aprili]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Costa Rica.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vizcaino|first=Irene|title=Alianza Patriótica elegirá candidato hoy|url=http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/agosto/30/pais2074312.html|accessdate=16 July 2010|newspaper=La Nacion (Costa Rica)|date=30 August 2009}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1946]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2012]] ngz6rv5ac1mhcblvr2xgs0uwsf7qrul 0 250964 1599918 2026-09-24T07:20:36Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luis Rafael de la Trinidad Otilio Ulate Blanco''' ([[25 Agosti]] [[1891]] – [[10 Oktoba]] [[1973]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mwanasiasa wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyehudumu kama Rais wa 31 wa Costa Rica kuanzia mwaka 1949 hadi 1953.<ref>http://original.britannica.com/eb/topic-613158/Otilio-Ulate {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1891]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1973]] q7ctq5519iqofut37pslftaav6k8noq 0 250965 1599920 2026-09-24T07:23:27Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juan José Ulloa Solares''' ([[27 Septemba]] [[1827]] – [[23 Juni]] [[1888]]) alikuwa mwanasheria, jaji na mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama rais wa 21 wa mahakama kuu kuanzia mwaka 1869 hadi 1870.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lectura de los Lunes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yychAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Ulloa+Solares%22&pg=PA2&article_id=718,432714 |access-date=July 27, 2024 |issue=5,211 |publisher=La Nación |date=July 15, 1963}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1827]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1888]] 9doye61uyzia3z82y4pzjmo4ruklv8p 0 250966 1599921 2026-09-24T07:27:20Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorge Urbina''' (alizaliwa [[2 Mei]] [[1946]]) alikuwa mwakilishi wa kudumu katika umoja wa mataifa kwa ajili ya [[Costa Rica]] akishika nafasi hiyo mnamo Oktoba 2006. <ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30240&Cr=&Cr1= Haiti: UN Council mission reports strides in security, worrisome poverty], UN News Service, retrieved 8 May 2009</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1946]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 0nfpcizotb9ywl8amrlr8d0d8qzdk3w 0 250967 1599922 2026-09-24T07:30:59Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marco Vinicio Vargas Pereira''' (alizaliwa [[30 Agosti]] [[1954]]) ni mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica aliyekuwa naibu waziri wa mambo ya nje wa Costa Rica.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/60/statements/cost050922eng.pdf|title=Statement by H.E. Mr. Marco Vinicio Vargas Pereira Deputy Minister of Foreign Affaires and Worship|work=United Nations|accessdate=21 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.am.gov.lv/en/vilnius/news/DomesticNews/Press/?pg=5196|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: NEWS|accessdate=21 December 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329081137/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/vilnius/news/DomesticNews/Press/?pg=5196|archivedate=29 March 2012}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1954]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 0apktyb8po5d0q7680vm7quwm6ie3qk 0 250968 1599923 2026-09-24T07:32:41Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599923 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danny Vargas Serrano''' (alizaliwa [[8 Julai]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] anayehudumu katika baraza la kutunga sheria la Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danny Vargas Serrano |url=http://www.asamblea.go.cr/Diputados/vargas_serrano/SitePages/Curriculum.aspx |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Asamblea Legislativa República de Costa Rica |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asamblea: Perfil de Danny Vargas Serrano |url=https://delfino.cr/asamblea/diputado/danny-vargas-serrano |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Delfino |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1979]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] apzgc04u93ov73p1dz58af8it9ypau4 1600044 1599923 2026-09-24T11:35:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1600044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danny Vargas Serrano''' (alizaliwa [[8 Julai]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] anayehudumu katika baraza la kutunga sheria la Costa Rica.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Danny Vargas Serrano |url=http://www.asamblea.go.cr/Diputados/vargas_serrano/SitePages/Curriculum.aspx |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Asamblea Legislativa República de Costa Rica |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Asamblea: Perfil de Danny Vargas Serrano |url=https://delfino.cr/asamblea/diputado/danny-vargas-serrano |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Delfino |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1979]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] rmk83vbe9jlcml376hvisgky13gv5us 0 250969 1599924 2026-09-24T07:34:14Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorge Vega Rodríguez''' ([[1904]]–[[2001]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na daktari wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama makamu wa kwanza wa Rais wa Costa Rica kuanzia mwaka 1966 hadi 1970 chini ya serikali ya José Joaquín Trejos Fernández.<ref>{{cite web|author=Arrea Baixench, Carlos|title=Biography "Dr. Jorge Vega Rodríguez"|work=Revista Acta Médica Costarricense|url=https://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/amc/v53n2/art03.pdf|accessdate=14 March 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1904]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2001]] fjh82llvr89wmlvk8r7um4nf4cdm9jt 0 250970 1599925 2026-09-24T07:35:39Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patricia Vega Herrera''' (alizaliwa [[1963]]) ni mwanasheria na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyekuwa waziri wa haki na amani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-09 |title=Patricia Vega Herrera Asume La Presidencia Del Patronato Nacional De La Infancia - PANI |url=https://pani.go.cr/patricia-vega-herrera-asume-la-presidencia-del-patronato-nacional-de-la-infancia/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1963]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] g2xorbc7zizkup642l6tp3c436tuqsl 1600021 1599925 2026-09-24T10:19:17Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1600021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patricia Vega Herrera''' (alizaliwa [[1963]]) ni mwanasheria na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyekuwa waziri wa haki na amani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-05-09 |title=Patricia Vega Herrera Asume La Presidencia Del Patronato Nacional De La Infancia - PANI |url=https://pani.go.cr/patricia-vega-herrera-asume-la-presidencia-del-patronato-nacional-de-la-infancia/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1963]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] poz0pjfftyrf332cwj6k9rh1wh0h8ik 0 250971 1599926 2026-09-24T07:37:25Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Santos Velázquez y Tinoco''' (alizaliwa huko León, Nicaragua, alifariki [[Mei]] [[1846]] huko San José, [[Costa Rica]]) alikuwa mwanasheria wa Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carbonell |first=Jorge Francisco Sáenz |title=Historia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Costa Rica |last2=Pinto |first2=Mauricio Masís |publisher=EDITORAMA S.A. |year=2006 |isbn=9977881111 |location=Costa Rica |pages=74 |language=es |trans-title=History of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[jamii:watu wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1846]] 0edwb3f6iz5ogd4drtlm3c98fyiz8nl 0 250972 1599927 2026-09-24T07:39:16Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrés Venegas García''' ([[30 Novemba]] [[1848]] – [[9 Novemba]] [[1939]]) alikuwa mwanasheria na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyehudumu kama mteule wa kwanza wa uraisi kuanzia mwaka 1919 hadi 1920 na kama mteule wa tatu kuanzia mwaka 1928 hadi 1932.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Diaz-Arias |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TClxDwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Costa Rica |last2=Hurtado |first2=Ronny Viales |last3=Hernández |first3=Juan José Marín |date=2018-11-16 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-0242-8 |pages=268–269 |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1848]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1939]] snnra0n5jzm8acozocpr088o2bj2qfv 0 250973 1599929 2026-09-24T07:41:19Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorge Víctor Ramón de Jesús Volio Jiménez''' ([[26 Agosti]] [[1882]] – [[20 Oktoba]] [[1955]]) alikuwa kuhani wa katoliki, mwanafalsafa, msomi na mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama mkurugenzi wa hifadhi ya nyaraka za taifa kuanzia mwaka 1940 hadi 1948.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TClxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jorge+Volio+Jim%C3%A9nez%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA271 |first1=David |last1=Diaz-Arias |first2=Ronny |last2=Viales Hurtado |first3=Juan José |last3=Marín Hernández |title=Historical Dictionary of Costa Rica |year=2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=271 |isbn=9781538102428 |accessdate=November 21, 2024}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1882]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1955]] ombyxevj0ocvlt95xwj5v8hb1abqme1 0 250974 1599935 2026-09-24T08:33:26Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Steve Bosdosh''' ni mchezaji na mwalimu wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Ni mkurugenzi wa mafunzo katika Four Streams Golf Academy huko Beallsville, [[Maryland]] . Aliorodheshwa na Golf Magazine kama mmoja wa wakufunzi 100 bora nchini Marekani .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207214728/http://stevebosdoshgolf.com/index.php Steve Bosdosh Golf Academy]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} Jamii:Wakufunzi wa gofu...' 1599935 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steve Bosdosh''' ni mchezaji na mwalimu wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Ni mkurugenzi wa mafunzo katika Four Streams Golf Academy huko Beallsville, [[Maryland]] . Aliorodheshwa na Golf Magazine kama mmoja wa wakufunzi 100 bora nchini Marekani .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207214728/http://stevebosdoshgolf.com/index.php Steve Bosdosh Golf Academy]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wakufunzi wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6j0zetus0v1dcfl9i8xelqnc98jwlz2 0 250975 1599936 2026-09-24T08:39:46Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Deane Raymond Beman''' (alizaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1938]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda British Amateur mwaka [[1959]] na U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1960]] na [[1963]] . Alikuwa Kamishna wa PGA Tour kuanzia [[1974]] hadi [[1994]]<ref name=driving>{{cite book |last=Schupak |first=Adam |title=Deane Beman: Golf's Driving Force |year=2011 |publisher=East Cottage Press |isbn=978-0-615-45879-3 |page=365 |u...' 1599936 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deane Raymond Beman''' (alizaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1938]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda British Amateur mwaka [[1959]] na U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1960]] na [[1963]] . Alikuwa Kamishna wa PGA Tour kuanzia [[1974]] hadi [[1994]]<ref name=driving>{{cite book |last=Schupak |first=Adam |title=Deane Beman: Golf's Driving Force |year=2011 |publisher=East Cottage Press |isbn=978-0-615-45879-3 |page=365 |url=http://www.golfsdrivingforce.com}}</ref> . == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1uiyn5fdqklvk8vjcrvwyzde2e9hgfa 0 250976 1599937 2026-09-24T08:42:10Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julián Volio Llorente''' ([[17 Februari]] [[1827]] – [[26 Novemba]] [[1889]]) alikuwa mwanasheria, mwanadiplomasia na mwanasiasa wa Costa Rica..<ref>{{Cite web |title=El prócer del mes: Julián Volio Llorente |url=https://www.historiauned.net/profesor/editar/285-el-procer-del-mes-julian-volio-llorente |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.historiauned.net}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1827]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1889]] bkyykyrnrkxdrf3i6ifbaibd93lkmkz 0 250977 1599938 2026-09-24T08:44:48Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fernando Anselmo Antonio Volio Jiménez''' ([[29 Oktoba]] [[1924]] – [[21 Mei]] [[1996]]) alikuwa mwanasheria, mwanadiplomasia na [[mwanasiasa]] mashuhuri wa Costa Rica. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1924]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1996]] hqs7qi49nzcrhrgum0ayes7uh3482p4 1599939 1599938 2026-09-24T08:45:17Z AlvinDulle 61179 1599939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fernando Anselmo Antonio Volio Jiménez''' ([[29 Oktoba]] [[1924]] – [[21 Mei]] [[1996]]) alikuwa mwanasheria, mwanadiplomasia na [[mwanasiasa]] mashuhuri wa Costa Rica. <ref name="Ensalaco2011">{{cite book|author=Mark Ensalaco|title=Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJxQIK4WHMkC&pg=PA171|date=1 January 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0186-4|pages=171–174}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1924]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1996]] 6qqc2yzsf4fuqeumxhvhs21uqwduk37 0 250978 1599940 2026-09-24T08:46:54Z Milenica223 92068 Created by translating the page "[[:sr:Special:Redirect/revision/31087917|ФК Забјело]]" 1599940 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''FK Zabjelo''' (puno ime: '''Fudbalski klub Zabjelo''') ni klabu ya mpira wa miguu kutoka mtaa wa Zabjelo mjini Podgorica, Montenegro. Klabu ilianzishwa mwaka 1963 na hapo awali ilijulikana kwa jina la '''FK Tara'''. Jina la sasa lilianza kutumika katika miaka ya 1970.<ref name="historia">{{Cite web|title=Nostalgija: Republikanci sada kliču Zabjelu, a nekada su Tari|url=https://www.aktuelno.me/clanak/nostalgija-republikanci-sada-klicu-zabjelu-a-nekada-su-tari|website=Aktuelno.me|language=sh|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Historia == Katika msimu wa 1968–69, klabu ilishinda ligi ya jamhuri ya Montenegro na kupanda hadi ligi ya pili ya Yugoslavia. Baadaye iliendelea kushiriki katika mashindano ya viwango mbalimbali nchini Yugoslavia na Montenegro.<ref name="historia" /> Mwaka 2013, Zabjelo ilicheza dhidi ya FK Mogren katika mechi za mchujo za kupanda hadi ligi kuu ya Montenegro. Mogren ilishinda mechi zote mbili kwa jumla ya mabao 9–2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mogren i Mornar ostali prvoligaši|url=https://fscg.me/vijesti/2607/mogren-i-mornar-ostali-prvoligasi/|website=Fudbalski savez Crne Gore|date=2013-06-09|language=sh|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Uwanja == Klabu hucheza mechi zake za nyumbani katika Uwanja wa Nikola Šćepović, unaojulikana pia kama Uwanja wa Zabjelo. Uwanja huo ulipewa jina la Nikola Šćepović, aliyekuwa nahodha wa klabu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stadion Zabjela nosiće naziv „Nikola Šćepović”|url=https://glaszabjela.me/stadion-zabjela-nosice-naziv-nikola-scepovic/|website=Glas Zabjela|language=sh|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} 0i3zoxihz5o1z1n9r9r5to7pv35a3ze 1600151 1599940 2026-09-24T11:58:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1600151 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''FK Zabjelo''' (puno ime: '''Fudbalski klub Zabjelo''') ni klabu ya mpira wa miguu kutoka mtaa wa Zabjelo mjini Podgorica, Montenegro. Klabu ilianzishwa mwaka 1963 na hapo awali ilijulikana kwa jina la '''FK Tara'''. Jina la sasa lilianza kutumika katika miaka ya 1970.<ref name="historia">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nostalgija: Republikanci sada kliču Zabjelu, a nekada su Tari|url=https://www.aktuelno.me/clanak/nostalgija-republikanci-sada-klicu-zabjelu-a-nekada-su-tari|website=Aktuelno.me|language=sh|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Historia == Katika msimu wa 1968–69, klabu ilishinda ligi ya jamhuri ya Montenegro na kupanda hadi ligi ya pili ya Yugoslavia. Baadaye iliendelea kushiriki katika mashindano ya viwango mbalimbali nchini Yugoslavia na Montenegro.<ref name="historia" /> Mwaka 2013, Zabjelo ilicheza dhidi ya FK Mogren katika mechi za mchujo za kupanda hadi ligi kuu ya Montenegro. Mogren ilishinda mechi zote mbili kwa jumla ya mabao 9–2.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mogren i Mornar ostali prvoligaši|url=https://fscg.me/vijesti/2607/mogren-i-mornar-ostali-prvoligasi/|website=Fudbalski savez Crne Gore|date=2013-06-09|language=sh|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Uwanja == Klabu hucheza mechi zake za nyumbani katika Uwanja wa Nikola Šćepović, unaojulikana pia kama Uwanja wa Zabjelo. Uwanja huo ulipewa jina la Nikola Šćepović, aliyekuwa nahodha wa klabu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stadion Zabjela nosiće naziv „Nikola Šćepović”|url=https://glaszabjela.me/stadion-zabjela-nosice-naziv-nikola-scepovic/|website=Glas Zabjela|language=sh|access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} 8gv2dysxtvyaybrq9a3v7jyue0i217n 0 250979 1599941 2026-09-24T08:46:59Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saúl Weisleder Weisleder''' (alizaliwa [[11 Oktoba]] [[1950]]) ni mchumi, msomi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyehudumu kama mwakilishi mbadala wa kudumu wa Costa Rica katika umoja wa mataifa hadi mwaka 2014. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1950]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] apevxaaw6jpqj95y5ebg47qc9e3qvdo 0 250980 1599942 2026-09-24T08:49:15Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francisco María Yglesias Llorente''' ([[28 Oktoba]] [[1825]] – [[8 Novemba]] [[1903]]) alikuwa mwanasheria, mwanahistoria na [[mwanasiasa]] mashuhuri wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama Rais wa kongresi ya katiba kuanzia mwaka 1890 hadi 1892 na kuanzia mwaka 1900 hadi 1903.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Diaz-Arias |first=D. |last2=Hurtado |first2=R.V. |last3=Hernández |first3=J.J.M. |title=Historical Dictionary of Costa Rica |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |series=Historical Dictionaries of the Americas |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5381-0242-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TClxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA281 |access-date=4 November 2024 |page=281}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1825]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1903]] aodnjqz6ncj592oarzmcahilenzcndi 0 250981 1599943 2026-09-24T08:51:27Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estrella Zeledón Lizano''' ([[21 Aprili]] [[1929]] – [[10 Aprili]] [[2019]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa umma wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyehudumu kama mke wa Rais wa Costa Rica kuanzia mwaka 1978 hadi 1982 wakati wa urais wa mume wake, Rodrigo Carazo Odio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lateja.cr/nacional/fallecio-dona-estrella-zeledon-de-carazo-primera/4ISRKUAN5JCRRFA74A3HKI47PU/story/|title=Falleció doña Estrella Zeledón de Carazo, primera dama de Costa Rica entre 1978 y 1982|first=Eduardo Vega Periodista Bachiller en Análisis de Sistemas de Información Egresado del posgrado en Comunicación de la UCR Miembro activo de la Federación de Periodistas Deportivos de América y miembro activo de la Asociación Internacional de Prensa|last=Deportiva|website=La Teja, Grupo Nación|date=10 April 2019 |access-date=Apr 12, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1929]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2019]] sbpcqt1vgjrxsyx6ym7rekgs9vbywoq 1600150 1599943 2026-09-24T11:56:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1600150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estrella Zeledón Lizano''' ([[21 Aprili]] [[1929]] – [[10 Aprili]] [[2019]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa umma wa [[Costa Rica]] aliyehudumu kama mke wa Rais wa Costa Rica kuanzia mwaka 1978 hadi 1982 wakati wa urais wa mume wake, Rodrigo Carazo Odio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lateja.cr/nacional/fallecio-dona-estrella-zeledon-de-carazo-primera/4ISRKUAN5JCRRFA74A3HKI47PU/story/|title=Falleció doña Estrella Zeledón de Carazo, primera dama de Costa Rica entre 1978 y 1982|first=Eduardo Vega Periodista Bachiller en Análisis de Sistemas de Información Egresado del posgrado en Comunicación de la UCR Miembro activo de la Federación de Periodistas Deportivos de América y miembro activo de la Asociación Internacional de Prensa|last=Deportiva|website=La Teja, Grupo Nación|date=10 April 2019 |access-date=Apr 12, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1929]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2019]] ojdxlil1zkvcsevudguj2plfudhk2rr 0 250982 1599945 2026-09-24T08:52:17Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bruce Patton Summerhays''' (alizaliwa [[14 Februari]] [[1944]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya Champions Tour . Ni mshiriki wa Kanisa la Yesu Kristo la Watakatifu wa Siku za Mwisho na alihudumu kama rais wa misheni huko [[Tampa, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=July 16, 2011 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700032966/A-grand-adventure-Bruce-Summer...' 1599945 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruce Patton Summerhays''' (alizaliwa [[14 Februari]] [[1944]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya Champions Tour . Ni mshiriki wa Kanisa la Yesu Kristo la Watakatifu wa Siku za Mwisho na alihudumu kama rais wa misheni huko [[Tampa, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=July 16, 2011 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700032966/A-grand-adventure-Bruce-Summerhays-stepping-away-from-the-Champions-Tour-to-serve-as-LDS-mission.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306082314/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700032966/A-grand-adventure-Bruce-Summerhays-stepping-away-from-the-Champions-Tour-to-serve-as-LDS-mission.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 6, 2011 |title=A grand adventure |work=Deseret News |date=May 17, 2010 |author=Sorensen, Mike}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jnakpa7dsw88ejywugtfgphxjuae0gu 0 250983 1599946 2026-09-24T08:52:55Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José María Zeledón Brenes''' ([[26 Aprili]] [[1877]] – [[6 Desemba]] [[1949]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], mshairi, mwandishi wa habari na mwandishi wa Costa Rica aliyetumia jina la kalamu Billo Zeledón. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1877]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1949]] avrjb6tn7x9h0fzy1nx96zkx1zsxmab 1599947 1599946 2026-09-24T08:53:21Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José María Zeledón Brenes''' ([[26 Aprili]] [[1877]] – [[6 Desemba]] [[1949]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], mshairi, mwandishi wa habari na mwandishi wa Costa Rica aliyetumia jina la kalamu Billo Zeledón..<ref> John Pearson. ''Our World: Costa Rica'' (Great Neck Publishing; 2023)</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1877]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1949]] oyjcof6tc689e8m4wuu20gmrbrdcmnr 0 250984 1599948 2026-09-24T08:55:48Z AlvinDulle 61179 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tobías Zúñiga Castro''' ([[10 Februari]] [[1854]] – [[24 Juni]] [[1918]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama mwanadiplomasia na alikuwa Katibu wa Dola.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JvNL2PT5qyoC&dq=%22Tob%C3%ADas+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga+Castro+%22&pg=PA9 Eduardo Oconitrillo García. ''Cien años de política costarricense''. (One hundred years of Costa Rican politics)]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} jamii:...' 1599948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tobías Zúñiga Castro''' ([[10 Februari]] [[1854]] – [[24 Juni]] [[1918]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama mwanadiplomasia na alikuwa Katibu wa Dola.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JvNL2PT5qyoC&dq=%22Tob%C3%ADas+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga+Castro+%22&pg=PA9 Eduardo Oconitrillo García. ''Cien años de política costarricense''. (One hundred years of Costa Rican politics)]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1905]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1980]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] jp3jq0ujctu4z4uti4fw2uswfoxhdhy 1599949 1599948 2026-09-24T08:56:29Z AlvinDulle 61179 1599949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tobías Zúñiga Castro''' ([[10 Februari]] [[1854]] – [[24 Juni]] [[1918]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Costa Rica aliyehudumu kama mwanadiplomasia na katibu wa Dola.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JvNL2PT5qyoC&dq=%22Tob%C3%ADas+Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga+Castro+%22&pg=PA9 Eduardo Oconitrillo García. ''Cien años de política costarricense''. (One hundred years of Costa Rican politics)]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1905]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kosta Rika]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1980]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] i23f97hqy1t9pkgxizz78k0xj4k5kzr 0 250985 1599950 2026-09-24T08:59:59Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ted J. Kroll''' ( [[4 Agosti]] [[1919]] – [[23 Aprili]] [[2002]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa New Hartford, [[New York]] . Alihudumu katika Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na alipokea Purple Heart mara tatu . Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1956]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1955 Philadelphia Daily News Open |publisher=golfphilly.com |url=http://www.golfphilly.com/hist...' 1599950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ted J. Kroll''' ( [[4 Agosti]] [[1919]] – [[23 Aprili]] [[2002]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa New Hartford, [[New York]] . Alihudumu katika Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na alipokea Purple Heart mara tatu . Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1956]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1955 Philadelphia Daily News Open |publisher=golfphilly.com |url=http://www.golfphilly.com/history.html |accessdate=December 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014074722/http://www.golfphilly.com/history.html |archivedate=October 14, 2006 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 6jtxf68thtbpzx9y6c4er4g5tveydn6 0 250986 1599957 2026-09-24T09:04:58Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1599957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pablo Mauricio Alvergue Rovira''' ([[25 Januari]] [[1930]] – [[6 Februari]] [[2024]]) alikuwa makamu wa Rais wa [[El Salvador]] katika baraza la mawaziri la Álvaro Magaña kuanzia mwaka 1982 hadi 1984. <ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sancton |first1=Thomas A. |title=El Salvador: The Making of a President |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,925374,00.html |magazine=Time |date=10 May 1982}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1930]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2024]] il3mdim5njau9qi07dzm4yv335q59xe 0 250987 1599958 2026-09-24T09:06:05Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert John Toski''' (alizaliwa [[18 Septemba]] [[1926]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Haydenville, [[Massachusetts]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1954]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama [[Tom Kite]] na [[Judy Rankin]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.linksmagazine.com/golfs-animal-kingdom-player-nicknames/ |first=David...' 1599958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert John Toski''' (alizaliwa [[18 Septemba]] [[1926]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Haydenville, [[Massachusetts]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1954]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama [[Tom Kite]] na [[Judy Rankin]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.linksmagazine.com/golfs-animal-kingdom-player-nicknames/ |first=David |last=Desmith |title=Golf's Animal Kingdom of Player Nicknames |magazine=Links Magazine |access-date=2020-11-17 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wakufunzi wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n1gsnkgjxv5jp4mlbdnkv3r5efo0kuj 1599960 1599958 2026-09-24T09:06:50Z Ally0111 85292 1599960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert John Toski''' (alizaliwa [[18 Septemba]] [[1926]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Haydenville, [[Massachusetts]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1954]]. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama [[Tom Kite]] na [[Judy Rankin]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.linksmagazine.com/golfs-animal-kingdom-player-nicknames/ |first=David |last=Desmith |title=Golf's Animal Kingdom of Player Nicknames |magazine=Links Magazine |access-date=2020-11-17 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7wcdkfnyezzkhmf8y5mwkg4qox8an1t 0 250988 1599964 2026-09-24T09:11:42Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lewis Elmer Worsham Jr.''' ( [[5 Oktoba]] [[1917]] – [[19 Oktoba]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Pittsylvania County, [[Virginia]]. Alihudumu katika Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1947]] kwa kumshinda Sam Snead katika playoff ya mashimo 18 huko St. Louis Country Club. Mwaka [[1953]], aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour na a...' 1599964 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lewis Elmer Worsham Jr.''' ( [[5 Oktoba]] [[1917]] – [[19 Oktoba]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Pittsylvania County, [[Virginia]]. Alihudumu katika Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1947]] kwa kumshinda Sam Snead katika playoff ya mashimo 18 huko St. Louis Country Club. Mwaka [[1953]], aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour na alishinda Tam O'Shanter World Championship of Golf kwa pigo la wedge kutoka yadi 104 kwa eagle kwenye shimo la mwisho. Alishinda mataji 6 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=catpro>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1997/06/11/congressional-pros-and-the-open/520a37ab-75cc-45cf-af82-b306bf7c15a4/ |newspaper=Washington Post |last=Shapiro |first=Leonard |title=Congressional and the pros |date=June 11, 1997 |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref><ref name=mapaleww>{{cite web|url=https://mapga.com/team-members/worsham-lew-1986/ |publisher=PGA: Middle Atlantic section |title=Lew Worsham |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128050054/https://mapga.com/team-members/worsham-lew-1986/ |archive-date=2021-01-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] lp6knv4qxyr5dyrtgauakl3b82zeh0d 0 250989 1599968 2026-09-24T09:12:58Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Santos Iriarte | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Santos Iriarte (cropped).JPG | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Iriarte akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Uruguay|Uruguay]] mwaka 1930 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1902|11|2}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Canelones, Uruguay|Canelones]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1968|11|10|19...' 1599968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Santos Iriarte | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Santos Iriarte (cropped).JPG | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Iriarte akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Uruguay|Uruguay]] mwaka 1930 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1902|11|2}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Canelones, Uruguay|Canelones]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1968|11|10|1902|11|2}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Victoriano Santos Iriarte''' (2 Novemba 1902 – 10 Novemba 1968),alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya Uruguay iliyoshinda [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la kwanza kabisa mnamo mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1930|1930]], na alichezea klabu ya [[Racing Club de Montevideo]] katika ngazi ya klabu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.auf.org.uy/santos-iriarte/ |title=Santos Iriarte |publisher=Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol |language=Spanish |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Iriarte, aliyecheza kama winga wa kushoto, alicheza mechi zote nne za Uruguay katika Kombe la Dunia la mwaka 1930 na alifunga mabao miwili; moja katika mechi ya nusu fainali dhidi ya [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] na nyingine katika dakika ya 68 ya mechi ya fainali na kuipa Uruguay uongozi wa mabao 3–2 katika ushindi wao wa kupindua matokeo dhidi ya [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1930uruguay/match-center/1087 |title=1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay: Uruguay - Argentina |publisher=FIFA |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] qtputpmcrf7a2evzfv95jz8u6ih972c 0 250990 1599969 2026-09-24T09:13:16Z SciFusion 76137 Nimeunda kurasa 1599969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Eliangiringa Kaale|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Moshi, Tanzania|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=04/03/1971|cheo=Profesa|kazi_yake=Mfamasia|ajulikana kwa ajili ya=Uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa Afrika|picha=[[File:Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale.jpg|thumb|Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale, mfamasia na mtafiti mbobezi wa udhibiti na uimara wa ubora wa dawa.]]}} '''Eliangiringa Amos Kaale''' ni mfamasia na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya udhibiti wa dawa kutoka nchini Tanzania <ref>[https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale Wasifu wa Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale katika Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)]</ref>. Kazi na tafiti zake zimejikita zaidi katika uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa , uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, ufuatiliaji wa dawa zilizopo sokoni , na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa Barani Afrika. Eliangiringa Kaale ni Profesa Kamili wa Uhakiki wa Ubora wa Dawa na Masuala ya Udhibiti katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS)<ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/muhas-wadau-wajadili-mtaala-mpya-wa-usimamizi-na-ugavi-bidhaa-za-afya-5352336 Gazeti la Mwananchi: MUHAS na wadau wajadili mtaala mpya wa usimamizi na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya]</ref>. Pia amewahi kuwa Mfadhili wa Utafiti wa Africa Oxford Initiative (AfOx Fellow) akishirikiana na kikundi cha Ubora wa Dawa katika Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO) kilichopo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Yeye pia ni Mfadhili wa Utafiti wa Georg Forster kutoka Mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation) nchini Ujerumani.<ref>[https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale Ukurasa wa Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]</ref> == Elimu na Maisha ya Mapema == Profesa Kaale alianzia elimu yake ya juu ya famasia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM), ambapo alitunukiwa Shahada ya Kwanza ya Famasia (B.Pharm) mwaka 1997. Baada ya hapo, aliendelea na masomo ya uzamili nchini Ubelgiji katika chuo kikuu cha [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], ambapo alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi ya Famasia (M.Sc. Pharm. Sci.) mwaka 1999 na baadaye Shahada ya Uzamavu/Uzamifu (PhD) katika Sayansi ya Famasia mwaka 2003. Mwaka 2007, alipata Stashahada ya Juu ya Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2014, alikuwa Mfadhili wa Utafiti wa Georg Forster kwa Watafiti Wenye Uzoefu katika Taasisi ya Famasia na Kemia ya Chakula kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Julius Maximilian cha Würzburg nchini Ujerumani. == Taaluma na Uongozi == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya PhD, Profesa Kaale alijiunga na kutoa mchango mkubwa katika Shule ya Famasia ya MUHAS, ambapo alipanda ngazi za kitaaluma hadi kuwa Profesa Kamili wa Famasia mwaka 2018. Katika utumishi wake MUHAS, ameshikilia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na kiutawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Mkuu wa Idara ya Kemia ya Dawa : Akiongoza mafunzo na utafiti wa kemia ya dawa na uchanganuzi wa dawa. * Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi wa Maabara ya Utafiti na Maendeleo ya Famasia : Maabara hii imekuwa kituo muhimu nchini Tanzania na ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki kwa ajili ya kufanya uchanganuzi wa kiwango cha juu wa ubora wa dawa na maendeleo ya fomula za dawa. * Mratibu wa Kituo cha Kikanda cha Umahiri cha Udhibiti wa Dawa (TMDA-MUHAS Regional Centre of Regulatory Excellence - RCORE): Akishirikiana na Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba (TMDA) kujenga uwezo wa kiutendaji na udhibiti wa dawa kwa wataalamu kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika. * Mhadhiri Mwalikwa: Amefanya kazi ya kufundisha na kushirikiana na vyuo vikuu vya kimataifa ikiwemo Chuo Kikuu cha Rwanda na Chuo Kikuu cha Würzburg cha Ujerumani. == Mchango katika Udhibiti wa Dawa na Sera za Afya == Profesa Eliangiringa Kaale ametoa mchango mkubwa katika mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na usalama wa afya ya jamii katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda, na kimataifa: === Kitaifa na Kikanda (Afrika Mashariki) === * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Wataalamu ya Usajili wa Dawa (TMDA): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi inayotathmini usalama, ufanisi, na ubora wa dawa za binadamu kabla ya kusajiliwa na kuruhusiwa kutumika nchini Tanzania. * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Viwango vya Famasia (TBS): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi ya Shirika la Viwango Tanzania (TBS) inayoshughulikia viwango vya bidhaa za famasia. * Mratibu wa Mpango wa Uhakiki wa Ubora wa Nje: Anaratibu mpango wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC) unaosaidia maabara za kupima dawa katika ukanda huo kudumisha viwango vya kimataifa vya uimara na usahihi wa vipimo. === Kimataifa === * Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO): Aliteuliwa kuwa Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Mfumo wa Viwango vya Dawa vya Kimataifa (WHO) * United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP): Alihudumu kwenye Jopo la Wataalamu la USP kuhusu Teknolojia za Ufuatiliaji na Ukaguzi wa Ubora wa Dawa kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2020. * PharmaConnect Africa: Ni Mjumbe wa Bodi ya PharmaConnect Africa * Mapambano dhidi ya Dawa Bandia (SFMPs): Amekuwa sauti muhimu katika mijadala ya Umoja wa Afrika (AUDA-NEPAD) inayolenga kutokomeza biashara ya dawa bandia na zisizokidhi viwango Barani Afrika. == Tuzo na Nishani == * Tanzania Health Summit (2023):Alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mfamasia bora wa mwaka. *2019: Ushirikiano wa Vyuo Vikuu vya Muhimbili na Bergen wa Kukuza Elimu ya Famasia na Utafiti * USP Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Standards (2018): Tuzo kutoka United States Pharmacopeial Convention kwa mchango wake katika uundaji na uimarishaji wa viwango vya dawa duniani * 2018: Kuimarisha Miundombinu ya Utafiti katika Ugunduzi, Ubunifu na Uundaji wa Dawa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili (MUHAS). * 2018: Tafiti za ulinganifu wa kibiolojia (bioequivalence) za dawa za amoxicillin na captopril za vidonge zinazozalishwa nchini: Chachu ya kuanzishwa kwa tafiti za bioequivalence ili kusaidia sekta ya uundaji wa dawa wa ndani Afrika Mashariki. * Georg Forster Research Fellowship (2012): Kutoka Mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt, Ujerumani, kwa ajili ya watafiti wabobezi wenye mchango mkubwa * Africa Oxford Initiative Fellowship (AfOx Fellow): Tuzo ya ushirikiano wa utafiti kati ya Afrika na Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wafamasia wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Muhimbili]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu KU Leuven]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] jhl7opibd8y6oxshfibz3o6xtq9qo0o 1599979 1599969 2026-09-24T09:38:50Z Asterlegorch367 34615 Kunyoosha lugha, kuongeza viungo vya ndani, kigezo cha Chanzo kimeongezwa sehemu kasha 1599979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina=Eliangiringa Kaale |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Moshi, Tanzania |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=04 March 1971 |cheo=Profesa|kazi_yake=Mfamasia |ajulikana kwa ajili ya=Uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa Afrika |picha=[[File:Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale.jpg|thumb|Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale, mfamasia na mtafiti mbobezi wa udhibiti na uimara wa ubora wa dawa.]]}} '''Eliangiringa Amos Kaale''' ni [[mfamasia]] na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya udhibiti wa dawa kutoka nchini Tanzania <ref>[https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale Wasifu wa Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale katika Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)]</ref>. Kazi na tafiti zake zimejikita zaidi katika uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa, uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, ufuatiliaji wa dawa zilizopo sokoni na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa Barani Afrika. Eliangiringa Kaale ni Profesa Kamili wa Uhakiki wa Ubora wa Dawa na Masuala ya Udhibiti katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS)<ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/muhas-wadau-wajadili-mtaala-mpya-wa-usimamizi-na-ugavi-bidhaa-za-afya-5352336 Gazeti la Mwananchi: MUHAS na wadau wajadili mtaala mpya wa usimamizi na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya]</ref>. Pia amewahi kuwa mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Africa Oxford Initiative (AfOx Fellow)'' akishirikiana na kikundi cha Ubora wa Dawa cha ''Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)'' kilichopo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Yeye pia ni mtafiti mshiriki wa Georg Forster kutoka mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation) nchini Ujerumani.<ref>[https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale Ukurasa wa Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]</ref> == Elimu na Maisha ya Mapema == Profesa Kaale alianzia elimu yake ya juu ya famasia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM), ambapo alitunukiwa Shahada ya Kwanza ya Famasia (B.Pharm) mwaka 1997. Baada ya hapo, aliendelea na masomo ya uzamili nchini [[Ubelgiji]] katika chuo kikuu cha [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], ambapo alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi ya Famasia (M.Sc. Pharm. Sci.) mwaka 1999 na baadaye Shahada ya Uzamavu/Uzamifu (PhD) katika Sayansi ya Famasia mwaka [[2003]].{{chanzo}} Mwaka 2007, alipata Stashahada ya Juu ya Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2014, alikuwa mtafiti mshiriki mwandamizi wa Georg Forster katika taasisi ya famasia na kemia ya chakula kwenye chuo kikuu cha Julius Maximilian cha Würzburg nchini [[Ujerumani]].{{chanzo}} == Taaluma na Uongozi == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya PhD, Profesa Kaale alijiunga na kutoa mchango mkubwa katika Shule ya Famasia ya MUHAS, ambapo alipanda ngazi za kitaaluma hadi kuwa Profesa Kamili wa Famasia mwaka 2018. Katika utumishi wake MUHAS, ameshikilia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na kiutawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Mkuu wa Idara ya Kemia ya Dawa : Akiongoza mafunzo na utafiti wa kemia ya dawa na uchanganuzi wa dawa. * Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi wa Maabara ya Utafiti na Maendeleo ya Famasia : Maabara hii imekuwa kituo muhimu nchini Tanzania na ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki kwa ajili ya kufanya uchanganuzi wa kiwango cha juu wa ubora wa dawa na maendeleo ya fomula za dawa. * Mratibu wa Kituo cha Kikanda cha Umahiri cha Udhibiti wa Dawa (TMDA-MUHAS Regional Centre of Regulatory Excellence - RCORE): Akishirikiana na Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba (TMDA) kujenga uwezo wa kiutendaji na udhibiti wa dawa kwa wataalamu kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika. * Mhadhiri Mwalikwa: Amefanya kazi ya kufundisha na kushirikiana na vyuo vikuu vya kimataifa ikiwemo Chuo Kikuu cha Rwanda na Chuo Kikuu cha Würzburg cha Ujerumani. == Mchango katika Udhibiti wa Dawa na Sera za Afya == Profesa Eliangiringa Kaale ametoa mchango mkubwa katika mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na usalama wa afya ya jamii katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda, na kimataifa: === Kitaifa na Kikanda (Afrika Mashariki) === * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Wataalamu ya Usajili wa Dawa (TMDA): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi inayotathmini usalama, ufanisi, na ubora wa dawa za binadamu kabla ya kusajiliwa na kuruhusiwa kutumika nchini Tanzania. * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Viwango vya Famasia (TBS): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi ya Shirika la Viwango Tanzania (TBS) inayoshughulikia viwango vya bidhaa za famasia. * Mratibu wa Mpango wa Uhakiki wa Ubora wa Nje: Anaratibu mpango wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC) unaosaidia maabara za kupima dawa katika ukanda huo kudumisha viwango vya kimataifa vya uimara na usahihi wa vipimo. === Kimataifa === * Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO): Aliteuliwa kuwa Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Mfumo wa Viwango vya Dawa vya Kimataifa (WHO) * United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP): Alihudumu kwenye Jopo la Wataalamu la USP kuhusu Teknolojia za Ufuatiliaji na Ukaguzi wa Ubora wa Dawa kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2020. * PharmaConnect Africa: Ni Mjumbe wa Bodi ya PharmaConnect Africa * Mapambano dhidi ya Dawa Bandia (SFMPs): Amekuwa sauti muhimu katika mijadala ya Umoja wa Afrika (AUDA-NEPAD) inayolenga kutokomeza biashara ya dawa bandia na zisizokidhi viwango Barani Afrika. == Tuzo na Nishani == * Tanzania Health Summit (2023):Alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mfamasia bora wa mwaka. *2019: Ushirikiano wa Vyuo Vikuu vya Muhimbili na Bergen wa Kukuza Elimu ya Famasia na Utafiti * USP Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Standards (2018): Tuzo kutoka United States Pharmacopeial Convention kwa mchango wake katika uundaji na uimarishaji wa viwango vya dawa duniani * 2018: Kuimarisha Miundombinu ya Utafiti katika Ugunduzi, Ubunifu na Uundaji wa Dawa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili (MUHAS). * 2018: Tafiti za ulinganifu wa kibiolojia (bioequivalence) za dawa za amoxicillin na captopril za vidonge zinazozalishwa nchini: Chachu ya kuanzishwa kwa tafiti za bioequivalence ili kusaidia sekta ya uundaji wa dawa wa ndani Afrika Mashariki. * Georg Forster Research Fellowship (2012): Kutoka Mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt, Ujerumani, kwa ajili ya watafiti wabobezi wenye mchango mkubwa * Africa Oxford Initiative Fellowship (AfOx Fellow): Tuzo ya ushirikiano wa utafiti kati ya Afrika na Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wafamasia wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Muhimbili]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu KU Leuven]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] bqvqe91vxy2hf89ixn8a4hywvb3dl67 1599997 1599979 2026-09-24T09:49:34Z Asterlegorch367 34615 1599997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina=Eliangiringa Kaale |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Moshi, Tanzania |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=04 March 1971 |cheo=Profesa|kazi_yake=Mfamasia |ajulikana kwa ajili ya=Uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa Afrika |picha=[[File:Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale.jpg|thumb|Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale, mfamasia na mtafiti mbobezi wa udhibiti na uimara wa ubora wa dawa.]]}} '''Eliangiringa Amos Kaale''' ni [[mfamasia]] na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya udhibiti wa dawa kutoka nchini Tanzania <ref>[https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale Wasifu wa Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale katika Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)]</ref>. Kazi na tafiti zake zimejikita zaidi katika uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa, uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, ufuatiliaji wa dawa zilizopo sokoni na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa Barani Afrika. Eliangiringa Kaale ni Profesa Kamili wa Uhakiki wa Ubora wa Dawa na Masuala ya Udhibiti katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS)<ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/muhas-wadau-wajadili-mtaala-mpya-wa-usimamizi-na-ugavi-bidhaa-za-afya-5352336 Gazeti la Mwananchi: MUHAS na wadau wajadili mtaala mpya wa usimamizi na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya]</ref>. Pia amewahi kuwa mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Africa Oxford Initiative (AfOx Fellow)'' akishirikiana na kikundi cha Ubora wa Dawa cha ''Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)'' kilichopo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Yeye pia ni mtafiti mshiriki wa Georg Forster kwenye taasisi ya Alexander von Humboldt (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation) nchini Ujerumani.<ref>[https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale Ukurasa wa Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]</ref> == Elimu== Profesa Kaale alianzia elimu yake ya juu ya famasia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM), ambapo alitunukiwa Shahada ya Kwanza ya Famasia (B.Pharm) mwaka 1997. Baada ya hapo, aliendelea na masomo ya uzamili nchini [[Ubelgiji]] katika chuo kikuu cha [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], ambapo alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi ya Famasia (M.Sc. Pharm. Sci.) mwaka 1999 na baadaye Shahada ya Uzamavu/Uzamifu (PhD) katika Sayansi ya Famasia mwaka [[2003]].{{chanzo}} Mwaka 2007, alipata Stashahada ya Juu ya Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2014, alikuwa mtafiti mshiriki mwandamizi wa Georg Forster katika taasisi ya famasia na kemia ya chakula kwenye chuo kikuu cha Julius Maximilian cha Würzburg nchini [[Ujerumani]].{{chanzo}} == Taaluma na uongozi == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya PhD, Profesa Kaale alijiunga na kutoa mchango mkubwa katika Shule ya Famasia ya MUHAS, ambapo alipanda ngazi za kitaaluma hadi kuwa Profesa Kamili wa Famasia mwaka 2018. Katika utumishi wake MUHAS, ameshikilia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na kiutawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Mkuu wa Idara ya Kemia ya Dawa : Akiongoza mafunzo na utafiti wa kemia ya dawa na uchanganuzi wa dawa. * Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi wa Maabara ya Utafiti na Maendeleo ya Famasia : Maabara hii imekuwa kituo muhimu nchini Tanzania na ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki kwa ajili ya kufanya uchanganuzi wa kiwango cha juu wa ubora wa dawa na maendeleo ya fomula za dawa. * Mratibu wa Kituo cha Kikanda cha Umahiri cha Udhibiti wa Dawa (TMDA-MUHAS Regional Centre of Regulatory Excellence - RCORE): Akishirikiana na Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba (TMDA) kujenga uwezo wa kiutendaji na udhibiti wa dawa kwa wataalamu kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika. * Mhadhiri Mwalikwa: Amefanya kazi ya kufundisha na kushirikiana na vyuo vikuu vya kimataifa ikiwemo Chuo Kikuu cha Rwanda na Chuo Kikuu cha Würzburg cha Ujerumani. == Mchango katika udhibiti wa dawa na sera za afya == Profesa Kaale ametoa mchango mkubwa katika mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na usalama wa afya ya jamii katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda na kimataifa: === Kitaifa na kikanda (Afrika Mashariki) === * Mwenyekiti wa kamati ya kitaifa ya wataalamu ya usajili wa dawa (TMDA): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi inayotathmini usalama, ufanisi, na ubora wa dawa za binadamu kabla ya kusajiliwa na kuruhusiwa kutumika nchini Tanzania. * Mwenyekiti wa kamati ya viwango vya famasia (TBS): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi ya Shirika la Viwango Tanzania (TBS) inayoshughulikia viwango vya bidhaa za famasia. * Mratibu wa mpango wa uhakiki wa ubora wa nje: Anaratibu mpango wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC) unaosaidia maabara za kupima dawa katika ukanda huo kudumisha viwango vya kimataifa vya uimara na usahihi wa vipimo. === Kimataifa === * Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO): Aliteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa jopo la wataalamu wa mfumo wa viwango vya dawa vya kimataifa (WHO) * ''United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP)'': Alihudumu kwenye jopo la wataalamu la USP kuhusu teknolojia za ufuatiliaji na ukaguzi wa ubora wa dawa kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2020. * PharmaConnect Africa: Ni Mjumbe wa Bodi ya PharmaConnect Africa * Mapambano dhidi ya dawa bandia (SFMPs): Amekuwa sauti muhimu katika mijadala ya Umoja wa Afrika (AUDA-NEPAD) inayolenga kutokomeza biashara ya dawa bandia na zisizokidhi viwango Barani Afrika. == Tuzo na nishani == * Tanzania Health Summit (2023):Alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mfamasia bora wa mwaka. *2019: Ushirikiano wa vyuo vikuu vya Muhimbili na Bergen wa kukuza elimu ya famasia na utafiti * Tuzo ya USP kwa ajili ya mchango uliotukuka kwenye viwango (2018): Tuzo kutoka United States Pharmacopeial Convention kwa mchango wake katika uundaji na uimarishaji wa viwango vya dawa duniani * 2018: Kuimarisha miundombinu ya utafiti katika ugunduzi, ubunifu na uundaji wa dawa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili (MUHAS). * 2018: Tafiti za ulinganifu wa kibiolojia (bioequivalence) za dawa za ''amoxicillin'' na ''captopril'' za vidonge zinazozalishwa nchini: Chachu ya kuanzishwa kwa tafiti za ''bioequivalence'' ili kusaidia sekta ya uundaji wa dawa wa ndani Afrika Mashariki. * Georg Forster Research Fellowship (2012): Kutoka Mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt, Ujerumani, kwa ajili ya watafiti wabobezi wenye mchango mkubwa * Africa Oxford Initiative Fellowship (AfOx Fellow): Tuzo ya ushirikiano wa utafiti kati ya Afrika na Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wafamasia wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Muhimbili]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu KU Leuven]] [[Jamii:Waliohitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] qxyib6d9rjam58oupb2uxgjiyo33jo5 0 250991 1599970 2026-09-24T09:18:54Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dick Harmon''' ([[Julai 29]], [[1947]] – [[Februari 10]], [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji na mwalimu wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa ndugu wa familia ya Harmon, pamoja na [[Butch Harmon]]. Alikuwa mtaalamu wa gofu katika River Oaks Country Club huko [[Houston, Texas]] kuanzia [[1977]] hadi [[2001]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=HARMON - Houston Chronicle |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/obits_406...' 1599970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dick Harmon''' ([[Julai 29]], [[1947]] – [[Februari 10]], [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji na mwalimu wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa ndugu wa familia ya Harmon, pamoja na [[Butch Harmon]]. Alikuwa mtaalamu wa gofu katika River Oaks Country Club huko [[Houston, Texas]] kuanzia [[1977]] hadi [[2001]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=HARMON - Houston Chronicle |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/obits_4062707/harmon.html |accessdate=2012-07-25 |publisher=Chron.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] dtew3v22utmmysqx81icp7hs978elvi 0 250992 1599971 2026-09-24T09:23:07Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kevin Stadler''' (alizaliwa [[5 Februari]] [[1980]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Reno, Nevada]]. Ni mtoto wa mshindi wa Masters Craig Stadler. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Southern California mwaka [[2002]]. Alishinda Waste Management Phoenix Open mwaka [[2014]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Alishinda pia mataji 4 ya Korn Ferry Tour na mataji 2 ya European Tour. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "S...' 1599971 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kevin Stadler''' (alizaliwa [[5 Februari]] [[1980]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Reno, Nevada]]. Ni mtoto wa mshindi wa Masters Craig Stadler. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Southern California mwaka [[2002]]. Alishinda Waste Management Phoenix Open mwaka [[2014]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Alishinda pia mataji 4 ya Korn Ferry Tour na mataji 2 ya European Tour. Alijulikana kwa jina la utani "Smallrus." Alishiriki katika Masters mwaka [[2014]] pamoja na baba yake, wakiwa wachezaji wa kwanza wa baba-na-mtoto kushiriki katika mashindano hayo kwa wakati mmoja.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/golf/4705746.stm |title=Stadler wins with last-hole eagle |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=February 12, 2006 |access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf-news/stadler-claims-maiden-win-at-last |title=Stadler claims maiden win at last |magazine=[[Bunkered]] |first=Michael |last=McEwan |date=February 3, 2014 |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] f2e2zcijns9zy9ejs1st2sdv1402wfx 0 250993 1599973 2026-09-24T09:25:35Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arron Matthew Oberholser''' (alizaliwa [[2 Februari]] [[1975]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Luis Obispo, [[California]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha San Jose State. Alishinda AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am mwaka [[2006]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Alifikia nafasi ya 22 duniani mwaka [[2007]]. Baada ya kustaafu kutokana na majeraha, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Golf Channel.<ref>{{ci...' 1599973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arron Matthew Oberholser''' (alizaliwa [[2 Februari]] [[1975]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Luis Obispo, [[California]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha San Jose State. Alishinda AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am mwaka [[2006]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Alifikia nafasi ya 22 duniani mwaka [[2007]]. Baada ya kustaafu kutokana na majeraha, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Golf Channel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.golfchannel.com/topics/people/arron-oberholser.htm |title=Arron Oberholser |work=Golf Channel |access-date=September 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golf-central-blog/one-time-tiger-arron-oberholser/ |title=One Time With Tiger: Arron Oberholser |last=Lavner |first=Ryan |date=November 28, 2016 |work=Golf Channel |access-date=September 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906153948/http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golf-central-blog/one-time-tiger-arron-oberholser/ |archive-date=September 6, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 94osyp3monj49itrjxik4kqjwjdn2pm 0 250994 1599975 2026-09-24T09:27:43Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Gianpiero Combi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Frantisek planicka x gianpiero combi.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Combi (kushoto) akiwa pamoja na mwamuzi [[Ivan Eklind]] (katikati) na [[František Plánička]] (kulia) kabla ya [[Fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1934]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 20 Novemba 1902 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Turin]], Ufalme...' 1599975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gianpiero Combi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Frantisek planicka x gianpiero combi.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Combi (kushoto) akiwa pamoja na mwamuzi [[Ivan Eklind]] (katikati) na [[František Plánička]] (kulia) kabla ya [[Fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1934]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 20 Novemba 1902 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Turin]], Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|1956|8|12|1902|11|20}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Imperia]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.74 m | uzito = }} '''Gianpiero Combi''' (20 Novemba 1902 – 12 Agosti 1956) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mlinda mlango.<ref name="Combi">{{cite web |url=http://www.figc.it/versione_inglese/club_italia/html/combi.htm |title=Special on the Azzurri - the greatest: Gianpiero Combi |publisher=FIGC |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181647/http://www.figc.it/versione_inglese/club_italia/html/combi.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Alicheza maisha yake yote ya soka la klabu katika klabu ya [[Juventus FC|Juventus]], ambapo alishinda mataji matano ya Ligi Kuu ya Italia (Serie A). Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, alishinda mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1934 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia, pamoja na kombe la kimataifa la ulaya ya Kati mara mbili (mwaka 1930 na 1935), na medali ya shaba ya [[Olimpiki]] mwaka [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/26027 |title=Gianpiero Combi |work=Olympedia |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Combi alichukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa makipa bora duniani katika miaka ya 1930, akitaja kando ya [[Ricardo Zamora]] na [[Frantisek Planicka]], na anachukuliwa kama mmoja wa makipa bora kuwahi kutokea nchini Italia.<ref name="Combi"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570265_4/Calcio_(sport).html |title=Calcio (sport): calciatori celebri (page 4) |publisher=MSN Encarta |language=Italian |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327151829/http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570265_4/Calcio_(sport).html |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=11/news=goalkeepers-who-belied-their-size-1544328.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610105847/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=11/news=goalkeepers-who-belied-their-size-1544328.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2015 |title=Goalkeepers who belied their size |publisher=FIFA |date=18 November 2011 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="buffon-combi-tacconi-zoff">{{cite web |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2011/novembre/19/Buffon_Prende_Combi_punta_Tacconi_ga_10_111119027.shtml |title=Buffon Prende Combi, punta Tacconi Se rinnova può arrivare a Zoff |publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |author=Mirko Graziano |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Katika kura ya maoni iliyoendeshwa na shirikisho la kimataifa la historia na takwimu za mpira wa miguu ([[IFFHS]]) mwaka 1999, alichaguliwa kuwa mlinda mlango wa pili bora zaidi nchini Italia katika karne ya ishirini, nyuma ya [[Dino Zoff]] pekee, na wa kumi na sita kwa ubora barani ulaya katika karne hiyo, akifungana na [[Rinat Dasayev]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |title=IFFHS' Century Elections |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |author=Karel Stokkermans |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303065744/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |archive-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1956]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uitalia]] ol6i7lpln1t6k12fdnksom23irsrlwk 1599978 1599975 2026-09-24T09:36:09Z Bycashtz 81318 1599978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gianpiero Combi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Frantisek planicka x gianpiero combi.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Combi (kushoto) akiwa pamoja na mwamuzi [[Ivan Eklind]] (katikati) na [[František Plánička]] (kulia) kabla ya [[Fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1934]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 20 Novemba 1902 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Turin]], Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|1956|8|12|1902|11|20}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Imperia]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.74 m | uzito = }} '''Gianpiero Combi''' (20 Novemba 1902 – 12 Agosti 1956) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mlinda mlango.<ref name="Combi">{{cite web |url=http://www.figc.it/versione_inglese/club_italia/html/combi.htm |title=Special on the Azzurri - the greatest: Gianpiero Combi |publisher=FIGC |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181647/http://www.figc.it/versione_inglese/club_italia/html/combi.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Alicheza maisha yake yote ya soka la klabu katika klabu ya [[Juventus FC|Juventus]], ambapo alishinda mataji matano ya Ligi Kuu ya Italia (Serie A). Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, alishinda mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1934 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia, pamoja na kombe la kimataifa la ulaya ya Kati mara mbili (mwaka 1930 na 1935), na medali ya shaba ya [[Olimpiki]] mwaka [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/26027 |title=Gianpiero Combi |work=Olympedia |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Combi alichukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa makipa bora duniani katika miaka ya 1930, akitaja kando ya [[Ricardo Zamora]] na [[Frantisek Planicka]], na anachukuliwa kama mmoja wa makipa bora kuwahi kutokea nchini Italia.<ref name="Combi"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570265_4/Calcio_(sport).html |title=Calcio (sport): calciatori celebri (page 4) |publisher=MSN Encarta |language=Italian |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327151829/http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570265_4/Calcio_(sport).html |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=11/news=goalkeepers-who-belied-their-size-1544328.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610105847/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=11/news=goalkeepers-who-belied-their-size-1544328.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2015 |title=Goalkeepers who belied their size |publisher=FIFA |date=18 November 2011 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="buffon-combi-tacconi-zoff">{{cite web |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2011/novembre/19/Buffon_Prende_Combi_punta_Tacconi_ga_10_111119027.shtml |title=Buffon Prende Combi, punta Tacconi Se rinnova può arrivare a Zoff |publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |author=Mirko Graziano |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Katika kura ya maoni iliyoendeshwa na shirikisho la kimataifa la historia na takwimu za mpira wa miguu ([[IFFHS]]) mwaka 1999, alichaguliwa kuwa mlinda mlango wa pili bora zaidi nchini Italia katika karne ya ishirini, nyuma ya [[Dino Zoff]] pekee, na wa kumi na sita kwa ubora barani ulaya katika karne hiyo, akifungana na [[Rinat Dasayev]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |title=IFFHS' Century Elections |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |author=Karel Stokkermans |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303065744/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |archive-date=3 March 2009}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1956]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] d8mtg8t6d5hv5dd69ekcarxehngncdu 0 250995 1599976 2026-09-24T09:29:51Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Bradley "J.B." Holmes''' (alizaliwa [[26 Aprili]] [[1982]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Campbellsville, [[Kentucky]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Genesis Open mwaka [[2019]]. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2008]]. Aliongoza The Open Championship ya [[2019]] baada ya raundi mbili lakini alimaliza nafasi ya 67.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/artic...' 1599976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Bradley "J.B." Holmes''' (alizaliwa [[26 Aprili]] [[1982]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Campbellsville, [[Kentucky]]. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Genesis Open mwaka [[2019]]. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[2008]]. Aliongoza The Open Championship ya [[2019]] baada ya raundi mbili lakini alimaliza nafasi ya 67.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/article/0,28136,1889561-3,00.html |title=For a burly, long-hitting Ryder Cup star, J.B. Holmes has remained remarkably anonymous |date=April 5, 2009 |publisher=Golf.com |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413190015/http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/article/0,28136,1889561-3,00.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pga.com/news/tours/pga-tour/holmes010607.cfm |title=After 10 years on his school team, Holmes joins the PGA Tour varsity |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[PGA of America]] |date=January 6, 2007 |access-date=January 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109073125/http://www.pga.com/news/tours/pga-tour/holmes010607.cfm |archive-date=January 9, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dn1kuj87yzjnbzddsvgcvimu9wkxa09 0 250996 1599977 2026-09-24T09:33:17Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Luigi Allemandi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = 1926–27 Divisione Nazionale - Bologna v Juventus (final round) - Schiavio, Rosetta and Allemandi (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Allemandi akiwa na [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] mwaka 1926 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|df=yes|1903|11|8}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[San Damiano Macra]], Italia | tare...' 1599977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Luigi Allemandi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = 1926–27 Divisione Nazionale - Bologna v Juventus (final round) - Schiavio, Rosetta and Allemandi (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Allemandi akiwa na [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] mwaka 1926 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|df=yes|1903|11|8}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[San Damiano Macra]], Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|1978|9|25|1903|11|8}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Pietra Ligure]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.83 m | uzito = }} '''Luigi Allemandi''' (8 Novemba 1903<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archivio.inter.it/cgi-bin/giocatori-scheda?codice=G0011&L=en |publisher=Inter.it |title=Archive – Luigi Allemandi |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> – 25 Septemba 1978) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki, mara nyingi kama beki wa kushoto. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya Italia iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA mwaka 1934.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Corriere della Sera]] |title=E' morto Allemandi, terzino mondiale nel '1934 |url=https://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/pro/view.shtml#!/MzovZXMvaXQvcmNzZGF0aWRhY3MyL0A0MDU2Nw%3D%3D |language=Italian |date=26 September 1978 |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1903]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1978]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] 32xmxjl2koy1n6o16lmerye06qj6bmq 0 250997 1599980 2026-09-24T09:40:23Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Archibald Simpson''' ( [[14 Machi]] [[1866]] huko Earlsferry, [[Uskoti]] – [[Januari]] [[1955]] huko Detroit, Michigan) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa, mbunifu wa viwanja vya gofu, na mtengenezaji wa vifaa vya gofu. Alikuwa mshindi wa pili katika The Open Championship mwaka [[1885]] na [[1890]]. Alihamia [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1922]].<ref name="spbirth">{{cite web | title=Births in the District of Kilconquhar in the County of Fif...' 1599980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Archibald Simpson''' ( [[14 Machi]] [[1866]] huko Earlsferry, [[Uskoti]] – [[Januari]] [[1955]] huko Detroit, Michigan) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa, mbunifu wa viwanja vya gofu, na mtengenezaji wa vifaa vya gofu. Alikuwa mshindi wa pili katika The Open Championship mwaka [[1885]] na [[1890]]. Alihamia [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1922]].<ref name="spbirth">{{cite web | title=Births in the District of Kilconquhar in the County of Fife | work=Statutory Births 436/00 0009 | accessdate=19 February 2015 | url=http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/search/birth/index.aspx | publisher=[[ScotlandsPeople]] | url-access=subscription | archive-date=21 November 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121080520/http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/search/birth/index.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golfcoursearchitecture.net/Article/The-Pioneer-Archie-Simpson/1432/Default.aspx|title=The Pioneer: Archie Simpson|publisher=Golfcoursearchitecture.net|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1866]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1955]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uskoti]] kqhsrf36cly11hxx6d7g2qitxd83lxj 0 250998 1599983 2026-09-24T09:41:38Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Enrique Guaita | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Enrique-guaita.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1910|7|11|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Lucas González, Argentina|Lucas González]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1959|5|18|1910|7|11|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | s...' 1599983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Enrique Guaita | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Enrique-guaita.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1910|7|11|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Lucas González, Argentina|Lucas González]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1959|5|18|1910|7|11|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Enrique Guaita''' (11 Julai 1910 – 18 Mei 1959), pia alifahamika kama '''Enrico Guaita''', alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu mwenye asili ya [[Argentina]] na [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya ushambuliaji.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/argital-recintlp.html |title=Argentines in the Italy National Team |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Alisaidia kushinda kombe la kimataifa la ulaya ya Kati (1933–35) na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1934|1934]] akiwa na Italia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.squawka.com/en/news/from-tevez-icardi-and-higuain-to-maradona-and-orsi-why-argentinian-strikers-rule-serie-a/322298#KzbX9iIzzUsqvGhQ.97 |title=From Tevez, Icardi and Higuain to Maradona and Orsi: Why Argentinian strikers rule Serie A |work=Squawka Football News |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Alicheza sehemu kubwa ya kazi yake ya soka nchini Argentina katika klabu za [[Estudiantes de La Plata|Estudiantes]] na [[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]], lakini pia alicheza nchini Italia katika klabu ya [[AS Roma|Roma]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] 0k8c47d5cuhkj3ubxdgxpoan4rqnjvl 3 250999 1599986 2026-09-24T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599986 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f476qzz2ybil5mzydthtliylvxbny6k 3 251000 1599987 2026-09-24T09:48:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599987 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f476qzz2ybil5mzydthtliylvxbny6k 0 251001 1599988 2026-09-24T09:48:26Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Piero Pasinati | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Italy v Czechoslovakia (Genoa, 1936) - Piero Pasinati (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Pasinati akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Italia|Italia]] mwaka 1936 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1910|7|21|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Trieste]], Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{D...' 1599988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Piero Pasinati | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Italy v Czechoslovakia (Genoa, 1936) - Piero Pasinati (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Pasinati akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Italia|Italia]] mwaka 1936 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1910|7|21|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Trieste]], Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|2000|11|15|1910|7|21|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Trieste]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Piero Pasinati''', aliyezaliwa kama '''Pietro Pasinati''' (21 Julai 1910 – 15 Novemba 2000), alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]], aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/700984 |title=Piero Pasinati |work=Olympedia |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya klabu == Pasinati alizaliwa mjini [[Trieste]]. Katika kazi yake ya soka la klabu, alichezea timu za Italia za [[U.S. Triestina Calcio|Triestina]] (1927–1939 na 1941–1946), [[A.C. Milan]] (1939–1940), [[Novara Calcio]] (1940–1941), [[U.S. Cremonese|Cremonese]] katika [[Serie B]] (1946–1948), na San Giovanni Trieste katika daraja la tatu (1948–1949). Akiwa na Triestina alicheza mechi 256 za [[Serie A]]. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Akiwa na Italia, Pasinati alicheza mechi 11 za kimataifa kati ya mwaka 1936 na 1938, na alifunga bao 1, lililopatikana katika mechi yake pekee aliyocheza wakati Italia ikitwaa ubingwa wa kombe la Dunia la FIFA mwaka 1938, katika mechi ya raundi ya kwanza dhidi ya [[Norwei]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?maintarget=1506 |title=Convocazioni e presenze in campo di Piero Pasinati |publisher=FIGC |language=Italian |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya ukocha == Baada ya kustaafu kucheza soka, Pasinati alifundisha klabu za [[Circolo Sportivo Ponziana 1912|Ponziana]], [[S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio|Sambenedettese]], [[Salernitana Calcio 1919|Salernitana]], Triestina, [[U.S. Catanzaro|Catanzaro]], na [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] l8d5nnbnouzc3iofxj0a4efrn6oigo3 3 251002 1599989 2026-09-24T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599989 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f476qzz2ybil5mzydthtliylvxbny6k 3 251003 1599990 2026-09-24T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599990 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f476qzz2ybil5mzydthtliylvxbny6k 3 251004 1599992 2026-09-24T09:48:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599992 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) f476qzz2ybil5mzydthtliylvxbny6k 3 251005 1599994 2026-09-24T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599994 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 2tbflseqjpdd9924099o4wydk9bp238 3 251006 1599995 2026-09-24T09:49:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599995 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 2tbflseqjpdd9924099o4wydk9bp238 3 251007 1599996 2026-09-24T09:49:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599996 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 2tbflseqjpdd9924099o4wydk9bp238 3 251008 1599998 2026-09-24T09:49:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599998 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 2tbflseqjpdd9924099o4wydk9bp238 3 251009 1599999 2026-09-24T09:49:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1599999 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 2tbflseqjpdd9924099o4wydk9bp238 3 251010 1600000 2026-09-24T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600000 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 2tbflseqjpdd9924099o4wydk9bp238 3 251011 1600001 2026-09-24T09:50:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600001 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) hi54b6n4q36f4a7s2swsyv79eahci7j 3 251012 1600002 2026-09-24T09:50:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600002 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) hi54b6n4q36f4a7s2swsyv79eahci7j 3 251013 1600003 2026-09-24T09:50:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600003 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) hi54b6n4q36f4a7s2swsyv79eahci7j 3 251014 1600004 2026-09-24T09:50:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600004 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) hi54b6n4q36f4a7s2swsyv79eahci7j 3 251015 1600005 2026-09-24T09:50:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600005 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) hi54b6n4q36f4a7s2swsyv79eahci7j 3 251016 1600006 2026-09-24T09:50:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600006 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) hi54b6n4q36f4a7s2swsyv79eahci7j 3 251017 1600007 2026-09-24T09:51:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600007 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) kokfzbonooe9or1fwg2qustojzbkg3h 3 251018 1600008 2026-09-24T09:51:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600008 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) kokfzbonooe9or1fwg2qustojzbkg3h 3 251019 1600009 2026-09-24T09:51:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1600009 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 24 Septemba 2026 (UTC) kokfzbonooe9or1fwg2qustojzbkg3h 0 251020 1600011 2026-09-24T09:54:53Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Gino Colaussi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Gino Colaussi (cropped).png | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Colaussi mwaka 1938 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1914|3|4|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Gradisca d'Isonzo]], Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1991|7|27|1914|3|4|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Trieste]], Italia | sababu...' 1600011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gino Colaussi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Gino Colaussi (cropped).png | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Colaussi mwaka 1938 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1914|3|4|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Gradisca d'Isonzo]], Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1991|7|27|1914|3|4|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Trieste]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Luigi Colausig''' (4 Machi 1914 – 27 Julai 1991), aliyejulikana zaidi kama '''Gino Colaussi''', alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kufunga bao zaidi ya moja katika mechi ya fainali ya kombe la Dunia. == Kazi ya klabu == Colaussi alizaliwa mjini [[Gradisca d'Isonzo]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]. Alikuwa mshambuliaji katika Ligi Kuu ya Italia ([[Serie A]]) akiwa na klabu za [[U.S. Triestina Calcio|Triestina]], [[Juventus FC|Juventus]], na [[Vicenza Calcio|Vicenza]], na pia alicheza katika Ligi ya Daraja la Pili ([[Serie B]]) akiwa na klabu ya [[Calcio Padova|Padova]]. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Colaussi aliiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Italia iliposhinda kombe la kimataifa la Ulaya ya Kati (1933–35) na katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1938. Alifunga bao moja katika ushindi wa Italia wa mechi za robo fainali na nusu fainali, na alifunga mabao miwili katika mechi ya fainali, akichangia ubingwa wa pili wa kombe la Dunia kwa nchi yake akiwa na jumla ya mabao manne.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/matches/match=1174/index.html |title=FIFA Classic Match: Double joy for Pozzo's Italy |publisher=FIFA |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014803/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/matches/match=1174/index.html |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> == Kifo == Colaussi alifariki dunia mjini [[Opicina]], karibu na [[Trieste]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] bdvx6aes4q9yyg5va5npcq98g7x7o35 0 251021 1600015 2026-09-24T10:03:47Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Obdulio Varela | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Obdulio varela uruguay.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Varela akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Uruguay|Uruguay]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1917|9|20}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1996|8|2|1917|9|20}} | mahala_alipofia = | sa...' 1600015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Obdulio Varela | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Obdulio varela uruguay.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Varela akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Uruguay|Uruguay]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1917|9|20}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1996|8|2|1917|9|20}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo mkabaji, Beki wa kati | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.83 m | uzito = }} '''Obdulio Jacinto Muiños Varela''' (20 Septemba 1917 – 2 Agosti 1996) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya Uruguay iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA mwaka 1950 baada ya kuifunga [[Brazil]] katika mechi ya mwisho ya maamuzi inayojulikana maarufu kama ''[[Maracanazo]]''. Alipewa jina la utani la '''"El Negro Jefe"''' ('''Mkuu Mweusi''') kutokana na ngozi yake nyeusi na ushawishi mkubwa aliokuwa nao uwanjani, hasa wakati wa ushindi huo usiotarajiwa dhidi ya Brazil. Alikuwa na asili ya [[Afrika]], [[Hispania|Uhispania]], na [[Ugiriki]]. Akihesabiwa kama mmoja wa kiungo mkabaji bora wa jadi, Varela alikuwa hodari katika ulinzi na alijulikana kwa ustahimilivu na uongozi wake uwanjani.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=44727/ |title=FIFA Classic Player: Varela, Uruguay's legendary leader |publisher=FIFA |date=10 June 2014 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231608/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=44727/ |archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa manahodha bora katika historia ya mpira wa miguu,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetworldcup.com/LEGENDS/varela.html |title=Obdulio Varela |publisher=Planet World Cup |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> na anasalia kuwa mmoja wa mashujaa wakubwa wa michezo nchini Uruguay. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1996]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] 8m0v2v1c653ihnc29ie5n1qz075mxqz 0 251022 1600016 2026-09-24T10:09:30Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Alcides Ghiggia | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = AS Roma - Alcides Ghiggia.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Ghiggia akiwa na [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] katikati ya miaka ya 1950 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=y|1926|12|22}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|7|16|1926|12|22}} | mahala_alipofi...' 1600016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Alcides Ghiggia | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = AS Roma - Alcides Ghiggia.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Ghiggia akiwa na [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] katikati ya miaka ya 1950 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=y|1926|12|22}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|7|16|1926|12|22}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Winga | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.69 m | uzito = }} '''Alcides Edgardo Ghiggia Pereyra''' (22 Desemba 1926 – 16 Julai 2015) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu mwenye uraia wa [[Uruguay]] na [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya winga wa kulia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2015/m=7/news=alcides-ghiggia-passes-away-2665045.html |title=Alcides Ghiggia passes away |publisher=FIFA |date=16 July 2015 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Alipata umaarufu mkubwa na wa kudumu kwa mchango wake wa maamuzi katika mechi ya mwisho ya Kombe la Dunia la mwaka 1950, na wakati wa kifo chake miaka 65 kamili baadaye, alikuwa pia mchezaji wa mwisho aliyekuwa hai kutoka katika kikao cha Uruguay cha kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1950.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/33560600 |title=Alcides Ghiggia: Uruguay World Cup hero dies aged 88 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 July 2015 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] 6byei8izy8v5fyc3b4h2tgmctprhmpg 0 251023 1600018 2026-09-24T10:17:08Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Juan Alberto Schiaffino | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Schiaffino (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Schiaffino akiwa na [[AC Milan|Milan]] mwaka 1960 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|7|28}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|11|13|1925|7|28}} | mahala_alipofia = ...' 1600018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Juan Alberto Schiaffino | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Schiaffino (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Schiaffino akiwa na [[AC Milan|Milan]] mwaka 1960 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|7|28}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|11|13|1925|7|28}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo mshambuliaji, Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.85 m | uzito = }} '''Juan Alberto''' "'''Pepe'''" '''Schiaffino Villalba''' (28 Julai 1925 – 13 Novemba 2002)<ref name="Obit">{{cite news |publisher=El Siglo de Torreón |title=Murió ayer el ex futbolista uruguayo, Juan Schiaffino |url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/9312.murio-ayer-el-ex-futbolista-uruguayo-juan-sch.html |date=14 November 2002 |language=Spanish |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]] aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo mshambuliaji au mshambuliaji. Akiwa mchezaji mwenye ufundi wa hali ya juu na mbunifu wa kutengeneza nafasi, katika ngazi ya klabu alichezea [[C.A. Peñarol|Penarol]] nchini Uruguay, pamoja na [[AC Milan]] na [[AS Roma|Roma]] za nchini Italia. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, alishinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1950 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Uruguay, na pia alishiriki katika kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1954, kisha baadaye aliiwakilisha pia timu ya taifa ya Italia.<ref name="xtratime">{{cite web |url=http://www.xtratime.org/forum/showthread.php?t=246965 |title=The Greatest Offensive Midfielders of All-Time |date=6 July 2012 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Addio geniale Schiaffino">{{cite web |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2002/novembre/14/Addio_geniale_Schiaffino_ga_0_0211141185.shtml |title=Addio geniale Schiaffino |publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |author=Sebastiano Vernazza |date=14 November 2002 |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="senso della squadra">{{cite web |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2002/novembre/14/Aveva_senso_della_squadra__ga_0_0211141187.shtml |title=Aveva il senso della squadra |publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |author1=Fabio Bianchi |author2=Gaetano Imparato |author3=Alberto Cerruti |date=14 November 2002 |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="magliarossonera">{{cite web |url=http://www.magliarossonera.it/protagonisti/Gioc-Schiaffino.html |title=Juan Alberto SCHIAFFINO |publisher=magliarossonera.it |language=Italian |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Alishika nafasi ya kwanza kama mchezaji bora zaidi wa mpira wa miguu wa Uruguay wa nyakati zote katika kura ya maoni ya shirikisho la kimataifa la historia na takwimu za mpira wa miguu (IFFHS), na mchezaji wa 17 bora zaidi katika karne ya ishirini.<ref name="IFFHS">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |title=IFFHS' Century Elections |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] p9y8ji4rpfx96tlswpuwxixs8sn0pu9 1600020 1600018 2026-09-24T10:18:45Z Bycashtz 81318 1600020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Juan Alberto Schiaffino | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Schiaffino (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Schiaffino akiwa na [[AC Milan|Milan]] mwaka 1960 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|7|28}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|11|13|1925|7|28}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo mshambuliaji, Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.85 m | uzito = }} '''Juan Alberto''' "'''Pepe'''" '''Schiaffino Villalba''' (28 Julai 1925 – 13 Novemba 2002)<ref name="Obit">{{cite news |publisher=El Siglo de Torreón |title=Murió ayer el ex futbolista uruguayo, Juan Schiaffino |url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/9312.murio-ayer-el-ex-futbolista-uruguayo-juan-sch.html |date=14 November 2002 |language=Spanish |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]] aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo mshambuliaji au mshambuliaji. Akiwa mchezaji mwenye ufundi wa hali ya juu na mbunifu wa kutengeneza nafasi, katika ngazi ya klabu alichezea [[C.A. Peñarol|Penarol]] nchini Uruguay, pamoja na [[AC Milan]] na [[AS Roma|Roma]] za nchini Italia. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, alishinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1950 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Uruguay, na pia alishiriki katika kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1954, kisha baadaye aliiwakilisha pia timu ya taifa ya Italia.<ref name="xtratime">{{cite web |url=http://www.xtratime.org/forum/showthread.php?t=246965 |title=The Greatest Offensive Midfielders of All-Time |date=6 July 2012 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Addio geniale Schiaffino">{{cite web |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2002/novembre/14/Addio_geniale_Schiaffino_ga_0_0211141185.shtml |title=Addio geniale Schiaffino |publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |author=Sebastiano Vernazza |date=14 November 2002 |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="senso della squadra">{{cite web |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2002/novembre/14/Aveva_senso_della_squadra__ga_0_0211141187.shtml |title=Aveva il senso della squadra |publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=Italian |author1=Fabio Bianchi |author2=Gaetano Imparato |author3=Alberto Cerruti |date=14 November 2002 |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="magliarossonera">{{cite web |url=http://www.magliarossonera.it/protagonisti/Gioc-Schiaffino.html |title=Juan Alberto SCHIAFFINO |publisher=magliarossonera.it |language=Italian |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Alishika nafasi ya kwanza kama mchezaji bora zaidi wa mpira wa miguu wa Uruguay wa nyakati zote katika kura ya maoni ya shirikisho la kimataifa la historia na takwimu za mpira wa miguu (IFFHS), na mchezaji wa 17 bora zaidi katika karne ya ishirini.<ref name="IFFHS">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html |title=IFFHS' Century Elections |publisher=[[RSSSF]] |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] 9kocqszlk423ypvh807ugcyul6sbnrb 0 251024 1600022 2026-09-24T10:22:54Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Josef Posipal | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Josef Posipal 1953.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Posipal mwaka 1953 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1927|06|20|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Lugoj]], Romania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1997|02|21|1927|06|20|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Hamburg]], Ujerumani | sababu_ya_k...' 1600022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Josef Posipal | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Josef Posipal 1953.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Posipal mwaka 1953 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1927|06|20|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Lugoj]], Romania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1997|02|21|1927|06|20|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Hamburg]], Ujerumani | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.76 m | uzito = }} '''Josef "Jupp" Posipal''' (20 Juni 1927 – 21 Februari 1997) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Aliyezaliwa nchini [[Romania]], alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya Ujerumani iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1954.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fussballdaten.de/spieler/posipaljosef/ |title=Josef Posipal – Nationalspieler von Deutschland – Nationalmannschaft 1956 |publisher=Fussballdaten |language=German |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Katika kazi yake ya soka la klabu, alichezea [[SV Linden 07]], [[SV Arminia Hannover]], na [[Hamburger SV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/jupp-posipal/ |title=Jupp Posipal » Club matches |publisher=Worldfootball.net |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] 899muwcjpiidf3tpgaavvkehtnkfdcg 0 251025 1600024 2026-09-24T10:27:37Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Werner Kohlmeyer | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Werner Kohlmeyer statue.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Sanamu ya Kohlmeyer huko [[Kaiserslautern]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1924|4|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1974|3|26|1924|4|19|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia =...' 1600024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Werner Kohlmeyer | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Werner Kohlmeyer statue.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Sanamu ya Kohlmeyer huko [[Kaiserslautern]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1924|4|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1974|3|26|1924|4|19|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Mainz-Mombach]], Ujerumani Magharibi | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa pembeni | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.74 m | uzito = }} '''Werner Kohlmeyer''' (19 Aprili 1924 – 26 Machi 1974) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki wa pembeni. Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya taifa ya [[Ujerumani Magharibi]] iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1954. Kwa jumla alicheza mechi 22 za kimataifa akiwa na Ujerumani Magharibi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/kohlmeyer-intl.html |title=Werner Kohlmeyer – International Appearances |author=Matthias Arnhold |publisher=RSSSF |date=3 November 2016 |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Pia alichezea klabu ya [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]] kuanzia mwaka 1941 hadi 1957.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/werner-kohlmeyer/ |title=Werner Kohlmeyer |publisher=weltfussball.de |language=German |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1974]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] 4wpnpqc7jgfq0496wvuxl0owbpnclig 0 251026 1600027 2026-09-24T10:32:23Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Werner Liebrich | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Werner Liebrich crop (Com M03-0108-005-0011).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Liebrich mwaka 1954 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1927|1|18|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1995|3|20|1927|1|18|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = K...' 1600027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Werner Liebrich | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Werner Liebrich crop (Com M03-0108-005-0011).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Liebrich mwaka 1954 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1927|1|18|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1995|3|20|1927|1|18|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.76 m | uzito = }} '''Werner Liebrich''' (18 Januari 1927 – 20 Machi 1995) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki wa kati.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfb.de/datenbank/personen/werner-liebrich/spieler |title=Werner Liebrich - Spielerprofil |publisher=DFB |language=German |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Anajulikana kwa mchango wake katika ushindi wa [[Ujerumani Magharibi]] kwenye Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1954, na kwa kutumia miaka yake yote ya kucheza soka ya karibu miaka ishirini na klabu ya mji wake wa nyumbani ya [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]], ambayo pia aliifundisha kwa muda mfupi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/wliebrich-intl.html |title=Werner Liebrich - International Appearances |publisher=RSSSF |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] 7daydm3nwa90nwszmmsvre5dalrpz94 0 251027 1600028 2026-09-24T10:38:18Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Ottmar Walter | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Ottmar Walter Obersülzen.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Walter mwaka 2005 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1924|3|6|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|2013|6|16|1924|3|6}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujeruman...' 1600028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Ottmar Walter | nchi = Ujerumani Magharibi | majina_mengine = | picha = Ottmar Walter Obersülzen.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Walter mwaka 2005 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1924|3|6|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=y|2013|6|16|1924|3|6}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Kaiserslautern]], Ujerumani | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.77 m | uzito = }} '''Ottmar Kurt Herrmann Walter''' (6 Machi 1924 – 16 Juni 2013) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Alicheza pamoja na kaka yake, [[Fritz Walter]], katika klabu ya [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe45547/ottmar-walter/ |title=Ottmar Walter |publisher=worldfootball.net |language=English |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Pia walicheza pamoja katika timu ya taifa ya [[Ujerumani Magharibi]] kwenye kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1954. Walter alifunga mabao manne katika mashindano hayo wakati Ujerumani Magharibi ikitwaa ubingwa wake wa kwanza wa Kombe la Dunia. Kwa ujumla, Walter alicheza mechi 20 na kufunga mabao 10 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Ujerumani.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fussballdaten.de/spieler/walterottmar/ |title=Ottmar Walter |publisher=fussballdaten.de |language=German |access-date=24 September 2026}}</ref> Katika klabu yake ya 1. FC Kaiserslautern, alifunga mabao 336 yasiyo na kifani katika mechi 321 za ligi na kombe. Walter alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika timu ya wakubwa akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 mnamo mwaka 1942 kama winga wa kushoto katika ushindi mnono wa mabao 7–1 dhidi ya [[SV Waldhof Mannheim|Waldhof Mannheim]]. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]], Walter alisajiliwa jeshini katika jeshi la wanamaji la Ujerumani na alipata majeraha makubwa katika goti lake la kulia. Baada ya kufanyiwa upasuaji dhabiti, alilazimika kuhitimisha kazi yake ya soka mwaka 1958. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] ffzvm4gqx2ncn6khz26d61sw5pgxw79 0 251028 1600029 2026-09-24T10:42:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Edward Heintz''' (alizaliwa [[1 Mei]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Syosset, New York]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Yale, ambako alikuwa bingwa wa Ivy League mara tatu. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Nike Tour (sasa Korn Ferry Tour) mwaka [[1999]]. Amekuwa kocha wa gofu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania na Chuo Kikuu cha Duke.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harig |first=Bob |date=1999-10-07 |title=Hei...' 1600029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Edward Heintz''' (alizaliwa [[1 Mei]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Syosset, New York]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Yale, ambako alikuwa bingwa wa Ivy League mara tatu. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Nike Tour (sasa Korn Ferry Tour) mwaka [[1999]]. Amekuwa kocha wa gofu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania na Chuo Kikuu cha Duke.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harig |first=Bob |date=1999-10-07 |title=Heintz close to his dream |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tampa-bay-times-heintz-close-to-his-drea/173028696/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |pages=54 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tqxrad3dmfdtl9lcasv9d02ftyo0i0u 0 251029 1600037 2026-09-24T11:10:56Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kirk Alan Triplett''' (alizaliwa [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Moses Lake, [[Washington]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nevada na aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1985]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour na mataji 8 ya PGA Tour Champions. Ni mmoja wa wachezaji sita kushinda mashindano kwenye PGA Tour, Korn Ferry Tour, na Champions Tour.<ref name=pmgtdcx>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/n...' 1600037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kirk Alan Triplett''' (alizaliwa [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Moses Lake, [[Washington]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nevada na aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[1985]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour na mataji 8 ya PGA Tour Champions. Ni mmoja wa wachezaji sita kushinda mashindano kwenye PGA Tour, Korn Ferry Tour, na Champions Tour.<ref name=pmgtdcx>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CKxfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2838%2C6392628 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |location=Idaho |title=Pullman golf team downs Colfax |date=April 18, 1980 |page=4C}}</ref><ref name=shfsky>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LYBfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XTAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5209%2C2592206 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |location=Idaho |last=Ramsdell |first=Paul |title=Shooting for the sky |date=August 9, 1983 |page=1C}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dx8fs4u51lnbz2c8n1t1cn9p65zrx6s 0 251030 1600040 2026-09-24T11:18:35Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Joseph Colbert''' ([[Machi 9]], [[1941]] – [[Mei 10]], [[2026]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[New Jersey]] na alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas State kwa udhamini wa mpira wa miguu kabla ya kuhamia gofu. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour kati ya [[1969]] na [[1983]], na mataji 20 ya PGA Tour Champions. Alijulikana kwa kofia yake ya bucket, ambayo ilikua alama yake ya biashara.<ref name=pga>{...' 1600040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Joseph Colbert''' ([[Machi 9]], [[1941]] – [[Mei 10]], [[2026]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[New Jersey]] na alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas State kwa udhamini wa mpira wa miguu kabla ya kuhamia gofu. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour kati ya [[1969]] na [[1983]], na mataji 20 ya PGA Tour Champions. Alijulikana kwa kofia yake ya bucket, ambayo ilikua alama yake ya biashara.<ref name=pga>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/001205/jim-colbert/ |title=PGA Tour profile |access-date=April 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423152508/http://www.pgatour.com/golfers/001205/jim-colbert/ |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Coffin |first=Jay |title=Jim Colbert, winner of 20 senior titles and known for his bucket hat, dies at 85 |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/jim-colbert-winner-of-20-senior-titles-and-known-for-bucket-hat-dies-at-85 |magazine=Golf Digest |date=May 11, 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 5ik6rj3zx9r9h3082xqjd546003sdna