Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1201 1601427 1548274 2026-09-25T18:29:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|India|Bahari|Bahari ya Hindi}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Uhindi | jina_asili = भारत गणराज्य (Bhārat Gaṇarājya) | bendera = Flag of India.svg | nembo = Emblem of India.svg | kaulimbiu = "सत्यमेव जयते" (Satyameva Jayate) – "Ukweli huushinda daima" | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Jana Gana Mana" | wimbo_wa_kitaifa = "Vande Mataram" | ramani = India (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Uhindi duniani | mji_mkuu = [[New Delhi]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Mumbai]] | serikali = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Shirikisho | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais | cheo_kiongozi2 = Waziri Mkuu | kiongozi1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]] | kiongozi2 = [[Narendra Modi]] | bunge = Bunge la Uhindi | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru kutoka Uingereza''' | tukio1 = Uhuru | tukio2 = Jamhuri | tukio1_tarehe = 15 Agosti 1947 | tukio2_tarehe = 26 Januari 1950 | eneo_jumla = 3,287,263 km² | cheo_eneo = 7 | maji = 9.6% | watu_kadirio = 1,428,627,663 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | cheo_watu = 1 | watu_sensa = 1,210,854,977 | mwaka_sensa = 2011 | msongamano = 429/km² | cheo_msongamano = 30 | mwaka_pato = 2025 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $17.36 trilioni | cheo_plt_ppp = 3 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $11,940 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 119 | plt = {{increase}} $4.27 trilioni | cheo_plt = 5 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $2,940 | cheo_pato_kwa_mtu = 138 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.644 – {{katikati}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | cheo_maendeleo = 134 | gini = {{decrease}} 32.8 | mwaka_gini = 2021 | fedha = Rupia ya Uhindi (₹) (INR) | majira_saa = +5:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | mfumo_tarehe = dd-mm-yyyy | upande_gari = Kushoto | tld = .in | msimbo_simu = +91 }} '''Uhindi''' , pia '''India''' rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Uhindi''', ni [[nchi]] katika [[Asia ya Kusini]], na ni nchi ya saba kwa ukubwa duniani kwa eneo. Inapakana na [[Pakistan]] magharibi, [[China]], [[Nepal]], na [[Bhutan]] kaskazini, [[Bangladesh]] na [[Myanmar]] mashariki, na imezungukwa na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] kusini. Ina idadi ya watu takriban bilioni 1.428, ikiwa ya kwanza duniani. Jiji lake kubwa zaidi ni [[Mumbai]], huku mji mkuu ukiwa [[New Delhi]]. India imegawanyika katika majimbo 28 na maeneo 8 ya muungano. Inajulikana kwa historia yake tajiri ya ustaarabu wa kale kama Indus Valley pamoja na urithi wake wa kihistoria kama Taj Mahal na mfumo wa kidemokrasia mkubwa zaidi duniani.Uhindi ina eneo la kilomita za mraba 3,287,263 na kuwa nchi ya saba duniani kubwa. Uhindi ina mazingira yenye utofauti mkubwa wa [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]], [[lugha]], na [[dini]], ikiwa na zaidi ya lugha 22 zinazotambuliwa rasmi na mamia ya lahaja zinazozungumzwa kote nchini. [[Uhindu]] ni dini kuu nchini humo, ikifuatiwa na [[Uislamu]], [[Ukristo]], Usikh, [[Ubudha]], na [[Ujaini]], zote zikiwa na mizizi ya [[historia|kihistoria]] iliyojaa katika eneo hilo. Katiba ya Uhindi, iliyopitishwa mwaka 1950, iliiweka nchi hiyo kama jamhuri huru, ya kijamaa, isiyoegemea dini, na ya kidemokrasia. India inaendeshwa kwa mfumo wa bunge, ikiwa na [[Rais]] kama mkuu wa nchi na Waziri Mkuu kama mkuu wa serikali. Mfumo wake wa kidemokrasia, wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara na mfumo wa vyama vingi, ni miongoni mwa mikubwa na changamano zaidi duniani. [[Uchumi]] wa Uhindi ni wa mchanganyiko na unachukuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa mikubwa duniani kwa pato la taifa (Kawaida) na kwa usawa wa nguvu ya ununuzi (purchasing power parity). Sekta muhimu ni pamoja na teknolojia ya habari, [[huduma]], kilimo, uzalishaji viwandani, na dawa. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, Uhindi imepata ukuaji wa haraka wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], uhamiaji wa watu mijini, na maendeleo ya kiteknolojia, hasa katika maeneo yake makubwa ya miji. Licha ya maendeleo hayo, nchi bado inakumbwa na changamoto kama vile [[umaskini]], [[ukosefu wa usawa]], uharibifu wa mazingira, na upatikanaji wa huduma za afya na elimu. Uhindi pia ni mshiriki muhimu katika masuala ya kimataifa, ikiwa mwanachama wa mashirika kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], G20, BRICS, na [[Jumuiya ya Madola]]. == Historia == ===Historia ya awali=== [[Binadamu]] walifika India kutoka [[Afrika]] kabla ya miaka 55,000 iliyopita. Uwepo wao wa muda mrefu, kwanza kama [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]] waliozagaa [[Bara|barani]], umefanya watu wa eneo hilo wawe na tofauti kubwa kati yao upande wa [[DNA|urithi wa kibiolojia]], ambayo inapitwa na Waafrika tu. Makazi ya kudumu yalianza [[magharibi]], katika [[beseni]] la [[mto Indus]], miaka 9,000 iliyopita, hata kuzaa [[ustaarabu]] maalumu (Indus Valley Civilisation) katika [[milenia ya 3 KK]]. ===Kabla ya ukoloni=== Kufikia [[mwaka]] [[1200 KK]], [[Kisanskrit cha Kale]], mojawapo kati ya [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]], kilikuwa kimeenea India kutoka [[Kaskazini]]-Magharibi, kikawa [[lugha]] ya [[Rigveda]], mwanzoni mwa [[dini]] ya [[Uhindu]]. Hivyo [[lugha za Kidravidi]] zikakoma kaskazini. Kufikia mwaka [[400 KK]], [[tabaka|matabaka]] ya kudumu katika [[jamii]] yalikuwa yamejitokeza katika Uhindu. Hapo dini za [[Ubuddha]] na [[Ujaini]] zilitokea, zikipinga taratibu hizo za kibaguzi. Katika [[bonde]] la [[mto]] [[Gange]] yalianza [[madola]] ya [[dola la Maurya|Maurya]] na [[Dola la Gupta|Gupta]]. Ndani yake hadhi ya [[wanawake]] ilirudi nyuma, na mtazamo wa kwamba baadhi ya watu hawatakiwi hata kuguswa ukaimarika. Huko India [[Kusini]], Falme za Kati zilieneza [[maandishi]] na [[tamaduni]] vya lugha za Kidravidi kwa [[Ufalme|falme]] za Asia Kusini [[Mashariki]]. Kati [[karne]] za kwanza baada ya [[Kristo]], dini za [[Ukristo]], [[Uislamu]], [[Uyahudi]] na [[Uzoroastro]] pia zilitia mizizi katika [[pwani]] za Kusini. [[Majeshi]] kutoka [[Asia ya Kati]] yalivamia kwa [[kwikwi]] mabonde ya India, hata kuunda [[usultani]] wa [[Delhi]] na kuingiza India Kaskazini katika [[umma]] wa Kiislamu. Katika [[karne ya 15]] [[BK]], [[Dola la Vijayanagara]] liliunda utamaduni wa kudumu wa Kihindu kusini mwa India. Katika [[Punjab]], [[Usikh]] ulianzishwa, ukipinga [[dini rasmi]]. [[Dola la Mughal]], mwaka [[1526]], liliwezesha karne mbili za [[amani]] na kuacha [[urithi]] wa [[usanifu majengo]] bora. ===Wakati wa ukoloni=== {{main|Uhindi wa Kiingereza}} [[Picha:European settlements in India 1501-1739.png|thumb|350px|Vituo vya nchi za Ulaya huko Uhindi miaka [[1501]]-[[1937]]]] '''Uhindi wa Kiingereza''' ni kipindi cha [[historia]] ambapo nchi za [[Bara Hindi]] ama zilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]] moja kwa moja ama zilikuwa chini ya usimamizi wa Uingereza kama [[nchi lindwa]]. Utawala huo ulienea juu ya Uhindi wa leo pamoja na [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] na kwa muda pia juu ya [[Burma]] ([[Myanmar]]). Utawala wa Kiingereza ulikuwa na vipindi viwili vifuatavyo: ==== Utawala wa [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi wa Mashariki]] (British East India Company) ==== Tarehe [[31 Desemba]] [[1600]] [[malkia]] [[Elizabeth I]] alitoa hati ya ulinzi wa kifalme kwa [[biashara]] kati ya Uingereza na "Uhindi wa Mashariki". Kampuni iliyopokea hati hii ilikuwa kundi la [[mfanyabiashara|wafanyabiashara]] na [[tajiri|matajiri]] wa [[London]] waliovutwa na [[utajiri]] wa nchi za mashariki na hasa na [[faida]] kubwa mikononi mwa wafanyabiashara [[Ureno|Wareno]] na [[Uholanzi|Waholanzi]] waliotangulia katika biashara kati ya [[Ulaya]] na nchi za [[Asia ya Kusini]]. Kampuni ilishindana kibiashara na kivita na wafanyabiashara wa [[Ureno]], wa [[Uholanzi]] na wa [[Ufaransa]]. Iliweza kununua au kuvamia vituo vya biashara na kujenga maboma yake kuanzia mwaka [[1644]] huko [[Bombay]], [[Madras]] na penginepo. Mwaka [[1717]] kampuni ilipata kibali cha mtawala wa [[Moghul]] cha kusamehewa [[kodi]] kwa biashara katika [[Ubengali]]. Tangu mwaka [[1680]] kampuni ilianzisha [[jeshi]] lake la [[askari|maaskari]] Wahindi na kuwa mshiriki katika [[siasa]] ya Uhindi. Kati ya miaka [[1756]] na [[1763]] Uingereza pamoja na mataifa mengine ya Ulaya ilishiriki katika [[Vita vya miaka saba]] viliyokuwa vita vya kwanza vya kimabara. Waingereza walipigana pamoja na [[Prussia]] dhidi ya [[Austria]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Urusi]] na [[Uswidi]]. Jeshi la kampuni liliendesha vita hivyo dhidi ya maeneo ya Ufaransa katika Uhindi. Wafaransa walishindwa wakabaki na vituo vidogo tu katika miji kama [[Pondicherry]] na [[Mahe]] lakini kampuni iliongeza maeneo yake katika Uhindi. Baada ya mwaka [[1757]] Kampuni ya Kiingereza ilikuwa enzi muhimu, iliweza kushindana hata na nguvu ya Moghul. Ilianza kutawala sehemu kubwa za Uhindi wa Kusini pamoja na Ubengali. Kampuni ilitumia mbinu mbili: * mikataba na madola ya watawala wa Kihindi waliokubali kupokea [[balozi|mabalozi]] wa kampuni kwao waliokuwa kama washauri wakuu wa [[Maharaja]] au [[Nawab]] wa eneo; siasa ya nje na mambo ya jeshi ziliwekwa chini ya kampuni * uvamizi na utawala wa moja kwa moja, maeneo yale yalikuwa mali ya kampuni. Mafaniko makubwa ya kampuni yalisababisha mgogoro huko Uingereza na [[sheria]] mbalimbali za [[bunge la Uingereza]] zililenga kuongeza athira ya [[serikali]] ya Uingereza juu ya shughuli za kampuni. Katika [[karne ya 19]] kampuni ikawa mtawala wa sehemu kubwa za Uhindi, ama kwa njia ya mikataba na watawala wa kienyeji au kwa utawala wa moja kwa moja. Kampuni ilianza kubadilisha uso wa India kujenga [[reli]] na kuanzisha [[mawasiliano]] wa kisiasa kwa huduma ya [[posta]] na pia [[simu]] za [[telegrafi]]. Mwaka [[1857]] ilitokea uasi wa wanajeshi Wahindi wa jeshi la kampuni uliosababisha na mkasi wa mabadiliko na dharau ya viongozi Waingereza kwa [[utamaduni]] wa wenyeji. Utawala wa kampuni ulianza kuporomoka; uliokolewa tu kwa kupeleka Uhindi wanajeshi kutoka Uingereza. Uasi ulikomeshwa kwa mabavu. Lakini kuingilia kati kwa serikali ya Uingereza kulikuwa mwisho wa utawala wa kampuni. Mwaka [[1858]] serikali ya London ilichukua [[madaraka]] yote ya kampuni ikafanya Uhindi kuwa [[koloni]] la [[taji]] la Uingereza. [[Picha:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|thumb|350px|Uhindi wa Kusini au Jimbo la Madras mnamo [[1909]]; [[nyekundu]]:koloni la Uingereza; [[njano]]: madola ya watawala Wahindi chini ya Uingereza (nchi lindwa)]] ==== Utawala wa kiserikali kati ya [[1858]] hadi [[1947]] ==== Kuanzia mwaka [[1858]] Uhindi ulitawaliwa kama [[koloni]] la Uingereza. [[Kaisari]] wa mwisho wa Moghul [[Bahadur Shah Zafar II]] aliondolewa nchini. [[Malkia]] [[Viktoria wa Uingereza]] alichukua [[cheo]] chake akaitwa "[[Kaisari]] wa Uhindi" (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: "Empress of India"; kwa [[Kihindi]]: "Padishah-e-Hind") akamuachia [[utawala]] [[gavana]] wake aliyepewa cheo cha "[[makamu wa mfalme]]" (Vice-Roy). Muundo wa utawala uliendelea: maeneo ya kampuni yalikuwa makoloni ya Uingereza. Maeneo ya watawala Wahindi yalibaki yalivyo lakini kila [[Maharaja]] au [[Nawab]] alipaswa kula [[kiapo]] cha [[utii]] kwa malkia kama Kaisari au malkia mkuu wa Uhindi na kumkubali mshauri Mwingereza katika [[jumba]] lake kama mwakilishi wa Uingereza. Mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]] [[harakati]] za kutafuta [[uhuru]] zilianza upya. Mwaka [[1885]] [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha INC ([[Indian National Congress]]) kiliundwa na [[Wahindu]] na [[Waislamu]] pamoja waliodai uhuru. Mwaka [[1906]] viongozi Waislamu walitoka katika INC na kuunda "[[Shirikisho la Waislamu]]". Mwaka [[1917]] Uingereza ulitamka ya kwamba ulitaka kuelekea polepole hali ya kujitawala kwa Wahindi. Viongozi wa wenyeji hawakuridhika na mkasi wa mabadiliko. Chini ya [[uongozi]] wa [[Mahatma Ghandi]] mwendo wa kupigania uhuru bila mabavu ulipata nguvu. Ghandi alipigania hasa [[umoja]] wa Wahindu na Waislamu lakini alipingwa na viongozi wenye [[itikadi kali]] wa pande zote mbili. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] Waingereza walikubali kujiondoa katika Uhindi. Swali kubwa lilikuwa kama nchi itabaki kama nchi moja au kama maeneo ya Waislamu yatajitenga. ===Baada ya uhuru=== Tarehe 14/[[15 Agosti]] [[1947]] utawala wa Uingereza ulikwisha. Bara Hindi iligawanywa katika nchi mbili za [[Uhindi]] na [[Pakistan]]. Mgawanyo ulikuja na [[vita]] na kumwaga kwa [[damu]] nyingi. Tarehe [[30 Januari]] [[1948]] Ghandi mwenyewe aliuawa na Hindu mkali aliyemchukia kwa sababu alitaka [[usawa]] wa Waislamu na Wahindu. == Serikali na Utawala== ===Mgawanyiko wa kiutawala=== Hii ni orodha ya '''majimbo ya [[Uhindi]]''': {{Majimbo ya Uhindi}} ==Demografia== [[File:A villager in traditional attire.jpg|thumb|right|Mwanakijiji wa Kihindi katika mavazi ya jadi]] Uhindi, ikiwa na idadi ya watu inayokadiriwa kuwa 1,428,627,663 mnamo 2023, ndiyo nchi yenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. Sensa ya 2011 ilirekodi watu 1,210,193,422, ikionyesha ongezeko la 17.64% kutoka 2001, ambalo lilikuwa chini ya ongezeko la 21.54% kati ya 1991 na 2001. Uwiano wa kijinsia kulingana na sensa ya 2011 ulikuwa wanawake 940 kwa kila wanaume 1,000. Kufikia 2020, umri wa wastani ulikuwa miaka 28.7. Sensa ya kwanza baada ya uhuru mwaka 1951 ilihesabu watu milioni 361. Ukuaji wa idadi ya watu umechochewa na maendeleo ya kitabibu na ongezeko la uzalishaji wa [[kilimo]], hasa baada ya Mapinduzi ya Kijani. Matarajio ya maisha kwa sasa ni miaka 70—wanawake wakiwa na wastani wa miaka 71.5 na wanaume miaka 68.7. Uhindi ina madaktari 93 kwa kila watu 100,000. Ukuaji wa miji pia umeathiri mabadiliko ya idadi ya watu, huku ongezeko la wakazi wa mijini likifikia 31.2% kati ya 1991 na 2001. Sensa ya 2011 ilionyesha kuwa 31.16% ya Wahindi waliishi mijini, kutoka 27.81% mwaka 2001, na miji kama Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, na Ahmedabad ikiwa mikubwa zaidi. Kiwango cha usomaji na uandishi kilikuwa 74.04% mwaka 2011, huku wanawake wakiwa na 65.46% na wanaume 82.14%. Tofauti ya usomaji kati ya maeneo ya vijijini na mijini ilipungua, ikiashiria maendeleo makubwa ya elimu vijijini, ambapo Kerala ilikuwa na kiwango cha juu zaidi cha usomaji (93.91%) na Bihar cha chini zaidi (63.82%). Uhindi ni moja ya mataifa yenye utofauti mkubwa wa lugha duniani. Takriban 74% ya watu huzungumza lugha za [[Kihindi-Arya]], ambazo ni sehemu ya familia ya lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya, huku 24% wakizungumza lugha za Kidravidia, ambazo zilikuwepo kabla ya athari za Kihindi-Arya katika eneo hilo. Asilimia 2% iliyobaki huzungumza lugha za Kiaustroasia au Kisinotibeti. Kihindi ndicho lugha rasmi ya serikali kuu, huku Kiingereza kikihudumu kama lugha rasmi msaidizi inayotumika sana katika utawala, biashara, na elimu ya juu. Katiba ya Uhindi inatambua lugha 22 kama lugha rasmi za kikatiba, na kila jimbo au eneo la muungano lina lugha zake rasmi. Uhindi pia ina utofauti mkubwa wa kidini, ambapo [[Uhindu]] ndio dini kubwa (79.80% ya watu), ikifuatiwa na [[Uislamu]] (14.23%), [[Ukristo]] (2.30%), [[Usikh]] (1.72%), [[Ubuddha]] (0.70%), [[Ujain]] (0.36%), na dini zingine (0.9%). Taifa hili lina idadi ya tatu kwa ukubwa ya Waislamu duniani, ikiwa na idadi kubwa zaidi miongoni mwa nchi zisizo na Waislamu wengi. == Tazama pia == * [[Majimbo ya Uhindi]] * [[Orodha ya lugha za Uhindi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} * {{en}} {{hi}} [http://india.gov.in/ Tovuti rasmi] * {{en}} [http://www.bizagra.com India Travel] * {{CIA World Factbook link|in|India}} * [http://www.curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/ Uhindi] katika Curlie (ex-Open Directory Project) * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12557384 India profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/India India] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' entry * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150317090758/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm India]at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|UCB]] Government Information Library (archived from [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm original]) {{india}} {{asia}} [[Jamii:Uhindi| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] m0ysk4od34udjpowv9vc2ipd77s83dn 0 1665 1601207 1453454 2026-09-25T13:48:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Apple Scrumptious.jpg|thumb|250px|Matofaa mtini]] [[Picha:Tellissaare.JPG|thumb]] [[Picha:01 - A red apple with heart-shaped patch on a plate.jpg|thumb|Moyo wa kijani kwenye apple nyekundu]] '''Tofaa''' (pia: '''tufaha'''; kutoka [[kar.]] <big>تفاح</big> ''tofah''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''apple'') ni [[tunda]] la [[mtofaa]]. Ni kati ya matunda yanayovunwa sana duniani. Maua nyeupe hutoa tunda lenye umbo mviringo na kipenyo cha sentimita 5 - 9. Asili ya mimea iko [[Asia]]. Leo kuna takriban aina 7,500 za matofaa. Mavuno ya kila mwaka hufikia tani milioni 55. Nchi zinazovuna matofaa hasa ni [[China]], [[Marekani]], [[Uturuki]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Italia]] na [[Uajemi]]. == Utangulizi == Tufaa ni tunda la mtufaa (''Malus pumila''), [[mti]] wa [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Rosaceae]]. Ni miongoni ya miti inayokuzwa kwa wingi sana. Mti ni mdogo na wenye kupukutisha majani yake, wenye kufikia urefu wa mita 3 mpaka 12 za kimo, na kushona kwa majani mengi kwelikweli. majani yake yamejipanga kwa namna tofauti tofauti, yakiwa na urefu wa sm 5 – 12 na upana wa sm 3 – 6 kwa upana. Maua mengi huchanua majira ya kuchipua sambamba na kufunguka kwa vichipukizi. Maua ni meupe na alama kidogo za rangi ya waridi ambayo hufifia taratibu. Mfaua hayo huwa na petali tano, na yana upana wa sm 2.5 mpaka 3.5. kwa kipenyo. Matunda hukomaa msimu wa kuchipua, na huwa yamefikia kipenyo cha sm 5 – 9. Katikati mwa tunda huwa na kapeli tano zilizojipanga muundo kama wa nyota tano, huku kila kapeli moja ikiwa na mbegu moja mpaka tatu hivi. Mti huu asili yake ni Asia ya Kati, ambako miti pori ya kale ya tufaa bado inapatikana mpaka leo. Sasa hivi kuna zaidi ya aina ya miti ya tufaa 7,500 inayofahamika inayopelekea kuwa na kila aina ya tabia ya miti ianyotakiwa kwa eneo husika. Aina hizo zinatofautiana kwa mazao yao na ukubwa wa miti yenyewe, hata kama yakipandwa katika shina moja. Zaidi ya tani milioni 55 za matufaa zilizalishwa duniani kote ndani ya mwaka 2005, kwa thamani ya takribani dola za kimarekani bilioni 10. China pekee ilizalisha karibu 35% ya jumla hii. Marekani ni ya pili kwa uzalishajji, kwa zaidi ya 7.5% uzalishaji duniani. Uturuki, ufaransa, Italia na Irani pia wazalishaji wazuri wa tufaa. Aina inayoongoza ni ile ya pori ya "Malus sieverii", inayopatikana huko kati mwa Asia, kusini mwa Kazakstani, Krygyzstani, Tajikistani na Xinjiang, China, na awkati mwingine Malus sylvestris. == Historia == Mwanzo wa kuchipua kwa jenasi ya Malus ni huko Uturuki Mashariki. Mtufaa pengine ndio ukawa mti wa kwanza kuanza kulimwa na binadamu, na matunda yake yamekuwa yakiboreshwa kwa uchaguzi maalumu kwa miaka maelfu. Mfalme, "Alexander the Great", huonwa ndiye mgunduzi wa miti mifupi ya tufaa huko Asia Ndogo mnamo 300 KK, ambayo baadae ilipelekwa Macedonia. Tufaa za kipupwe, ambazo huchumwa mwishoni mwa msimu wa kuchipua na kuhifadhiwa katika baridi kali, kimekuwa chakula mihimu kwa Asia na Ulaya kwa miaka mingi, hali kadhalika na kwa Marekani na hata huko Argentina. tufaa zilipelekwa Amerika ya kaskazini na wakoloni miaka ya 1600, na mti wa tufaa wa kwanaza huko Amerika ya Akskazini wasemekana kuwa huko Boston, mwaka 1625.mwaka 1900, miradi ya kilimo cha umwagiliaji ilianza kuruhusu kilimo cha matunda kilichogharimu mabilioni, huku tufaa zikiwa ndiyo spishi zinazoongoza. == Uzalishaji wa tufaa == Kwa kawaida huko msituni tufaa huzaliana kwa mbegu. Hata hivyo, kama yalivyo matunda mengi yanayokua zaidi ya mwaka mmoja, huweza kupanda kwa vichipukizi. Hii ni kwasababu matunda mengi yanayokuzwa kwa mbegu, huweza kuzalisha mmea wenye tabia tofauti kabisa baina yamimea – wazazi, na zinaweza kuwa zenye hasara kubwa. spishi nyingi imara huzalishwa kwa kuchanaganya vizalia vya mimea mbalimbali. == Uchavushaji == Tufaa lazima zipate uchavushaji kila mwaka ili kuzalisha matunda. Kila msimu wa maua, wakulima wa tufaa lazima waandae wachavushaji kwaajili ya kubeba poleni. Nyuki wa asali hutumika kwa kazi hii, hasa wale wa aina ya Orchard mason bee, na hutumika kwma msaada wa uchavushaji kwenye mashmba ya biashara. Pia wakati mwingine nyuki aina ya "Bumble bee queens" huwepo mashambani kwa kazi hiyo hiyo. == Kukomaa na mavuno == Aina mbalimbali za tufaa hutofautiana kwa mazao na ukubwa wa miti, hata kama yakikuzwa kwenye shina moja. Kama baadhi ya miti isipopunguzwa hukua na kuwa miti mikubwa kwelikweli, lakini hufanya uvunaji uwe mgumu. Miti ya kawaida iliyokomaa huzalisha kg 40 – 200 za tufaa kila mwaka, japo uzalishaji unaweza kukarubia hata sifuri kwene misimu mibaya. Tufaa huvunwa kwa ngazi tatu zinazofungwa kwenye miti. Miti midogo hutoa karibu kg 10 – 80 za tufa kwa mwaka. == Uhifadhi == Kibiashara, tufaa huhifadhiwa kwa miezi kadhaa kwenye joto maalumu ili kuratibu kiwango cha kuiva kwa nyakati maalumu kwa kutumia kemikali maalumu. Hutunzwa kwenye chemba zenye kiwango kikubwa cha gesi ya ukaa (kaboni daioksaidi) na hewa iliyochujwa vizuri. Hii huzuia ili kemikali maalumu, ethylene, inayotumika kuivisha matunda isiongezeke na hivyo kuivisha matunda hovyo. Yakiwa nyumbani kwajili ya matamizi, tufaa huweza kuhifadhiwa kwenye jokofu za kawaida kwa majuma mawili hivi, kwenye sehemu zenye baridi hasa chini ya 5&nbsp;°C. == Faida za kiafya == Ule msemo “tufaa moja kwa siku, humweka dokta mbali,” huonesha faida za tufaa tangu karne ya 19. Tafiti zinaonesha tufaa hupunguza uwezekano wa mtu kupata kansa ya utumbo mkubwa, tezi ya uzazi (prostate) na hata kansa ya mapafu. ukilinganisha na matunda mengine, tufaa zina kiwangio kidigo cha vitamin C, lakini zina kiwango kikubwa cha kampaundi za antioxidant.Kiwango cha makapi, ambacho ni kidogo kuliko kwenye matunda mw=engine husaidia kuratibu mizunguko ya tumbo na hivyo kupunguza uwezakano wa kansa ya utumbo mkubwa. Husaidia pia kupunguza magonjwa ya moyo, kupunguza uzito, na kiwango cha mafuta kwenye mishipa ya damu na moyo, kwa kuwa na kiasi kikubwa cha kalori kama ilivyo kwa matunda mengi na mbogamboga. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Matunda]] lj4btatgrkjgrulsgxc1ablp3hi8mvj 0 1841 1601809 1542897 2026-09-26T11:27:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Burundi |jina_asili=''Repuburika y’Uburundi'' ([[Kirundi]])<br>''République du Burundi'' ([[Kifaransa]]) |bendera=Flag of Burundi.svg |nembo=Coat of arms of Burundi.svg |ramani=Burundi (orthographic projection).svg |ramani2=By-map.png |matini_ramani2 = Ramani ya Burundi |mji_mkuu=[[Gitega]] |mji_mkubwa=[[Bujumbura]]|latd=3|latm=28|latNS=S|longd=29|longm=57|longEW=E|latd2=3|latm2=21|latNS2=S|longd2=29|longm2=20|longEW2=E |lugha_rasmi=[[Kirundi]]<br>[[Kifaransa]]<br>[[Kiingereza]] |kaulimbiu=<br>''Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Amajamber'' (Kirundi)<br>''Unité, Travail, Progrès'' (Kifaransa)<br>''Union, Work, Progress'' ([[Kiingereza]])<br>"Umoja, Kazi, Maendeleo" |wimbo=''[[Burundi Bwacu]]'' (Kirundi)<br>"Burundi Yetu"<br>[[File:Burundi Bwacu.ogg]]|idadi_makabila=85% [[Wahutu]]<br>15% [[Watutsi]]<br>1% [[Watwa]] |serikali=[[Jamhuri]]|vyeo_viongozi={{*}}[[Orodha ya Marais wa Burundi|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Makamu wa Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Waziri Mkuu]] |majina_viongozi=[[Évariste Ndayishimiye]]<br>[[Prosper Bazombanza]]<br>[[Gervais Ndirakobuca]] |eneo_jumla=27 830<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Burundi|access-date=23 March 2024 |year=2023}}</ref> |watu_kadirio=13 162 952<ref name="worldfactbook" /> |mwaka_kadirio=2023 |plt_ppp = {{increase}} 13.98 <ref name='BRGDP'>{{Cite Web|title=IMF gdp profile|publisher=IMF|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BDI |accessdate=2025-04-25|lang=en}}</ref> |plt = {{increase}} 6.75 <ref name='BRGDP'/> |plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} 1,020 <ref name='BRGDP'/> |plt_kwa_mtu ={{increase}} 489.94 <ref name='BRGDP'/> |mwaka_pato = 2025 |fedha=[[Faranga ya Burundi]] |hdi = 0.412 |mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 |orodha_hdi = 187 |mtandao = .bi |udereva= Kulia |msimbo_simu = +257 |majira_saa = +02:00 }} '''Burundi''', kirasmi '''Jamhuri ya Burundi''' (iliyojulikana zamani kama '''[[Urundi]]'''), ni nchi ndogo ambayo iko katika [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|eneo la Maziwa Makubwa]] ya [[Afrika]]. Burundi imepakana na [[Rwanda]] upande wa [[kaskazini]], [[Tanzania]] upande wa [[mashariki]], na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] upande wa [[magharibi]].Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 13 ikiwa nchi ya 78 kubwa kwa idadi ya watu. Mji mkuu ni [[Gitega]] na mji mkubwa ni [[Bujumbura]]. Burundi ni mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Afrika]] na wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]]. Burundi ni moja ya [[nchi]] [[Umaskini|maskini]] zaidi duniani, ambapo sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu wake wanajishughulisha na [[kilimo]] cha kujikimu. Kahawa na chai ndizo mazao makuu ya kuuza nje ([[Mahuruji]]), ingawa [[uchumi]] wa nchi umekuwa ukikumbwa na changamoto kutokana na rasilimali chache za asili, uhaba wa ardhi, na hali ya kisiasa isiyotulia. Tangu ipate uhuru kutoka [[Ubelgiji]] mwaka 1962, Burundi imepitia mizozo ya mara kwa mara ya kikabila na ghasia, hasa kati ya makabila ya Wahutu na Watutsi, hali ambayo imesababisha vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na migogoro ya kibinadamu. Katiba ya mwaka 2005 ililenga kuanzisha mifumo ya kugawana madaraka ili kuhimiza maridhiano ya [[kabila|kikabila]] na utawala wa kidemokrasia. Licha ya mageuzi ya [[siasa|kisiasa]] na makubaliano ya amani, Burundi bado inakabiliwa na changamoto za utawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na mipaka katika uhuru wa kisiasa, ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu, na maendeleo duni ya kiuchumi. Nchi inaongozwa na Rais [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] tangu mwaka 2020, kufuatia kifo cha kiongozi wa muda mrefu [[Pierre Nkurunziza]]. Mandhari ya Burundi inajumuisha nyanda za juu, savana, na sehemu ya [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] upande wa magharibi wa nchi, ambalo ni moja ya maziwa ya kale na yenye kina kirefu zaidi duniani. [[Kirundi]] na [[Kifaransa]] ni lugha rasmi, huku [[Kiingereza]] kikianza kupata nafasi katika miaka ya hivi karibuni kama sehemu ya kujiunga kwa nchi na jumuiya za kikanda. ==Jina== [[Jina]] lenyewe la nchi hii, limetokana kwa msingi na kutanuka kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kirundi]] ambacho ni [[lugha ya Kibantu]] kama vile Kiswahili ambacho pia kinatumika sana. == Jiografia == Burundi ni kati ya nchi ndogo zaidi zilizomo barani [[Afrika]]. Eneo lote ni [[km²]] 27,834 pekee.<ref>Kama Burundi ingekuwa Mkoa wa Tanzania, ingekuwa kwenye na nafasi ya 14 kwa ukubwa, maana ni ndogo kuliko Mkoa wa Pwani na kidogo kubwa kuliko Mkoa wa Tanga; kama ingekuwa wilaya ya Kenya ingekuwa na nafasi ya sita kwa eneo maana ni ndogo kuliko Wilaya ya Mto Tana na kubwa kuliko Mandera.</ref> Wakazi [[milioni]] 10 ni wengi kulingana na eneo dogo la nchi, [[msongamano]] wa watu ni wakazi 314.3 kwenye kila [[km²|kilomita ya mraba]]. Ingawa Burundi haina [[bahari]], sehemu ya [[mpaka]] wake eneo la mashariki unaishia kwenye [[mwambao]] wa [[Ziwa Tanganyika]]. Eneo lote ni [[nyanda za juu]] zenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1700 [[juu ya UB]] kwa [[wastani]]. Sehemu ya juu zaidi ni [[kilele]] cha [[mlima Heha]] chenye mita 2685 juu ya uwiano wa bahari uliopo katika [[safu]] ya milima inayopakana na [[bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Sehemu ya magharibi ya nchi ni sehemu ya [[bonde la ufa]] yenye kimo cha mita 760-850 juu ya uwiano wa bahari. Sehemu ya kusini ya bonde la ufa katika Burundi imejaa [[maji]] ya [[Ziwa Tanganyika]]. Upande wa mashariki wa safu ya milima inayopakana na bonde la ufa kuna [[chanzo]] cha [[mto Ruvyironza]] (pia: Luvironza) unaoishia katika [[mto Kagera]] na hivyo huhesabiwa kati ya vyanzo vya mto [[Naili]].<ref>[Klohn, Wulf and Mihailo Andjelic. <nowiki>[http://www.fao.org/ag/AGL/AGLW/webpub/lakevic/LAKEVIC4.htm Lake Victoria: A Case in International Cooperation]</nowiki>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved on July 20, 2008]</ref> [[Hali ya hewa]] ni ya ki[[tropiki]]: kuna vipindi viwili vya [[mvua]]. [[Joto]] linapungua kutokana na kimo cha nchi. Kuna mvua kwa wastani wa [[milimita]] 1,000 kwa [[mwaka]]. Matumizi ya [[ardhi]] ni kwa ajili ya [[kilimo]] au [[mifugo]]. Msongamano wa watu umesababisha kuenea kwa [[ukataji wa misitu]], [[mmomonyoko wa ardhi]] na kupotea kwa ardhi yenye [[rutuba]]<ref><nowiki>[Bermingham, Eldredge, Dick, Christopher W. and Moritz, Craig (2005). ''Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present, and Future''. Chicago, Illinois: [[University of Chicago]] Press, p. 146. ISBN 0-226-04468-8]</nowiki></ref>. Eneo la [[misitu]] lililobaki ni kilomita cha mraba 600 pekee linalopungua kwa kasi ya [[asilimia]] 9 kwa mwaka<ref><nowiki>[http://www.mongabay.com/deforestation.htm Worldwide Deforestation Rates]</nowiki> Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.: The State of the World's Forests 2003. Published on Mongabay.com. Retrieved on June 29, 2008.</ref>. [[Picha:Rusizi NP hippopotamus.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Viboko kwenye hifadhi ya taifa Rusizi]] Kuna hifadhi mbili za taifa ambazo ni [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kibira]] kwenye kaskazini-magharibi (inapakana na [[Msitu wa Nyungwe]] huko Rwanda), na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ruvubu]] upande wa kaskazni-mashariki karibu na [[mto Rurubu]] (pia Ruvubu au Ruvuvu). Hifadhi zote mbili zilianzishwa mwaka [[1982]] kwa [[shabaha]] ya kuhifadhi [[wanyamapori]]<ref><nowiki>East, Rob (1999). ''African Antelope Database 1998''. [[Gland, Switzerland]]: [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], p. 74. ISBN 2-8317-0477-4.</nowiki></ref>. ==Demografia== [[Idadi]] ya watu ni takriban milioni 10 na nusu. Asilimia 46 kati yao hawajamaliza miaka 15. [[Umri]] wa wastani ni miaka 16.7 hivi. Idadi ya watoto wanaoaga dunia mapema, ni 62 kati ya 1000 wanaozaliwa (mwaka [[2007]]). Kwa umri wa kifo kwa wastani ni miaka 54 tu. Takriban 1.2% za wananchi wana UKIMWI<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/HDR/2014HDR/HDR-2014-English.pdf |title=UNDP Human Development Index; wastani ya Tanzania ni miaka 64 |accessdate=2015-05-14 |archivedate=2015-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601124723/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/HDR/2014HDR/HDR-2014-English.pdf }}</ref>. [[Familia]] ni imara kuliko zile za nchi zote za Afrika. [[Wanawake]] wanazaa kwa wastani watoto 6: hii nafasi ya juu ya tano duniani kote. [[Picha:Pyramide Burundi.PNG|thumbnail|250px|Piramidi ya umri kwa Burundi]] Jamii ya Burundi ni jamii ya vijijini, ni asilimia 13 pekee wanaoishi katika miji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=World Fact Book 2008 |accessdate=2015-05-14 |archivedate=2018-01-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128152115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html }}</ref> Vikundi kati ya wakazi ni hasa [[Wahutu]] (~80%), [[Watutsi]] (~14%) na [[Watwaa]] ([[mbilikimo]]) (chini ya 1%). Wote wanatumia lugha ya Kirundi. Pamoja na hayo, kuna [[Warundi]] wachache wanaojinasibu kuwa wao si Watutsi wala Wahutu bali ni [[Waswahili]] (~5%). Hilo kabila lilikuwepo toka enzi za tawala za kifalme nchini humo, na ndio wenyeji wa [[jiji]] la [[Bujumbura]], waliomsaidia [[Mwanamfalme]] [[Louis Rwagasore]] katika [[harakati]] za kutafuta [[uhuru]] wa Burundi. ==Dini== <gallery> File:Cathédrale Regina Mundi de Bujumbura, 2006 (cropped).jpg|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Bujumbura]] File:Gitega Church.JPG|[[Kanisa]] la Gitega File:Bujumbura-Mosque.JPG|[[Mskiti]] wa Bujumbura </gallery> Upande wa [[dini]], [[Wakristo]] ni 80-90% kati ya wakazi wote, hasa [[Wakatoliki]] (65%), halafu [[Waprotestanti]] (26%). [[Asilimia]] 5 wanafuata [[dini za jadi]] na 3 [[uislamu nchini Burundi|Uislamu]]. [[Picha:Burundian drummers Bujumbura 2008.JPG|250px|thumbnail|Wapiga ngoma za jadi wa Burundi]] [[Picha:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0246, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Leute des Königs Kasliwami.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Askari wa mwami Kasliwami, mnamo 1910]] == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Burundi}} ===Historia ya awali=== Wakazi wa kwanza huaminiwa kuwa [[wawindaji]] wa jamii ya [[Wasani]] na ya [[Wabilikimo]]. Katika [[karne]] za [[BK]] walifika wahamiaji [[Wabantu]] wenye [[ujuzi]] wa [[kilimo]] na [[uhunzi]]. === Ufalme wa Burundi === [[Dola]] la kwanza katika eneo hili lilikuwa [[Ufalme wa Burundi]]. Katika mapokeo ya wenyeji ulianzishwa katika [[karne ya 17]] na mtu kwa jina la [[Cambarantama]] aliyefika ama kutoka Rwanda ama kutoka [[Waha|Buha]] katika [[Mkoa wa Kigoma]], Tanzania ya leo. Ufalme huo ulitawaliwa na kundi la [[Watutsi]] waliokuwa [[wafugaji]] wa [[ng'ombe]] na kutawala wenyeji waliokuwa [[wakulima]] Wabantu. Watutsi walikuwa [[tabaka]] la [[ukabaila|kikabaila]]. [[Mfalme]] au [[mwami]] alikuwa mkuu wa makabaila hao ambao walitazamiwa kama mabwana wa ardhi iliyolimwa na watu wa kawaida. Hao wakulima waliruhusiwa kulima nchi wakipaswa kutoa [[huduma]] na sehemu ya [[mavuno]] kwa mabwana waliopaswa kuwatetea dhidi ya [[adui|maadui]]. Ufalme huo ulienea katika [[karne]] zilizofuata. Mwami [[Ntare IV]] Rutaganzwa Rugamba aliyetawala tangu mwaka [[1796]] hadi [[1850]] aliweza kupanua mipaka ya ufalme wake hadi kushika sehemu kubwa ya eneo la leo. ===Ukoloni=== [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza waliofika walikuwa [[wapelelezi]] [[Waingereza]] [[Richard Burton]] na [[John Hanning Speke]] mnamo mwaka [[1854]]. Lakini habari za falme kwenye eneo kati ya maziwa makubwa hazikuenea sana. Wakati wa [[Mkutano wa Berlin 1885]] Wajerumani hawakujua ya kwamba falme za Burundi na Rwanda zilikuwepo ndani ya eneo waliotegemea kutwaa. Waliitambua baadaye tu. Mwaka [[1894]] [[Mjerumani]] wa kwanza alipita Burundi aliyekuwa [[Oskar Baumann]]. Wakati ule [[Ujerumani]] uliwahi tayari kuanzisha [[koloni]] ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] lakini Wajerumani walichelewa kufika kaskazini-magharibi mwa maeneo waliyotazama kuwa sehemu yao. Katika Burundi kikosi cha kwanza cha Kijerumani kilifika mnamo [[1896]] wakakuta ufalme wa mwami wakaridhika kumwacha mwakilishi mkazi (resident) katika [[mji mkuu]] [[Gitega]] ambaye hakuhusika na mambo ya utawala wa ndani. Wakati ule eneo lilijulikana kwa jina "[[Urundi]]". Hapa sawa na Rwanda na [[Bukoba]] Wajerumani walitumia [[mbinu]] ya [[eneo lindwa]] ingawa walikuwa pia na majadiliano kuingiza falme hizi za kienyeji moja kwa moja ndani ya koloni lao. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Burundi pamoja na Rwanda ilikabidhiwa kwa [[Ubelgiji]] kwa niaba ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] kama [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] lililoitwa Ruanda-Urundi. Kimsingi Wabelgiji waliendelea na mfumo wa Wajerumani uliomwachia mtemi [[mamlaka]] kubwa. Waliweka Ruanda-Urundi chini ya serikali ya Kongo ya Kibelgiji. Lakini baadaye walianza kuingilia zaidi, na ilhali wakati ule walipendelea Watutsi, karibu machifu wote walikuwa Watutsi, na Wahutu walipotea katika nafasi za uongozi kimahali. Tangu mwaka 1946 Shirikisho la Mataifa lilikwisha na Ubelgiji ilipokea wito wa kutawala Ruanda-Urundi na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. [[Picha:BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Jiji la Bujumbura]] === Uhuru === Mwaka moja kabla ya uhuru kulikuwa na uchaguzi wa kwanza chini ya usimamizi ya [[UM]] na chama mshindi kilikuwa UPRONA kilichoongozwa na mwanamfalme Mtutsi [[Louis Rwagasore]] aliyemwoa [[mwanamke]] wa Kihutu na chama kiliunganisha pande zote mbili. Lakini miezi michache baadaye Rwagasore aliuawa na chama chake kilitengana kufuatana na ukabila. Mwaka [[1962]] Umoja wa Mataifa uliamua kuipa Ruanda-Urundi uhuru kamili, lakini kila nchi pekee. Baada ya uchaguzi wa [[1965]] mapigano yalitokea kwa [[silaha]], na kikundi cha Watutsi wakali kilichukua serikali. Mwaka [[1966]] mwami alipinduliwa na mwanasiasa [[Michel Micombero]] aliyejitangaza kuwa rais na nchi kuwa [[jamhuri]]. Kuanzia hapo wanasiasa na watumishi wakubwa walio Wahutu walifukuzwa, kukamatwa au kuuawa. [[Picha:Karuzi Burundi goats.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Soko la Mbuzi, Karuzi, Burundi]] == Hali ya nchi kijamii na kisiasa == Burundi ilundwa kama ufalme ulioongozwa na Watutsi waliotawala Wahutu. Lakini kabla ya ukoloni mipaka kati ya makundi hayo haikuwa imara mno; Wahutu ma[[tajiri]] katika utumishi wa mwami waliweza kupanda ngazi na kuwa Watutsi na pia Watutsi [[maskini]] waliweza kushuka ngazi na kuhesabiwa kati ya Wahutu, hasa baada ya [[Ndoa|kuoa]] au kuolewa na mtu wa upande mwingine. Uhusiano wa makundi hayo ulifanana zaidi na ule wa [[tabaka|matabaka]] si wa makabila tofauti, pia kwa sababu lugha ilikuwa moja kwa wote. Utawala wa kikoloni uliimarisha mipaka kati ya makundi hayo mawili maana kila mtu aliandikishwa na kupangwa katika moja kati ya makundi hayo. Pia Wabelgiji walipendelea Watutsi na kuangalia wapate nafasi zote za uchifu ambako walipaswa kutoa [[kibali]]. Kuhamia katika kundi lingine kulikwisha. Uhusiano kati ya makundi ulianza kufanana zaidi na [[ukabila]]. Mwishoni mwa ukoloni Wabelgiji walibadilisha msimamo na kupendelea Wahutu. Katika hali hiyo Burundi ilikaribia [[uhuru]]. [[Chama cha siasa|Vyama vya siasa]] viliundwa vilivyofuata ugawaji wa kimbari kati ya Watutsi na Wahutu. Mapigano ya kwanza kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi yalitokea mwaka [[1959]] kabla ya uhuru yakakomeshwa na Wabelgiji. Baada ya uhuru katika Burundi, kinyume na Rwanda, utawala ulibaki upande wa Watutsi kwa sababu [[jeshi]] lilikuwa mikononi mwao. Vipindi vya mashambulio kati ya vikundi vilifuata. Mwaka [[1972]] [[Laki|malaki]] ya Wahutu waliuawa na jeshi la Kitutsi waliolenga hasa Wahutu wenye [[elimu]]. Mwaka [[1993]] uongozi wa Kitutsi ulikubali tena [[uchaguzi huru]] ambako Mhutu [[Melchior Ndadaye]] alichaguliwa kuwa [[rais]]. Alipouawa na wanajeshi Watutsi malaki ya Watutsi waliuawa na Wahutu wakali. Kipindi kilichofuata kilikuwa cha [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] katika sehemu mbalimbali za nchi. [[Picha:BujumburaAirport.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Uwanja wa Ndege, Bujumbura]] Tangu mwaka [[1995]] [[Umoja wa Afrika]] na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] zilijitahidi kujenga mapatano kati ya vikundi. Marais na [[wanasiasa]] walioshiriki katika [[jitihada]] hizo walikuwa pamoja na [[Julius Nyerere]], [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Thabo Mbeki]] na rais wa [[Marekani]] [[Bill Clinton]]. Mapatano yalifikiwa na kusainiwa mwaka [[2000]] na washiriki karibu wote huko [[Arusha]]. [[Majadiliano]] yaliendelea hadi mwaka [[2003]] hatimaye vita ilisimamishwa. Mapatano yaliyofikiwa yanasema ya kwamba Watutsi pamoja na Watwa, ambao ni asilimia 15 za wananchi, watakuwa na asilimia 40 ya nafasi kwenye [[bunge]] na ya kwamba [[jeshi]]ni kila upande utashika asilimia 50 za nafasi. Pia kwenye [[senati]] ya bunge kila upande utakuwa na asilimia 50. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usip.org/library/pa/burundi/pa_burundi_08282000_toc.html |title=Mapatano ya Arusha ya 2000 kuhusua mani na upatanisho kwa ajili ya Burundi, uk. Protocoll II, I, 11, 4a, Appendix I,I B 2-4 |accessdate=2015-05-13 |archivedate=2008-02-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225143016/http://www.usip.org/library/pa/burundi/pa_burundi_08282000_toc.html }}</ref> Rais atachaguliwa na wananchi wote lakini mapatano yalisema rais wa kwanza atachaguliwa na bunge. [[Picha:Pierre Nkurunziza.jpeg|250px|thumbnail|Rais Nkurunziza mwaka 2006]] == Siasa == Mwaka 2005 uchaguzi wa kwanza wa bunge baada ya vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ulifanyika. Chama cha CNDD-FDD kilipata kura nyingi na kiongozi chake Pierre Nkurunziza alichaguliwa na bunge kuwa rais wa taifa. Vyama vya UPRONA na FRODEBU vilivyotangulia kuongoza serikali ya mpito vilipata kura chache kwa sababu vilishtakiwa kuwa na [[rushwa]] na [[upendeleo]] wa kindugu. [[Chama tawala]] kinajaribu kufuata siasa ya mapatano ya ndani, lakini ina [[uvumilivu]] mdogo tu kwa upinzani na mawazo yanayopinga siasa yake. Mwezi Aprili [[2009]] chama cha Palipehutu FNL hatimaye kilisimamisha upinzani kwa silaha kikakubaliwa kama chama cha kisiasa cha FNL. Nkurunziza alichaguliwa tena kwa kura ya wananchi wote mwaka 2010. Chama cha upinzani FNL kilikataa kukubali ushindi wa CNDD-FDD. Mwaka 2015 rais Nkurunziza alipendekezwa kugombea tena urais katika uchaguzi akakubali. Hatua hiyo ilisababisha upinzani mkali wa wananchi walioandamana wakiona hii inavunja mapatano ya amani ya Arusha. Tarehe [[13 Mei]] [[jenerali]] [[Godefroid Niyombare]] alitangaza kufukuzwa kwa Nkurunziza kutoka urais wakati huyo alikuwa safarini Tanzania, lakini uasi huu wa kijeshi ulikandamizwa. Nkurunziza alirudi na kutangaza ya kwamba kura inatakiwa kufanyika jinsi ilivyopangwa tarehe [[26 Mei]] 2015 kwa bunge na tarehe [[26 Juni]] kwa urais. Taasisi ya kimataifa na nchi jirani walitamka wasiwasi kuhusu mwelekeo wa hali ya kisiasa katika Burundi. [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], mwenyekiti wa kamati tendaji ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]], aliomba kuahirishwa kwa kura nchini Burundi hadi hali iwe imetulia. Tarehe [[24 Julai]] 2015 Tume ya Uchaguzi ilimtangaza Nkurunziza mshindi wa uchaguzi kwa 69.41% za kura. [[Agathon Rwasa]] alishika nafasi ya pili kwa 18.99% ingawa alikuwa amehimiza wananchi wasipige kura. Kilichofuata kimesababisha wananchi 200,000 wakimbie, huko rais akikataza [[Umoja wa Afrika]] usitume [[askari]] kulinda [[amani]] na [[haki]] nchini, wakati [[wanajeshi]] wanaendelea kuua na kunyanyasa Watutsi wakielekea [[mauaji ya kimbari]]. == Utawala == Burundi imegawiwa katika [[mikoa]] 17 (kwa [[Kifaransa]] province, kwa [[Kirundi]]: IProvense) inayoitwa kufuatana na miji yenye [[makao makuu]] ya [[utawala]]. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Angalia [[Mikoa ya Burundi]] Mikoa imegawiwa kwa wilaya inayoitwa "communes" na hii imegawiwa kwa "collines" (vilima). == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Burundi]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Burundi]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Burundi]] * [[Kandanda nchini Burundi]] * [[Waandishi wa Burundi]] * [[Muziki wa Burundi]] * [[Mawasiliano nchini Burundi]] * [[Mahusiano ya kimataifa ya Burundi]] * [[Jeshi la Burundi]] * [[Usafiri nchini Burundi]] * [[Uislamu nchini Burundi]] * [[Ukristo nchini Burundi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} === Serikali === * {{fr}} [http://www.burundi.gov.bi/ Tovuti ya serikali ya Burundi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.burundi.gov.bi/ |date=20180420053748 }} * [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm] === Habari === * {{fr}} [http://www.abp.info.bi/ Agence Burundaise de Presse (ABP)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abp.info.bi/ |date=20120505140555 }} * [http://allafrica.com/burundi/ Habari za Burundi toka tovuti ya habari ya allAfrica - Burundi] * [http://www.isanganiro.org/ Radio Isanganiro] Radio binafsi nchini Burundi kwa Kifaransa na Kirundi na Kiswahili. * [http://www.umuco.com/ umuco.com Habari kuhusu Burundi kwa Kifaransa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.umuco.com/ |date=20060324072257 }} * {{en}} {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180907235841/http://www.burundirealite.org/ Burundi Réalités] Habari na Uchambuzi kwa Kiingerenza na Kifaransa. === Overviews === * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: Burundi''] * [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/by.html CIA World Factbook - ''Burundi''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/by.html |date=20060322043659 }} === Maendelezo === * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Burundi/ Open Directory Project - ''Burundi''] {{Wayback|url=http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Burundi/ |date=20050911131702 }} directory category * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/burundi.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Burundi''] directory category * [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Burundi.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Burundi''] directory category * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Burundi/ Yahoo! - ''Burundi''] {{Wayback|url=http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Burundi/ |date=20050808082653 }} directory category === Vinginevyo === * [http://www.ligue-iteka.africa-web.org/index.php3 Burundian Human Rights Organisation "Ligue Iteka"] - with up-to-date news in English and French * [http://agathonrwasa.blogspot.com Campaign for the] [[Jamii:Nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] fmi3bjanfjgnw7rh2otisig24c1iben 0 1899 1601431 1594107 2026-09-25T18:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hiv budding.jpg| thumb |Namba virusi vya UKIMWI vinavyotoka katika [[seli]].]] '''Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini''' (kwa kifupi '''UKIMWI'''; [[kifupisho]] cha [[Kiingereza]] '''AIDS''') ni [[ugonjwa]] unaotokana na [[virusi]] ambavyo kwa [[Kiswahili]] vinaitwa kifupi [[VVU]] ("Virusi vya UKIMWI"; kwa Kiingereza: HIV, yaani "Human Immunodeficiency Virus") na vinashambulia [[mwili]] kwa kuondoa nguvu zake za kupambana na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanayosababisha [[maradhi]]. Ukimwi ni ugonjwa hatari sana katika [[maisha]] ya [[binadamu]] kwa kuwa husababisha [[kifo|vifo]] (yaani kupotea kwa [[uhai]] wa watu hao). Kwa mujibu wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]], kufikia mwaka [[2014]] ugonjwa huu umeua watu [[milioni]] 39, hasa kati ya wanaoishi [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] upande wa [[kusini]] kwa [[Sahara]]. Kwa [[mwaka]] [[2015]] pekee wamefariki watu milioni 1.2 na kati yao [[watoto]] wengi. UKIMWI umekuwa na madhara makubwa katika [[jamii]], kama ugonjwa wa mwili na kama chanzo cha [[Ubaguzi wa watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI|ubaguzi]]. Kuna sintofahamu kuhusu UKIMWI kama vile kwamba eti, unaweza kusambazwa kwa kugusana tu bila [[ngono]]. Ugonjwa huu pia unasababisha [[madhara ya kiuchumi]] ambayo ni makubwa, hasa kwa nchi maskini. Hadi hivi sasa, UKIMWI hauna [[chanjo]] wala [[tiba]], lakini ugonjwa huu unaweza kuepukika kwa kuachana na ngono, ambayo ndiyo husababisha sana ugonjwa huu. Pia, watu wanaweza kujikinga kutokana na ugonjwa huu kwa kuepuka kuchangia vifaa au vitu vyenye [[ncha]] kali. Kimsingi zaidi ni kwamba ugonjwa huo umetokana na kuenezwa hasa na [[maadili]] mabovu. Dhidi yake watu wanahitaji kuelewa tangu [[Utoto|utotoni]] na [[Ujana|ujanani]] maana ya [[jinsia]] na [[maisha]] kwa jumla, kwamba vinadai [[upendo]], [[nidhamu]] na [[uwajibikaji]], si kufuata [[tamaa]] tofautitofauti daima<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|title=Thirty years after AIDS discovery, appreciation growing for Catholic approach|publisher=Catholicnewsagency.com|date=June 5, 2011|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archive-date=2011-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912204558/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Tarehe [[1 Desemba]] kila [[mwaka]] ni [[Siku ya Ukimwi duniani|siku ya UKIMWI duniani]]. ==Maana ya jina== '''UKIMWI''' ni kifupisho cha "'''Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini'''" *'' Upungufu'' maana yake UKIMWI unaharibu uwezo wa [[mwili]] kupambana na magonjwa. Si UKIMWI moja kwa moja unaoweza kuua lakini mashambulio ya magonjwa ambayo kwa kawaida yasingekuwa tatizo kubwa. *'' Kinga'' inahusu [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ambao ni uwezo wa mwili kujitetea dhidi ya [[ugonjwa]]. *'' Mwili'' usio na kinga unapatwa na matatizo mbalimbali kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga umeharibika, na hauwezi kupigana na ugonjwa wowote. [[Jina]] la Kiingereza ni '''AIDS = Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome'''. * acquired - maana mtu hawezi kuwa na hali hii kiasili, ameipata * immuno - hii inataja ya kwamba tatizo linahusu "immune system" yaani mfumo wa kingamwili * deficiency - inamaanisha ya kwamba kuna kasoro * syndrome - ni mkusanyiko wa matatizo ya kiafya; ilhali kingamwili haufanyi kazi tena, mgonjwa anaathiriwa na magonjwa mbalimbali na kuonyesha [[dalili]] za magonjwa hayo yote. ==Mfumo wa kingamwili na VVU== Kila mtu huwa na [[Mfumo wa kingamaradhi|mfumo wa kingamwili]] ndani yake. [[Seli]] za ulinzi zinazunguka mwilini na kutafuta [[vidubini]] vya nje vinavyoweza kuleta mvurugo na zinaviharibu. Kati ya seli hizi za [[ulinzi]] ni [[seli nyeupe za damu]] (lukosaiti) ambazo ni muhimu sana. Ukimwi unasababishwa na VVU. Kama virusi vyote, VVU vinaingia katika mwili kwa kusudi la kuzaa. Virusi haviwezi kuzaa peke yake: vinahitaji seli vinapoweza kuingia ndani yake na kutumia mfumo wa seli kwa kunakili [[DNA]] yake. Kwa kawaida virusi vinashambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili na kuharibika. Lakini VVU vina tabia mbili za pekee ambazo zinavifanya vvya hatari hasa: * vinafaulu mara nyingi kuepukana na seli za ulinzi mwilini * vinaingia hasahasa katika seli nyeupe za damu za aina "seli za T". VVU vikianza kuongezeka katika seli nyeupe ya damu vinadhoofisha na hatimaye kuharibu seli hii. Maana yake VVU vinashambulia moja kwa moja seli ambazo ni sehemu ya kingamwili na zinazohusika kukinga mwili. Kuenea kwa VVU mwilini kunapunguza idadi ya seli za ulinzi na hivyo kupunguza kiwango cha kingamwili. Baada ya kupungua kwa kingamwili vidubini vingine vinaendelea kufika mwilini lakini sasa vinaenea zaidi kwa sababu seli za ulinzi zimekuwa chache. Kila [[ambukizo]] linaendelea kwa muda mrefu zaidi na hivyo mwili kwa jumla unateswa kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Kadiri Ukimwi unavyoendelea vipindi vya magonjwa vinakuwa virefu zaidi na nguvu za mwili zinapunguapungua. Katika ngazi za mwisho [[idadi]] ya maambukizo inazidi uwezo wa mwili wa kupambana nayo na hapo mtu unakaribia kifo. == Dalili == UKIMWI ni [[ugonjwa]] wa [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] wa [[binadamu]] unaosababishwa na virusi vya ukosefu wa kinga mwilini.<ref name="pmid11396444">{{Rejea jarida|author=Sepkowitz KA|title=AIDS—the first 20 years|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=344|issue=23| pages=1764–72|year=2001|month=June|pmid=11396444|doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306}}</ref>Mwanzoni, baada ya kuambukizwa, mtu anaweza kukumbwa na kipindi kifupi cha [[maradhi]] ya aina ya [[mafua]]. Kwa kawaida, hali hii hufuatwa na kipindi kirefu kisicho na [[dalili]]. Ugonjwa huu huendelea kutatiza [[kingamwili]] jinsi unavyozidi, hivyo kumfanya mtu kuwa katika hatari zaidi ya kupata [[maambukizi]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]], na [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida hayawaathiri watu walio na kingamwili njema. Kuna awamu tatu kuu za maambukizi ya VVU: maambukizi makali, awamu fiche na UKIMWI.<ref name=M121>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 121.</ref><ref name=AIDS2010GOV>{{cite web|title=Stages of HIV|url=http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|work=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|accessdate=13 June 2012|date=Dec 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513062533/http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|archivedate=2012-05-13}}</ref> === Maambukizi makali === [[File:Symptoms of acute HIV infection.svg|thumb|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya VVU|275px|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya VVU]] Kipindi cha kwanza kufuatia maambukizi ya VVU huitwa VVU vikali, VVU vya kimsingi au dalili kali za kudhibiti virusi. <ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu wengi hupata [[maradhi ya mfano wa mafua]] au [[mononyukleosi ambukizi|maambukizi ya mfano wa mononukleosi]] wiki 2 - 4 baada ya kuambukizwa ilhali wengine hawana dalili zozote kuu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diseases and disorders.|year=2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Tarrytown, NY|isbn=978-0-7614-7771-6|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=-HRJOElZch8C&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref name=M118/>Dalili hutokea katika asilimia 40-90 ya visa vyote na mara nyingi hujumuisha [[homa]], [[limfadenopathia|tezi kubwa na chungu za limfu]], [[faringitisi|inflamesheni ya koo]], [[upele]], maumivu ya kichwa, na/au vidonda vya kinywa na sehemu za uzazi.<ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=M118/>Upele huu, unaotokea katika asilimia 20 - 50 ya visa, hutokea katika kiwiliwili, na kwa kawaida huwa wa [[makiulopapula]].<ref name=Deut2010/> Baadhi ya watu pia hupata [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] katika awamu hii.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Dalili za tumboni na utumboni kama vile kichefuchefu, kutapika au [[kuharisha]] zinaweza kutokea, sawa na dalili za kinuroni za [[niuropathia ya pembeni]] au [[sindromu ya Guillain-Barre]].<ref name=M118/> Muda ya dalili hutofautiana, ingawa kwa kawaida huwa wiki 1 - 2.<ref name=M118/> Kufuatia sifa zake za kutokuwa dalili maalum, hizi mara nyingi haziwezi kutambulika kama dalili za maambukizi ya VVU. Hata visa vinavyotambuliwa na [[daktari]] wa [[familia]] au katika [[hospitali]] mara nyingi hutambulika vibaya kama baadhi ya visababishi vingi vya [[magonjwa ambukizi]] yaliyo na dalili zinazoingiliana. Kwa hivyo, inapendekezwa kuchunguza VVU katika watu wanaoonyesha homa isiyoelezeka ambao wanaweza kuwa na vipengele hatari vya kuambukizwa.<ref name=M118>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref> === Awamu fiche === Dalili za kwanza hufuatwa na awamu fiche (VVU visivyo na dalili au VVU vya muda mrefu).<ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Bila ya matibabu, awamu hii ya pili ya historia asilia ya maambukizi ya VVU inaweza kudumu kutoka miaka 3 <ref>{{cite book|last=Evian|first=Clive|title=Primary HIV/AIDS care: a practical guide for primary health care personnel in a clinical and supportive setting|year=2006|publisher=Jacana|location=Houghton [South Africa]|isbn=978-1-77009-198-6|page=29|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=WauaC7M0yGcC&pg=PA29|edition=Updated 4th}}</ref> hadi zaidi ya miaka 20;<ref>{{cite book|first=J. W. A. J. Reeders; P. C. Goodman (ed.). With contributions by J. Bedford|title=Radiology of AIDS|year=2001|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=978-3-540-66510-6|page=19|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=xmFBtyPGOQIC&pg=PA19}}</ref> (wastani wa miaka 8).<ref>{{cite book|last=Elliott|first=Tom|title=Lecture Notes: Medical Microbiology and Infection|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-37226-5|page=273|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=M4q3AyDQIUYC&pg=PA273}}</ref>Ingawa kwa kawaida mwanzoni kuna dalili chache, au hata zisiwemo, karibu mwishoni mwa awamu hii, watu wengi hupatwa na homa, kukonda, matatizo ya tumbo na utumbo, na maumivu ya misuli. <ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Kati ya asilimia 50 na 70 ya wagonjwa pia hupata [[limfadenopathia]] ya mwili wote inayorejea, ambayo hudhihirika kwa uvimbe usio na kisababishi na usio chungu wa zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha tezi za [[limfu]] (ila katika sehemu za uzazi) kwa zaidi ya miezi 3 hadi 6.<ref name=M121/> Ingawa watu wengi walioambukizwa [[VVU-1]] wana kiwango cha virusi kinachoweza kutambulika, na ambacho bila matibabu kitaendelea na kuwa UKIMWI, idadi ndogo (5%) huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>([[seli saidizi za T]]) bila [[Udhibiti wa VVU/UKIMWI|matibabu ya kudhibiti virusi]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 5. <ref name=M118/><ref name=LT2010/>Watu hao huainishwa kama wadhibiti wa VVU au watu wasioendeleza kwa muda mrefu, ilhali wale ambao pia hudumisha kiwango cha chini au kisichotambulika cha virusi bila matibabu hujulikana kama "wadhibiti hodari" au "wagandamizaji hodari" <ref name=LT2010>{{cite journal|last=Blankson|first=JN|title=Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors|journal=Discovery medicine|date=2010 Mar|volume=9|issue=46|pages=261–6|pmid=20350494}}</ref>. === Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini=== [[File:Symptoms of AIDS.svg|thumb|275px|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI.]] Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini (UKIMWI) hufasiliwa kwa msingi wa kiwango cha seli za CD4 <SUP>+</SUP> cha chini ya seli 200 kwa kila µL au kutokea kwa magonjwa maalumu yanayohusiana na maambukizi ya VVU. <ref name=M118/> Bila matibabu maalum, takriban nusu ya watu walioambukizwa VVU hupata UKIMWI katika muda wa miaka 10.<ref name=M118/>Hali zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi kudhihirisha uwepo wa UKIMWI ni [[numonia ya numosistisi]] (40%), [[kakeksi]] kwa muundo wa dalili dhoofishi za VVU (20%) na [[kandidiasi ya umio]].<ref name=M118/>Dalili nyingine ni pamoja na maambukizi ya [[njia ya pumzi]]<ref name=M118/>. [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanaweza kusababishwa na [[bakteria]], [[virusi]], [[kuvu]] na [[vimelea]] ambavyo kwa kawaida hudhibitiwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=Holmes>{{Rejea jarida|author=Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA|title= Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-03-01_36_5/page/n153|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis.|year=2003|pages=656–662|volume=36|issue=5|pmid=12594648|doi=10.1086/367655}}</ref>Maambukizi yanayotokea hutegemea, kwa upande mmoja, aina ya [[viumbehai]] vinavyopatikana kwa wingi katika [[mazingira]] ya mtu.<ref name=M118/>Maambukizi hayo yanaweza kudhuru karibu kila [[mfumo wa kibayolojia|mfumo wa viungo]].<ref name=Complications2011>{{cite journal|last=Chu|first=C|coauthors=Selwyn, PA|title=Complications of HIV infection: a systems-based approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-02-15_83_4/page/395|journal=American family physician|date=2011-02-15|volume=83|issue=4|pages=395–406|pmid=21322514}}</ref> Watu walio na UKIMWI wako katika hatari kuu zaidi ya kupata saratani nyingi zinazosababishwa na virusi, kama vile: [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]], [[limfoma ya Burkitt]], [[limfoma ya mfumo mkuu wa neva]] na [[saratani ya seviksi]].<ref name=Deut2010/>Sakoma ya Kaposi ndiyo saratani inayotokea mara nyingi, yaani katika asilimia 10 hadi 20 ya watu wenye VVU.<ref name=M169>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref>Saratani inayoifuata ni limfoma, ambayo imesababisha vifo vya karibu 16% ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, na ndiyo dalili ya kwanza ya UKIMWI katika asilimia 3 - 4 ya watu.<ref name=M169/>Saratani hizi mbili huhusishwa na [[virusi vya hepesi]] ya binadamu aina ya 8.<ref name=M169/>Saratani ya seviksi hutokea mara nyingi zaidi katika watu walio na UKIMWI kwa sababu ya jinsi inavyohusiana na [[virusi vya papiloma ya binadamu]].<ref name=M169/> Isitoshe, watu hao mara nyingi huwa na dalili za kimfumo, kama vile homa ya muda mrefu, [[jasho la usiku|jasho]] (hasa usiku), tezi za limfu zilizofura, ubaridi, udhaifu na [[kupoteza uzito]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDS|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm|work=MedlinePlus|publisher=A.D.A.M.|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref>Kuharisha ni dalili nyingine inayotokea katika takriban 90% ya watu wenye UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sestak K |title=Chronic diarrhea and AIDS: insights into studies with non-human primates |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=199–205 |year=2005 |month=July |pmid=16022653 |doi= 10.2174/1570162054368084|url=}}</ref> == Lini na wapi VVU vilianza == UKIMWI huchukuliwa kama [[janga]] — yaani [[mlipuko wa ugonjwa]] katika eneo kubwa, na ambao ungali unaenea.<ref name=Kallings/> UKIMWI ulitambuliwa mara ya kwanza na Vituo vya Kuzuia na Kudhibiti Magonjwa huko Marekani mwaka [[1981]]<ref name=M169/>, ilhali kisababishi chake - VVU - kilitambuliwa mwanzoni mwa [[muongo]] huo nchini huko. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=Retrovirology|volume=3|page=72|year=2006|pmid=17054781|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url=http://www.retrovirology.com/content/3//72|pmc=1629027|archive-date=2020-05-02|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502072301/https://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matukio ya kwanza yalikuwa katika kikundi kidogo cha [[Uraibu|waraibu]] wa dawa za kudungia na [[wanaume]] [[shoga]] wasiokuwa na visababishi bayana vya udhaifu wa kingamwili na walioonyesha dalili za [[numonia]] ya ''[[Pneumocystis carinii]]'', maambukizi nyemelezi yanayotokea kwa nadra na maarufu katika watu wenye kingamwili dhaifu sana.<ref name=MMWR2>{{Rejea jarida| author=Gottlieb MS| title=Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. 1981| journal=Am J Public Health| volume=96| issue=6| pages=980–1; discussion 982–3| year=2006| pmid=16714472| url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| accessdate=March 31, 2009| pmc=1470612| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422042240/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| archivedate=2009-04-22| deadurl=no}}</ref> Punde baadaye, idadi isiyotarajiwa ya mashoga wakapata [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]] (SK), [[saratani ya ngozi]] iliyokuwa nadra sana hapo awali.<ref name="pmid7287964">{{cite journal|author=Friedman-Kien AE|title=Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men|journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.|volume=5|issue=4|pages=468–71|year=1981|month=October|pmid=7287964|doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_1981-10_5_4/page/468}}</ref><ref name="pmid6116083">{{cite journal|author=Hymes KB|title=Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases|journal=Lancet|volume=2|issue=8247|pages=598–600|year=1981|month=September|pmid=6116083|doi=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1981-09-19_2_8247/page/n4|author-separator=,|author2=Cheung T|author3=Greene JB|display-authors=3|last4=Prose|first4=NS|last5=Marcus|first5=A|last6=Ballard|first6=H|last7=William|first7=DC|last8=Laubenstein|first8=LJ}}</ref>Visa vingine vingi vya NPC na SK vilitokea huku vikitahadharisha Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa nchini Marekani, hivyo kikosi cha kiutendaji kikaundwa ili kuudhibiti mzuko huu.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007">{{cite journal | title=Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_2007-12_21_14/page/3795 | last1=Basavapathruni |first1=A | last2=Anderson | first2=KS | journal=The FASEB Journal |year=2007 | month=December | volume=21 | issue=14 |pages=3795–3808 | doi=10.1096/fj.07-8697rev | pmid=17639073}}</ref> Katika siku za kwanza, kituo hicho hakikuwa na jina rasmi la ugonjwa huu, mara nyingi wakitumia majina ya magonjwa mengine yaliyohusishwa nao, kwa mfano, [[limfadenopathi]], jina ambalo baadaye wavumbuzi wa VVU waliviita virusi hivi.<ref name=MMWR1982a>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |title=Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=249–251 | volume=31| issue=19 | pmid=6808340 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Barre>{{Rejea jarida|author=Barré-Sinoussi F | title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/n103 | journal=Science | year=1983 | pages=868–871 | volume=220 | issue=4599 | pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 | bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B| author-separator=,| author2=Chermann JC| author3=Rey F|display-authors=3| last4=Nugeyre| first4=M.| last5=Chamaret| first5=S| last6=Gruest| first6=J| last7=Dauguet| first7=C|last8=Axler-Blin| first8=C| last9=Vezinet-Brun| first9=F }}</ref> Wavumbuzi pia walitumia “Sakoma ya Kaposi na Maambukizi nyemelezi”, jina lililokuwa la kikosi cha kiutendaji kilichoanzishwa mwaka wa 1981.<ref name=MMWR1982b>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=353–354; 360–361 | volume=31 | issue=26 | pmid=6811853 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Wakati mmoja, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kiliunda msemo "ugonjwa wa 4H", kwani [[sindromu]] hii ilionekana kuwaathiri watu wa [[Haiti]], mashoga (homosexuals), wenye [[hemofilia]] na watumiaji wa [[heroini]].<ref name=SciRep470b>{{cite web| publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]| date=July 28, 2006| url=http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| title=Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances| accessdate=June 23, 2008| format=PDF| archivedate=2008-06-24| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| =https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf}}</ref> Katika vyombo vikuu vya habari liliundwa neno "[[GRID]]" (lililosimamia "gay-related immune deficiency", yaani "ukosefu wa kinga uliohusishwa na mashoga".<ref name=Altman>{{Rejea habari |author=Altman LK |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html?scp=1&sq=New%20homosexual%20disorder%20worries%20officials&st=cse | title=New homosexual disorder worries health officials | work=The New York Times | date=May 11, 1982 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya kutambua kuwa VVU havikuwaathiri jamii ya mashoga pekee,<ref name=MMWR1982b/> ilibainika kuwa neno GRID lilikuwa likipotosha, hivyo neno UKIMWI likaanzishwa kwenye mkutano mnamo Julai 1982.<ref name=Kher>{{Rejea habari| author=Kher U| title=A Name for the Plague| work=Time| date=July 27, 1982| url=http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| accessdate=March 10, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015307/http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| archivedate=2008-03-07| deadurl=no}}</ref> Kufikia Septemba 1982, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilianza kuuita UKIMWI.<ref name=MMWR1982c>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States| journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 | pages=507–508; 513–514 | volume=31 | issue=37 | pmid=6815471}}</ref> [[File:Robert Gallo.jpg|thumb|Alt=Mwanaume aliyevalia shati nyeupe na tai, huku akizingizirwa na wanawake watatu na vifaa vya maabara|Robert Gallo, mzinduzi mwenza wa VVU katika miaka ya kwanza ya 1980, akiwa pamoja na (kushoto kwenda kulia) Sandra Eva, Sandra Colombini, na Ersell Richardson.]] Mnamo 1983, vikundi viwili tofauti vya watafiti vilivyoongozwa na [[Robert Gallo]] na [[Luc Montagnier]] bila kutegemeana vilitangaza kuwa [[retrovirusi]] mpya ilikuwa ikiwaambukiza wagonjwa wa UKIMWI, hivyo wakachapisha matokeo yao katika [[jarida]] la ''[[Science (jarida)|Science]]''.<ref name=Gallo>{{cite journal | author=RC Gallo, PS Sarin, EP Gelmann, M Robert-Guroff, E Richardson, VS Kalyanaraman, D Mann, GD Sidhu, RE Stahl, S Zolla-Pazner, J Leibowitch, and M Popovic |journal=Science |title=Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/n100 |year=1983 | pages=865–867 | volume=220 | doi=10.1126/science.6601823 | pmid=6601823 | issue=4599|bibcode = 1983Sci...220..865G }}</ref><ref name=Montagnier >{{cite doi|10.1126/science.6189183}}</ref> Gallo alidai kuwa virusi vilivyokuwa vimetambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kikundi chake kilikuwa sawa katika [[muundo wa virusi|umbo]] na [[virusi vya binadamu vya limfotrophia-T]]. Kikundi cha Gallo kiliviita virusi hivi HTLV-III. Wakati huohuo, kikundi cha Montagnier kilitambua virusi kutoka kwa mgonjwa aliyekuwa na [[uvimbe]] wa [[tezi za limfu]] kwenye [[shingo]] na [[asthenia|udhaifu wa mwili]] ambazo ni dalili mbili bainifu za UKIMWI. Huku wakikanusha ripoti ya kikundi cha Gallo, Montagnier na wenzake walionyesha kuwa viini vya [[protini]] vya virusi hivyo vilikuwa tofauti na HTLV-I kiukingamwili. Kikundi cha Montagnier kiliviita virusi walivyovitambua virusi vinavyohusishwa na limfadenopathi.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007"/> Virusi hivi vilibainika kuwa sawa mwaka wa 1986 na kubadilishwa na kuitwa VVU.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldrich|first=ed. by Robert|title=Who's who in gay and lesbian history.|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415229746|pages=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9KA7_1s6w-QC&pg=PA154|coauthors=Wotherspoon, Garry}}</ref> Leo [[wanasayansi]] wengi wanaamini VVU-1 na VVU-2 vimetokana na [[jamii ya sokwe]] huko [[Afrika Magharibi]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] au mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], wakati virusi vya [[SIV]] kutoka kwa [[nyani]] au [[sokwe]] vilikwenda kwa binadamu.<ref name=Orgin2011>{{cite journal|last=Sharp|first=PM|coauthors=Hahn, BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine|date=2011 Sep|volume=1|issue=1|pages=a006841|pmid=22229120|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841|pmc=3234451}}</ref> VVU-1 vinaaminika kutoka kusini mwa [[Cameroon]] kupitia kugeuka kwa VSVU(cpz), (virusi vya sokwe vinavyosababisha ukosefu wa kinga mwilini) vinavyoambukiza sokwe wa mwituni (VVU-1 hutokana na mzuko wa magonjwa ya VSVUcpz katika [[nususpishi]] ya sokwe iitwayo ''[[Pan]] troglodytes troglodytes'').<ref name="pmid9989410">{{cite journal |author=Gao F |title=Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes |journal=Nature |volume=397 |issue=6718|pages=436–41 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=9989410|doi=10.1038/17130 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-02-04_397_6718/page/436|bibcode = 1999Natur.397..436G |author-separator=, |author2=Bailes E |author3=Robertson DL|display-authors=3 |last4=Chen|first4=Yalu |last5=Rodenburg |first5=Cynthia M. |last6=Michael |first6=Scott F.|last7=Cummins |first7=Larry B. |last8=Arthur |first8=Larry O. |last9=Peeters |first9=Martine }}</ref><ref name=Keele>{{cite journal | author=Keele, B. F., van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y. Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M. L., Bibollet-Ruche, F., Chen, Y., Wain, L. V., Liegois, F., Loul, S., Mpoudi Ngole, E., Bienvenue, Y., Delaporte, E., Brookfield, J. F. Y., Sharp, P. M., Shaw, G. M., Peeters, M., and Hahn, B. H. | title=Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic andNonpandemic HIV-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-07-28_313_5786/page/523 | journal=Science | date=28 July 2006| volume=313 | issue=5786 | pages=523–6 | doi = 10.1126/science.1126531 | pmc=2442710 | pmid=16728595|bibcode = 2006Sci...313..523K }}</ref> Virusi vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na VVU-2 ni VSVU(smm) ambavyo ni virusi vya [[mangabi mwenye masizi]] (''Cercocebus atys atys''), [[tumbili]] wa kale anayeishi Afrika Magharibi (kutoka [[kusini]] mwa [[Senegali]] hadi [[magharibi]] mwa [[Côte d'Ivoire]]).<ref name="Reeves" /> [[Tumbili wa kisasa]] kama vile [[tumbili wa Usiku|tumbili bundi]] wana ukinzani wa maambukizi ya [[VVU-1]] kwa sababu ya [[uunganishaji jeni|uunganishaji]] wa [[jeni]] [[mbili]] zinazokinzana na virusi.<ref name=Goodier>{{cite journal | author=Goodier, J., and Kazazian, H. | title=Retrotransposons Revisited: The Restraint and Rehabilitation of Parasites | url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2008-10-03_135_1/page/23 | journal=Cell |year=2008 | pages=23–35 | volume=135 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022 | pmid=18854152}}(subscription required)</ref> VVU-2 inadhaniwa kuruka kizuizi cha spishi katika angalau matukio matatu tofauti, hivyo kupelekea vikundi vitatu vya virusi hivi ambavyo ni M, N na O. <ref name=Kalish2005>{{cite journal |author=Kalish ML |title=Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1928–30 |year=2005 |pmid=16485481|doi=10.3201/eid1112.050394 |author-separator=, |author2=Wolfe ND |author3=Ndongmo CD |author4=McNicholl J|author5=Robbins KE |display-authors=5 |last6=Aidoo |first6=Michael |last7=Fonjungo |first7=Peter N. |last8=Alemnji|first8=George |last9=Zeh |first9=Clement |pmc=3367631}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi kuwa wanadamu wanaoshughulikia [[nyama za mwituni]] kwa kuwinda au kuziuza, kwa kawaida hupata VSVU.<ref name=Kalish2005/>Hata hivyo, virusi hivyo ni dhaifu na hukandamizwa na mfumo wa kingamwili baada ya wiki kadhaa za kuambukizwa. Inadhaniwa kuwa maambukizi kadhaa ya virusi hivyo kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine katika mfululizo wa haraka huhitajika ili vipate wakati unaotosha kubadilika na kuwa VVU.<ref name=Marx2001>{{cite journal |author=Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E |title=Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa |volume=356 |issue=1410 |pages=911–20 |year=2001 |pmid=11405938 |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |pmc=1088484 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0867 |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-09 |access-date=2017-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309105853/http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kwa sababu ya kiwango chake kidogo cha kuambukiza kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine, virusi hivyo vinaweza tu kuenea katika wingi wa watu iwapo kuna njia moja au mbili za hatari ya kuambukizana ya kiwango cha juu. Njia hizi zinadhaniwa kutokuwepo barani Afrika kabla ya karne ya 20. Njia maalumu za hatari kubwa ya maambukizi zinazoruhusu virusi hivi kubadilika ili kuweza kuishi katika wanadamu na kuenea katika jamii yote hutegemea wakati uliopendekezwa wa kuvuka kutoka kwa mnyama hadi mwanadamu. Tafiti za kijeni za virusi hivi zinadokeza kuwa chanzo cha hivi karibuni zaidi cha VVU-1 ya kikundi M kilitokea mnamo 1910. <ref name=Worobey2008>{{cite journal|last1=Worobey |first1=Michael |last2=Gemmel |first2=Marlea |last3=Teuwen |first3=Dirk E. |last4=Haselkorn|first4=Tamara |last5=Kunstman |first5=Kevin |last6=Bunce |first6=Michael |last7=Muyembe |first7=Jean-Jacques|last8=Kabongo |first8=Jean-Marie M. |last9=Kalengayi |first9=Raphaël M. |title=Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960 |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7213 |pages=661–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18833279| doi=10.1038/nature07390|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v455/n7213/pdf/nature07390.pdf |bibcode = 2008Natur.455..661W }} (subscription required)</ref> Wanaotaja kipindi hicho maalumu huhusisha mzuko wa janga la VVU na kuibuka kwa [[ukoloni]] na ukuaji wa [[miji]] mikubwa ya kikoloni ya Afrika, huku ukisababisha mabadiliko ya jamii pamoja na kiwango kikubwa cha [[uasherati]], uenezi wa [[ukahaba]] na matukio mengi ya [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]] (kama vile [[kaswende]]) katika miji iliyochipuka.<ref name=Sousa2010>{{cite journal |last1=Sousa |first1=João Dinis de|last2=Müller |first2=Viktor |last3=Lemey |first3=Philippe |last4=Vandamme |first4=Anne-Mieke |last5=Vandamme|first5=Anne-Mieke |title=High GUD Incidence in the Early 20th Century Created a Particularly Permissive Time Window for the Origin and Initial Spread of Epidemic HIV Strains |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e9936 |year=2010|pmid=20376191 |pmc=2848574|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009936|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936|editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Darren P.}}</ref> Ingawa viwango vya uambukizaji wakati wa ngono ya kupitia [[uke]] viko chini katika hali ya kawaida, kuna ongezeko kubwa iwapo mmoja wa wapenzi hao ana [[ugonjwa wa zinaa]] unaosababisha vidonda vya [[viungo vya uzazi]]. Miji ya kikoloni ya [[Miaka ya 1900|miaka ya kwanza ya 1900]] ilijulikana kwa maambukizi ya viwango vya juu kutokana na ukahaba na [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]], hivi kwamba, kufikia mwaka [[1928]], 45% ya [[wanawake]] wakazi wa mashariki mwa [[Kinshasa]] walidhaniwa kuwa makahaba. Kufikia mwaka [[1933]], takriban 15% ya wakazi wote wa mji huo walikuwa wameambukizwa aina mojawapo ya kaswende.<ref name=Sousa2010 /> Maoni mengine yanadokeza kuwa hatua zisizo salama za [[uuguzi]] barani Afrika katika miaka ya baada ya [[Vita vya pili vya dunia]], kama vile kutumia tena na tena [[sindano]] zisizosafishwa kuchanja [[umati]], [[antibayotiki]] na kampeni dhidi ya [[malaria]] ndizo njia za kwanza zilizoruhusu virusi hivyo kujibadilisha vikiwa ndani ya wanadamu kisha kuenea.<ref name=Marx2001 /><ref name=Chitnis2000>{{cite journal |last1=Chitnis |first1=Amit |last2=Rawls |first2=Diana |last3=Moore |first3=Jim|title=Origin of HIV Type 1 in Colonial French Equatorial Africa? |journal=AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses|volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10628811 |doi=10.1089/088922200309548}}(subscription required)</ref><ref name=McNeil>{{cite news |author=[[Donald G. McNeil, Jr.]] |coauthors= |title=Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html?_r=1&src=me&ref=general|quote=Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s.&nbsp;... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.|work=[[New York Times]] |date=September 16, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-17 }}</ref> Visa vilivyonakiliwa vyema vya VVU katika mwanadamu ni vya mwaka [[1959]] katika eneo la nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]].<ref name=Zhu>{{cite journal|author=Zhu, T., Korber, B. T., Nahmias, A. J., Hooper, E., Sharp, P. M. and Ho, D. D.|title=An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the epidemic|journal=Nature|year=1998|pages=594–7|volume=391|issue=6667|pmid=9468138|doi=10.1038/35400|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6667/full/391594a0.html|bibcode = 1998Natur.391..594Z }}</ref> Kuna uwezekano kuwa virusi hivyo vilikuwemo huko Marekani mwaka [[1966]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Kolata | first = Gina |title = Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times | publisher = The New York Times | date = 28 October 1987 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD6173AF93BA15753C1A961948260&sec=health&pagewanted=all | accessdate = 11 February 2009}}</ref>lakini maambukizi mengi yanayotokea nje ya [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] yanaweza kufuatiliwa hadi kwa mtu mmoja aliyeambukizwa na VVU katika nchi ya [[Haiti]] na kisha kuyapeleka maambukizi hayo nchini Marekani takriban mwaka [[1969]].<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert">{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=M. Thomas P. |last2=Rambaut |first2=Andrew |last3=Wlasiuk |first3=Gabriela |last4=Spira |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Pitchenik |first5=Arthur E. |last6=Worobey |first6=Michael |title=The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond |journal=PNAS |date=November 20, 2007 |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18566–18570 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1073/pnas.0705329104 |pmid=17978186 |pmc=2141817 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418566G |access-date=2017-04-01 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144548/http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Janga hili kisha lilienea kwa haraka katika vikundi vilivyo katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa (mwanzoni ilikuwa ni wanaume waliofanya ngono na wanaume). Kufikia mwaka [[1978]], maambukizi ya VVU-1 katika mashoga wenyeji wa [[New York]] na [[San Francisco]] yalikadiriwa kuwa 5%, kuonyesha kuwa maelfu ya watu nchini Marekani tayari walikuwa wameambukizwa.<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert" /> ==Uambukizaji== VVU husambaa hasa kupitia njia tatu kuu: [[ngono]] (ikiwa ni pamoja na [[ulawiti]] na hata [[ngono ya mdomoni]]), kuingiliana na viowevu vya mwili vilivyoambukizwa (hasa [[kuongezewa damu]] au kudungwa [[sindano]]) na [[usambazaji wima|kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto]] wakati wa [[ujauzito]], kuzaa au kunyonyesha<ref name=TransmissionM2007>{{cite book|last=Markowitz|first=edited by William N. Rom ; associate editor, Steven B.|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745|edition=4th}}</ref>Baadhi ya [[viowevu vya mwili]], kama vile [[mate]] na [[machozi]], havisambazi VVU.<ref name=CDCtransmission>{{cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|accessdate=May 23, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archivedate=2005-02-04}}</ref> === Kupitia ngono === Kufanya [[ngono zembe]] kumepelekea visa vingi zaidi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni, huku mwingiliano baina ya watu wa [[jinsia]] tofauti ukichangia visa zaidi ya mwingiliano wa mashoga kote ulimwenguni (kwa sababu mashoga ni wachache zaidi).<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Hata hivyo, mtindo wa usambazaji hutofautiana pakubwa baina ya mataifa mbalimbali. Nchini Marekani, visa vingi zaidi vya usambazaji wa kingono vilitokea katika [[wanaume]] wanaofanya ngono na wanaume (kwa sababu huko ushoga umeenea zaidi)<ref name=TransmissionM2007/>huku idadi hii ikichangia 64% ya visa vyote vipya.<ref name=TransmissionCDC2012>{{cite web|title=HIV in the United States: An Overview|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=March 2012}}</ref> Kuhusu ngono zembe baina ya watu wa jinsia tofauti, makadirio ya hatari ya kusambazwa kwa VVU kwa kila kitendo cha ngono yanaonekana kuwa zaidi kwa mara 10 katika mataifa yasiyostawi kuliko mataifa yaliyostawi.<ref name=Boily2009/>Katika mataifa yasiyostawi, hatari ya usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 0.38% kwa kila kitendo, huku usambazaji wa mwanamume hadi mwanamke ukiwa 0.30%; makadirio mbadala katika mataifa yaliyostawi ni 0.04% kwa kila kitendo katika usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume, na 0.08% kwa kila kitendo katika maambukizi ya mwanamume hadi mwanamke.<ref name=Boily2009/> Hatari ya kuambukizwa kutokana na ngono ya kinyeo (ulawiti) iko juu sana, ikikadiriwa kuwa 1.4{{ndash}}1.7% kwa kila kitendo (katika ngono ya watu wa jinsia moja na tofauti pia).<ref name=Boily2009/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Beyrer|first=C|coauthors=Baral, SD; van Griensven, F; Goodreau, SM; Chariyalertsak, S; Wirtz, AL; Brookmeyer, R|title=Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-28-august-3-2012_380_9839/page/367|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jul 28|volume=380|issue=9839|pages=367-77|pmid=22819660}}</ref> Ingawa hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia [[ngono ya mdomoni]] iko chini, bado ipo. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=M|coauthors=Vajdy, M|title=Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes|journal=Expert opinion on biological therapy|date=2010 Aug|volume=10|issue=8|pages=1181–95|pmid=20624114|doi=10.1517/14712598.2010.496776|pmc=2904634}}</ref>Hatari ya kila kitendo imekadiriwa kuwa 0{{ndash}}0.04% kwa ngono pokezi ya mdomoni.<ref name=Dosekun2010>{{cite journal|last=Dosekun|first=O|coauthors=Fox, J|title=An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jul|volume=5|issue=4|pages=291–7|pmid=20543603|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stürchler|first=Dieter A.|title=Exposure a guide to sources of infections|year=2006|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781555813765|pages=544|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=MWa5or3Xa9EC&pg=PA544}}</ref> kwa kuwa visa vichache vimeripotiwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Richard Pattman ... [et|title=Oxford handbook of genitourinary medicine, HIV, and sexual health|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199571666|pages=95|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Jm1H4EeULmYC&pg=PA95|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Katika miktadha inayohusisha [[ukahaba]] kote ulimwenguni, hatari ya maambukizi ya mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 2.4% kwa kila kitendo, huku maambukizi ya mwanamume kwa mwanamke yakiwa 0.08% kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=Boily2009>{{cite journal|author=Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, Alary M |title=Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=9|issue=2|pages=118–129|year=2009|month=February|pmid=19179227|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa huongezeka katika wingi wa [[magonjwa ya zinaa]]<ref name=CochraneSTI2012>{{cite journal|last=Ng|first=BE|coauthors=Butler, LM; Horvath, T; Rutherford, GW|title=Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-03-16|issue=3|pages=CD001220|pmid=21412869|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001220.pub3|editor1-last=Butler|editor1-first=Lisa M}}</ref> na [[vidonda vya uzazi]].<ref name=Boily2009/>Vidonda vya sehemu za uzazi vimekisiwa kuongeza hatari hadi mara tano. <ref name=Boily2009/> Maambukizi mengine ya zinaa, kama vile [[kisonono]], [[klamidia]], [[trikomoniasi]], [[vaginosi ya kibakteria]], huhusishwa na aghalabu ongezeko dogo la hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Dosekun2010/> [[Wingi wa virusi]] kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa ni suala kuu la hatari katika usambazaji wa kingono na pia wa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=J|title=Women and HIV: motherhood and more|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=58–65|pmid=22156896|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef514}}</ref> Katika miezi 2.5 ya kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa VVU, uwezo wa mtu kuambukiza ni mara 12 zaidi kwa sababu ya wingi wa virusi. <ref name=Dosekun2010/> Iwapo mtu yuko katika awamu za mwisho za VVU, viwango vya kuambukizana ni takriban mara 8 zaidi.<ref name=Boily2009/> [[Usadomasoki|Ngono shari]] inaweza kuwa suala linalochangia ongezeko la hatari ya kuambukizwa. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Klimas|first=N|coauthors=Koneru, AO; Fletcher, MA|title=Overview of HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychosomatic-medicine_2008-06_70_5/page/523|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|date=2008 Jun|volume=70|issue=5|pages=523–30|pmid=18541903|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817ae69f}}</ref> [[Ubakaji]] pia unaaminika kuongezeka hatari ya kusambaza VVU kwa sababu ni nadra [[kondomu]] kutumika, huwa na uwezekano wa kujeruhiwa ukeni au kinyeo, na pia kuna uwezekano wa magonjwa ya zinaa yanayoambatana na VVU. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Draughon|first=JE|coauthors=Sheridan, DJ|title=Nonoccupational post exposure prophylaxis following sexual assault in industrialized low-HIV-prevalence countries: a review|journal=Psychology, health & medicine|year=2012|volume=17|issue=2|pages=235–54|pmid=22372741|doi=10.1080/13548506.2011.579984}}</ref> ===Viowevu vya mwili === [[File:AIDS Poster If You're Dabbling in Drugs 1989.jpg|thumb|alt=Bango la rangi nyeusi na jipya la kijana wa Kiafrika akiwa na taulo kwenye mkono wa kushoto iliyo na maneno "Kucheza na madawa ni kucheza na maisha" juu yake|Bango la mwaka 1989 likisisitiza tishio la UKIMWI unaohusiana na kutumia madawa ya kulevya.]] Njia ya pili maarufu zaidi ya usambazaji wa VVU ni kupitia kwa [[damu]] na mazao yake.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Usambazaji wa kupitia damu unaweza kuwa kupitia sindano inayotumiwa na watu wengi wanapoongezwa viowevu mwilini, majeraha ya sindano, kuongezwa damu chafu au mazao ya damu, au kudungwa kwa vifaa visivyotakaswa. Hatari inayotokana na kutumia sindano baina ya watu wengi wakati wa [[kudungwa dawa]] ni kati ya 0.63-2.4% kwa kila kitendo, wastani wake ukiwa 0.8%<ref name=Risk2006>{{cite journal|last=Baggaley|first=RF|coauthors=Boily, MC; White, RG; Alary, M|title=Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2006-04-04|volume=20|issue=6|pages=805–12|pmid=16549963|doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kwa sindano iliyotumiwa na mtu aliyeambukizwa VVU hukadiriwa kuwa 0.3% (takriban mara 1 kwa 133) kwa kila kitendo, ilhali hatari inayofuatia [[tando za ute]] kuingiliana na damu iliyoambukizwa ni 0.09% (takriban 1 kwa 1000) kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=AFP2007>{{cite journal|last=Kripke|first=C|title=Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-08-01_76_3/page/375|journal=American family physician|date=2007-08-01|volume=76|issue=3|pages=375–6|pmid=17708137}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, watu wanaodungwa dawa ndani ya [[misuli]] walichangia 12% ya visa vyote vipya vya VVU mwaka wa 2009, <ref name=TransmissionCDC2012/> huku 80% ya watu katika sehemu fulani wanaodungwa dawa wakiwa wameambukizwa VVU. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/> [[Kuongezewa damu]] iliyoambukizwa huchangia maambukizi kwa takriban 93% ya visa vyote.<ref name=Risk2006/>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi, hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kutokana na kuongezewa damu iko chini sana (chini ya 1 kwa 500,000) ambapo viwango vya juu vya kuchagua mtu atakayetoa damu na pia upimaji VVU hufanywa.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Kule Uingereza, hatari iliyoripotiwa ni 1 kwa milioni 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Will I need a blood transfusion?|work=NHS patient information|year=2011|url=http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf|publisher=National Health Services|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika mataifa yenye mapato ya chini, [[nusu]] tu ya damu inayoongezwa huwa imepimwa vyema (kufikia mwaka wa 2008). <ref name=UN2011Seventy>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 60–70</ref>Inakadiriwa kuwa hadi 15% ya maambukizi ya VVU katika maeneo hayo hutokana na kuongeza damu au mazao ya damu yaliyoambukizwa, hii ikiwa ni asilimia 5 - 10 ya maambukizi ya ulimwengu mzima. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/><ref name=WHO070401>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2001 |url=http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html |title=Blood safety&nbsp;... for too few |accessdate=January 17, 2006 |archivedate=2005-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117092135/http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html }}</ref> Sindano za tiba zisizo salama huchangia pakubwa katika kueneza UKIMWI katika eneo la Kusini kwa Sahara. Mnamo 2007, kati ya 12% na 17% ya maambukizi katika eneo hilo yalichangiwa na matumizi ya sindano hizo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reid|first=SR|title=Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review|journal=Harm reduction journal|date=2009-08-28|volume=6|page=24|pmid=19715601|doi=10.1186/1477-7517-6-24|pmc=2741434}}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linakadiria hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia sindano hizo barani Afrika kuwa 1.2%. Hatari kuu huhusishwa na taratibu vamizi, kusaidiwa kuzaa na utunzaji wa [[meno]] katika sehemu hii ya dunia. Watu wanaochanja au kuchanjwa [[chale]], [[chale za mwili]] na [[kutia kovu]] hudhaniwa kuwa katika hatari ya kuambukizwa, ingawa hakuna visa vilivyothibitishwa ambavyo vimenakiliwa.<ref name=CDCBasics2012>{{cite web|title=Basic Information about HIV and AIDS|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=April 2012}}</ref> Haiwezekani [[mbu]] au wadudu wengine kusambaza VVU. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Einsects/aids.htm|title=Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS [HIV virus&#93;|publisher=Rci.rutgers.edu|date=|accessdate=2010-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm|archivedate=2014-03-29|=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm}}</ref> Mtu anaweza pia kupata VVU kwa kuchanga [[sindano]] na wenzake. Hii ina maana ya kutumia sindano ambayo haijawahi kusafishwa baada ya mtu mwingine kuitumia. Baadhi ya watu ambao, kinyume cha [[sheria]], huchukua madawa ya kulevya kama [[heroin]] na [[cocaine]] huchukua dawa hizo kwa sindano. Baadhi yao wanachanga sindano moja. Kama mmojawao ana virusi ya UKIMWI na anashirikisha sindano yake, anaweza kuambukiza HIV kwa watu wengine. === Mama hadi mtoto === VVU vinaweza kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto wakati wa ujauzito, kuzaa au kunyonyesha.<ref name=Mother2010/><ref name="fluids of transmission">{{cite web|url=http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/|title=Fluids of transmission|date=1 November 2011|work=AIDS.gov|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|accessdate=14 September 2012|archivedate=2013-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403053447/http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/}}</ref> Njia hii ni ya tatu kwa umaarufu wa kusambaza VVU kote duniani.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Bila matibabu, hatari ya kusambazwa wakati wa au baada ya kuzaliwa ni takriban 20%, na 35% kwa watoto wanaonyonya.<ref name=Mother2010/>Kufikia mwaka wa 2008, usambazaji wima ulichangia takriban 90% ya visa vya VVU katika watoto.<ref name=Mother2010/> Hatari ya kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto inaweza kupunguzwa hadi 1% kwa kutumia matibabu mwafaka.<ref name=Mother2010/> Matibabu ya kukinga hujumuisha mama kutumia dawa za kudhibiti virusi wakati wa ujauzito na kuzaa, kuchagua [[kuzaa kwa kupasuliwa]], kutonyonyesha na kumpa mtoto dawa za kudhibiti VVU.<ref name=MTC2007>{{cite journal|last=Thorne|first=C|coauthors=Newell, ML|title=HIV|journal=Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine|date=2007 Jun|volume=12|issue=3|pages=174–81|pmid=17321814|doi=10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.009}}</ref>Hata hivyo, idadi kubwa ya mbinu hizi hazipatikani katika mataifa yanayostawi.<ref name=MTC2007/> Iwapo damu itachafua [[chakula]] wakati wa mtoto kutafuna, itaongeza hatari ya kuambukiza.<ref name=CDCBasics2012/> == VVU na UKIMWI == ===Virusi vyenyewe=== [[File:HI-virion-structure en.svg|thumb|alt= Muundo wa duara ulio na miundo ya rangi ya waridi inayochipuka kutoka kwake, na michoro kadhaa ndani ya duara hii ikionyesha vipengele tofauti vya virusi |Mchoro unaoonyesha muundo wa virusi vya VVU]] VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI. VVU ni [[retrovirusi]] ambavyo hasa huambukiza vipengele vya [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ya binadamu kama vile seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>T, [[makrofaji]] na [[seli za dendraiti]]. Virusi hivi huharibu seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T moja kwa moja au vinginevyo.<ref name=Alimonti>{{Rejea jarida |author=Alimonti JB, Ball TB, Fowke KR | title=Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS | journal=J. Gen. Virol. | year=2003 | pages=1649–1661 | volume=84 | issue=7 | pmid=12810858 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.19110-0}}</ref> VVU ni mshirika wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Lentivirus]]'',<ref name=ICTV61.0.6>{{cite web | author=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] | publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] | year=2002 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418135608/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | title=61.0.6. Lentivirus | accessdate=2012-06-25 | archivedate=2006-04-18 }}</ref> sehemu ya [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya [[Retroviridae]].<ref name=ICTV61.>{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |publisher=National Institutes of Health |year=2002 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |title=61. Retroviridae |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629180810/http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |accessdate=2012-06-25 |archivedate=2006-06-29 }}</ref> Virusi vyote vya lenti huwa na sifa sawa za [[mofolojia (bayolojia)|kimofolojia]] na [[biolojia]]. Spishi nyingi za [[mamalia]] huambukizwa na virusi vya lenti, ambavyo haswa huwa ndivyo visababishi vya maradhi ya muda mrefu yaliyo na [[kipindi cha kupevuka]] kirefu.<ref name=Levy>{{cite journal | author=Lévy, J. A. | title=HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival | journal=AIDS | year=1993 | pages=1401–10| volume=7 | issue=11 | pmid=8280406 | doi=10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001}}</ref>Virusi vya lenti husambazwa kama [[virusi vya RNA]] chanya za uzi mmoja [[hisia]] zilizo ndani ya kigamba. Inapoingia ndani ya seli iliyolengwa, [[jenomu]] ya [[RNA]] ya virusi hugeuzwa (hubadilishwa kinakala) na kuwa [[DNA]] ya nyuzi mbili ambayo husafirishwa pamoja na jenomu ya virusi katika chembe ya virusi vile. DNA ya virusi inayoundika huingia katika kiini cha seli ambapo huchangamana na seli ya DNA kwa kutumia [[integresi]] iliyofasiliwa kama virusi, na pia vipengele husika vya kiini kikuu.<ref name="JASmith">{{cite journal | author= Smith, Johanna A.; Daniel, René (Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Human Virology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia)|title= Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses |journal=ACS Chem Biol|volume=1|issue=4 |pages= 217–26 |year= 2006 |pmid= 17163676 |doi=10.1021/cb600131q |url= }}</ref> Vinapochangamana na DNA ya seli, virusi hivi vinaweza kuingia katika [[kipindi cha kupevuka|awamu fiche]], hivyo kuwezesha virusi hivi pamoja na seli inayovipokea kuepuka kutambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez|first=edited by Miguel Angel|title=RNA interference and viruses : current innovations and future trends|year=2010|publisher=Caister Academic Press|location=Norfolk|isbn=9781904455561|pages=73|url=</ref> Aina mbili [[Aina ndogo za VVU|za VVU]] zimetambulika: VVU-1 na VVU-2. VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III). Virusi hivi vina [[sumu kali]], vyenye [[uambukizaji|kuambukiza]],<ref>{{cite journal | title=Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal | last=Gilbert | first=PB |journal=Statistics in Medicine | date=28 February 2003| volume=22 |issue=4 | pages=573–593 | pmid=12590415 |doi=10.1002/sim.1342 | last2=McKeague | first2=IW | last3=Eisen | first3=G |last4=Mullins | first4=C | last5=Guéye-Ndiaye| first5=A | last6=Mboup | first6=S | last7=Kanki | first7=PJ |display-authors=1}}</ref> na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi. VVU-2 hupatikana zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]] kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa chini wa kuambukiza.<ref name="Reeves">{{cite journal | author=Reeves, J. D. and Doms, R. W | title=Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 | journal=J. Gen. Virol. |year=2002 | pages=1253–65 | volume=83 | issue=Pt 6 | pmid=12029140 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.18253-0}}</ref> [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|alt= Kifaa kikubwa cha duara cha rangi ya buluu, na kifaa chekundu kilichounganishwa nacho. Vifaa vyote viwili vina madoa ya kijani yaliyotapakaa juu yake.|[[Darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi|Mikrografu ya elektroni ya ukaguzi]] wa VVU-1, vya rangi ya kijani, vinavyochipuka kutoka kwa [[limfositi]] iliyokaguliwa.]] Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha [[kugawanyika kwa virusi]], hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni. Katika kipindi cha kwanza cha maambukizi, kiwango cha VVU kinaweza kufika milioni kadhaa za chembe za virusi kwa kila [[mililita]] ya damu.<ref name=Piatak>{{cite journal | author=Piatak, M., Jr, Saag, M. S., Yang, L. C., Clark, S. J., Kappes, J. C., Luk, K. C., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M. and Lifson, J.D. | title=High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR |journal=Science | year=1993 |pages=1749–1754 |volume=259 |issue=5102 | pmid=8096089 | doi=10.1126/science.8096089|bibcode = 1993Sci...259.1749P }}</ref> Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T zinazozunguka. [[Viremia]] kali mara nyingi huhusishwa na kuwezeshwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi|CD8⁺ seli za T]], ambazo huangamiza seli zilizoambukizwa VVU na kisha kuhusishwa na kuzalishwa kwa zindiko, au [[kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya]]. Mwitikio wa seli za CD8⁺ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4⁺ T vikirejea. Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8⁺ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.<ref name=Pantaleo1998>{{cite journal| author=Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, Cohen OJ, Daucher M, Graziosi C, Schnittman SS, Quinn TC, Shaw GM, Perrin L, Tambussi G, Lazzarin A, Sekaly RP, Soudeyns H, Corey L, Fauci AS. | title=The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. | year=1997 |pages=254–258 | volume=94 | issue=1 | pmid=8990195 | doi=10.1073/pnas.94.1.254|pmc=19306|bibcode = 1997PNAS...94..254P }}</ref> Pathofisiolojia ya UKIMWI ni tata.<ref name="pmid8040596">{{Rejea jarida| author=Guss DA| title=The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1| journal=J Emerg Med| volume=12| issue=3|pages=375–84| year=1994| pmid=8040596| doi=10.1016/0736-4679(94)90281-X}}</ref> Mwishowe, VVU husababisha UKIMWI kwa kuharibu [[seli T saidizi|CD4⁺seli za T]]. Hali hii hudhoofisha mfumo wa kingamwili hivyo kuwezesha [[mambukizi vamizi]]. Seli za T ni muhimu kwa mwitikio wa kingamwili, hivyo bila ya seli hizi, mwili hauwezi kukabiliana na maambukizi wala kuharibu seli za saratani. Utendakazi wa kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutofautiana katika awamu kali na za muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid16679064">{{Rejea jarida|author=Hel Z, McGhee JR, Mestecky J |title=HIV infection: first battle decides the war |journal=Trends Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=274–81 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16679064|doi=10.1016/j.it.2006.04.007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-immunology_2006-06_27_6/page/274}}</ref> Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi]] huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T, ingawa [[apoptosi]] pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii. Katika awamu ya muda mrefu, matokeo ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili ukiandamana na udhaifu wa pole pole wa uwezo wa mfumo wa kingamwili kuzalisha seli mpya za T hukisiwa kuchangia kupungua kwa pole pole kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T. <ref>{{cite book|author=Arie J. Zuckerman et al. (eds)|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|page=905|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sC&pg=PA905|edition=6th}}</ref> Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.<ref name="pmid15365095">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Horowitz A, Hurley A, Hogan C, Boden D, Racz P, Markowitz M|title=Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4⁺ T cells from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=761–70 |year=2004 |month=September|pmid=15365095 |doi=10.1084/jem.20041196 |url= |pmc=2211967}}</ref> Sababu ya kiwango hiki kikubwa cha kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T ni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha seli za ute za CD4⁺ T huzalisha protini ya [[CCR5]] inayotumika na VVU kama [[kipokezi kishiriki]] ili kuweza kufikia seli hizo, ilhali kipande kidogo tu cha seli za CD4⁺ T katika mkondo wa damu hufanya hivyo.<ref name="pmid15365096">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, Price DA, Taylor JH, Beilman GJ, Nguyen PL, Khoruts A, Larson M, Haase AT, Douek DC |title=CD4⁺ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6|pages=749–59 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15365096 |doi=10.1084/jem.20040874 |url= |pmc=2211962}}</ref> VVU hutafuta na kuharibu CCR5 inayotolesha seli za CD4⁺ T katika awamu kali ya maambukizi. <ref name=Julio2011>{{cite book|last=editor|first=Julio Aliberti,|title=Control of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Infectious Diseases.|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-0483-5|page=145|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TKMpo5aINVIC&pg=PA145|year=2011}}</ref> Mwitikio mkubwa wa kingamwili hatimaye huyadhibiti maambukizi hayo kisha kuanzisha awamu fiche ya kiutambuzi. Seli za CD4⁺ T katika tishu za ute husalia zikiwa zimeathiriwa sana. <ref name=Julio2011/> Ugawanyikaji endelevu wa VVU husababisha hali ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili, ambao hudumu katika awamu yote ya muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid18161758">{{Rejea jarida|author=Appay V, Sauce D |title=Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences|journal=J. Pathol. |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages=231–41 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18161758 |doi=10.1002/path.2276|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pathology_2008-01_214_2/page/231}}</ref> Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili, ambao hutambulika kwa ongezeko la uwezeshaji wa hali ya seli za kingamwili na kutoleshwa kwa [[saitokini]] inayosababisha inflemesheni, husababishwa na utendakazi wa [[zao la jeni]] na mwitikio wa kingamwili dhidi ya ugawanyikaji wa VVU unaoendelea. Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili pia huhusishwa na kuharibika kwa mfumo wa uchunguzi wa kingamwili wa kizuizi cha ute wa tumbo na utumbo, hali inayosababishwa na kuangamizwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T za ute katika awamu kali ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid17115046">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, Kazzaz Z, Bornstein E, Lambotte O, Altmann D, Blazar BR, Rodriguez B, Teixeira-Johnson L, Landay A, Martin JN, Hecht FM, Picker LJ, Lederman MM, Deeks SG, Douek DC |title=Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1365–71 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17115046|doi=10.1038/nm1511 |url=}}</ref> Hivyo si kila mtu aliye na VVU ana UKIMWI. Wakati watu wanapata VVU, wanaweza kuwa na [[afya]] kwa miaka mpaka akakutwa na aina maalumu ya magonjwa na vipimo vya [[damu]] vikionyesha kuwa ina idadi ndogo sana ya [[seli nyeupe za damu]] ambazo ndizo zinazopambana na maambukizi. Kuna maradhi ambayo kwa kawaida ni ishara kwamba mtu ana UKIMWI kwa kuwa watu wenye afya njema hawapati magonjwa haya, kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga mwilini una nguvu ya kutosha ya kupigana na magonjwa hayo. Hivyo kupata ugonjwa wa aina hiyo ni ishara kwamba mfumo wa kinga umeharibika. Baadhi ya magonjwa hayo ni: * [[Sarkoma ya Kaposi]] - aina ya [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida huathiri [[ngozi]] (mara nyingi husababisha vi[[donda]] vyekundu au [[zambarau]], au ma[[jeraha]] juu ya ngozi). Wakati mwingine huathiri tu ngozi, bali pia mifumo mingine katika mwili. * [[Retinitis]] - [[virusi]] zinashambulia nyuma ya [[jicho]]. * [[Pneumocystis carinii]] ([[kifupi]] PCP) - aina ya [[pneumonia]], [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] ya [[mapafu]]. PCP ni maambukizi ya kawaida kwa wagonjwa wa UKIMWI. * [[Toxoplasmosis]] - ugonjwa unaosababishwa na [[vimelea]], ambao unaweza kusababisha matatizo katika mifumo ya [[ubongo]] na mingine katika mwili. * [[Kansa ya kizazi]] - ambayo huwa inaenea. ==Utambuzi== [[File:Hiv-timecourse.png|thumb|alt=Grafu iliyo na mistari miwili. Mstari wa buluu unapanda kuelekea kulia kisha kushuka kuelekea kushoto huku ukipanda kidogo katikati. Mstari wa pili mwekundu unapanda kutoka sufuri hadi juu sana, kisha kushuka hadi chini halafu kupanda pole pole hadi juu tena |300px| Grafu ya ujumla ya uhusiano wa nakala za VVU (wingi wa virusi) na viwango vya seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T katika wastani wa kipindi cha maambukizi yasiyotibiwa ya VVU.{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|CD4⁺ T Lymphocyte count (cells/mm³)}} {{legend-line|red solid 2px|HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma}}]] VVU hutambuliwa kupitia uchunguzi wa kimaabara kisha kuainishwa kiawamu kwa msingi wa uwepo wa dalili au ishara fulani.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu walio katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa hupendekezwa kupimwa VVU, ikiwa ni pamoja na mtu yeyote aliye na ugonjwa wa zinaa<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika maeneo mengi ya ulimwengu, 1/3 ya watu wenye VVU hutambua kuwa wameambukizwa katika awamu za mwishoni mwa ugonjwa huu wakati UKIMWI au ukosefu mkuu wa kingamwili umekuwa wazi.<ref name=Deut2010/> === Uchunguzi wa VVU === Watu wengi walioambukizwa VVU huzalisha [[zindiko]] maalum (yaani [[uzalishaji zindiko mpya|kuzalisha zindiko mpya]]) katika wiki 3 hadi 12 tangu maambukizi ya kwanza. <ref name=M118/> Utambuzi wa VVU vya kimsingi hufanywa kabla ya kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya kwa kupima [[RNA]] ya VVU au [[antijeni ya P24 #vipimo vya antijeni|antijeni ya p24]].<ref name=M118/> Matokeo chanya yanayopatikana kwa kupima [[msururu wa athari za polima|MAP]] au zindiko huthibitishwa kwa zindiko au MAP tofauti.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Vipimo vya zindiko kwa watoto wa umri wa chini ya miezi 18&nbsp; kwa kawaida huwa kasoro kwa sababu ya uwepo endelevu wa [[Kingamwili Kimya ya Mama#Kingamwili kimya iliyopokezwa kiasilia|zindiko za mama]].<ref name=ChildDiag2010>{{cite journal|last=Kellerman|first=S|coauthors=Essajee, S|title=HIV testing for children in resource-limited settings: what are we waiting for?|journal=PLoS medicine|date=2010 Jul 20|volume=7|issue=7|pages=e1000285|pmid=20652012|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000285|pmc=2907270}}</ref> Kwa hivyo, maambukizi yanaweza kutambulika tu kwa vipimo vya MAP vya VVU, RNA au DNA, au kupitia kupima uwepo wa antijeni ya p24.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Sehemu kubwa ya ulimwengu haina uwezo wa kupata vipimo bora vya MAP huku watu wa sehemu nyingi wakisubiri hadi dalili za watoto wao kuendelea au watoto hao kukua hadi kuwa na uwezo wa kupimwa kikamilifu.<ref name=ChildDiag2010/> Kufikia mwaka wa 2007-2009 katika eneo la Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, kati ya asilimia 30-70 ya watu walikuwa wakifahamu hali yao ya VVU.<ref name=UN2011Eighty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 70–80</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, kati ya asilimia 4-42 ya watu hawa walipimwa. <ref name=UN2011Eighty/> Takwimu hizi zinaonyesha ongezeko kubwa kutoka miaka ya awali.<ref name=UN2011Eighty/> ===Uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU=== Mifumo miwili mikuu ya uainishaji hutumika kuainisha VVU na magonjwa husika kwa ajili ya [[uchunguzi wa magonjwa|uchunguzi]]: mfumo wa uainishaji wa magonjwa wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]],<ref name=WHOCase2007/> na [[mfumo wa VKM]] wa uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name=CDCCase2008/> The [[Vituo vya Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa|VKM]] hutumika zaidi katika mataifa yaliyostawi. Kwa vile mfumo wa uainishaji wa SAD hauhitaji vipimo vya mahabara, mfumo huu ni mwafaka kwa mataifa yanayostawi ambayo kwa kawaida yana upungufu wa vifaa, ambapo unaweza pia kutumika kuongoza udhibiti wa kimatibabu. Ingawa mifumo hii miwili ni tofauti, yote huwezesha ulinganishaji kwa ajili ya malengo ya kitakwimu.<ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=CDCCase2008/> Shirika la Afya Duniani lilipendekeza ufasili wa UKIMWI mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1986.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Tangu hapo, ufasili wa Shirika hili umedurusiwa na kurefushwa mara kadhaa, toleo la hivi karibuni likiwa la mwaka wa 2007. <ref name=WHOCase2007>{{cite book|title=WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children.|pages=6–16|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.pdf|format=PDF|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-159562-9}}</ref> Mfumo wa SAD hutumia vikundi vifuatavyo: * Maambukizi ya kimsingi ya VVU: Yanaweza kuwa bila dalili au yakihusishwa na sindromu kali ya retrovirusi. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya I: Maambikizi ya VVU huwa [[bila dalili]] yakiwa na kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T (ambacho pia huitwa kiwango cha CD4) cha zaidi ya 500/uL.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Maambukizi haya yanaweza kujumuisha kuvimba kwa tezi za mwili wote.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya II: Dalili ndogo zinaweza kuhusisha kiwango cha chini cha kudhihirika kwa [[tando za ute|za tando za ute]] na maambukizi yanayorejea ya [[sehemu ya juu ya njia ya pumzi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya III: Dalili kuu zinazoweza kujumuisha hali ya [[kuharisha]][[ya muda mrefu (kimatibabu)|ya muda mrefu]] isiyo na kisababishi maalum kwa zaidi ya mwezi mmoja, maambukizi makali ya bakteria ikiwa ni pamoja na tiibii ya mapafu na pia kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya IV ya UKIMWI: dalili kali zinazojumuisha [[toksoplasmosi]] ya ubongo, [[ukungu]] wa [[umio]], [[Vetebra ya trakea|trakea]], [[bronkasi| bronkasi]] au [[mapafu]] na [[sakoma ya Kaposi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Kituo cha Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa cha Marekani pia kilianzisha mfumo wa uainishaji wa VVU, kilichoudurusu mwaka wa 2008.<ref name=CDCCase2008>{{cite journal|last=Schneider|first=E|coauthors=Whitmore, S; Glynn, KM; Dominguez, K; Mitsch, A; McKenna, MT; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC)|title=Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years--United States, 2008|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=2008-12-05|volume=57|issue=RR–10|pages=1–12|pmid=19052530}}</ref> Katika mfumo huu, maambukizi ya VVU yameainishwa kulingana na kiwango cha CD4 na dalili za kiutambuzi, <ref name=CDCCase2008/> nayo hueleza maambukizi kwa awamu tatu: *Awamu ya 1: Kiwango cha CD4 cha seli ≥ 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 2: Kiwango cha seli za CD4 200 hadi 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 3: Kiwango cha seli za CD4≤ 200&nbsp;cells/uL au hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI. *Tashwishi: iwapo habari iliyopo haitoshi kufanya uainishaji uliopo juu Kwa sababu za kiuchunguzi, utambuzi wa UKIMWI hubakia iwapo baada ya matibabu kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T kitapanda zaidi ya 200 kwa kila µL ya damu au iwapo maradhi mengine yanayoashiria UKIMWI yataponywa.<ref name="M121"/> == Matibabu == Hakuna tiba au [[chanjo dhidi ya VVU|chanjo]]; hata hivyo, matibabu ya kudhibiti [[virusi]] yanaweza kupunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu na huenda yakapelekea [[urefu]] wa [[maisha]] kuwa karibu na kawaida. Ingawa [[matibabu]] ya kupunguza makali hupunguza hatari ya kifo na matatizo yanayotokana na ugonjwa huu, matibabu haya ni ya bei ghali, hivyo yanaweza kuhusishwa na madhara mbadala. Kuna dawa za kusaidia watu wenye UKIMWI. Hizi zinaitwa ''dawa za kurefusha maisha''. Dawa za kurefusha maisha haziwezi kutibu UKIMWI. Hii ina maana kwamba haziwezi kufanya virusi vyote kuondoka mwili wa mtu. Lakini zinaweza kuwasaidia watu kupambana na virusi vya UKIMWI kwa mifumo yao ya kinga kufanya kazi vizuri zaidi. Hivyo dawa za kurefusha maisha si tiba kabili kwa virusi ya UKIMWI. Watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI ambao huchukua dawa za kurefusha maisha wanaweza kuishi muda mrefu, bila kupata maradhi yanayothibitisha UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, virusi za HIV zisizouawa na dawa hizo hujifunza jinsi ya kupambana nazo na hivyo zinakuwa ''sugu'' kwa dawa hizo. Wakati mwingine VVU ni sugu kwa dawa moja, lakini dawa nyingine inaweza kutumika. Ili kupunguza uwezekano wa upinzani kutokea, watu wenye UKIMWI huchukua dawa zaidi ya moja kwa wakati mmoja. Wanaweza kuchukua madawa 2-4 kwa mara moja. Hii wakati mwingine inaitwa ''cocktail'' ya UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, VVU kujifunza kuwa sugu kwa dawa nyingi. Hapo hakuna zaidi ya kuwatibu. Hivyo [[wanasayansi]] kuendelea kujaribu kupata dawa mpya ya kupambana na VVU. Dawa [[tano]] muhimu za wenye VVU ni: * D4T (stavudine) * 3TC (Lamivudine) * NVP (nevirapine) * AZT (zidovudine) * EFZ (efavirenz) Bila dawa hizo, kwa kawaida mtu mwenye VVU anaweza akaishi miaka 9-11. == Njia za kujikinga na UKIMWI == [[Picha: Red Ribbon.svg|thumb|haki|Utepe mwekundu, ishara ya mapambano dhidi ya UKIMWI.]] [[File:AIDS Clinic, McLeod Ganj, 2010.jpg|thumb|alt=Onyesho la jumba la ghorofa mbili lililo na mabango kadhaa yanayohusiana na kuzuia UKIMWI |Matibabu ya UKIMWI, [[McLeod Ganj]], Himachel Pradesh, India, 2010]] Kuna njia nyingi za watu kupambana na [[janga]] hilo. Kuzuia maambukizi ya VVU, hasa kupitia [[kondomu]] na miradi ya kubadilishabadilisha sindano, ni mikakati mikuu inayotumika kudhibiti kuenea kwa ugonjwa huu. Lakini wengine wanahoji kwamba bila kubadili tabia, [[teknolojia]] peke yake haitaweza kushinda ugonjwa huo. === Chanjo === Njia bora ya kuzuia VVU ni wazo la kuwa na [[chanjo]]. Wanasayansi wengi wanatafuta [[chanjo ya VVU]] ili kuokoa [[uhai]] wa mamilioni ya watu, lakini kufikia mwaka [[2012]], hakuna chanjo mwafaka dhidi ya VVU/UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012|author=UNAIDS|accessdate=2017-04-01|archivedate=2012-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/}}</ref>Jaribio moja la chanjo ya [[RV 144]] iliyotolewa mwaka 2009 lilipelekea kupunguza hatari ya kuambukiza kwa takriban 30%, hivyo kuchochea matarajio ya jamii ya utafiti ya kutengeneza chanjo mwafaka zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reynell|first=L|coauthors=Trkola, A|title=HIV vaccines: an attainable goal?|journal=Swiss medical weekly|date=2012-03-02|volume=142|pages=w13535|pmid=22389197|doi=10.4414/smw.2012.13535}}</ref> Majaribio zaidi ya chanjo ya RV 144 yanaendelea.<ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General| title = HIV Vaccine Trial in Thai Adults| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = March 21, 2011| accessdate = June 28, 2011| url =http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00223080}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General|title = Follow up of Thai Adult Volunteers With Breakthrough HIV Infection After Participation in a Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = June 2, 2010| url =http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00337181}}</ref> ===Kondomu=== Vitendo vya kijinsia ni njia kuu ya kupata VVU. Kama watu wanatumia [[kondomu]] wanapofanya mapenzi, kuna nafasi ndogo zaidi ya kuambukizana VVU, lakini [[ukweli]] kamili ni kwamba hakuna [[ngono salama]] kwa hakika. Matumizi ya [[kondomu]] ya kila mara hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizana UKIMWI kwa takriban 80% katika muda mrefu wa usoni.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crosby|first=R|coauthors=Bounse, S|title=Condom effectiveness: where are we now?|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=10–7|pmid=22348628|doi=10.1071/SH11036}}</ref> Iwapo mwenzi mmoja ameambukizwa, kutumia kondomu kila mara hupelekea viwango vya chini ya 1% kwa mwaka vya huyo mwingine kuambukizwa.<ref name=WHOCondoms>{{cite web| publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month=August |year=2003|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html | title=Condom Facts and Figures|accessdate=January 17, 2006 }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo unaoonyesha kuwa [[kondomu za wanawake]] una kiwango sawa cha kinga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gallo|first=MF|coauthors=Kilbourne-Brook, M; Coffey, PS|title=A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18–26|pmid=22348629|doi=10.1071/SH11037}}</ref> ===Dawa za ukeni=== Kutumia mafuta ya ukeni yanaliyo na [[tenofovir]] muda mfupi kabla ya ngono hukisiwa kupunguza viwango vya maambukizi kwa takriban 40% miongoni mwa wanawake wa Kiafrika.<ref name=VagGel2012>{{cite journal|last=Celum|first=C|coauthors=Baeten, JM|title=Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=51–7|pmid=22156901|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef|pmc=3266126}}</ref> Kinyume na hili, matumizi ya [[spemisidi]] [[nonoxynol-9]] yanaweza kuongeza hatari ya kuambukizwa kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kuleta mwasho wa uke na [[rektamu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baptista|first=M|coauthors=Ramalho-Santos, J|title=Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds|journal=Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry|date=2009-11-01|volume=9|issue=13|pages=1556–67|pmid=20205637|doi=10.2174/138955709790361548}}</ref> ===Tohara=== [[Tohara]] katika eneo la [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] "hupunguza uambukizaji wa VVU katika wanaume wanaohusiana na wanawake kimapenzi kwa kati ya 38% na 66% kwa muda wa miezi 24". <ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Muller, M; Deeks, JJ; Volmink, J|title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-04-15|issue=2|pages=CD003362|pmid=19370585|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Kwa msingi wa tafiti hizi, mashirika ya SAD na UNAIDS yalipendekeza tohara kama mbinu ya kuzuia uambukizaji VVU kutoka kwa mwanamke hadi mwanamume mwaka 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organization |date=Mar 28, 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |accessdate=2017-04-01 |archivedate=2011-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140439/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html }}</ref> Haijabainika wazi iwapo njia hii huzuia uambukizaji kutoka kwa mwanamume hadi mwanamke<ref>{{cite journal|last=Larke|first=N|title=Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nursing_2010-05-27_19_10/page/n11|journal=British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)|date=2010 May 27 – Jun 9|volume=19|issue=10|pages=629–34|pmid=20622758}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Eaton|first=L|coauthors=Kalichman, SC|title=Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2009 Nov|volume=6|issue=4|pages=187–93|pmid=19849961|doi=10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9}}(subscription required)</ref> na iwapo mbinu hii ina manufaa katika [[mataifa yaliyostawi]] na haijabainika miongoni mwa mashoga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=HH|coauthors=Li, PS, Goldstein, M|title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?|journal=Current opinion in urology|date=2010 Nov|volume=20|issue=6|pages=515–9|pmid=20844437|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Templeton|first=DJ|coauthors=Millett, GA, Grulich, AE|title=Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2010 Feb|volume=23|issue=1|pages=45–52|pmid=19935420|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Wiysonge | first1 = CS. | last2 = Kongnyuy | first2 = EJ. | last3 = Shey | first3 = M. | last4 = Muula | first4 = AS.|last5 = Navti | first5 = OB. | last6 = Akl | first6 = EA. | last7 = Lo | first7 = YR. | title = Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 6 | pages = CD007496 | month = | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2 | pmid = 21678366 | editor1-last = Wiysonge |editor1-first = Charles Shey }}</ref> Baadhi ya wataalamu wanahofia kuwa dhana ya kiwango cha chini cha hatari miongoni mwa wanaume waliotahiriwa inaweza kupelekea mienendo hatari zaidi, hivyo wanapinga faida ya mbinu hii katika kukinga.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Eaton LA, Kalichman S |title=Risk compensation in HIV prevention: implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies |journal=Curr HIV/AIDS Rep |volume=4 |issue=4|pages=165–72 |year=2007|month=December|pmid=18366947|pmc=2937204 |doi=10.1007/s11904-007-0024-7}}</ref> Wanawake waliofanyiwa [[ukeketaji]] wana hatari zaidi ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Utz-Billing I, Kentenich H|title=Female genital mutilation: an injury, physical and mental harm |journal=J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol|volume=29|issue=4 |pages=225–9|year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19065392 |doi=10.1080/01674820802547087 |url=}}</ref> ===Mawaidha na elimu=== Njia muhimu ya kuzuia VVU/UKIMWI ni [[elimu]] kwa kuwa hiyo inawezesha kuelewa maana ya [[jinsia]] na kukwepa sababu za maambukizi yake. Ni kwamba watu wanaweza kupata VVU kutokana na [[ngono]] na kutokana na [[damu]]. Watoto wanaweza pia kupata VVU kutoka kwa [[mama]] zao (wakati wa kukua ndani ya akina mama wajawazito na wakati wa kunyonya [[maziwa]] ya mama.) Kuna baadhi ya watu ambao hawataki watu wajue kuhusu kondomu na sindano safi, au hawataki wawe na kondomu au sindano safi. Hao wanaamini kuwa watu wakijua kuhusu kondomu na kuwa na kondomu watafanya ngono zaidi na hivyo kuzidisha maambukizi badala ya kuyapunguza kwa sababu kinga hiyo si madhubuti. Vilevile wanaamini kuwa watu wakiwa na sindano safi watatumia dawa za kulevya zaidi. Wengi wa wanaodhani hivyo ni pia kwa sababu ya [[dini]] zao kukataza [[uzinifu]] na [[ulevi]] kama tabia zinazoharibu binadamu binafsi na jamii kwa jumla. Hao huhimiza [[upendo]] na [[uaminifu]] katika [[ndoa]], [[usafi wa moyo]] na utunzaji wa afya. Miradi inayohimiza [[kujinyima ngono]] haijatambulika inaathiri vipi hatari ya kupata VVU.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P |title= Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages= CD005421|year=2008|pmid= 17943855|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005421/frame.html|editor1-last= Operario|editor1-first= Don}}</ref> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya [[elimu ya rika]] pia hautoshi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tolli|first=MV|title=Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies|journal=Health education research|date=2012-05-28|pmid=22641791|doi=10.1093/her/cys055}}</ref> [[Elimu ya ngono]] inayotolewa [[Shule|shuleni]] inaweza kupunguza mitindo hatari,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ljubojević|first=S|coauthors=Lipozenčić, J|title=Sexually transmitted infections and adolescence|journal=Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC|year=2010|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–10|pmid=21251451}}</ref> lakini inaweza pia kuchochea wanafunzi wakajaribu wenyewe ngono. [[Vijana]] wengi wanajihusisha katika vitendo hatari licha ya kufahamu kuhusu VVU/UKIMWI, huku wakipuuza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name="Patel2008">{{Rejea jarida| author=Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH | title=Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults | journal=Am J Med | year=2008 | pages=758–764 |volume=121|issue=4 | pmid=18724961 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022 | pmc=2597652 }}</ref> ===Dawa kabla ya hatari=== Asilimia 96 ya watu walikingwa dhidi ya maambukizi iwapo wenzi wao walioambukizwa walipata mapema dawa za kudhibiti VVU<ref>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Pages/HPTN052.aspx "Treating HIV-infected People with Antiretrovirals Protects Partners from Infection"], NIH News, 2011 May</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Anglemyer|first=A|coauthors=Rutherford, GW; Baggaley, RC; Egger, M; Siegfried, N|title=Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-08-10|issue=8|pages=CD009153|pmid=21833973|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub2|editor1-last=Rutherford|editor1-first=George W}}</ref> Proflaksisi ya kabla ya hatari pamoja na kipimo cha kila siku cha dawa ya [[tenofovir]] (ikiwa na au bila [[emtricitabine]]) ni mwafaka kwa vikundi fulani, ikijumuisha: mashoga, wachumba wa wenye VVU na vijana wa Afrika wanaovutiwa na watu wa jinsia tofauti. <ref name=VagGel2012/> Hadhari za jumla katika mandhari ya utunzaji wa afya zinaaminika kufaulu kupunguza hatari ya VVU.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings|journal=MMWR|volume=36 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=1S–18S |year=1987|month=August|pmid=3112554|url=http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/PREVIEW/MMWRHTML/00023587.htm |author1= Centers for Disease Control (CDC)}}</ref> Matumizi ya dawa zinazodungwa mishipani ni kipengele muhimu cha hatari, hivyo mikakati ya [[kupunguza madhara]] kama vile [[miradi ya kubadilisha sindano]] na [[matibabu ya kubadilisha opioidi]] yanaonekana kufaulu kupunguza hatari.<ref name=Kurth2011>{{cite journal|last=Kurth|first=AE|coauthors=Celum, C; Baeten, JM; Vermund, SH; Wasserheit, JN|title=Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2011 Mar|volume=8|issue=1|pages=62–72|pmid=20941553|doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3|pmc=3036787}}</ref> ===Dawa baada ya hatari=== Vipimo vya dawa za kudhibiti VVU zinazotolewa kati ya saa 48 hadi 72 baada ya hatari kwa damu yenye VVU au viowevu vya uzazi hujulikana kama proflaksisi ya baada ya hatari.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Matumizi ya dawa moja ya [[zidovudine]] hupunguza mara tano hatari ya kupata VVU kutokana na jeraha la sindano.<ref name=Prevention2012>{{cite journal |author= |title=HIV exposure through contact with body fluids |journal=Prescrire Int|volume=21 |issue=126 |pages=100–1, 103–5 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22515138 |doi= |url= |author1= [No authors listed]}}</ref> Matibabu hupendekezwa baada ya [[ubakaji]] iwapo mshukiwa anatambulika kuwa na VVU lakini yanakumbwa na utata iwapo hali yake haijulikani.<ref name=NEJM2011Sex>{{cite journal|last=Linden|first=JA|title=Clinical practice. Care of the adult patient after sexual assault|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-09-01_365_9/page/834|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-09-01|volume=365|issue=9|pages=834–41|pmid=21879901|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1102869}}</ref> Taratibu za matibabu ya sasa hutumia [[lopinavir/ritonavir]] na [[lamivudine/zidovudine]] au [[emtricitabine/tenofovir]] na yanaweza kupunguza hatari zaidi.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Kwa kawaida, muda wa matibabu huwa wiki nne <ref name=CochranePEP2007>{{cite journal|last=Young|first=TN|coauthors=Arens, FJ; Kennedy, GE; Laurie, JW; Rutherford, G|title=Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2007-01-24|issue=1|pages=CD002835|pmid=17253483|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3|editor1-last=Young|editor1-first=Taryn}}</ref>na mara nyingi huhusishwa na athari kali (zidovudine ikiwa na takriban 70% ya visa, ikijumuisha 24% kichefuchefu, 22% uchovu, 13% mafadhaiko na 9% maumivu ya kichwa.<ref name=AFP2007/> === Kuzuia maambukizi ya mama kwa mtoto === Hatua za kuzuia kusambaza VVU kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto zinaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa asilimia 92-99.<ref name=Mother2010>{{cite journal|last=Coutsoudis|first=A|coauthors=Kwaan, L; Thomson, M|title=Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=2010 Oct|volume=8|issue=10|pages=1163–75|pmid=20954881|doi=10.1586/eri.10.94}}</ref><ref name=Kurth2011/> Kimsingi, hatua hizi hujumuisha kutumia mwungano wa dawa za kudhibiti VVU katika ujauzito na baada ya kuzaa, na pia [[kunywesha kwa chupa]] badala ya [[kunyonyesha]].<ref name=Mother2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=van der Merwe, L; Brocklehurst, P; Sint, TT|title=Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-07-06|issue=7|pages=CD003510|pmid=21735394|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref>Ikiwa itakubaliwa kulisha, inafaidi, inawezekana kumudu gharama yake, na ni salama, kina mama hawapaswi kuwanyonyesha watoto wao. Hata hivyo, iwapo haiwezekani, kina mama hushauriwa kunyonyesha tu katika miezi ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |format=PDF |year=2006 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |title=WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV – Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants –Consensus statement |date=October 25–27, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065845/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |archivedate=2008-04-09 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Ikiwa kunyonyesha pekee kutatekelezwa, kumpa mtoto proflaksisi ya kudhibiti VVU kwa muda mrefu zaidi hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Horvath|first=T|coauthors=Madi, BC; Iuppa, IM; Kennedy, GE; Rutherford, G; Read, JS|title=Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-01-21|issue=1|pages=CD006734|pmid=19160297|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2|editor1-last=Horvath|editor1-first=Tara}}</ref> ===Dawa za kudhibiti virusi === [[File:Abacavir (Ziagen) 300mg.jpg|thumb|alt=Tembe mbili za manjano za umbo la mstatili ambapo mojawapo ya alama za GX623 inaonekana|''[[Abacavir]]'' – kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN)]] Kwa sasa hakuna tiba au [[chanjo ya VVU]] mwafaka. Matibabu hujumuisha dawa tendi za kudhibiti VVU za kiwango cha juu zinazopunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu.<ref name=LE2011>{{cite journal|last=May|first=MT|coauthors=Ingle, SM|title=Life expectancy of HIV-positive adults: a review|journal=Sexual health|date=2011 Dec|volume=8|issue=4|pages=526–33|pmid=22127039|doi=10.1071/SH11046}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2010, zaidi ya watu milioni 6.6&nbsp; wa nchi za mapato ya chini na ya kati walikuwa wakitumia dawa hizo.<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Matibabu pia huhusisha hatua za kuzuia na kutibu maambukizi nyemelezi. Chaguo za kisasa za KNKN ni michanganyiko ya angalau dawa tatu za angalau aina au "vikundi" viwili vya ajenti za [[dawa za kudhibiti VVU]].<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwanzoni, matibabu kwa kawaida huhusisha kizuizi kisicho cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KKNKN) pamoja na vidonge viwili vya kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> KNKN kwa kawaida hujumuisha: [[zidovudine]] (AZT) au [[tenofovir]] (TDF) na [[lamivudine]] (3TC) au [[emtricitabine]] (FTC).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwungano wa ajenti zinazojumuisha kizuizi cha protisi (KP) hutumika utaratibu huu ukipoteza utendakazi.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Wakati wa kuanzisha matumizi ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU ni mada ambayo ingali inajadiliwa.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sax|first=PE|coauthors=Baden, LR|title=When to start antiretroviral therapy—ready when you are?|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2009-04-30|volume=360|issue=18|pages=1897–9|pmid=19339713|doi=10.1056/NEJMe0902713}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani, miongozo ya [[Ulaya]] na pia Marekani hupendekeza dawa za kudhibiti VVU kwa vijana waliobalehe, watu wazima na kina mama wajawazito walio na kiwango cha CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL au walio na dalili, bila kuzingatia kiwango chao cha CD4.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159976-4|pages=19–20|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709184257/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>Hali hii huwezeshwa na ukweli kwamba kuanzisha matibabu wakati huu hupunguza hatari ya kifo.<ref name=CochraneART2010>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Uthman, OA; Rutherford, GW|title=Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-03-17|issue=3|pages=CD008272|pmid=20238364|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008272.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Isitoshe, Marekani imependekeza matibabu hayo kwa watu wote wenye VVU bila kuzingatia kiwango cha CD4 au dalili, ingawa inatoa pendekezo hili ikiwahofia watu wenye kiwango cha juu cha CD4.<ref name=Guidelines2009>{{cite book|last=Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents|first=|title=Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|date=2009-12-01|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|page=i|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2009-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181125/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani pia linapendekeza matibabu kwa watu wenye maambukizi nyongeza ya kifua kikuu na [[hepatitisi B]] tendi ya muda mrefu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Matibabu yanapoanzishwa, inapendekezwa yaendelezwe bila "kupumzika".<ref name=Deut2010/> Watu wengi hutambuliwa punde tu baada ya wakati ambao matibabu yalipaswa kuanzishwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika matibabu, matokeo yanayotarajiwa ni kiwango cha HIV-RNA ya plasma ya muda mrefu cha chini ya nakala 50/mL.<ref name=Deut2010>{{cite journal|last=Vogel|first=M|coauthors=Schwarze-Zander, C; Wasmuth, JC; Spengler, U; Sauerbruch, T; Rockstroh, JK|title=The treatment of patients with HIV|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt international|date=2010 Jul|volume=107|issue=28–29|pages=507–15; quiz 516|pmid=20703338|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507|pmc=2915483}}</ref>Viwango vya kuthibitisha ikiwa matibabu ni mwafaka hupendekezwa kwanza baada ya wiki nne na punde viwango hivi vinaposhuka chini ya nakala 50/mL. Vipimo vya kila baada ya miezi 3-6 kwa kawaida huwa mwafaka.<ref name=Deut2010/> Udhibiti usio mwafaka huchukuliwa kuwa zaidi ya nakala 400/mL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kulingana na kigezo hiki, matibabu huwa mwafaka kwa zaidi ya 95% ya watu katika mwaka wa kwanza.<ref name=Deut2010/> Manufaa ya matibabu hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kuendelezwa kwa VVU na kupunguka kwa hatari ya kifo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=When To Start|first=Consortium|coauthors=Sterne, JA; May, M; Costagliola, D; de Wolf, F; Phillips, AN; Harris, R; Funk, MJ; Geskus, RB; Gill, J; Dabis, F; Miró, JM; Justice, AC; Ledergerber, B; Fätkenheuer, G; Hogg, RS; Monforte, AD; Saag, M; Smith, C; Staszewski, S; Egger, M; Cole, SR|title=Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies|journal=Lancet|date=2009-04-18|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1352–63|pmid=19361855|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60612-7|pmc=2670965}}</ref>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi matibabu pia huboresha afya ya mwili na ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beard|first=J|coauthors=Feeley, F; Rosen, S|title=Economic and quality of life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in developing countries: a systematic literature review|journal=AIDS care|date=2009 Nov|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1343–56|pmid=20024710|doi=10.1080/09540120902889926}}</ref> Matibabu hupelekea kupunguza kwa 70% hatari ya kupata kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Manufaa ya nyongeza hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kusambazwa kwa ugonjwa huu hadi kwa wenzi kingono, na upungufu wa kusambazwa kwa maambukizi kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto. <ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Ubora wa matibabu hutegemea pakubwa maafikiano.<ref name=Deut2010/> Sababu za kutoafikiana hujumuisha: ufikiaji duni wa huduma za kimatibabu,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orrell|first=C|title=Antiretroviral adherence in a resource-poor setting|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2005 Nov|volume=2|issue=4|pages=171–6|pmid=16343374|doi=10.1007/s11904-005-0012-8}}</ref>huduma duni za kijamii, [[ugonjwa wa akili]] na [[uraibu wa madawa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Malta|first=M|coauthors=Strathdee, SA; Magnanini, MM; Bastos, FI|title=Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_2008-08_103_8/page/1242|journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England)|date=2008 Aug|volume=103|issue=8|pages=1242–57|pmid=18855813|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02269.x}}</ref> Isitoshe, utata wa utaratibu wa matibabu (kufuatia idadi ya tembe na idadi ya marudio ya kumeza tembe) na [[athari kali]] zinaweza kusababisha kutoafikiana kwa kimakusudi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Marconi, VC; van Zyl, GU; Gardner, EM; Preiser, W; Hong, SY; Mills, EJ; Gross, R|title=HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts|journal=Infectious disorders drug targets|date=2011 Apr|volume=11|issue=2|pages=167–74|pmid=21406048}}</ref>Hata hivyo, viwango vya uafikiano ni sawa katika nchi zinazostawi na zilizostawi<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Mills, EJ; Schechter, M|title=Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jan|volume=5|issue=1|pages=70–7|pmid=20046150|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e328333ad61}}</ref> Matukio makuu huhusishwa na ajenti inayotumika.<ref name=Montessori2004/> Baadhi ya visa vinavyotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[lipodistrofi inayohusishwa na VVU|sindromu ya lipodistofi]], [[dislipidemia]] na [[kisukari tamu]] hasa pamoja na vizuizi vya protisi.<ref name=M121/> Dalili zingine zinazotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[kuhara]],<ref name=Montessori2004>{{cite journal| author=Montessori, V., Press, N., Harris, M., Akagi, L., Montaner, J. S. |title=Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection | journal=CMAJ |year=2004 | pages=229–238 |volume=170 | issue=2 |pmid=14734438 | pmc=315530}}</ref><ref name="Burgoyne2008">{{Rejea jarida|author=Burgoyne RW, Tan DH|title=Prolongation and quality of life for HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a balancing act|journal=J. Antimicrob. Chemother. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=469–73|year=2008 |month=March|pmid=18174196|doi=10.1093/jac/dkm499</ref> na ongezeko la hatari ya [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barbaro|first=G|coauthors=Barbarini, G|title=Human immunodeficiency virus & cardiovascular risk|journal=The Indian journal of medical research|date=2011 Dec|volume=134|issue=6|pages=898–903|pmid=22310821|doi=10.4103/0971-5916.92634|pmc=3284097}}</ref> Hata hivyo, athari kali huwa katika matibabu mapya yaliyopendekezwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Gharama huenda ikawa tatizo kwani baadhi ya dawa huwa ghali<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orsi|first=F|coauthors=d'almeida, C|title=Soaring antiretroviral prices, TRIPS and TRIPS flexibilities: a burning issue for antiretroviral treatment scale-up in developing countries|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 May|volume=5|issue=3|pages=237–41|pmid=20539080|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833860ba}}</ref>. Hata hivyo, hadi mwaka wa 2010, 47% ya watu waliohitaji dawa hizo walikuwa wakizitumia katika nchi zinazostawi na za mapato ya wastani<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Dawa fulani zinaweza kuhusishwa na [[ulemavu wa kuzaliwa]] hivyo hazifai kutumiwa na wanawake wanaopanga kupata watoto.<ref name=Deut2010/> Matibabu yanayopendekezewa watoto hutofautiana kidogo na ya watu wazima. Katika nchi zinazoendelea, kufikia mwaka wa 2010, 23% ya watoto waliohitaji dawa hizi walikuwa wakizitumia.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY>UNAIDS 2011 uk. 150-160</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani na Marekani inapendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wote wa umri wa chini ya miezi 12.<ref name=USKID2011/><ref name=WHOKID2010>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159980-1|page=2|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2014-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224081130/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Marekani hupendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wa umri wa mwaka 1-5 walio na kiwango cha VVU-RNA cha zaidi ya nakala 100,000&nbsp;/mL na kwa walio zaidi ya miaka mitano watibiwe iwapo kiwango cha CD4 ni chini ya 500/ul.<ref name=USKID2011>{{cite web|title=Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf|work=The Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children|format=PDF|date=Aug 11,2011|accessdate=2017-04-01|archivedate=2013-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214548/http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf}}</ref> ===Kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi=== Mikakati ya kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi hufaa watu wengi wenye VVU/UKIMWI. Matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti virusi huboresha na kupunguza hatari ya kupata maambukizi nyemelezi kwa wakati huo na baadaye.<ref name=Montessori2004/>[[Chanjo]] dhidi ya [[hepatitisi]] A na B hupendekezwa kwa watu walio katika hatari ya VVU kabla ya maambukizi, ingawa yanaweza kutolewa baada ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Laurence>{{Rejea jarida | author=Laurence J | title=Hepatitis A and B virus immunization in HIV-infected persons | journal=AIDS Reader | year=2006 | pages=15–17 | volume=16 | issue=1|pmid=16433468}}</ref> Kinga ya [[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] kati ya wiki 4-6 na kukoma kunyonyesha watoto waliozaliwa na mama mwenye VVU hupendekezwa katika sehemu zenye upungufu wa raslimali.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Pia inapendekezwa kuzuia PCP kiwango cha CD4 kikiwa chini ya 200&nbsp;/uL na kwa wenye PCP au waliokuwa nayo awali.<ref name=PCP2011>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=L|coauthors=Cattamanchi, A; Davis, JL; den Boon, S; Kovacs, J; Meshnick, S; Miller, RF; Walzer, PD; Worodria, W; Masur, H; International HIV-associated Opportunistic Pneumonias (IHOP), Study; Lung HIV, Study|title=HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|date=2011 Jun|volume=8|issue=3|pages=294–300|pmid=21653531|doi=10.1513/pats.201009-062WR|pmc=3132788}}</ref> Watu wenye ugandamizaji wa kingamwili pia hushauriwa kupata kinga ya [[toksoplasmosisi]] na [[Kriptokokasi|Meninjitisi ya kriptokokasi]].<ref name=PEPpocketguide>{{cite web | publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] | date=February 2, 2007 | url=http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=14&doc_id=6223&string=infected+AND+patients | title=Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. | accessdate=2017-04-01 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx | archivedate=2012-12-12 | =https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx }}</ref> Mikakati mwafaka ya kinga imepunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa 50% katika miaka 1992-1997.<ref name=InfectionBook2008/> ===Matibabu mbadala=== Takriban 60% ya watu wenye VVU nchini Marekani hutumia mbinu mbalimbali za [[matibabu mbadala]].<ref name="pmid18608078">{{Rejea jarida|author=Littlewood RA, Vanable PA |title=Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care |journal=AIDS Care |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1002–18 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18608078 |pmc=2570227|doi=10.1080/09540120701767216 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2008-09_20_8/page/1002}}</ref> Ubora wa matibabu hayo hata hivyo haujathibitishwa.<ref name="pmid15969772">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mills E, Wu P, Ernst E |title=Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=395–403 |year=2005|month=June |pmid=15969772 |doi=10.1258/0956462054093962 |url=}}</ref> Kwa kuzingatia [[Lishe na VVU/UKIMWI|ushauri wa kilishe na UKIMWI]], kuna ushahidi unaoonyesha manufaa ya nyongeza za [[virutubishi vidogo]].<ref name="Irlam"/> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya nyongeza za [[seleniamu]] unaonyesha kuwa manufaa yake si mengi sana.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=CA|coauthors=Kawai, K; Kupka, R; Fawzi, WW|title=Role of selenium in HIV infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2010-11_68_11/page/671|journal=Nutrition Reviews|date=2010 Nov|volume=68|issue=11|pages=671–81|pmid=20961297|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x|pmc=3066516}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuwa nyongeza ya [[vitamini A]] kwa watoto hupunguza vifo na kuboresha ukuaji.<ref name=Irlam/> Nyongeza ya [[vitamini]] nyingi kwa kina mama wajawazito wenye [[lishe duni]] na wanaonyonyesha imeboresha [[afya]] ya kina mama na watoto barani Afrika<ref name=Irlam>{{cite journal|last=Irlam|first=JH|coauthors=Visser, MM; Rollins, NN; Siegfried, N|title=Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-12-08|issue=12|pages=CD003650|pmid=21154354|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub3|editor1-last=Irlam|editor1-first=James H}}</ref> Kutumia virutubishi vidogo ndani ya lishe katika viwango vya [[Kiwango cha Matumizi ya kila Siku|KMS]] kwa watu wazima wenye VVU kumependekezwa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Forrester|first=JE|coauthors=Sztam, KA|title=Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations?|journal=The American journal of clinical nutrition|date=2011 Dec|volume=94|issue=6|pages=1683S–1689S|pmid=22089440|doi=10.3945/ajcn.111.011999|pmc=3226021}}</ref><ref name='WHO_nutrients'>{{Rejea kitabu | last = [[World Health Organization]] | title = Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation | date = 2003-05 | location = Geneva | url = http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | id = | isbn = | accessdate = March 31, 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030154/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | archivedate = 2009-03-25 | deadurl = no }}</ref> SAD linasema kuwa [[takwimu]] kadhaa zimeonyesha nyongeza ya vitamini A, zinki na ayoni inaweza kuwaathiri pakubwa watu wazima walio na VVU.<ref name='WHO_nutrients' /> Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha manufaa ya [[miti shamba]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Liu JP, Manheimer E, Yang M|title=Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=3 |pages=CD003937|year=2005 |pmid=16034917 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003937.pub2|url=|editor1-last=Liu|editor1-first=Jian Ping}}</ref> ==Matarajio ya kuishi== [[File:HIV-AIDS world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Idadi ya vifo kutokana na UKIMWI kati ya watu milioni 1 mwaka 2012 {{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ffe820|1–4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5–12}}{{legend|#ffc020|13–34}}{{legend|#ffa020|35–61}}{{legend|#ff9a20|62–134}}{{legend|#f08015|135–215}}{{legend|#e06815|216–458}}{{legend|#d85010|459-1,402}}{{legend|#d02010|1,403–5,828}}{{refend}}]] [[File:HIV-AIDS world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Alt=Ramani ya ulimwengu ambapo sehemu yake kubwa ni ya rangi ya manjano au ya chungwa isipokuwa Kusini kwa Sahara ambapo kuna rangi nyekundu au nyekundu nzito|[[Miaka ya kulemaza]] ya VVU kwa kila wakaazi 100,000&nbsp; kufikia 2004. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|<small>no data</small>}} {{legend|#ffff65|<small>≤&nbsp;10</small>}} {{legend|#fff200|<small>10–25</small>}} {{legend|#ffdc00|<small>25–50</small>}} {{legend|#ffc600|<small>50–100</small>}} {{legend|#ffb000|<small>100–500</small>}} {{legend|#ff9a00|<small>500–1000</small>}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|<small>1000–2500</small>}} {{legend|#ff6e00|<small>2500–5000</small>}} {{legend|#ff5800|<small>5000–7500</small>}} {{legend|#ff4200|<small>7500-10000</small>}} {{legend|#ff2c00|<small>10000-50000</small>}} {{legend|#cb0000|<small>≥&nbsp;50000</small>}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Katika sehemu nyingi ulimwenguni UKIMWI umekuwa [[ugonjwa wa muda mrefu]], si ugonjwa mkali tu.<ref name=Knoll2007/> [[Prognosi]] ni tofauti katika watu mbalimbali, na kiwango cha CD4 pamoja na wingi wa virusi huwa muhimu katika kutabiri matokeo.<ref name=M118/> Wastani wa muda wa kuishi baada ya kuambukizwa unakadiriwa kuwa kati ya miaka 9-1&nbsp; bila matibabu, ikitegemea aina ya VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2007>{{cite web| author = [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month = December| year = 2007| title = 2007 AIDS epidemic update| url = http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf| accessdate = 2008-03-12| format = PDF| archivedate = 2008-05-27| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf}}</ref> Baada ya utambuzi wa UKIMWI, iwapo matibabu hayapo, uwezo wa kuishi huwa kati ya miezi 6-19.<ref name=Morgan2>{{Rejea jarida | author=Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA| title=HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries? | journal=AIDS | year=2002 | pages=597–632 | volume=16 | issue=4 | pmid=11873003 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200203080-00011}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: update of literature review and evidence synthesis|author=Zwahlen M, Egger M|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|format=PDF|year=2006|accessdate=March 19, 2008|version=UNAIDS Obligation HQ/05/422204|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065844/http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|archivedate=2008-04-09|deadurl=no|journal=}}</ref> [[KKNKN]] na uzuiaji mwafaka wa Maambukizi nyemelezi hupunguza kima cha vifo kwa 80% na kuongeza matarajio ya urefu wa maisha hadi miaka 20-50 kwa mtu mzima wa kimo aliyetambuliwa na maambukizi karibuni.<ref name=Knoll2007>{{cite journal |journal= Int J Dermatol |year=2007 |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1219–28 |title= Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians |author= Knoll B, Lassmann B, Temesgen Z|pmid=18173512|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03520.x}}</ref><ref name=LifeExpecr2008>{{cite journal |journal= Lancet|year=2008 |volume=372|issue=9635 |pages=293–9 |title=Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies | author= Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration |pmid=18657708 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61113-7 |pmc= 3130543 }}</ref><ref name=Schack2006>{{cite journal | author=Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, Losina E, Muccio T, Sax PE, Weinstein MC, Seage GR 3rd, Moore RD, Freedberg KA. |title=The lifetime cost of current HIV care in the United States | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-care_2006-11_44_11/page/990 | journal=Med Care | year=2006 |pages=990–997 | volume=44 | issue=11 | pmid=17063130 |doi=10.1097/01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a}}</ref> Hii ni kati ya 2/3<ref name=LifeExpecr2008/> na karibu na kiwango cha umma.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=van Sighem|first=AI|coauthors=Gras, LA; Reiss, P; Brinkman, K; de Wolf, F; ATHENA national observational cohort, study|title=Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2010-06-19|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1527–35|pmid=20467289|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3946}}</ref> Matibabu huwa hayafaulu yanapoanzishwa yakiwa yamechelewa katika prognosi,<ref name=Deut2010/> kwa mfano, matibabu yakianzishwa kufuatia utambuzi katika kiwango cha UKIMWI, matarajio ya urefu wa maisha huwa miaka~10–40.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=Knoll2007/> Wasipotibiwa, nusu ya watoto wachanga wanaozaliwa na VVU hufa kabla ya miaka miwili.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Sababu kuu ya vifo vinavyotokana na VVU/UKIMWI ni [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] na [[saratani]] ambayo mara nyingi hutokana na matatizo endelevu ya mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=InfectionBook2008>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=[edited by] Blaine T.|title=Concepts in immunology and immunotherapeutics|year=2008|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|location=Bethesda, Md.|isbn=978-1-58528-127-5|page=143|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=G46DrdlxNJAC&pg=PA143|edition=4th}}</ref><ref name=Cancer2005>{{cite journal|last=Cheung|first=MC|coauthors=Pantanowitz, L; Dezube, BJ|title=AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy|journal=The oncologist|date=2005 Jun–Jul|volume=10|issue=6|pages=412–26|pmid=15967835|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-412}}</ref> Hatari ya saratani huonekana kuongezeka ikiwa kiwango cha CD4 kitashuka chini ya 500/uL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kiwango cha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa wa kiutambuzi hutofautiana pakubwa katika watu mbalimbali na kimedhihirika kuathiriwa na vipengele kadhaa, kama vile uhatarisho na utendaji wa kingamwili;<ref name=Tang>{{Rejea jarida | author=Tang J, Kaslow RA | title=The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy | journal=AIDS | year=2003 |pages=S51–S60 | volume=17 | issue=Suppl 4 | pmid=15080180 | doi=10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006}}</ref> uwezo wa kufikia [[huduma ya afya]] na uwepo wa [[maambukizi pacha]];<ref name=Morgan2/><ref name=Lawn>{{cite journal | author=Lawn SD |title=AIDS in Africa: the impact of co-infections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection | journal=J. Infect. Dis. |year=2004 | pages=1–12 |volume=48 | issue=1| pmid=14667787</ref> pamoja na aina ya (au za) virusi husika.<ref name=Campbell>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR |title=The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2004 |pages=48197–48204 | volume=279 | issue=46 | pmid=15331610 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M406195200 | author-separator=, |author2=Pasquier E | author3=Watkins J | display-authors=3 | last4=Bourgarel-Rey | first4=V | last5=Peyrot | first5=V |last6=Esquieu | first6=D | last7=Barbier | first7=P | last8=De Mareuil | first8=J | last9=Braguer |first9=D}}</ref><ref name=Campbell2>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR, Watkins JD, Esquieu D, Pasquier E, Loret EP, Spector SA | title=The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2005 | pages=38376–39382 | volume=280 | issue=46 |pmid=16155003 | doi=10.1074/jbc.M506630200}}</ref> Maambukizi pacha ya [[kifua kikuu]] ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya vifo vya watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI, huku yakipatikana katika 1/3 ya watu walioambukizwa VVU na husababisha 25% ya vifo vinavyohusiana na VVU.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|work=Fact sheet 104|publisher=World Health Organization|date=March 2012|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> VVU pia ni kipengele kikuu zaidi cha hatari ya kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite web|title=Global tuberculosis control 2011|author=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|year=2011|ISBN=978 92 4 156438 0|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> [[Hepatitisi C]] ni maambukizi mengine pacha yanayotokea mara nyingi, ambapo kila ugonjwa huongeza uendeleaji wa ugonjwa mwingine<ref>{{cite book|last=Pennsylvania|first=Editors, Raphael Rubin, M.D., Professor of Pathology, David S. Strayer, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Founder and Consulting Editor, Emanuel Rubin, M.D., Gonzalo Aponte Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,|title=Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-60547-968-2|page=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA154|edition=Sixth|year=2011}}</ref> Saratani zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi ambazo huhusishwa na VVU ni [[sakoma ya Kaposi]] na [[limfoma isiyo ya Hodgkin]].<ref name=Cancer2005/> Hata wakitibiwa kwa dawa za kudhibiti VVU, watu walio na VVU huenda wakakumbwa na [[matatizo ya kiniuroni ya ufahamu]],<ref name="Woods2009">{{cite pmid|19462243 }}</ref> [[osteoporosi]],<ref name="Brown2006">{{cite pmid|17086056}}</ref> [[nuropathia ya pembeni|nuropathia]],<ref name="Nicholas2007">{{Rejea jarida|author=Nicholas PK|title=Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS |journal=AIDS Care | volume=19|issue=2|pages=179–89 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17364396|doi=10.1080/09540120600971083|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2007-02_19_2/page/179|author-separator=,|author2=Kemppainen JK|author3=Canaval GE|display-authors=3|last4=Corless|first4=I. B.|last5=Sefcik|first5=E. F.|last6=Nokes|first6=K. M.|last7=Bain|first7=C. A.|last8=Kirksey|first8=K. M.|last9=Sanzero Eller|first9=L.}}</ref> saratani,<ref name="Boshoff2002">{{Rejea jarida| author=Boshoff C, Weiss R |title=AIDS-related malignancies | journal=Nat. Rev. Cancer | year=2002 | pages=373–382 | volume=2 | issue=5 |pmid=12044013 | doi=10.1038/nrc797 }}</ref><ref name="Yarchoan2005">{{Rejea jarida| author=Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF | title=Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies – the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management | journal=Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. |year=2005 | pages=406–415 | volume=2 |issue=8 | pmid=16130937 | doi=10.1038/ncponc0253 }}</ref><!-- Boshoff2002 and Yarchoan2005 cover cancer --> [[nefropathi]],<ref name="Post2009">{{cite pmid|19106702}}</ref> na [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]] baada ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Burgoyne2008" /> Haijulikani ikiwa hali hizi hutokana na kuambukizwa kwa VVU kwenyewe au ni athari kali za matibabu yake. == Watu wangapi wana UKIMWI? == [[Picha: AIDS cases worldwide 1979-1995.png|haki|thumb|Idadi ya watu duniani wenye VVU miaka 1979-1995.]] [[File:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of the world where most of the land is colored green or yellow except for sub Saharan Africa which is colored red|[[Asilimia]] ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 15–49 walioambukizwa nchi kwa nchi ([[2011]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDSinfo|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref>{{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#787878|<small>No data</small>}} {{legend|#94bf8b|<small><0.10</small>}} {{legend|#f4e2ba|<small>0.10–0.5</small>}} {{legend|#eaca83|<small>0.5–1</small>}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#f07568|<small>1–5</small>}} {{legend|#ff4800|<small>5–15</small>}} {{legend|#b00000|<small>15–50</small>}} {{col-end}}]] VVU/UKIMWI ni [[janga]] la kimataifa.<ref name=Cohen2008>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=MS|coauthors=Hellmann, N; Levy, JA; DeCock, K; Lange, J|title=The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic|journal=The Journal of clinical investigation|date=2008 Apr|volume=118|issue=4|pages=1244-54|pmid=18382737|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276790/|accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[2018]] walau watu wapatao 37,900,000 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU<ref name=UN2019Ten>"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref> na kila mwaka watu milioni 2 wengine wanambukizwa<ref name=UNAIDS2015>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet 2015|url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/20150901_FactSheet_2015_en.pdf|website=UNAIDS|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=UN2013>{{cite web|title=UNAIDS reports a 52% reduction in new HIV infections among children and a combined 33% reduction among adults and children since 2001|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=October 7, 2013|archivedate=2013-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090619/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/}}</ref>. Zaidi ya nusu ni wanawake na milioni 2.6 ni watoto chini ya miaka 15.<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Hata hivyo watu wengi wenye VVU hawajui kuwa navyo<ref>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=June 3, 2011|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref>. Kwa sababu hiyo, idadi halisi ya watu wanaoishi na VVU haijulikani. Hali hii ilisababisha karibu vifo milioni 1.8 mwaka 2010 ikilinganishwa na milioni 3.1 katika mwaka 2001.<ref name=UN2019Ten/> Kwa jumla watu 32,000,000 wameshakufa kwa ugonjwa huo<ref name=UN2019Ten/>. Wengi kati ya watu wenye VVU huishi Afrika kusini kwa Sahara (20,600,000). Wengi kati ya watoto ambao hufariki dunia kutokana na UKIMWI pia wanaishi barani Afrika. Katika mwaka wa 2010, kadirio la 68% (milioni 22.9&nbsp;) la visa vyote vya VVU na 66% ya vifo (milioni 1.2&nbsp;) vilitokea katika eneo hili.<ref name=UN2011Thirty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 20–30</ref> Hii inamaanisha kuwa karibu 5% ya watu wazima wana virusi hivi<ref name=UN2011Fifty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 40–50</ref> na vinaaminika kuwa kisababishi cha 10% ya vifo vyote vya watoto.<ref name=M117>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Sura ya 117.</ref> Wanawake wa eneo hili huchangia karibu 60% ya visa vyote tofauti na maeneo mengine.<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> [[Afrika Kusini]] ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wenye VVU ulimwenguni kote, ikiwa ni watu milioni 5.9&nbsp;.<ref name=UN2011Thirty /> Kiwango cha [[matarajio ya urefu wa maisha]] kimepungua katika nchi zilizoathirika zaidi kutokana na VVU; kwa mfano, mwaka wa 2006, ilikadiriwa kuwa kiwango hiki kilipungua kutoka miaka 65 hadi 35 nchini [[Botswana]].<ref name=Kallings>{{Rejea jarida|journal= J Intern Med |year=2008|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43 |title= The first postmodern pandemic: Miaka 25 ya VVU |author= Kallings LO|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x|pmid=18205765|url=http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)</ref> [[Asia Kusini]] na [[Asia Kusini Mashariki|Kusini Mashariki]] ni eneo la pili lililoathirika zaidi; mwaka wa 2010, eneo hili lilikuwa na kadirio la visa milioni 4&nbsp; au 12% ya watu wote wanaoishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea vifo vya takriban watu 250,000.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Takriban milioni 2.4&nbsp; ya visa hivi viko India<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> Ukithiri wa VVU uko chini katika maeneo ya Uropa Magharibi na Kati ikifikia 0.2% na [[Mashariki mwa Asia]] ikiwa na 0.1%.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Mwaka wa 2008 nchini Marekani, takriban watu milioni 1.2 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea takriban vifo 17,500. Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilikadiria kuwa, mwaka wa 2008, 20% ya Wamarekani waliokuwa na VVU hawakujua hali yao. <ref name=USAEPI2011>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=2011-06-03|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, kufikia 2009 kulikuwa na takriban visa 86,500 vilivyopelekea vifo 516.<ref>{{cite book|title=HIV in the United Kingdom: Ripoti ya 2010|year=2010|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|author=Health Protection Agency|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2011-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119155546/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nchini Kanada, kufikia 2008 kulikuwa na visa 65,000 vilivyopelekea vifo 53.<ref>{{cite book|last=Surveillance|title=HIV and AIDS in Canada : surveillance report to December 31, 2009|year=2010|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division|location=Ottawa|isbn=978-1-100-52141-1|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|coauthors=riques, Risk Assessment Division = Le VIH et le sida au Canada : rapport de surveillance en date du 31 décembre 2009 / Division de la surveillance et de l'évaluation des|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|archivedate=2012-01-19|access-date=2017-04-01|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf}}</ref> ==Jamii na utamaduni== === Unyanyapaa === [[File:Ryan White.jpg|thumb|alt=Mvulana baleghe akitabasamu akipigwa picha huku mkono wa mwingine ukiwa uemeegemeshwa begani mwake|[[Ryan White]] alipelekea kuwa [[mtoto wa uhamasisho]] wa VVU baada ya kufukuzwa shuleni kwa sababu alikuwa ameambukizwa.]] [[Unyanyapaa]] dhidi ya watu walio na UKIMWI zipo kote ulimwenguni kwa namna mbalimbali, zikiwemo kutengwa, kukataliwa na jamii, ubaguzi na kuepuka watu walioambukizwa VVU, kulazimishwa kupimwa VVU bila [[idhini]] au ulinzi wa [[usiri]], vurugu dhidi ya watu walioambukizwa au waliodhaniwa kuambukizwa VVU; na [[karantini]] ya watu waliombukizwa VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2006Ch4>{{Rejea kitabu|publisher =[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]| year = 2006| title = 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic| chapter = The impact of AIDS on people and societies| chapterurl =http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf| accessdate =June 14, 2006| format= PDF| isbn =92-9173-479-9}}</ref> Vurugu zinazohusiana na unyanyapaa au hofu ya vurugu huzuia watu wengi kupima VVU, kurudia matokeo ya vipimo na kutotafuta matibabu. Hali hizi hugeuza ugonjwa wa muda mrefu unaoweza kudhibitiwa kuwa hukumu ya kifo na kuendeleza ueneaji wa VVU.<ref name=Ogden>{{cite web | author = Ogden J, Nyblade L | publisher = [[International Center for Research on Women]] | year = 2005 | title = Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts | url = http://www.icrw.org/docs/2005_report_stigma_synthesis.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = February 15, 2007 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts | archivedate = 2013-03-19 | = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts }}</ref> Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, umegawanywa zaidi katika vikundi vitatu kama ifuatavyo: * ''Unyanyapaa Mkuu wa UKIMWI ''-mawazo ya woga na wasiwasi unaoweza kuhusishwa na ugonjwa wowote aunaoua au kuambukiza.<ref name=Herek1999>{{Rejea jarida| author=Herek GM, Capitanio JP| journal=American Behavioral Scientist| year=1999| url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| format=PDF| title=AIDS Stigma and sexual prejudice| accessdate=March 27, 2006| volume=42| issue=7| pages=1130–1147| doi=10.1177/0002764299042007006| archive-date=2006-04-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| dead-url=yes| =https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf}}</ref> * '' Unyanyapaa wa kiishara wa UKIMWI ''-kutumia VVU/UKIMWI kuonyesha mitazamo fulani dhidi ya vikundi vya jamii au mitindo ya maisha inayohusishwa na ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Herek1999 /> * Unyanyapaa wa kihisani wa UKIMWI''- Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaohusishwa na suala la VVU/UKIMWI au watu walio na VVU.<ref name=Snyder>{{Rejea jarida|author=Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL |title=Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-behavioral-scientist_1999-04_42_7/page/1175 |journal=American Behavioral Scientist | year=1999 | pages=1175–1192 | volume=42 | issue=7|doi=10.1177/0002764299042007009}}</ref> Mara nyingi, unyanyapaa wa UKIMWI huonyeshwa pamoja na unyanyapaa wa aina moja au nyingine, hasa unyanyapaa unaohusiana na ushoga, [[uasherati]], ukahaba na kutumia dawa za kulevya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=A.K.|title=Population and society|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788180698187|pages=242|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA242}}</ref> Katika nchi nyingi zilizostawi, kuna uhusiano kati ya UKIMWI na ushoga.<ref name=Herek2002>{{cite journal|last=Herek|first=GM|coauthors=Capitanio, JP; Widaman, KF|title=HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2002-03_92_3/page/371|journal=American journal of public health|date=2002 Mar|volume=92|issue=3|pages=371–7|pmid=11867313|pmc=1447082|doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371}}</ref><ref name=Herek1999/>Hata hivyo, njia kuu ya kuenea kwa UKIMWI ulimwenguni kote inabakia kuwa maambukizi kati ya wanaume na wanawake, kwa kuwa ndio ngono ya kawaida. <ref>{{cite journal|last=De Cock|first=KM|coauthors=Jaffe, HW; Curran, JW|title=The evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2012 Jun 19|volume=26|issue=10|pages=1205-13|pmid=22706007}}</ref> === Athari za kiuchumi === [[File:Life expectancy in some Southern African countries 1958 to 2003.png|thumb|alt=Grafu inayoonyesha mistari kadhaa inayopanda ikifuatiwa na kushuka kwa ghafla kwa mistari hii kuanzia miaka ya katikati mwa 1980 hadi miaka ya 1990|Mabadiliko katika matarajio ya urefu wa maisha katika baadhi ya nchi za Afrika zilizoathiriwa zaidi. {{legend-line|red solid 2px|Botswana}}{{legend-line|darkgreen solid 2px|Zimbabwe}}{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|Kenya}}{{legend-line|black solid 2px|South Africa}}{{legend-line|grey solid 2px|Uganda}}]] VVU/UKIMWI huathiri [[uchumi]] wa watu na nchi.<ref name=M117/> [[Pato la ndani la uzalishaji]] la nchi zilizoathiriwa zaidi limepungua kufuatia ukosefu wa [[rasilimali ya kibinadamu]].<ref name=M117/><ref name="Bell-et-al-2003">{{Rejea jarida|author=Bell C, Devarajan S, Gersbach H|year=2003|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|title=The long-run economic costs of AIDS: theory and an application to South Africa|accessdate=April 28, 2008|version=World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3152|format=PDF|journal=|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605151302/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Bila [[lishe bora]], huduma za afya na dawa, watu wengi hufariki kutokana na matatizo yanayohusiana na UKIMWI. Kando ya kutoweza kufanya kazi, watu hao pia huhitaji kiwango kikubwa cha huduma za afya. UKIMWI hupunguza idadi ya watu wanaoweza kulipa [[ushuru]] Kwa kuwaathiri hasa vijana, hivyo kupunguza [[raslimali]] zilizopo za [[matumizi ya serikali|matumizi ya umma]] kama vile [[huduma za elimu]] na afya ambazo hazihusiki na UKIMWI. Hali hii husababisha upungufu wa [[pesa]] za nchi na wa ukuaji wa uchumi. Hali hii kisha hupelekea upungufu wa ukuaji wa msingi wa ushuru, athari ambayo huongezeka iwapo kuna matumizi zaidi katika matibabu, mafunzo (ili kuchukua nafasi ya [[wafanyakazi]] wanaougua), kuwalipa wafanyakazi wagonjwa na kuwatunza mayatima wa UKIMWI. Hali hii hutokea hasa iwapo ongezeko kubwa la vifo vya watu wazima litapelekea kubadilika kwa [[wajibu]] wa kuwatunza mayatima hawa kutoka kwa [[familia]] hadi kwa [[serikali]].<ref name=Greener /> Katika kiwango cha familia, UKIMWI husababisha upungufu wa mapato na pia ongezeko la matumizi katika huduma za afya. Utafiti katika nchi ya [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ulionyesha kuwa familia zilizo na mgonjwa aliye na VVU/UKIMWI zilitumia pesa mara mbili zaidi ya familia nyingine. Matumizi hayo ya ziada pia hupelekea kiwango kidogo zaidi cha mapato ya kutumia katika elimu au [[uwekezaji]] wa kibinafsi au wa kifamilia.<ref name="WBank">{{Rejea jarida| author=Over M| title=The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Population and Human Resources Department| publisher=The World Bank| year=1992| url=http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=May 3, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201655/http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| archivedate=2008-05-27| deadurl=no| journal=}}</ref> === Mayatima === [[Picha: Africa HIV-AIDS 2002.png | haki | frame |Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU katika Afrika miaka 1999-2001]] [[Picha:Ukimwi Afrika 2011.png|350px|thumb|Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU Afrika mnamo mwaka 2011]] Watu wengi ambao wanakufa kutokana na UKIMWI, hasa katika [[Afrika]], huacha watoto ambao bado ni hai, na ambao wanaweza wanahitaji msaada na huduma. Inakadiriwa kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2007, diadi ya watoto [[yatima kutokana na UKIMWI]] &nbsp;milioni 12.<ref name=M117/> Wengi wao hutunzwa na [[Bibi|nyanya]] na [[babu]] [[wazee]]. <ref name=Greener>{{Rejea kitabu| author = Greener R| year = 2002| title = State of The Art: UKIMWI na Uchumi| chapter = AIDS and macroeconomic impact| editor = S, Forsyth (ed.)| pages = 49–55| publisher = IAEN| url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| access-date = 2017-04-01| archive-date = 2012-10-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012090520/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| dead-url = yes}}</ref> === Dini na UKIMWI === Mada kuhusu dini na UKIMWI imekuwa ikikumbwa na utata mwingi katika miaka thelathini iliyopita, hasa kwa sababu baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wametangaza hadharani kwamba wanapinga utumiaji kondomu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/health/AIDS-Stigma.aspx |title=AIDS Stigma |publisher=News-medical.net|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mashirika mengine ya dini yamedai kuwa maombi yanatosha kutibu VVU/UKIMWI. Mwaka 2011, BBC iliripoti kuwa baadhi ya makanisa huko [[London]] yalikuwa yakidai kuwa maombi yanatibu UKIMWI. Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Kiuzazi na VVU cha [[Manispaa ya Hackney, London|Hackney]] kiliripoti kuwa watu wengi waliachma kutumia matibabu, wakati mwingine kwa kushauriwa na [[wachungaji]] wao. Jambo hili lilipelekea vifo vya watu wengi.<ref name=BBC18102011>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818|title=Church HIV prayer cure claims 'cause three deaths'|date=October 18, 2011|accessdate=October 18, 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Synagogue Church Of All Nations]] ilitangaza ''maji ya upako'' ili kuwezesha [[uponyaji]] kutoka kwa [[Mungu]], ingawa ilikana kuwa iliwashauri watu kukoma kutumia matibabu.<ref name=BBC18102011 /> ===Katika vyombo vya habari=== Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vya UKIMWI kilikuwa cha Mmarekani [[Rock Hudson]], [[muigizaji]] shoga aliyekuwa ameoa kisha kutalaki hapo awali. Hudson alifariki tarehe [[2 Oktoba]] [[1985]] baada ya kutangaza ana VVU tarehe [[25 Julai]] mwaka huohuo. Yeye alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rock-hudson-announces-he-has-aids |title=Rock Hudson announces he has AIDS – History.com This Day in History – 7/25/1985 |publisher=History.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mgonjwa mashuhuri kutoka Uingereza mwaka huo alikuwa [[Nicholas Eden]] [[mwanasiasa]] shoga na [[mwana]] wa [[Waziri Mkuu]], [[marehemu]] [[Anthony Eden]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Coleman |first=Brian|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/brian-coleman/2007/06/lady-thatcher-gay-tory |title=Thatcher the gay icon|work=New Statesman |date=June 25, 2007 |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Tarehe [[24 Novemba]] [[1991]], virusi hivi vilipelekea kifo cha mwanamuziki wa aina ya [[muziki wa rock]], Mwingereza [[Freddie Mercury]]. Mercury, aliyeongoza [[bendi]] iliyojulikana kama [[Queen (bendi)|Queen]] alifariki kutokana na magonjwa yanayohusiana na UKIMWI baada ya kujulikana kuwa na ugonjwa huo siku iliyopita tu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm |title=November 24, 1991: Giant of rock dies |work=BBC On This Day |publisher=BBC News |date= |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Mercury alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/521/000044389/|title=Freddie Mercury |publisher=Nndb.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vilivyotokana na ngono kati ya watu wa jinsia tofauti ni kile cha [[Arthur Ashe]], [[mchezaji]] [[tenisi]] Mmarekani. Ashe alitambuliwa kuwa na VVU tarehe [[31 Agosti]] [[1988]]; baada ya kuambukizwa alipokuwa akiongezewa damu akifanyiwa [[upasuaji wa moyo]] awali [[miaka ya 1980]]. Vipimo zaidi katika saa 24 baada ya utambuzi wa kwanza vilionyesha kuwa Ashe alikuwa na UKIMWI, lakini hakuwambia watu kuhusu utambuzi huu hadi Aprili [[1992]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bliss |first=Dominic |url=http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |title=Frozen In Time: Arthur Ashe |work=iTENNISstore.com |accessdate=June 25, 2012 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730170201/http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ashe alifariki kutokana na UKIMWI akiwa na umri wa miaka 49 tarehe [[6 Februari]] [[1993]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html | title=Tributes to Arthur Ashe | location=London | work=The Independent | date=February 8, 1993 | accessdate=July 24, 2012 | archivedate=2013-03-19 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwqou9b?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html }}</ref> Picha ya [[Therese Frare]] ikionyesha [[mwanaharakati]] wa ushoga [[David Kirby]] akifariki kutokana na UKIMWI huku akizungukwa na familia yake, ilipigwa Aprili mwaka wa 1990. ''[[LIFE magazine]]'' ilisema kuwa picha hiyo ilikuja kufahamika kama picha ''maarufu zaidi kuwahi kuhusishwa na janga la UKIMWI/VVU.'' Picha hiyo iliyochapishwa na [[gazeti]] hilo ilishinda [[tuzo]] la [[World Press Photo]], kisha kupata umaarufu ulimwenguni kote baada ya kutumiwa na [[Benetton Group|United Colors of Benetton]] katika kampeni ya utangazaji ya mwaka 1992.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cosgrove|first=Ben|title=Behind the Picture: Picha Iliyobadilisha Sura ya Ukimwi|url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|work=LIFE magazine|accessdate=16 August 2012|archivedate=2013-03-19|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1}}</ref> === Ukanushaji, njama na hila === Kikundi kidogo cha watu kingali kinakana uhusiano wa VVU na UKIMWI, <ref name=Duesberg>{{cite journal|author=Duesberg, P. H.| title=HIV is not the cause of AIDS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1988-07-29_241_4865/page/n9| journal=Science | year=1988 | pages=514, 517 | volume=241 |issue=4865| pmid=3399880 | doi=10.1126/science.3399880|bibcode = 1988Sci...241..514D }}{{cite journal| author=Cohen, J.| title=The Controversy over HIV and AIDS| journal=Science | year=1994 | pages=1642–1649 | volume=266 | issue=5191|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf| format = PDF| doi=10.1126/science.7992043|pmid=7992043| accessdate=2009-03-31 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref> uwepo wa VVU au ubora wa vipimo vya VVU na njia za matibabu.<ref name=Kalichman>{{cite book|author=Kalichman, Seth|authorlink=Seth Kalichman|title=Denying AIDS: Njama Nadhira, Itikadi na Msiba wa Mwanadamu|publisher=Copernicus Books ([[Springer Science+Business Media]])|location=New York|year=2009|pages=|isbn=978-0-387-79475-4| url =http://books.google.com/?id=_mtDBCDwxugC&printsec=frontcover&q=}}</ref><ref name=SmithNovella>{{cite journal|author=Smith TC, Novella SP|title=HIV Denial in the Internet Era|journal=PLoS Med.|volume=4|issue=8|pages=e256|year=2007|month=August|pmid=17713982|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256|url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|accessdate=2009-11-07|pmc=1949841|archive-date=2008-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506012410/http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Madai hayo, yanayojulikana kama [[ukanaji UKIMWI]], yamechunguzwa na kukataliwa na jamii ya kisayansi.<ref name=consensus>{{cite web| author=Various| publisher=[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]|date=Last updated January 14, 2010|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/Pages/HIVcausesAIDS.aspx| title= Resources and Links, HIV-AIDS Connection| accessdate = 2009-02-22}}</ref>Hata hivyo, madai hayo yana athari kuu kisiasa, hasa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Hatua ya serikali ya nchi hiyo kukubali kirasmi ukanaji wa UKIMWI ilipelekea mwitikio usiofaa wa janga hili, na imelaumiwa kupelekea visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU na mamia ya maelfu ya vifo ambavyo vingeepukwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Watson J |title=Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists' |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6 |year=2006 |pmid=16397537|doi=10.1038/nm0106-6a}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Baleta A |title=S Africa's AIDS activists accuse government of murder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-03-29_361_9363/page/n47 |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9363 |page=1105 |year=2003 |pmid=12672319|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12909-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen J |title=South Africa's new enemy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-23_288_5474/page/2168 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5474 |pages=2168–70 |year=2000 |pmid=10896606|doi=10.1126/science.288.5474.2168}}</ref> [[Urusi]] ulianzisha [[Operesheni INFEKTION]], uhamasisho wa ulimwengu mzima kueneza habari kuwa VVU/UKIMWI ulitengenezwa na Marekani. Takwimu zinaonyesha kuwa idadi kubwa ya watu wanaamini na wanaendelea kuamini madai hayo. Kuna aina nyingi za [[dhana potovu kuhusu VVU na UKIMWI]]. Dhana tatu kuu ni kwamba UKIMWI unaweza kusambazwa kwa kumgusa mtu, kuwa ngono na [[bikira]] itatibu UKIMWI na kuwa VVU vinaweza tu kuambukiza mashoga na watumiaji wa madawa. Dhana nyingine potovu ni kuwa tendo lolote la ngono ya kinyeo kati ya mashoga wasioambukizwa linaweza kupelekea maambukizi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=Blechner MJ| title=Hope and mortality: psychodynamic approaches to AIDS and HIV| url=https://archive.org/details/hopemortalitypsy0000unse|publisher=Analytic Press| location=Hillsdale, NJ| year=1997| isbn=0-88163-223-6| unused_data=ISBN status=May be invalid– please double check}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA |title=Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world |journal=J Adolesc Health |volume=40|issue=3 |pages=206–17 |year=2007|month=March |pmid=17321420 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2007-03_40_3/page/206}}</ref> ==Utafiti unavyoendelea== Utafiti wa kuboresha matibabu ya kisasa unajumuisha kupunguza madhara ya ziada ya dawa zilizopo, kurahisisha kanuni za kutumia dawa na kuboresha ubora na kuamua utaratibu bora wa kanuni ili kudhibiti ukinzani wa dawa. Hata hivyo, chanjo pekee ndiyo inayodhaniwa kuweza kusitisha janga hili. Hii ni kwa sababu chanjo ni ya bei nafuu, hivyo [[Taifa linalostawi|mataifa yanayostawi]] yanaweza kuimudu, na haitahitaji matibabu ya kila siku.<ref name=Ferrantelli>{{cite journal|author=Ferrantelli F, Cafaro A, Ensoli B |title=Nonstructural HIV proteins as targets for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine|journal=Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=543–56|year=2004|month=December|pmid=15560981 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.10.008}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya miaka 20 ya utafiti, imekuwa vigumu kupata chanjo dhidi ya VVU-1,<ref name=Ferrantelli/><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Karlsson Hedestam GB, Fouchier RA, Phogat S, Burton DR, Sodroski J, Wyatt RT |title=The challenges of eliciting neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 and to influenza virus |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=143–55 |year=2008|month=February |pmid=18197170 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1819}}</ref> hivyo tiba bado haijapatikana. === Upandikizaji seli kuu=== Mwaka wa 2007, Timothy Ray Brown,<ref name=ghivberlin>{{cite news|title=German HIV patient cured after stem cell transplant|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/german-hiv-patient-cured-after-stem-cell-transplant-15030473.html|accessdate=December 15, 2010|newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|date=December 15, 2010}}</ref> mwanaume wa umri wa miaka 40 aliyekuwa na VVU, pia anayejulikana kama "the Berlin Patient" alipewa huduma ya [[upandikizaji seli kuu za damu|pandikizo la seli kuu]] kama mojawapo ya matibabu ya [[lukemia sugu ya mieloidi]] (LSM).<ref name = Blood>{{cite journal|last=Allers|first=K|coauthors=Hütter, G; Hofmann, J; Loddenkemper, C; Rieger, K; Thiel, E; Schneider, T|title=Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation|journal=Blood|date=2011-03-10|volume=117|issue=10|pages=2791–9|pmid=21148083|doi=10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591}}</ref>Pandikizo la pili lilifanyika mwaka uliofuata baada ya kuugua tena. Mfadhili alichanguliwa sio tu kwa kuwa ana [[antijeni ya leukositi ya binadamu|upatanifu wa kijeni]] lakini pia kwa kuwa alikuwa na [[utangamano]] wa kubadilika kwa [[CCR5-Δ32]] ambayo huwezesha ukinzani dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name="Wall Street Journal 2008">{{cite news | author=Mark Schoofs | title=A Doctor, a Mutation and a Potential Cure for AIDS | url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122602394113507555.html | accessdate=2008-11-09|publisher=The Wall Street Journal| date=November 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Huetter2009>{{cite journal |author=Hütter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Ganepola A, Allers K, Schneider T, Hofmann J, Kücherer C, Blau O, Blau IW, Hofmann WK, Thiel E |title=Long-Term Control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 Stem-Cell Transplantation |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=692–698 |year=2009 |pmid=19213682 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0802905 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |archive-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213112056/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Baada ya miezi 20 bila matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU, iliripotiwa kuwa viwango vya VVU kwenye damu ya Brown [[uboho]] na matumbo vilikuwa chini ya kiwango cha kutambulika.<ref name=Huetter2009/>Virusi hivi vilibakia katika kiwango hicho kwa miaka mitatu baada ya upandikizo wa kwanza.<ref name=Blood/>Ingawa watafiti na baadhi ya wachambuzi wanasema kuwa matokeo haya ni tiba, wengine wao wanadokeza kuwa virusi hivi vinaweza kuwa vimejificha ndani ya tishu<ref name=NEJMLevy/>kama vile ubongo (unaotumika kama [[ufiche wa virusi|hifadhi]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nath|first=A|coauthors=Clements, JE|title=Eradication of HIV from the brain: reasons for pause|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2011-03-13|volume=25|issue=5|pages=577–80|pmid=21160414|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283437d2f}}(subscription required)</ref> Matibabu ya seli kuu yamebakia chini ya [[utafiti wa kiafya |kuchunguzwa]] kwa sababu ya asili yake ya [[ushahidi wa kinadharia|kinadharia]], ugonjwa wenywe na hatari ya kufa inayohusishwa na upandikizaji wa seli kuu na ugumu wa kupata wafadhili mwafaka.<ref name=NEJMLevy>{{cite journal |author=Levy JA |title=Not an HIV Cure, but Encouraging New Directions |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=724–725 |year=2009 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe0810248 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |pmid=19213687 |archive-date=2009-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215235206/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid|21331536}}(subscription required)</ref> === Matibabu ya kuboresha kingamwili === Matibabu saidizi za kudhibiti uigaji wa virusi, [[matibabu ya kingamwili,|matibabu ya kingamwili]] zinazoweza kusaidia kuboresha mfumo wa kingamwili zilizochunguzwa awali, na juhudi zinazoendelea ni pamoja na [[Interleukin-2|IL-2]] na [[Interleukin-7|IL-7]].<ref name="Tincati-2009">{{cite journal|last=Tincati|first=C|coauthors=d'Arminio Monforte, A; Marchetti, G|title=Immunological mechanisms of interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment in HIV/AIDS disease|journal=Current molecular pharmacology|date=2009 Jan|volume=2|issue=1|pages=40–5|pmid=20021444|doi=10.2174/1874467210902010040}}</ref> Kutofaulu kwa chanjo kadhaa kukinga dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU na kuendelea kwa UKIMWI kumepelekea mwelekeo mpya wa kuzingatia taratibu za kibayolojia zinazosababisha ufiche wa VVU. Kipindi kifupi cha matibabu ya kuunganisha dawa za kudhibiti VVU na dawa zinazolenga hifadhi fiche siku moja kinaweza kutokomeza maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name =Bowman>{{cite journal | author=Bowman MC, Archin NM, Margolis DM. | title=Pharmaceutical approaches to eradication of persistent HIV infection | journal=Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine |year=2009| volume=11 | issue=e6 | pmid=19208267 |doi=10.1017/S1462399409000970 | pages=e6 }}</ref>Watafiti wamegundua [[abusaimu]] inayoweza kuharibu eneo la kufungia protini ya [[gp120]] CD4. Protini hii hupatikana katika aina zote za VVU kwa sababu ndiyo ncha ambapo [[seli za B|limfosaiti za B]] hujishikisha kisha kuafikiana kwa mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Planque S, Nishiyama Y, Taguchi H, Salas M, Hanson C, Paul S |title=Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role and potential clinical utility |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=473–9 |year=2008 |month=June|pmid=18558365|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002 |url= |pmc=2527403}}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book | editor1-last = Mandell | editor1-first = Gerald L. | editor2-last = Bennett | editor2-first =John E.| editor3-last = Dolin | editor3-first = Raphael |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases | year=2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3 | edition = 7th }} * {{cite book|author=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) |title=Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access|year=2011|publisher=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|AIDS}} * {{Dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Immune_Disorders/Immune_Deficiency/AIDS/|HIV/AIDS}} * [http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ AIDSinfo] {{Wayback|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20110225133251 }} – HIV/AIDS Treatment Information, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services * [Http://www.who.int/3by5/en/ Shirika la Afya Duniani Mashirika 3 na 5 Initiative] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050812004522/http://www.accessmed-msf.org/index.asp Médecins Sans Frontières: Kampeni ya upatikanaji wa madawa muhimu] * [Http://www.who.int/hiv/en/ WHO Mpango wa VVU / UKIMWI] * [Http://www.aegis.org/en/ Elimu UKIMWI Mfumo wa Taarifa za Global] * [Http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ Kutoka Taasisi ya Taifa ya Marekani ya Afya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20210322035857 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090501234727/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/8/749 New England Journal of Medicine Ibara "Ruhusu dhidi ya Wagonjwa? Kurefusha maisha Tiba katika India"] * [Http://www.aidsportal.org AIDSPortal maarifa mtandao] * [http://www.unaids.org/en/ Tovuti ya Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Masuala ya Ukimwi, UNAIDS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/ |date=20130210215850 }} * [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu HIV InSite] {{Wayback|url=http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ |date=20191213225029 }} * [http://www.sida.fr/ sida.fr • un centre pour les malades du SIDA • infos • tèmoignages • actualités] [[Jamii:Dalili]] [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] hpray6beujofuxcosijjekixu4ls18x 0 2339 1601571 1303004 2026-09-26T04:49:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601571 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Ali Farka Toure.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Ali Farka Toure]] '''Ali Farka Touré''' ni mmoja wa wanamuziki mahiri barani [[Afrika]]. Alizaliwa jijini [[Bamako]] nchini [[Mali]] mwaka 1939. Jina lake hasa ni Ali Ibrahim Touré. Muziki wa Ali Farka Touré ni mchanganyiko wa muziki wa asili wa Mali na muziki wa [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] hasa [[blues]]. Touré alizaliwa katika kijiji cha Kanau katika ukingo wa [[mto Niger]], kaskazini magharibi mwa nchi ya Mali. Mama yake alikuwa na watoto kumi ambapo ndugu zake wote walifariki wakiwa wachanga. Jina la "Farka" ni jina la utani ambalo alipewa na wazazi wake likimaanisha mnyama punda kutokana na kuwa na msimamo mkali na kiburi. Muziki wa Touré una nguvu kama za miujiza. Wapenzi wake dunia nzima wamelogwa na upigaji wake wa gitaa. Mara nyingi nyimbo zake amekuwa akiimba kwa [[lugha]] za Kisonghai, Kifula, na Kitamasheck. Albamu yake iitwayo Talking Timbukuta, ambayo aliitoa kwa kushirikiana na mwanamuziki [[Ry Cooder]], iliuzwa na kumpatia umaarufu mkubwa hasa katika soko la muziki la nchi za Magharibi. Mwaka 2005 alitoa albamu ya In the Heart of the Moon akishirikiana na mwanamuziki Toumani Diabaté. Albamu hii ilimpatia tuzo ya [[Grammy]]. Pamoja na muziki, Ali Farka Touré alikuwa akijihusisha na masuala ya kisiasa. Mwaka 2004 alichaguliwa kuwa meya wa mji wa [[Niafunké]]. Ali Farka Touré alifariki dunia [[7 Machi]] [[2006]] baada ya kuugua ugonjwa wa kansa. == Albamu == * 1976 - Farka * 1987 - Ali Farka Touré * 1990 - The River (World Circuit) * 1992 - The Source (World Circuit) * 1994 - Talking Timbuktu (World Circuit) * 1996 - Radio Mali (World Circuit) * 1999 - Niafunké (World Circuit) * 2004 - Red/Green - 2004 (World Circuit; remastered original albums from 1979 and 1988) * 2005 - In The Heart Of The Moon == Filamu == *[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0268908/ Ali Farka Touré: Ça coule de source] (2000). Filamu imetengenezwa na Yves Billon and Henry Lecomte. == Viungo vya nje == *[http://africanmusic.org/artists/alifarka.html/ Historia fupi] {{Wayback|url=http://africanmusic.org/artists/alifarka.html/ |date=20060310184138 }} *[http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/music/artist/bio/0,,502675,00.html#bio/ Historia fupi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/music/artist/bio/0,,502675,00.html#bio/ |date=20060211131209 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111019/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=1093%2F Historia fupi] *[http://mali-music.com/Cat/CatA/AFT/AFTBioA.htm/ Historia fupi iliyoandikwa na Lucy Duran] {{Wayback|url=http://mali-music.com/Cat/CatA/AFT/AFTBioA.htm/ |date=20060325221651 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Toure, Ali Farka}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Category:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Category:Wanamuziki wa Mali]] jsc79qtb2qo1z4slhtzfzswamd5af4z 0 2580 1601582 1497317 2026-09-26T06:13:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Angola | jina_asili = República de Angola (Kireno) | bendera = Flag of Angola.svg | nembo = Emblem of Angola.svg | kauli_mbiu = "Virtus Unita Fortior" (Uadilifu ukiwa pamoja ni wenye nguvu zaidi) | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Angola Avante" (Endelea Angola) | ramani = AGO orthographic.svg | ramani2 = File:Angola simplemap-sw.svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Luanda]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kireno]] | lugha2 = [[Kichokwe]]<br>[[Kimbundu]]<br>[[Kikongo]]<br>[[Kiwambo (lugha)|Kiwambo]]<br>[[Kiluchazi]]<br>[[Kiumbundu]] | kabila = {{plainlist| * 37% [[Waovimbundu]] * 25% [[Wambundu]] * 13% [[Wakongo]] * 21% [[Waafrika]] wengine * 2% [[Chotara|Machotara]] * 2% Waasia * 1% [[mzungu|Wazungu]] }} | serikali = Jamhuri ya urais wa kitaifa | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | kiongozi1 = [[João Lourenço]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Makamu wa Rais]] | kiongozi2 = [[Esperança da Costa]] | bunge = Bunge la Kitaifa (National Assembly) | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru kutoka [[Ureno]]''' | tukio1 = Uhuru | tukio1_tarehe = 11 Novemba 1975 | eneo_jumla = 1,246,700 | maji = ndogo sana | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 39,040,039 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 31 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2023 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $260.323 bilioni | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $7,077 | mwaka_plt = 2023 | plt = {{decrease}} $93.796 bilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $2,432 | hdi = {{increase}} 0.616 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 148 | gini = 51.3 | mwaka_gini = 2018 | fedha = [[Kwanza ya Angola]] (AOA) | majira_saa = +1 (WAT) | tld = .ao | msimbo_simu = 244 | aina_ya_lugha2 = [[Lugha ya taifa|Lugha za taifa]] }} '''Angola''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Angola'''; kwa [[Lugha ya Kireno|Kireno]]: ''República de Angola'') ni nchi ya [[kusini mwa Afrika]] inayopakana na [[Namibia]] upande wa kusini, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Zambia]] upande wa mashariki, na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] upande wa magharibi. Inajumuisha pia [[Kabinda (mkoa)|mkoa wa Cabinda]], uliotenganishwa na eneo kuu ulioko kaskazini mwa [[DRC]]. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Luanda]] ambao pia ndio mji mkubwa nchini, ukifuatwa na [[Huambo]] na [[Lobito]]. Angola ina wakazi takriban milioni 35, wakiifanya kuwa ya 42 duniani kwa idadi ya watu. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kireno]] huku [[Kiumbundu]], [[Kimbundu]] na [[Kikongo]] zikiwa lugha zinazozungumzwa zaidi nchini. Angola ni nchi [[tajiri]] kwa [[mafuta]] na [[madini]]: [[almasi]] ndiyo muhimu zaidi. Lakini nchi ni [[maskini]] kutokana na [[vita]] vya miaka 29; kwanza vita vya kupigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[Ureno]] iliyofuatwa na [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] hadi mwaka [[2002]]. == Jiografia == {{Main|Jiografia ya Angola}} === Maeneo ya Angola === [[Picha:Angola Provinces numbered 300px.png|right|200px|Ramani ya Angola na Mikoa iliohesabiwa]] {{Main|Mikoa ya Angola|Wilaya za Angola}} Angola imegawiwa katika mikoa 18 (''províncias''), [[wilaya]] 162 (''municípios'') na [[kata]] 559. <br /> [[Mikoa ya Angola|Mikoa]] ni: {| border=0 |- valign="top" | * <small>1</small> [[Bengo (mkoa)|Bengo]] * <small>2</small> [[Mkoa wa Benguela|Benguela]] * <small>3</small> [[Bié (mkoa)|Bié]] * <small>4</small> [[Kabinda]] * <small>5</small> [[Cuando Cubango]] * <small>6</small> [[Cuanza Norte]] | * <small>7</small> [[Cuanza Sul]] * <small>8</small> [[Cunene (mkoa)|Cunene]] * <small>9</small> [[Mkoa wa Huambo|Huambo]] * <small>10</small> [[Mkoa wa Huila|Huila]] * <small>11</small> [[Mko wa Luanda|Luanda]] * <small>12</small> [[Lunda Norte]] | * <small>13</small> [[Lunda Sul]] * <small>14</small> [[Mkoa wa Malanje|Malanje]] * <small>15</small> [[Moxico (mkoa)|Moxico]] * <small>16</small> [[Mkoa wa Namibe|Namibe]] * <small>17</small> [[Mkoa wa Uige|Uige]] * <small>18</small> [[Mkoa wa Zaire|Zaire]] |} == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Angola}} Wakazi wa kwanza huaminiwa kuwa [[wawindaji]] wa jamii ya [[Wasani]]. Katika [[karne]] za kwanza [[BK]] kutoka [[kaskazini]] walifika [[wahamiaji]] [[Wabantu]] wenye [[ujuzi]] wa [[kilimo]] na [[uhunzi]]. Kuanzia [[karne ya 14]], falme mbalimbali zilienea sehemu za Angola, kwa mfano [[Dola la Kongo]], [[Dola la Lunda]] na [[Dola la Kasanje]]. === Asili na historia ya jina 'Angola' === [[Jina]] ''Angola'' linatokana na [[neno]] la [[lugha]] ya [[Kibantu]] "N’gola", ambalo lilikuwa jina la [[kiongozi]] wa [[ufalme wa Ndongo na Matamba]] [[karne ya 16]], ambapo [[Wareno]] walianza [[ukoloni]] katika eneo hili. ===Dola la Kongo=== [[Image:Congo by Mercator 1623 (3769167).jpg|thumb|450px|Ramani ya kihistoria ya Kongo]] Dola la Kongo lilikuwa [[ufalme]] ulioenea ndani ya nchi za leo za [[Angola]], [[Kongo (Kinshasa)]] na [[Kongo (Brazzaville)]]. Ulianzishwa katika [[karne ya 14]] ikadumu hadi [[karne ya 17]]. Mtawala wake alikuwa na cheo cha "Mwene Kongo" au "[[Manikongo]]" wa [[kabila]] la [[Bakongo]]. Ufalme huo umejulikana zaidi kihistoria kwa sababu ya [[mawasiliano]] yake ya kimataifa. Katika [[karne ya 15]] [[meli]] za [[Wareno]] zilifika [[mwambao]]ni mwake. Wakati wa kukutana na Wareno Ufalme wa Kongo labda ulikuwa na eneo la [[km²]] 300,000 ukaunganisha robo ya magharibi ya Kongo (Kinshasa) pamoja na sehemu za Angola na Kongo (Brazzaville). Manikongo mbalimbali walijenga uhusiano na [[Ureno]] na Kongo ilikuwa [[taifa]] la kushikamana na Ureno hadi kuharibika kwa uhusiano huo. Katika kipindi kile [[taarifa]] mbalimbali ziliandikwa zinazotupa leo picha nzuri ya ufalme huo. Manikongo alikaa katika [[mji]] wa [[M'banza-Kongo]]. Baada ya wafalme kuwa [[Wakristo]] [[Wakatoliki]] na kujengwa kwa [[kanisa kuu]], jina la "São Salvador do Congo" (kwa [[Kireno]]: "Mwokozi Mtakatifu wa Kongo") lilikuwa kawaida kwa mji mkuu wa [[milki]]. Ufalme ukawa na majimbo, [[wilaya]] na [[vijiji]]. Majimbo yalikuwa saba ya [[Mpemba]], [[Nsundi]], [[Mpangu]], [[Mbata]], [[Mbamba]] na [[Soyo]]. Kwa mikataba ya baadaye falme za [[Kakongo]], [[Loango]] na [[Ngoy]] likatokea [[shirikisho]] ya sehemu nne. ===Dola la Lunda=== Dola la Lunda lilikuwa [[ufalme]] wa [[Wabantu|Kibantu]] katika miaka [[1600]] hadi [[1850]] hivi kandoni kwa [[mto Kasai]], mpakani kwa nchi za kisasa za [[Angola]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. ===Dola la Kasanje=== Dola la Kasanje lilikuwa [[ufalme]] wa [[Wabantu|Kibantu]] katika miaka [[1620]] hadi [[1910]] hivi kandoni kwa [[mto Kwango]], upande wa [[kaskazini]] wa nchi ya kisasa ya [[Angola]]. Lilianzishwa na viongozi kutoka [[Dola la Lunda]]. Mwaka 1910 lilivamiwa na [[Ureno|Wareno]] na kuingizwa katika [[koloni]] lao la Angola. ===Dola la Ndongo=== [[File:KingdomNdongo1711.png|thumb|Eneo la [[Ufalme wa Ndongo]].]] Dola lingine la kusini lilikuwa lile la Ndongo, lililopambana na Wareno miaka 30 chini ya [[malkia]] [[Njinga]] katika [[karne ya 17]]. ===Vita vya uhuru=== [[Mwaka]] [[1966]] [[Jonas Savimbi]] alianzisha tapo la [[UNITA]] (kwa [[Kireno]]: ''União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola'') kama harakati ya kukomboa Angola kutoka [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ureno]]. UNITA ilikuwa moja kati ya harakati tatu zilizoshindana. UNITA ilianza kama kikundi cha [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] kufuatana na [[itikadi]] ya [[Mao Zedong]]. Uadui kati ya Wakomunisti wa [[Uchina]] na [[Urusi]] ulionekana katika mashindano ya UNITA dhidi ya [[MPLA]] (kwa Kireno: Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho) iliyosaidiwa na Urusi. ===Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe=== Baada ya [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1975]] MPLA ilitawala [[mji mkuu]] na kuunda [[serikali]] rasmi lakini Savimbi aliendelea kuipinga. Savimbi alipata kupokea baadaye usaidizi kutoka maadui wote wa MPLA bila kujali itikadi. UNITA ilipata misaada toka serikali mbalimbali [[duniani]] ili kuiondoa [[Madaraka|madarakani]] serikali ya MPLA. Savimbi alikuwa akipata misaada ya [[fedha]] na [[silaha]] toka serikali za [[Marekani]], [[China]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (wakati huo ikijulikana kama [[Zaire]]), [[Moroko]], n.k. Serikali ya Angola ilikuwa ikipata misaada toka [[Urusi]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani]], [[Kuba]], na [[Nicaragua]]. [[Tarehe]] [[22 Machi]] [[2002]], Jonas Savimbi aliuawa vitani. Muda mfupi baadaye UNITA na MPLA zilikubaliana kusimamisha mapigano. UNITA ilichukua nafasi ya chama cha upinzani. Hata hivyo taratibu za kidemokrasia zilichelewa hadi [[Uchaguzi|chaguzi]] za miaka [[2008]] na [[2012]] na toleo la katiba mpya la mwaka [[2010]]. ==Demografia== [[File:Angola Ethnic map 1970.svg|thumb|200px|right|Makabila ya Angola mwaka 1970.]] [[File:Angolan woman with children outside health clinic (5686703351).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mwanamke]] wa Angola pamoja na [[watoto]] nje ya [[kliniki]].]] [[Sensa]] ya mwaka [[2014]] ilihesabu watu 24,383,301 na kufikia mwaka [[2016]] walikuwa 25,789,024. === Kabila === Wakazi wengi ni Waafrika, hasa wa ma[[kabila]] ya [[Waovimbundu]] (37[[%]]), [[Waambundu]] (23%) na [[Wakongo]] (13%). Ma[[chotara]] ni 2%, [[Wachina]] 1,6% na [[Wazungu]] 1%. === Lugha === Ingawa [[lugha za Kibantu]] zinaongoza, na 6 kati yake zina hadhi ya [[lugha ya taifa]], [[lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kireno]]. === Dini === [[File:Luanda church.jpg|thumb|200px|''Cathedral'' ya ''Archdiocese'' ya Luanda]] Upande wa [[dini]], inakadiriwa kuwa zaidi ya [[nusu]] ni [[Wakatoliki]] na [[robo]] ni [[Waprotestanti]] wa [[madhehebu]] mia tofauti. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya lugha za Angola]] * [[Wanawake wa Angola]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} === Serikali === * [http://www.angola.org/ Republic of Angola] {{Wayback|url=http://www.angola.org/ |date=20210310142705 }}lango rasmi la serikali * [http://www.parlamento.ao/ National Assembly of Angola] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parlamento.ao/ |date=20180214160018 }} makala rasmi(kwa kireno) * [http://www.angola.org/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.angola.org/ |date=20210310142705 }}Ubalozi wa angola Washington DC === Habari === * [http://allafrica.com/angola/ allAfrica - Angola] - viungo via habari * [http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/ Angola Press] {{Wayback|url=http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/ |date=20080807051506 }} -idara ya Taarifa na habari ya Angola (kwa kireno, kifaransa na kingereza) * [http://www.angonoticias.com/ Angonoticias] {{Wayback|url=http://www.angonoticias.com/ |date=20060426190310 }} (kwa kireno) -lango la habari lenye sifa Angola * [http://mangole.hypermart.net Mangole] {{Wayback|url=http://mangole.hypermart.net/ |date=20060425045620 }} (kwa kireno) - ya habari nchini Angola na pia maelekezo ya makala kwa kompyuta. * [http://www.jornaldeangola.com/ Jornal de Angola] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jornaldeangola.com/ |date=20090623201752 }} (kwa kireno) - Gazeti lenye sifa Angola === Maoni === * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1063073.stm BBC - Country profile: ''Angola''] * [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ao.html CIA World Factbook - ''Angola''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ao.html |date=20050120125050 }} * [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/ao/ US State Department - ''Angola''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports === Radio na Muziki === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070507004244/http://www.kizomba.org/ Site Official de Kizomba] * [http://www.CanalAngola.NET/ Radio Canal Angola ONLINE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canalangola.net/ |date=20061112191030 }} === Maelekezo === * [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Angola.html Columbia University Libraries - ''Angola''] directory category of the WWW-VL * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Angola/ Open Directory Project - ''Angola''] {{Wayback|url=http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Angola/ |date=20060613210453 }} Angola kwenye Open Directory Project * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/angola.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Angola''] Tovuti mbalimbali kuhusu Angola === Utalii === * {{wikivoyage}} {{en}} === Mambo mengine === * [http://www.flashpoints.info/countries-conflicts/Angola-web/angola_briefing.html Angola Conflict Briefing] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flashpoints.info/countries-conflicts/Angola-web/angola_briefing.html |date=20060514200232 }} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{CPLP}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Angola]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kireno]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 77opzukyyq5rz7rkc8yjwj7ekwposaq 0 3781 1601429 1599870 2026-09-25T18:35:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|nchi katika Ufalme wa Muungano|}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Uingereza | jina_asili = England ([[en]]) | kauli_mbiu = | wimbo_wa_taifa = "God Save the King" | bendera = Flag of England.svg | nembo = Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg | ramani = England (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = <small><i>Eneo la Uingereza</i></small> | ukubwawapicha = | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[London]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha2 = | kabila = {{plainlist| *81.0% [[Wazungu]] *9.6% [[Asia|Waasia]] *4.2% [[Waafrika]] *3.0% [[Chotara]] *2.2% Wengine }} | dini = {{plainlist| *46.3% [[Ukristo]] *36.7% [[Wasio na dini]] *6.7% [[Uislamu]] *1.8% [[Uhindi]] *0.9% [[Kalasinga]] *0.5% [[Uyahudi]] }} | serikali = Utawala wa moja kwa moja wa Uingereza wenye ugatuzi wa sehemu chini ya kifalme wa kikatiba. | utaifa = [[Mwingereza]] | kiongozi1 = [[Charles III]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Mfalme]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = | kiongozi_jina2 = | kiongozi3 = | cheo_kiongozi3 = | bunge = | tukio1 = | tukio1_tarehe = | tukio2 = | tukio2_tarehe = | tukio3 = | tukio3_tarehe = | eneo_jumla = 132,932 km² | eneo_ardhi = | eneo_maji = | asilimia_maji = | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 57,106,398 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | cheo_idadi_ya_watu = | msongamano = | plt_ppp = | pato_mwaka = | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = | plt = {{increase}} £2.162 trilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = £37,852 </br> ($46,951) | hdi = | orodha_hdi = | mwaka_maendeleo = | mwaka_gini = | gini = | tovuti = | sarafu = [[Pauni ya Sterling]] | majira_saa = +0 (GMT) | msimbo_simu = 44 | mtandao = | upande_wa_kuendeshea = Kushoto | tanbihi = Uingereza ni nchi ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | muundo_tarehe = dd/mm/yyyy }} '''Uingereza''' (pia: '''Ingilandi''' kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: '''England''') ni nchi ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. Inapakana na [[Uskoti]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Welisi]] upande wa magharibi. [[Bahari ya Eire]] upande wa kaskazini-magharibi, [[Bahari ya Celtic]] ipo kusini-magharibi, na [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]] ipo mashariki, huku Mfereji wa Kiingereza ukiitenganisha na bara la [[Ulaya]] upande wa kusini. Uingereza inashughulikia sehemu kubwa ya kusini ya kisiwa [[Ufalme wa Muungano|cha]] [[Britania]] na ina asilimia 84 ya idadi ya watu wa [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. Mji wake mkuu ni [[London]], ambao pia ni mji mkubwa zaidi nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] Uingereza ina mandhari mbalimbali inayojumuisha vilima vinavyopinda, nyanda [[tambarare]], na maeneo ya milima kama Eneo la Ziwa (Lake District) na Milima ya Pennines. Mito yake mikubwa ni pamoja na [[Mto Thames]], Severn, na Trent. Uingereza ina hali ya hewa ya baharini yenye [[Majira ya joto|joto]] la wastani, ikiwa na halijoto za wastani na mvua katika kipindi chote cha mwaka. Nchi hii ina miji mingi, ikiwa na miji mikubwa kama [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]], [[Leeds]], na [[Newcastle]], pamoja na miji yake ya [[historia|kihistoria]] na vijiji vya mashambani vinavyovutia mamilioni ya watalii kila mwaka. [[Historia|Kihistoria]], Uingereza imekuwa na nafasi ya kipekee katika maendeleo ya utamaduni wa Magharibi, [[sheria]], [[sayansi]], na [[viwanda]]. Hapa ndipo palipozaliwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]], Mapinduzi ya Kiwanda (''Industrial Revolution''), na watu mashuhuri wengi katika [[fasihi]], [[falsafa]], na [[siasa]]. Mfumo wa sheria ya kawaida (common law) wa Uingereza, demokrasia ya bunge, na taasisi kama vile ufalme, zimekuwa na athari kubwa duniani. Leo, Uingereza bado ni kitovu cha [[uchumi]], [[utamaduni]], na [[siasa]] ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], na inaendelea kuathiri mienendo ya [[dunia] katika [[muziki]], [[michezo]], [[elimu]], na [[teknolojia]] . ==Jina== {{Vyanzo}} Katika [[lugha]] ya kila siku "Uingereza" hutaja mara nyingi Ufalme wote au kisiwa chote cha Britania. Lakini kwa usahihi "Uingereza" ni ile sehemu kubwa zaidi [[kusini]] mwa kisiwa, tofauti na nchi za [[Welisi]] (Wales, upande wa [[magharibi]]) na [[Uskoti]] (Scotland, upande wa [[kaskazini]]).[[Asili]] ya [[jina]] la [[Kiswahili]] ni neno <big>إنجليزي</big> ''injilisi'' ''(matamshi ya Kimisri: ingilisi)''" katika lugha ya [[Kiarabu]]; [[Waarabu]] walisikia jina "inglish" wakirahisisha matamshi kuwa "inglis", wakaongeza [[sauti]] fupi kati ya "g" na "l", hivyo kufikia kwa "ingilis" ambako "i" ya pili ni fupi kiasi cha kusikia pia "e" na hivyo ilipokewa na [[Waswahili]]. Kwa namna ya [[Kibantu]] sauti ya "l" ikawa "r": ingelesi kuwa ingereza. == Jiografia == [[File:Topographic Map of the UK - Blank.png|thumb|Topografia ya Ufalme wa Muungano]] [[Picha:Widecombe in the Moor, Devon.jpg|thumb|Mazingira ya vilima vya Devon, kusini-magharibi ya Uingereza]] Uingereza iko kwenye kisiwa cha Britania ambacho ndicho kisiwa kikubwa cha [[Ulaya]]. Inapakana na [[Welisi]] upande wa magharibi na [[Uskoti]] upande wa kaskazini. Upande wa magharibi iko [[Bahari ya Eire]], na ng'ambo yake kisiwa cha [[Eire]] (Ireland). Upande wa [[mashariki]] iko [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]], ng'ambo yake [[Denmark]], [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uholanzi]]; upande wa kusini uko [[Mfereji wa Kiingereza]] halafu kusini-magharibi [[Bahari Atlantiki]], ng'ambo yake [[Ufaransa]] na [[Ubelgiji]]. Tangu mwaka [[1994]] chini ya mfereji huo kuna njia ya [[reli]] kwa [[tobwe]] inayounganisha Uingereza na Ufaransa. Uingereza ina visiwa vingi vidogo; kikubwa ni [[Isle of Wight]] katika kusini. [[Pwani]] zake ni ndefu, hakuna mahali palipo mbali zaidi ya [[km]] 113 kutoka [[bahari]]ni. Sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni ama tambarare au vilima vidogo; mwinuko wa juu ni [[Scafell Pike]] yenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 978. Kumbe [[milima]] mirefu ya Britania iko Welisi na Uskoti. ===Tabianchi=== [[Tabianchi]] ya Uingereza inaathiriwa na mahali pake baharini inayopitiwa na [[Mkondo wa Ghuba]] na [[latitudo|latitudo ya kaskazini]]. Athari hizo zinaleta tabianchi fufutende ya kibahari; kwa [[wastani]] [[baridi]] haishuki chini ya 0 [[°C]] na [[joto]] halipandi juu ya 32 °C. Hata hivyo vipindi vya [[jeledi]] au [[joto]] kali zaidi vinaweza kutokea kwa [[siku]] kadhaa. Miezi ya baridi ni [[Januari]] na [[Februari]]. [[Julai]] kwa kawaida ni mwezi wenye joto zaidi. [[Hali ya hewa]] mara nyingi ni nyevunyevu na [[mvua]] inaweza kutokea mwaka wote. Vipindi vya mvua na [[jua]] hubadilishana haraka. ===Miji ya Uingereza=== [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[London]]. Kati ya [[miji]] mikubwa ya Uingereza ni: [[London]] (wakazi 9,787,426), [[Manchester]] (2,553,379), [[Birmingham]] (pamoja na West Midlands 2,440,986), [[Leeds]] (pamoja na West Yorkshire 1,777,934), [[Sheffield]], [[Bradford]] na [[Liverpool]]. === Mito ya Uingereza === [[Picha:CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg|thumb|left|320px|Mto Thames katika London mnamo mwaka 1750]] {{main|Mito ya Uingereza}} Kutokana na tabianchi yenye mvua ya kutosha kuna [[mito]] mingi nchini. Mito mirefu ni Thames (km 346) na Severn (km 350). * [[Severn (mto)|Severn]] (mto mrefu wa [[Britania]]) * [[Thames (mto)|Thames]] (mto mrefu katika Uingereza) * [[Trent (mto)|Trent]] * [[Humber (mto)|Humber]] * [[Tyne (mto)|Tyne]] * [[Tees (mto)|Tees]] * [[Ribble (mto)|Ribble]] * [[Ouse (mto)|Ouse]] * [[Mersey (mto)|Mersey]] * [[Dee (mto)|Dee]] * [[Avon (mto)|Avon]] === Mikoa ya Uingereza === {{Uingerezamap|width={{{width|250}}}}} {{main|Mikoa ya Uingereza}} Kihistoria Uingereza iligawiwa katika [[kaunti]] (''counties'') na miji (''boroughs''). Nchi yote imegawiwa leo katika [[mikoa]] (regions) 9. Mikoa kadhaa huwa na [[mamlaka]] fulani ya kiutawala, lakini si yote. Vinginevyo [[utawala]] wa kieneo kunatokea hasa kwenye ngazi ya kaunti na [[halmashauri]] ndani ya kila mkoa. == Historia == '''Historia ya Uingereza''' inahusu maendeleo ya nchi hiyo kuanzia nyakati za kabla ya historia hadi leo. Uingereza, ambayo inachukua sehemu ya kusini na ya kati ya kisiwa cha [[Britania|Britania kuu]], imekuwa ikikaliwa tangu nyakati za kabla ya historia, huku ushahidi wa kiakiolojia ukionyesha kuwepo kwa makazi ya [[Enzi ya mawe]] yaliyodumu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka.<ref name="Britannica_England_History">{{cite web |title=History of England |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Wakati wa [[Enzi ya chuma]], sehemu kubwa ya eneo hilo ilikaliwa na jamii za Wa-Briton ambao walianzisha maeneo mengi ya kikabila.<ref name="BBC_Ancient_Britain">{{cite web |title=Ancient Britain Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/ |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC History |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 43 BK, sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Uingereza ya sasa ilitekwa na [[Dola la Roma]] na kuingizwa katika jimbo la Britannia ya Kirumi.<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain">{{cite web |title=Roman Britain Collection |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain |website=britishmuseum.org |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa Kirumi ulileta miji, barabara, taasisi za kiutawala na [[Ukristo]], na uliendelea hadi mamlaka ya Kirumi yalipoondoka mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 5]].<ref name="BritishMuseum_Roman_Britain"/> Baada ya Warumi kuondoka,[[Waangli]]-[[Wasaksoni|Saksoni]] walihamia katika eneo hilo na kuanzisha falme kadhaa, ambazo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Heptarchy, zikiwemo ''Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent na Sussex''.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts and History |url=https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326135009/https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons |archivedate=2019-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Uvamizi wa Waviking kuanzia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 8]] ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa Danelaw katika sehemu kubwa ya kaskazini na mashariki mwa Uingereza, huku wafalme wa Wessex wakizidi kuunganisha maeneo mengine ya Wa-Angli-Saksoni chini ya utawala wao.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Anglo_Saxons"/> [[Alfredi Mkuu]] alipinga upanuzi wa [[Wavikingi]], na warithi wake hatimaye waliunda [[Ufalme wa Uingereza]] ulioungana katika karne ya 10.<ref name="Britannica_Alfred">{{cite web |title=Alfred the Great |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-king-of-Wessex |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Mwaka 1066, Uvamizi wa [[Wanormani|Normani]] wa Uingereza ulibadilisha taasisi za kisiasa na kijamii za [[Uingereza]].<ref name="NationalArchives_1066">{{cite web |title=The Norman Conquest 1066 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/1066/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[William Mshindi]] alimshinda Harold Godwinson katika Vita vya Hastings na kuanzisha utawala wa Norman, huku akileta tabaka jipya la watu mashuhuri na kujenga majumba ya kifalme kote nchini.<ref name="NationalArchives_1066"/> Nasaba ya Norman ilifuatiwa na Nyumba ya Plantagenet, ambayo chini yake Uingereza ilianzisha taasisi imara zaidi za kifalme na kupanua maeneo yake katika Visiwa vya Uingereza na bara la [[Ulaya]].<ref name="Britannica_Plantagenet">{{cite web |title=House of Plantagenet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Plantagenet |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Magna Carta]] ilitolewa mwaka 1215 wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme John, huku Bunge la Uingereza likiendelezwa taratibu na kuwa taasisi muhimu ya kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Magna_Carta">{{cite web |title=Magna Carta and the emergence of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Vita vya Miaka Mia dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]] vilianza mwaka 1337, na Kifo Cheusi katika [[karne ya 14]] kilisababisha mgogoro mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na uchumi.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages">{{cite web |title=Middle Ages 1066-1485 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/middle-ages/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kukosekana kwa utulivu wa kisiasa kulifikia kilele katika Vita vya Roses katika [[karne ya 15]], vilivyomalizika kwa kutawazwa kwa Henry VII na kuanzishwa kwa Nasaba ya Tudor mwaka 1485.<ref name="NationalArchives_Middle_Ages"/> Kipindi cha Tudor kilijulikana kwa mabadiliko makubwa ya kidini, kisiasa na kitamaduni.<ref name="NationalArchives_Tudors">{{cite web |title=Tudors 1485-1603 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/tudors/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Henry VIII alijitenga na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na kuanzisha [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] wakati wa Mageuzi ya Kiprotestanti ya Uingereza.<ref name="UKParliament_Reformation">{{cite web |title=The Reformation and Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/reformation/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Chini ya [[Elizabeth I wa Uingereza|Elizabeth I]], Uingereza ilipitia upanuzi wa kiuchumi na kitamaduni, ukiwemo maendeleo ya ukumbi wa michezo wa enzi ya Elizabeth na shughuli za ng'ambo za wavumbuzi na wafanyabiashara wa Kiingereza.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Elizabethans">{{cite web |title=The Elizabethan Era |url=https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/the-elizabethan-theatre |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kushindwa kwa Jeshi la Uhispania mwaka 1588 kuliimarisha nafasi ya Uingereza kama mamlaka kubwa ya baharini.<ref name="RoyalMuseums_Armada">{{cite web |title=The Spanish Armada |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/spanish-armada |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Nasaba ya Stuart iliwarithi Tudor mwaka 1603, wakati James VI na I alipounganisha taji za Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], huku falme hizo mbili zikiendelea kuwa na taasisi tofauti za kisiasa.<ref name="UKParliament_Union_Crowns">{{cite web |title=The Union of the Crowns |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/union-of-crowns/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Migogoro kati ya utawala wa kifalme na Bunge ilichangia Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza (1642–1651), vilivyosababisha kuuawa kwa Charles I na kuanzishwa kwa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Uingereza chini ya Oliver Cromwell.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War">{{cite web |title=Civil War and Revolution |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Utawala wa kifalme ulirejeshwa mwaka 1660, lakini mvutano kati ya Taji na Bunge uliendelea.<ref name="UKParliament_Civil_War"/> Mapinduzi Matukufu ya 1688–1689 yaliweka msingi wa kikatiba wa utawala wa kibunge na kusababisha kupitishwa kwa Mswada wa Haki za Binadamu wa 1689.<ref name="UKParliament_Bill_Rights">{{cite web |title=1689 Bill of Rights |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-anniversaries-in-parliament/1365-magnacarta-bill-of-rights/bill-of-rights/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19, Uingereza ikawa kitovu cha [[Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]], yaliyobadilisha uchumi na jamii yake.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution">{{cite web |title=The Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |website=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |access-date=30 Agosti 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416103651/https://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/the-industrial-revolution |archivedate=2019-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ukuaji wa viwanda ulisababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa miji na upanuzi wa uzalishaji, uchimbaji madini, usafirishaji na biashara, huku miji kama [[Manchester]], [[Birmingham]] na [[Liverpool]] ikipanuka kwa kasi.<ref name="BritishLibrary_Industrial_Revolution"/> Uingereza pia ikawa kitovu cha [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] iliyokuwa ikipanuka, huku maeneo ya Uingereza ya ng'ambo yakiongezeka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[karne ya 18]] na 19.<ref name="NationalArchives_Empire">{{cite web |title=Empire and Industry |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/empire-and-industry/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Sheria ya Muungano ya 1707]] iliunganisha Uingereza na Scotland na kuunda Ufalme wa Britania Kuu, huku Sheria za Muungano za 1800 zikiunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Ufalme wa Muungano wa Britania Kuu na Eire ya Kaskazini]].<ref name="UKParliament_Act_Union">{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativespaces/parliament-and-scotland/overview/actofunion/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Marekebisho ya kisiasa yalipanua hatua kwa hatua ushiriki katika serikali kupitia hatua kama Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1832, Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1867 na Sheria ya Marekebisho ya 1884.<ref name="UKParliament_Reform_Acts">{{cite web |title=The 1832 Reform Act |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/1832reformact/ |website=UK Parliament |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Karne ya 19 pia ilishuhudia maendeleo makubwa katika elimu ya umma, afya ya umma, usafiri na teknolojia ya viwanda.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> Katika [[karne ya 20]], Uingereza iliathiriwa sana na [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="IWM_20th_Century_Warfare">{{cite web |title=First and Second World Wars Overview |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/first-world-war |website=iwm.org.uk |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ulitoka mshindi katika vita vyote viwili, lakini ulipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi na kijamii, huku [[Pauni ya Uingereza]] ikianza mchakato wa kuondokana na ukoloni baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]].<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century">{{cite web |title=20th Century Britain |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions/20th-century-britain/ |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Afya mwaka 1948 kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika ujenzi wa mfumo wa kisasa wa ustawi wa jamii wa Uingereza.<ref name="BBC_NHS_Creation">{{cite web |title=The creation of the NHS |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-44588521 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=5 Julai 2018 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Katika sehemu ya mwisho ya karne ya 20, Uingereza ilipitia mabadiliko ya muundo wa uchumi, yakiwemo kupungua kwa viwanda vingi vya jadi na kukua kwa sekta ya huduma.<ref name="NationalArchives_20th_Century"/> Mwaka 1999, ugatuzi wa madaraka uliunda Bunge la London na nafasi ya Meya wa London, huku Bunge la [[Uskoti]], Bunge la Kitaifa la [[Welisi]] na Bunge la [[Eire Kaskazini]] likianzishwa katika maeneo mengine ya Ufalme wa Muungano.<ref name="UKParliament_Devolution">{{cite web |title=Devolution in the UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/devolution/ |website=parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Kura ya maoni ya mwaka 2016 kuhusu uanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] na mchakato wa baadaye wa [[Brexit]] vilikuwa miongoni mwa matukio makubwa ya kisiasa katika karne ya 21.<ref name="BBC_Brexit_History">{{cite web |title=Brexit: How the UK left the EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=31 Januari 2020 |access-date=30 Agosti 2026}}</ref> Uingereza bado ni nchi kubwa zaidi kati ya nchi zinazounda Ufalme wa Muungano na inaendelea kuwa kitovu muhimu cha fedha, utamaduni, elimu na maisha ya kisiasa duniani.<ref name="Britannica_England_History"/> == Uchumi== [[File:London city.jpg|thumb|[[London]], Uingereza]] Uingereza ina [[uchumi]] mkubwa zaidi ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] na ni mojawapo ya uchumi wa kikanda ulioendelea zaidi na wenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani. <ref name="ONS_UK_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) output approach, UK |website=ons.gov.uk |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Inafanya kazi kama sehemu ya uchumi mpana wa taifa la [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] lakini inachangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]], [[idadi ya watu]], na uzalishaji wa [[Kiwanda|viwanda]]. [[Historia ya Ufalme wa Muungano|Kihistoria]], Uingereza ilikuwa mahali palipoanzia [[Mapinduzi ya Viwandani]], ambayo yaliibadilisha kuwa kitovu cha dunia cha viwanda vya uzalishaji na [[huduma]] za [[fedha|kifedha]]. <ref name="Britannica_Industrial_Rev">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution |title=Industrial Revolution |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Leo, uchumi wake una aina nyingi, ukiwa mtaji mkubwa katika sekta ya [[huduma]], [[Kiwanda|viwanda vya kisasa]], [[teknolojia]], na [[biashara|biashara ya kimataifa]]. <ref name="PwC_UK_Economic_Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.pwc.co.uk/services/economics/insights/uk-economic-outlook.html |title=UK Economic Outlook |website=pwc.co.uk |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2025 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta ya huduma ndiyo inayoongoza katika uchumi wa Uingereza, hasa huduma za fedha, [[bima]], sekta ya majengo na ardhi, na huduma za biashara. Jiji la [[London]] ni mojawapo ya vituo vikuu vya fedha duniani, likihudumia mabenki makubwa, [[Soko la hisa|masoko ya hisa]], na makampuni ya kimataifa. <ref name="CityOfLondon_Research">{{cite web |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/supporting-businesses/economic-research-and-information |title=Economic Research and Global Financial Centre Report |website=cityoflondon.gov.uk |publisher=City of London Corporation |date=2024 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sekta nyingine muhimu ni [[teknolojia ya habari]], [[afya]], [[elimu]], [[utalii]], na [[viwanda]] vya ubunifu kama [[vyombo vya habari]], [[filamu]], na usanifu. [[Kiwanda|Viwanda]] bado vina umuhimu, hasa katika uzalishaji wa [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]], magari, [[kemikali]], na [[dawa]], ingawa vinachukua sehemu ndogo ya ajira ikilinganishwa na sekta ya huduma. <ref name="Britannica_England_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/England/Economy |title=England: Economy |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> Uingereza pia ni kitovu kikuu cha biashara ya ndani na ya kimataifa, [[mahuruji|ikisafirisha nje]] bidhaa na huduma kama vile huduma za kifedha, [[mashine]], [[dawa]], na bidhaa za [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]]. Inaagiza [[nishati]], chakula, bidhaa za matumizi, na [[malighafi]] kutoka kwa washirika wa kimataifa. <ref name="WFB_UK_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/#economy |title=United Kingdom - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 19, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uchumi wake unafaidika na nguvu kazi yenye ujuzi mkubwa, miundombinu ya kisasa, na mifumo imara ya kisheria na udhibiti. Licha ya nguvu zake, Uingereza inakabiliwa na changamoto kama vile tofauti za kiuchumi kati ya maeneo, upungufu wa uzalishaji katika baadhi ya sekta, na shinikizo la makazi, hasa kati ya [[London]] na maeneo mengine. <ref name="IMF_UK_Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/GBR |title=United Kingdom and the IMF |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=2024 |access-date=May 19, 2026 }} </ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/swahili/ BBC Swahili] * [http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm Serikali ya Uingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm |date=20090907093139 }} [[Jamii:Uingereza| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Ufalme wa Muungano]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] t28hjphxlvxlnrkqej1zn12fkve9ho7 0 5794 1601578 1316891 2026-09-26T05:42:02Z Isangaleli 92635 Pia ngoma ya lindenda hutumika siku au nyakati au wakati wa kuhitimisha msiba. 1601578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wandamba''' ni [[kabila]] la watu wa [[Tanzania]] wanaoishi kiasili katika [[mkoa wa Morogoro]] ([[Wilaya ya Malinyi]] na [[Wilaya ya Mlimba]]), hasa katika [[mji]] wa [[Ifakara]] pamoja na [[Kijiji|vijiji]] vya [[Mofu]], [[Ruipa]], [[Mbingu]], [[Mngeta]], [[Merera]], [[Chita]], [[Ngombo]], [[Mlimba]] na [[Biro]]. Wa wanapatikana pia katika [[wilaya ya Ulanga]] katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Malinyi]]. [[Lugha]] yao ni [[Kindamba]] (wenyewe wanatamka Chindamba), ambacho kinafanana sana na [[Kimbunga]] (69[[%]]) na [[Kipogoro]] (56%), lugha ya [[Wapogoro]] wanaoishi katika [[wilaya ya Ulanga]]. Hiyo inathibitisha kwamba [[asili]] yao ni moja. [[Mwaka]] [[1987]] walikadiriwa kuwa 79,000, mbali ya [[Wambunga]] waliokuwa 29,000. Asili ya Wandamba wengi ni kuwa wapole, wakarimu, si wachoyo wala bahiri. Pia Wandamba huwa na [[mapenzi]] ya [[ukweli]], akipenda amependa haswahaswa. Upande wa [[dini]] wengi wao ni wafuasi wa [[Yesu Kristo]] katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Wandamba ni maarufu kwa kupenda kula [[wali]] na [[samaki]] hata mwaka mzima kutokana na [[kilimo]] cha [[mpunga]] na [[uvuvi]] wa samaki. Samaki wanaopendwa sana na Wandamba ni [[Kitoga]]. [[Mapishi]] ya wali kwa samaki hupikwa bila kutumia [[mafuta]] wala [[nazi]]. [[Ngoma]] ya asili ya Wandamba inaitwa [[Lindenda]]. Ngoma hiyo huchezwa wakati wa [[furaha]] katika mfumo wa [[duara]] na pia ngoma ya lindenda huchezwa wakati wa kuhitimisha msiba. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ndamba}} {{mbegu-utamaduni-TZ}} [[Jamii:Makabila ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Morogoro]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kilombero]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Malinyi]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ulanga]] 8owkw576qid2ptduno0oyu0yeq9jzee 0 7304 1601603 1433442 2026-09-26T07:50:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Jiji la Aswan |picha_ya_satelite = Nubian village in Elephantine Island Aswan.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Mto Nile]] mjini Aswan |pushpin_map = Misri |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Aswan katika Misri |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Misri]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Misri|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Aswan|Aswan]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 275000 |latd=24 |latm=05 |lats=20 |latNS=N |longd=32 |longm=53 |longs=59 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.aswan.gov.eg/ www.aswan.gov.eg] }} [[Picha:Egypt.Aswan.Mosque.02.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Msikiti mkuu wa Aswan]] [[Picha:GD-EG-Assouan-Cathédrale Copte.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Wakopti|Kikopti]] la Aswan]] '''Aswan''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]] أسوان, Aswān, pia Assuan au Assouan) ni [[mji]] wa [[kusini]] kabisa nchini [[Misri]] wenye wakazi 200,000. Ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[mkoa wa Aswan]]. Imejulikana [[duniani]] kutokana na [[lambo la Aswan]] ambalo ni [[ukuta]] mkubwa unaozuia mwendo wa [[mto Nile]] na kusababisha kutokea kwa [[bwawa la Nasser]]. Tangu kutengenezwa kwa lambo hilo, Aswan imekuwa mji wa [[viwanda]] kwa sababu [[umeme]] unapatikana kwa wingi tangu [[1960]]. [[Utalii]] ni muhimu pia, kwa sababu karibu na Aswan kuna mabaki mengi ya [[Hekalu|mahekalu]] na [[Jengo|majengo]] mengine ya enzi za [[Misri ya Kale]]. == Historia == Zamani mji ulijulikana kwa [[jina]] la Syene au Swan au Seveneh. Inatajwa hata katika [[Biblia]]. Ilikuwa mji muhimu wa Misri ya kusini na mara nyingi mpaka na madola ya [[Sudan]]. Hivyo Ma[[farao]] waliweka huko kituo muhimu cha kijeshi kwa [[karne]] nyingi. Aswan ilikuwa muhimu katika historia ya [[sayansi]]. Wazee walitambua ya kwamba wakati wa [[mchana]] [[jua]] liko juu kabisa [[Anga|angani]] na fimbo halina [[kivuli]] katika [[saa]] ya [[adhuhuri]]. [[Mtaalamu]] Mmisri [[Eratosthenes]] alianza hapa [[upimaji]] wake uliothibitisha ya kuwa [[dunia]] si tambarare, bali [[duara]] kama [[mpira]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Misri]] == Viungo vya nje == * {{ar}} [http://www.aswan.gov.eg/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aswan.gov.eg/ |date=20071017015716 }} * {{ar}} [http://www.eg/ Aswan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eg/ |date=20130826202746 }} * {{ar}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130822204538/http://www.morocco/ Morocco • ⵍⵎⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱ • المغرب] {{mbegu-jio-Misri}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Misri]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Aswan]] [[Jamii:Nile]] bwlwy1re141o4ooqiqz7fzpiv1bqtt8 0 7604 1601442 1576327 2026-09-25T19:01:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Umm_Al_Quwain_mangroves_(7267363924).jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Umm al-Quwain]] [[Picha:Flag of Umm al-Qaiwain.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Umm al-Quwain.]] [[Picha:UAE en-map.png|thumb|350px|Falme za Kiarabu.]] '''Umm al-Quwain''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: أمّ القيوين) ni [[emirati]] mojawapo ya [[Shirikisho]] la [[Falme za Kiarabu]] kwenye [[rasi ya Uarabuni]]. Iko [[kaskazini]] mwa shirikisho, kati ya [[Ajman]] na [[Ras al-Khaimah]]. [[Mtawala]] wake ni [[Sheikh]] [[Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mu'alla]] (الشيخ راشد بن احمد المعلا). [[Utemi]] una wakazi 62,000 ([[2003]]) katika eneo la [[km²]] 750. Haina [[mapato]] makubwa kama [[Abu Dhabi]] kutokana na [[mafuta]], hivyo imebaki [[mji]] mdogo. [[Biashara]] ya wenyeji ilikuwa [[uvuvi]], kujenga [[Boti|maboti]] ya dhau na [[kilimo]] cha [[mitende]] katika [[oasis]] ya Falaj al-mula. Leo hii [[utalii]] umekuwa muhimu. == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140211021357/http://www.uaq24.com/ UAQ24.com] - Shopping, Business, Events and more in Umm Al Quwain === Magazeti ya Falme za Kiarabu === * [http://www.gulf-news.com/ Gulf News] * [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/ Khaleej Times] * [http://www.emiratestodayonline.com/ Emirates Today] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emiratestodayonline.com/ |date=20070907033449 }} * [http://www.7days.ae/ 7 Days] {{Wayback|url=http://www.7days.ae/ |date=20070927000456 }} * [http://www.eveningpost.ae/ Emirates Evening Post] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eveningpost.ae/ |date=20070107193216 }} * [http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/ Gulf Today] {{Wayback|url=http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/ |date=20070824120443 }} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Falme za Kiarabu]] 5glzd2qi982ygwzx78njer51nhpvfgs 0 8410 1601513 1498280 2026-09-25T21:24:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kijamaa ya Vietnam | jina_asili = Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam | bendera = Flag of Vietnam.svg | nembo = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | kauli_mbiu = Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc | wimbo_wa_taifa = Tiến quân ca | ramani = Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg | ramani2 = Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Vietnam Kusini-Mashariki mwa Asia | maelezo_ramani2 = Eneo la ASEAN | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = Hanoi (mji mkuu)<br>Ho Chi Minh City (mji mkubwa kwa idadi ya watu) | lugha_rasmi = Kivietinamu | lugha2 = | mwaka_dini = 2019 | dini = {{Plainlist| * 86.32% Wasio na dini</br>Dini za Jadi<br>6.1% [[Ukatoliki]]<br>4.79% [[Ubudha]]<br>1.02% Hòa Hảo<br>1% [[Uprotestanti]]<br>0.58% Ukaodai<br>0.07% Uislamu<br>0.12% nyingine}} | uraia = Mvietinamu | serikali = Shirikisho la kijamaa lenye chama kimoja | cheo_kiongozi1 = Katibu Mkuu wa Chama | kiongozi1 = Tô Lâm | cheo_kiongozi2 = Rais | kiongozi2 = Lương Cường | bunge = Bunge Kuu | muundo_uhuru = Kuundwa | tukio1 = Tangazo la Uhuru | tukio1_tarehe = 2 Septemba 1945 | tukio2 = Muungano wa Kitaifa | tukio2_tarehe = 2 Julai 1976 | eneo_jumla = 331,344.82 km² | maji = 6.38% | watu_kadirio = 102,300,000 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 309/km² | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025 | plt_ppp = $1.786 trillion | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = $17,484 | mwaka_plt = 2025 | plt = $490.970 billion | plt_kwa_mtu = $4,806 | hdi = {{Increase}} 0.766 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 93 | gini = 36.1 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = Đồng (₫) | majira_saa = +07:00) | tld = .vn | msimbo_simu = 84 }} '''Vietnam''', ''(Việt nam - 越南) ''rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Kijamaa ya Vietnam''', ni [[nchi]] katika [[Asia ya Kusini]]-Mashariki, iliyoko kwenye pwani ya Bahari ya Kusini ya [[China]]. Inapakana na [[China]] kaskazini, [[Laos]] magharibi, na [[Cambodia]] kusini-magharibi. Ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 99, ikiwa ya 15 duniani. Jiji lake kubwa zaidi ni [[Ho Chi Minh]], huku mji mkuu ukiwa [[Hanoi]]. Vietnam imegawanyika katika mikoa 63. Inajulikana kwa historia yake ya ya Vita vya Vietnam na mandhari yake ya asili kama Halong Bay. == Jiografia == [[Umbo]] la nchi ni kama kanda ndefu kando ya [[mwambao]] wa [[Bahari ya Kusini ya China]]. [[Umbali]] kati ya [[kaskazini]] na [[kusini]] ni [[km]] 1,650. [[Upana]] wa nchi kati ya [[mashariki]] na mipaka ya [[magharibi]] hutofautiana: kaskazini ni km 600, lakini kwenye [[shingo]] jembamba la Vietnam ya kati ni kilomita 50 tu. [[Pwani]] ina [[urefu]] wa km 3,000. [[Picha:Ha Long Bay, Vietnam, View from above.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Kidaka cha Halong katika Vietnam Kaskazini.]] Umbo la kijiografia limewahi kulinganishwa na "[[fimbo]] linalobeba ma[[bakuli]] mawili": kaskazini na kusini kuna [[delta]] [[mbili]] za [[mto Mekong]] na [[Mto Mwekundu]] zenye [[rutuba]]; katikati nchi nyembamba ya [[milima]] na [[misitu]]. Kuna maeneo makubwa matano: * [[Nyanda za juu za Yunnan]] katika kaskazini, mpakani kwa China, zenye ma[[kabila]] mbalimbali ya watu wasio Wavietnam ki[[lugha]] na ki[[utamaduni]]. * Delta ya [[Mto Mwekundu]] ambayo ni [[tambarare]] yenye rutuba katika [[mazingira]] ya mji mkuu Hanoi. [[Mpunga]] hulimwa kwa wingi. * [[Nyanda za juu za Annam]] ni eneo la milima pasipo [[msongamano]] wa watu ambao tena ni wa makabila mbalimbali. * [[Pwani ya Annam]] ni kanda nyembamba ya tambarare ya pwani yenye msogamano mkubwa wa watu. * Delta ya Mekong ni tambarare ya kusini yenye rutuba na [[kilimo]] cha mpunga. Mji wa [[Mji wa Ho Chi Minh]] (zamani: Saigon) uko huko. == Historia == Nchi ilikaliwa na [[watu]] tangu [[Zama za Mawe]]. === Milki jirani ya China === Vietnam ilitawaliwa kwa [[karne]] kadhaa kutoka [[China]] kuanzia [[karne ya 2 KK]]. [[Athira]] ya [[utamaduni]] wa China ilibaki muhimu hata katika [[uhuru]]. Katika [[karne ya 18]] nchi iliunganishwa chini ya ma[[kaisari]] wa [[mji]] wa [[Hue]]. === Koloni la Ufaransa === Athira ya [[Ufaransa]] ilikua na kati ya miaka [[1858]] na [[1883]] utawala wa nchi ulichukuliwa na Ufaransa. Kusini mwa nchi kulikuwa koloni la Ufaransa kwa jina la [[Cochinchina]]. Annan (eneo la Vietnam ya Kati) na Tongking (kaskazini) zilikuwa [[nchi lindwa]] chini ya utawala wa kaisari wa Hue lakini hali halisi [[mamlaka]] ilikuwa mikononi mwa Ufaransa. [[Picha:Cao Dai temple (Vietnam).jpg|thumb|300px|left|Hekalu la Kibuddha]] === Vita vya ukombozi === Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] Vietnam ilitwaliwa na [[Japani]] iliyoacha maafisa Wafaransa wa [[serikali ya Víchy]] [[ofisi|ofisini]] lakini kushika utawala wa juu. Kundi la [[Viet Minh]] walioongozwa na [[mkomunisti]] [[Ho Chi Minh]] waliwapinga kwa njia ya [[vita]] ya [[Msitu|msituni]]. Mwaka [[1945]] Japani ilijaribu kutumia Wavietnam upande wake ukaondoa Wafaransa [[madaraka|madarakani]] na kumtangaza Kaisari [[Bao Dai]] wa Hue mtawala wa Vietnam huru. Lakini baada ya miezi michache vita ikaisha na Ho Chi Minh alitangaza Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Vietnam mjini Hanoi. Wafaransa wa serikali ya [[Paris]] walijaribu kujenga uhusiano naye lakini baada ya kurudi walilenga kuchukua utawala upya. [[Vita vya kupigania uhuru]] vilifuata hadi mwaka [[1954]] Ufaransa ukashindwa. === Kipindi cha Vietnam mbili === Vietnam iligawiwa katika [[Vietnam Kaskazini]] na [[Vietnam Kusini]]. [[Jeshi]] na watawala wa kikoloni wa Ufaransa waliondoka kabisa. Wavietnam wengi wa kaskazini, hasa [[Wakristo]], walioogopa serikali ya kikomunisti walikimbilia kusini. Lakini [[uchaguzi]] huru uliokubaliwa huko [[Geneva]] haukutekelezwa kwa sababu serikali za ki[[dikteta]] za kusini zilikataa. [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] ilianzishwa na [[wakomunisti]] wa kaskazini waliosaidiwa na [[China]] na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] dhidi ya serikali ya kusini iliyopata msaada wa [[Marekani]]. === Kaskazini kuteka Kusini na kuunganisha taifa === Katika [[vita ya Vietnam]] majeshi ya Marekani na Vietnam Kusini yalishindwa. [[Tarehe]] [[30 Aprili]] [[1975]] jeshi la Vietnam Kaskazini lilitwaa mji wa [[Saigon]]. Nchi yote iliunganishwa kama Jamhuri ya Kijamaa ya Vietnam tarehe [[2 Julai]] [[1976]]. Nchi ilianza kubadilika mwaka [[1986]] kwa kuanza mahusiano na nchi zisizo za kikomunisti, na tangu hapo imepata [[maendeleo]] makubwa. ==Watu== [[File:Womens in the market - Hanoi.jpg|thumb|right|Wanawake katika soko la Hanoi, Vietnam]] Kwa jumla kuna wakazi [[milioni]] 95.5. Wengi (85.7[[%]]) ni [[Waviet]]. Wengine ni wa ma[[kabila]] madogomadogo 53 ambayo hakuna linalofikia 2%. [[Lugha rasmi]] na ya kawaida ni [[Kiviet]]. Upande wa [[dini]], [[siasa]] ya [[ukomunisti]] inabana [[Uhuru wa dini|uhuru]] lakini wanaozifuata wanaongezeka. Kadiri yake 26.8% tu za wakazi wamejiandikisha kufuata dini fulani, wakiwemo [[Wabuddha]] (12.2%), [[Wakatoliki]] (6.8%), [[Wakaoda]] (4.8%), waumini wa Hòa Hảo (1.4%) na [[Waprotestanti]] (1.5%), kumbe wengine wote hawamuamini [[Mungu]]. Lakini [[utafiti]] kutoka nje unataja [[namba]] tofauti, hasa kwa [[dini za jadi]], kwamba zinafuatwa na 45.3% za wakazi wote, na kwamba wasio na dini yoyote ni 29.6% tu. == Siasa na Uongozi == Kulingana na [[katiba]] ya nchi ya Vietnam, kipengele cha nne, [[chama cha siasa]] kinachotambulika ni Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Vietnam ambacho kina [[mamlaka]] juu ya [[Jeshi|majeshi]], vyombo vya [[mawasiliano]] na nchi yote kwa ujumla. Vyama au makundi ya watu wanaotaka kuwa katika [[uchaguzi]] lazima yawe yameambatanishwa na chama hicho cha Kikomunisti. Kwa kawaida, watu na [[vyombo vya habari]] katika nchi hii hukiita chama hiki Đảng yaani 'chama chetu'. ===Bunge === [[Bunge]] la nchi hii ina wabunge 498. Bunge hii ina nguvu juu ya [[serikali]] na [[mahakama]]. [[Waziri|Mawaziri]] wa nchi huchaguliwa kutoka kwa hili bunge. Bunge huongozwa na [[mwenyekiti]] ===Mfumo wa mahakama=== Mfumo wa mahakama wa Vietnam waongozwa na The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam na huongozwa na [[jaji mkuu]]. Hata hivyo, mfumo huo wa mahakama huwa chini ya bunge. [[Mahakama ya rufaa]] ndiyo kubwa sana nchini humo, chini yake kuna mahakama za jimbo na mahakama nyingine nyingi za mitaani. [[Mahakama ya kijeshi]] huwa na nguvu wakati nchi ilipo matatani. Vietnam bado inakubali [[adhabu ya kifo]] na kulingana na makala ya [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/un-urged-to-act-on-vietnam-over-death-penalty/2014/02/11/de74e9f8-938d-11e3-9e13-770265cf4962_story.html?utm_term=.7b92006660fe Washington Post] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, mwaka 2014, watu mia sababu walikuwa wauliwe kwa makosa mbalimbali. ===Serikali=== Rais wa Vietnam huwa ni mkuu wa nchi, kamanda mkuu wa jeshi na mwenyekiti wa baraza la Supreme Defense and Security. Waziri mkuu (Prime Minister ) wa Vietnam huwa mkuu wa baraza la mawaziri na tume zote za nchi. ==Uchumi== Kati ya miaka [[1940]] na 1975 Vietnam ilikuwa na kipindi kirefu cha vita ikaonekana kama [[nchi maskini]] sana. Tangu [[miaka ya 1980]] uchumi umesonga mbeleː sasa ni kati ya nchi kwenye njia ya [[maendeleo]] zenye uchumi imara sana unaokua haraka. == Utalii == [[Utalii]] ni mojawapo ya nyanja ambazo zinachangia uchumi wa Vietnam. Tangu mwaka [[2014]], mji wa Hanoi umekuwa ukisifika na kupewa taji na tovuti ya Trip Advisor kuwa kati ya miji mizuri zaidi ya kusafiri duniani. Vita vya Vietnam pia huchangia katika kufanya nchi hii inoge na kupata watalii wengi. Kuna mahala kama First Indochina War na Second Indochina War ambayo huonekana kama kivutio murua cha Vietnam. Pia The Imperial Citadel of Hue ni kivutio kingine cha watalii wanaotaka kuona kwenye vita za Vietnam zilifanyika. == Usafiri == Usafiri wa Vietnam, [https://xotours.vn/ Vietnam tours] huwa sanasana kwa ndege ambapo serikali imejenga nyanja za ndege. Pia kumekuwa na usafiri kwa kutumia [[pikipiki]] ambayo yafana sana. Nyanja za ndege za kimataifa ni: * [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Ca Mau]] * [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Da Nang]] * [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Dong Hoi]] * [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Phu Bai]] * [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Tan Son Nhat]] == Tazama pia == * [[Mikoa ya Vietnam]] * [[Orodha ya lugha za Vietnam]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] from [[BBC News]] *{{CIA World Factbook link|vm|Vietnam}} (CIA) *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm Vietnam] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm |date=20121003000923 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Vietnam}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' *{{wikiatlas|Vietnam}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam] from [[International Futures]] ; Serikali * {{en}} {{vi}} {{zh}} [http://www.chinhphu.vn/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chinhphu.vn/ |date=20060112031424 }} * [http://www.vietnam.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/English Portal of the Government of Vietnam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vietnam.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/English |date=20120528045736 }} * [http://www.cpv.org.vn/cpv/ Communist Party of Vietnam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cpv.org.vn/cpv/ |date=20101115125835 }} – official website (in Vietnamese) * [http://www.na.gov.vn/htx/English/C1330/ National Assembly] {{Wayback|url=http://www.na.gov.vn/htx/English/C1330/ |date=20081102220756 }} – the Vietnamese legislative body * [http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=491 General Statistics Office] * [http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ |date=20091020032719 }} ; Vyombo vya habari na uhuru wa uandishi *Robert N. Wilkey. [http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html |date=20120719190536 }} ''The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law''. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013. ; Utalii ;* [http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/news/index.asp Official tourism website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/news/index.asp |date=20100819172845 }} {{Asia}} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Vietnam| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 1ppqsn5gvvbzsl3zdh9a6f13hp5r4qh 0 9927 1601029 1543402 2026-09-25T13:10:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601029 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Saint-Pierre et Miquelon'''</big> |- | style="background:#f9f9f9;" align=center colspan=2 | {| border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 | align=center width="148px" | [[Picha:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|125px|Bendera ya Saint-Pierre na Miquelon]] | align=center width="148px" | [[Picha:Coat of Arms of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|125px|Nembo la Saint-Pierre na Miquelon]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | ''Wito: A mare labor'' (Kazi kutoka bahari) |- | Lugha rasmi | [[Kifaransa]] |- | [[Mji Mkuu]] | [[Saint-Pierre (Saint-Pierre na Miquelon)|St. Pierre]] |- | Rais wa Halmashauri Kuu | Stéphane Artano |- | Mkuu wa Mkoa (Préfet) | [[Albert Dupuy]] |- | [[Eeno]]<br>&nbsp;&ndash; Jumla<br>&nbsp;&ndash; % maji | <br>&nbsp;242 [[km²]]<br>&nbsp;0.0% |- | Idadi ya wakazi<br>&nbsp;&ndash; Jumla ([[2011]]) | <br>&nbsp;6,080 |- | [[Pesa]] | [[Euro]] (€;[[ISO 4217|EUR]]) |- | Jamla la pato la eneo <br>(Wanazaa kiasi gani cha mali kwa mwaka) || $48.3 Millioni |- | Kanda la saa | [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-3 |- | Simu ya eneo | 508 ¹ |- | [[Intaneti TLD]] | [[.pm]] |- |align=left colspan=2 | <small>1. 0508 kutoka Ufaransa bara.</small> |- |[[Picha:Stpierremap.png]] |} [[Picha:Miquelon 9.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Miquelon]] [[Picha:Saint Pierre and Miquelon map.gif|thumb|250px|left|Ramani]] [[Picha:LocationSaint-PierreAndMiquelon.png|thumb|200px|Mahali pa Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]] '''Saint-Pierre na Miquelon''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon'') ni eneo la ng'ambo la [[Ufaransa]] (''Collectivité d'outre mer'') ambalo ni [[funguvisiwa]] karibu na [[pwani]] ya [[Kanada]] katika [[bahari ya Atlantiki]]. ==Jiografia== Funguvisiwa liko karibu na [[jimbo]] la [[Newfoundland]] la Kanada. Visiwa vikubwa zaidi ni Saint-Pierre ([[km²]] 26), Miquelon (km² 110), Langlade (km² 91) halafu kuna visiwa vingine vidogo. Miquelon na Langlade vilikuwa visiwa viwili lakini leo vimeungwa kwa kanda ya nchi kavu vyaitwa pamoja kama "Miquelon". Jumla la eneo ni km² 242 lenye wakazi 6,316 (Saint-Pierre: wakazi 5.618, Miquelon na Langlade: wakazi 698). Karibu wote wanaongea [[Kifaransa]] na ni waamini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. ==Historia== Visiwa vimetembelewa na [[wavuvi]] kutoka [[Ulaya]] tangu [[karne ya 15]]. Inaaminiwa ya kwamba makazi ya kwanza ya kudumu ya wavuvi [[Wafaransa]] yalianzishwa katika [[karne ya 17]]. Tangu [[vita ya miaka saba]] visiwa hivi vilikuwa mabaki pekee ya [[koloni]] la Kanada ya Kifaransa. Visiwa hii ni mabaki ya koloni kubwa la zamani lililoitwa "Nouvelle-France" (Ufaransa Mpya) na kuenea katika Kanada. ==Uchumi== [[Uchumi]] umetegemea tangu mwanzo [[uvuvi]]. Siku hizi kuna pia [[utalii]]. ==Siasa== Wakazi wa visiwa ni [[raia]] wa [[Ufaransa]]. Huchagua [[bunge]] lao lenye watu 19. Bunge la eneo linamchagua mwakilishi mmoja katika bunge la kitaifa la Ufaransa. Saint-Pierre na Miquelon si sehemu ya Eneo la [[forodha]] la Ulaya. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}} *[http://www2.st-pierre-et-miquelon.info/ Official tourism website for St Pierre and Miquelon] {{Wayback|url=http://www2.st-pierre-et-miquelon.info/ |date=20191117054534 }} *[http://www.st-pierre-et-miquelon.com Tourism ressources and information] *[http://www.lepharespm.com Le Phare: Association of Tourism Professionals] {{Amerika Kaskazini}} {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Amerika ya Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Jamii:Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa]] iz0c19dpxkjx4si9s2t76idkwbaixmz 0 10353 1601553 1569419 2026-09-26T03:33:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Agano Jipya}} '''Agano Jipya''' ni sehemu ya pili ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]], ikifuata [[Agano la Kale]]: Agano Jipya limefichika katika lile la Kale, na Agano la Kale limedhihirika katika lile Jipya. Linakusanya vitabu ambavyo [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wote wanaviheshimu kama vitakatifu na vilivyoandikwa baada ya ujio wa [[Yesu Kristo]] hadi mwisho wa wakati wa mitume wake. Vitabu vyake 27 vinaleta habari zake, za [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]] na za mwanzo wa [[Kanisa]] lake. Vinatakiwa kusomwa kama kilele cha [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]] kadiri ya [[Historia ya Wokovu]]. Jina lilitungwa na [[nabii Yeremia]] ([[Yer]] 31:30) alipotambua kwamba kwa kiasi fulani lile la [[mlima Sinai]] lilikuwa na dosari ([[Eb]] 8), lakini Mungu kwa [[uaminifu]] wake asingeweza kukubali likome tu. Vitabu vya Agano Jipya ni kama ifuatavyo (Kwa mabano: kifupi cha kawaida kwa kutaja kitabu hiki). == Vitabu vya kihistoria == [[Injili]] nne zinasimulia habari za maisha na mafundisho ya [[Yesu]] na kutangaza hasa [[Msalaba wa Yesu|kifo]] na [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|ufufuko wake]]. * [[Injili ya Matthayo]] (Mt.) * [[Injili ya Marko]] (Mk.) * [[Injili ya Luka]] (Lk.) * [[Injili ya Yohane]] (Yn.) Kati yake, zile tatu za kwanza zinafanana hata zikaitwa [[Injili Ndugu]], kumbe ile ya Yohane ni ya pekee. Historia ya mwanzo wa kanisa iko katika mwendelezo ya Injili ya Luka, jina lake * [[Matendo ya Mitume]] (Mdo.) == Nyaraka == === [[Nyaraka za Paulo]] === Kuna maandiko 13 kati ya nyaraka yanayomtaja [[Mtume Paulo]] kama mwandishi. Wataalamu wa leo hutofautiana kama kweli nyaraka hizi zote zimeandikwa na Paulo mwenyewe. Kwa jumla saba zimetambuliwa na karibu wataalamu wote kuwa ni maandiko yake. Kuhusu mengine kuna maswali kwa sababu mbalimbali (kwa mfano tofauti za lugha, mkazo tofauti ya mafundisho), na wataalamu wengine hudai ya kuwa labda zimeandikwa na wanafunzi wake au na mwandishi kwa niaba ya Paulo. * [[Waraka kwa Waroma]] (Rum.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wakorinto]] (1Kor.) * [[Waraka wa pili kwa Wakorinto]] (2.Kor.) * [[Waraka kwa Wagalatia]] (Gal.) * [[Waraka kwa Waefeso]] (Efe.) * [[Waraka kwa Wafilipi]] (Flp.) * [[Waraka kwa Wakolosai]] (Kol.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wathesalonike]] (1Thes.) * [[Waraka wa pili kwa Wathesalonike]] (2Thes.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Timotheo]] (1Tim.) * [[Waraka wa pili kwa Timotheo]] (2.Tim.) * [[Waraka kwa Tito]] (Tit.) * [[Waraka kwa Filemoni]] (Flm.) === Waebrania === * [[Waraka kwa Waebrania]] (Ebr.) una tabia ya pekee; tangu zamani wengine waliulihesabu kuwa waraka wa Paulo ingawa ndani yake jina lake halitajwi. Leo karibu wote wanasema si ya kwake. === Nyaraka katoliki === Jina "[[katoliki]]" halimaanisha [[madhehebu]] [[Kanisa la Roma|ya Kiroma]], lakini maana asilia ya neno la [[Kigiriki]] "katoliki" ambayo inaweza kutafsiriwa pia "kwa watu wote", au "zilizokubaliwa na wote". * [[Waraka wa Yakobo]] (Yak.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza wa Petro]] (1Pet.) * [[Waraka wa pili wa Petro]] (2Pet.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza wa Yohane]] (1Yoh.) * [[Waraka wa pili wa Yohane]] (2.Yoh.) * [[Waraka wa tatu wa Yohane]] (3Yoh.) * [[Waraka wa Yuda]] (Yud.) == Kitabu cha kinabii == Kitabu cha mwisho kinafuata mtindo wa kiapokaliptiko, yaani kinatazama [[historia]] kwa jumla kadiri ya imani katika ushindi wa Yesu juu ya shetani na nguvu zote za uovu. Kinaitwa * [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] (Ufu.) ==Marejeo== * [[Raymond E. Brown|Brown, Raymond E.]] (1997). ''An Introduction to the New Testament''. Anchor Bible Reference Library; New York: Doubleday. * [[Rudolf Bultmann|Bultmann, Rudolf]] (1951–1955). ''Theology of the New Testament'', English translation, 2 volumes. New York: Scribner. *{{Rejea kitabu |last = Burkett |first = Delbert | title = An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 978-0-521-00720-7 |ref = harv }} * von Campenhausen, Hans (1972). ''The Formation of the Christian Bible'', English translation. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. • Clark, Gordon (1990). "Logical Criticisms of Textual Criticism", The Trinity Foundation: Jefferson, Maryland * [[Hans Conzelmann|Conzelmann, Hans]]; Lindemann, Andreas (1999). ''Interpreting the New Testament: An Introduction to the Principles and Methods of New Testament Exegesis'', English translation. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. * Dormeyer, Detlev (1998). ''The New Testament among the Writings of Antiquity'', English translation. Sheffield. * Duling, Dennis C.; [[Norman Perrin|Perrin, Norman]] (1993). ''The New Testament: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History'', 3rd edition. New York: Harcourt Brace. * [[Bart D. Ehrman|Ehrman, Bart D.]] (2011). ''The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings'', 5th edition. New York: Oxford University Press. *{{Rejea kitabu |last = Ehrman |first = Bart D. |authorlink = Bart D Ehrman | title = Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2005 |url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&printsec=frontcover |ref = harv }} * [[Edgar J. Goodspeed|Goodspeed, Edgar J.]] (1937). ''An Introduction to the New Testament''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * [[Amy-Jill Levine|Levine, Amy-Jill]]; [[Marc Zvi Brettler|Brettler, Marc Z.]] (2011). ''The Jewish Annotated New Testament''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * [[Helmut Koester|Koester, Helmut]] (1995 and 2000). ''Introduction to the New Testament'', 2nd edition, 2 volumes. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. * Kümmel, Werner Georg (1996). ''Introduction to the New Testament'', revised and enlarged English translation. Nashville: Abingdon Press. * [[Burton L. Mack|Mack, Burton L.]] (1995). ''Who Wrote the New Testament?''. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. * [[Stephen Neill|Neill, Stephen]]; Wright, Tom (1988). ''The Interpretation of the New Testametnt, 1861–1986'', new edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *{{Rejea kitabu |last = Perkins |first = Pheme | title = Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C&printsec=frontcover |year = 2009 |publisher = Eerdmans |isbn = 978-0-8028-6553-3 |ref = harv }} * [[Udo Schnelle|Schnelle, Udo]] (1998). ''The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings'', English translation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. * [[Theodor Zahn|Zahn, Theodor]] (1910). ''Introduction to the New Testament'', English translation, 3 volumes. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category|New Testament}} ===Katika lugha asili ya Kigiriki=== *[http://www.greekbible.com/ Greek New Testament text (searchable only; no downloads) with lexical aids] *[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/new-testament/default.asp New Testament Koine Greek Original] Side by side with the English (King James) and [[Russian Synodal Bible|Russian (Synodal) translation]] Commentary by the Greek Fathers&nbsp;– Icons from [[Mount Athos]] *[http://users.otenet.gr/~gmcr New Testament, Greek Polytonic Text according to Ecumenical Patriarchate] {{Wayback|url=http://users.otenet.gr/~gmcr |date=20120406173350 }} ''(Greek)'' ===Tafsiri ya Kiswahili=== [http://www.htmlbible.com/sacrednamebiblecom/swahili/index.htm Toleo la Agano Jipya kwa Kiswahili] ===Maelezo ya jumla=== *[http://www.ntgateway.com/ New Testament Gateway] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ntgateway.com/ |date=20200113030003 }} Annotated guide to academic New Testament Web resources including not only other Web sites, but articles and course materials *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191209024142/http://jewishstudies.eteacherbiblical.com/ Jewish Studies for Christians] An Online Study Group exploring the Jewish setting of the early Jesus movement. (An Israeli blog led by Dr. Eliyahu Lizorkin-Eyzenberg). *[http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/introduction-to-new-testament "Introduction to New Testament History and Literature" course materials] {{Wayback|url=http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/introduction-to-new-testament |date=20100815203224 }} "Open Yale course" taught at Yale University by Dale B. Martin *[http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/newt New Testament Reading Room] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/newt |date=20190813153130 }}: Extensive on-line New Testament resources (including reference works, commentaries, translations, atlases, language tools, and works on New Testament theology), Tyndale Seminary *[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/nt.php Biblicalstudies.org New Testament pages] Bibliographies on the New Testament and its individual books *[http://bible.christianity.com/Lexicons/NewTestamentGreek/ Christianity.com Bible Study Tools] {{Wayback|url=http://bible.christianity.com/Lexicons/NewTestamentGreek/ |date=20080705041058 }} For-profit, conservative religious site with links to translations, as well as to mostly out-dated and non-critical commentaries, concordances, and other reference works *[http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/New+Testament Pastoral articles on the New Testament for ministerial training] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/New+Testament |date=20120114133638 }} Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary (WELS) * [http://www.haaretz.com/culture/books/that-most-jewish-of-books-1.427292 Jewish reading of the New Testament] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/books/that-most-jewish-of-books-1.427292 |date=20150924071004 }} Haaretz essay on reclaiming the New Testament as an integral part of Jewish literature ===Uandishi=== *[http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_ntb1.htm The Gospels] {{Wayback|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_ntb1.htm |date=20160416030531 }} in the official canon, and some that were not included in the Bible *[http://www.errantskeptics.org/DatingNT.htm Dating the New Testament] {{Wayback|url=http://www.errantskeptics.org/DatingNT.htm |date=20100210001441 }} A compilation of the dates ascribed by [[Argumentum ad populum|various scholars]] to the composition of the New Testament documents, accompanied by an odd statistical average of the dates {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Biblia]] tfnfxhg4883d6xc3w98q3cazjkjglbc 0 12263 1601439 1582991 2026-09-25T18:50:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Berlinermauer.jpg|thumb|Ukuta wa Berlin mnamo mwaka 1980 <br />upande wa kushoto: Berlin Mashariki (angalia kanda la mauti mbele ya ukuta wamapopita askari; hapo walinzi walipaswa kumfyatulia risasi kila mtu aliyeingia); <br />upande wa kulia: Berlin Magharibi ambako ukuta ulichorwa picha na vijana]] [[Picha:Berlin Magharibi.png|thumb|Eneo la Berlin Magharibi lilikuwa kama kisiwa ndani ya Ujerumani Mashariki]] '''Ukuta wa Berlin''' (kwa [[Kijerumani]] ''Berliner Mauer'') ulitenganisha sehemu mbili za [[jiji]] la [[Berlin]] ([[Ujerumani]]) kuanzia [[13 Agosti]] [[1961]] hadi [[9 Novemba]] [[1989]]. [[Ukuta]] huo ulikuwa na [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 45.3 ukiwa sehemu ya mpaka kati ya madola mawili ya Ujerumani yaliyokuwepo kuanzia [[1949]] hadi [[1990]]. Ukuta wa Berlin ulikuwa mfano uliojulikana zaidi wa "[[pazia la chuma]]" katika [[Ulaya]] lililotenganisha nchi za kikomunisti za [[Ulaya mashariki]] na nchi za [[Ulaya magharibi]]. Takriban watu 200 waliuawa walipojaribu kuvuka ukuta kutoka mashariki kwenda magharibi. == Utangulizi: Ugawanywaji wa jiji la Berlin == Chanzo cha ukuta kilikuwa ugawanywaji wa jiji la Berlin baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] tangu [[1945]]. Nchi washindi ziliamua kuigawa Ujerumani yote. Wakaanzisha kanda [[nne]] zilizotawaliwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]], Marekani, Uingereza na Ufaransa. Jiji la Berlin lilikuwa ndani ya kanda ya Kisovyeti lakini likiwa [[mji mkuu]] wa Ujerumani, lilitangazwa kuwa [[mkoa]] wa pekee likigawanywa pia katika kanda nne za washindi. [[Mashariki]] ya Berlin ilikuwa sehemu ya nchi ya kikomunisti [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Ujerumani]] na [[magharibi]] ya jiji ilikuwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya [[Marekani]], [[Uingereza]] na [[Ufaransa]]. Tangu mwaka [[1946]] washindi walianza kutoelewana, na kipindi cha [[vita baridi]] kilianza ambako nchi za magharibi (Marekani, Uingereza, Ufaransa) zilisimama dhidi ya nchi za mashariki zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]]. Migongano ya kimasilahi ya pande hizi mbili ilisababisha kutokea kwa madola mawili ndani ya Ujerumani, moja chini ya uangalizi wa nchi za magharibi ([[Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Ujerumani]]) na nyingine chini ya usimamizi wa Kisovyeti ([[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani]]). Berlin ya Mashariki iliunganishwa na Ujerumani ya Mashariki ikawa mji mkuu wake. Berlin ya Magharibi iliendelea kama mkoa wa pekee chini ya usimamizi wa nchi washindi wa vita ikawa kama [[kisiwa]] ndani ya Ujerumani ya Mashariki. Mwaka [[1948]]/49 Wasovyeti walijaribu kuondoa nchi za magharibi katika Berlin kwa kuzuia [[umeme]], [[maji]] na [[usafirishaji]] wa [[vyakula]] na [[bidhaa]] kwa jumla kuingia Berlin Magharibi. Nchi za magharibi walilisha wakazi wa mji kwa njia ya [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] ("daraja la angani") hadi Wasovyeti walipoondoa vizuizi. == Wakimbizi kwenda magharibi == Kwenye sehemu ya mashariki Wasovyeti waliweka [[serikali]] ya kikomunisti iliyoanzisha mfumo wa kiimla chini ya uongozi wa [[chama cha kikomunisti]]. Katika [[miaka ya 1950]] hali ya [[uchumi]] na [[maisha]] ya wananchi ilianza kusogea mbele baada ya uharibifu wa [[vita]] lakini upande wa magharibi uchumi uliendelea haraka kuliko upande wa mashariki. Mfumo wa [[siasa]] ya [[imla]], [[dhuluma|ukandamizaji]] wa [[Kanisa|makanisa]], [[utaifishaji]] wa [[kampuni|makampuni]] ya binafsi na kubaki nyuma kiuchumi vilisababisha kuondoka kwa watu wengi waliohamia magharibi walipopokewa kama [[raia]] kamili. Serikali ya Ujerumani ya Mashariki ilianza kujenga [[uzio]] mpakani na magharibi ikaweka walinzi wenye [[silaha]] walioambiwa kufyatulia [[risasi]] kama watu watajaribu kuvuka uzio wa mpakani. Lakini Berlin bado ilikuwa [[mji]] mmoja. Mpaka kati ya kanda za mbili kisiasa haukuwa na vizuizi na mara nyingi ulikuwepo katikati ya [[barabara]] fulani, hivyo haikuwezekana kuzuia watu kupita jinsi walivyozoea. Harakati ya kuondoka kwa watu wengi ilileta matatizo makali kwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani]] iliyokosa [[wafanyakazi]] kwa uchumi wake. Hadi [[1960]] zaidi ya watu [[milioni]] 2 katika jumla ya milioni 19 waliondoka mashariki kuhamia magharibi. Baada ya kujengwa kwa uzio ya mpakani [[wakimbizi]] wengi walipitia Berlin penye nafasi rahisi ya kuhamia magharibi. Hapa walipokewa katika makambi na kuhamishwa Ujerumani ya Magharibi kwa njia ya ndege maana barabara zote zilipita katika eneo la Ujerumani ya Mashariki. == Ujenzi wa ukuta wa Berlin == Mwaka [[1961]] serikali ya Mashariki iliona ni lazima kuzuia wakimbizi wengi kwenda Berlin Magharibi. Hapo walikata shauri la kutenganisha sehemu mbili za jiji kwa njia ya ukuta na fensi. Walipata [[kibali]] cha [[uongozi]] wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] wakaandaa akiba za [[matofali]], [[saruji]] na [[waya ya miiba]]. Usiku wa tarehe 12 kwenda [[13 Agosti]] 1961 [[wanajeshi]] na [[polisi]] elfu kadhaa walitumwa kusimama mpakani mjini Berlin walipoangalia wafanyakazi walioanza kujenga ukuta na kufunga mpaka ndani ya jiji. [[dirisha|Madirisha]] na [[Mlango|milango]] ya [[nyumba]] zilizokaa mpakani moja kwa moja yalifungwa pia na wakazi walipaswa kutumia milango ya nyuma. [[Usafiri]] kwa [[basi|mabasi]] na [[treni]] kati ya pande mbili za jiji ukasimamishwa vilevile. Ukuta uliendelea kujengwa hata sehemu za nje ya Berlin ya Magharibi ambako jiji linakutana na [[Shamba|mashamba]] ama kwa kujenga uzio mkubwa au ukuta pia. == Muundo wa ukuta == [[Picha:Grenzgebiet - Warnschild (ehem. innerdeutschen Grenze).jpg|thumb|200px|Onyo la mpakani]] Tangu kuanzishwa mwaka 1961 hadi mwisho wake mwaka 1989 ukuta uliendelea kuboreshwa na kupanuliwa. Nyumba zilizosimama zikabomolewa polepole na wakazi wakahamishwa. Penye nafasi uzio au ukuta wa pili iliongezeka kwa kusudi la kuzuia watu wasikaribie mno. Lakini upande wa magharibi watu walikuwa huru kufika ukutani na baada ya miaka kadhaa [[vijana]] na [[wasanii]] wa magharibi walitumia ukuta kwa kuchora [[picha]] kwa [[hiari]] yao. {| class="wikitable" |+ Sehemu za ukuta wa Berlin <br />kufuatana na wizara ya usalama wa dola wa JKU mwaka 1989<ref>[http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/593791/page/0 Berliner Mauer (Stand 31. Juli 1989) Polizeipräsident von Berlin]</ref><ref>[http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/593791/page/0 Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: ''Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR''], siehe: ''Statistiken + „Grenzsicherung in Berlin“ 1989</ref> ! Urefu (km) ! Aina ya kizuizi |- | style="text-align:right" | 156,4 | Vizuizi vya kuzunguku Berlin Magharibi vyenye kimo kati ya mita 3.40 und 4.20&nbsp;m |- | style="text-align:right" | 111,9 | Kuta za saruji au jiwe |- | style="text-align:right" | 44,5 |Uzio wa |- | style="text-align:right" | 43,7 | Vizuizi vya mpakani ndani ya jiji kati ya Berlin Mashariki na Magharibi) |- | style="text-align:right" | 0,5 | Mabaki ya kuta za nyumba |- | style="text-align:right" | 124,3 | Barabara ya kijeshi kando la ukuta |- ! Idadi ! majengo |- | style="text-align:right" | 186 | Minara ya walinzi (jumla 302 zilizozunguka Berlin Magharibi) |- | style="text-align:right" | 259 | vituo vya mbwa walioshikwa na waya |- | style="text-align:right" | 20 | vituo vya walinzi chini ya ardhi |} Mpaka uliozunguka Berlin Magharibi ulikuwa na urefu wa 17&nbsp;km jumla; 45&nbsp;km kati ya hizi zilikuwa ndani ya jiji lenyewe za kutenganisha pande mbili za jiji. Jeshi la ulinzi wa mpaka lilikuwa na askari 11,500 kwa ajili ya mpaka wa Berlin pekee; kila wakati askari 2,500 walikuwa na zamu ya kulinda mpaka wa Berlin pekee. Wanajeshi walikuwa na amri kumzuia yeyote aliyejaribu kukaribia na kupanda ukuta au fensi ya mpakani. Waliambiwa kutumia silaha kama kizuizi cha mwisho. == Picha za ukuta == <gallery> Image:Berlin Wall Watch-Tower Typ BT-11 2 apel.JPG|Mnara wa walinzi. Image:Mauerrest an der Niederkirchnerstraße 2009.JPG|Leo hi kuna mabaki machache ya ukuta yanayohifadhiwa kama kumbukumbu. Image:Berliner mauer kennzeichnung.jpg|Mahali pengi ambako ukuta uliwahi kusimama matofali ya aina hii yaliwekwa barabarani kama kumbukumbu picha:Bundesarchiv Bild 173-1321, Berlin, Mauerbau.jpg|Ujenzi wa ukuta 1961: Wafanyakazi walioangaliwa na askari </gallery> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Berlin Wall}} * [http://www.wall-berlin.org/ www.wall-berlin.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wall-berlin.org/ |date=20140701093741 }} * [http://www.die-berliner-mauer.de/en/index.html Retracing the Berlin Wall] {{Wayback|url=http://www.die-berliner-mauer.de/en/index.html |date=20070410144553 }} * [http://www.berliner-mauer-dokumentationszentrum.de/index_e.html Bernauer Straße Memorial website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.berliner-mauer-dokumentationszentrum.de/index_e.html |date=20070630062632 }} * [http://www.western-allies-berlin.com Allied Forces in Berlin (FR, UK & US Berlin Brigade)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020208010049/http://www.guardian.co.uk/wall Photographs of time of the Fall as well as updates on the current situation in Germany] * [http://www.theberlinobserver.com/1stBG18thinf.html Reports on reinforcements to Berlin Brigade] * [http://home.att.net/~rw.rynerson/index2.htm "Berlin 1969" includes sections on Helmstedt-Berlin rail operations.] * [http://home.att.net/~rails_to_berlin/home.htm Includes articles on rail transport for Berlin during the Cold War. (large files)] {{Wayback|url=http://home.att.net/~rails_to_berlin/home.htm |date=20070314034259 }} * [http://www.restless-soul.co.uk/berlin1.htm Berlin 1983: Berlin and the Wall in the early 1980s ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.restless-soul.co.uk/berlin1.htm |date=20070928214004 }} * [http://www.berlin-life.com/berlin/wall Berlin Life: A concise but thorough history of the wall] <references/> {{makala nzuri sana}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Berlin]] s4kbgo9rren7la3d511lpc3uxjb94zz 0 14806 1601622 1598928 2026-09-26T08:39:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Barack Obama |image = President Barack Obama.jpg{{!}}border |alt = Barack Obama standing in front of a wooden writing desk and two flagpoles. |caption = [[6 Desemba]] [[2012]] |order = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani|44]] |office = Rais wa Marekani |vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]] |term_start = {{Start date|2009|1|20}} |predecessor = [[George W. Bush]] |successor = [[Donald Trump]] |jr/sr2 = United States Senate |state2 = [[Illinois]] |term_start2 = {{Start date|2005|1|3}} |term_end2 = {{Start date|2008|11|16}} |predecessor2 = Peter Fitzgerald |successor2 = [[Roland Burris]] |office3 = [[Mwanachama]] wa [[Seneti ya Illinois]]<br>from the 13th District |term_start3 = January 8, 1997 |term_end3 = November 4, 2004 |predecessor3 = [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] |successor3 = [[Kwame Raoul]] |birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II |birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1961|8|4}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. |nationality = American |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |parents = [[Barack Obama, Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama, Sr.]]<br>[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]] |relations = [[Stanley Armour Dunham]] (grandfather)<br>[[Madelyn Dunham|Madelyn Lee Payne]] (grandmother)<br>[[Maya Soetoro-Ng|Maya Kassandra Soetoro-Ng]] (half-sister) |spouse = {{marriage|[[Michelle Obama|Michelle LaVaughn Robinson]]|October 1992|}} |children = Malia Ann Obama (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1998)<br>Natasha Obama (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 2001) |residence = [[Chicago, Illinois]] |alma_mater = [[Occidental College]]<br>[[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])<br>[[Harvard Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]) |profession = [[Lawyer]]<br>[[Professor]] of [[constitutional law]]<br>[[Community organizing|Community organizer]]<br>[[Author]] |religion = [[Ukristo]] |blank1 = Awards |data1 = [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] |signature = Barack Obama signature.svg |signature_alt = Barack Obama |website = [http://www.barackobama.com/ barackobama.com] }} '''Barack Hussein Obama II''' (amezaliwa [[4 Agosti]] [[1961]]) alikuwa [[Urais wa Barack Obama|rais]] wa [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani|44]] wa [[Marekani]]. Ni [[Mwamerika mweusi|Mwafrika-Mwamerika]] wa kwanza kushika [[wadhifa]] huo, na pia mtu wa kwanza mwenye kuzaliwa [[Hawaii]] kuwa [[rais]] wa [[Marekani]]. Obama awali alihudumu kama [[Senati (Marekani)|Seneta]] mdogo kutoka [[jimbo]] la [[Illinois]], tangu Januari [[2005]] hadi alipojiuzulu baada ya kushinda [[uchaguzi]] wa rais wa Marekani mwaka [[2008]], mwezi wa Novemba. Obama alifuzu mwanzo kutoka katika [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Columbia University]], kisha akafuzu katika masomo ya [[sheria]] kutoka katika [[kitivo]] cha masomo ya sheria kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard|chuo kikuu cha Harvard]], ambako alikuwa rais wa [[jarida]] la ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Alihudumu baadaye kama [[mwanaharakati]] wa mambo ya kijamii, kabla ya kuhitimu katika masomo ya kisheria. Hatimaye, alifanya kazi kama [[wakili]] wa [[haki za umma]] mjini [[Chicago]], kisha akafunza [[sheria ya kikatiba]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]] kuanzia [[1992]] hadi [[2004]]. Obama alihudumu mihula mitatu katika [[Bunge la jimbo la Illinos]] (Illinois Senate) tangu [[1997]] hadi 2004. Baada ya kushindwa katika [[jitihada]] zake za kuchaguliwa katika [[Nyumba ya Wawakilishi|Bunge Dogo la Marekani]] mwaka [[2000]], Obama alisimama kuchaguliwa katika [[Senati (Marekani)|Bunge La Maseneta La Marekani]] mwaka 2004. Alishinda uchaguzi hapo Novemba 2004. Alitangaza kusimama kuchaguliwa kama rais wa Marekani mwezi Februari, mwaka [[2007]]. Baada ya [[kampeni]] kali katika uteuzi wa [[chama]] cha [[Democratic Party]] dhidi ya [[Hillary Clinton]], aliteuliwa kama [[mgombea]] urais kwa [[tiketi]] ya chama hicho. Katika uchaguzi wa urais wa Marekani wa 2008, alimshinda [[John McCain]], aliyekuwa ameteuliwa na chama cha [[Republican Party]], akaapishwa kama rais tarehe [[20 Januari]] [[2009]]. Tarehe [[9 Oktoba]] 2009, Obama alituzwa kwa [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]]. Mwaka [[2012]] alishinda tena uchaguzi mkuu na kuendelea kuongoza hadi tarehe [[20 Januari]] [[2017]], alipompisha [[Donald Trump]]. == Utoto na Ujana == [[Baba]] yake Obama alikuwa [[Wajaluo|Mjaluo]] wa [[Kenya]] Barack Obama aliyeaga dunia [[1982]]. Mzee Obama alitoka [[mkoa wa Nyanza]] nchini [[Kenya]] akaenda Marekani masomoni. [[Mama]] yake, Ann Dunham, alikuwa [[Mwamerika]] [[Mzungu]] kutoka jimbo la [[Kansas]] aliyeaga dunia [[1995]]. [[Wazazi]] walioana wakati [[ndoa]] kati ya watu weupe na weusi bado ilikuwa [[marufuku]] katika sehemu za kusini za Marekani. Wazazi waliachana baada ya miaka miwili na mtoto Barack alibaki na mama. Baadaye mama yake aliolewa na [[mwanafunzi]] kutoka [[Indonesia]] akamfuata aliporudi kwake. Hivyo Barack aliishi [[Jakarta]] hadi [[1971]] aliporudi Marekani na kukaa na [[babu]] yake huko [[Hawaii]] hadi alipomaliza [[shule ya sekondari]]. Barack ana [[dada]] mmoja kutoka ndoa ya pili ya mama yake na [[baba ya kambo]] kutoka Jakarta, Indonesia [[Picha:Maathai and Obama in Nairobi.jpg|thumb|250px|Seneta Obama pamoja na [[Wangari Maathai]] huko [[Nairobi]], [[2006]].]] == Masomo na kazi == Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya sekondari alisomea masuala ya [[siasa]] na sheria katika vyuo vya [[Occidental]] huko [[Los Angeles]], [[Columbia]] huko [[New York]] na baadaye chuo kikuu cha [[Harvard]]. Mwaka [[1991]] alimaliza kwa [[shahada]] ya [[dokta]]. Baada ya shahada ya kwanza Obama aliwahi kufanya kazi ya kijamii huko [[Chicago]]. Mwaka 1991 alirudi Chicago alipopata kazi katika ofisi ya wanasheria akafundisha pia [[kozi]] za sheria kwenye chuo kikuu cha Chicago. == Kuingia katika siasa == Mwaka 1996 alichaguliwa kama seneta wa bunge la Illinois akarudishwa [[1998]] na [[2002]]. Mwaka 2004 alichaguliwa kuwa seneta wa bunge la kitaifa. Mwezi wa Februari [[2007]] alitangaza ya kwamba atatafuta nafasi ya mgombea wa urais upande wa chama cha kidemokrasia. Katika kampeni ya kitaifa ndani ya chama chake alifaulu kumshinda mgombea mwenzake mama Hillary Clinton. Tarehe [[28 Agosti]] 2008 aliteuliwa na mkutano wa chama cha kidemokrasia kuwa mgombea wa chama hicho kwa urais. Katika uchaguzi wa Novemba 2008 alimshinda mgombea wa chama cha kijamhuri seneta John McCain. == Familia == Obama alimwoa [[Michelle Robinson]] ambaye ni [[mwanasheria]] kama yeye mwenyewe. Wana ma[[binti]] wawili Malia Ann (*1998) na Natasha (*2001) anayeitwa Sasha. [[Familia]] ina nyumba yake huko Chicago. ==Urais== {{main|Urais wa Barack Obama}} Obama aliongoza kama rais tangu Januari 2009 hadi Januari 2017. == Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani == Mwaka wa [[2009]] aliteuliwa kwa [[Tuzo ya Nobel|'''Tuzo ya Nobeli ya Amani''']] "kwa jitihada zake za kuimarisha [[diplomasia]] ya kimataifa na [[ushirikiano]] kati ya mataifa".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ Obama kupewa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/archive/barackobama/ What makes Obama run? - Chigaco Reader 1995 juu ya Obama kama mgombea wa senati ya Illinois] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/archive/barackobama/ |date=20080202053420 }} * {{Official website|https://barackobama.com/}} * {{Official website|https://www.obama.org/}} * {{Official website|https://www.obamalibrary.gov/}} * {{Official website|https://www.ofa.us/}} * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama White House biography] * {{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama}} * [http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Collected news and commentary] kwenye ''Tampa Bay Times'' * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html Collected news and commentary] {{Wayback|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html |date=20190323032559 }} kwenye ''The Washington Post'' * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20240424085005/https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Barack Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history]" iliandikwa na Dylan Matthews mnamo Machi 24, 2017. * [https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Archived from the original] mnamo Machi 24, 2017. * {{Gutenberg author | id=Obama,+Barack | name=Barack Obama}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Marais wa Marekani}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Obama, Barack}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Senati (Marekani)]] [[Jamii:Hawaii]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] [[Jamii:Chicago, Illinois]] [[Jamii:Washington, DC]] [[Jamii:Barack Obama| ]] 4so5d39yzd4ud3knluks4hy8qrdzmvu 0 15687 1601506 1303110 2026-09-25T20:30:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Uwe Boll | picha = Uwe Boll Dungeon Siege.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Uwe Boll | jina la kuzaliwa = Uwe Boll | alizaliwa = [[22 Juni]] [[1965]]<br />[[Ujerumani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwongozaji<br />Mtayarishaji | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Uwe Boll''' (amezaliwa tar. [[22 Juni]] [[1965]] mjini [[Wermelskirchen]]/[[Remscheid]]) ni mwongozaji, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa script za filamu wa [[Ujerumani|Kijerumani]]. Filamu zake zilizonyingi huwa zinatoka na mwenendo wa video gemu, yaani anatoa kutokana na mwenendo wa video gemu vile ilivyo na kuitengenezea filamu. Huenda akawa anafahamika kwa kuiongoza filamu ya Bloodrayne na House of the Dead na German Fried Movie. Huyu yupo tofauti sana na waongozaji wengi filamu wa Kimarekani, ambao wanapokea fedha kutoka katika mradi wa filamu wa [[Hollywood]], yeye kama yeye anamiliki mradi wake binafsi uitwao Boll KG production company ambao unaongoza na kutayarisha filamu. Boll alipata elimu yake ya Chuo katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Köln]] na baadaye katika [[Siegen]] (chuo kikuu pia), na akachukua digrii yake udaktari katika fasihi. == Filamu == === Filamu za kawaida === * German Fried Movie * Amoklauf * Barschel * Mord in Genf? * Erste Semester, Das * Sanctimony * Blackwoods * Heart of America * Seed === Filamu zinazotokana na video gemu === * House of the Dead * Alone in the Dark * BloodRayne * BloodRayne II * In the Name of the King * Postal * Far Cry == Marejeo == # http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/feature/408 # http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=houseofthedead.htm # http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aloneinthedark.htm # http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bloodrayne.htm # http://www.cinemablend.com/features/Uwe-Boll-Money-For-Nothing-209.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/features/Uwe-Boll-Money-For-Nothing-209.html |date=20060626232726 }} # http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/aloneinthedark?q=alone%20in%20the%20dark {{Wayback|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/aloneinthedark?q=alone%20in%20the%20dark |date=20071218204327 }} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.boll-kg.de/ Official Website of Boll's Production Company, BOLL KG] * {{IMDb name|id=0093051|name=Uwe Boll}} * [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/p/uwe_boll/ Uwe Boll] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/p/uwe_boll/ |date=20070623194303 }} at [[Rotten Tomatoes]] * [http://www.a3upodcast.com/?q=node/112 A3UPodcast.com Interview] {{Wayback|url=http://www.a3upodcast.com/?q=node%2F112 |date=20071218210446 }} Podcast Interview With Boll * [http://www.goldenpalaceevents.com/sports/uweboll02.php Golden Palace Events] - Photos, video, and details of Uwe's Septemba 2006 boxing match with his critics * [http://www.bollbashers.com/ Boll Bashers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bollbashers.com/ |date=20080308090941 }} A comprehensive website on Boll * [http://www.creature-corner.com/?type=news&id=1059 Interview with ''Uwe Boll''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.creature-corner.com/?type=news&id=1059 |date=20071012160834 }} at [http://www.creature-corner.com/ Creature Corner] {{Wayback|url=http://www.creature-corner.com/ |date=20080509135245 }} * [http://media.filmforce.ign.com/media/574/574465/vids_1.html Dinner With Uwe] {{Wayback|url=http://media.filmforce.ign.com/media/574/574465/vids_1.html |date=20060904090145 }} - [[IGN]]'s four-part video interview * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930064917/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050714.gtbolljul14/BNStory/Technology/AtPlay/ Interview with ''Uwe Boll'']at [http://www.theglobeandmail.com The Globe & Mail]{{Wayback|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050714.gtbolljul14/BNStory/Technology/AtPlay/ |date=20070930064917 }} * [http://www.gamespot.com/news/show_blog_entry.php?topic_id=24707327&sid=6152650 Boll to brawl critics onscreen in Postal movie?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/show_blog_entry.php?topic_id=24707327&sid=6152650 |date=20080410104238 }} at GameSpot News * [http://www.nowplayingmag.com/content/view/4051/58/ Interview] - ''Now Playing magazine'' * [http://movieblog.ugo.com/index.php/movieblog/more/comic_con_2007_uwe_boll_interview_includes_dancing/ Uwe on UGO.com] {{Wayback|url=http://movieblog.ugo.com/index.php/movieblog/more/comic_con_2007_uwe_boll_interview_includes_dancing/ |date=20080324025051 }} - Uwe Boll wants to make a sequel to Schindler's List {{Filamu za Uwe Boll}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boll, Uwe}} [[Jamii:Waongozaji Filamu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji Filamu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ticdiwx6e5q7qrpc23zb8uin8436tnx 0 15856 1601398 1600921 2026-09-25T17:13:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | jinalamchezaji = Saidi | picha = [[Picha:Saidi Ntibazonkiza 2011.jpg|250px|Saidi]] | jinakamili = Saidi Ntibazonkiza | tareheyakuzaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1982|5|1|df=yes}} | mjialiozaliwa = [[Bujumbura]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Burundi]] | urefu = | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | klabuyasasa = [[Simba S.C.]] | nambayaklabu = 10 | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = | miaka = [[2003]]-[[2005]]<br />[[2006]]-[[2010]]<br />[[2010]]- | vilabu = [[Vital'O FC]]<br />[[NEC Nijmegen]]<br />[[KS Cracovia]] | caps(goals) = ? (?)<br />{{0}}63 {{0}}(10)<br />{{0}}55 {{0}}(9) | miakayataifa = [[2004]]- | timuyataifa = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Burundi|Burundi]] | nationalcaps(goals) = 9 (1) | pcupdate = [[28 Julai]] [[2013]] | ntupdate = [[28 Julai]] [[2013]] }} '''Saidi Ntibazonkiza''' (alizaliwa [[Bujumbura]], [[1 Mei]] [[1987]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Burundi]] anayechezea [[klabu]] ya [[Simba S.C.]] ya [[Tanzania]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Burundi]]. ==Kucheza mpira katika ujana wake== Katika ujana wake alichezea klabu ya Vital'o, [[bingwa]] wa Burundi. Alichezea timu ya taifa ya umri wa vijana na pia alicheza mechi 7 za timu kuu ya taifa. ==Kwenda kwake Uholanzi== Alikuja [[Uholanzi]] mwaka 2005 kwa njia ya kuomba kimbilio la hifadhi ya kisiasa. Klabu ya NEC ilimchunguza na kuona kuwa ni mchezaji ambaye atafaa katika mustakabali kwa hiyo ikamchukua. Kutokana na umri wake mdogo klabu ikamweka katika kikosi cha NEC ya vijana ili kufanya mazoezi na vijana. [[Kocha]] wa timu kuu ya NEC, [[Mario Been]], baada ya kuona mchezaji huyo ni mchezaji mzuri na mwenye uwezo akaona amweke katika timu kuu inayoshiriki katika Ligi Kuu ya Uholanzi. Basi, kijana huyo amecheza mechi nyingi katika Ligi kuu hiyo pakiwemo mechi dhidi ya Ajax Amsterdam na Feyenoord [[Rotterdam]] na timu nyingine mashuhuri na alionekana katika mechi hizo kuwa ni mchezaji mzuri. ==Kuweka mkataba na NEC== Mchezaji huyo aliweka mkataba na klabu hiyo, mkataba utakwisha mwaka 2009. Katika mechi yake ya kwanza aliyoicheza katika kombe la UEFA Cup dhidi ya FC Dinamo Bucuresti alionekana mchezaji mzuri kabisa na alipata zawadi ya mchezaji bora katika mechi hiyo, na kwa sasa mchezaji huyo anacheza dakika zote bila kugombolewa na amekua kiungo muhimu zaidi katika klabu yake kwa sasa. [[Januari]] mwaka 2009 aliweka mkataba wakuongeza myaka, ongeza yake hiyo ilimfanya abaki kwenye klabu hiyo hadi mwaka 2012 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=790453.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108035803/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=790453.html |archivedate=2009-01-08 |accessdate=2009-02-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=17643 Tovuti ya 90minut.pl] * [http://www.kooora.com/default.aspx?player=34466 www.kooora.com] Katika tovuti ya kooora kwa kiarabu * [http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?player=34466 www.goalzz.com] Katika website ya goalzz {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ntibazonkiza, Saidi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Burundi]] iq0z12406rozu8u8t6jrx95pugp5m7c 0 15896 1601585 1495190 2026-09-26T06:21:24Z Mwimbaji 92614 Beethoven aliandika opera moja tu. Strauss aliandika zaidi ya kumi. 1601585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Opera''' ni [[igizo]] linaloimbwa katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[Ulaya]]. [[mwigizaji|Waigizaji]] hawasemi bali huimba maneno yao. Igizo la opera hufanywa mara nyingi katika nyumba za pekee. Pamoja na waigizaji na [[Mwimbaji|waimbaji]] kuna [[bendi]] maalumu. Maigizo ya Opera hufuata maelezo ya kimaandishi na kila neno la mwigizaji limeandikwa. Vilevile uimbaji pamoja na [[muziki]] wote ni wa kuandikwa. Watunzi mashuhuri wa muziki wa opera ni kama vile: * [[Hector Berlioz]] * [[Georg Friederich Händel]] * [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] * [[Giacomo Puccini]] * [[Richard Strauss]] * [[Bedřich Smetana]] * [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] * [[Giuseppe Verdi]] * [[Richard Wagner]]. {{commonscat|Opera}} {{mbegu-muziki-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] pza02vo5d9tvpalaa4g3wjeg7s7qy6e 0 16128 1601440 1597576 2026-09-25T18:50:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Greatwall-SA1.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Ukuta mkubwa wa China]] [[Picha:Map of the Great Wall of China.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Mstari nyekundu unaonyesha mahali pa ukuta mkubwa wa China.]] '''Ukuta mkubwa wa China''' ni kati ya [[Jengo|majengo]] makubwa kabisa yaliyowahi kujengwa [[duniani]]. Ni mfululizo wa kuta na [[ngome]] unaofuata mpaka kati ya [[China]] na [[mbuga baridi]] za [[Asia ya Kaskazini]] na [[Asia ya Kati]]. Ulijengwa kwa shabaha ya kulinda China dhidi ya mashambulio ya [[Kabila|makabila]] ya [[wahamiaji]] wa sehemu hizo. Jumla ya kuta zote ina [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] zaidi ya 21,000. <ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-06/05/c_131632790.htm China's Great Wall is 21,196 km long: survey] {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-06/05/c_131632790.htm |date=20120608025519 }} (tovuti ya habari ya [[xinhua]] 5 Juni 2012, ikiangaliwa tar. 2 Novemba 2016)</ref><ref>[http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-06/13/content_15498514.htm?bsh_bid=100037338 Great Wall much longer than previously believed: survey] {{Wayback|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-06/13/content_15498514.htm?bsh_bid=100037338 |date=20160304113343 }}, tovuti ya gazeti la Chinadaily ya terehe 13 Juni 2012, ikiangaliwa 2 Novemba 2016</ref> [[Ujenzi]] ulianza katika [[karne ya 7 KK]] na kuendelea hadi [[karne ya 16]] [[BK]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Wall-of-China Great Wall of China], Encycloüpedia Britannica online, ikiangaliwa 2.11. 2016</ref> == Historia ya ukuta == [[Ukuta]] ulijengwa na [[nasaba]] mbalimbali za [[watawala]] wa China tangu mwaka [[200 KK]]. Shabaha yake ilikuwa [[ulinzi]] wa [[milki]] dhidi ya [[Taifa|mataifa]] na makabila wa [[kaskazini]] walioendelea kushambulia China. Watu wa kaskazini walikuwa wahamiaji waliotumia [[farasi]] na [[ngamia]], hivyo haikuwa rahisi kujua ni wapi watakapojaribu kuingia. Ukuta jinsi ulivyo ni ukuta wa [[nasaba ya Ming]] uliojengwa kuanzia mnamo mwaka [[1500]]. Mnamo mwaka [[1700]] ukuta uliachwa bila kutunzwa tena kwa sababu katika [[karne ya 17]] sehemu kubwa za [[Mongolia]] nje ya ukuta ziliunganishwa na China. == Vipimo == [[Picha:ShanhaiguanGreatWall.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Sehemu ya ukuta iliyotengenezwa upya na kutembelewa na watalii]] Ukuta huwa na [[upana]] kati ya mita 4 hadi 8 na [[kimo]] cha mita 6 hadi 9. Kila baada ya mita [[mia]] [[Mnara|minara]] ilijengwa ukutani. Minara hii ilikuwa vituo vya kulala kwa walinzi, pia ngome zao wakati wa kushambuliwa na vituo vya mawasiliano kati ya mnara na mnara. Kwa jumla ukuta ulikuwa na minara 25,000. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Great Wall of China|Ukuta wa China}} {{Mbegu-jio-China}} [[Jamii:Uchina]] [[Jamii:Majengo]] jhxmmkcn38xaqtuxgne99cgfqooi05n 0 16236 1601584 1555135 2026-09-26T06:19:36Z Mwimbaji 92614 1601584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Strauss3.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Richard Strauss.)]] '''Richard Strauss''' (alizaliwa mjini [[Munich]] tar. [[11 Juni]] [[1864]] na kufariki mjini [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], [[Bavaria]], [[8 Septemba]] [[1949]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa [[Opera]] na mwelekezi mashuhuri kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Huyu alipata bahati ya kuwa mashuhuri tangu yungali bwana mdogo na toni zake zilitumika katika mabendi mbalimbali katika [[Ulaya]] nzima. Baada ya [[1900]] alitumia muda wake mwingi kwa kutunga [[opera]]. Moja kati ya opera zake zilizowahi kuwa maarufu ni "Der Rosenkavalier", aliitunga kunako mwaka wa [[1910]], na ilitamba saana. Strauss alikuwa moja kati ya watunzi wakubwa wa mwisho kutunga muziki kwa mtindo wa [[Romantic music|Romantic]]. Alipenda sana muziki wa [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] ambaye alipata athari kubwa za muziki wake, lakini pia alipenda na ule wa [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] na kazi zake nyingi zaonyesha kuwa na ufaa mkubwa kama vile zilivyokuwa zile za muziki wa Mozart. Strauss alikuwa mwelekezi mzuri sana na mara nyingi aliekeza miziki yake mwenyewe. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.richard-strauss.com/chrono.html Chronological list of Strauss's works] {{Wayback|url=http://www.richard-strauss.com/chrono.html |date=20060825223845 }} * [http://www.richardstrauss.at/html_e/17_willkommen/0fs_index.html Richard Strauss online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.richardstrauss.at/html_e/17_willkommen/0fs_index.html |date=20090427205722 }} * [http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Strauss%2C_Richard#Life Public Domain Sheet Music of Richard Strauss at IMSLP] * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-41680}} * [http://www.richard-strauss.com/biography.html Timeline biography of Strauss] {{Wayback|url=http://www.richard-strauss.com/biography.html |date=20090328134124 }} at Richard-Strauss.com * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-41680}} {{commonscat|Richard Strauss}} {{Uromantik}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strauss, Richard}} [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Romantik]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1864]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1949]] feghshx42a980kczexzsxeo4gi00nxy 0 16484 1601774 1510349 2026-09-26T10:54:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601774 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Bram Stoker.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bram Stoker]] '''Abraham "Bram" Stoker''' ([[8 Novemba]] [[1847]] – [[20 Aprili]] [[1912]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa [[riwaya]] na hadithi fupifupi kutoka nchini [[Ireland]]. Anafahamika zaidi leo hii kwa kutunga riwaya ya kutisha ya Dracula kunako miaka ya 1897. == Vitabu vyake == === Riwaya === * ''The Primrose Path'' (1875) * ''The Snake's Pass'' (1890) * ''The Watter's Mou' '' (1895) * ''The Shoulder of Shasta'' (1895) * ''Dracula'' (1897) * ''Miss Betty'' (1898) * ''The Mystery of the Sea'' (1902) * ''The Jewel of Seven Stars'' (1903) * ''The Man'' (AKA: ''The Gates of Life'') (1905) * ''Lady Athlyne'' (1908) * ''Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party'' (1908) * ''The Lady of the Shroud'' (1909) * ''Lair of the White Worm'' (1911) === Mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi === * ''Under the Sunset'' (1881) * ''Dracula's Guest'' (1914) Kilichapishwa na Florence Stoker === Hadithi zilizokuwa hazijatoka === * ''Bridal of Dead'' (alternative ending to ''The Jewel of Seven Stars'') * ''Buried Treasures'' * ''The Chain of Destiny'' * ''The Crystal Cup'' ([[1872]])- published by 'The [[London]] Society' * ''The Dualitists; or, The Death Doom of the Double Born'' * ''The Fate of Fenella'' (1892), Chapter 10, "Lord Castleton Explains" only. * ''The Gombeen Man'' * ''In the Valley of the Shadow'' * ''The Man from Shorrox''' * ''Midnight Tales'' * ''The Red Stockade'' * ''The Seer'' === Haidithi za kawaida === * ''The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland'' (1879) * ''A Glimpse of America'' (1886) * ''Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving'' (1906) * ''Famous Impostors'' (1910) == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.thebramstokerdraculaexperience.com/ Bram Stoker cultural Heritage visitor centre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thebramstokerdraculaexperience.com/ |date=20180807004954 }}, [[Dublin]] * [http://www.bookpage.com/9604bp/nonfiction/bramstoker.html/"Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bookpage.com/9604bp/nonfiction/bramstoker.html/ |date=20080512131046 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A588233 h2g2 article on Bram Stoker] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112221508/http://stoker.thefreelibrary.com/ Bram Stoker's brief biography and works] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027002542/http://geocities.com/lairof/ The Lair of the White Worm] - dedicated site (film and novel) * [http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/bram_vampires_drac.html 20 Common Misconceptions and Other Miscellaneous Information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/bram_vampires_drac.html |date=20080728211852 }} {{Commons|Bram Stoker}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stoker, Bram}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1847]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1912]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ireland]] 3b6an7amp17dahzbv2psrppt59a8ciw 0 16714 1601577 1600975 2026-09-26T05:29:53Z Mwimbaji 92614 1601577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soprano''' (matamshi ya Kiitaliano: [soˈpraːno]) ni aina ya sauti katika muziki wa kitamaduni na ndiyo yenye uwezo wa kufikia sauti ya juu zaidi kuliko aina nyingine zote za sauti. Neno "soprano" linatokana na neno la Kiitaliano ''sopra'' (lenye maana ya juu au kileleni), kwani soprano ndiyo sauti ya juu zaidi ya binadamu na mara nyingi hupewa nafasi ya kuongoza katika maonyesho ya opera. [[ar:ندي (طبقة صوت)]] [[be:Сапрана]] [[bg:Сопран]] [[de:Sopran]] [[el:Υψίφωνος]] [[es:Soprano]] [[en:Soprano]] [[fa:سوپرانو]] [[fr:Soprano]] [[it:Soprano]] [[ja:ソプラノ]] [[ko:소프라노]] [[nl:Sopraan (zangstem)]] [[pl:Sopran]] [[ro:Soprană]] [[ru:Сопрано]] [[uk:Сопрано]] [[zh:女高音]] 1zdkqjkocuwa60vapv8nt7wzrzn75wj 1601583 1601577 2026-09-26T06:14:37Z Mwimbaji 92614 1601583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soprano''' (matamshi ya Kiitaliano: [soˈpraːno]) ni aina ya sauti katika muziki wa kitamaduni na ndiyo yenye uwezo wa kufikia sauti ya juu zaidi kuliko aina nyingine zote za sauti. Neno "soprano" linatokana na neno la Kiitaliano ''sopra'' (lenye maana ya juu au kileleni), kwani soprano ndiyo sauti ya juu zaidi ya binadamu na mara nyingi hupewa nafasi ya kuongoza katika maonyesho ya [[opera]]. [[ar:ندي (طبقة صوت)]] [[be:Сапрана]] [[bg:Сопран]] [[de:Sopran]] [[el:Υψίφωνος]] [[es:Soprano]] [[en:Soprano]] [[fa:سوپرانو]] [[fr:Soprano]] [[it:Soprano]] [[ja:ソプラノ]] [[ko:소프라노]] [[nl:Sopraan (zangstem)]] [[pl:Sopran]] [[ro:Soprană]] [[ru:Сопрано]] [[uk:Сопрано]] [[zh:女高音]] kmx5hiiungalmjg9wthne04cvpb1239 0 18116 1601533 1574637 2026-09-26T00:16:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Year of the Gentleman | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Ne-Yo]] | Cover = Ne-Yo - Year of The Gentleman.png | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya Year of the Gentleman | Imetolewa = [[11 Septemba]] [[2008]] | Imerekodiwa = 2007–2008 | Aina = [[R&B]] | Urefu = 48:38 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Ne-Yo]] <small>(mkuu.)</small><br/>[[Stargate]], Chuck Harmony, [[Polow da Don]], Kirven Arrington, Shea Taylor, [[Stereotypes]], Shomari "Sho" Wilson, Reggie "Scyience" Perry, [[J. R. Rotem]], Butter Beats | Review = * [[:en:About.com|About.com]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/NeYoGentleman.htm 2008] * [[:en:Allmusic|Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/year-of-the-gentleman-r1390194 2008] * ''[[:en:Entertainment Weekly|Entertainment Weekly]]'' (B+) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20225095,00.html 2008] * ''[[:en:The Guardian|The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/sep/12/urbanreview.neyo?gusrc=rss&feed=culture 2008] * ''[[:en:Los Angeles Times|Los Angeles Times]]'' {{Rating|3.5|4}} [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-recordrack16-2008sep16,0,7536833.story 2008] * ''[[:en:Newsday|Newsday]]]'' (A-) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5843860sep16a,0,1346623.story 2008] * ''[[:en:Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/22723958/review/22787161/year_of_the_gentleman 2008] * ''[[:en:The Village Voice|The Village Voice]]'' (Positive) [http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-09-17/music/ne-yo-s-fantastic-r-b-finds-strength-in-vulnerability/ 2008] * [[:en:Virgin Media|Virgin Media]] {{Rating|2.5|5}} [http://www.virginmedia.com/music/reviews/albumreviews/neyo-yearofthegentleman.php 2008] * ''[[:en:The Washington Times|The Washington Times]]'' (Negative) [http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/sep/16/music-review-ne-yos-year-of-the-gentleman-1/ 2008] | Compiler = | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Because of You (albamu ya Ne-Yo)|Because of You]]''<br>(2007) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Year of the Gentleman'''''<br>(2008) | Albamu ijayo = ''Libra Scale''<br>(2010) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = Year of the Gentleman |Type = Studio |single 1 = [[Closer]] |single 1 tarehe = 15 Aprili 2008 |single 2 = [[Miss Independent]] |single 2 tarehe = 11 Agosti 2008 |single 3 = [[Mad (wimbo)|Mad]] |single 3 tarehe = 14 Oktoba 2008 }} }} '''Year of the Gentleman''' ni albamu ya tatu ya [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo|mtunzi]] wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] - [[Ne-Yo]]. Albamu ilitoka mnamo tarehe [[16 Septemba]] ya mwaka wa [[2008]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=593|title=Neyo: Year of the Gentleman|work=Def Jam|accessdate=2008-06-30|archive-date=2008-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617001506/http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=593|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nyimbo== Wimbo wa kwanza ni "[[Closer]]", ambayo ilitolewa tarehe [[15 Aprili]]. Ilipoanza kuingia katika chati za UK ilipata kushika nafasi ya 22, na kisha baadaye ikaja kushika nafasi ya kwanza. Katika chati za Billboard Hot 100 bora, wimbo umepata kushika nafasi ya saba, wakati yenyewe imepata kushika nafasi kwanza katika nyimbo 100 bora zipigwazo sana katika maredio. Wimbo wa pili, "[[Miss Independent]]", ulitolewa tarehe [[11 Agosti]]..<ref name=miss>[http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=85 New Ne-Yo Music - "Miss Independent"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=85 |date=20080828035908 }} The album released 1 Septemba in UK according to Amazon.co.uk and 16 Septemba for the USA!</ref>Toleo rasmi la wimbo huo lilitolewa mnamo 21 Agosti likiwa limeambatana video yake. .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=101 |title=My "Miss Independent" Video Is Gonna Be Hot! |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archivedate=2009-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234050/http://www.yearofthegentleman.com/?p=101 }}</ref> Nyimbo hizi zote zilitungwa na kutayarishwa na Stargate. Wimbo wa tatu, "Mad", ulitangazwa kupitia Urban/Rhythmic tarehe 14 Oktoba 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16687 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62Jk8gp91?url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16687 |archivedate=2011-10-10 }}</ref> Kwa upande wa video tayari ishafanywa ya wimbo wa "She Got Her Own" na ndiyo utakaokuwa wimbo rasmi kimataifa. ==Orodha ya nyimbo== {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cllspacing="0" style="margin: 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !# !Jina la wimbo !Watayarishaji !Muda |- |1 |"[[Closer]]" |[[Stargate]] na [[Ne-Yo]] |3:54 |- |2 |"Nobody" |[[Ne-Yo]] |3:07 |- |3 |"[[Single (wimbo wa New Kids on the Block na Ne-Yo)|Single]]" |[[Polow da Don]] |4:18 |- |4 |"[[Mad (wimbo)|Mad]]" |Stargate na Ne-Yo |4:15 |- |5 |"[[Miss Independent]]" |Stargate na Ne-Yo |3:52 |- |6 |"Why Does She Stay" |[[Stereotypes]] |4:33 |- |7 |"Fade into the Background" |Shomari "Sho" Wilson |3:18 |- |8 |"So You Can Cry" |Scyience |4:18 |- |9 |"[[Part of the List]]" |Chuck Harmony |4:10 |- |10 |"Back to What You Know" |Stargate na Ne-Yo |4:10 |- |11 |"Lie to Me" |Shea Taylor |4:27 |- |12 |"Stop This World" |Chuck Harmony |4:24 |} ===Nyimbo za ziada=== {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cllspacing="0" style="margin: 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" !Jina la wimbo !Watayarishaji !Muda |- |"In the Way" <small>(U.S. iTunes only)</small> |[[J. R. Rotem]] |4:16 |- |"What's the Matter" <small>(U.S. iTunes Pre-Order; UK, Australia & Japan bonus track)</small> |Chuck Harmony |3:46 |- |"She Got Her Own" <small>(akishirikiana na [[Jamie Foxx]] na [[Fabolous]])<br>(UK iTunes Pre-Order; nyimbo za ziada za Japan)</small> |Butter Beats |5:32 |- |"[[So Sick]]" <small>(nyimbo za ziada za Kibrazili)</small> |[[Stargate]] |3:27 |- |"[[Because of You (wimbo wa Ne-Yo)|Because of You]]" <small>(nyimbo za ziada za Kibrazili)</small> |[[Stargate]] |3:46 |- |"[[Sexy Love]]" <small>(nyimbo za ziada za Kibrazili)</small> |[[Stargate]] |3:40 |} ==Chati== {|class="wikitable" !align="left"|Chati (2008) !align="center"|Nafasi<br/>iliyoshika |- |Australian [[:en:ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Albums Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/album/37772 Ne-Yo - Year Of The Gentleman - Music Charts] ''αCharts''. Accessed 25 Septemba 2008.</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |Austrian Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|41 |- |Belgium Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|35 |- |Canadian Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html Canoe -- Jam! Music SoundScan Charts] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |Dutch Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|26 |- |French Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|24 |- |German Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|22 |- |Irish Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|13 |- |Italian Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|22 |- |Japanese Oricon Album Chart<ref name=Oricon/> |align="center"|2 |- |New Zealand Albums Chart<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|6 |- |Swiss Albums Charts<ref name=acharts/> |align="center"|9 |- |[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums.shtml |title=BBC - Radio 1 - Chart Show - The UK Top 40 Albums |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2011-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111080848/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. [[:en:Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name=billboard/> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. [[Billboard|''Billboard'']] [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]<ref name=billboard/> |align="center"|1 |} ==Historia ya matoleo== {|class="wikitable" |- !Mkoa !Nchi !Tarehe !Studio |- |rowspan="1"|[[Asia]] |[[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universal-music.co.jp/u-pop/artist/ne-yo/disco/uicd6153.html|title=Ne-Yo:Year of the Gentleman|work=universal-music.co.jp|accessdate=2008-08-13|language=Japanese}}</ref> |11 Septemba 2008 |Universal International |- |rowspan="3"|[[Ulaya]] |[[Ujerumani]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://plattenladen.pop24.de/detailanz/produktanzeige.rt?prid=579276 |title=Ne-Yo - Year of the Gentleman - CD |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120728124656/http://plattenladen.pop24.de/detailanz/produktanzeige.rt?prid=579276 |archivedate=2012-07-28 }}</ref> |rowspan="2"|12 Septemba 2008 |rowspan="2"|[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] |- |[[Italy]]<ref>[http://www.ibs.it/disco/0602517735620/ne-yo/year-the-gentleman.html?shop=2057 Ne-Yo - Year of the Gentleman - disco di Ne-Yo]</ref> |- |[[Uingereza]]<ref>[http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;-1;-1;-1&sku=797787 Ne-yo - Year Of The Gentleman]</ref> |15 Septemba 2008 |[[Mercury Records|Mercury]] |- |rowspan="2"|[[Marekani]] |[[United States]]<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Year-Gentleman-Ne-Yo/dp/B0018QCXGO Year of the Gentleman: Ne-Yo: Music]</ref> |16 Septemba 2008 |Def Jam |- |[[Brazil]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.livrariasaraiva.com.br/produto/produto.dll/detalhe?pro_id=2604957&ID=BD6AB8CC7D80A080B031D0558 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archivedate=2011-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175147/http://www.livrariasaraiva.com.br/produto/produto.dll/detalhe?pro_id=2604957&ID=BD6AB8CC7D80A080B031D0558 }}</ref> |21 Oktoba 2008 |[[Universal Music]] |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Ne-Yo}} [[Category:Albamu za 2008]] [[Category:Albamu za Def Jam Recordings]] [[Category:Albamu zilizotayarishwa na Stargate]] [[Category:Albamu za Ne-Yo]] jlgxd4pl8cq107pz8fhyo0nb1hssvsg 0 18374 1601430 1500405 2026-09-25T18:45:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2013 Female Genital Mutilation Cutting Circumcision FGM World Map UNICEF.SVG|thumb|300px|alt=map|Kiwango cha ukeketaji duniani: [[Afrika]] inaongoza pamoja na [[Yemen]] na [[Kurdistan]] ya [[Iraq]].]] '''Ukeketaji''' (pia: ''[[tohara]] ya [[mwanamke]]''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''female circumcision, female genital mutilation''; [[kifupi]]: FGM) ni tendo la kukata sehemu za nje za [[viungo vya uzazi]] vya mwanamke. [[Neno]] linalotokana na [[mzizi]] ''keket'', ambao unabeba maana ya kuharibu. Mara nyingi tendo la ukeketaji linaitwa pia "[[tohara]]" kwa kulifananisha na [[upasuaji]] mdogo wa [[wanaume]], lakini mambo ni tofauti kabisa. Hapa sehemu za nje za [[viungo vya uzazi]] zinakatwa kusudi wasifurahie sana [[tendo la ndoa]], hivyo wawe waaminifu zaidi kwa waume wao. Ukeketaji umeenea hasa kati ya ma[[taifa]] na ma[[kabila]] wenye asili ya bonde la [[Naili]] na majirani wao. Kinyume na tohara ya wavulana matabibu wanaona hasara nyingi katika desturi hiyo. Ukeketaji unasababisha [[wasichana]] wengi kufa na wengine wengi kupatwa na [[maumivu]] makali wakati wa [[hedhi]], wa tendo la ndoa na wa [[kujifungua]]. Kwa sababu hizo [[serikali]] nyingi za dunia zimeupiga marufuku. Pia [[madhehebu]] kadhaa yanatoa mafundisho kuwa ni kinyume cha masharti ya [[dini]] yao. [[Juhudi]] zimefanikiwa kwa kiasi fulani katika baadhi ya nchi. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Kiwango kikubwa sana !! Kiwango kikubwa !! Kiwango cha wastani !! Kiwango cha chini !! Kiwango cha chini sana |- | [[Somalia]]<br/>98% || [[Gambia]]<br/>76% || [[Guinea-Bissau]]<br/>50% || [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]<br/>24% || [[Iraq]]<br/>8% |- | [[Guinea]]<br/>96% || [[Burkina Faso]]<br/>76% || [[Chad]]<br/>44% || [[Yemen]]<br/>23% ||[[Ghana]]<br/>4% |- | [[Jibuti]]<br/>93% || [[Ethiopia]]<br/>74% || [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<br/>38% || [[Tanzania]]<br/>15% || [[Togo]]<br/>4% |- | [[Egypt]]<br/>91% || [[Mauritania]]<br/>69% || [[Kenya]]<br/>27% || [[Benin]]<br/>13% || [[Niger]]<br/>2% |- | [[Eritrea]]<br/>89% || [[Liberia]]<br/>66% || [[Nigeria]]<br/>27% || || [[Cameroon]]<br/>1% |- | [[Mali]]<br/>89% || || [[Senegal]]<br/>26% || || [[Uganda]]<br/>1% |- | [[Sierra Leone]]<br/>88% || || || || |- | [[Sudan]]<br/>88% || || || || |} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|20em|indent=yes}} : Abdalla, Raqiya Haji Dualeh. ''Sisters in Affliction: Circumcision and Infibulation of Women in Africa'', Zed Books, 1982. : Abdalla, Raqiya Dualeh. ''My Grandmother Called it the Three Feminine Sorrows: The Struggle of Women Against Female Circumcision in Somalia'', in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), ''Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. : Abd el Salam, S. "A Comprehensive Approach for Communication about Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt," in George C. Denniston, Frederick Mansfield Hodges and Marilyn Fayre Milos, ''Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice'', Springer, 1999. : Abdulcadira, Jasmine; Margairaz, C.; Boulvain, M; Irion, O. [http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2011-13137/ "Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2011-13137/ |date=20160718085718 }}, ''Swiss Medical Weekly'', Vol 6, Issue 14, January 2011. : Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. "Introduction: The Custom in Question," in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), ''Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. : Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. "Revisiting Feminist Discourses on Inbulation: The Hosken Report," in Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund (eds.), ''Female "Circumcision" in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change'', Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. : [[Peter Lewis Allen|Allen, Peter Lewis]]. ''The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present'', University of Chicago Press, 2000. : [[Fuambai Ahmadu|Ahmadu, Fuambai]]. {{" '}}Ain't I a Woman too?': Challenging Myths of Sexual Dysfunction in Circumcised Women," in Ylva Hernlund and Bettina Shell-Duncan (eds.), ''Transcultural Bodies: Female Genital Cutting in Global Context'', Rutgers University Press, 2007. : Bagnol, Birgitte and Mariano, Esmeralda. "Politics of naming sexual practices," in [[Sylvia Tamale]] (ed.), ''African Sexualities: A Reader'', Pambazuka Press, 2011. : Banks, E. et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753486 "Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries"], ''The Lancet'', 367(9525), 3 June 2006, pp.&nbsp;1835–1841. : Barker Benfield, G.J. ''The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America'', Routledge, 1999. : Beck, Ann. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/cea_0008-0055_1966_num_6_22_3068 "Some Observations on Jomo Kenyatta in Britain, 1929–1930"], ''Cahiers d'études africaines'', 6(22), 1996, pp.&nbsp;308–329. : Bennett, Jane. "Subversion and resistance: activist initiatives," in [[Sylvia Tamale]] (ed.), ''African Sexualities: A Reader'', Fahamu/Pambazuka, 2011. : Berga, Rigmor C. and Denisona Eva. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07399332.2012.721417#tabModule "A Tradition in Transition: Factors Perpetuating and Hindering the Continuance of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Summarized in a Systematic Review"], ''Health Care for Women International'', 34(10), 2013. : Bergrren, Vanja et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17217115 "Being Victims or Beneficiaries? Perspectives on Female Genital Cutting and Reinfibulation in Sudan"], ''African Journal of Reproductive Health'', 10(2), August 2006. : Bergrren, Vanja et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15571879 "An explorative study of Sudanese midwives' motives, perceptions and experiences of re-infibulation after birth"], ''Midwifery'', 20(4), December 2004, pp.&nbsp;299–311. : Black, Donald Campbell. ''On the Functional Diseases of the Renal, Urinary and Reproductive Organs'', Lindsay & Blakiston, 1872. : Black, J.A. and Debelle, G.D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2549951/pdf/bmj00597-0048.pdf "Female genital mutilation in Britain"], ''British Medical Journal'', 310, 17 June 1995. : Black, John. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1296388/pdf/jrsocmed00038-0048.pdf "Female genital mutilation: a contemporary issue, and a Victorian obsession"], ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'', 90, July 1997, pp.&nbsp;402–405. : [[Janice Boddy|Boddy, Janice]]. ''Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, Men, and the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan'', University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. : Boddy, Janice. ''Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan'', Princeton University Press, 2007. : Boyle, Elizabeth Heger. ''Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. : [[Isaac Baker Brown|Brown, Isaac Baker]]. ''On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females'', Robert Hardwicke, 1866. : [[Felix Bryk|Bryk, Felix]]. ''Circumcision in Man and Woman: Its History, Psychology, and Ethnology'', The Minerva Group, Inc., 2001. : Caldwell, John C.; Orubuloye, I.O.; and Caldwell, Pat. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40230269 "Female Genital Mutilation: Conditions of Decline"], ''Population Research and Policy Review'', 19(3), June 2000, pp.&nbsp;233–254. : Cappa, Claudi; Wardlaw, Tessa; Shell-Duncan, Bettina. [http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/fgm_eng.pdf "Changing a harmful social convention: female genital cutting/mutilation"], ''Innocenti Digest'', UNICEF 2005. : [[Cheryl Chase (activist)|Chase, Cheryl]]. {{" '}}Cultural Practice' or 'Reconstructive Surgery'? US Genital Cutting, the Intersex Movement, and Medical Double Standards," in [[Stanlie M. James]] and Claire C. Robertson (eds.), Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood, University of Illinois Press, 2002. : [[Shaye J. D. Cohen|Cohen, Shaye J. D.]] ''Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised? Gender and Covenant In Judaism'', University of California Press, 2005. : Conroy, Ronán M. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1502236/ "Female genital mutilation: whose problem, whose solution?"], ''British Medical Journal'', 333(7559), 15 July 2006. : Dave, Amish J.; Sethi, Aisha; and Morrone, Aldo. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21095534 "Female Genital Mutilation: What Every American Dermatologist Needs to Know"], ''Dermatologic Clinics'', 29(1), January 2011, pp.&nbsp;103–109 (review). {{doi|10.1016/j.det.2010.09.002}} : [[Kathy Dettwyler|Dettwyler, Katherine A]]. ''Dancing Skeletons: Life and Death in West Africa'', Waveland Press, 1994. : Dorkenoo, Efua; Morison, Linda; and Macfarlane, Alison. [http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/download/96 "A Statistical Study to Estimate the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation in England and Wales"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/download/96 |date=20130726064919 }}, FORWARD, October 2007. : Ehrenreich, Nancy and Barr, Mark. [http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/crcl/vol40_1/ehrenreich.pdf "Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of 'Cultural Practices{{' "}}], ''Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review'', 40(1), 2005, pp.&nbsp;71–140. : El Bashir, Hamid. ''The Sudanese National Committee on the Eradication of Harmful Traditional Practices and the Campaign against Female Genital Mutilation'' in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), ''Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. : Elchalal, Uriel et al.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326757 "Ritualistic Female Genital Mutilation: Current Status and Future Outlook"], ''Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey'', 52(10), October 1997, pp.&nbsp;643–651. : El Dareer, Asma. ''Woman, Why Do You Weep?: Circumcision and its Consequences'', Zed Books, 1982. : El Dareer, Asma. [http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/2/138.abstract "Attitudes of Sudanese People to the Practice of Female Circumcision"], ''International Journal of Epidemiology'', 1983, 12(2), pp. 138–144. *[[Fadwa El Guindi|El Guindi, Fadwa]]. "Had ''This'' Been Your Face, Would You Leave It as Is?" in Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (ed.), ''Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. : El Hadi, Amal Abd. "Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt" in Meredeth Turshen (ed.), ''African Women's Health'', Africa World Press, 2000. : Elmusharaf, Susan; Elhadi, Nagla; and Almroth, Lars. [http://www.bmj.com/content/333/7559/124.full "Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study"], ''British Medical Journal'', 332(7559), 27 June 2006. : Essén, Birgitta and Johnsdotter, Sara. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130414232252/http://www.hmb.utoronto.ca/HMB303H/Case_Studies/Kenya-FGM/FGM_%26_Cosmetic_Surgery.pdf "Female Genital Mutilation in the West: Traditional Circumcision versus Genital Cosmetic Surgery"], ''Acta Obstetricia Gynecologica Scandinavica'', 83(7), July 2004, pp.&nbsp;611–613. : Farage, Samar A. 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"The Excised Body in African Texts and Contexts," in Merete Falck Borch (ed.), ''Bodies and Voices: The Force-field of Representation and Discourse in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies'', Rodopi, 2008. {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{Commons category|Female genital mutilation}} ===Hoja=== {{Refbegin|normalfont=yes|indent=yes}} : [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ "Factsheet on FGM"], World Health Organization, February 2013. : British [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] 24-hour national helpline for children at risk of FGM: 0800 028 3550 : [http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/about FORWARD], London, charity specializing in FGM research (FORWARD's list of [http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/resources/support/well-woman-clinics hospitals and clinics in the UK offering specialist FGM services] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/resources/support/well-woman-clinics |date=20140328211318 }}). : [http://www.desertflowerfoundation.org/ Desert Flower Foundation] ([http://www.desertflowerfoundation.org/en/first-desert-flower-center-opens-in-berlin/ "First Desert Flower Center opens in Berlin"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.desertflowerfoundation.org/en/first-desert-flower-center-opens-in-berlin/ |date=20140129220055 }}, 16 September 2013, first dedicated FGM clinic in Europe). : [http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/library/Pdf/CIRCUMCISION,%20FEMALE1960-1980.pdf "Circumcision, female"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/library/Pdf/CIRCUMCISION,%20FEMALE1960-1980.pdf |date=20150702080920 }}, The Kinsey Institute (bibliography 1960s–1980s). : Westley, David M. 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''[[Infidel: My Life]]'', Simon & Schuster, 2007: Ali experiences FGM at the hands of her grandmother. : [[Waris Dirie|Dirie, Waris]]. ''[[Desert Flower]]'', Harper Perennial, 1999: autobiographical novel. : Dirie, Waris. ''Desert Dawn'', Little, Brown, 2003: Dirie's work as UN Special Ambassador against FGM. : Dirie, Waris. ''Desert Children'', Virago, 2007: FGM in Europe : [[Fauziya Kassindja|Kasinga, Fauziya]], and [[Layli Miller-Muro|Bashir, Layli Miller]]. ''Do They Hear You When You Cry'', Delacorte Press, 1998. : [[Nawal El Saadawi|El Saadawi, Nawal]]. ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'', Zed Books, 1975. {{Refend}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] 3gjfmo85sjn23qjciapctjrjm7l0a31 0 18886 1601464 1342648 2026-09-25T19:28:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 |Jina = Usher |Img = Usher Raymond by Sandra Alphonse (Straighten Crop).jpg |Img_capt = Usher Raymond mnamo 2010 |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Usher Raymond IV |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1978|10|14|df=yes}}<br />[[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]]<br />[[Marekani]] |Asili yake = [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]], [[Tennessee]], [[Marekani]]<br />[[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Georgia (jimbo)|Georgia]]<br />[[Marekani]] |Aina = [[Pop]] na [[R&B]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]]<br />[[Mtunzi wa nyimbo]]<br />[[Mtayarishaji wa rekodi]]<br />[[Mwigizaji]] |Miaka ya kazi = 1994–hadi leo <small>(anaimba)</small><br />1998–hadi leo<small>(anaigiza)</small></br> |Studio = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]] |Tovuti = [http://usherworld.com www.usherworld.com] }} '''Usher Raymond IV''' (amezaliwa tar. [[14 Oktoba]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[R&B]]-[[pop]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Usher'''. Usher, alianza kujibebea umaarufu kuanzia miaka ya 1990 hivi. Tangu hapo, ameuza albamu zake takriban milioni 35 kwa hesabu ya dunia nzima na ameshinda Tuzo tano za Grammy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Usher&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1|title=Grammy Award Winners|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=2008-11-17|archivedate=2009-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111035306/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Usher&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1}}</ref> Mnamo tar. [[13 Septemba]] ya mwaka wa [[2008]], Usher ameorodheshwa kwenye orodha ya Wasanii Wakali 100 wa Muda Wote na gazeti la Billboard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-artists-40.shtml|title=The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2008-11-17|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525102509/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-artists-40.shtml|archivedate=2012-05-25}}</ref> Ni miongoni mwa wasanii wachache wa lika lake kuorodheshwa katika orodha hiyo. Usher ameanzisha studio yake mwenyewe, inaitwa [[US Records]], na pia ni mmoja kati ya wamiliki wa mradi wa Cleveland Cavaliers. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === Usher alizaliwa mnamo tar. [[14 Oktoba]], katika mwaka wa [[1978]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/celebrities/profile/index.jsp?uuid=04101470-8d53-4d11-a654-f62ac8d1eb90|title=Usher Raymond - Profile|publisher=[[E!]]|accessdate=2008-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110071418/http://www.eonline.com/celebrities/profile/index.jsp?uuid=04101470-8d53-4d11-a654-f62ac8d1eb90|archivedate=2006-11-10}}</ref> mjini [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[Marekani]].<ref name="AllmusicBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/usher-p44890|title=Usher: Biography|last=Lane|first=Lynda|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=2008-11-18}}</ref> Alizaliwa akiwa kama mtoto wa Bi. Jonetta Patton na Bw. Usher Terry Raymond III;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/celebrities/profile/index.jsp?uuid=04101470-8d53-4d11-a654-f62ac8d1eb90|title=Usher: Profile|publisher=[[E!]]|accessdate=2008-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110071418/http://www.eonline.com/celebrities/profile/index.jsp?uuid=04101470-8d53-4d11-a654-f62ac8d1eb90|archivedate=2006-11-10}}</ref> ambao wote ni [[Wamarekani Weusi]]. Alitumia maisha yake yote ya utoto akiwa mjini Chattanooga, Tennessee. Akiwa bwana mdogo, alijiunga na kanisa la kwaya la mtaani alipokuwa akiishi (Chattanooga) na ndipo hapo mama yake alipogundua uwezo wake wa kuimba.<ref name="ReidKing">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/u/usher/news_feature_052404/index.jhtml|title=Usher: King Me|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2008-11-18|archivedate=2004-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040611022434/http://www.mtv.com/bands/u/usher/news_feature_052404/index.jhtml}}</ref> Mapema akiwa shule, Usher alijiingiza kwenye mashindano ya kumtafuta mwenye kipaji na kwa bahati nzuri alipata kushinda katika mashindano hayo. Baadaye famili yake ilihamia mjini [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]], wakiwa na imani ya kwamba mji huo utakuwa mzuri kwa kukuzia kipaji cha mtoto wao. Wakiwa mjini Atlanta, Usher alijiunga na shule ya North Springs High School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/21134|title=North Springs High School|publisher=Public School Review|accessdate=2008-11-18}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Usher amemwoa Bi. Tameka Foster mnamo mwaka wa 2007,<ref>{{cite web|first=Natalie|last=Finn|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=688e9f23-5672-4ba7-81b1-765a58951938&entry=index|title=Usher Takes the Plunge|accessdate=2008-04-26|date=2007-08-04|publisher=E!}}</ref> akiwa pamoja naye, wamezaa mtoto wa kiume mmoja aitwaye Usher Raymond V, aliozaliwa mwaka huohuo wa 2007.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jem|last=Aswad|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575151/20071127/usher.jhtml|title=Usher, Tameka Foster Welcome Baby Boy|accessdate=2008-01-19|date=2007-11-28|publisher=MTV|archive-date=2008-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117131632/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1575151/20071127/usher.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo tar. [[9 Septemba]] [[2008]], ilitangazwa kuwa wawili hao wanategemea kupata mtoto wao mwingine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/news/usher-wife-expecting-second-child|title=Singer Usher and Wife Expecting Second Child|date=2008-09-09|work=[[:en:Us Weekly|Us]]|accessdate=2008-09-11|archivedate=2008-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911062512/http://www.usmagazine.com/news/usher-wife-expecting-second-child}}</ref> Mnamo tar. [[10 Desemba]] katika mwaka wa [[2008]], Foster amezaa mtoto wa pili, aitwaye Naviyd Ely Raymond.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dyball|first=Rennie|date=2008-12-11|title=Usher Welcomes Baby No. 2|work=People|publisher=Time, Inc|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20245927,00.html|accessdate=2008-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212191331/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20245927,00.html|archivedate=2008-12-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shughuli za usanii == === Muziki === {{kuu|Orodha ya Nyimbo na Albamu na Usher}} * ''[[Usher (albamu)|Usher]]'' (1994) * ''[[My Way (albamu ya Usher)|My Way]]'' (1997) * ''[[8701 (albamu)|8701]]'' (2001) * ''[[Confessions (albamu ya Usher)|Confessions]]'' (2004) * ''[[Here I Stand (albamu ya Usher)|Here I Stand]]'' (2008) * ''Sixth studio album'' (2009)<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598924/20081107/ne_yo.jhtml Usher Says Ne-Yo Will 'Potentially' Work On New Album.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598924/20081107/ne_yo.jhtml |date=20081218000000 }} ''MTV.com.'' Accessed 7 Novemba 2008.</ref> === Filamu === * ''The Bold And The Beautiful'' kacheza kama Raymond (1998) * ''The Faculty'' (1998) * ''She's All That'' (1999) * ''Light It Up'' (1999) * ''Texas Rangers'' (2001) kacheza kama Scipio * ''In the Mix'' (2005) == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== <!-- Usiondoe kurasa rasmi ya MySpace page katika viungo vya nje --> {{Wikiquotepar|Usher Raymond}} * [http://www.usherworld.com Official Site] * [http://www.usherforever.com Usherforever.com] * {{MySpace|usher|Usher}} {{Commons}} {{Usher}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Usher}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji muziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0gqswmi1arx3344co4bbg6ynivib4ei 0 21124 1601377 1574528 2026-09-25T16:04:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = That's The Way It Is | Cover = Ttwii1.jpg | Msanii = [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] | Albamu = [[All the Way… A Decade of Song]] | Imetolewa = [[1 Novemba]] [[1999]] | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[:en:12-inch single|12" single]] | Imerekodiwa = Paradise Sounds, Cheiron Studios | Aina = [[Pop]] | Urefu = 4:01 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Epic Records|Epic]] | Mtunzi = [[Max Martin]], [[Kristian Lundin]], [[Andreas Carlsson]] | Mtayarishaji = Max Martin, Kristian Lundin | Certification = Platinamu <small>(Sweden)</small><br />Dhahabu<small>(Australia, Ubelgiji, Ujerumani)</small><br />Fedha<small>(Ufaransa)</small> | Single iliyopita = "Dans un autre monde" <br />(1999) | Single ya sasa = "That's the Way It Is" <br />(1999) | Single ijayo = "Then You Look at Me" <br />(1999) | }} "'''That's the Way It Is'''" ni single kiongozi katika albamu ya [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] ya muziki mchanganyiko ya ''[[All the Way… A Decade of Song]]'', iliyotolewa mnamo tar. [[1 Novemba]] [[1999]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Glatzer, Jenna| title=Céline Dion: For Keeps | url=https://archive.org/details/celinedionforkee0000glat| publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing| year=2005 | isbn=0-7407-5559-5}}</ref> Ilitungwa na kutayarishwa chini ya kikosi cha watayarishaji wa Kisweden [[Max Martin]] na [[Kristian Lundin]], ambao wamewahi kuandika vibao vikali vya wasanii kama vile [['N Sync]], [[Backstreet Boys]] na [[Britney Spears]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.celinedion.com/celinedion/english/music.cgi?album_id=14&song_id=10 |title=Céline Dion<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213140734/http://www.celinedion.com/celinedion/english/music.cgi?album_id=14&song_id=10 |archivedate=2007-12-13 }}</ref> Céline Dion aliimba wimbo huu laivu na kundi zima la muziki wa pop na R&B la 'N Sync, wakati wa kipindi chake maalum cha TV ya [[:en:CBS|CBS]] mnamo 1999. Pia alishawahi kuumba wimbo huu tena wa "That's the Way It Is" kunako 1999 wakati wa ugawaji wa Tuzo za Billboard maarufu kama [[Billboard Music Award]]s na pia mwishoni mwa sherehe za [[Let's Talk About Love Tour]]. ==Muundo na orodha ya nyimbo== '''Australia/Ulaya/Japani/UK CD single''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "I Met an Angel (On Christmas Day)" – 3:20 '''Australian/Ulaya/UK CD maxi single''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "I Met an Angel (On Christmas Day)" – 3:20 # "[[My Heart Will Go On]]" (live) – 5:23 '''UK CD maxi single #2''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro club remix) – 5:28 # "Another Year Has Gone By" – 3:24 '''U.S. CD maxi single''' # "That's the Way It Is" – 4:01 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro club remix) – 5:28 # "[[I Want You to Need Me]]" ([[Thunderpuss]] radio mix) – 4:32 # "I Want You to Need Me" (Thunderpuss club mix) – 8:10 ==Toleo rasmi== # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro mix edit) – 3:12 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro mix) – 3:20 # "That's the Way It Is" (Metro club remix) – 5:28 # "That's the Way It Is" (toleo la albamu) – 4:01 ==Chati== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1999) !align="center"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://oe3.orf.at/charts/ Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flanders Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/weekchart.asp?cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|13 |- |align="left"|Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.radioandrecords.com/Formats/Charts/Canada_AC_Chart.asp |title=Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214182611/http://www.radioandrecords.com/Formats/Charts/Canada_AC_Chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.yle.fi/lista/listat/albumit.php Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63bnsE67I?url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp |archivedate=2011-12-01 }}</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 |title=Italian Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301091055/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 |archivedate=2005-03-01 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Norwegian Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722125118/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2012-07-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Singles Chart |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/weekchart.asp?cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 |title=Billboard Hot 100 |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2008-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106162106/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Contemporary+Tracks |title=Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003911/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Contemporary+Tracks }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks |title=Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2008-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621091521/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Singles Sales<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Dance+Singles+Sales |title=Hot Dance Singles Sales |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-05-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512153045/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Dance+Singles+Sales }}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Pop Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentsingles.jsp Hot Latin Pop Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|19 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Latin Tropical Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentsingles.jsp Latin Tropical Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Top 40<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |title=Rhythmic Top 40 |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529041006/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|40 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top 40 Mainstream<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Mainstream+Top+40 |title=Top 40 Mainstream |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520035709/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Mainstream+Top+40 }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top 40 Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100+Airplay |title=Top 40 Tracks |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archivedate=2009-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003847/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100+Airplay }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Celine Dion]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1999]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo zilizotungwa na Max Martin]] 6lblswmytfvr9naobis8p7rqsr6urs0 0 23241 1601176 1232762 2026-09-25T13:44:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601176 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kitunda1.png|thumb|450px|'''Mwendo wa kitunda'''<br />'''Kushoto:''' Nafasi za vitunda mwanzoni wa mchezo ziko kwenye mstari wa pili kila upande<br />'''Kulia:'''Mwendo: hatua ya kwanza ya kitunda ni mirabi 2 au 1 kwenda mbele pekee. Hatua zinazofuata ni mraba 1-1 tu (angalia nukta nyeupe/nyeusi).<br />'''Kukamata:'''alama nyekundu zinaonyesha miraba ambako vitunda vyeupe vinaweza kukamata kete za adui; alama buluu ni miraba ambako vitunda vyeusi vinaweza kukamata<br />. ]] '''Kitunda''' ([[Kiing.]] ''pawn'') ni kete kwenye mchezo wa [[shataranji]] ambayo inapatikana mara nane kila upande. Inajaza mstari wa mbele katika mpangilio wa jeshi la shataranji, hivyo inawakilisha askari wa kawaida. Hutazamwa kama kete dhaifu. Hata hivyo mchezaji hodari anaweza kushinda akijua kutumia vitunda vyake kwa busara. Kama kete inafika mstari wa mwisho upande wa kinyume wa ubao inabadilika kuwa kete ya juu kama [[Malkia (sataranji)|malkia]] au [[Ngome (sataranji)|ngome]]. Nafasi ya kitunda ni kama askari wa mguu katika jeshi; maafisa wa juu na askari wenye silaha za pekee wanakaa nyuma yake. == Mwanzo wa mchezo == Vitunda hukaa kwenye mstari wa pili kila upande. Hii inafanana na utaratibu wa mapigano katika jeshi za kale ambako mara nyingi askari wa kawaida walikuwa mstari wa mbele na nyuma yao mfalme, maafisa au majenerali, wanajeshi wenye farasi, wapiga mishale au mashine za kurusha mikuki walikaa nyuma yao. Mstari wa vitunda unalinda kete za juu zilizopo nyuma lakini unazibana pia kwa sababu ni farasi pekee inayoweza kuruka juu ya kete nyingine. Kwa hiyo namna ya kufungua mstari wa vitunda ni kipindi cha kwanza katika mchezo wa shataranji. == Mwendo == Kitunda kina mwendo wa pekee. Tofauti na kete za juu hutembea mbele tu hakiwezi kurudi nyuma. Mwendo ni hatua za mraba 1-1 isipokuwa hatua ya kwanza inayoweza kuwa mraba 1 au miraba miwili. Kama kitunda kinafikia mstari wa mwisho wa ubao kinaondolewa na kubadilishwa kwa kete nyingine yoyote isipokuwa kete kuu ya shaha. Badiliko la kitunda huwa ni uamuzi wa mchezaji wake. == Kukamata == Kitunda hukamata kete za adui kama ziko upande wa kushoto au kulia wa mraba mbele yake. Hakina uwezo wa kukamata kete zilizopo mbele yake moja kwa moja. Jambo la pekee ni nafasi ya "kukamata kwa kupita". Hii inaweza kutokea kama kitunda kinakanyaga hatua kubwa ya kwanza kwa umbali wa miraba miwili. Kama kinapita mraba unaotishiwa na kitunda cha adui kinaweza kuondolewa. Sababu yake ni ya kwamba kama kingetembea hatua ndogo ya mraba 1 tu adui kingekuwa na nafasi ya kuishambulia. Kama mchezaji adui anaamua hivyo anaweza kuondoa kitunda na kuweka chake kwenye mraba uliotishiwa naye awali. [[Jamii:Sataranji]] 37tuvq3o3zixzcuq49hpl1o6z3jxo6x 0 25552 1601524 1337413 2026-09-25T23:11:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = White Plains |picha_ya_satelite = Whiteplains martine ave 2005 7 30.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = Marekani |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa White Plains katika Marekani |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Marekani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[New York]] |subdivision_type2 = [[:en:List of counties in New York|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[:en:Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 53,077 |latd=41 |latm=1 |lats=24 |latNS=N |longd=73 |longm=45 |longs=43 |longEW=W |website = [http://www.cityofwhiteplains.com/ www.cityofwhiteplains.com] }} [[Picha:City_of_White_Plains,_Jul_2012.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya Mji wa White Plains, New York]] '''White Plains''' ni mji wa [[Marekani]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[New York (jimbo)|New York]]. Mji upo m 65 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2000, mji una wakazi wapatao 53,000 wanaoishi katika mji huu. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.cityofwhiteplains.com/ White Plains official website] *[http://www.downtownresidents.com/ White Plains Downtown Residents Assoc.] *[http://www.wppl.lib.ny.us/ White Plains Public Library] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wppl.lib.ny.us/ |date=20090718225217 }} *[http://www.wpcsd.k12.ny.us/wpps/site/default.asp White Plains Public Schools] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wpcsd.k12.ny.us/wpps/site/default.asp |date=20050514005248 }} *[http://wptimes.com/ White Plains Times] *[http://www.whiteplainshistory.org/ White Plains Historical Society] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116222347/http://www.whiteplainsonline.com/ White Plains On Line] A searchable collection of White Plains public agency meeting agendas, minutes, budgets, and charters. {{mbegu-jio-new-york}} [[Jamii:Miji ya New York]] [[Jamii:New York City]] [[Jamii:Westchester County, New York]] 3py9rutg8oe0vthfgp2btf0upuypfnv 0 30153 1601366 1145810 2026-09-25T15:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Taylor Swift | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Taylor Swift]] | Cover = Tayloralbum.jpg | Imetolewa = 24 Oktoba 2006 | Imerekodiwa = 2005-2006 | Aina = [[Muziki wa country|Country]] | Urefu = 40:48 <small>(standard version)</small><br /> 55:48 <small>(deluxe edition)</small> | Studio = [[Big Machine Records|Big Machine]] | Mtayarishaji = Scott Borchetta <small>(exec.)</small>, Nathan Chapman, Robert Ellis Orrall, Angelo Petraglia, Brett James, Troy Verges | Review = * [[About.com]] {{Rating|5|5}} [http://countrymusic.about.com/od/cdreviewsmz/fr/TaylorSwift.htm link] * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/taylor-swift-r860523 link] | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Taylor Swift'''''<br />(2006) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Sounds of the Season: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection|Sounds of the Season]]''<br />(2007) | Misc = {{Singles | Jina = Taylor Swift | Type = Studio | Single 1 = [[Tim McGraw]] | Single 1 tarehe = 19 Juni 2006 | Single 2 = [[Teardrops on My Guitar]] | Single 2 tarehe = 24 Februari 2007 | Single 3 = [[Our Song]] | Single 3 tarehe = 22 Agosti 2007 | Single 4 = [[Picture to Burn]] | Single 4 tarehe = Januari 2008 | Single 5 = [[Should've Said No]] | Single 5 tarehe = 19 Mei 2008 | Single 6 = I'm Only Me When I'm With You | Single 6 tarehe = 2008 <small>(Radio Disney)</small> | Single 7 = Stay Beautiful | Single 7 tarehe = 2008 <small>(Radio Disney)</small> }} }} '''''Taylor Swift''''' ni jina la kutaja albamu ya kwanza na jina la msanii mwenyewe wa muziki wa county na pop wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] Bi. [[Taylor Swift]]. Albamu iltolewa mnamo tar. [[24 Oktoba]] [[2006]] kwenye studio ya [[Big Machine Records]], na kutumbukiza vibao vikali vitano kwenye chati za ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' kwa upande wa muziki wa country. == Orodha ya nyimbo == {{tracklist | total_length = 40:48 |title1 = [[Tim McGraw]] | length1 = 3:54 | title2 = [[Picture to Burn]] | length2 = 2:57 | title3 = [[Teardrops on My Guitar]] | length3 = 3:37 | title4 = A Place in This World | note4 = Swift, [[Robert Ellis Orrall]], Angelo Petraglia | length4 = 3:24 | title5 = Cold As You | length5 = 4:03 | title6 = The Outside | note6 = Swift | length6 = 3:31 | title7 = Tied Together with a Smile | length7 = 4:13 | title8 = Stay Beautiful | length8 = 4:00 | title9 = [[Should've Said No]] | note9 = Swift | length9 = 4:06 | title10 = Mary's Song (Oh My My My) | note10 = Swift, Rose, Brian Dean Maher | length10 = 3:37 | title11 = [[Our Song]] | note11 = Swift | length11 = 3:24 }} == Chati == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" |align="center"|'''Nchi''' !align="left"|Chati (2007~8) !align="left"|Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |align="center"|Australia |align="left"|Australian ARIA Albums Chart<ref>http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20090320-0000/issue992.pdf</ref> |align="center"|68 |- |align="center"|Australia |align="left"|Australian ARIA Country Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_country.asp?chart=1F20 http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_country.asp?chart=1F20] ''Ariacharts.com''</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="center"|Kanada |align="left"|Canadian Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''jam.canoe.ca''</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="center"|Kanada |align="left"|Canadian Country Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/COUNTRY.html http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/COUNTRY.html] ''jam.canoe.ca''</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="center"|US |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Country Albums<ref name="billboard.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227014159/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=766101&model.vnuAlbumId=1183852 http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=766101&model.vnuAlbumId=1183852] ''Billboard.com''</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="center"|US |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="billboard.com"/> |align="center"|5 |- |align="center"| |align="left"|[[UK Album Chart]] |align="center"|81 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{start box}} {{s-bef | before= ''5th Gear'' ya Brad Paisley}} {{s-ttl | title= Albamu Bora za Country [[:en:List of number-one country albums of 2007 (U.S.)|albamu-namba-moja]] | years= 4 Agosti 2007 - 22 Septemba 2007}} {{s-aft | after= ''Just Who I Am: Poets & Pirates''<br />ya Kenny Chesney}} {{s-bef | before= ''Long Road Out Of Eden'' ya Eagles}} {{s-ttl | title= Albamu Bora za Country [[:en:List of number-one country albums of 2008 (U.S.)|albamu-namba-moja]] | years= 19 Januari 2008 - 1 Machi 2008}} {{s-aft | after= ''My Life's Been a Country Song''<br />ya Chris Cagle}} {{s-bef | before= ''My Life's Been a Country Song''<br />ya Chris Cagle}} {{s-ttl | title= Albamu Bora za Country namba-moja | years= 15 Machi 2008}} {{s-aft | after= ''Good Time'' ya [[Alan Jackson]]}}gdxsj ngcx {{s-bef | before= ''Good Time'' ya Alan Jackson}} {{s-ttl | title= Albamu Bora za Country namba-moja | years= 5 Aprili 2008}} {{s-aft | after= ''Troubadour'' ya [[George Strait]]}} {{s-bef | before= ''Julianne Hough'' ya [[Julianne Hough]]}} {{s-ttl | title= Albamu Bora za Country namba-moja | years= 14 Juni 2008}} {{s-aft | after= ''[[Perfectly Clear]]'' ya [[Jewel]]}} {{s-bef | before= ''Perfectly Clear'' ya Jewel}} {{s-ttl | title= Top Country Albums number-one album | years= 28 Juni 2008 - 26 Julai 2008}} {{s-aft | after= ''[[Beautiful Eyes]]'' ya Taylor Swift}} {{end box}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Taylor Swift}} {{Mbegu-jio-Uturuki}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2006]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Big Machine Records]] [[Jamii:Albamu za kwanza]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Taylor Swift]] 53og5ijjggzxuonb242pxlxvsi8fgjv 0 30187 1601644 1573229 2026-09-26T09:02:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Beautiful Eyes | Type = EP | Msanii = [[Taylor Swift]] | Cover = BeautifulEyes.jpg | Imetolewa = 15 Julai 2008 | Imerekodiwa = | Aina = [[Country pop]] | Urefu = | Studio = [[Big Machine Records|Big Machine]] | Mtayarishaji = | Review = | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Live from SoHo|Live from SoHo: Taylor Swift]]''<br />(2008) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Beautiful Eyes'''''<br />(2008) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Fearless]]''<br/>(2008) }} '''''Beautiful Eyes''''' ni albamu ya [[Extended play|EP]] iliyotolewa na msanii wa [[muziki wa country]]-[[pop]] [[Taylor Swift]]. Albamu ilitolewa mnamo [[15 Julai]] [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.walmart.com/catalog/product.do?product_id=10177524 CD: Beautiful Eyes (Wal-Mart Exclusive)]</ref><ref name="gac">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.gactv.com/gac/nw_headlines/article/0,3034,GAC_26063_5903580_,00.html | title = Wal-Mart "Eyes" New Taylor Swift Project|accessdate=2008-07-24 |format= |work=[[Great American Country]] |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150316173034/http://www.gactv.com/gac/nw_headlines/article/0,3034,GAC_26063_5903580_,00.html |archivedate=2015-03-16 }}</ref> Na kwa tar. [[27 Desemba]] 2008, kopo 232,792 ziliuza nchini Marekani. ==Orodha ya nyimbo== ===CD=== # "Beautiful Eyes" <small>(Taylor Swift)</small> (2:54) # "[[Should've Said No]]" (Alternate Version) <small>(Taylor Swift)</small> (3:46) # "[[Teardrops on My Guitar]]" (Acoustic Version) <small>(Taylor Swift, Liz Rose)</small> (3:24) # "[[Picture to Burn]]" (Radio Edit) <small>(Taylor Swift, Liz Rose)</small> (2:53) # "I'm Only Me When I'm with You" <small>(Taylor Swift, Robert Ellis Orrall, Angelo)</small> (3:35) # "I Heart Question Mark" <small>(Taylor Swift)</small> (3:27) ===DVD=== # "Beautiful Eyes" music video (2:56) # "Picture to Burn" music video (3:30) # "I'm Only Me When I'm with You" music video (3:37) # "[[Tim McGraw]]" muzikiwa video (4:00) # "Teardrops on My Guitar" (Pop Version) music video (3:45) # "[[Our Song]]" muzikiwa video (3:30) # The making of "Picture to Burn" muzikiwa video (22:02) # Great American Country New Artist Interview (14:45) # "Should've Said No" 2008 (4:01) ==Chati== {| class="wikitable" !Chati (2008) !Nafasi<br/>Iliyoshika |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Country Albums[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227014159/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=766101&model.vnuAlbumId=1183852] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081227014159/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=766101&model.vnuAlbumId=1183852] |align="center"|9 |} ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} {{Taylor Swift}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2008]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Taylor Swift]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Big Machine Records]] mhp0izil3xd9krgs2tbiaie0sxpljj5 0 31809 1601417 1574526 2026-09-25T17:53:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601417 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2009 Westlife2.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Westlife]] '''UK Singles Chart''' ni chati inayotolewa na [[The Official UK Charts Company]] (OCC) kwa niaba ya soko la rekodi za Kiingereza. Chati huendeshwa katika wiki huanza Jumapili hadi Jumamosi, pamoja na chati zilizochapishwa kwenye jarida la muziki la [[Music Week]] (75 Bora tu), [[ChartsPlus]] (200 Bora), na kuchapishwa tena mtandaoni kwenye matovuti mbalimbali (hasa zile za 40 Bora tu, basi). Takriban 6,500 mauzo ya rejareja ya UK hutoa ripoti ya mauzo, vilevile na yale maduka ya mtandaoni ya UK pia hutoa ripoti hizo. Hii iko tofauti kidogo na Marekani, hazitumiki takwimu za kupigwa sana maredioni na kwenye TV kuwa kama tumio rasmi la kuanisha nani mkali wa UK Singles Chart. Mara nyingi single za UK hutolewa madukani katika siku ya Jumatatu. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/ The Official UK Charts Company] * [http://www.musicweek.com/ Music Week ] Top 75 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306040828/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/top40/ BBC Radio 1] Top 40 * [http://www.everyhit.com/ everyHit.com] Top 40 * [http://www.chartbuy.com/ ChartBuy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chartbuy.com/ |date=20090827003943 }} Top 20 * [http://www.hit40uk.com/ hit40uk] (OCC "Hit 40" charts for ILR radio stations) * [http://www.zobbel.de/bdc/BDC1.pdf British Chart Books Classified] * [http://www.zobbel.de/ Chart Log UK 1994-2007] Top 200 * [http://www.polyhex.com Search any British chart run on the singles chart] Top 75 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210509064157/http://www.ukpopcharts.co.uk/ UKPopCharts.co.uk] Top 40 * [http://www.number-ones.co.uk/ UK Number Ones] 1952-Present {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Vipindi vya chati]] [[Jamii:Uingereza]] inpqxjb73hfb2r07kczi02l1k2vdauh 0 32817 1601432 1574596 2026-09-25T18:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:World 1898 empires colonies territory.png|thumb|right|300px|Falme na makoloni mwaka 1898.]] [[File:Colonialism in 1945 updated legend.png|thumb|right|300px|Himaya na makoloni mwaka 1945]] '''Ukoloni Mamboleo''' ni neno linalotumiwa na wakosoaji wa [[ukoloni]] kuelekezwa kwa [[nchi tajiri]] kuendelea kuingilia masuala ya [[nchi zinazoendelea]] baada ya ukoloni wenyewe kwisha kwa ukiukaji wa azimio la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Wanakosoa mataifa ya kibepari kuhusika na [[dhuluma]] katika [[biashara]] ya kisasa na yaliyokuwa makoloni. Wakosoaji wanasisitiza kwamba [[wafanyabiashara]] binafsi na makampuni ya biashara ya kigeni huendelea kunyonya [[rasilimali]] za mataifa baada ya enzi ya ukoloni kama ilivyotekelezwa kutoka [[karne ya 16]] hadi [[karne ya 20]]. Katika matumizi mapana, Ukoloni Mamboleo huweza kumaanisha ule ushiriki wa nchi zenye nguvu katika mambo ya nguvu chini ya nchi; hii ni muhimu hasa [[Amerika kusini]]. Kwa maana hii, Ukoloni Mamboleo huweza kutaja aina ya kisasa ya ukoloni, [[uchumi]] wa [[ubeberu]]: kwamba mataifa yenye nguvu kuishi kama wakoloni, na tabia hii inafananishwa na ukoloni. == Ukoloni Mamboleo na ubeberu == {{quote|"Kadiri ubeberu utakavyoishi, kwa umbile lake utatawala nchi nyingine. Leo utawala huo unaitwa Ukoloni Mamboleo."| [[Che Guevara]], [[mwanamapinduzi]], [[1965]] <ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1965/02/24.htm "At the Afro-Asian Conference in Algeria"] speech by [[Che Guevara]] to the Second Economic Seminar of Afro-Asian Solidarity in Algiers, Algeria on 24 Februari 1965</ref>}} [[File:Kwame Nkrumah on a Soviet stamp (80th anniversary of his birth) 1989 CPA 6101.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Ghana]], na mmoja wa watunzi wa neno "Ukoloni Mamboleo": [[picha]] kwenye [[stempu]] ya [[Urusi]] (1972).]] Neno Ukoloni Mamboleo lilianza kutumika, hasa kuhusu Afrika, baada ya mchakato wa kupata uhuru. Kisha kupata uhuru, baadhi ya viongozi wa kitaifa na makundi ya upinzani walisema kuwa nchi zao hazitakubali aina mpya ya ukoloni kutoka mataifa yaliyoendelea. Kwame Nkrumah, ambaye mwaka 1957 akawa kiongozi wa Ghana, aliwahi kufafanua Ukoloni Mamboleo katika moja ya [[vitabu]] vyake, "Ukoloni Mamboleo, Hatua ya Mwisho wa Ubeberu" (1965), ambacho ni kama ugani wa kile cha [[Lenin]] "Ubeberu, Hatua ya Mwisho wa Ubepari" ([[1916]]), ambamo Lenin anasema kuwa ubeberu wa [[karne ya 19]] unategemeana na mahitaji ya mfumo wa kibepari. === Harakati za Pan-Afrika na nchi zisizoegemea upande wowote === Ukoloni Mamboleo ulipata umaarufu baada ya mwanzo wa kupata uhuru kwingineko zaidi kwa kupitia shughuli za wasomi na viongozi wapya wa kujitegemea kutoka mataifa ya Afrika na harakati ya Pan-Africanist. Wengi wa viongozi hao walihudhuria [[Mkutano wa Bandung]] wa [[1955]], kupelekea uundwaji wa harakati za [[nchi zisizoegemea upande wowote]]. Mikutano ya All-African Peoples 'Conference (AAPC) mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1950]] na mapema [[miaka ya 1960]] kuenea Ukoloni Mamboleo kukosoa hii. Katika [[Vita Baridi]], nchi zisizoegemea pande zozote, na mashirika kama vile Shirika la Mshikamano na Watu wa Asia, Afrika na Amerika vilitaja Ukoloni Mamboleo kama adui wa pamoja. ===Uhusiano wa Ufaransa na viongozi wa Afrika=== [[File:MacKenzieSlcu.jpg|thumb|right|Mamluki kama hawa wa Marekani na Uingereza walitumika kupindua serikali katika makoloni ya zamani ya Ufaransa.]] Mfano maarufu wa Ukoloni Mamboleo ni uhusiano wa [[Ufaransa]] na viongozi wa nchi huru mpya za Afrika kwa lengo la kuendelea kuzitawala. Mara ya kwanza kutumika ilikuwa kwa kwa rais wa [[Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Felix Houphouët-Boigny]], mfano wa uhusiano mzuri kati ya Ufaransa na Afrika wakati wa urais wa [[Charles de Gaulle]] ([[1958]]-[[1969]]). Viongozi walio karibu na Ufaransa (hasa wakati wa Vita Baridi) walikuwa kama mawakala wake na kudumisha [[Kifaransa]] barani Afrika ([[Jumuiya ya Kifaransa]] na baadaye [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]). Waliotajwa mara nyingi ni [[Omar Bongo]], Rais wa [[Gabon]], Felix Houphouët-Boigny, rais wa [[Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]],rais wa [[Togo]], [[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]], rais wa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[Idriss Déby]], rais wa [[Chad]], na [[Hamani Diori]], rais wa [[Niger]]. ===Ubelgiji na Kongo=== Baada ya mchakato wa haraka wa kuacha huru [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]], [[Ubelgiji]] iliendelea kudhibiti, kwa njia ya Société Générale de Belgique takriban 70% ya [[uchumi]] wa Kongo, hasa [[madini]] ya jimbo la [[Katanga]]. ===Uingereza=== Wakosoaji wa mahusiano ya Uingereza na makoloni ya Afrika wanasema baadhi ya nchi huru mpya ziliendelea kutawaliwa kijeshi na kiuchumi kwa kisingizio cha kuleta maendeleo, kama vile [[Sierra Leone.]] <ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Imperialism_Neocolonialism/Imperialism_Neocolonialism.html thirdworldtraveler.com: Ukoloni Mamboleo] [http://www.parapundit.com/archives/001076.html parapundit.com /.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parapundit.com/archives/001076.html |date=20090112024229 }}</ref> ==Utawala wa kiuchumi== [[File:Mossadegh US21.jpg|thumb|right|Rais wa [[Marekani]], [[Harry S. Truman]] akimsalimu Mohammad Mosaddeq, [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa [[Iran]], [[1951]].]] [[File:Jimmy Carter and Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo tour Lagos, Nigeria. - NARA - 178660.tif|thumb|right|Rais wa Marekani [[Jimmy Carter]] na Luteni Jenerali [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] huko [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], Aprili [[1978]].]] ===Mashirika ya kimataifa=== Wakosoaji wa Ukoloni Mamboleo pia wanasema kuwa uwekezaji na ma[[shirika]] ya kimataifa uliimarisha maendeleo duni. Katika baadhi ya nchi, [[ubinafsishaji]] wa [[rasilimali]] za kitaifa ulifuatiwa na kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha [[ukosefu wa ajira]], [[umaskini]], na kushuka kwa mapato. <ref>''[http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0404-06.htm Benki ya Dunia, IMF akatupa Kolombia Tailspin Into] {{Wayback|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0404-06.htm |date=20120929095554 }} [[The Baltimore Sun]],'' 4 Aprili 2002</ref> Hii ni kweli hasa katika mataifa ya [[Afrika Magharibi]] ya [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Senegal]], na [[Mauritania]] ambapo [[uvuvi]] una historia muhimu kwa uchumi wa wenyeji. Kuanzia mwaka [[1979]], [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] ulianza kubana haki za uvuvi katika pwani ya Afrika Magharibi<ref> ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/14/world/africa/14fishing.html Ulaya Afrika inachukua Samaki, na Boatloads ya wahamiaji Follow] [[The New York Times]],'' 14 Januari 2008</ref> kinyume cha Mkataba wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] juu ya bahari ambao unatambua umuhimu wa uvuvi kwa jamii. <ref> [[Umoja wa Mataifa 2007]]</ref> ===Taasisi za fedha za kimataifa=== [[File:Worldbank protest jakarta.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maandamano]] dhidi ya [[Benki ya Dunia]], [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], [[2004]].]] Wakosoaji wa Ukoloni Mamboleo walitaka kukataa mikopo (hasa isiyolipika) kutoka kwa taasisi za fedha za kimataifa kama vile [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] (IMF) na [[Benki ya Dunia]] (WB). Wao wanasema kwamba ili wapewa mikopo, na aina nyingine za misaada ya kiuchumi, mataifa dhaifu yanalazimika kuchukua hatua kwa maslahi ya kifedha ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia lakini dhidi ya uchumi wao yenyewe. ''Marekebisho ya miundo'' hayo yana athari ya kuongeza kuliko kupunguza umaskini ndani ya taifa. Watuhumiwa wa kushiriki katika ubeberu huo ni pamoja na Benki ya Dunia, Shirika la Biashara Duniani, [[G8]] na [[World Economic Forum]]. Wale ambao wanasema kwa hakika na ukweli kwamba Afrika leo inalipa pesa zaidi kila mwaka katika huduma ya malipo ya madeni ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia kuliko inayopata katika mikopo kutoka kwao, na hivyo mara nyingi kunyima wenyeji wa nchi hizo mahitaji halisi. Utegemezi huu unaruhusu [[IMF]] na [[Benki ya Dunia]] kulazimisha mipango yao juu ya mataifa haya. Marekebisho yanayotokana na mipango hiyo, hasa [[ubinafsishaji]], husababisha kuzorota kwa [[afya]], [[elimu]], na kutoweza kuendeleza [[miundombinu]], na [[maisha]] kwa jumla. ===Usawishi Mbadala=== Kutokana na akiba kubwa ya fedha, serikali ya [[China]] imeanza kucheza nafasi muhimu dhidi ya ushawishi wa IMF, kwa kukopesha baadhi ya nchi, kama vile Angola mwaka [[2006]]. <ref name="economist.com">''[http://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10795714 Uchina's Quest for Resources - A mwenye hasira joka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10795714 |date=20091130150156 }} [[The Economist]],'' 13 Machi 2008</ref> Katika miaka ya karibuni, [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] imejenga sana mahusiano na [[Afrika]],<ref>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IF08Ad02.html Jeshi migongo Uchina's Afrika adventure,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IF08Ad02.html |date=20100206033016 }} [[Asia Times]]</ref> <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6178897.stm Mbeki inaonya juu ya mahusiano ya China na Afrika]</ref> China kwa sasa ni wa pili kwa uhusiano mkubwa na Afrika, baada ya [[Marekani]]. Mnamo Agosti 2007, kulikuwa na raia 750,000 hivi wa Uchina wakifanya kazi au kuishi katika nchi mbalimbali za Afrika<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/17/africa/malawi.php |title=Kichina flocking katika idadi ya a new frontier: Afrika |accessdate=2007-08-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818183638/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/17/africa/malawi.php |archivedate=2007-08-18 }}</ref> <ref> [http://en.internationalism.org/wr/299/china-africa Kichina ubeberu katika Afrika]</ref> wakijipatia rasilimali - [[mafuta]], madini - ili kulisha uchumi wa nchi yao na kupanua masoko ya makampuni yake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/ |title=Uchina, Afrika, na Mafuta |accessdate=2009-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208133749/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557 |archivedate=2009-02-08 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2007/701/36384 |title=Je Uchina Afrika ubeberu mpya nguvu? |accessdate=2012-08-01 |archive-date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211032937/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2007/701/36384 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka 2006, biashara kwa njia mbili iliongezeka hadi dola bilioni 50. <ref> ''[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/11/01/2003334317 Je Uchina nguvu mpya ya ukoloni katika Afrika?]'' [[Taipei Times,|''Taipei Times,'' ]] 1 Novemba 2006</ref> Mwaka [[2007]], serikali ya China na Kongo-Kinshasa ziliingia katika mkataba ambapo makampuni ya Kichina yanayomilikiwa na serikali yatatoa huduma mbalimbali (miradi ya miundombinu) katika kubadilishana na [[shaba]] ya migodi. <ref name="economist.com"></ref> Watetezi wa [[haki za binadamu]] na wapinzani wa serikali ya [[Sudan]] wanaonyesha jinsi China ilivyotoa [[silaha]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] ili kupata [[petroli]] na [[gesi ya asili]] namna ya kikoloni ili kudumisha udhibiti wao wa maliasili. <ref>http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/26.htm</ref> <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21143-2004Dec22.html</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/04/16/artists_abetting_genocide/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428235950/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/04/16/artists_abetting_genocide/ |archivedate=2007-04-28 |accessdate=2009-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kulingana na wakosoaji wa China, China inayotolea Sudan msaada wake kutishia kutumia kura ya turufu kwenye [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] kulinda Khartoum kutoka vikwazo juu ya [[Darfur]] ili kulinda maslahi yake nchini Sudan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-04 |archivedate=2006-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505120801/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460&language_id=1 }}</ref> ===Korea ya Kusini na ununuzi wa ardhi === Serikali tajiri na makampuni ya kimataifa yenye nguvu kutoka [[Korea ya Kusini]] zimenunua haraka mamilioni ya [[hekta]] za ardhi ya [[kilimo]] katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]] katika jitihada za kupata chakula.<ref> http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=12&amp;pr.y=13&amp;sy=2007&amp;ey=2007&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort = nchi &amp; ds =. &amp; br = 1 &amp; c = 512.941.914.446.612.666.614.668.311.672.213.946.911.137.193.962.122.674.912.676.313.548 , 419.556.513.678.316.181.913.682.124.684.339.273.638.921.514.948.218.943.963.686.616.688.223.518.516 , 728.918.558.748.138.618.196.522.278.622.692.156.694.624.142.626.449.628.564.228.283.924.853.233.288.632.293.636.566.634.964.238.182.662.453.960.968.423.922.935.714.128.862.611.716.321.456.243.722.248.942.469.718.253.724.642.576.643.936.939.961.644.813.819.199.172.184.132.524.646.361.648.362.915.364.134.732.652.366.174.734.328.144.258.146.656.463.654.528.336.923.263.738.268.578.532.537.944.742.176.866.534.369.536.744.429.186.433.925.178.746.436.926.136.466.343.112.158.111.439.298.916.927.664.846.826.299.542.582.443.474.917.754.544.698 &amp; s = NGDPD &amp; grp = 0 &amp; a =</ref> <ref> http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48556.html</ref> Hivyo, serikali ya Korea Kusini sasa hutumia rasilimali za nchi maskini kwa kununua ng'ambo nishati na chakula, ili kuwa mmoja wa uchumi unaokua kwa kasi zaidi. Park Yong-soo wa Korea ya Kusini alisisitiza kuwa "taifa halizalishi tone moja ya [[mafuta yasiyosafishwa]] na [[viwanda]] vingine muhimu madini. Kwa nguvu ya ukuaji wa uchumi na kusaidia maisha ya watu, hatuwezi kusisitiza mno kiasi kwamba kupata rasilimali asili katika nchi za nje ni lazima kwa maisha yetu ya baadaye. <ref> http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/123_48943.html</ref> Mkuu wa [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo]] (FAO), [[Jacques Diouf]], ameonya kwamba kupanda katika nchi utata mikataba inaweza kutengeneza fomu ya "ukoloni mamboleo", kwa mataifa maskini kuzalisha chakula kwa ajili ya matajiri kwa gharama zao wenyewe na [[njaa]] ya watu. ==Njia nyingine za Ukoloni Mamboleo== ===Utamaduni=== Ukoloni Mamboleo unaeneza ''utamaduni wa kigeni'' ili kudhibiti mataifa mengine upande wa [[maadili]] na mitazamo kupitia [[vyombo vya habari]], [[lugha]], [[elimu]] na [[dini]], hatimaye kwa sababu za kiuchumi. Kwa mfano, waandishi wanachapa vizuri zaidi himaya ya kikoloni katika historia ya karne ya 19. Kuna seti ya [[nadharia]] katika [[falsafa]], [[filamu]], [[siasa]], [[sayansi]] na [[fasihi]] inayoshughulika na historia ya utamaduni wa [[utawala wa ukoloni]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Soko huria]] * [[Ubeberu]] * [[Ukoloni]] * [[Utandawazi]] * [[Washington Consensus]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== * Opoku Agyeman. ''Nkrumah's Ghana and East Africa: Pan-Africanism and African interstate relations'' (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1992). *{{Rejea kitabu|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |year= 2000 |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages= }} * Bill Ashcroft (ed., et al.) ''The post-colonial studies reader'' (Routledge, London, 1995). * Yolamu R Barongo. ''neo-colonialism and African politics: A survey of the impact of neo-colonialism on African political behavior'' (Vantage Press, NY, 1980). *[[Mongo Beti]],'' Main basse sur le Cameroun. Autopsie d'une décolonisation'' (1972), new edition La Découverte, Paris 2003 [A classical critique of neo-colonialism. Raymond Marcellin, the French Minister of the Interior at the time, tried to prohibit the book. It could only be published after fierce legal battles.] * Frédéric Turpin. ''De Gaulle, Pompidou et l'Afrique (1958-1974): décoloniser et coopérer'' (Les Indes savantes, Paris, 2010. [Grounded on Foccart's previously inaccessibles archives] * Kum-Kum Bhavnani. (ed., et al.) ''Feminist futures: Re-imagining women, culture and development'' (Zed Books, NY, 2003). See: Ming-yan Lai's "Of Rural Mothers, Urban Whores and Working Daughters: Women and the Critique of Neocolonial Development in Taiwan's Nativist Literature," pp.&nbsp;209–225. * David Birmingham. ''The decolonization of Africa'' (Ohio University Press, 1995). * Charles Cantalupo(ed.). ''The world of Ngugi wa Thiong'o'' (Africa World Press, 1995). * Laura Chrisman and Benita Parry (ed.) ''Postcolonial theory and criticism'' (English Association, Cambridge, 2000). * [[Renato Constantino]]. ''Neocolonial identity and counter-consciousness: Essays on cultural decolonization'' (Merlin Press, London, 1978). * George A. W. Conway. ''A responsible complicity: Neo/colonial power-knowledge and the work of Foucault, Said, Spivak'' (University of Western Ontario Press, 1996). * Julia V. Emberley. ''Thresholds of difference: feminist critique, native women's writings, postcolonial theory'' (University of Toronto Press, 1993). * Nikolai Aleksandrovich Ermolov. ''Trojan horse of neo-colonialism: U.S. policy of training specialists for developing countries'' (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1966). * Thomas Gladwin. ''Slaves of the white myth: The psychology of neo-colonialism'' (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1980). *[[Lewis Gordon]]. Her Majesty's Other Children: Sketches of Racism from a Neocolonial Age (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997). * Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt. ''Globalization and the postcolonial world: The new political economy of development'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). * J. M. Hobson, ''The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004). * M. B. Hooker. ''Legal pluralism; an introduction to colonial and neo-colonial laws'' (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975). * E.M. Kramer (ed.) ''The emerging monoculture: assimilation and the "model minority"'' (Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2003). See: Archana J. Bhatt's "Asian Indians and the Model Minority Narrative: A Neocolonial System," pp.&nbsp;203–221. * [[Geir Lundestad]] (ed.) ''The fall of great powers: Peace, stability, and legitimacy'' (Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, 1994). * [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. 'Colonialism and neo-colonialism. Translated by Steve Brewer, Azzedine Haddour, Terry McWilliams Republished in the 2001 edition by Routledge France. ISBN 0-415-19145-9. * Peccia, T., 2014, "The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks: A New Sphere of Influence 2.0", Jura Gentium - Rivista di Filosofia del Diritto Internazionale e della Politica Globale, Sezione "L'Afghanistan Contemporaneo", http://www.juragentium.org/topics/wlgo/en/peccia.htm * Stuart J. Seborer. ''U.S. neo-colonialism in Africa'' (International Publishers, NY, 1974). * D. Simon. ''Cities, capital and development: African cities in the world economy'' (Halstead, NY, 1992). * Phillip Singer(ed.) ''Traditional healing, new science or new colonialism": (essays in critique of medical anthropology)'' (Conch Magazine, Owerri, 1977). * [[Jean Suret-Canale]]. ''Essays on African history: From the slave trade to neo-colonialism'' (Hurst, London 1988). * Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. ''Barrel of a pen: Resistance to repression in neo-colonial Kenya'' (Africa Research & Publications Project, 1983). * [[Carlos Alzugaray Treto]]. El ocaso de un régimen neocolonial: Estados Unidos y la dictadura de Batista durante 1958,(The twilight of a neocolonial regime: The United States and Batista during 1958), in Temas: Cultura, Ideología y Sociedad, No.16-17, October 1998/March 1999, pp.&nbsp;29–41 (La Habana: Ministry of Culture). * {{Rejea kitabu| last=United Nations |volume= XXVII | year=2007 | title=Reports of International Arbitral Awards | publisher=United Nations Publication |page=188 | isbn=978-92-1-033098-5 |ref=UN2007}} * [[Richard Werbner]] (ed.) ''Postcolonial identities in Africa'' (Zed Books, NJ, 1996). ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/ China, Africa, and Oil] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/ |date=20090208133749 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6178897.stm Mbeki warns on China-Africa ties] * [http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/n/e.htm "neocolonialism" in Encyclopedia of Marxism.] * [http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/neo-colonialism/ ''Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism'', by Kwame Nkrumah (former Prime Minister and President of Ghana), originally published 1965] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3869081.stm Comments by Prof. Jeffrey Sachs - BBC] * [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/vforum/03/globalization_inequality/jeffreySachs.ram Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs video (ram) - hosted by Columbia Univ.] * [http://www.afbis.com/analysis/neo-colonialism.html ''The myth of Neo-colonialism'' by Tunde Obadina, director of Africa Business Information Services (AfBIS)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afbis.com/analysis/neo-colonialism.html |date=20100611074242 }} * http://www.africahistory.net/imf.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.africahistory.net/imf.htm |date=20100226180656 }} &mdash; ''IMF: Market Reform and Corporate Globalization'', by Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Prof. of History and African Studies, Conne. State Univ. ===Vitini vya vyuo vikuu=== *[http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/staff/lasiiton/opetus/AFRICANDEVHIST/Tips.html Studying African development history: Study guides] {{Wayback|url=http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/staff/lasiiton/opetus/AFRICANDEVHIST/Tips.html |date=20081211020837 }}, Lauri Siitonen, Päivi Hasu, Wolfgang Zeller. [[Helsinki University]], 2007. {{South-South}} [[Category:Ukoloni]] [[Category:Historia ya ukoloni]] [[Category:Siasa]] [[Category:Historia ya Afrika]] c5lkcsn901aegh3fnxtysbjb74bpx0l 0 32839 1601220 1409345 2026-09-25T13:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | jina =[[ Stan Winston]] | picha =Stan Winston and Michael Jackson.jpg | ukubwa wa picha = 200px | maelezo ya picha = Stan Winston (kulia) na [[Michael Jackson]] wakati wa Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes mnamo [[1997]]. | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1946|4|7}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Arlington, Virginia]], [[Marekani|US]] | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|2008|06|15|1946|4|7}} | mahala alipofia = [[Malibu, California]], [[Marekani|US]] | kazi yake = [[Vionjo maalumu]], [[msanii wa vipodozi]], [[mwongozaji wa filamu]] | ndoa = Karen Winston | miaka ya kazi = [[1972]]–[[2008]] | academyawards = '''[[:en:Academy Award for Visual Effects|Best Effects, Special Visual Effects]]'''<br>[[1986 ]]''[[:en:Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''<br>[[1991 ]]''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]''<br>{1993}''[[:en:Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''<br>'''[[:en:Academy Award for Makeup|Best Makeup]]'''<br>{1991} [[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]}} '''Stanley Winston'''<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/81/Stan-Winston.html Stan Winston Biography (1946?-)]</ref> ([[7 Aprili]] [[1946]] – [[15 Juni]] [[2008]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa [[vionjo maalumu]], [[msanii wa vipodozi]], na [[mwongozaji wa filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alifahamika sana kwa kutengeneza [[Terminator (mfululizo)|mfulululizo wa filamu za ''Terminator'']], mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[Jurassic Park (mfululizo)|Jurassic Park]]'', ''[[Aliens (filamu)|Aliens]]'', na mfululizo wa filamu za ''[[Predator (filamu)|Predator]]'', ''[[Iron Man (filamu)]]'' na ''[[Edward Scissorhands]]''.<ref name="Cohen">Cohen, David S. (2008). [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117987531.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 "Effects master Stan Winston dies. Work included ''Jurassic Park'', ''Terminator''"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117987531.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |date=20081210160302 }}, ''Variety'' webpage retrieved [[2008-06-16]].</ref><ref name="Crabtree">Crabtree, Sheigh (2008). [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2008/06/stan-winston-de.html "Stan Winston, dead at 62; Oscar-winning visual effects artist suffered from multiple myeloma"], ''Los Angeles Times'', Entertainment industry news blog, 16 Juni {{2008}}; online version retrieved {{2008-06-16}}.</ref><ref name="SWS">Stan Winston Studios (2008). "Press Release" posted at ''Los Angeles Times'' Entertainment industry news blog, 16 Juni (2008); online version retrieved (2008-06-16).</ref> Ameshinda jumla ya tuzo nne za [[Academy Awards]] kwa kazi yake aliyokuwa akiifanya. Winston, mara kwa mara hufanya kazi na mshirika wake-mwongozaji filamu [[James Cameron]], anamiliki zaidi ya studio moja ya vionjo maalumu, ikiwemo na Stan Winston Digital. Kuanzishwa kwa maeneo ya utaalamu wa Winston ilikuwa masuala ya vipodozi/vionjo vya filamu, vikarogosi na vionjo fulani, lakini hivi karibuni alipanua wigo wa studio yake na kuongeza vionjo vya dijitali vilevile. ==Kazi na maisha== Stan Winston alizaliwa mnamo tar. [[7 Aprili]] [[1946]], mjini [[Arlington, Virginia]], ambapo alihitimu katika shule ya Washingon-Lee High School mnamo [[1964]]. Alisomea masuala ya kuchora na uchongaji katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia]] huko mjini [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]] ambapo alimaliza mnamo mwaka wa [[1968]]. Mwaka wa [[1969]], baada ya kujiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la California, Long Beach, Winston akahamia [[Hollywood]] ili kujiendeleza na shughuli akiwa kama mwigizaji. Amehaha kutafuta kazi ya ugizaji, akabahatika kupata kazi na kuanza shughuli upodozi na uwekaji vionjo maalumu katika [[Walt Disney Pictures|Studio za Walt Disney]]. ===[[Miaka ya 1970]]=== Mnamo 1972, Winston ameanzisha kampuni yake mwenyewe, [[Stan Winston Studios]], na imejishindia tuzo za [[Emmy Award]] kwa ajili ya kazi zake za vionjo maalumu kwa ajili ya ''Gargoyle''. Baada ya zaidi ya miaka saba baadaye, Winston akaendelea kupokea teuzi kadhaa kutoka katika ugawaji wa tuzo za [[Emmy]] kwa kufanya kazi katika miradi mbalimbali na kushinda nyingine mnamo mwaka wa 1974 baada ya kutengeneza ''The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman''. Winston pia ametengeneza desturi za [[Wookiee]] mwaka 1978 kwa ajili ya filamu ya ''[[Star Wars Holiday Special]]''. ===Miaka ya 1980=== ===Miaka ya 1990=== ===Miaka ya 2000=== ==Tuzo za Academy== ==Filmografia== * ''The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman'' (1974) * ''Heartbeeps'' (Oscar Nomination) (1981) * ''The Thing'' (1982) * ''[[The Terminator]]'' (1984) * ''Ghoulies'' (1985) * ''Invaders from Mars'' (1986) * ''[[Aliens (filamu)|Aliens]]'' (Oscar Winner) (1986) * ''The Monster Squad'' (1987) * ''Predator'' (Oscar Nomination) (1987) * ''Pumpkinhead'' (1988) * ''Leviathan'' (1989) * ''Edward Scissorhands'' (Oscar Nomination) (1990) * ''[[Predator 2]]'' (1990) * ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' (Oscar Winner) (1991) * ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (Oscar Nomination) (1992) * ''Jurassic Park'' (Oscar Winner) (1993) * ''Interview with the Vampire'' (1994) * ''Congo'' (1995) * ''The Ghost and the Darkness'' (1996) * ''The Island of Doctor Moreau'' (1996) * ''T2 3-D: Battle Across Time'' (1996) * ''The Relic'' (1997) * ''[[Ghosts (video)|Ghosts]]'' (1997) * ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'' (Oscar Nomination) (1997) * ''Mouse Hunt'' (1997) * ''[[Small Soldiers]]'' (1998) * ''Instinct'' (1999) * ''Lake Placid'' (1999) * ''Inspector Gadget'' (1999) * ''End of Days'' (1999) * ''Galaxy Quest'' (1999) * ''Pearl Harbor'' (2001) * ''[[A.I.]]'' (Oscar Nomination) (2001) * ''Jurassic Park III'' (2001) * ''The Time Machine'' (2002) * ''Darkness Falls'' (2003) * ''Big Fish'' (2003) * ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'' (2003) * ''Wrong Turn'' (2003) * ''Constantine'' (2005) * ''Zathura'' (2005) * ''Doom'' (2005) * ''The Shaggy Dog'' (2006) * ''The Benchwarmers'' (2006) * ''Skinwalkers'' (2006) * ''Iron Man'' (2008) * ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' (2008) * ''Terminator Salvation'' (2009) * ''Avatar'' (2009) * ''Endhiran'' (Tamil film) (2010 film) ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.stanwinstonstudio.com Stan Winston Studios] * {{IMDb name|id=0935644|name=Stan Winston}} {{Terminator}} {{Alien}} {{Jurassic Park}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Winston, Stan}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Emmy]] ssvcn3v3kjc4dtxg55soc0zw7t3he6w 0 32992 1601340 1526564 2026-09-25T14:59:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Dotcom company | Website = tagged.com | company_logo = | url = http://www.tagged.com | location_city = San Francisco, California | location_country = United States | screenshot = | caption = | commercial = Yes | company_type = [[Social networking]] site | registration = Required | owner = Tagged Inc. | author = [[Greg Tseng]], Johann Schleier-Smith | launch_date = Oktoba 2004 | current_status = Active | revenue = | }} '''Tagged.com''' ni mfumo wa mtandao<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.cbronline.com/news/social_networking_up_by_83_for_us_040609 |title=Social Networking Growth |publisher=cbronline.com |date= |accessdate=2009-06-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104095218/http://media.cbronline.com/news/social_networking_up_by_83_for_us_040609 |archivedate=2010-01-04 }}</ref> wa kijamii ulioanzishwa mnamo 2004. Tagged ni mojawapo ya mitandao inayozua malalamiko kutoka kwa wateja kwa kupokea barua pepe za uwongo[5] na unachukuliwa kama mtandao wa kuwadanganya watu na barua pepe wasizozihitaji” na “zisizokuwa za maana" na watetezi wa wateja dhidi ya ulaghai.[7][9][10] Afisi kuu iko [[San Francisco]], Kalifonia, [[Marekani]].<ref>[11] ^ [http://corp.tagged.com/internships.html "Internships."] {{Wayback|url=http://corp.tagged.com/internships.html |date=20090713050744 }} Tagged. Retrieved on 11 Juni 2009.</ref> == Historia == Tagged Inc. ni mtandao ulioanzishwa na wanafunzi waliohitimu wa Chuo kikuu cha Harvard wajasirimali Greg Tseng na Johann Schleier-Smith".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_09/b3973086.htm |title=Who Says Money Can't Buy Hipness? |publisher=''[[BusinessWeek]]'' |accessdate=2009-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219065954/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_09/b3973086.htm |archivedate=2006-02-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wawili hao walikuwa wameanzisha Avavin, Inc., ambayo ilikuwa ni kampuni ya kulinganisha vitabu.[14] Tseng hapo awali alikuwa mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa mtandao [[huru]] wa 'Jumpstart Technologies', <ref>15] ^ Greg Tseng's speaker bio at the Authentication and Online Trust Summit 2007</ref> ambao baadaye ulitozwa faini ya $ 900.000 kwa madai ya ukiukaji wa sheria za [[CAN-spam]], ambayo ilikuwa ndiyo adhabu kubwa iliyowahi kupeanwa ya kosa la aina hiyo. <ref name="FTC">[16] ^ [http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2006/03/freeflixtix.shtm "FTC Slams Spammer in Pocketbook."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2006/03/freeflixtix.shtm|date=20110412140927}} ''[[Tume ya Shirikisha ya Biashara.]]'' 23 Machi 2006. Retrieved on 11 Juni 2009.</ref> Tseng amehitimu na A.B. katika kemia, fizikia na hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard. Schleier-Smith pia amehitimu na A.B. katika fizikia na hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard. {{Citation needed|date=Novemba 2009}} Mtandao huu wa Tagged ambao mwanzoni iliwalenga vijana wa US, ulifunguliwa kwa watumiaji duniani kote wenye umri wa miaka 13, mnamo Oktoba 2006 na bado unaendelea kudumisha usalama mkali kwa watumiaji walio chini ya miaka 18. <ref> http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/05/09/tagged-turns-profitable-may-be-fastest-growing-social-network/</ref> Watumiaji walio juu ya umri wa miaka 16 na umma hawawezi kuona habari za kibinafsi za watumiaji walio na umri wa miaka 13 na 14, na habari za kibinafsi za watumiaji wa miaka 15-16 huwa zimefichwa ili zisisomwe na umma na watumiaji wa zaidi ya miaka 18. Njia pekee ya kuongeza vijana kama marafiki ni kwa kujua au barua pepe au majina ya kifamilia kuomba urafiki na mtumiaji mdogo ni lazima akubali ombi hilo la urafiki. Hata hivyo, hatua hizi za usalama hazina mafanikio kamili. Katika mwezi wa Februari 2009 mwalimu wa shule ya upili alikamatwa baada ya kuwa na uhusiano wa kimapenzi na msichana mwenye umri wa miaka 14 aliyekutana naye kwenye tagged.com. Mwalimu huyo mwenye umri wa miaka 32 alikuwa na marafiki wa kike zaidi ya 100 waliokuwa wa umri chini ya miaka 17. <ref>[19] ^ http://www.gilroydispatch.com/news/254074-high-school-math-teacher-arrested-for-sex-crimes-with-14-year-old {{Wayback|url=http://www.gilroydispatch.com/news/254074-high-school-math-teacher-arrested-for-sex-crimes-with-14-year-old |date=20090602013123 }} High school teacher math arrested for sex crimes with 14-year-old</ref> Mnamo Machi 2008 shirika la Microsoft lilitangaza makubaliano ya ushirika wa kibiashara na mtandao wa Tagged, Facebook, Linkedln, Bebo na hi5 kuhusu anwani za barua pepe APIs<ref> [http://dev.live.com/blogs/devlive/archive/2008/03/25/237.aspx Windows Live Dev Blog]</ref><ref> [http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/03/25/microsoft-learns-to-let-go-windows-live-contacts-now-exportable/ techcrunch]</ref> makubaliano hayo yametekelezwa.<ref> [http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/04/21/windows-live-to-add-more-social-network-partners-facebook-myspace-digg-lastfm/ techcrunch]</ref> Ushirikiano mwingine unajumuisha Slide, RockYou, PhotoBucket, Meebo,<ref> [http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/01/31/meebo-turns-chat-rooms-into-a-web-service/ techcrunch]</ref> Razz<ref>[24] ^ [http://www.fiercewireless.com/press-releases/press-release-razz-inc-partners-major-social-networking-site-tagged Raz press release] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fiercewireless.com/press-releases/press-release-razz-inc-partners-major-social-networking-site-tagged |date=20160121220810 }}</ref> na Jangl.<ref>[25] ^ [http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2007/04/23/daily41.html?jst=s_cn_hl East Bay Business Times] {{Wayback|url=http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2007/04/23/daily41.html?jst=s_cn_hl |date=20081007145254 }}</ref> Tagged ina wafanyakazi 40 kwa sasa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.linkedin.com/companies/157254/Tagged |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-01-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131032031/http://www.linkedin.com/companies/157254/Tagged }}</ref> Tagged ni mwanachama wa Social Media Advertising Consortium, ambao ni muungano wa sekta ya biashara unaolenga kuongeza ushiriki na viwango ndani ya chama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.smac.org/about/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2012-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422202534/http://www.smac.org/about/ }}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2009, Hitwise iliripoti kuwa Tagged.com ilikuwa katika nafasi ya tatu katika ukubwa baina ya mitando ya jamii nchini Marekani kulingana na watu wanaoutumia kila mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitwise.com/us/press-center/press-releases/social-networking-sept-09/ |title=Experian Hitwise : Facebook Visits Increased 194 Percent in Past Year |publisher=[[Hitwise]] |accessdate=2009-11-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103045952/http://www.hitwise.com/us/press-center/press-releases/social-networking-sept-09/ |archivedate=2009-11-03 }}</ref> == Mtandao == Baada ya kusainiwa ili kufungua akaunti ya bure, watumiaji wa Tagged wanaweza kurekebisha ukurasa wa habari zao za kibinafsi, ambapo watumiaji wanaweza kupakia picha na albamu, kupokea na kukubali ujumbe kutoka kwa watumiaji wengine, kutia wasifu wao na habari kuhusu yale wanayoyapenda, kutumiana "pepeso" za kirafiki , na kuweka fahamisho za jinsi wanavyoendelea ili kuwajulisha marafiki zao walipo na matendo yao. Watumiaji wanaweza kuona watumiaji wengine ambao wamezisoma habari zao hivi karibuni, kutuma vishikizo vya kirafiki kwa marafiki zao, na ainisha video kulingana na zile zilizotazamwa na wengi, zilizopewa nafasi za juu na zilizopendwa na wengi. Watumiaji wanaweza kutuma zawadi za kirafiki kwa marafiki zao. Zawadi hununuliwa kwa "dhahabu" ambazo watumiaji wanaweza kununua kwa fedha halisi (tovuti inaruhusu ununue kupitia PayPal, pesa taslimu, malipo ya Amazon au kwa simu) au kwa kukamilisha ahadi au kazi maalum. Kuna vijumba vya kupiga gumzo vinavyoonekana ambavyo watumiaji huhusika katika muda halisi wa kuzungumza katika mtandao katika "vyumba" tofauti kulingana na umri wao na mihemko yao. Mtandao wa Tagged ambao una mwelekeo wa uhusiano na kupendana, huwa unaruhusu watumiaji kutuma na kupokea jumbe za "Luv", "Winks" na "Meet Me", injini ya upimaji ambayo inaruhusu watumiaji kupima uzuri wa picha zilizowekwa kwa hiari na wengine. Michezo ya video ya mtandao inayopatikana kwenye tovuti hii ni pamoja na michezo ya [[Zynga]] kama vile "Poker", "Pets", ambapo watumiaji wanaweza kupata fedha kwa kununua watu kama kipenzi, na [["Mafia Wars".]] Tarehe 30 Oktoba 2009, Tagged ilitangaza kuwa walikuwa wanaanzisha mchakato mpya rahisi wa kujiunga. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://blog.tagged.com/?p=155 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814001032/http://blog.tagged.com/?p=155 |archivedate=2011-08-14 }}</ref> == Ubishani == Makala katika Jarida la Time yaliita Tagged "Matandao unaoudhi mno duniani".[31] Tagged huuliza anayetumia anwani ya barua pepe na kitambulisho chake na pia neno la siri, huangalia anwani za barua pepe za watu na kutuma mwaliko kwa kurudia kwa watu wasiotumia mtandao huu wa Tagged, kwa kuanzia kwa kujulisha kuwa wameongezwa kuwa rafiki au wamealikwa kutazama picha kwa Tagged. Njia hii imesababisha kushutumiwa kwa teknolojia ya habari na watumizi. Barua pepe hizi zilijadiliwa na Black Web 2.0.<ref name="Did You Get Tagged Yet"></ref> Hali hii ya jumbe hizi kufanana na virusi imetajwa sana, ikiwa ni pamoja na urban legend site Snopes.com. Gazeti la New York Times lilirejelea mazoea haya kama ufutaji wa majina".<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/20/technology/internet/20shortcuts.html? Typing an E-Mail Adress, na Giving Up Your Friends as Well]</ref> Mnamo Julai 2009 Mkuu wa sheria wa New York Andrew Cuomo alitangaza azimio lake la kushtaki Tagged.com kwa "kutumia barua pepe za uongo katika biashara na kuingilia faragha".[38] Kulingana na habari zilizotolea na vyombo vya habari, Tagged.com ilijihusisha na "barua pepe za udanganyifu, wizi wa vitambulisho, na kuingilia faragha". Tagged.com iliafikiana na Mkuu wa sheria wa New York ambapo walikubaliana Tagged.com wangelipa dola milioni 500,000 na kurekebisha mbinu zao za uuzaji kwenye mtandao.[39] Wakati uo huo, Tagged.com walikubaliana na Jimbo la Texas kuhusu maswala ya sheria. Katika makubaliano, Tagged.com ilikubali kulipa dola 250,000 kama ada ya adhabu. Masharti mengine yalikuwa kufichua kwa njia “dhahiri na wazi” habari za watumizi katika anwani za barua pepe, ikitoa, kwa mtumiaji, njia mwafaka ya kuepuka hatua hiyo na kumwonyesha barua pepe maalum atakazotumiwa.[40] Kutoka Febuari 2009 Tagged.com imezuiliwa nchini Qatar na ISP, Qtel, baada ya malalamiko kadhaa kutoka kwa umma.[41] Tagged.com ulikuwa mojawapo ya mitandao kumi iliyotumika sana nchini Qatar.<ref>[42] ^ [http://www.gulfbase.com/site/interface/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?n=84246 "Complains forced Qtel to block top-rated site."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gulfbase.com/site/interface/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?n=84246 |date=20090705102903 }} The Peninsula at Gulf Base. 9 Februari 2009. Retrieved on 11 Juni 2009.</ref> == Demografia ya watumizi == Mtandao huu wa Tagged ambao mwanzoni ulilenga vijana pekee, sasa hivi una wanachama wengi kutoka katika kikundi cha umri wa miaka 35-49 kuliko kikundi chochote kingine. <ref name="quantcast">{{cite web |url=http://www.quantcast.com/tagged.com |title=tagged.com - Quantcast Audience Profile |publisher=[[Quantcast]] |accessdate=2009-11-24 |archive-date=2017-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718125528/https://www.quantcast.com/tagged.com |url-status=dead }}</ref> Idadi ya vijana walio wanachama katika Marekani sasa ni 8% tu. <ref name="quantcast"></ref> Kila mwezi, Tagged hutembelewa na watumiaji milioni 7.6 kutoka US kila mwezi na watumiaji milioni 26 duniani kote. <ref name="quantcast"></ref> Asilimia sabini na tano ya watumiaji huwa na pato la chini ya $ 60,000 kila mwaka na 61% huwa na elimu isiyofikia chuo cha taasisi. <ref name="quantcast"></ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.tagged.com Ukurasa wa nyumbani] [[Jamii:Mitandao ya kijamii]] 4uxbdod3icjhn4bg5s6n7h52eoz6apj 0 32995 1601441 1592691 2026-09-25T19:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jakarta slumhome 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mtaa wa mabanda mjini Jakarta, Indonesia]] '''Umaskini ''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni hali ya ukosefu wa mahitaji ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] kama vile [[chakula]], [[maji salama]], [[huduma]] za [[afya]], [[mavazi]] na [[nyumba]] kutokana na kukosa uwezo wa kuvinunua.<ref name="unesco.org">{{cite web|title = Poverty {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/poverty/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 2015-11-04}}</ref> Hii pia inajulikana kama umaskini uliokithiri au [[ufukara]].<ref name=webster>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poverty|title=Poverty|publisher=merriam-webster|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> Umaskini wa kadiri ni kuwa na [[rasilimali]] chache zaidi au [[mapato]] madogo zaidi kulingana na watu wengine katika [[jamii]] au nchi au hali ya wastani [[duniani]]. Hali hii pia hujulikana kama umaskini halisi au unyonge. Umaskini linganishi ni hali ya kuwa na [[rasilimali]] chache au [[kipato cha chini]] kuliko wengine kwenye jamii au nchi, au ikilinganishwa na wastani duniani kote. Umaskini unajumlisha pia matokeo yake upande wa [[siasa]] na jamii.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sabates |first=Ricardo |authorlink=Ricardo Sabates |title=The Impact of Lifelong Learning on Poverty Reduction |journal=IFLL Public Value Paper 1 |url=http://www.niace.org.uk/lifelonglearninginquiry/docs/public-value-paper-1.pdf |date=2008 |pages=5–6 |publisher=Latimer Trend,Plymouth,UK |isbn=978 1 86201 3797 |access-date=2016-01-31 |archive-date=2015-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528172200/http://www.niace.org.uk/lifelonglearninginquiry/docs/Public-value-paper-1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Kupunguza ufukara]] ni kati ya malengo makuu ya [[taasisi]] nyingi za kimataifa, kama vile [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na [[Benki ya Dunia]]. [[Benki]] hiyo imekadiria kuwa watu [[milioni]] 702.1 walikuwa wakiishi kifukara mno mwaka [[2015]], wakati walikuwa [[bilioni]] 1.75 mwaka [[1990]] (kutoka 37.1% hadi 9.6%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf|title=Global Monitoring Report; Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change|publisher=www.worldbank.org/gmr|accessdate=4 Nov 2015|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105020541/http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030 |title=World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030 |publisher=Worldbank.org |date=2015-10-04 |accessdate=2016-01-06 |archive-date=2016-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103202525/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Jason Hickel (30 March 2015). [http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/30/it-will-take-100-years-for-the-worlds-poorest-people-to-earn-125-a-day It will take 100 years for the world’s poorest people to earn $1.25 a day]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 31 March 2015.</ref> Kati yao, milioni 347.1 hivi walikuwa [[Afrika]] [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] (35.2% za wakazi) na 231.3 [[Asia Kusini]] (13.5%), lakini ufukara ni changamoto kwa nchi zote duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank Sees Progress Against Extreme Poverty, But Flags Vulnerabilities|publisher=The World bank|date=29 February 2012|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/02/29/world-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities|accessdate=2016-01-31|archive-date=2012-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123050607/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/02/29/world-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND |title=Poverty and Equity - India, 2010 World Bank Country Profile |publisher=Povertydata.worldbank.org |date=30 March 2012 |accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] imekadiria kwamba [[nusu]] ya [[watoto]] wote duniani wanaishi kifukara (bilioni 1.1).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm|author=Ernest C. Madu|title=Investment and Development Will Secure the Rights of the Child|accessdate=2016-01-31|archivedate=2014-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144118/http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm}}</ref> [[Wataalamu]] mbalimbali wamesema sera za [[uliberali|uliberali mpya]] zinazofuatwa na taasisi za kiuchumi za kimataifa (kama vile [[IMF]] na Benki ya Dunia) zinazidisha tofauti za kiuchumi kati ya binadamu.<ref>Stephen Haymes, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller (eds), ''[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/ The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States],'' (London: [[Routledge]], 2015), ISBN 0415673445, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qnHfBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&vq=microcredit&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 1 & 2].</ref> ==Asili ya umaskini== Asili ya umaskini inahusika hasa na sababu za kiwango cha chini cha [[utajiri]] na [[uzalishaji]] cha watu maskini au, ikisemwa vingine, uhaba na [[mfumuko wa bei]] wa [[bidhaa]] ambazo wanazitumia. === Vikwazo kwa uzalishaji === [[Picha:Riischildren.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Watoto]] wasio na makao wakilala katika Mtaa wa Mulberry-Picha ya Jacob Riis, [[New York]], [[Marekani]] ([[1890]]).]] [[Picha:Homeless in LA.jpg|thumb|Watu wasio na makao wanaishi katika nyumba zilizojengwa kwa [[karatasi|makaratasi]] mjini [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].]] Ukosefu wa [[nia]] ya [[serikali]] na ya watu wa [[tabaka]] la juu ya kuwapa wapangaji wao [[haki]] kamili ya kumiliki [[ardhi]] imetajwa kama kikwazo kikuu kwa [[maendeleo]]. Utovu wa [[uhuru wa kiuchumi]] ni [[kizingiti]] kikubwa kwa [[ujasiriamali]] wa watu maskini. [[Biashara]] mpya na [[wawekezaji]] kutoka [[nchi za nje]] wanaweza kufukuzwa kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[taasisi]] zinazoongozwa vibaya, hasa kutokana na [[ufisadi]], [[udhaifu]] wa [[sheria]] na vikwazo vingi vya [[urasimu]]. Nchini [[Kanada]], itamchukua [[mfanyabiashara]] siku mbili, hatua mbili za kiurasimu na [[Dolar ya Marekani|dola]] 280 kufungua biashara ilhali mfanyabiashara nchini [[Bolivia]] analazimishwa kulipa dola 2,696 kama [[ada]], angojee siku 82 za kazi, na apitie hatua 20 ili kufanya jambo lilelile. Vikwazo vikuu kama hivi hufaidi zaidi biashara kubwa na kuzidhoofisha biashara ndogo, ambako idadi kubwa ya nafasi za kazi huundwa nchini [[India]] kabla ya mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, wenye biashara walipaswa kuwahonga wafanyakazi wa serikali ili wafanye kazi zao za kila siku, na ilikuwa kama [[ushuru]] kwenye biashara yao.<ref name="krugman"/> [[Ufisadi]] nchini [[Nigeria]], kwa mfano mapato yanayotokana na uuzaji wa [[mafuta]] yanayokadiriwa kuwa dola [[bilioni]] 400 yameibwa na viongozi wa nchi kati ya miaka [[1960]] na [[1999]] <ref>[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2007-11-13.html "Anti-Corruption Climate Change: it started in Nigeria ".] Umoja wa Mataifa wa Ofisi ya Madawa ya Kulevya na Uhalifu ([[UNODC]]).</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/04/nigeria-the-hidden-cost-of-corruption.html "Nigeria: The Hidden Cost of Corruption".] Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> Utovu wa nafasi pia unaweza kusababishwa na serikali kutojenga [[miundombinu]] bora.<ref name="GCR">[[Global Competitiveness Report]] 2006, World Economic Forum, [http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm Website]</ref><ref>[http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/ Infrustructure and Poverty Reduction: Cross-country evidence] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/ |date=20110926192919 }} Hossein Jalilian na Yohana Weiss. 2004.</ref> Nafasi bora za kazi katika mataifa tajiri zaidi husababisha watu wenye vipawa maalum kuhama, na hivyo kuwapoteza [[wataalamu]]. Kupotea huku kunaligharimu bara la [[Afrika]] zaidi ya Dola bilioni 4 zinazotumika kuajiri zaidi ya wataalamu 150,000 kutoka nchi za ng’ambo kila mwaka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.theafricamonitor.com/news/ethiopian/april2007/290407/report.htm |title=Brain drain in Africa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-05-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510145810/http://www.theafricamonitor.com/news/ethiopian/april2007/290407/report.htm }}</ref> Wanafunzi wa [[India]] wanaokwenda ng’ambo kuendelea na masomo yao huigharimu nchi yao mapato yanayotokana na [[fedha za kigeni]] yanayofika Dola bilioni 10 kila mwaka <ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/students-exodus-costs-india-forex-outflow-of-10-bn-assocham_100147339.html Students 'exodus costs India forex outflow of $ 10 bn: Assocham] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/students-exodus-costs-india-forex-outflow-of-10-bn-assocham_100147339.html |date=20100314023757 }}, Thaindian News, 26 Januari 2009</ref> Afya duni na ukosefu wa elimu nafuu huathiri vibaya uzalishaji. Ukosefu wa [[chakula]] cha kutosha utotoni huathiri uwezo wa mtu kukua na kutumia vipawa vyake. Ukosefu wa madini muhimu kama vile [[iodini]] na [[chuma]] unaweza kuzuia [[kukua kwa ubongo]]. Watu bilioni mbili ([[theluthi]] moja ya watu wote duniani) wameathiriwa na ukosefu wa iodini mwilini. Katika [[mataifa yanayoendelea]], inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 40 ya watoto wenye umri wa miaka minne kwenda chini wana ugonjwa wa [[anemia]] kutokana na ukosefu wa [[madini ya chuma]] katika chakula chao.<ref>[http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf Hunger and Malnutrition ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf |date=20061025122932 }} imeandikwa na Jere R Behrman, Harold Alderman na Yohana Hoddinott.</ref> Vilevile [[matumizi mabaya ya dawa]], [[ulevi]] wa [[pombe]] na [[madawa ya kulevya]] vinaweza kuwaweka watu katika hali ya umaskini unaoendelea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uschamber.com/sb/screening/0512_quest6.htm |accessdate=2007-01-17 |title="U.S. Chamber of Commerce Fact Sheet " |archivedate=2006-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214094935/http://www.uschamber.com/sb/screening/0512_quest6.htm }}</ref> [[Maradhi ya kuambukiza]] kama vile [[malaria]] na [[kifua kikuu]] yanaweza kusababisha umaskini kwani maradhi haya hutumia raslimali zote za kifedha na afya ambazo zingetumiwa katika uwekezaji na uzalishaji. Malaria hupunguza ukuaji wa pato la kitaifa kwa asilimia 1.3 katika baadhi ya mataifa yanayoendelea ilhali [[Ukimwi]] hupunguza ukuaji wa Afrika kwa kati ya asilimia 0.3 na 1.5 kila mwaka.<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html Economic costs of AIDS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html |date=20100323063859 }}</ref><ref> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11832956 The Economic and Social Burden of malaria ]</ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20050430093247/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20020916.htm Poverty Issues Dominate WHO Regional Meeting]</ref> [[Vita]], migogoro ya kisiasa na [[uhalifu]], vinavyojumuisha vikundi haramu vinavyozua vurugu na vikundi vya walanguzi wa madawa ya kulevya pia vinaweka vikwazo kwa uwekezaji. [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na migogoro barani [[Afrika]] pia vimeligharimu bara hilo dola bilioni 300 kati ya miaka 1990 na [[2005]].<ref> [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/10/11/africa-money.html "Wars cost Africa $ 18 billion US a year : report".] CBC News. 11 Oktoba 2007.</ref> [[Eritrea]] na [[Ethiopia]] zilitumia mamilioni ya madola katika [[vita]] vilivyosababisha mabadiliko madogo ya mipaka yao.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm " Will arms ban slow war?".] BBC News. 18 Mei 2000.</ref> Kutokana na hali ya [[mzunguko]] wa [[biashara]] kiwango cha umaskini kinaweza kuongezeka wakati uchumi unapozorota na kushuka kiwango cha umaskini kinaweza kuongezeka wakati wakati uchumi unapofanya vizuri. Vipengele vya [[utamaduni]], kama vile [[ubaguzi]] wa aina mbalimbali, unaweza kuathiri vibaya [[uzalishaji]] kama vile [[ubaguzi kwa msingi wa umri]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html |title=Ending Poverty in Community (EPIC) |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2011-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309014134/http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html }}</ref>, [[sifa mbaya]], [[ubaguzi wa kijinsia]], [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na [[ubaguzi wa kitabaka]]. <ref> [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html UN report slams India for caste discrimination]</ref> [[Max Weber]] aliandika ya kuwa [[maadili ya kiutamaduni]] yanaweza kuathiri maafikiano ya kiuchumi.<ref>Moore, Wilbert. 1974. ''Social Change.'' Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hill.</ref><ref>Parsons, Talcott. 1966. ''Societies : Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives.'' Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</ref> Hata hivyo, [[watafiti]] wengine wamekusanya [[ushahidi]] unaoonyesha kuwa [[maadili]] hayajakita mizizi inavyodhaniwa na kuwa kubadilika kwa nafasi za kiuchumi hueleza zaidi msongamano ndani na nje ya umaskini kinyume na mabadiliko ya maadili.<ref name="kerbo2006a">Kerbo, Harold. 2006 ''Social Stratification and Inequality : Class Conflict in Historical , Comparative, and Global Perspective,'' toleo la 6, New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> === Upungufu wa mahitaji ya msingi === [[Picha:Nigerian Surgery Table.jpg|thumb|left|Meza za upasuaji zilizotengenezwa kwa [[mbao]] ngumu ni za kawaida katika [[kliniki]] zilizo katika maeneo ya mashambani ya Nigeria.]] Kupanda kwa [[gharama ya maisha]] kunawafanya maskini wawe maskini zaidi. Kiwango kikubwa cha [[bajeti]] za watu maskini hutumika kununua chakula ikilinganishwa na matajiri. Kutokana na jambo hili, jamii za watu maskini na wale wanaokaribia umaskini huathiriwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na ongezeko la [[bei ya vyakula]]. Kwa mfano, mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2007]] kupanda kwa bei ya [[nafaka]] kulizua [[rabsha]] katika mataifa kadhaa.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7284196.stm The cost of food : Facts and figures]</ref><ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/04/china.business Riots and hunger as demand for grain sends food costs soaring ]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece |title=Already we have riots, hoarding panic : the sign of things to come? |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814134028/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Benki ya Dunia ilionya ya kuwa watu milioni 100 walikuwa na hatari ya kuwa maskini zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/14/2215739.htm |title=100 million at risk from rising food costs |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310211139/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/14/2215739.htm |archivedate=2010-03-10 |accessdate=2009-12-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ukame]] na [[uhaba wa maji]] pia vinaweza kuwa tishio kwa usambazaji wa chakula.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm |title=Global Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages. |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2007-07-04 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm |=https://archive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm }}</ref><ref> [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42387/story.htm Vanishing Himalayan Threaten a Billion]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |title=Big melt threatens millions , says UN |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |archivedate=2007-08-19 }}</ref> Kulima mashamba mfululizo, majira baada ya majira, humaliza [[rutuba]] ya [[udongo]] na mwishowe hupunguza mazao ya [[kilimo]].<ref> ''Exploitation and Over- exploitation in Societies Past and Present , '' Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann</ref> Inakadiriwa ya kuwa asilimia 40 ya mashamba duniani yameharibika vibaya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm |title=The Earth is Shrinking : Advancing Deserts and Rising Seas Squeezing Civilization |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810034949/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm |archivedate=2009-08-10 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810034949/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm }}</ref><ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land ]</ref> Barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa mwendo huu wa kuharibika kwa udongo utaendelea, bara hilo litaweza kulisha [[asilimia]] 25 tu ya watu wanaoishi humo kufikia mwaka [[2025]]. <ref> Hii ni kulingana na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] Institute for Natural Resources in Africa, chenye makao yake nchini Ghana. [http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1214-unu.html Africa may be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025]</ref> Watu maskini hawapati [[huduma za afya]] kwa urahisi. [[Uhamaji]] kutoka nchi maskini wa wafanyakazi wanaotoa huduma hizo umeathiri vibaya nchi hizo. Kwa mfano, [[wauguzi]] 100,000 kutoka [[Ufilipino]] walihama kati ya miaka [[1994]] na [[2006]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-05/2006-05-03-voa38.cfm |title=Philippine Medical Brain Drain leaves Public Health System in Crisis - VOA News, rudishwa 29 Mei 2008 |accessdate=2007-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117131636/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-05/2006-05-03-voa38.cfm |archivedate=2007-11-17 }}</ref> Kuna madaktari [[Waethiopia]] wengi zaidi mjini [[Chicago]] kuliko wale walioko [[Uhabeshi]]. [[Ongezeko la idadi ya watu]] na ukosefu wa [[huduma]] za [[uzazi wa mpango]] vinatajwa pengine kati ya sababu za umaskini:<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece Birth rates 'must be curbed to win war on global poverty ] {{Wayback|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece |date=20080119183753 }} The Independent. 31 Januari 2007.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml |title=Record rise in wheat price prompts UN to warn that surge in food prices may trigger social unrest in developing countries |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2020-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115211628/http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> hata hivyo ni vyema kutambua ya kuwa watu huongezeka taratibu tu au hata idadi yao inaweza kupungua. Hii inatokana na mabadiliko kama vile kiwango cha vifo na kiwango cha waliozaliwa na jinsi zinavyoathiri idadi ya watu <ref>[http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm Demographic Transition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm |date=20121018050952 }} na Keith Montgomery (inaonyesha jinsi ongezeko la idadi ya watu huathiriwa na kuongezeka kwa viwanda.)</ref> ==Athari za umaskini== [[Picha:South Parkway2.jpg|thumb|right|Tena katika nchi iliyoendelea watu wameziacha nyumba za baraza huko Seacroft, Leeds, Uingereza kutokana na kuongezeka kwa umaskini na uhalifu .]] {{See also|Utapiamlo|Usafi wa mazingira}} Athari za umaskini pia zinaweza kuwa vyanzo, kama ilivyoorodheshwa hapo juu, na hivyo kuunda “mzunguko wa umaskini” unaodhihirika katika ngazi mbalimbali: ya kibinafsi, ya kimtaa, kitaifa na kimataifa. === Afya === {{Main|Maradhi ya ufukara}} Theluthi moja ya vifo - watu milioni 18 hivi kwa mwaka au watu 50,000 kwa siku - vinatokana na sababu zinazohusiana na umaskini. Kwa jumla, watu milioni 270, wengi wao wakiwa wanawake na watoto, wamefariki kutokana na umaskini tangu 1990.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.who.int/whr/1999 |title=The World Health Report, World Health Organization (See annex table 2) |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2020-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924125446/https://www.who.int/whr/1999/ }}</ref> Wale ambao wanaishi katika umaskini wanateseka kwa viwango visivyo sawa kutokana na njaa au hata [[ukosefu wa chakula]] na [[magonjwa]].<ref> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0724/p01s01-wogi.html Rising food prices curb aid to global poor]</ref> Wale wanaoishi kwa umaskini huishi miaka michache zaidi. Kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO), [[njaa]] na ukosefu wa [[lishe bora]] ndilo tishio kuu zaidi kwa afya ya umma duniani na ukosefu wa lishe bora ndio unaochangia pakubwa [[vifo vya watoto]], katika nusu ya kesi zote. Kila mwaka karibu watoto milioni 11 wanaoishi katika umaskini hufa kabla ya kufikisha miaka mitano. Watu bilioni 1.02 hulala bila chakula kila siku.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/ 1.02 billion people hungry .] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/ |date=20121117211313 }} [[FAO]], 2009.</ref> Umaskini huongeza hatari ya [[ukosefu wa makazi]].<ref> [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-10-homeless_x.htm Study : 744.000 homeless in United States ]</ref> Kuna zaidi ya [[watoto wasio na makao]] milioni 100 duniani. <ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=32968&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html Street Children]</ref> Ongezeko la tishio la matumizi ya [[madawa ya kulevya]] pia linaweza kuhusishwa na umaskini.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4600785.stm Health warning over Russian youth]</ref> Kulingana na [[Kipimo cha Kiwango Cha Njaa Duniani]], Asia ya Kusini ina kiwango kikubwa zaidi duniani cha watoto wanaokosa lishe bora.<ref name="ghi2008">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ifpri.org/media/200610GHI/GHIFindings.asp|title=2008 Global Hunger Index Key Findings & Facts|year=2008}}</ref> Karibu nusu ya watoto wote nchini [[Uhindi]] hawapati chakula cha kutosha, mojawapo wa viwango vikubwa zaidi duniani na ni karibu mara mbili ya kiwango cha [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] barani Afrika.<ref name="underweight">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title=India: Undernourished Children: A Call for Reform and Action|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2009-12-07|archivedate=2018-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011526/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html}}</ref> Kila mwaka, zaidi ya [[wanawake]] nusu milioni wanakufa kutokana na [[mimba]] au wakati wa kujifungua.<ref> [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr56/en/index.html "Maternal mortality ratio falling too slowly to meet goal ".] [[WHO.]] 12 Oktoba 2007.</ref> Karibu [[asilimia]] [[tisini]] za [[vifo vya wakina mama]] hutokea katika Asia na kusini kwa Sahara barani Afrika, ikilinganishwa na chini ya asilimia moja katika nchi zilizoendelea duniani.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/health/220376.stm "The causes of maternal death ".] BBC News. 23 Novemba 1998.</ref> === Elimu === [[Picha:Depression-Unemployed- photo of Idle man dressed in worn coat lying down on pier-New York City docks- photo by Lewis W. Hine - DPLA - 07d0e2b5d802ae30ad53b19c6ffbca9d.gif|thumb|250px|Wakati uchumi wa dunia ulipofifia kabisa: mwanaume amelala chini kwenye gati, katika gudi za jiji la New York, 1935.]] Uchunguzi umedhihirisha ya kuwa watoto wanaotoka katika jamii zenye mapato ya chini wanakumbana na tishio kubwa la kutofanya vyema katika masomo yao. Mara nyingi, jambo hili huanza kuwadhuru watoto hawa wakiwa wangali katika kiwango cha [[shule ya msingi]]. Katika mfumo wa elimu wa Amerika, watoto hao hupata tishio kubwa zaidi, ikilinganishwa na watoto wengine, ya kutopata gredi nzuri shuleni, kuwekwa katika maeneo maalum yaliyotengwa wakati wa masomo shuleni na hata kukosa kumaliza masomo yao ya shule ya upili.<ref name="SYF">Huston, AC (1991). Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press.]]</ref> Kuna mambo kadhaa yanayoeleza sababu za wanafunzi kuwa na mazoea ya kuacha shule. Kwa watoto walio na rasilimali kidogo, tishio linatokana na sababu kama vile viwango vya watoto waliovunja sheria, viwango vya juu vya [[watoto]] waliopata [[mimba]], wakiwa wachanga na kutegemea kiuchumi mzazi au [[wazazi]] wenye mapato ya chini.<ref name="SYF"/> Familia na jamii zisizotilia maanani [[uwekezaji]] katika elimu na maendeleo ya watoto maskini hupata matokeo yasiyo mazuri kwani baadaye watoto hawa hukosa kazi na huwa na mapato madogo. Viwango vikubwa zaidi vya [[kuzaa]] mapema na hatari zake kwa familia, afya na maisha bora kwa ujumla ndiyo mambo muhimu yanayopaswa kuzingatiwa kwa kuwa elimu kutoka kiwango cha shule ya chekechea hadi shule ya upili ina umuhimu mkuu maishani.<ref name="SYF"/> Umaskini mara nyingi huathiri, kwa kiwango kikubwa, kufaulu kwa watoto shuleni. “Shughuli za mtoto akiwa nyumbani, yale anayoyapendelea, upekee wake” vyote vinapaswa kulingana na hali ilivyo duniani kwani ikiwa havilingani, wanafunzi hao hawatafaidika wakiwa shuleni na hasa darasani.<ref name="ANF">Solley, Bobbie A. (2005). When Poverty's Children Write: Celebrating Strengthts , Transforming Lives. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, Inc</ref> Kwa hiyo, tunaweza kusema kuwa watoto wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini au chini ya kiwango cha umaskini watakuwa na wakati mgumu zaidi kufaulu katika elimu kuliko watoto wanaoishi katika hali isiyo ya umaskini. Watoto maskini hawapati huduma muhimu za afya na hii inawafanya wakose kwenda shuleni kwa siku nyingi katika mwaka. Pia, kuna uwezekano zaidi kwa watoto maskini kuteseka kwa njaa, uchovu, kukasirika ovyo, maumivu ya kichwa, maambukizi ya masikio, mafua na homa.<ref name="ANF"/> Magonjwa haya yana uwezo wa kumzuia mtoto au mwanafunzi kuelewa yale anayofunzwa darasani. === Ukatili === Maeneo yaliyoathiriwa sana na umaskini mara nyingi huwa na ukatili mwingi. Katika uchunguzi mmoja, asilimia 67 ya watoto kutoka jamii maskini katika maeneo yenye [[makazi duni]] walisema ya kuwa walishuhudia mashambulio makali, na asilimia 33 wakaripoti kushuhudia mauaji. <ref>Atkins, MS, McKay, M., Talbott, E., &amp; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams ," ''School Psychology Review,'' 25, 274-283. Akiongelea: Bell, CC, &amp; Jenkins, EJ (1991). "Traumatic stress and children ," ''Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,'' 2, 175-185.</ref> Asilimia 51 ya wanafunzi wa darasa la tano mjini [[New Orleans]] (kiwango cha wastani cha mapato kwa kila jamii: Dola 27,133 za Amerika) wameathiriwa wa ukatili, ikilinganishwa na asilimia 32 huko [[Washington, DC]] (kiwango cha wastani cha mapato kwa kila jamii: Dola 40,127 za Amerika).<ref>Atkins, MS, McKay, M., Talbott, E., &amp; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams " ''School Psychology Review,'' 25, 274-283. Akiongelea: Osofsky, JD, Wewers, S., madhara, DM, &amp; Fick, AC (1993). "Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children?" ''Psychiatry,'' 56, 36-45; na, Richters, je, &amp; Martinez, P (1993). "The NI" The NIMH community violence project: Vol. 1. Watoto Children as victims of and witnesses to violence," ''"Psychiatry,'' 56, 7-21.</ref> === Madhara ya muda mrefu === Baadhi ya madhara marefu ya umaskini huathiri watoto kabla hata kuzaliwa. Wanawake walio na watoto waliozaliwa katika umaskini, hawawezi kulisha watoto kwa ufanisi na kwa malezi ya haki. Wanaweza pia kuugua ugonjwa ambazo zinaweza kuambukizwa kwa mtoto kwa kupitia kuzaliwa. [[Pumu]] ni tatizo la kawaida kwa watoto kupata wakati wanapozaliwa katika umaskini. Chakula a msaada hasa hutumiwa na watu ambao wanaishi katika kipato cha chini. Talaka, kifo, ulevi, na kupoteza kazi ni chache tu kati ya hali zinazoweza kutokana na umaskini. Wanafunzi katika darasa azilishi za shule wanaoishi katika umaskini wanalazimishwa sana kuondoka na kuzunguka kuhudhuria shule za asili zinazofadhiliwa. Hawa wanafunzi hupambana katika shule. Elimu ya umaskini humweka mtoto katika hali ya kupambana baadaye. Vijana ambao wanaishi katika umaskini ni wanaelekea zaidi kuhusika na madawa ya kulevya, pombe, kinyume cha vitendo, na kundi shughuli. ==Kupunguza umaskini== [[Picha:Extreme poverty 1981-2009.GIF|thumb|150px|right|Idadi ya watu duniani wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini uliokithiri imepungua kwa asilimia 50 tangu 1981. Jedwali lnaonyesha makisio na makadirio kutoka Benki ya Dunia kati ya 1981 na 2009.]] {{Main|Kupunguza ufukara}} Kulingana na historia, kupunguka kwa umaskini kumetokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na ukuaji wa [[uchumi]] kwa ujumla.<ref name="krugman">Krugman, Paulo, na Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.</ref> Umaskini ulikuwa umekubalika na wengi kama jambo lisiloweza kuepukika na nchi zilizalisha kwa kiwango kidogo sana kabla ya [[mapinduzi ya viwanda]], ambayo yalisababisha ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa kiasi kikubwa. Jambo hili liliwaokoa wengi na umaskini katika mataifa ambayo kwa sasa yanajulikana kama mataifa yaliyoendelea <ref> "chini ya njia za kiasili za uzalishaji wa kiuchumi, umaskini ulioenea imekubalika kama isiyoweza kuzuiwa. Idadi ya jumla ya bidhaa na huduma, hata vikigawanywa kwa njia ya usawa, bado hayatatosha kuwapa watu wote maisha bora kulingana na hali ilivyo. Hata hivyo, kutokana na uzalishaji wa kiuchumi uliotokana na ujengaji wa viwanda, hali hii ilibadilika. "[[Encyclopedia Briannica]]", "Umaskini" </ref> Katika mwaka [[1820]], asilimia 75 ya wanadamu waliishi kwa chini ya dola moja kwa siku, na kufikia mwaka wa [[2001]] ni asilimia 20 pekee walioishi kwa dola moja kwa siku. Ukuaji wa uchumi unaotokana na ukulima, kwa wastani, umefaulisha mara mbili zaidi nusu ya walio maskini sana katika nchi ikilinganishwa na ukuaji unaotokana na sekta zingine zisizo za ukulima.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=Poverty -Climate change: Bangladesh facing the challenge |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2012-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191406/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[msaada]] ili kuhakikisha ya kuwa wale ambao tayari ni maskini watapata maisha bora zaidi na pia kuifadhili mikakati ya kimatibabu na kisayansi kama vile [[green revolution]] na kutokomeza [[ndui]]. <ref name="newsweek"/><ref name="aid"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4210122.stm Why aid does work ]</ref> === Uhuru wa kiuchumi === Mojawapo kati ya njia bora zaidi za kupunguza umaskini katika nchi yoyote ni kuhakikisha kuwa haki ya maskini ya kumiliki mali imelindwa. Ulindaji wa haki ya kumiliki ardhi, ambayo ni raslimali kubwa zaidi katika jamii nyingi, ni muhimu katika kuhakikisha uhuru wa kiuchumi.<ref name="newsweek"> [http://www.newsweek.com/id/160070 How to spread Democracy ]</ref> Benki ya Dunia inasema ya kuwa kuhakikisha haki ya kumiliki ardhi ndio “ufunguo wa kupunguza umaskini” ikiongeza kusema kuwa haki ya kumiliki ardhi inaongeza utajiri wa watu maskini, na wakati mwingine inaweza kuuongeza maradufu.<ref name="landrights"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3006562.stm Land rights help fight poverty ]</ref> Inakadiriwa ya kuwa ikiwa serikali zitatambua haki ya maskini ya kumiliki mali, jambo hili litawapa raslimali ambayo kwa ujumla ni mara 40 ya misaada yote ya kigeni tangu mwaka wa [[1945]]. Ingawa mbinu zilizotumiwa ni tofauti, [[Benki kuu ya Dunia]] inasema ya kuwa maswala makuu ni yale ya haki ya umiliki na kuhakikisha ya kuwa ardhi inauzwa kwa bei nafuu.<ref name="landrights"/> Nchini [[Uchina]] na [[India]] kupunguka kwa umaskini kwa muda wa miongo michache iliyopita kumetokana na kuacha [[ukulima wa pamoja]] nchini Uchina na kuondolewa kwa urasimu mwingi serikalini nchini India.<ref name="bbc1"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5407770.stm Can aid bring an end to poverty ]</ref> Hata hivyo, kukatizwa kwa ufadhili wa serikali katika miradi ya kijamii, ambayo pia inajulikana kama kanuni ya [[soko huru]] wakati mwingine huleta matokeo ya kusikitisha. Kwa mfano, [[Benki ya Dunia]] hushurutisha mataifa maskini kuondoa [[ruzuku]] kwa [[mbolea]] na ilhali [[Mkulima|wakulima]] wengi hawawezi kumudu bei hizi sokoni. Kubadilishwa kwa mfumo wa ugawaji wa fedha katika [[mataifa ya awali ya Urusi]] ya zamani wakati wa [[mpito]] kuelekea [[uchumi wa kibepari]] kulipendekeza kupunguza matumizi ya fedha katika sekta za afya na elimu na hivyo kuongeza umaskini kwa kiasi kikubwa.<ref name="malawi"/><ref> ''Transition: The First Ten Years - Analysis and Lessons fro Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , '' Benki ya Dunia, Washington, DC, 2002, uk. 4.</ref><ref> [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63 "Study Finds Poverty Deepinening in Former Communist Countries ".] Jarida la New York Times. 12 Oktoba 2000.</ref><ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/966616.stm Child Poverty soars in eastern Europe] ". BBC News. 11 Oktoba 2000.</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa [[soko huria]] kunaongeza ujumla wa bidhaa za nchi zinazofanya biashara [[pesa zinazotumwa]] kuelekea nchi maskini kama vile [[India]], wakati mwingine hushinda [[uwekezaji kutoka nchi za kigeni]] na ni zaidi ya mara mbili ya [[msaada]] kutoka kwa nchi wanachama wa [[OECD]] ([[Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo]]). <ref name="remittance"> [http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=894664&amp;story_id=14586906 uhamiaji na maendeleo: Wafanyakazi wa msaada ambao kwa kweli walifanya kazi.</ref> Uwekezaji wa kigeni na viwanda vinavyotengeneza bidhaa zinazouzwa katika nchi za nje zimechangia kupanuka kwa uchumi wa nchi za [[Bara Asia]] zinazokua kwa kasi mno.<ref name="vogel991">Vogel, Ezra F. 1991. ''The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia.'' Cambridge, Mass : [[Harvard University Press.]]</ref> Hata hivyo, kanuni za biashara mara nyingi huwa si za haki kwa kuwa zinazuia nchi maskini kuingia katika masoko ya nchi tajiri na pia zinapiga marufuku nchi maskini kujiendeleza kiviwanda.<ref name="malawi"> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html Ending famine by simply ignoring the experts ]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access |title=Market Access |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2013-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005075450/http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access |=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005075450/http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access }}</ref> Bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani kutoka nchi maskini hutozwa ushuru zaidi ikilinganishwa na [[malighafi]] zinapowasili katika [[bandari za nchi]] tajiri.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair |title=Market Trade Fair |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2013-07-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724155458/http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair |=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724155458/http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair }}</ref> Uchunguzi uliofanywa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]] ulionyesha ya kuwa kodi iliyotozwa maelfu ya bidhaa kutoka [[Afrika]] na [[taifa]] ilishuka baada ya kuundwa kwa mkataba wa [[AGOA]] uliochangia pakubwa kuwepo kwa “idadi kubwa ya kushangaza” ya bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka [[Afrika]].<ref> [http://www.news.utoronto.ca/social-sciences-business-law/relaxed-trade-rules-boost-african-development-u-of-t-study-finds.html Relaxed trade rules boost African Development ]</ref> Mikataba pia inaweza kujadiliwa ili kuzipendelea zaidi nchi zinazoendelea kama vile ilivyofanywa nchini [[Thailand]], ambako kanuni ya asilimia 51 inalazimisha kampuni za kimataifa zinazoanza kuendesha biashara nchini humo kutoa asilimia 51 ya udhibiti kwa kampuni zao kwa kampuni nyingine nchini Thailand, yaani ni lazima kampuni za kimataifa zishirikiane na kampuni za humo nchini.<ref name="muscat1994">Muscat, Robert J. 1994. ''The Fifth Tiger: A Study of Thai Development.'' Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe.</ref> === Rasilmali, miundomsingi na teknolojia === [[Picha:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.png|200px|thumb|Pato la dunia kwa kila mtu]] Uwekezaji katika [[mtaji wa binadamu]] kwa njia ya afya unahitajika ili kuhakikisha [[ukuaji wa uchumi]]. Si lazima mataifa yawe na utajiri ili yawe na afya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |title=Disease Control Priorities Project |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406154431/http://dcp2.org/main/Home.html |archivedate=2006-04-06 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406154431/http://dcp2.org/main/Home.html }}</ref> Kwa mfano, [[Sri Lanka]] ilikuwa na [[kiwango]] cha [[vifo vya mama wajawazito]] cha asilimia 2 katika [[miaka ya 1930]] idadi kubwa zaidi ikilinganishwa na [[nchi]] yoyote kwa sasa.<ref name="post"> [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/02/AR2006040200813.html Saving millions for just a few dollars ]</ref> Kiwango hiki kilipunguka hadi kati ya asilimia 0.5 na asilimia 0.6 katika [[miaka ya 1950]] na asilimia 0.06 hivi sasa <ref name="post"/> Hata hivyo, Sri Lanka ilikuwa ikitumia pesa kidogo zaidi kwa [[afya ya uzazi]] kwa kuwa ilishajifunza njia mwafaka za kukabiliana na matatizo hayo.<ref name="post"/> Ingawa hakuna ufahamu kuhusu manufaa ya kifedha yanayotokana na kutoa huduma za afya, mikakati ya kuwaelimisha watu imewekwa kama vile mipango iliyopewa kipaumbele ya kudhibiti magonjwa. [http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |date=20060406154431 }} Kuwaelimisha watu kuhusu umuhimu wa kuosha mikono ni moja kati ya mikakati ya afya isiyo na gharama na inaweza kupunguza [[vifo]] vinavyotokana na magonjwa yanayowaathiri watoto kama vile [[kuhara]] na [[nimonia]] kwa asilimia 50.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7670855.stm Millions mark UN hand washin day ]</ref> Mtaji wa binadamu, kwa kupitia elimu, ni kipengee muhimu zaidi kinachoathiri ukuaji wa uchumi kushinda mtaji wa vitu vinavyoonekana na kushikika.<ref name="krugman"/> Wanauchumi wa Umoja wa Mataifa wanasema ya kuwa miundomsingi bora kama vile barabara na mtandao wa habari husaidia kufanikisha mabadiliko katika soko.<ref name="bbc2"/> Nchi ya Uchina inasema ya kuwa inafanya uwekezaji katika reli, mabarabara, bandari na simu katika maeneo ya mashambani barani Afrika kama sehemu ya mbinu zake za kuhakikisha maendeleo ya kiuchumi.<ref name="bbc2">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6079000/6079838.stm |title=China becomes Africa's suitor.Africa's suitor |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2020-06-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033059/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news |=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033059/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news }}</ref> Hapo awali, teknolojia ya [[mtambo unaotumia mvuke]] ndiyo iliyoanza kupunguza viwango vya umaskini. Teknolojia ya simu za mkononi inaleta soko kwa sehemu maskini au za mashambani. Kutokana na maarifa wanayoyapata, wakulima vijijini wanaweza kuzalisha [[Mmea|mimea]] maalum ambayo watawauzia wanunuzi na kupata faida.<ref> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0604/p01s02-woaf.html?page=2 Give cash not food]</ref> [[Teknolojia]] kama hiyo pia inazifanya [[huduma za kifedha]] ziweze kupatikana kwa urahisi kwa watu maskini. Kwa wale wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini, inasisitizwa kwamba wawe na sehemu zenye usalama wa kutosha ili waweze [[kuweka akiba]] badala ya kungojea [[mikopo]]. Pia, kiwango kikubwa cha [[mikopo kwa wafanyibiashara wadogo]] kinatumika kwa bidhaa ambazo zinaweza kununuliwa kwa kutumia [[fedha]] zilizo katika [[akaunti za akiba]]. [[Huduma za benki kupitia simu za mkononi]] zimesaidia kutatua shida ya masharti mengi na ulipaji wa ada nyingi za kuendesha [[akaunti za akiba]]. Huduma za fedha kupitia [[simu ya mkononi|simu za mkononi]] katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]], na ambazo zimezipita [[nchi zilizoendelea]] katika nyanja hizi, inakadiriwa kuwa Dola bilioni tano kufikia mwaka [[2012]]. <ref name="m-banking"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8100388.stm Afrika inaanzisha benki zinazotumia simu za rununu</ref> [[Kampuni ya Safaricom]] ilianzisha huduma inayojulikana kama [[M-Pesa]] mojawapo kati ya mfumo wa kwanza unaotumia mtandao wa maajenti, wengi wao wakiwa ni wenye duka, badala ya matawi ya [[benki]] kuchukua pesa taslimu zinazowekwa na [[kuziweka katika akaunti]] zilizoundwa katika [[simu]] za wateja hao. Shughuli za kutuma na kupokea [[pesa]] hufanywa kati ya [[simu]] za wanaohusika. [[Ada ndogo]] inatolewa, na hii inahakikisha usalama wa pesa zinazotumwa kutoka.<ref name="safaricom"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm Benki za simu za rununu za Afrika</ref> === Msaada === [[Picha:Waiting for goods.JPG|thumb|Wananchi kutoka kijiji cha Janabi wakingojea kukusanya bidhaa kutoka kwa Wana wa Iraq (Abna al-Iraq) katika oparesheni ya kijeshi iliyoandaliwa na kampuni ya kikundi kidogo cha tatu cha wanajeshi wa Charlie Company, kikundi kikubwa cha tatu cha 187 Infantry Regiment, Kitengo cha 101 cha Airbone, Yusufiah, Iraq, tarehe 2 Machi 2008. (Picha ya Jeshi la Amerika imepigwa na Spc Luke Thornberry)]] {{Main|Msaada|Ustawi wa jamii|Misaada ya maendeleo|Kusamehe madeni}} Msaada unaweza kufafanuliwa kama mapato ya kimsingi ya ruzuku,aina ya mpango wa kijamii ambapo wananchi hupewa pesa baada ya muda uliotengwa. Katika miradi ya majaribio nchini [[Namibia]], ambako mradi kama huu hulipa Dola 13 pekee kila mwezi, watu waliweza kulipa [[karo ya shule]] na hivyo idadi ya watoto walioenda shuleni ikapanda kwa asilimia 92, kiwango cha ukosefu wa lishe bora kwa watoto kulishuka kutoka asilimia 42 hadi asilimia 10, na shughuli za kiuchumi zikapanda kwa asilimia 10.<ref name="Namibians line up"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7415814.stm wananchi wa Namibia wanapanga laini kupokea pesa ya bure.</ref> Msaada pia ulitolewa ikiwa kanuni fulani zilifuatwa. [[Ugawaji wa fedha]] kwa kufuata kanuni maalum imesifiwa na wengi kama njia mwafaka ya kukabiliana na umaskini. Fedha hutolewa tu baada ya kufuata kanuni fulani kama vile kuwapeleka watoto shuleni au kuhakikisha wa kuwa watoto wamechanjwa. Nchini [[Mexico]], kwa mfano, ambayo ni nchi iliyo na mradi mkubwa zaidi kama huu, idadi ya wanafunzi wenye umri wa kati ya miaka 16 na 19 katika maeneo ya mashambani wanaojiondoa shuleni ilishuka kwa asilimia 20 na watoto waliripotiwa kurefuka kwa nusu inchi.<ref name="csm"> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0921/p06s10-woam.html Latin America makes dent in poverty with conditional cash' programs.]</ref> Hofu za hapo awali kuwa mradi huo ungehimiza familia kubaki nyumbani na kungojea msaada badala ya kufanya kazi zilibainika kuwa hazina msingi. Badala yake, kumerekodiwa vijisababu vichache zaidi vinavyotokana na kutojali, kwa mfano, watoto sasa hawawezi kuenda kuombaomba mitaani badala ya kuenda shuleni kwa hofu ya kuwa wakifanya hivi, watatolewa katika mpango huu.<ref name="csm"/> Misaada kutoka kwa [[mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali]] inaweza kuwa na ufanisi zaidi kuliko kiserikali unaweza kuwa bora zaidi kuliko ule wa serikali kwa kuwa mashirika haya yanawafikia maskini katika maeneo ya mashambani na yana usimamizi bora zaidi <ref> [http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 Does Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty ?][http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 Empirical Evidence from Nongovernmental and Builateral Aid]</ref> Mojawapo kati ya njia zilizopendekezwa kusaidia nchi maskini ni ile ya msamaha wa [[madeni]]. Kutokana na hali ilivyo katika nchi nyingi ambazo hazijaendelea na zilizo na madeni makubwa ya benki na madeni ya serikali za nchi tajiri, na pia kutokana na riba ambayo zinapaswa kulipa kutokana na madeni haya (mara nyingi hupita kiwango cha fedha ambazo nchi hizi zinaweza kuzalisha kama faida kila mwaka kutokana na mauzo), kufutwa kwa madeni haya kwa kiasi fulani au kikamilifu kutawezesha mataifa haya “kujitoa shimoni”.<ref>Benki ya Dunia na Shirika la Fedha Duniani. 2001. ''Ripoti ya maendeleo ya nchi maskini zilizo na deni kubwa.'' Ilitolewa kutoka [http://worldbank.org Worldbank.org.] {{Wayback|url=http://worldbank.org/ |date=20180313170039 }}</ref> Nchi maskini zikiacha kutumia pesa zao kulipa madeni haya, zitaweza kutumia pesa hizo kwa mambo muhimu zaidi yanayosaidia kupunguza umaskini kama vile kutoa huduma za kimsingi za afya na elimu.<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4081220.stm kusamehewa kwa madeni kwa nchi za Kiafrika</ref> Mataifa mengi yalianza kutoa huduma, kama vile huduma za bure za afya kuanzia hapo awali ingawa miundombinu ya afya haingehimili hayo. Yaliweza kufanya hivi kutokana na akiba za awamu kadhaa za [[kusamehewa madeni]] mwaka [[2005]]. <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4883062.stm Zambia overwhelmed by free health care]</ref> Mojawapo ya mbinu mpya zinazopendwa za kiteknolojia zinazohakikisha ukuaji wa uchumi na kupunguza umaskini ni mikopo midogo iliyoanzishwa na [[Benki ya Grameen]] mwaka wa 1976 nchini Bangladesh. Dhana hapa ni kuwapa wakulima au vijiji mikopo midogo ili waweze kununua vitu wanavyovihitaji ili kuogeza mapato yao. Mfano maalum ni ule wa Benki ya Watu ya serikali ya [[Uthai]] inayotoa mikopo ya kati ya Dola 100 na 300 kuwasaidia wakulima kununua vifaa au mbegu, kuwasaidia wauzaji wa mtaani kununua bidhaa za kuuza au kuwawezesha wengine kufungua maduka madogo. Pia, biashara ndogo ndogo katika Jamhuri ya Dominika ni kuwawezesha wanawake wengi kupata ajira na kulipwa mapato yao wenyewe.<ref name="Grasmuck 2000"> Grasmuck, Sherri na Espinal, Rosario. 2000. Mafanikio au Mwanamke soko Uhuru? Mapato, itikadi, na Uwezeshaji kati Microentrepreneurs katika Jamhuri ya Dominika. Society jinsia na 14 (2) :231-255.</ref> Wakati kuendeleza mwanamke na msimamo wake wa kaya kiuchumi, microloans kuwawezesha wanawake na kuwawezesha voice maoni yao katika kaya ujumla maamuzi.<ref name="Grasmuck 2000"/> Watu wengine wanasema ya kuwa kupokea misaada kutoka nchi za Ulaya kila mara huongeza umaskini na ukosefu wa usawa katika jamii kwa kuwa misaada hii huandamana na vikwazo vinavyoathiri vibaya uchumi wa nchi zinazopokea msaada,<ref> Haiti's rice farmers and poultry growers have suffered graetly since trade barriers were lowered in 1994. Na Jane Regan</ref> au kwa kuwa inaandamana na uagizaji wa bidhaa kutoka nchi wafadhili bila kuzingatia kuwa bidhaa hizo zingepatikana kwingineko kwa bei nafuu,<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509 Tied Aid Strangling Nation , Says UN] {{Wayback|url=http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509 |date=20101223203509 }} na Thalif Deen</ref> au kwa kuwa msaada wa kigeni unaonekana kuwa unafaidi zaidi nchi wafadhili kuliko nchi inayopokea msaada.<ref> [http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Debt/USAid.asp US and Foreign Aid ,] GlobalIssues.org</ref> Wakosoaji pia wanasema ya kuwa sehemu ya msaada kutoka nchi za nje huibwa na serikali na maafisa [[wafisadi]] na kuwa kuongeza kiwango cha msaada kunaharibu ubora wa uongozi. Sera huelekezwa zaidi upande wa mbinu za kupata pesa zaidi za msaada kuliko kukidhi mahitaji ya wananchi.<ref name="ABC-myth"> [http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 MYTH : More Foreign Aid Will End Global Poverty ]</ref> Wale wanaounga mkono msaada wanasema ya kuwa matatizo haya yanaweza kutatuliwa kwa kuweka mbinu bora za [[ukaguzi]] wa namna pesa hizi zinatumika.<ref name="ABC-myth"/> Kampeni za chanjo kwa watoto kama vile [[polio]] [[ugonjwa wa kuambukizwa wa koo]] na [[ugonjwa wa surua]] zimeokoa mamilioni ya watu.<ref name="aid"/> === Taasisi bora === {{Main|Ufisadi}} Taasisi zinazoendeshwa vizuri bila [[ufisadi]] na zinazofuata [[sheria]] huunda na kuweka sheria zinazolinda usalama wa mali na biashara. Serikali za haki zinazoendeshwa vizuri zinapaswa kufanya uwekezaji katika miradi ya kitaifa inayochukua muda mrefu badala ya kupora mali kwa njia ya ufisadi.<ref name="krugman"/> Wachunguzi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha California Berkely]] waliunda walichokiita “Kipimo cha Weberianness” ambacho hupima vipengee mbalimbali vya [[urasimu na serikali]] ambavyo [[Max Weber]] alisema kuwa ni muhimu zaidi kwa serikali iliyoendeshwa kwa [[misingi ya fikira]] zinazokubalika na sheria zaidi ya miaka 100 iliyopita. Uchunguzi linganishi umeonyesha ya kuwa kipimo hiki kina uhusiano na vipimo vya juu vya maendeleo ya kiuchumi.<ref> Evans, Peter,and James E. Rauch. 1999. "Beauraucracy and Growth : A Cross- National Analysis of the Effects of 'Weberian' State Structures on Economic Growth ." ''American Sociological Review,'' 64:748-765.</ref> Wakifuata dhana yao inayofuata mkondo sawa na huu ya uongozi bora, wachunguzi kutoka [[Benki ya Dunia]] wamepata matokeo yanayofanana: Takwimu kutoka nchi 150 imeonyesha kuwa viwango kadhaa vya kukadiria uongozi bora (kama vile uwajibikaji, ufanisi, utawala wa kisheria, kiwango cha chini cha ufisadi) vina uhusiano na viwango vya juu vya maendeleo ya kiuchumi. <ref>{{Cite conference | last = Kaufmann | first = D. | coauthors = Kraay, A; Zoido-Lobaton, P. | title = Governance Matters. | booktitle = World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 2196 | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = Washington DC | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> [[Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] ([[UNDP]]) ulichapisha ripoti mnamo Aprili 2000 kuhusu uongozi bora katika mataifa maskini kama njia kuu ya kuhakikisha maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kuushinda ubinafsi wa tabaka la matajiri ambao huwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika nchi hizo. Ripoti hiyo inamaliza kwa kusema ya kuwa “Bila ya [[utawala bora]], mataifa haya yakiendelea kutegemea mtindo wa maendeleo ya kiuchumi yanayotokana na msaada kutoka juu na yanayotiririka mashinani na mbinu zingine, hayatafaulu.” <ref name="undp2000"> United Nations Development Report. 2000. ''Overcoming Human Poverty: UNDP Poverty Report 2000.'' New York: United Nations Publications.</ref> Mifano ya nchi zilizo na uongozi bora unaoleta maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kupunguza umaskini ni kama [[Thailand]], [[Taiwan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Korea ya Kusini]] na [[Vietnam]], ambazo kwa kawaida huwa na serikali thabiti. Nchi hizo zina nia na uwezo wa kuunda na kuweka sera zitakazoleta maendeleo ya muda mrefu yatakayowasaidia wananchi wote, si tu matajiri. Kampuni za kimataifa hudhibitiwa ili kuhakikisha ya kuwa zinafuata kanuni zinazofaa kuhusu [[malipo na ajira]] ya wafanyakazi, zinatozwa ushuru kwa kiwango kinachofaa ili kuleta maendeleo nchini na sehemu ya faida hubaki katika nchi hizo.Faida hii huwekezwa tena ili kusaidia katika maendeleo ya nchi. Katika mwaka wa 1975, nchi ya Korea Kusini ilikuwa na [[Pato la chini la Kitaifa]] kwa kila mtu ikilinganishwa na [[Ghana]], <ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/leading-article-africa-has-to-spend-carefully-407666.html Laeding Article : Africa has to spend carefully.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/leading-article-africa-has-to-spend-carefully-407666.html |date=20120124072325 }} The Independent. 13 Julai 2006.</ref> na kufikia mwaka wa 2008, ilikua kwa kiwango cha mara 17 ya kile cha Ghana.<ref>[139] ^ Maktaba ya rejea kwa mwaka 2008. $ 26.341 BNP Korea, 1513 $ Ghana. [http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2008&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=29&pr1.y=12&c=512%2C446%2C914%2C666%2C612%2C668%2C614%2C672%2C311%2C946%2C213%2C137%2C911%2C962%2C193%2C674%2C122%2C676%2C912%2C548%2C313%2C556%2C419%2C678%2C513%2C181%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C942%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698%2C941&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database-Oktober 2008,] [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa.]] Ilipatikana tarehe 14 Februari 2009.</ref> Fedha kutoka misaada na maliasili mara nyingi hugeuzwa na kuwekwa katika mikono ya watu binafsi na baadaye hupelekwa katika [[benki]] zilizo katika nchi za nje kutokana na ufisadi.<ref name="economist"> [http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13278728 Banks, grafts and development]</ref> Ikiwa [[benki]] za Ulaya zingekataa kuweka pesa zilizoibwa, kulingana na ripoti ya shirika la [[Global Witness]], watu wa kawaida wangefaidika “kwa njia ambayo misaada ya kifedha haiwezi kufikia”.<ref name="economist"/> Ripoti hiyo ilipendekeza kuwekwa kwa sheria zinazoratibisha benki kwani hii inaweza kuwa njia bora ya kukatiza utumaji wa pesa za [[kigaidi, fedha chafu]] au [[kukosa kulipa ushuru]]. <ref name="economist"/> ==Idadi ya watu== {{stack| [[Picha:Percentage population living on less than 1 dollar day 2007-2008.png|thumb|right|Asilimia za wakazi wanaoishi kwa kiasi cha chini ya [[$]] 1.25 kwa siku. Makadirio ya [[UN]] 2000-2006.]] [[Picha:Percentage population undernourished world map.PNG|thumb|right|Asilimia za wakazi wenye njaa, [[World Food Programme]], [[2006]]]] [[Picha:Life Expectancy 2007 Est. CIA World Factbook.PNG|right|thumb|[[Matarajio ya kuishi]].]] [[Picha:UN Human Development Report 2007 (2).svg|thumb|right|[[Human Development Index]].]] [[File:2014 Gini Index World Map, income inequality distribution by country per World Bank.svg|thumb| [[Gini coefficient]], kigezo cha [[tofauti za mapato]], [[2014]].]] [[Picha:Life expectancy 1950-2005.png|thumb|right|Matarajio ya kuishi yameongezeka na kukaribiana duniani, isipokuwa Afrika Kusini kwa Sahara ambapo [[Ukimwi]] umerudisha nyuma. Jedwali linaonyesha miaka 1950-2005.]] }} {{Main|Ufukara nchi kwa nchi|Kizingiti cha ufukara}} === Umaskini uliokithiri === Umaskini hupimwa mara nyingi kama [[umaskini uliokithiri]] na [[umaskini wa kadri]] (cha mwisho kikiwa kipimo cha kutokuwa na usawa katika kiwango cha mapato). Umaskini uliokithiri unaashiria kipimo kilichowekwa ambacho hakibadiliki kamwe na ni sawa katika mataifa yote. [[Benki ya Dunia]] inafafanua umaskini uliokithiri kama kuishi kwa chini ya dola moja ya Marekani (uwezo wa ununuzi) kwa siku, na umaskini wa kadri kama kuishi kwa na chini ya dola mbili kwa siku. Inakadiria kuwa “mwaka 2001, watu bilioni 1.1 walikuwa na matumizi ya chini ya dola moja kwa siku na watu bilioni 2.7 walitumia chini ya dola mbili kwa siku.” <ref name="worldbank-Poverty">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=The World Bank, 2007, Understanding Poverty |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2019-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Watoto milioni sita hufa kwa njaa kila mwaka-17,000 kila siku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813170030/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Idadi ya watu katika [[mataifa yanayoendelea]] wanaoishi katika umaskini uliokithiri ilishuka kutoka asilimia 28 mwaka 1990 hadi asilimia 21 mwaka 2001.<ref name="worldbank-Poverty"/> Mengi ya maendeleo haya yametokea [[Mashariki]] na [[Kusini mwa Asia]]. <ref>Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, 2007, "How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?" Jedwali 3, uk 28. [http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520] {{Wayback|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520|date=20070310150255}}</ref> Kuhusu Asia Mashariki, Benki ya Dunia iliripoti kuwa “idadi ya watu walioishi kwa dola mbili kwa siku ilikadiriwa kushuka hadi asilimia 27 mwaka wa [[2007]], kutoka asilimia 29.5 mwaka wa 2006 na asilimia 69 mwaka wa [[1990]].” <ref>Benki ya Dunia, 14 Novemba 2007, 'East Asia Remains Robust Despite US Slow Down' [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html] {{Wayback|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html |date=20110322182301 }}</ref> Katika eneo la Afrika [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] umaskini uliokithiri ulipanda kutoka asilimia 41 mwaka 1981 hadi asilimia 46 mwaka 2001, ambao ukiungana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu, uliongeza idadi ya watu wanaoishi katika umaskini kutoka milioni 231 hadi milioni 318.<ref>The Independent, 'Birth rates must be curbed to win war on global poverty ', 31 Januari 2007 [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece] {{Wayback|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece|date=20080119183753}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, baadhi ya nchi za [[Mashariki ya Ulaya]] na [[Asia ya Kati]] zilizokuwa na uchumi wa mpito, zilikabiliwa na kushuka kwa mapato kwa kiasi kikubwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=Worldbank.org feference |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2019-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Kuanguka kwa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] kulisababisha kushuka kwa Pato la Kitaifa kwa kiwango kikubwa cha kati ya asilimia 30 na 35 kati ya mwaka wa 1990 na 1998 (ilipokuwa katika kiwango cha chini zaidi). Kutokana na hayo, viwango vya umaskini vilipanda, ingawa katika miaka ya baadaye, viwango vya mapato vilipoanza kupanda tena, viwango vya umaskini vilishuka kutoka asilimia 31.4 ya idadi ya watu hadi asilimia 19.6.<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20398986~menuPK:64133163~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html. World Bank, Data and Statistics, WDI, GdF, &amp; ADI Best Databases]</ref><ref> [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63 Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries ,] New York Times, 12 Oktoba 2000</ref> Takwimu za Benki ya Dunia zinaonyesha kuwa sehemu ya wananchi wanaoishi katika jamii zilizo na mapato yaliyo chini ya kiwango cha umaskini imeshuka katika kila eneo la dunia tangu mwaka 1990:<ref> [http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp World Bank 2007, Povcalnet Poverty Data]</ref><ref> Takwimu inaweza kuchukuliwa tena kwa kutumia meza zinazoonyesha maendeleo ya kibinadamu ya Benki ya Dunia ya 2007 na kutumia kiwango cha umaskini cha Dola 32.74 kwa mwezi katika mwaka wa 1993 Pato la kitaifa .</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- data="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" ! Eneo ! 1990 ! 2002 ! 2004 |- | Asia ya Mashariki na Pacific | 15.40% | 12.33% | 9.07% |- | Ulaya na Asia ya Kati | 3.60% | 1.28% | 0.95% |- | Amerika Kusini na Caribbean | 9.62% | 9.08% | 8.64% |- | Mashariki ya Kati na Kaskazini mwa Afrika | 2.08% | 1.69% | 1.47% |- | Asia Kusini | 35.04% | 33.44% | 30.84% |- | Afrika Kusini kwa Sahara | 46.07% | 42.63% | 41.09% |} Ishara zingine za maendeleo pia zimekuwa zikiendelea kufanya vyema. [[Matarajio ya miaka ya kuishi]] pia yameongezeka kwa kiwango kikubwa katika nchi zinazoendelea tangu [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] na yameanza kukaribia yale ya nchi zilizoendelea. [[Vifo vya watoto]] vimepungua katika maeneo yote yanayoendelea duniani. Idadi ya watu duniani wanaoishi katika mataifa ambapo mgao wa chakula uko chini ya kalori 2,200 ([[Kilojuli]] 9200) kwa siku ilipungua kutoka asilimia 56 katikati ya miaka ya 1960 hadi chini ya asilimia 10 kufikia [[miaka ya 1990]]. Mienendo sawa na huo wa awali ilirekodiwa katika [[elimu]], usambazaji wa [[maji safi]] na [[umeme]] na bidhaa za msingi zinazotumiwa na wanunuzi.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb World Development Volume 33, Issue 1, Januari 2005, Makala 1-19, Why Are We Worried About Income? ?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb |date=20071011122228 }}[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb Nearly Everthing That Matters is Converging.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb |date=20071011122228 }}</ref> Vipimo hivi vimekosolewa na watu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://socialanalysis.org/ |title=Institute of Social Analysis |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-06-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629122044/http://www.socialanalysis.org/ }}</ref> [[Shaohua Chen]] na [[Martin Ravallion]] wanasema kuwa ingawa “ni wazi ya kuwa idadi ya watu fukara imeshuka... bila usawa katika maeneo yote... nchi zinazoendelea mbali na Uchina na India hazijafaulu kupunguza kwa kiwango cha maana idadi ya watu maskini. Kutokana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu duniani, idadi isiyobadilika ya watu maskini ingehusishwa na kiwango kinachopungua." Tukitazama idadi ya wanaoishi kwa chini ya Dola moja kwa siku, bila kuhesabu Uchina na India, tunaona ya kuwa idadi hii ilipunguka kutoka asilimia 31.35 hadi 20.70 kati ya mwaka wa 1981 na 2004.<ref> Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, 2007, "How have the World's Poorest Faired Since the 1980's?" [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/16/000016406_20070416104010/Rendered/PDF/wps4211.pdf]</ref> Ripoti ya 2007 ya Benki ya Dunia inayoitwa "Global Economic Prospects" inatabiri kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2030, idadi ya watu watakaokuwa wakiishi kwa chini ya Dola moja kwa siku itakuwa imepungua kwa nusu, hadi watu milioni 550. Mwananchi wa kawaida anayeishi katika kile tulichokiita [[dunia ya tatu]] ataishi vyema sawa na namna ambavyo wananchi wa [[Ucheki]] na [[Slovakia]] wanavyoishi leo. Nchi nyingi za Afrika zitakuwa na matatizo ya kujaribu kufikia nchi nyingine zinazoendelea na hata ikiwa hali itabadilika kikamilifu, ripoti hii inaonya ya kuwa kufikia 2030, Afrika itakuwa na idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu maskini kuliko hali ilivyo sasa.<ref>[http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/business/16350847.htm World Bank has Good News About the Future,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/business/16350847.htm|date=20081204203622}} na Andrew Cassel, [[The Philadelphia Inquirer.]] 30 Desemba 2006</ref> Sababu za ukuaji wa uchumi katika [[Mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Asia ya Kusini]] zinatokana na kutoendelea kwao ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengine. Hii ni kulingana na nadharia ya kuja pamoja au nadharia ya sharti la kukusanyika pamoja. Kwa kuwa uchumi wa nchi hizi ulianza kupata usasa baada ya mataifa tajiri, uliweza kufaidika kwa kuiga maendeleo ya kiteknolojia yatakayouwezesha kuwa na viwango vikubwa zaidi vya uzalishaji ambavyo vimeundwa kwa karne nyingi katika mataifa tajiri. === Umaskini wa kadri === Umaskini wa kadri huangalia umaskini kama inavyoelezwa na jamii na unategemea muktadha wa kijamii, kwa hiyo umaskini wa kadri ni kiwango cha ukosefu wa usawa katika mapato. Kwa kawaida, umaskini wa kadri hupimwa kwa kuchukua idadi ya watu walio na mapato madogo zaidi ikilinganishwa na kiwango cha kawaida cha mapato. Kuna njia zingine tofauti za kupima [[ukosefu wa usawa wa mapato]], kwa mfano [[Mgao wa Gini]] na [[Kipimo cha Theil]]. Makadirio ya umaskini wa kadri hutumika kama viwango maalum vya kupima kiwango cha umaskini katika mataifa mengi yaliyoendelea. Takwimu hizi za umaskini hupima kutokuwa sawa badala ya ukosefu wa mali au shida. Vipimo hivi huwa vinafanywa kwa msingi wa mapato ya mtu binafsi ya kila mwaka na haviangalii ujumla wa mali. [[Kiwango cha umaskini]] kinachotumika katika mataifa wanachama wa [[OECD (Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo)]] na [[Muungano wa mataifa ya Ulaya]] ni yale yaliyo na misingi yake katika “umbali wa kiuchumi”, kiwango cha mapato kikiwa ni asilimia 60 ya mapato ya kadri ya kila nyumba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm |title = Just what is poor? |accessdate = 2008-09-25 |author = Michael Blastland |publisher = BBC NEWS |date = 2009-07-31 }}</ref> === Vipengee vingine === [[Picha:Wadala slums - Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Eneo la mabanda mjini Mumbai, India. Asilimia 60 ya wakazi wa Mumbai wapatao milioni 18 wanaishi katika maeneo ya mabanda. <ref>Spiegel kwa mtandao. 28 Februari 2007.</ref>]] Vipengee vya uchumi vya umaskini vinajihusisha na mahitaji ya kifedha, na hasa yale yanayohitajika katika maisha ya kila siku kama vile [[chakula]], mavazi, nyumba, au [[maji salama]]. Umaskini, kwa mtazamo huu, unaweza kueleweka kama hali ambapo mtu au jamii inakosa mahitaji ya msingi inayohitaji ili kuishi vizuri na kuwa na maisha bora, hasa kutokana na ukosefu wa mapato unaoendelea. Udadisi wa vipengee vya kijamii vya umaskini unaonyesha kuwa kuna uhusiano kati ya umaskini na ugawaji raslimali na mamlaka katika jamii na inaonyesha kuwa umaskini unaweza kuwa unatokana na upungufu wa “uwezo” wa watu kuishi maisha ambayo wangeyapendelea.<ref>Amartya Sen, 1985, Commodities and Capabilities, Amsterdam, New Holland, cited in Siddiqur Rahman Osmani, 2004, Evolving Views on Poverty: Concept, Assessment, and Strategy , [http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/Evolving_views_poverty/default.asp ADB.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/Evolving_views_poverty/default.asp |date=20090815101017 }}</ref> Vipengee vya kijamii vya umaskini ni pamoja na [[ukosefu wa habari]], elimu, huduma za afya]] au [[mamlaka ya kisiasa]]. <ref> [http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v23n1-glossary.htm A Glossary for Social Epidemiology] Nancy Krieger, PhD, [[Harvard School of Public Health]]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |title=Journal of Poverty |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512074344/http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |archivedate=2012-05-12 }}</ref> Umaskini pia unaweza kueleweka kama kipengee kinacholeta tofauti za kitabaka [[katika jamii]] na ukosefu wa usawa katika uhusiano wa kijamii, unaojitokeza kwa njia ya kutengwa katika jamii, kuwategemea wengine na kupunguka kwa uwezo wa kujihusisha au kuendeleza uhusiano wa maana na watu wengine katika jamii.<ref> H Silver , 1994, social exclusion and [[social solidarity ]], in International Labour Review, 133 5-6</ref><ref> G Simmel, The Poor , Social Problems 1965 13</ref><ref> P Townsend, 1979, Poverty in the UK , Penguin</ref> Uchunguzi wa Benki ya Dunia wa “Sauti za Wanyonge”, ambao ilifanya uchunguzi kati ya watu maskini 20,000 katika mataifa 23, unaorodhesha mambo kadhaa ambayo watu maskini wametambua kuwa na uhusiano na umaskini.<ref> [http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/voices/ Voices of the Poor ]</ref> Hayo ni pamoja na: * Maisha ya kutojali * Maeneo yaliyotengwa * Vikwazo vya kimaumbile * Uhusiano kati ya wake na waume * Matatizo katika uhusiano wa kijamii * Ukosefu wa usalama * Utumiaji mbaya wa mamlaka * Kuondoa mamlaka katika taasisi * Uwezo uliowekewa vizuizi * Mashirika ya kijamii yasiyo na uwezo wa kutosha David Moore, katika kitabu chake ''Benki ya Dunia,'' anasema ya kuwa udadisi mwingine wa umaskini unaonyesha dharau, na wakati mwingine ubaguzi wa rangi, na mtazamo mbaya kwa watu maskini unaowaonyesha kama watu wanyonge wanaongojea tu kupokea msaada.<ref> Kifungu kuhusu Sauti za Maskini katika kitabu cha David Moore kilichohaririwa na Benki ya Dunia: Development, Poverty, Hegemony (University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2007)</ref> [[Picha:Camden NJ poverty.jpg|thumb|[[Camden, New Jersey]] ni moja ya majimbo maskini zaidi ya Marekani.]] Ufukara uliokithiri, neno ambalo lilivumbuliwa na Michael Lipton,<ref> Lipton, Michael (1986), 'Seasonality and ultra- poverty ', Sussex, IDS Bulletin 17.3</ref> unaashiria hali ya kuhesabiwa kati ya watu maskini zaidi kati ya jamii maskini katika nchi zenye mapato madogo. Lipton alieleza ufukara uliokithiri kama kupokea chini ya asilimia 80 ya kiwango cha chini zaidi cha kalori kinachopaswa kuchukuliwa na mwili na wakati huo huo kutumia zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya mapato kununua chakula. Kwa upande mwingine, ripoti moja ya 2007 iliyotolewa na Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Uchunguzi kuhusu sera ya Chakula ilifafanua ufukara uliokithiri kama kuishi kwa chini ya senti 54 kwa siku.<ref> International Food Policy Research Insitute , "The World's Most Deprived. Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger,” Washington: IFPRI Oktoba 2007</ref> [[Shirika lisilo la kiserikali la BRAC]] limeanzisha mradi unaoitwa “Kuwalenga wanaoishi katika ufukara uliokithiri” unaonuia kutatua ufukara uliokithiri kwa kufanya kazi pamoja na wanawake fukara kwa kiwango binafsi.<ref> Matin, Imran, et al,, "Crafting a Graduation Pathway for the Ultra-poor: Lessons and Evidence from a BRAC Programme,” Research and Evaluation Division Working Paper, BRAC, 2008 : [http://ideas.repec.org/p/ess/wpaper/id1548.html Research Papers in Economics ]</ref> === Ufukara wa hiari === {{See also|Ufukara wa hiari|Kuishi bila makuu}} {{pquote|'Tis the gift to be simple,<br />'tis the gift to be free,<br />'tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,<br />{{nowrap|And when we find ourselves in the place just right,}}<br />It will be in the valley of love and delight.|Shaker song.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/simple_gifts.htm |title=Simple Gifts |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106073724/http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/simple_gifts.htm }}</ref>}} Kati ya watu wengine, kama vile [[watawa]], umaskini unachukuliwa kuwa jambo linalohitajika na kutamanika, na linapokewa kwa [[mikono]] miwili ili kuweza kufikia kiwango fulani cha kiroho, kitabia au kiakili. Umaskini hueleweka kuwa kiungo muhimu cha kuachana na mambo ya [[dunia]] katika [[dini]] kama vile [[Ubuddha]] (kwa watawa pekee, si kwa wafuasi wengine) na wafuasi wa [[Ujaini]], ilhali kwa [[Wakatoliki]] hii ni moja kati ya [[mashauri ya Kiinjili]]. Mashirika kadhaa huwa na [[nadhiri]] ya kuishi katika hali ya ufukara. Kwa mfano [[itikadi]] za wafuasi wa [[Mtakatifu]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] zinapinga umiliki wowote wa [[mali]] katika ngazi ya mtu binafsi au katika [[jumuia]]. Ingawa umiliki wa mali na bidhaa haukubaliwi kwa wafuasi wa Mtakatifu [[Benedikto wa Nursia]], kufuatia [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]], [[monasteri]] zimekubaliwa kumiliki mali na [[pesa]] na [[historia]] inaonyesha kuwa makao kadhaa ya watawa hao yalikusanya mali nyingi mno. Katika [[muktadha]] huo wa [[nadhiri]] za kitawa, umaskini unaeleweka kama njia ya kujinyima ili kuhudumia wengine. Mwaka wa [[1217]] [[Papa Honorius III]] aliandika kwamba wafuasi wa Mtakatifu [[Dominiko Guzman]] "waliishi maisha ya umaskini wa hiari, wakijitia hatarini na kuteseka, ili wengine wapate kuokolewa”. Kufuatia [[tahadhari]] ya [[Yesu]] kuwa mali ni kama [[miiba]] ambayo huzuia [[mbegu]] nzuri ya Neno la Mungu kukua ([[Math]] 13:22) umaskini wa hiari unaeleweka na [[Wakristo]] kama jambo lenye faida kuu kwa mtu binafsi - njia ya [[kujiadilisha]] ambapo mtu hujitenga na vitu vingine vinavyovutia fikira zake na kumtenganisha na [[Mungu]]. ==Mtazamo wa mifumo mbalimbali duniani== Mtazamo wa mifumo ya kidunia unatabiri ya kuwa mataifa yanayoendelea hayataweza kukua ipasavyo kiuchumi katika miaka ijayo ikiwa bado yana [[uwekezaji]] mkubwa wa [[makampuni ya kimataifa]] kutoka nchi zilizoendelea. Ingawa kuna tofauti kati ya mataifa hayo yanayoendelea, chunguzi kadhaa zilizofanywa na wanasosholojia zimeonyesha kuwa mengi ya mataifa yanayoendelea yaliyo na uwekezaji mkubwa kutoka mataifa yaliyoendelea yana ukuaji mdogo zaidi wa kiuchumi kwa muda mrefu.<ref name="chasedunn1975">Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1975. "“The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality: A Cross-National Study.” ''American Sociological Review,'' 40:720-738.</ref><ref name="chasedunn1989">Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1989. ''Global Formation: Structures of the World-Economy. '' Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="bornschierandchasedunn1985">Bornschier, Volker, and Christopher Chase-Dunn. 1985. ''Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment.'' New York: Praeger.</ref><ref name="bornschieretall1978">Bornschier, Volker, Christopher Chase-Dunn,and Richard Rubinson. 1978. "Cross-National Evidence of the Effects of Foreign Investment and Aid on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Survey of Findings and a Reanalysis ." ''American Journal of Sociology,'' 84:651-683.</ref><ref name="snyderandkick1979">Snyder, Daudi, na Edward Kick. 1979. "“Structural Position in the World System and Economic Growth, 1955-1970: A Multiple Analysis of Transnational Interactions.” ''American Journal of Sociology,'' 84:1096-1128.</ref><ref>Stokes, Randall, na Daudi Jaffee. 1982. "Another Look at the Export of Raw Materials and Economic Growth." American Sociological Review, 47:402-407.</ref><ref>Nolan, Patrick D. 1983. "Status in the World Economy and National Structure and Development." International ''Journal of Contemporary Sociology,'' 24:109-120.</ref> Hata hivyo, uchunguzi huo wote ulifanywa zaidi ya miaka ishirini iliyopita na ulitumia njia mbovu za kupata takwimu. Utafiti uliofanywa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa kwa ujumla uwekezaji wa moja kwa moja wa kigeni hufaidi nchi pokezi ingawa athari zake si sawa kila mahali. Kutegemea sifa za nchi nyingine, huenda uwekezaji wa nchi za kigeni usiwe na athari yoyote, nzuri au mbaya, kwa maendeleo.<ref>Theodore H. Moran, Edward M. Graham na Magnus Blomström, eds. "Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?" Peterson Institute for International Economics, Mei 2005 [http://bookstore.petersoninstitute.org/book-store/3810.html Peterson Institute and ] {{Wayback|url=http://bookstore.petersoninstitute.org/book-store/3810.html |date=20091203041632 }}[http://www.iie.com/publications/briefs/bk-fdi.pdf IIE.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iie.com/publications/briefs/bk-fdi.pdf |date=20100109015217 }}</ref><ref>Carkovic, Maria V na Levine, Ross, Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth ? (Juni 2002). [[University of Minnesota]] Department of Finance Working Paper. Inapatikana [http://ssrn.com/abstract=314924 SSRN.com au DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.314924]</ref> Nadharia za mfumo wa kidunia zinaonyesha ya kuwa sera bora zaidi inayoweza kufuatwa na nchi yoyote ni ile ya [[autarkia]] ama kufanya biashara na mataifa mengine yanayoendelea pekee. Hata hivyo, mataifa makubwa yaliyofuata sera hiyo kama vile Uchina na India kabla ya mwaka wa 1980 yalishuhudia kuzorota kwa uchumi na kuongezeka kwa umaskini. Baadhi ya mataifa ya Amerika ya Kusini ambayo pia yalijaribu kutegemea sera hiyo ya maendeleo kwa kutumia mtazamo wa ndani pia yalipata matokeo sawa na hayo.<ref>Smith na Todaro, "Economic Development". Addison-Wesley series in Ecnomics. 2006</ref> Inaonekana kuwa kuna sababu nyingi za athari mbaya ya utawala wa mataifa tajiri. Sababu kuu ni tatizo la ''kupotoka kwa miundo.'' Katika uchumi ambao haujapotoka [[maliasili]] huzindua mfululizo wa shughuli zinazoleta faida, [[nafasi za kazi]] na [[ukuaji]]. Tutachukua mfano wa nchi iliyoendelea na iliyo na idadi kubwa ya madini ya [[shaba]] ardhini. Nafasi za kazi zinapatikana na faida inatengenezwa kwanza kutokana na uchimbaji wa madini ya shaba. Kisha nafasi nyingine za kazi na faida zaidi inapatikana wakati shaba inapotengenezwa kuwa [[chuma]] na bidhaa hizi kuuzwa na kampuni [[ndogo ndogo]], ,ambazo pia zinaongeza nafasi za kazi na faida. Kutokana na mchakato huu wote, kuna mfululizo wa nafasi za kazi na faida ambazo huleta ukuaji wa kiuchumi pamoja na mapato ambayo yanaweza kutumika kuendeleza nchi kwa ujenzi wa vitu kama [[barabara]], [[umeme]] na [[taasisi za mafunzo]]. Lakini shaba ikichimbwa katika nchi inayoendelea na iliyo na uhusiano na nchi iliyoendelea, madini hayo yanapelekwa kwa nchi iliyoendelea ambako mfululizo wa kuitengeneza unamalizikia. Nafasi za kazi zilizosalia na faida zote zinzotokana na mfululizo wa shughuli hizi zinapotelea katika nchi zilizoendelea. Huu ni mfano wa kupotoka kwa miundo.<ref name="chasedunn1975"/> Athari nyingine ni ile ya kuvurugwa kwa [[ukulima]]. Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa mfumo wa kisasa wa dunia, ukulima ulikuwa unafanywa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kijamii, na kulikuwa hakuna haja ya kutumia mbinu za kilimo za kupunguza kiwango cha ajira. Kutokana na mbinu hizi za awali na ukosefu wa soko kubwa kwa bidhaa, chakula kilikuwa kinauzwa kwa bei ya chini zaidi, sehemu ya mashamba iliachiwa [[wakulima wadogo]], na nafasi za kazi zilikuwa nyingi zaidi. Hata hivyo, kutokana na ukulima wa mauzo katika nchi za nje na mbinu za kupunguza kiwango cha ajira kwa ukulima, chakula kimekuwa ghali zaidi, wakulima wadogo wanafukuzwa kutoka kwa mashamba ili nafasi zaidi ya kukuza bidhaa za kuuzwa katika soko la dunia ipatikane, na mashine zaidi zinatumiwa kufanya kazi, na hivyo kusababisha upungufu wa nafasi za kazi. Faida zinakiendea kikundi kidogo cha wanaomiliki ardhi na kampuni za kimataifa za kilimo, huku wasiomiliki ardhi wakipoteza kazi zao, ardhi, na mapato ambayo yananawazuia kuwa wanunuzi wanaohitajika kuhakikisha kukua kwa uchumi. Tatizo la tatu kwa mataifa yanayoendelea ni [[mizozano ya kitabaka]]. [[Tabaka la wenye uwezo wa kiuchumi na kisiasa]] katika mataifa yanayoendelea huwakaribisha zaidi watu kutoka tabaka la watu wanaomiliki makampuni kwa kuwa wanajua ya kwamba kampuni hizi zinafanya uwekezaji katika nchi zao kutokana na gharama ya chini ya [[ajira]] kiwango cha chini cha ushuru kutokuwa na [[vyama vya wafanyakazi]], na mambo mengine kama vile sheria dhaifu za mazingara, ambazo zinajali zaidi masilahi ya makampuni hayo ya kimataifa. ==Tazama pia== * [[Umaskini wa vipengele vingi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kwa Pato la Taifa]] * [[Njaa]] * [[Maendeleo]] * [[Kitongoji duni]] * [[Watoto wa mitaani]] * [[Benki ya Dunia]] * [[Siku ya Chakula Duniani]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Kusoma zaidi== <div class="references-2column"> * [http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/jhu/agresearchlive.asp Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries ] Ilihaririwa na Michelle Adato na Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] [http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpr/pr16.pdf Food Policy Report (Brief)] * [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html World Bank, Can South Asia End Poverty in a Generation?] {{Wayback|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html |date=20080415192500 }} * [http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/%e2%80%9ceducate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation%e2%80%9d-%e2%80%93-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/ "Educate a Woman, You Educate a Nation" - South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls] {{Wayback|url=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/%e2%80%9ceducate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation%e2%80%9d-%e2%80%93-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/ |date=20091213070657 }} WNN - Women News Network. 28 Agosti 2007. Lys Anzia * [[Anthony Atkinson.]] ''Poverty in Europe 1998'' * Betson, David M., and Jennifer L. Warlick "Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty." American Economic Review 88:348-51. 1998. in JSTOR * Brady , David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" Social Forces 81#3 2003, uk. 715–751 Online in Project Muse. Ufupisho: Inaangazia makosa ya vipimo maalum za Amerika; inaangalia maendeleo kadhaa ya kinadharia na kimbinu katika upimaji wa umaskini. Inasema ya kuwa vipimo vya kupima kiwango cha umaskini vinapaswa (1) kupima viwango vinavyotofautiana katika historia kwa ufanisi; (2) viwe linganishi, sio visivyoweza kulinganishwa; (3) kutazama umaskini kama kutengwa kijamii; (4) Kuangalia athari za kodi, uhamishaji na faida katika nchi; na (5) kujumuisha kina cha umaskini na ukosefu wa usawa kati ya watu maskini. Kisha, makala haya yanachambua masomo ya kisoshiolojia yaliyochapishwa tangu 1990 ili waweze kutazama maoni yao kwa vigezo hivi. Makala haya yanatetea vipimo vitatu mbadala vya umaskini: kipimo cha vipindi, kipimo kinachotunia nambari, na ujumla wa nambari zote. Mwisho, kwa kutumia [[Uchunguzi wa mapato wa Luxembourg]], kinachunguza muundo wa mambo yanayojirudia baada ya majaribio kadhaa yanayotumia vipimo hivi vitatu, katika demokrasia za kibepari kutoka 1967 hadi 1997. Makadirio ya vipimo hivi vya umaskini yako wazi kwa wote. * Buhmann, Brigitte, Lee Rainwater, Guenther Schmaus, na Timothy M. Smeeding. 1988. "Equivalence Scales, Well-Being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." "Uhakiki wa Mapato na Mali 34:115-42. * Cox, W. Michael, and Richard Alm. ''Myths of Rich and Poor'' 1999 * Danziger, Sheldon H., and Daniel H. Weinberg "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty." Kurasa za. 18-50 katika ''Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change'' ilihaririwa na Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, na Daniel. H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994. * Firebaugh, Glenn. "Empirics of World Income Inequality." ''American Journal of Sociology'' (2000) 104:1597-1630. katika JSTOR * [[Gans, Herbert, J.]] [http://www.sociology.org.uk/as4p3.pdf • Gans, Herbert, J., "The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All",] Social Policy , Julai / Agosti 1971: uk. 20-24 * [[George, Abraham]], [http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4114&amp;specialid=1&amp;CFID=1824805&amp;CFTOKEN=37907590 Wharton Business School Publications - Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing: A Contrarian View] * Gordon, David M. ''. Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market Perspectives. '' 1972. * Haveman, Robert H. ''Poverty Policy and Poverty Research'' [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 1987. * John Iceland; ''Poverty in America : '' A Handbook University of California Press, 2003 * Alice O'Connor; ; "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era" Annual Review of Sciology , 2000 * Osberg, Lars, na Kuan Xu. "International Comparisons of Poverty Intensity: Index Decomposition and Bootstrap Inference. ''" The Journal of Human Resources'' 2000. 35:51-81. * Paugam, Serge. "Poverty and Social Exclusion: A Sociological View." Uk 41-62 katika ''The Future of European Welfare,'' imehaririwa na Martin Rhodes na Yves Meny, 1998. * [[Pressman, Steven]], ''Poverty in America: An Annotated Bibliography. '' University Press of America and Scarecrow Press, 1994 * Rothman, David J., (mhariri). "The Almshouse Experience", katika mfululizo ''Poverty,U.S.A The Historical Record '' 1971. ISBN 0-405-03092-4 * [[Amartya Sen;]] ''Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation'' Oxford University Press, 1982 * [[Amartya Sen.]] ''Development as Freedom'' (1999) * Smeeding, Timothy M., Michael O'Higgins, na Lee Rainwater ''Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective.'' Urban Institute Press 1990. * [[Stephen C. Smith]], ''Ending Global Poverty: A Guide to What Works,'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 * Triest, Robert K. ""Has Poverty Gotten Worse?" ''Journal of Economic Perspectives '' 1998. 12:97-114. * Frank, Ellen, [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0106dollar.html ''Dr. Dollar: How Is Poverty Defined in Government Statistics?'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0106dollar.html |date=20210227135926 }} [[Dollars &amp; Sense]], Januari / Februari 2006 * Bergmann, Barbara. [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300bergmann.html "Deciding Who's Poor" ,] [[Dollars &amp; Sense]], Machi / Aprili 2000 * {{Rejea kitabu |author=Babb, Sarah |title=Behind the Development Banks: Washington Politics, World Poverty, and the Wealth of Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/behinddevelopmen0000babb |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=9780226033655}} * Richard Wilson na Kate Pickett. "The Spirit Level", Allen Lane 2009 </div> ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Poverty}} * [http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html Disease control priorities project ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |date=20060406154431 }} Inachunguza faida za kiuchumi za kuanzisha huduma za afya * [http://hrw.org Human Rights Watch] Inachunguza unyanyasaji wa watu katika mataifa yanayoendelea duniani. * [http://www.lisproject.org Luxembourg Income Study] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lisproject.org/ |date=20051204101908 }} Ina takwimu nyingi kuhusu ukosefu wa usawa katika mapato na umaskini, na pa ina mamia ya makala ya uchunguzi yanayotumia takwimu hii. * [http://www.multinationalmonitor.org Multinational Monitor] Ripoti kuhusu mambo mabaya yanayofanywa na makampuni duniani. * [http://www.oecd.org Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] Ina ripoti kuhusu maendeleo ya kiuchumi na uhusiano kati ya mataifa tajiri na maskini. * [http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI)] {{Wayback|url=http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/ |date=20090316073018 }} uchunguzi kuendeleza mtazamo wa maendeleo ya binadamu kuhusu kupunguza umaskini. * [http://www.transparency.org Transparency International] Inachunguza matatizo ya serikali na ufisadi katika makampuni duniani. * [http://www.un.org/english United Nations] mamia ya ripoti za bure yanaohusiana na maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kiwango cha kuishi katika mataifa mbalimbali duniani, kama vile ''Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu'' inayotolewa kila ''mwaka.'' * [http://www.usaid.gov US Agency for International Development] USAID ndiyo shirika kuu ya serikali ya Amerika inayojishughulisha na kutoa misaada kwa mataifa yanayoendelea. * [http://www.worldbank.org/ World Bank] Ina mamia ya ripoti zinazoweza kupakuliwa bila malipo, kama vile Ripoti ya kila mwaka ya Maendeleo Duniani. * [http://www.wfp.org World Food Program] Ina uhusiano na Umoja wa Mataifa. Mpango wa Chakula Duniani hukusanya mamia ya ripoti kuhusu njaa na kuhakikisha kuwa kuna chakula cha kutosha duniani. * [http://www.bridgesofhope.ca Bridges of Hope International Network of Development Agencies Inc.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bridgesofhope.ca/ |date=20091128162630 }} * [http://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org/poverty Campaign to Reduce Poverty in America] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org/poverty |date=20081007023936 }} * [http://www.one.org The ONE Campaign] * [http://www.endpoverty2015.org/ The United Nations Millenium Campaign ] * [http://www.standagainstpoverty.org/ Stand Against Poverty ] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] hg2e8hsl7huohnnnj1mgwdscp0wimk0 0 33085 1601126 1600433 2026-09-25T13:28:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:Ballard Farmers' Market - vegetables.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Muuzaji]] [[mboga]] [[soko|sokoni]].]] '''Somo la uchumi''' ni [[sayansi ya jamii]] ambayo hutafiti [[uzalishaji]], [[usambazaji]], na matumizi ya [[bidhaa]] na [[huduma]]. [[Neno]] ''[[uchumi]]'' linatokana na [[kitenzi]] "kuchuma". [[Jina]] la [[Kiingereza]] ''economy'' linatokana na neno la [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ''oikonomia'' lenye maana ya "usimamizi wa kaya, utawala" (kutoka oikos, "nyumba" + nomos, "desturi" au "sheria"), kwa hiyo "sheria za nyumba (kaya)".<ref name="etymology">{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | authorlink = Douglas Harper | title = Online Etymology Dictionary&nbsp;— Economy | month = Novemba | year = 2001 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=economy | dateformat = mdy | accessdate=27 Oktoba 2007}}</ref> Aina za masomo ya kiuchumi ya kisasa zilizotokana na somo pana la uchumi wa kisiasa katika miaka ya mwisho ya karne ya 19, kutokana na matamanio ya kuchukua mwelekeo jarabati unaofaa zaidi sayansi za kiasilia.<ref name="Clark"> Clark, B. (1998). ''Kisiasa-uchumi: A Comparative strategi.'' Westport, CT: Preager.</ref> Ufafanuzi unaojumuisha mengi ya masomo ya kiuchumi ya kisasa ni ule wa [[Lionel Robbins]] katika insha yake: “Insha Juu ya Asili na Umuhimu wa Uchumi wa Kisayansi."<ref> {{cite book | last = Robbins | first = Lionel | authorlink = Lionel Robbins | title = An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science | publisher = Macmillan and Co., Limited | year = 1945 | location = London | url = http://www.mises.org/books/robbinsessay2.pdf|format=PDF}} s. 16</ref> Uhaba unamaanisha kuwa rasilimali zinazopatikana hazitoshelezi mahitaji yote. Ikiwa hakuna uhaba na kuna matumizi badala ya rasilimali zinazopatikana, basi hakuna shida ya kiuchumi. Hivyo somo lililofafanuliwa linahusu utafiti wa chaguzi kama vile zinavyobadilishwa na vishawishi na rasilimali. Somo la uchumi linalenga kufafanua vile uchumi hufanya kazi na vile viungo vya kiuchumi hufanya kazi pamoja. Uchambuzi wa kiuchumi huhusisha sehemu zote za jamii, katika biashara, fedha na serikali, na hata katika uhalifu,<ref> [[Friedman, Daudi D.]] (2002). [http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Enc/Crime.html "Uhalifu,"] ''The kortfattad Encyclopedia wa Uchumi.'' Ilitumiwa 31 Oktoba 2006. </ref> [[elimu]], [[familia]], [[afya]], [[sheria]], [[siasa]], dini,<ref>Iannaccone, Laurence R. (1998). "Utangulizi wa Uchumi wa Dini," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 36 (3), [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171833/http://www.religionomics.com/old/erel/S2-Archives/Iannaccone%20-%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf uk. 1465-1495..]</ref> [[taasisi za kijamii]], vita,<ref>[[Nordhaus, William D.]] (2002). "The Economic mshahara wa Vita na Iraq", katika ''Vita na Iraq: Gharama, mshahara, na Alternatives,'' [http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/AAAS_War_Iraq_2.pdf uk. 51-85.] {{Wayback|url=http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/AAAS_War_Iraq_2.pdf |date=20070202005510 }} American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Cambridge, MA. Accessed 21 Oktoba 2007.</ref> na [[sayansi.]]<ref>Arthur M. Diamond, Jr (2008). "sayansi, uchumi wa," [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' ]] 2nd Edition, Basingstoke na New York: [[Macmillan Palgrave.]] Pre-chapisho [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311140511/http://cba.unomaha.edu/faculty/adiamond/WEB/DiamondPDFs/PalgraveEconSci07.pdf cached ccpy.]</ref> Hoja inayoendelea kukua ya somo la kiuchumi katika sayansi ya kijamii imeelezwa kuwa ubeberu wa kiuchumi.<ref> [[Becker, Gary S.]] (1976). ''Approach ya Uchumi kwa Binadamu Behavior.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=iwEOFKSKbMgC&dq=%22The+Economic+Approach+to+Human+Behavior%22+Introduction&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Links] to arrow-page viewable sura. University of Chicago Press.</ref> Tofauti za kawaida huelezwa baina ya jinsi mbalimbali za somo la kiuchumi: baina ya uchumi chanya (kueleza “kile kilichoko”) na uchumi unaozidi kuongezeka (kueleza “kile kinachostahili kuwa”) au baina ya [[uchumi]] nadharia na uchumi wa kivitendo au baina ya uchumi uliotanda (ulio “halisi” unaojihusisha na “uwiano wa fikira-ubinafsi-msawazo”) na uchumi usio asilia (“badilishi” zaidi unaoshughulika na “uwiano wa taasisi-historia-muundo wa kijamii"<ref> Davis, John B. (2006 "Heterodox Uchumi, ya marknadsfragmentering ya Mainstream, na Wikipedia Individual Analysis," katika ''Future Directions in Heterodox Uchumi.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</ref>). Hata hivyo tofauti ya kimsingi ya kiada baina ya “uchumi wa kiwango cha chini” (microeconomics), ambao unaotafiti tabia ya kiuchumi ya viungo (pamoja na watu binafsi na makampuni) na “uchumi wa kiwango cha juu” (macroeconomics), ambao hushughulikia maswala ya ukosefu wa ajira, mfumuko wa bei, sera ya fedha na hazina kwa uchumi wote. ===Kuanguka kwa soko=== [[File:Smokestack in Detroit.jpg|right|thumb|Pollution can be a simple example of market failure. If costs of production are not borne by producers but are by the environment, accident victims or others, then prices are distorted.|alt = A smokestack ikitoa moshi]] Maneno “kuanguka kwa soko” hujumuisha matatizo kadha wa kadha ambayo hudhoofisha fikira za kawaida za kiuchumi. Ingawa wanauchumi huorodhesha kuanguka kwa soko katika makundi tofauti,<ref> Rej. Barr (2004) uk. 72-79, ambao orodha ya soko kwa kushindwa ni kushindwa melded dhana ya kiuchumi, ambayo ni (1) wazalishaji kama bei takers (yaani uwepo wa oligopoly au monopol; lakini kwa nini hili si bidhaa ya yafuatayo?) (2) sawa nguvu za walaji (kile ajira wanasheria wito wa usawa wa biashara nguvu) (3) kukamilisha masoko (4) mali ya umma (5) nje ya madhara (yaani externalities?) (6) kuongeza anarudi wadogo (yaani vitendo monopol) (7) kamilifu habari.</ref> makundi yafuatayo hupatikana kutokana na nakala kuu.<ref> Stiglitz (2000) Ch.4, inasema vyanzo vya kushindwa soko inaweza enumerated kama [[asili monopol, habari de skillnader, incomplete masoko, externalities]], hali [[nzuri ya umma]] na [[uchumi]] störningar.</ref> Makundi asili yanayotawala shughuli za soko, au dhana zinazoambatana za kundi tawala “tendaji” au “la ustadi”, huhusisha ulegevu wa ushindani katika kuthibiti wazalishaji. Tatizo hili huelezwa kama hali ambapo ikiwa bidhaa itaendelea kuzalishwa zaidi, basi mapato yanakuwa ya kiwango cha juu. Hii humaanishwa kuwa hali hii humfaidi tu mzalishaji mmoja. Kutolingana kwa habari hutokea pale kikundi kimoja kina maelezo zaidi au bora zaidi kuliko kingine. Kuwepo kwa kutolingana kwa habari huzua matatizo kama shida za kimaadili, na uteuzi mbaya, ambayo hutafitiwa katika nadharia ya mkataba. Uchumi wa habari hufungamana na maswala mengi, ambayo ni pamoja na fedha, bima na sheria ya mkataba, na maamuzi chini ya hali za hatari na ukosefu wa uhakika.<ref>Lippman, SS, na JJ McCall (2001). "Habari, Uchumi wa," [[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,|''International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,'' ]] uk. 7480-7486. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KS&_rdoc=16&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=748a6fddc8a0c1b70f58f6d282af81fd Abstract.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KS&_rdoc=16&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=748a6fddc8a0c1b70f58f6d282af81fd |date=20080926130228 }}</ref> Masoko yasiyokamilika ni jina ambalo hutumika katika hali ambapo wanunuzi na wauzi hawana habari ya kutosha kuhusu hali ya mwingine ilikuweza kuweka bei ya bidhaa au kutoa huduma ipasavyo. Huku kikitokana na makala ya George Akerlof ya Market for Lemons, kiolezo cha kutoa mfano ni kile cha soko yenye hila ya magari yaliyotumika. Wateja wasiokuwa na uwezo wa kujua iwapo wananunua “limau” watasukuma bei ya wastani chini zaidi kuliko ile bei inayostahili kwa ya gari nzuri iliyotumika. Kwa njia hii, bei inaweza kutoonyesha thamani ya kweli. Bidhaa za umma ni bidhaa ambazo zina uhaba katika soko la kawaida. Jinsi za kutambua hali hii ni kuwa watu wanaweza kutumia bidhaa hizi pasi na kuzilipia na kuwa zaidi ya mtu mmoja anaweza kutumia bidhaa hii kwa wakati mmoja. Vipengele vya nje huzuka pale ambapo kuna gharama au faida za juu za kijamii kutoka kwa uzalishaji au utumiaji ambavyo havidhihiriki katika bei za soko. Kwa mfano, uchafuzi wa hewa unaweza kuzua kipengele cha nje kisichofaa, na elimu inaweza kuzua kipengele cha nje kilicho na manufaa (kupungua kwa uhalifu, na kadhalika.). Serikali mara nyingi hulipisha kodi kwa na kuweka vizuizi kwa bidhaa zilizo na vepengele vya nje visivyofaa katika jitihada za kurekebisha mwenendo wa bei unaosababishwa na vipengel hivi vya nje.<ref> [[Laffont, JJ]] (1987). "Externalities", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk 263-65.</ref> Nadharia ya kimsingi ya mahitaji-na-ugavi hutabiri msawazo lakini si kasi ya urekebishaji wa mabadiliko ya msawazo kutokana na mabadiliko katika mahitaji na ugavi.<ref>[[Blaug, Marko]] (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics". ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica'' v. 27, uk 347. Chicago. ISBN 0852294239</ref> Katika sehemu nyingi, aina fulani ya utobadilikaji wa bei hukubalika ili kueleza sababu ya viwango, na wala si bei, na kurekebisha kwa muda mfupi mabadiliko katika upande wa mahitaji au ule wa ugavi. Hii hujumuisha uchambuzi wa kawaida wa maisha ya biashara katika somo la uchumi wa kiwango cha juu. Uchambuzi mara nyingi huhusisha sababu za kutobadilika huku kwa bei na athari zake katika kufikia msawazo unaokisiwa kwa muda mrefu. Mifano ya kutobadilika kwa bei katika masoko fulani ni pamoja na viwango vya marupurupu katika soko la ajira na bei zilizowekwa katika masoko ambayo hayana ushindani kamili. Ukosefu wa kuimarika kwa uchumi wa kiwango cha juu, unaozungumziwa hapa chini, ni chanzo muhimu cha kuanguka kwa soko, ambapo kupotea kwa uthabiti wa biashara kwa ujumla au mshtuko wan je unaweza kusitisha uzalishaji na usambazaji, na hivyo kudhoofisha masoko ambayo yalikuwa yameimarika hapo awali. Baadhi ya masomo yaliyochanganuliwa ya kiuchumi hushughulika na kuanguka kwa masoko kuliko mengine. Uchumi wa sekta ya umma ni mfano mmoja, kwani iwapo masoko huanguka, basi aina fulani ya uthibiti au mpango wa serikali ndilo jibu. Nyingi za chumi za kimazingira huhusisha vipengele vya nje au “mabaya ya umma". Aina za sera hujumuisha vithibiti ambavyo huonyesha uchambuzi wa gharama-faida au ufumbuzi wa masoko ambao hubadili motisha, kama vile ada za uchafuzi wa mazingira au udhihirishaji upya wa haki za kumiliki mali.<ref> Kneese, Allen K., na Clifford S. Russell (1987). "Environmental Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 159-64.</ref><ref> Samuelson, Paulo A., na [[William D. Nordhaus]] (2004). ''Economics,'' ch. 18, "kulinda mazingira." McGraw-Hill.</ref> ===Makampuni=== [[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|right| In Virtual Markets, buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information. Pictured: São Paulo Stock Exchange.|alt = watu wawili kukaa saa kompyuta wachunguzi na taarifa ya fedha]] Mojawapo ya fikira kuhusu masoko yaliyo na ushindani kamili ni kuwa kunao wazalishaji wengi, hamna baina yao anayeweza kushawishi mabadiliko ya bei wala kufanya kazi pasi na kuzingatia masharti ya soko. Hata hivyo, katika hali halisi, watu hawafanyi biashara tu kwa soko, huwa wanafanya kazi na kuzalisha katika makampuni. Aina za makampuni ni mashirika, ubia na amana. Kwa mujibu wa Ronald Coase, watu huanza kupanga uzalishaji wao katika makampuni wakati gharama za kufanya biashara huwa za chini kuliko wakati wafanyapo shughuli hizi sokoni.<ref> Coase, [[asili ya Firm|''asili ya Firm'' ]] (1937)</ref> Makampuni hujumuisha kazi na mtaji, na zinaweza kupata faida nyingi zaidi za upanuzi ( wakati kuzalisha vitu viwili zaidi ni nafuu zaidi kuliko kuzalisha kitu kimoja) kuliko kufanya biashara ya kitu kimoja katika soko. Uchumi wa ajira hutafuta kuelewa utendakazi wa soko na mienendo ya ajira. Masoko ya ajira hufanya kazi kupitia kwa mwingiliano wa wafanyakazi na waajiri. Uchumi wa ajira huangalia watoaji wa huduma za kazi (wafanyakazi), wanaohitaji huduma za kazi (waajiri), na juhudi za kuelewa mifumo inayotokea ya marupurupu na mapato mengine kutokana na kazi na ya ajira na ukosefu wa ajira. Matumizi halisi ni pamoja na kusaidia katika ubuni wa utumizi kamili wa sera.<ref> [[Freeman, RB]] (1987). "Kazi Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk. 72-76.</ref> Mpagilio wa viwanda hutafiti tabia za mikakati ya makampuni, miundo ya soko na maingiliano yao. Miundo ya kawaida ya masoko iliyotafitiwa ni pamoja na ushindani kamili, ushindani ulio na kundi moja lililo na sehemu kubwa ya shughuli za soko, na aina nyingi ya makundi kadhaa yanayomiliki sehemu kubwa ya soko, na kundi moja linalomiliki sehemu kubwa ya soko.<ref> Schmalensee, Richard (1987). "Viwanda Organization", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 803-808.</ref> Uchumi wa kifedha, huitwao mara nyingi fedha, hushughulika na ugavi wa rasilimali za kifedha katika mazingira ambayo hayana uhakika (au yaliyo na hatari fulani). Kwa hivyo, zingatio lake ni katika utendakazi wa masoko ya kifedha, uwekaji wa gharama katika vifaa vya kiuchumi, na miundo ya kifedha ya makampuni.<ref> [[Ross, Stephen A.]] (1987). "Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 322-26.</ref> Uchumi wa usimamizi hulinganisha uchambuzi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini na maamuzi maalumu katika makampuni ya biashara au vitengo vya usimamizi. Uchumi huu hutegemea sana sana na mbinu za kujumuisha wingi kama vile utafiti wa utendakazi na utaratibishaji na kutoka kwa mbinu za takwimu kama vile uchambuzi wa kuridi nyuma katika hali ya ukosefu wa uhakika na habari kamilifu. Hoja ya kuunganisha ni jaribio la kuimarisha ufanisi wa maamuzi ya kibiashara, ikiwemo kupunguza iwezekanavyo kwa bei ya kitengo na kuongeza iwezekanavyo kwa faida, kulingana na malengo ya kampuni na vikwazo vinavyotokana na teknolojia na hali ya soko.<ref> NA (2007). "usimamizi uchumi". {{cite book | title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica| date=| pages=v. 7, p. 757| publisher=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica| location=Chicago| isbn=0852294239}}</ref><ref> Hughes, Alan (1987). "Usimamizi Capitalism", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 293-96.</ref> ===Sekta ya umma=== Fedha za umma ni sehemu ya uchumi ambayo hushughulika na ubuni wa bajeti ya mapato na matumizi ya kitengo cha sekta ya umma, kwa kawaida serikali. Mada hii hushughulikia maswala kama vile malipo ya ushuru (ni nani hasa analipa ushuru fulani), uchambuzi wa gharama-faida wa mipango ya serikali, athari juu ya ufanisi wa kiuchumi na ugavi wa mapato katika aina tofauti za matumizi na ushuru, na siasa za kifedha. Jambo hili la mwisho, ambalo ni kipengele cha nadharia ya chaguo ya umma, hubuni tabia ya sekta ya umma kama mfano wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, unaohusisha maingiliano ya wapiga kura wanaojali maslahi yao wenyewe, wanasiasa, na wafanyakazi wa serikali au mashirika mengine.<ref> [[Musgrave, RA]] (1987). "Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk. 1055-60.</ref> Wingi wa uchumi ni wa manufaa, kwani hutafuta kueleza na kutabiri matukio ya kiuchumi. Uchumi wa kuamua thamani (normative economics) hujihusisha na kubaini lililo zuri au baya kiuchumi. Uchumi wa ustawi ni tawi la uchumi wa kuamua thamani unaotumia ustadi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini ili kubainisha kwa wakati huo huo ufanisi wa ugavi katika uchumi na ugavi wa mapato unaohusishwa nao. Huwa unajaribu kupima ustawi wa jamii kwa kuchunguza shughuli za kiuchumi za watu wanaobuni jamii.<ref> Feldman, Allan M. (1987). "Ustawi Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 889-95.</ref> ==Uchumi wa kiwango cha juu== [[File:Circulation in macroeconomics.svg|thumb|250px|A depiction of the circular flow of income|alt = A graph depicting "Mzunguko katika Microeconomics"]] Uchumi wa kiwango cha juu huchunguza uchumi mzima ilikueleza mikusanyiko mipana na mwingiliano wao “kutoka juu hadi chini,” yaani, kwa kutumia aina iliyorahisishwa ya nadharia ya msawazo wa ujumla.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "Social Sciences De: Economics," ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 345.</ref> Mikusanyiko kama hiyo ni pamoja na mapato na mazao ya kitaifa, kiwango cha ukosefu wa ajira, na mfumuko wa bei na mikusanyiko midogo kama jumla ya matumizi na matumizi ya uwekezaji na vipengele vyake. Somo hili hutafiti pia athari za sera ya hazina na sera ya kifedha. Tangu angalau miaka ya 1960, uchumi wa kiwango cha juu umekuwa na ujumuishaji zaidi na hivyo kuwa na sekta za aina ya uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, ikiwemo uwiano wa akili wa washikadau, utumiaji wa ufanisi wa habari ya soko, na ushindani usio kamilifu.<ref> [[Ng, Yew-Kwang]] (1992). "Biashara kujiamini na Kuzuia Unyogovu: A Mesoeconomic Perspective," ''American Economic Review'' 82 (2), uk. 365-371. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28199205%2982%3A2%3C365%3ABCADPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage ]</ref> Jambo hili huzungumzia wasiwasi wa muda mrefu juu ya ukosefu wa uthabiti katika maendeleo ya mada hiyo hiyo.<ref> Howitt, Peter M. (1987). "Uchumi: Uhusiano na Microeconomics". {{cite book | title=[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]], pp. 273–76| publisher=Macmillan and Stockton| location=London and New York| isbn=0-333-37235-2 | author=edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman. | year=1987}}</ref> Uchambuzi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha juu huzingatia vipengele vinavyoathiri kiwango cha muda mrefu na ukuaji wa mapato ya kitaifa. Vipengele kama hivyo ni pamoja na ukusanyaji wa mtaji, mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia na ukuaji idadi ya wafanyakazi.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics," uchumi, ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 349.</ref><ref> Blanchard, Olivier Jean (1987). "Neoclassical sammanfattande", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 634-36.</ref> ===Ukuaji=== [[File:Gdp real growth rate 2007 CIA Factbook.PNG|thumb|300px|World map showing GDP real growth rates for 2008|alt = A dunia ramani na nchi mwekundu katika vivuli tofauti ya machungwa]] ''Uchumi wa ukuaji '' hutafiti vipengele vinavyoeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi – ongezeko la pembejeo kwa kila mkazo wa nchi katika muda mrefu. Vipengele hivyo hivyo hutumika kueleza tofauti katika ''kiwango'' cha mapato kwa mtu ''baina ya'' nchi, hasa kwa nini baadhi ya nchi hukua kwa kasi kuliko zingine, na ikiwa nchi hukutana katika viwango sawa vya ukuaji. Vipengele vilivyochunguzwa zaidi ni pamoja na viwango cha uwekezaji, ukuaji wa idadi ya watu, na mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia. Vipengele hivi huwakilishwa katika namna ya nadharia au ujarabati (kama ilivyo katika miundo ya urasimimpya na ukuaji wa kindani) na katika ukuaji wa uhasibu.<ref>Samuelson, Paulo A., na William D. Nordhaus (2004). [[Uchumi,|''Uchumi,'']] ch. 27, "The Mchakato wa ukuaji wa kiuchumi" McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-287205-5.</ref><ref> [[Uzawa, H.]] (1987). "Models wa Kukuza Uchumi", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 483-89.</ref> ===Mzunguko wa Biashara=== Uchumi wa unyogofu ndio ulikuwa kichocheo cha ubuni wa “uchumi wa kiwango cha juu” kama kitengo tofauti cha somo la uchumi. Wakati wa Unyogofu Mkuu wa miaka ya 1930, John Maynard Keynes aliandika kitabu kiitwacho ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'' ambacho kiliorodhesha nadharia muhumu za uchumi wa Keneshia. Keynes alishikilia kuwa mahitaji ya jumla kwa bidhaa yanaweza kutotosha katika nyakati za kurudi nyuma katika ukuaji wa kiuchumi, huku matokeo yake yakiwa ni ukosefu wa ajira wa kiwango cha juu sana na ukosefu wa mapato yaliyokisiwa. Kwa hiyo alitetea kuwekwa kwa sera tendaji na sekta ya umma, kukiwemo kuwekwa kwa sera ya hazina na benki kuu na kuwekwa kwa sera ya kifedha na serikali ili kuimarisha mapato katika muda wa mzunguko wa biashara.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sullivan | first = arthur | authorlink = Arthur O' Sullivan | coauthors = Steven M. Sheffrin | title = Economics: Principles in action | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 2003 | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 | pages = 396 | url = https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061 | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-13-063085-3 | access-date = 2021-02-24 | archive-date = 2016-12-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220014709/https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kwa hivyo, hitimisho muhimu la uchumi wa Keneshia ni kuwa, katika hali fulani, hakuna ustadi wa moja kwa moja unaosogeza mapato na ajira kuelekea viwango vya uwepo wa ajira kwa wafanyakazi wote. [[Muundo wa John Hicks wa IS/LM umekuwa ndiyo tafsiri yenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa Nadharia ya Kiujumla.|Muundo wa John Hicks wa IS/LM umekuwa ndiyo tafsiri yenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa ''Nadharia ya Kiujumla.'' ]] Jinsi miaka imeendelea kupita, ndivyo kueleweka kwa mzunguko wa biashara kumegawika katika matawi mbalimbali ya mawazo, yanayohusika na au kutofautiana na Ukeneshia. [[]]Muhtasari wa urasimimpya huashiria mapatano ya uchumi wa Keneshia na ule wa urasimimpya, huku ukisema kuwa Ukeneshia unafaa katika muda mfupi, huku uchumi ukifuata nadharia ya urasimimpya katika muda mrefu. Mfumo wa Mpya wa urasimi hukosoa maoni ya Keneshia juu ya mzunguko wa kibiashara. Unahitimisha kuwa dhana ya Friedman ya mapato ya kudumu juu ya matumizi, “mageuzi ya matarajio yaendayo na mawazo"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705024756/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/files/faculty/40_Macroeconomist_as_Scientist.pdf The Statesman na Macroeconomist kama Mhandisi,] Gregory Mankiw, Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard, Mei 2006</ref> yaliyoongozwa na Robert Lucas, na nadharia ya mzunguko halisi wa biashara. Kwa kinyume, mfumo Mpya wa Keneshia hushikilia matarajio ya kimawazo, ingawa hushikilia aina mbalimbali za kuanguka kwa masoko. Ukeneshia Mpya hasa hushikilia kuwa bei na marupurupu “havibadiliki”, kumaanisha kuwa havibadiliki moja kwa moja kulingana na hali ya kiuchumi. Kwa hivyo, urasimi mpya hushikilia kuwa bei na marupurupu hufikia ajira kwa kila mtu moja kwa moja, huku Wakeneshia wapya huona ajira kwa watu wote ikifikiwa tu baada ya muda mrefu, na hivyo kuhitaji sera za serikali na benki kuu kwa sababu “muda mrefu” haupo mbali sana. ===Mfumuko wa bei na sera ya kifedha=== [[File:BMC 06.jpg|thumb|right|A 640 BCE one-third stater electrum coin from Lydia, shown larger. One of the first standardized coins.|alt = mbele na nyuma ya sarafu. A kiumbe's kichwa ni juu ya mbele.]] [[Pesa]] ni ''njia ya malipo ya mwisho '' ya bidhaa katika mingi ya mifumo ya bei na kitengo cha akaunti ambacho hutumika kwa kawaida kwa kuweka bei. Hujumuisha sarafu ambazo zinashukiliwa na umma usio benki na amana ambazo zinaweza kulipwa na pesa. Mfumo huu umeelezwa kuwa mkataba wa kijamii, kama lugha, inayofaa mmoja kwa sababu inawafaa wengine. Kama chombo cha ubadilishanaji, pesa huwezesha biashara. Kazi yake ya kiuchumi inaweza kutofautishwa na ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa (ubadilishanaji ambao hauhusishi pesa). Huku kukiwa na aina tofauti tofauti za bidhaa zilizozalishwa na wazalishaji maalum, ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa unaweza kuhitaji bahati mara dufu ambayo ni ngumu kupata kulingana na vitu vya kubadilisha, kwa mfano tufaha na kitabu. Pesa inaweza kupunguza gharama ya ubadilishanaji kwa sababu ya kukubalika kwake kwa urahisi. Hivyo, huwa ni nafuu zaidi kwa muuzaji kukubali pesa katika ubadilishanaji, kuliko mazao ambayo mnunuzi huzalisha.<ref> [[Tobin, James]] (1992). "Pesa" (Money kama Social Institution na Utawala wa Umma), ''The New Palgrave Dictionary wa Fedha na Money,'' v. 2, uk. 770-71.</ref> Katika kiwango cha uchumi, nadharia na ushahidi vinalingana sawa sawa na uhusiano wa manufaa unaotoka kwa jumla ya usambazaji wa pesa kelekea kwa bei ya siku hiyo na jumla ya mapato na kiwango cha bei ya kawaida. Kwa sababu hii, usimamizi wa usambazaji wa pesa ni kipengele muhimu cha sera ya kifedha.<ref> [[Milton Friedman]] (1987). "Quantity Nadharia ya Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 15-19.</ref><ref> Samuelson, Paulo A., na William D. Nordhaus (2004). ''Uchumi,'' ch. 2, "Money: The Lubroicant ya Exchange" sehemu, ch. 33, TIN. 33-3.</ref> ===Sera ya hazina na uratibishaji=== Uhasibu wa kitaifa ni mbinu ya kujumlisha mkusanyiko wa shughuli za kibiashara katika taifa. Akaunti za taifa ni mifumo ya uhasibu ya ncha mbili za kuweka hesabu ambayo hutoa hatua za kiundani zilizo na maelezo bayana kama hayo. Akaunti hizi ni pamoja na akaunti za kitaifa za mapato na bidhaa (NIPA), ambazo hutoa makadirio ya thamani ya pesa ya mazao na mapato kwa mwaka au robo. NIPA huruhusu kufuatilia kwa utendakazi wa uchumi na vipengele vyake kupitia kwa mizunguko ya kibiashara au katika vipindi virefu zaidi. Takwimu za bei zinaweza kuruhusu kutofautisha kwa bei ya siku kutoka kwa bei halisi, yaani, kurekebisha jumla ya pesa kwa mabadiliko ya bei kupitia vipindi vya nyakati.<ref> Usher, D. (1987), "Real Mapato", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk 104.</ref><ref> [[Sen, Amartya]] (1979), "The Ustawi Msingi wa Real Mapato Linganisho: A Survey," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 17 (1), p [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28197903%2917%3A1%3C1%3ATWBORI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage s. 1-45.]</ref> Akaunti za kitaifa hujumuisha pia kipimo cha mitaji ya hisa, utajiri wa taifa, na mtiririko wa mtaji wa kimataifa.<ref name="Ruggles"> Ruggles, Nancy D. (1987), "Social Accounting". {{cite book | title=[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] | pages=v. 3, 377| publisher=Macmillan and Stockton| location=London and New York| isbn=0-333-37235-2 | author=edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman. | year=1987}}</ref> ==Uchumi wa kimataifa== Biashara ya kimataifa hutafiti vigezo vya mtiririko wa bidhaa-na-huduma kupitia mipaka ya kimataifa. Hushughulika pia ukubwa na usambazaji wa faida kutoka kwa biashara. Utendakazi wa sera hujumuisha kukisiwa kwa kubadilika kwa viwango vya ushuru na sehemu ya haki ya kibiashara. Fedha ya kimataifa ni kitengo cha uchumi wa kiwango cha juu kinachodadisi mtiririko wa mtaji kupitia mipaka ya kimataifa, na athari za mabadiliko katika viwango vya ubadilishaji. Kuongezeka biashara ya bidhaa, huduma na mtaji baina ya nchi ni athari kuu ya utandawazi wa leo.<ref> Anderson, James E. (2008). "Nadharia ya Biashara ya Kimataifa", [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.'' ]]''[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000263&q=international%20economics&topicid=&result_number=14 Abstract.]'' </ref><ref>Venables, A. (2001), "International Trade: Economic Integration," [[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,|International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & ''Behavioral,'' ]] ''uk. 7843-7848.'' ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KT&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000136&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000136&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=47bbf40341b26c67ef404dffbbba46a8. Abstract.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KT&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000136&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000136&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=47bbf40341b26c67ef404dffbbba46a8. |date=20080926171815 }}''</ref><ref> Obstfeld, Maurice (2008). "Kimataifa ya Fedha", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ''Edition.'' ''[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000169&q=international%20finance&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]'' </ref> [[File:GDP PPP Per Capita IMF 2008.png|thumb|300px|World map showing GDP (PPP) per capita.|alt = A dunia ramani na nchi mbalimbali colored colors.]] Kitengo tofauti cha ''[[uchumi wa ustawi]]'' huchunguza vipengele vya uchumi vilivyo katika mchakato wa ustawi katika nchi zilizo na mapato ya chini huku kikizingatia kwa ubadilishaji wa mifumo, ufukara, na ukuaji wa uchumi. Mielekeo katika uchumi wa ustawi mara nyingi hujumuisha vipengele vya kijamii na vya kisiasa.<ref> Kengele, Clive (1987). "Maendeleo ya Uchumi", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] V. 1, uk. 818-26.</ref><ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics," Kukuza Uchumi na maendeleo, ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 351. Chicago.</ref> Mifumo ya kiuchumi ni tawi la uchumi linalotafiti mbinu na taasisi ambazo jamii hutumia kubaini umiliki, usimamizi, na ugavi wa rasilimali za kiuchumi. ''Mfumo'' wa ''kiuchumi'' wa jamii ni kitengo cha utafiti. Katika mifumo ya kisasa katika nchi tofauti za upindi wa uratibishaji ni mifumo ya kisoshialisti na kikapitalisti, ambako wingi wa uzalishaji hutokea katika mashirika yanayosimamiwa na serikali na yale ya kibinafsi mtawalia. Baina ya makundi haya mawili kunao chumi zilizochanganyika. Jambo linalotokea katika makundi haya yote ni mwingiliano vishawishi vya kiuchumi na kisiasa, ambavyo huelezwa kwa upana kuwa uchumi wa kisiasa. ''[[Mifumo linganifu ya kiuchumi]]'' hutafiti utendakazi na tabia ya chumi au mifumo tofauti.<ref> [[Heilbroner, Robert Yale]] na Peter J. Boettke (2007). "Uchumi Systems", ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' aya ya 17, uk. 908-15.</ref><ref> NA (2007). "mfumo wa kiuchumi," ''Encyclopaedia Britannica online'' kortfattad Encyclopedia [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9363397 entry.]</ref> ==Uchumi katika utekelezi== Uchumi wa sasa uliotanda, kama kitengo rasmi cha mifano cha hisabati, unaweza pia kuitwa uchumi wa kihisabati.<ref name="Colander2007"></ref> Uchumi huu hutegemea vifaa vya masomo ya kihisabati ya calculus, linear algebra, takwimu, nadharia ya bahati, na sayansi ya kompyuta.<ref> [[Debreu, Gerard]] (1987). "Mathematical Economics", ''The [[New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]'' v. 3, uk. 401-03.</ref> Wanauchumi wa kitaalamu hutarajiwa kujua vifaa hivi, ingawa wanauchumi wote huwa na utaalamu, na baadhi yao huwa wataalamu wa uchumikihisabati na mbinu za kihisabati huku wengine wakiwa wataalamu katika vitengo vingine ambavyo havina hesabu nyingi. Wanauchumi wa mfumo wa heterodox hutilia hisabati msisitizo mchache, na baadhi ya wanauchumi wa kihistoria, wakiwemo Adam Smith na Joseph Schumpeter, hawajakuwa wanahisabati. Mawazo ya kiuchumi huhusisha ujuzi wa akili kuhusu dhana za kiuchumi, na wanauchumi hujaribu kuchambua hadi pale wanagundua matokeo ambayo hayakutarajiwa. ===Nadharia=== Nadharia ya uchumi iliyotanda hutegemea mifumo ya kiuchumi ya kihisabati ambayo haitegemei uzoevu, ambayo hutumia dhana kadha wa kadha. Nadharia huendelea mbele na wazo la ''[[vipengele vingine vikibaki vilivyo]],'' ambalo humaanisha kumudu vipengele vingine jinsi vilivyo ila kile kimoja kinachozingatiwa. Katika kubuni nadharia, lengo ni kupata zile ambazo kwa uchache ni rahisi kwa matakwa ya habari, sahihi zaidi katika utabiri wake, na za faida kubwa katika uzalishaji wa utafiti zaidi kuliko nadharia zilizokuwepo awali.<ref> [[Milton Friedman]] (1953). [["The Methodolojia wa Positive Uchumi,"]] ''Insha katika Positive Economics,'' University of Chicago Press, uk 10.</ref> Katika uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, dhana kuu ni pamoja na ugavi na mahitaji, upembezoni, nadharia ya chaguo la kutokana na mawazo, gharama ya fursa, vikwazo vya kibajeti, utumiaji na nadharia ya kampuni.<ref> Boland, Lawrence A. (1987). "Methodolojia", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 455-58.</ref><ref name="Dissension"> {{cite journal | author=Frey, Bruno S., Werner W. Pommerehne, Friedrich Schneider, and Guy Gilbert. | title=Consensus and Dissension Among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry| journal=American Economic Review| year=1984| volume=74| issue=5|pages= p[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002–8282%28198412%2974%3A5%3C986%3ACADAEA%3E2.0.CO%3B2–E&size=LARGE p. 986–994] }} Accessed on 2007/03/17.</ref> [[Mifumo ya mapema ya uchumi wa kiwango cha juu ilizinhatia kubuni uhusiano baina ya vipengele jumuishi, lakini kwa vile uhusiano ulionekana kubadilika katika wakati wanauchumi walishurutishwa kutumia wakfu za kiwango cha chini kama msingi wa mifumo yao.]] Dhana za uchumi wa kiwango cha chini ambazo zimekwishatajwa huwa na nafasi muhimu katika mifumo ya uchumi wa kiwango cha juu – kwa mfano, katika nadharia ya kifedha, nadharia ya viwango ya pesa hutabiri kuwa kuongezeka katika usambazaji wa pesa huongeza mfumuko wa bei, na mfumuko wa bei hufikiriwa kushawishika na matarajio ya kifikira. Katika uchumi wa ustawi, ukuaji wa polepole katika mataifa yanayostawi unetabiriwa mara nyingine kwa sababu ya kupungua kwa mapato ya pembezoni kutoka kwa uwekezaji na mtaji, na hali hii imeonekana katika mataifa manne ya Kiasia yajulikanayo kama Four Asian Tigers. Mara nyingine dhana ya kiuchumi huwa tu ni ya ''[[kueleza jinsi ya kitu]]'' na wala si ya ''kihisabati.'' <ref> Quirk, James (1987). "Kvalitativa Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 1-3.</ref> Maonyesho ya kubainisha fikira za kiuchumi mara nyingi hutumia michoro ya pande mbili ili kuonyesha husiano za kinadharia. Katika kiwango cha juu cha ujumuishaji, maandishi ya Paul Samuelson ''[[Foundations of Economic Analysis]]'' (1947) yalitumia mbinu za kihisabati kueleza nadharia, hasa jinsi ya kuweka kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi uhusiano wa kitabia wa vipengele tekelezi ili kufikia msawazo. Kitabu hicho kilizingatia kuchunguza kundi la taarifa lijulikanalo kama ''semi za kinadharia zenye maana katika utekelezi'' katika uchumi, ambazo ni semi za kinadharia ambazo zinaweza kupingwa na takwimu za ujarabati.<ref name="Foundations">{{cite book | title=[[Foundations of Economic Analysis]], Enlarged Edition| last=Samuelson| first=Paul A.| authorlink=Paul Samuelson| date=1947, 1983| pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofeco0000samu/page/4 4]| publisher=Harvard University Press| location=Boston| isbn=978–0674313019}}</ref> ===Utafiti wa ujarabati=== Nadharia za kiuchumi mara nyingi huchunguzwa kijarabati, sanasana kwa kutumia uchumukihisabati kutumia takwimu za kiuchumi.<ref> Hashem, M. Pesaren (1987). "Econometrics," [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 2, uk 8.</ref> Majaribio ya kuthibitiwa yanayopatikana sanasana katika sayansi za kiasili ni magumu na hayapatikana sana katika somo la kiuchumi<ref>sannolikheten, econometrics na ukweli: kwa njia ya econometrics By Hugo A. Keuzenkamp Published by Cambridge University Press, 2000 ISBN 0521553598, 9780521553599 Kurasa 312, ukurasa wa 13: "... katika uchumi, ni nadra kudhibitiwa majaribio na majaribio kudhibitiwa reproducible hata hivyo zaidi ..."</ref>,na badala yake takwimu za upana hutafitiwa kwa kufanyiwa uchunguzi; aina hii ya uchunguzi huonekana na wengi kuwa rahisi kuliko ile ya majaribio ya kuthibitiwa, na mahitimisho huwa kwa kawaida yasiyo na uhakika kamili. Idadi ya sheria zilizovumbuliwa na somo la kiuchumi ni ya chini ikilinganishwa na ile ya sayansi asilia.{{citation needed|date=Juni 2009}} Mbinu za kutumia takwimu kama vile uchambuzi wa kurudi nyuma ni za kawaida. Watekelezaji hutumia mbinu kama hizo kukisia ukubwa, umuhimu wa kiuchumi, na umuhimu wa takwimu (“nguvu za ishara”) za mahusiano yaliyokisiwa na kuratibisha kelele kutoka kwa vipengele vingine. Kwa njia hiyo, dhana inaweza kukubaliwa, ingawa kwa jinsi ya makisio na wala si uhakika. Kukubalika hutegemea dhana zinazoweza kuwekewa uongo ambazo zilimudu majaribio. Utumiaji wa mbinu zinazokubalika kwa kawaida hauna haja ya kutoa hitimisho la mwisho. Au hata makubaliano juu ya swala fulani, ikiwa lilikuwa na majaribio tofauti, takwimu tofauti, na imani za awali. Ukosoaji unaolenga viwango vya kitaalamu na ukosefu wa kufanana katika matokeo huwa ni masharti zaidi dhidi ya uonevu, upotovu, na ujumuisha wa kiwango cha juu mno,<ref name="Dissension"></ref><ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics" (Utaratibu wa inference na kupima nadharia), ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 347.</ref> ingawa wingi wa utafiti wa kiuchumi umekosolewa kwa ukosefu wa kufanana katika matokeo, na nakala za kifahari zimekosolewa kwa kutowezesha urudiaji wa matokeo yaliyofanana kwa kutoa nambari za kificho na takwimu.<ref name="McCullough2007">{{cite journal | author = McCullough, B.D. | year = 2007 | title = Got Replicability | journal = The Journal of Money, Banking and Credit Archive. Econ Journal Watch | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 326–337 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/McCulloughAbstractSeptember2007.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-07 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054132/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/McCulloughAbstractSeptember2007.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kama ilivyo katika nadharia, matumizi ya takwimu za majaribio huwa yamefunguka yenyewe kwa uchambuzi wa kukosolewa,<ref> Kennedy, Peter (2003). ''A Guide to Econometrics,'' 5th ed., "Amri Kumi 21.2 ya Applied Econometrics," uk. 390-96 [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=B8I5SP69e4kC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&ots=w8xiZdkYWb&sig=_YKfXmJbK4-F3H4zsMl8N-U5BGo#PRA1-PA390,M1 (Sammandrag).]</ref><ref> McCloskey, Deirdre N. na Stephen T. Ziliak (1996). "The Standard Error ya Regressions," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 34 (1), uk. [http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/docs/pdf/Article_189.pdf 97-114.] </ref><ref>Hoover, Kevin D., na Marko V. Siegler (2008). "Sauti na hasira na McCloskey Testing Maana katika Uchumi," ''Journal of Economic Methodolojia,'' 15 (1), uk. 1-37 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204129/http://129.3.20.41/econ-wp/em/papers/0511/0511018.pdf (2005 prepubication Programme).] Reply ya McCloskey na Ziliak na rejoinder, uk. 39-68.</ref> ingawa ufafanuzi muhimu wa nakala juu ya uchumi katika jedwali za kifahari kama vile ''[[American Economic Review]]'' umepungua kwa kiwango kikubwa katika miaka 40 iliyopita.<ref name="Coelho2005">{{cite journal | author = Coelho, P.R.P. | coauthors = De Worken-eley Iii, F.; McClure, J.E. | year = 2005 | title = Decline in Critical Commentary, 1963–2004 | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 355–361 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoelhoetalAbstractAugust2005.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-10 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054129/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoelhoetalAbstractAugust2005.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> .[116] Jambo hili limehusishwa na motisha ya majedwali ya kutaka kuongeza nukuu ili kuorodheshwa katika nafasi nzuri kwenye Fahirisi ya Nukuu za Sayansi ya Kijamii - Social Science Citation Index (SSCI).<ref name="Whaples2006">{{cite journal | author = Whaples, R. | year = 2006 | title = The Costs of Critical Commentary in Economics Journals | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 275–282 | url = http://ideas.repec.org/a/ejw/volone/2006275-282.html | accessdate = 2008-06-10 | archive-date = 2008-01-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080129025046/http://ideas.repec.org/a/ejw/volone/2006275-282.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Katika uchumi tekelezi, mifumo ya pembejeo na mapato itumiayo mbinu za utaratibishaji wa kunyooka (linear programming) ni ya kawaida mno. Viwango vikubwa vya takwimu hupitishwa katika mipangilio ya kompyuta ili kuchambua matokeo ya sera fulani; IMPLAN ni mfano mmoja maarufu. Uchumi wa majaribio umeimarisha utumiaji wa majaribio ya kuthibitiwa ya kisayansi. Hali hii imepunguza tofauti ya kutoka jadi baina ya uchumi na sayansi asili wa kukubalia majaribio ya vipengele vilivyofikiriwa hapo awali kuwa dhana.<ref> [Bastable, CF] (1925). "Experimental Utaratibu katika Uchumi," ''Palgrave's Dictionary of Economics,'' reprinted katika ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'' (1987, v. 2, p. 241.</ref><ref> [[Smith, Vernon L.]] (1987), "Experimental Utaratibu katika Economics", ii. ''Palgrave Mpya: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 241-42.</ref> Katika visa kadhaa majaribio haya yamegundua kuwa dhana huwa si sahihi hasa; kwa mfano mchezo wa hatima ulionyesha kuwa watu hukataa matoleo ambayo hayatoshani. Katika uchumi wa kitabia, wanasaikolojia Daniel Kahneman na Amos Tversky wameshinda Matuzo ya Nobel ya kiuchumi kwa kazi ya uvumbuzi wa kijarabati wa uonevu wa kimawazo na jibu lililo karibu zaidi na jibu halisi (heuristics). Majaribio ya ujarabati yanayofanana na hayo hufanywa katika somo la uchumi wa kiubongo (neuroeconomics). Mfano mwingine ni wazo la chaguzi za kibinafsi dhidi ya mfumo ambao huchunguza chaguzi binafsi, za kutaka ustawi wa wengine na za ushirikiano.<ref>Fehr, Ernst, na Urs Fischbacher (2003). "Asili ya Binadamu Altruism," ''Nature'' 425, 23 Oktoba, [http://www.kabbalah.info/forums/arosa/engmaterials/Altruism/Ernst_Fehr___Urs_Fischbacher__The_Nature_of_Human_Altruism.pdf uk. 785-791.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kabbalah.info/forums/arosa/engmaterials/Altruism/Ernst_Fehr___Urs_Fischbacher__The_Nature_of_Human_Altruism.pdf |date=20130828121217 }}</ref><ref>Sigmund, Karl, Ernst Fehr, na Martin A. Nowak (2002), "The Economics ya Fair Play," ''kisayansi Marekani,'' 286 (1) Januari, [http://www.scribd.com/word/full/2188440?access_key=key-2ejknqyx744p0e6mcc21 uk. 82-87.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scribd.com/word/full/2188440?access_key=key-2ejknqyx744p0e6mcc21 |date=20120521062428 }}</ref> Ustadi huu umesababisha wengine kusema kuwa uchumi ni “sayansi halisi.".<ref name="Imperialism">{{cite journal| author=Lazear, Edward P.| title=Economic Imperialism| journal=American Economic Review| year=2000| volume=115| issue=1|pages= p[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033–5533%28200002%29115%3A1%3C99%3AEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2–W&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage p. 99–994]| unused_data=Quarterly Journal of Economics }}</ref> ===Nadharia ya bahati=== Nadharia ya bahati ni tawi la hisabati tekelezi ambalo hutafiti mwingiliano wa mbinu baina ya vipengele tekelezi. Katika mbinu za bahati, vipengele tekelezi huchagua mbinu ambazo zitaongeza mapato yao, ukilinganisha na mbini ambazo vipengele vingine huchagua. Nadhari hii hutoa mfumo rasmi wa mwelekeo kwa hali za kijamii ambapo wafanya maamuzi huingiliana na watendaji wengine. Nadharia ya bahati hujumuishwa mielekeo ya kuongeza yaliyobuniwa ili kutafiti soko kama vile mfumo wa ugavi na mahitaji. Somo hili lilitokana na kitabu cha urasimi cha 1944 kiitwacho ''[[Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]]'' kilichoandikwa na John von Neumann na Oskar Morgenstern. Somo hili limepata utekelezi wa kiwango kikubwa kiasi katika sehemu nyingi nje ya uchumi vile inavyofikiriwa, ambayo ni pamoja na ubuni wa ustadi wa kinyuklia, maadili, sayanzi ya kisiasa na nadharia ya mageuzi.<ref> [[Aumann, RJ]] (1987). "Game Theory", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 2, uk. 460-82.</ref> ===Taaluma=== Kufanywa taaluma kwa uchumi, jinsi inavyoonekana katika ongezeko la masomo ya daraja ya pili ya vyuo vikuu katika somo hilo, kumeelezwa kuwa “badiliko kuu katika somo la uchumi tangu miaka ya 1900".<ref> [[O. Ashenfelter]] (2001), "Uchumi: Overview," The Profession wa Uchumi, ''[[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral]],'' v. 6, uk 4159.</ref> Idadi kubwa ya vyuo vikuu vya kutajika na taasisi nyingi huwa na somo kuu, kitivo, au idara kuu ambapo shahada za kielimu hutolewa katika somo hili, iwe ni kwa masomo ya sanaa huria, biashara, au kwa masomo ya taaluma. Tuzo la Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (kwa usemi, Tuzo la Nobel katika Uchumi) ni tuzo ambalo hutolewa kwa mwanauchumi kila mwaka kwa mchango mkuu wa kimawazo katika somo hili. Katika sekta ya kibinafsi, wanauchumi wataalamu huajiriwa kama washauri na katika sekta, inayojumuisha uhifadhi katika benki na maswala ya kifedha. Wanauchumi pia hufanya kazi katika idara na mashirika ya serikali, kama vile Hazina ya kitaifa, Benki Kuu au Afisi ya Takwimu. ==Somo la uchumi na masomo mengine== Uchumi ni mojawapo ya sayansi za kijamii baina ya zingine kadhaa na huwa na matawi yanayopakana na masomo mengine, yakiwemo jiografia ya kiuchumi, historia ya kiuchumi, uchaguzi wa umma, uchumi na nisharti, uchumi wa utamaduni, na uchumi wa taasisi. Sheria na uchumi au utafiti wa kiuchumi wa sheria, ni mwelekeo wa nadharia ya kisheria ambao hutumia mbinu za kiuchumia katika sheria. Somo hili hujumuisha utumizi wa dhana za kiuchumi ili kueleza athari za kanuni za kisheria, kubainisha ni kanuni zipi za kisheria zilizo na ufanisi wa kiuchumi, na kutabiri ni kanuni za kisheria zinazweza kuwa.<ref> [[Friedman, Daudi]] (1987). "Sheria na Uchumi," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk 144.</ref><ref>[[Posner, Richard A.]] (1972). ''Kiuchumi Uchambuzi wa sheria.'' Aspen, 7 ed., 2007) ISBN 978-0-735-56354-4.</ref> Makala ya mafundisho yaliyoandikwa na Ronald Coase na kuchapishwa mnamo 1961 yalipendekeza kuwa sheria za umiliki wa mali zilizodhihirishwa vyema hushinda matatizo yanayotokana na vipengele vua nje.<ref> [[Coase, Ronald]], "The Problem of Social Cost", ''[[The Journal wa Sheria na Uchumi]]'' Vol.3, No.1 (1960). Suala hili kwa kweli mara iliyochapishwa mwaka 1961.</ref> Uchumi wa kiasiasa ni utafiti unaojumuisha masomo mengi kwa kuchanganya uchumi, sheria, na sayansi ya kisiasa ili kueleza jinsi taasisi za kisiasa, mazingira ya kisiasa, ma mfumo wa kiuchumi (ukapitalisti, usoshialisti, mchanganyiko) hushawishiana. Unatafiti maswali kama vile jinsi makundi yanayotawala shughuli za soko, tabia ya kutafuta manufaa ya kibinafsi kwa madhara ya wengine, na vipengele vya nje vinafaa kuathiri sera ya serikali.<ref> Groenwegen (1987, p.906)</ref><ref> Anne O. Krueger, "The Political Economy ya Kodi-Kutafuta Society," ''American Economic Review,'' 64 (3), Juni 1974, pp.291-303</ref> [[Wanahistoria wametumia uchumi wa kisiasa kutafiti njia za wakati uliopita ambazo watu na makundi yaliyo na maslahi yanayofanana ya kiuchumi wametumia siasa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yanafaidi maslahi yao.|Wanahistoria wametumia ''uchumi wa kisiasa '' kutafiti njia za wakati uliopita ambazo watu na makundi yaliyo na maslahi yanayofanana ya kiuchumi wametumia siasa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yanafaidi maslahi yao.<ref> McCoy, Drew R. "Jamhuri ya ndoto: Siasa Ecocomy katika Jeffersonian Amerika ", Chapel Hill, Chuo Kikuu cha North Carolina, 1980.</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-76|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[76]</span>]] [[Uchumi wa nishati ni sehemu pana ya somo la kisayansi inayojumuisha mada zinazohusiana na ugavi wa nishati na mahitaji ya nishati.]] [[]]Georgescu-Roegen alianzisha upya dhana ya entropy aliyoihusisha na uchumi na nishati kutoka kwa somo la ubadilishaji wa nishati la thermodynamics, huku akiitofautisha na kile alichoona kuwa msingi wa kiufundi wa uchumi wa urasimimpya unaotokana na fizkia ya Newton. Kazi yake ilichangia kwa kiwango kikubwa kwa somo la uchumi wa kubadilisha nishati kuwa kazi na joto na kwa uchumi wa kiikolojia. Vilevile alifanya kazi ya kimsingi ambayo iliendelea na kuwa uchumi wa mageuzi.<ref> Cleveland, C. na Ruta, M. 1997. Wakati, ambapo, na kwa kiasi gani kufanya mipaka biophysical inverka mchakato wa kiuchumi? Utafiti wa Georgescu-Roegen's mchango kiikolojia uchumi. ''Ecological Economics'' 22: 203-223.</ref><ref> Daly, H. 1995. On Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's kuchangia uchumi: An obituary insha. ''Ecological Economics'' 13: 149-54.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. 1995. Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906-1994): en admirable epistemologist. ''Strukturella Change na Uchumi Dynamics'' 6: 115-120.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. na Gowdy, JM (eds.) 1999. ''Bioeconomics na Sustainability: Essays katika Heshima ya Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.'' Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. 2001. ''Chanzo cha Ecological Economics: The Bioeconomics ya Georgescu-Roegen.'' London: Routledge.</ref> ==Ukosoaji wa somo la kiuchumi== "Sayansi duni” ni jina badala lililo la kudharau litumikalo kwa uchumi na lililobuniwa na mwanahistoria wa enzi ya Victoria Thomas Carlyle katika karne ya 19. Mara nyingi, husemekana kuwa Carlyle aliupatia uchumi jina la utani la “sayansi duni” kama jibu kwa maandishi karne ya 18 ya Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, ambaye alitabiri kwa hofu kuwa njaa ingetokea, vile matarajio ya ukuaji wa idadi ya watu yangezidi ongezeko la usambazaji wa chakula. Mafundisho ya Malthus hatimaye yalijulikana chini ya mwavuli wa maneno “Dhana Duni ya Malthus". Utabiri wake ulisitishwa na uboreshaji mkubwa ambao haukuwa umetarajiwa katika ufanisi wa uzalishaji wa vyakula katika karne ya 20; ilhali mwisho wa hatari ambao aliutabiri unabaki kuwa uwezekano ambao haukubaliki na wengine, ikiwa uzuli wa binadamu utashindwa kumudu ongezeko la idadi ya watu.<ref> {{cite book |last= Malthus |first= Thomas Robert |editor= |others= |title= An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers |url= http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPop.html |accessdate= 2008-06-28 |edition= 1st |year= 1798 |publisher= J Johnson |location= London |chapter= Chapter II }} </ref> Baadhi ya wanauchumi kama vile John Stuart Mill au Leon Walras, wamedumisha fikira kuwa uzalishaji wa mali haufai kuunganishwa na usambazaji wake. Uzalishaji ni kitengo cha “uchumi tekelezi” huku usambazaji ukiwa ni aina ya “uchumi wa kijamii” na sana sana huwa ni swala la mamlaka na siasa.<ref> ''Mwanzo wa Kiuchumi Ideas,'' Guy Routh (1989)</ref> Katika ''The Wealth of Nations,'' [[Adam Smith]] anazungumzia masuala mengi ambayo kwa sasa ni mada ya mjadala na mabishano. Smith alishambuliwa mara kadhaa makundi ya watu waliojihusisha na siasa ambao hujaribu kutukia ushawishi wao kuishurutisha serikali kufanya vile watakavyo. Katika enzi ya Smith, haya yaliitwa makundi ya wafitini, lakini kwa sasa hujulikana sana kama maslahi maalum, jina ambalo linaweza kujumuisha wafanyakazi wa mabenki, mashirika ya makampuni, makundi yanayotawala kwa wazi shughuli za soko, kikundi kimoja kinachotawala shughuli za soko, vyama vya wafanyakazi na makundi mengine.<ref>Se Noam Chomsky ''(Kuelewa Power),'' [http://www.understandingpower.com/Chapter5.htm#f1 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.understandingpower.com/Chapter5.htm#f1 |date=20081014032025 }} katika Smith's mkazo juu ya vita katika darasa Utajiri wa Mataifa</ref> Uchumi halisi, kama sayansi ya kijamii, huwa huru kutoka kwa vitendo vya kisiasa vya serikali yoyote au mashirika mengine yanayofanya uamuzi, hata hivyo, wabuni wengi wa sera au watu binafsi walio na vyeo vikubwa sana ambavyo vinaweza kuwa na ushawishi katika maisha ya watu wengine wana sifa ya kutumia bila mpangilio wowote dhana nyingi sana za kiuchumi na maneno matupu kama chombo cha kuhalalisha ajenda na mifumo ya maadili, na huwa hawakomeshi usemi wao kwa maswala yanayohusu majukumu waliyo nayo.{{citation needed|date=Julai 2009}} wa karibu wa nadharia na utekelezi wa kiuchumi na siasa <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611105040/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-148.pdf Utafiti Paper No 2006/148 Maadili, Rhetoric na Siasa ya Post-migogoro Ujenzi Jinsi Je Dhana ya Jamii ContractHelp kwetu Kuelewa jinsi ya kufanya kazi ya Amani?][https://web.archive.org/web/20070611105040/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-148.pdf Sirkku J. Hellsten, PG.]</ref> [138] ni swala la utata ambalo linaweza kuingilia au kupotosha hata yale malengo ya kiuchumi yasiyo na madai hata kidogo, na huchanganyishwa mara nyingi na ajenda maalum za kijamii na mifumo ya maadili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.stratapub.com/Hahn/preface.htm |title=Kisiasa Mawasiliano: Rhetoric, Serikali, na Wananchi, toleo la pili, Dan F. Hahn |accessdate=2009-12-08 |archive-date=2011-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126163521/http://www.stratapub.com/Hahn/preface.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katika ''Steady State Economics'' 1977, [[Herman Daly alisema kuwa kunao maswala ambayo hayawiani kimantiki baina ya msisitizo unaowekwa kwa ongezeko la idadi ya watu na upatikanaji mdogo wa maliasilia.|Herman Daly alisema kuwa kunao maswala ambayo hayawiani kimantiki baina ya msisitizo unaowekwa kwa ongezeko la idadi ya watu na upatikanaji mdogo wa maliasilia.<ref>http://dieoff.org/page88.htm {{Wayback|url=http://dieoff.org/page88.htm |date=20070703030456 }} Steady-State Uchumi, kwa Herman Daly</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-87|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[87]</span>]] Masuala kama uhuru wa benki kuu, sera za benki kuu na ufasaha wa kunena katika usemi wa magavana wa benki kuu au nguzo za sera za uchumi wa kiwango cha juu<ref>Johan Scholvinck, Mkurugenzi wa Idara ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa ajili ya Sera na Maendeleo ya Jamii katika New York, [http://www.icsw.org/publications/sdr/2002-june/un-division.htm Making ya Uchunguzi kwa Ujumuishaji wa Sera ya Kijamii na Uchumi,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icsw.org/publications/sdr/2002-june/un-division.htm |date=20071118193838 }} The Social Development Review</ref>[[(fedha]] na [[sera ya fedha)]] ya [[Marekani]], ni mwelekeo wa msuguano na kukosolewa. <ref> Bernd Hayo (Georgetown University & [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn]]), [http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0103006.html Je Sisi Really Need Benki Kuu ya Uhuru?][http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0103006.html A Critical Re-mtihani,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> <ref> Gabriel Mangano (Centre Walras-Pareto, Chuo Kikuu cha Lausanne BFSH 1, 1015 Lausanne, Uswisi, na London School of Economics), Upimaji wa Benki Kuu ya Uhuru: A Tale of Subjectivity na matokeo yake, Oxford Uchumi Papers. 1998; 50: 468-492</ref> <ref> Friedrich Heinemann, [http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/4553.html Je Lipa kwa Watch Central Bankers 'midomo?][http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/4553.html Det Taarifa Content ya ECB liknande,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> <ref> Stephen G. Cecchetti, [http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/6306.html Benki Kuu Policy Rules: Conceptual Masuala na Vitendo Considerations,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> [[Deirdre McCloskey amesema kuwa utafiti mwingi wa kijarabati wa kiuchumi huripotiwa visivyofaa, na ingawa ukosoaju wake umepokelewa vyema, yeye na Stephen Ziliak wamedai kuwa utekelezaji haujaboreshwa.|Deirdre McCloskey amesema kuwa utafiti mwingi wa kijarabati wa kiuchumi huripotiwa visivyofaa, na ingawa ukosoaju wake umepokelewa vyema, yeye na Stephen Ziliak wamedai kuwa utekelezaji haujaboreshwa.<ref name="Ziliak2004">{{cite journal | author = Ziliak, S.T. | coauthors = [[Deirdre McCloskey|McCloskey, D.N.]] | year = 2004 | title = Size Matters: The Standard Error of Regressions in the American Economic Review | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 331–358 | url =http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/ZiliakMcCloskeyAugust2004.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/ZiliakMcCloskeyAugust2004.pdf |date=20080625054144 }} | accessdate = 2008-06-10|format=PDF}}</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-Ziliak2004-93|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[93]</span>]] Madai haya ya nyuma ni ya utata.<ref Name=>{{cite journal | author = | year = | title = Sound and Fury: McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics | url = http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpem/0511018.html | accessdate = 2008-06-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa shirika la International Monetary Fund wa mwaka wa 2002 ulizingatia “utabiri wa makubaliano” (utabiri wa makundi makubwa ya wanauchumi) ambao ulifanywa awali kabla ya kurudi nyuma kwa uchumi kwa mataifa 60 tofauti katika miaka ya 90; katika 97% ya visa wanauchumia hawakutabiri mpunguo kwa mwaka mmoja kabla ya tukio. Katika visa vile vya nadra ambako wanauchumi walitabiri kwa mafanikio kurudi nyuma kwa uchumi, walikadiria makali yake kwa kiwango cha chini mno.<ref> "Jinsi Korrekta Je Sekta Binafsi Forecasts? Msalaba-Country ushahidi kutoka Consensus Forecasts wa Kukuza Uchumi Output ", kwa Prakash Loungani, Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF), Desemba 2002</ref>. ===Ukosoaji wa dhana=== Uchumi umekuwa mada ya ukosoaji hadi hutegemea dhana ambazo hazina uhakika, haziwezi kuthibitishwa na zimerahisishwa visivyofaaa, kwa wakati mwingine kwa sababu dhana hizi hutumia hisabati zinazovutia. Mifano ni pamoja na habari kamilifu, uimarishaji wa faida kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi na chaguzi za kimawazo.<ref> Rappaport, Steven (1996). "Abstraction na Unrealistic antaganden katika Uchumi," ''Journal of Economic Methodolojia,'' 3 (2), uk. 215-236. [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a739439848~db=all Abstract,] (1998). ''Reality katika mifano na Uchumi.'' Edward Elgar, s. 6, ch. 6-8.</ref><ref> Friedman, Milton (1953), "The Methodolojia wa Positive Uchumi," ''Insha katika Positive Economics,'' University of Chicago Press, uk. 14-15, 22,, 31.</ref><ref> Boland, Lawrence A. (2008). "Antaganden Albamu alizotoa", [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition'' ]] [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000231&q=assumption&topicid=&result_number=1 Best abstract.] Accessed 30 Mei 2008.</ref> Baadhi ya nadharia za kisasa za kiuchumi zimezingatia kuzungumzia matatizo haya kupitia kwa matawi madogo ya somo hili yanayoibuka kama vile uchumi wa taarifa, uchumi wa tabia, na uchumi wa utata, huku Geoffrey Hodgson akitabiri mabadiliko makubwa katika mwelekeo uliotanda wa kiuchumi. Hata hivyo, wanauchumi maarufu wa uchumi uliotanda kama vile Keynes<ref> {{cite journal | last = Keynes | first = J. M. | authorlink = J.M. Keynes | coauthors = | title = Alfred Marshall 1842–1924 | journal = The Economic Journal | volume = 34 | issue = 135 | pages = 333,356 | publisher = | location = | month = Septemba | year = 1924 | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/2222645 | doi =10.2307/2222645 | id = | accessdate = 2008-04-19}} </ref>na Joskow, pamoja na wanauchumi wa kiheteredoksi, wametoa maoni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha uchumi huwa ni cha kidhana na wala si cha kihisabati, na huwa ni vigumu kuweka mifumo na kuurasmisha kwa kutumia mbinu za kihisabati. Katika majadiliano juu ya utafiti wa makundi ya kutawal shughuli za soko, Paul Joskow alionyesha mnamo 1975 kuwa katika utekelezi, wanafunzi wenye bidii wa uchumi halisi, huwa na mazoea ya kutumia “mifumo isiyo rasmi” inayotokana na vipengele vya maelezo ambavyo hutumiwa katika sekta maalum. Joskow aliamini sana kuwa kazi muhimu ya kutafiti makundi yanayotawala shughuli za soko ilifanya kupitia uchunguzi usio rasmi huku mifumo rasmi ilikuwa “ikionyeshwa kwa madaha baada yakazi ''[[kumalizika]]'' ". Alidai kuwa mifumo rasmi kwa kiasi kikubwa haikuwa na maana katika kazi ya ujarabati, vilevile, na kuwa kipengele muhimu kilicho msingi wa nadharia ya kampuni, tabia, kilipuuzwa.<ref> {{cite journal | last = Joskow | first = Paul | authorlink =Paul Joskow | coauthors = | title = Firm Decision-making Policy and Oligopoly Theory | journal = The American Economic Review | volume = 65 | issue = 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Eighty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association | pages = 270–279, Particularly 271 | publisher = | location = | month = Mei | year = 1975 | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/1818864 | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-04-19}} </ref> Licha ya wasiwasi huu, masomo ya daraja ya pili ya vyuo vikuu yameendelea kuwa ya kiufundi na kihisabati.<ref name="Textbooks2004">{{cite journal | author = Johansson D. | year = 2004 | title = Economics without Entrepreneurship or Institutions: A Vocabulary Analysis of Graduate Textbooks | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 515–538 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/JohanssonPractice1December2004.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-07 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054127/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/JohanssonPractice1December2004.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ingawa nyingi ya kazi ya kimsingi ya utafiti wa kiuchumi katika historia ulihusu dhana na wala si hisabati, kwa sasa huwa ni vigumu zaidi kupata uwezekano wa kuchapisha nakala isiyo ya kihisabati katika jedwali mashuhuri. Kuona ukweli kwa upande wa baadhi ya wanafunzi kuhusu kuzingatia kwa uchumi kwa vitu ambavyo haviwezi kushikika na vya ufundi kumesababisha kuzuka kwa kundi la uchumi wa baada ya hali ya autism, ambao ulianza Ufaransa mnamo 2000. [[David Colander]], mtetezi wa uchumi tata, amezungumzia vilevile kwa kukosoa mbinu za kihisabati za kiuchumi, ambazo anahusisha na mfumo wa chuo cha MIT kwa uchumi, kinyume cha ule wa Chicago (ingawa anasema pia kuwa mfumo wa Chicago hauwezi tena kuitwa ulio na maono ya kiakili). Anaamini kuwa mapendekezo ya sera kutokana na mfumo wa maono ya kiakili ya Chicago yalichangia kushuka kwa uchumi wa maono ya kiakili. Anasema pia kuwa amewahi kukutana na wanauchumi wenza ambao wamekataa katakata kujadiliana kuhusu uchumi wa kusisimua pasipo na mfumo rasmi, na anaamini kuwa mifumo mara nyingine huzuia maono ya mawazo.<ref> Colander, D. (1998). Confessions of an Economic Gadfly. Katika [http://books.google.com/books?id=F8zynA594DUC ''Passion na Craft.'' ] uk. 39-55.</ref> Hivi karibuni zaidi, hata hivyo, ameandikwa kuwa uchumi wa kiheterodoksi, ambao mara nyingi huchukua zaidi mwelekeo wa maono ya kimawazo, unafaa kushirikiana na wanahisabati na kuwa wa kihisabati zaidi.<ref name="Colander2007"> Colander, D. (2007). [http://ideas.repec.org/p/mdl/mdlpap/0724.html Heterodox pluralism na Uchumi: Mapendekezo kwa ajili ya "Ndani ya Kuingiza" Heterodoxy]</ref> "Uchumi uliotanda ni mfumo wa kirasmi”, anaandika, na kinachohitajika si kupungua kwa hisabati wala ni kuongezeka kwa viwango vya hisabati. Anaeleza kuwa baadhi ya mada zinazozingatiwa na wanauchumi wa kiheterodoksi, kama vile umuhimu wa taasisi au ukosefu wa uhakika, zinatafitiwa kwa sasa kupitia mifumo ya kihisabati bila kutaja kazi iliyofanya na wanauchumi wa kiheterodoksi. Uchumi mpya wa taasisi, kwa mfano, huchunguza taasisi kihisababti bila kuhusisha sana somo linatokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na kiheterodoksi la uchumi wa taasisi. Katika hotuba yake ya Tuzo la Nobel ya 1974, Friedrich Hayek, anayejulikana kwa uhusiano wake wa karibu na mfumo wa kiheterodoksi wa uchumi wa Kiaustria, alilaumu kutofaulu kwa sera za ushauri wa kiuchumi kwa maelekeo ya kuiga utaratibu wa kihisabati unaotumika kwa sayansi asilia bila kupambanua au kutumia mbinu za kisayansi. Anatoa hoja kuwa hata matukio ya kiuchumi ambayo yametafitiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa, kama vile ukosefu wa ajir akatika soko, huwa kwa kindani na utata mkubwa kuliko matukio kama hayo katika somo la sayansi asilia ambako mbinu zilibuniwa hapo awali. Vilevile, nadharia na takwimu huwa mara nyingi havidhihiriki na hushughulikwa kulingana na ''mwelekeo '' wa mabadiliko yanayohitajika, na wala si ukubwa wake.<ref name="Hayek"> {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/hayek-lecture.html#not1|title=The Pretence of Knowledge |accessdate=2007-09-26|publisher=Nobleprize.org|year=1974|author=[[Friedrich Hayek|Hayek, Friedrich A.]]|work=Lecture to the Memory of Alfred Nobel}} paragraphs 2, 4, 5, na 7-10.</ref> Kwa upande mmoja kwa sababu ya ukosoaji, uchumi umepatwa na uratibishaji wa hali ya juu na ufafanuzi wa dhana na mbinu tangu miaka ya 1940, ambao baadhi yake imeelekea katika utekelezaji wa mbinu ya kidhana na kimawazo (hypothetico-deductive method) katika kueleza matokeo ya dunia halisi.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics" (Postwar maendeleo, metoder Eusebio katika uchumi wa kisasa), ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' aya ya 27, uk. 346-47.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Historia ya Uchumi]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * [[Barr, Nicholas]] (2004) ''Uchumi wa Welfare State,'' 4th ed., Oxford University Press * [[Stiglitz, Joseph]] (2000) ''Uchumi wa Sekta ya Umma,'' 3rd ed., Norton Press ==Viungo vya nje== {{sisterlinks}} ;Habari za ujumla * {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Economics/|Economics}} * [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/journals.htm Uchumi katika Open Directory Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/journals.htm |date=20130710110240 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109547/economics Uchumi] katika Encyclopædia Britannica. * [http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/economics/ Intute: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/economics/ |date=20070512014346 }} Orodha ya anwani ya tovuti ya vyuo vikuu vya Uingereza. * [http://repec.org/ Nakala za Utafiti katika Somo la Uchumi (RePEc)] * [http://rfe.org/ Vifaa Kwa Wanauchumi :] {{Wayback|url=http://rfe.org/ |date=20130511055542 }} Mwongozo unaodhaminiwa na Chama cha Kiuchumi cha Marekani ulio na vifaa zaidi ya 2000 vya Tovuti kutoka "Data" to "Neat Stuff,". ;Taasisi na mashirika * [http://www.cepr.net/ Center for Economic and Policy Research (Marekani)] * [http://edirc.repec.org/ Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World] * [http://www.oecd.org/statistics/ Organization For Co-operation and Economic Development (OECD) Statistics] * [http://unstats.un.org/unsd United Nations Statistics Division] * [http://www.worldbank.org/data/ World Bank Data] * [http://www.wto.org World Trade Organization] ;Zana za masomo * [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm Mwongozo wa vitabu vya kiada kadha wa kadha katika tovuti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm |date=20130812211719 }} * [http://eh.net/atp/ Sehemu ya Ask The Professor] {{Wayback|url=http://eh.net/atp/ |date=20071026005606 }} ya EH.Net Economic History Services * [http://economics.about.com/ Uchumi katika About.com] {{Wayback|url=http://economics.about.com/ |date=20070602020408 }} * [[b:Economics|Vitabu vya kiada vya kiuchumi katika Wikibooks]] * [http://www.econguru.com/introduction_to_economics/ Introduction to Economics:] Dibaji fupi ya uchumi wa kimsingi iliyopewa leseni na Creative commons * [http://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?category=2216 Zana za masomo za MERLOT: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?category=2216 |date=20130614190857 }} Hakiki iliyo Marekani ya vifaa vya masomo * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/index.htm MIT OpenCourseWare: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/index.htm |date=20100505004829 }} Makavazi ya zana za masomo kutoka kwa kozi za MIT * [http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/links/othertl.htm Zana za kusoma na kufundisha zilizo katika tovuti, hakiki za] UK Economics Network, picha, maelezo ya maneno na vifaa vingine * [http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm Mifumo ya mawazo:] {{Wayback|url=http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm |date=20040805133647 }} Linganisha mifumo ya kiuchumi mbalimbali juu ya maswala fulani * [http://www.econlib.org/ Maktaba ya Uchumi na Uhuru (EconLib):] Vitabu vya Somo la Uchumi, Makala, Blogi (EconLog), Podcasts (EconTalk) {{sayansi}} [[Category:Uchumi]] [[Category:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] k8xg1rt9lkfi8w7o59xi4meonpnas9n 0 33407 1601062 1223380 2026-09-25T13:13:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musa Otieno''' (alizaliwa [[Nairobi]], [[29 Desemba]] [[1973]]) ni [[Mkenya]] anayecheza [[soka]] ambaye kwa sasa anachezea kilabu cha Santos katika Ligi kuu ya Premier Soccer League ya Afrika Kusini. ==Uchezaji wake== ===Kilabu=== Otieno amefurahia uchezaji katika bara lake, amechezea timu za ''AFC Leopards ''na ''Tusker FC'' za Kenya, na tangu mwaka wa 1997 , ''Santos'' katika ligi ya ''Afrika Kusini'' ya ''Premier Soccer League.'' Ameichezea zaidi ya mechi 300 na kufiungia mabao zaidi ya 30 , na kuwasaidia kushinda makombe ya PSL Championship mwaka wa 2001/02, Bob Save Super Bowl mwaka wa 2001,BP Top 8 mwaka wa 2002, na Kombe la ABSA mwaka wa 2003. Aliteuliwa Mchezaji Bora wa Ligi Kuu ya Afrika Kusini mwaka wa 2007. Otieno alikwenda Marekani mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 2008, alikochezea ''Cleveland City Stars'' kwenye ligi ya ''Divisheni ya Pili ''ya USL akiwa kwa mkopo kwa msimu mmoja. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza akiwa na Stars tarehe julai 4, 2008, kama mchezaji wa akiba dakika ya 64 alipoingia mahala pa Marko Schulte, na baadaye k kushinda taji la ligi ya USL2. Tarehe 15 Desemba 2008, baada ya hitimisho ya msimu wa ligi ya nyumbani ya Santos, Otieno alirejea Cleveland City Stars ambako alicheza kwenye msimu wao katika ligi ya Divissheni ya Kwanza ya USL mwaka wa 2009 [1] ===Kimataifa=== Otieno ni mojawapo wa wachezaji mashuhura walioheshimika nchini Kenya ,kwani aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Kenya kwa mara ya kwanza dhidi ya Zaire mwaka wa 1993 akiwa tu na umri wa miaka 19. Tangia hapo,amekuwa nahodha wa Harambee Stars mara kadhaa. Alikuwa pia miongoni mwa kikosi cha timu ya Kenya cha mwaka wa 2004 kwenye Kombe la Mataifa ya Bara Afrika, ambao walimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu kwenye kundi lao katika mzunguko wa kwanza wa ushindani, na hiv basi kushindwa kufuzu kwa robo fainali. Anakisiwa kuichezea timu ya taifa ya Kenya [2] zaidi ya mechi 100 lakini madai haya hayajawahi kudhibitishwa. ==Maisha ya binafsi== Otieno anamiliki na kuendesha shirika la kusaidia jamii nchini mwake, liitwalo ''Musa Otieno Foundation''. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * http://usl1.uslsoccer.com/home/295095.html {{Wayback|url=http://usl1.uslsoccer.com/home/295095.html |date=20081231001222 }} * http://www.musaotienofoundation.org/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.musaotienofoundation.org/ |date=20091012030110 }} {{Kenya-footy-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Otieno, Musa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Nairobi]] lapoouj2kbripmpp547yrdvayoo9d09 0 33819 1601114 1340943 2026-09-25T13:19:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Moses Wetangula (Moses Francis Masika Wetang'ula) of the Republic of Kenya in 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Moses Wetangula, 2024.]] '''Moses Masika Wetangula''' (amezaliwa [[13 Septemba]] [[1956]]) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kenya]] na Mbunge anayewakilisha [[eneo bunge la Sirisia]]. Yeye amekuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje tangu Januari 2008. ==Maisha ya utotoni== Wetangula alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Nalondo, halafu akaenda katika Shule ya Upili ya Teremi na baadaye [[Shule ya Friends, Kamusinga]] kabla ya kujiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]], ambapo alifuzu kwa shahada ya Sheria (LLB). ==Siasa== Yeye aliteuliwa kuwa mbunge kwenye chema cha kisiasa cha [[Kanu]] baada ya [[uchaguzi mkuu]] mwaka [[1992]], na kuwahudumia Wakenya hadi 1997. Yeye amewahi kushika vyeo vingine kadhaa vya umma kama hakimu na mwenyekiti wa Electricity Regulatory Board. Wetangula alishiriki katika asasi kadha za kuleta fedha ili kuanzisha miradi ya kusaidia watu na amekuwa akitoa huduma za kisheria kwa wananchi. Yeye huhamasisha wanawake na vijana kuanzisha miradi ya kuzalisha kipato. Wetangula alichaguliwa kwenye [[Bunge]] katika [[uchaguzi wa Desemba 2007.]] Rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] alimchagua Wetangula kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje mnamo <ref> "Kenya: Kibaki achagua bara", The East African Standard (allAfrica.com), 8 Januari 2008.</ref> tarehe 8 Januari 2008, pindi kulipokuwa na [[migogoro]] kuhusu matokeo ya uchaguzi wa rais. Mwezi wa Januari, baada ya nchi ya Uingereza kulalamika kuhusu uchaguzi wa rais, Wetangula alimwita na kumlalamikia Kamishna wa Uingereza, Adam Wood, na alisema kwamba "uchaguzi wetu hauhitaji muhuri wa mamlaka kutoka House of Commons ".<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E3DF64AE-4A27-40C7-A4C0-E7715FF24B09.htm "Kenya kususia upinzani katika mpango wa",] Al Jazeera, 21 Januari 2008.</ref> Baada ya serikali ya mseto kukubaliwa kati ya Kibaki na [[Raila Odinga]], wote ambao walidai ushindi katika uchaguzi wa rais, Wetangula bado alihifadhi cheo chake katika Serikali ya Mseto, iliyotangazwa tarehe 13 Aprili 2008.<ref> Anthony Kariuki, " Kibaki amtaja Raila PM katika baraza jipya", nationmedia.com, 13 Aprili 2008.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.communication.go.ke/ministry.asp?personid=27 Ofisi ya Mawasiliano ya Umma] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ministry.asp?personid=27 |date=20071122002153 }} * [http://www.mfa.go.ke/assmin_profile.html Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mfa.go.ke/assmin_profile.html |date=20070817094604 }} {{Current Kenyan MPs}} {{Kenya-Ministers of Foreign Affairs}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa-Kenya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wetangula, Moses}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wajumbe wa Bunge la Kenya]] 854hu9u52cnq3pkpn80lyxwa070n57g 0 33928 1601167 1596605 2026-09-25T13:43:42Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vyanzo}} '''Nywila''' au '''nenosiri''' ni [[neno]] au mfululizo wa maandishi ya siri ambayo hutumiwa kuthibitisha utambulisho au kumwezesha mtu kupata rasilimali fulani. Nywila lazima iwe [[siri]] kwa wale wasioruhusiwa kuingia. Matumizi ya nywila yanajulikana toka zamani. Mababu waliwadai waliotaka kuingia au kukaribia eneo lao kutoa nywila au ''msemo'' fulani. Mababu walimruhusu tu mtu au kikundi fulani kupita kama walijua nywila hiyo. Katika nyakati za sasa, [[majina ya utumiaji]] na nywila hutumiwa kwa kawaida na watu wakati wa [[udhibiti wa kuingia]] katika taratibu za kompyuta zilizolindwa, [[simu ya mkononi]], [[Televisheni za malipo]], [[mashine za ATM]], nk. [[Mtumiaji wa kompyuta]]anaweza kuhitaji nywila kwa sababu nyingi: kuingia katika akaunti za kompyuta, kufungua [[barua pepe]] kutoka kwa mtandao, kufikia programu, hifadhidata, mitandao, tovuti, na hata asubuhi kusoma gazeti kwenye mtandao. Si lazima nywila kuwa maneno halisi; hakika nywila ambazo si maneno haswa huwa ngumu zaidi kubahatisha, jambo ambalo ni zuri. Baadhi ya nywila huundwa kutoka maneno mengi na hivyo basi ukwa usahihi zaidi huitwa [[Nywilanahau]]. Jina '''nywilafumbo''' wakati mwingine hutumika wakati ujumbe wa siri ni Nambari tu, kama vile [[nambari binafsi ya utambulisho]] (PIN) kawaida hutumiwa kwa ATM. Nywila huwa ni fupi kuweza kukumbukwa kwa urahisi na na kubonyezwa chapa. Kwa minajili ya kuthibitisha zaidi utambulisho wa kifaa cha kompyuta kimoja na kingine, nywila zina walakini mkubwa (zinaweza kuibiwa, kunakiliwa, kusahaulika, nk) ikilinganishwa na mifumo ya kuthibitisha inayotegemea [[itifaki za Kriptografia]] ambazo ni vigumu zaidi kuvunja. == Rahisi kukumbuka, ngumu kubahatisha == Jinsi nywila ilivyo rahisi kwa mmiliki kuikumbuka ndivyo ilivyo rahisi kwa [[mfyonzi]] kuipata. Nywila zilizo ngumu kuzikumbuka hupunguza usalama wa taratibu kwa sababu (a) watumiaji watahitaji kuandika au kuzihifadhi nywila hizo kielektroniki, (b) watumiaji watahitaji kuzihariri nywila zao mara kwa mara na (c)uwezekano wa watumiaji kutumia nywila ile ile kuongezeka. Vilevile, jinsi inavyohitajika ugumu wa nywila kuwa, kwa mfano, "kuwa na mchanganyiko wa herufi kubwa na ndogo na tarakimu" au "kubadilishwa kila mwezi," ndivyo uwezekano wa watumiaji kuivunja taratibu unavyoongezeka. <ref>[http://all.net/journal/netsec/1997-09.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://all.net/journal/netsec/1997-09.html |date=20080302044633 }} Fred Kohen na Wenzake</ref> Katika makala ya<ref> [http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/jeff.yan/jyan_ieee_pwd.pdf The Memorability and Security of Passwords] {{Wayback|url=http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/jeff.yan/jyan_ieee_pwd.pdf |date=20120414222419 }}</ref> Jeff Yan et al. kuchunguza athari za ushauri waliopewa watumiaji kuhusu uchaguzi mzuri wa nywila. Waligindua kwamba nywila zinazoundwa kwa kufikiri nahau na kuchukua herufi ya kwanza ya kila neno, ni rahisi kukumbuka kama nywila zilizochaguliwa bila maarifa fulani, na ngumu kama zilizochaugliwa bila kutumia mfumo wowote. Kuchanganya ''maneno mawili yasiyohusiana'' ni njia nyingine nzuri. Njia nyingine ya kibinafsi ni kuwa na [[algorithimu]] ya kuzalisha nywila. Hata hivyo, kuwataka watumiaji kukumbuka nywila inayojumuisha "mchanganyiko wa herufi kubwa na ndogo" ni kama kuwauliza kukumbuka mfululizo wa bits: ngumu kukumbuka, na vigumu kidogo kuvunja (km ni mara 128 vigumu kuvunja nywila ya herufi 7, rahisi kidogo kama mtumiaji ametumia herufi kubwa katika herufi ya kwanza). Kuwataka watumiaji kutumia "herufi na tarakimu" mara nyingi hupelekea mabadilisho rahisi kuonekana kama vile 'E' -> '3 'na' I '-> '1', mabadilisho ambayo yanajulikana na wavunjaji. Vilevile kupiga chapa nywila kwenye kibodi mstari mmoja juu ni hila ya kawaida inayojulikana na wavunjaji. == Mambo ya kuzingatiwa katika usalama wa mfumo wa nywila == Usalama wa mfumo wowote iliyolindwa na nywila unategemea mambo kadhaa. Mfumo kwa jumla lazima, bila shaka, kuundwa kwa usalama dhabiti, pamoja na ulinzi dhidi ya [[virusi vya kompyuta]], [[mashambulio ya mtu-wa-katikati]]na kadhalika. Masuala ya usalama wa kimwili pia ni muhimu, ili kuzuia [[kurambaza kwa bega]]na vitisho zaidi kama vile kwa kutumia kamera za video na wanaonusa kibodi. Bila shaka, nywila zinapaswa kuchaguliwa ili kwamba ni vigumu kwa mshambulizi kubahatisha na vigumu kwake kuigundua kwa kutumia programu automatiska zozote (au zote) zinazopatikana. Angalia [[nguvu ya nywila, usalama wa kompyuta]], na [[ukosefu wa usalama wa kompyuta]]. Udhibiti madhubuti wa upatikanaji wa vifungu kwa wahalifu unaweza kuwafanya wachukue hatua dubwana wakitafuta kupata nywila au ishara za biometriska. <ref> [[news.bbc.co.uk:]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4396831.stm Malaysia car thieves steal finger]</ref> Hapa ni baadhi ya masuala maalum ya usimamizi wa nywila ambayo lazima kuzingatiwa katika kufikiria, kuchagua, na utunzaji, wa nywila. === Kima cha idadi ambayo mshambulizi anaweza kujaribu kubahatisha nywila === Kima cha idadi ambayo mshambulizi anaweza kuwasilisha nywila ya kubahatisha ni kipengee muhimu katika kuamua usalama wa mfumo ulioko. Baadhi ya mifumo ya usalama humlazimisha mtumiaji muda wa sekunde kadhaa baada ya idadi ndogo (kwa mfano, tatu) ya majaribio kutofaulu. Bila ya kuwepo kwa hatari nyingine, mifumo hiyo inaweza kufanywa salama kwa urahisi, kama imechaguliwa vizuri na kuwa haiwezi kubahatishwa kwa urahisi.[6] Mifumo mingi huhifadhi au kuwasilisha [[heshi ya Kriptografia]]ya nywila katika hali ambayo huifanya thamani ya heshi kupatikana na mshambulizi. Wakati hili hufanywa, na ni kawaida sana, mshambulizi anaweza kufanya kazi nje ya mtandao, na kupima haraka nywila bandia dhidi ya thamani ya heshi ya kweli. Nywila zinazotumika kuzalisha funguo za kriptografia (kwa mfano, usalama kama vile [[disk encryption]] au [[Wi-Fi]]) pia zinaweza kubahatishwa kwa kiwango kikubwa. Orodha za nywila zinazotumika sana zinazopatikana kwa wingi na zinaweza kufanya mashambulizi ya nywila kufaulu kwa urahisi. (Tazama [[Kuvunja Nywila).]] Usalama katika hali kama hizo unategemea kutumia nywila au nywilanahau ngumu kiasi cha kufanya shambulio kutowezekana kimtambo. Baadhi ya mifumo, kama vile PGP na Wi-Fi WPA hutumia heshi ya nywila taraklishi ili kupunguza mashambulizi. === Namna ya kuhifadhi nywila === Baadhi ya mifumo ya kompyuta kuhifadhi nywila kama [[maandishi wazi]], ambayo hulinganisha na majaribio ya mtumiaji kuingia. Kama mshambulizi anaweza kupata hifadhi kama hiyo ya ndani ya nywila, nywila zote -na hivyo basi akaunti zote za watumiaji -zitaathiriwa. Kama baadhi ya watumiaji hutumia nywila sawa katika akaunti tofauti, zitaathiriwa vilevile. Mifumo salama zaidi kuhifadhi kila nywila katika mfumo unaolindwa kikriptografia, hivi kwamba kufikia nywila yenyew bado huwa vigumu kwa yeyote ambaye ameingia katika hifadhi hiyo, wakati udhibitishaji wa majaribio ya watumiaji unabaki ukiwezekana. Namna moja maarufu ni kutumia nywila iliyo "heshiwa". Mtumiaji anapoweka nywila katika mfumo huo, programu ya utunzaji nywila hupitia katika [[heshi ya kriptografia]], na kama thamani ya heshi iliyotokana na jaribio la mtumiaji inalingana na heshi iliyohifadhiwa katika hifadhidata ya nywila, mtumiaji anaruhusiwa kuingia. Thamani ya heshi huumbwa kwa kutumia tenzi ya heshi (kwa upinzani maradufu dhidi ya mashambulizi hii inapaswa kuwa [[tenzi ya heshi kriptografia)]] na kuitia katika mfululizo wa maandishi unaojumuisha nywila iliyowekwa na, kwa kawaida, thamani nyingine inayojulikana kama [[chumvi.]] Chumvi huzuia washambuliaji kutojenga orodha ya thamani za heshi za nywila zinazotumiwa sana kwa urahisi. [[MD5]] na [[SHA1]] hutumiwa mara nyingi kama tenzi za hehsi kriptografia. Namna moja ya [[DES]] algorithm iliyobadilishwa kiasi iliwahi kutumika katika [[Unix]]. Tenzi ya UNIX DES ilipaniwa kufanya tenzi ya heshi sawa kwenda polepole, ili kughathabisha zaidi majaribio ya washambulizi kubahatisha kiautomatiska, na ilitumia nywila mgombea kama ufunguo wa kutia fumbo kwa thamani ya kudumu, hivyo basi kuzuia shambulio jingine kwa mfumo wa kuficha nywila. Hivi karibuni, Unix na programu zingine kama Unix (km, [[Linux]] au [[BSD]] ) hutumia mifumo ambayo wengi wanaamini kuwa ina kinga madhubuti zaidi kwani ina msingi ya MD5, SHA1, Blowfish, Twofish, au algorithimu nyingine kadhaa za kuzuia au kughathabisha mashambulizi ya hifadhi za faili za nywila <ref>[7] ^ [http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2004-06/pdfs/alexander.pdf Password Protection for Modern Operating Systems]</ref> Ikiwa tenzi ya heshi imeundwa vyema, itakuwa jambo lisilowezekana kitaraklishi kuigeuza moja kwa moja ili kupata [[maandishi wazi]] ya nywila. Hata hivyo, mifumo mingi hailindi heshi za nywila zao vya kutosha, na kama mshambulizi anaweza kupata kufikia nywila zilizowekwa heshi anaweza kutumia zana ambazo zinapatikana kwa wingi na kulinganisha matokeo ya kila neno lilotiwa fumbo kutoka kwa baadhi ya orodha, kama vile kamusi (nyingi zinapatikana kwenye mtandao wa Interneti). Orodha kubwa za nywila zinazowezekana katika lugha nyingi sana zinapatikana kwenye interneti, kama vile programu za kujaribu kubahatisha mifumo tofauti. Kuwepo kwa [[Vifaa vya Kamusi za mashambulio]] hizi hufanya idadi ya nywila zinazoweza kuepuka mashambulizi kuwa finyu; hazifai kupatikana katika orodha kama hizo. Ni wazi kuwa, maneno katika orodha hizo lazima yaepukwe kutumiwa kama nywila. Matumizi ya [[heshi ya kuvuta ufunguo kama vile PBKDF2]] inanuiwa kupunguza hatari hii. Tenzi ya heshi iliyoundwa visivyo inaweza kufanya mashambulizi kuwa yakinifu hata kama nywila zeny nguvu zimetumiwa. Tazama [[heshi ya LM]] inayotumiwa sana, na isiyo na salama wowote, mfano. [http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;q299656 ] === Mbinu za kusadikisha nywila katika mtandao === Mbinu mbalimbali zimetumika kudhibitisha nywila katika mandhari ya mtandao: ==== Kuwasilishwa kwa nywila ==== Nywila zinaweza kutekwa kwa urahisi (yaani, "snooping") wakati wa kuwasilishwa kwa mashine au mtu anayefanya udhibitishaji. Kama nywila inawasilishwa kama signali ya umeme katika nyaya zisizowekwa usalama kati ya upande wa mtumiaji na hifadhidata ya kudhibiti nywila, inaweza kutekwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya [[wiretapping]]. Kama inawasilishwa kama pakiti za data kwenye mtandao wa interneti, mtu yeyote anayeweza kuzitazama [[pakiti]] zenye ujumbe wa kuingia anaweza kuziteka bila ya kujulikana. Barua Pepe wakati mwingine hutumiwa kusambaza nywila. Kwa vile barua pepe mara mingi hutumwa kama [[maandishi wazi]], inaweza kupatikana bila juhudi wakati usafiri kwa 'mdukizaji' yoyote. Aidha, barua pepe itahifadhiwa angalau katika kompyuta mbili kama maandishi wazi- ile ya anayeituma na ya mpokeaji. Kama itapita katika kompyuta zingine hapo katikati wakati wa safari yake, kuna uwezekano itahifadhiwa pale pia, hata kama ni kwa muda tu. Majaribio ya kufuta barua pepe kutoka hatari hizi zote yaweza, au yasiweze kufanikiwa; [[Hifadhi]] au faili za historia au [[cache]] katika mojawapo ya kompyuta zaweza kuwa na barua pepe hiyo. Hakika kutambulisha tu kila moja ya kompyuta zile ni kazi ngumu. Kutuma nywila kwa barua pepe ni mbinu hatari ya usambazaji kwa ujumla. Mfano wa usambazaji wa nywila kwa kutumia [[maandishi wazi]] ni tovuti ya mwanzo ya [[Wikipedia]]. Watumiaji walipoingia ndani ya akaunti zao za Wikipedia, [[Jina la Mtumiaji]] na nywila yako zilitumwa kutoka kivinjari cha kompyuta yako kupitia interneti kama maandishi wazi. Kimsingi, mtu yeyote angeweza kuyasoma wakati wa kuwasilishwa na baadaye kuingia katika akaunti yako kama wewe; server za Wikipedia hazina namna ya kubainisha mshambulizi na mtumiaji wa kweli. Katika hali halisi, idadi kubwa isiyojulikana ingeweza kufanya hivyo (km, wafanyakazi katika kampuni inayokuletea huduma ya Interneti, wakati wowote katika njia ambayo trafiki inapita, nk). Hivi majuzi, Wikipedia imetowa mfumo wa kuingia wenye usalama zaidi, ambayo, kama tovuti nyingi za e-commerce, hutumia itifaki za kikriptografia ya [[SSL]] / [[(TLS)]] ili kuepuka uwasilishaji wa maandishi wazi. Lakini, kwa sababu mtu yeyote anaweza kupata Wikipedia (bila hata ya kuingia kwa akaunti), na kisha ahariri karibu makala yote, twaweza sema kwamba hakuna haja ya kutia fumbo uwasilishaji huu kwani hakuna mengi ya kulindwa. Tovuti nyingine (km, benki na taasisi za fedha) zina mahitaji tofauti kabisa ya usalama, na uwasilishaji wa aina yoyote katika maandishi wazi ni kukosa usalama kabisa. Kutumia mbinu ya kutia fumbo kwa upande wa mtumiaji kutalinda tu uwasilishaji kutoka kompyuta ya utunzaji hadi kwa kompyuta ya mteja. Uwasilishaji wa awali au baadaye wa barua pepe hiyo hautakuwa umelindwa na pengine barua pepe hiyo itahifadhiwa kwenye kompyuta kadhaa, kwa hakika katika kompyuta ilikotoka na kompyuta itakayoipokea, mara nyingi katika maandishi wazi. ==== Uwasilishaji kupitia mikondo iliyotiwa fumbo ==== Hatari ya kutekwa kwa nywila zilizotumwa kwa mtandao wa interneti inaweza kupunguzwa, kati ya mbinu nyingine, kwa kutumia mbinu ya [[Kriptografia]]. Inayotumika zaidi ni ile ya [[Transport Layer Security]] (TLS, iliyoitwa hapo awali [[SSL)]] iliyojumuishwa ndani ya [[vivinjari]] vingi vya sasa vya interneti. Vivinjari vingi humfahamisha mtumiaji wa mitambo iliyolindwa kwa TLS / SSL kwa kuonyesha alama, au baadhi ya ishara nyingine, wakati TLS ni kutumia. Kuna mbinu nyingine kadhaa katika matumizi; Tazama [[cryptography]]. ==== Mbinu za kutumia changamoto-mwitikio kwa misingi ya Heshi ==== Walakini, kuna mgogoro kati ya kuhifadhi nywila zilizoheshiwa na [[udhibitishaji kwa kutumia changamoto-mwitikio]]; ya pili inahitaji mteja kuthibitisha kwa server kwamba anajua [[siri jumuiya]] (yaani, nywila), na kufanya hivyo, lazima server iweze kupata siri jumuiya kutoka mfumo wake wa kuhifadhiwa. Katika mitambo mingi (pamoja na ile ya [[Unix]]) kufanya udhibitishaji kwa umbali, siri jumuiya kwa kawaida huheshiwa na ina upungufu wa kuwa inaweza kubahatishwa nje ya mtandao. Aidha, wakati heshi inatumika kama siri jumuiya, mshambulizi hahitaji nywila asili kujidhibitisha kwa umbali; anahitaji heshi tu. ==== Udhibitishaji wa Nywila wa Zero-knowledge ==== Badala kuwasilisha nywila, au heshi ya nywila, mitambo ya [[password-authenticated key agreement]] inaweza kufanya udhibitisha[[sifuri-maarifa password ushahidi]], ambayo inathibitisha maarifa ya siri bila kuwasababishia yake. Isitoshe, mifumo ya augmented [[password-authenticated makubaliano muhimu]] (kwa mfano, [[först, B-Speke, PAK-Z, SRP-6)]] wote kuepuka mgogoro na juu ya makao hash mbinu. Mfumo uliodhabitiwa unaruhusu mteja kuthibitisha kuwa anajua nywila kwa server, ambapo server inajua tu (na sio kikamilifu) heshi ya nywila, na ambapo nywila isiyokuwa na heshi inahitajika kuweza kuingia. === Taratibu za kubadilisha nywila === Kwa kawaida, mtambo wowote lazima utoe njia ya kubadili nywila, aidha kwa sababu mtumiaji anaamini (au kuna uwezekano kuwa) nywila yake imetekwa, au kama tendo la kutahadhari. Nywila mpya ikipitishwa kwenye mtambo b, usalama inaweza kuwa njia (eg, via wiretapping) hata kabla ya mwezi password wanaweza hata kuwa imewekwa katika password database. Na, bila shaka, kama nywila mpya itapewa kwa mfanyakazi asiyekuwa mwaminifu, hakuna. Baadhi ya tovuti hujumuisha nywila aliyoichagua mtumiaji katika barua pepe ya kudhibitisha katika mfumo usiokuwa na fumbo, na hapo basi pamoja na dhahiri iliongezeka mazingira magumu. [[Mitambo ya Usimamizi wa utambulisho]] inazidi kutumika katika kutoa nywila mbadala kwa zilizopotea, hulka iitwayo [[self service password reset.]] Utambulisho wa mtumiaji huthibitishwa kwa kuuliza maswali na kulinganisha na majibu yaliyohifadhiwa awali (yaani, wakati akaunti ikafunguliwa). Maswali yanayotumika sana ni kama: "Ulizaliwa wapi?," "Senema uipendayo zaidi ni ipi?" au "Jina la mnyama wako?" Mara nyingi majibu ya maswali haya yanaweza kubahatishwa kwa urahisi na mshambulizi, kudhamiriwa kwa juhudi Asili utafiti, au kupatikana kwa njia ya [[kijamii uhandisi]], na hivyo huu ni kidogo kuliko kikamilifu kuridhisha kama ukaguzi technique. Ingawa watumiaji wengi wamepata mafunzo kamwe kutotoa nywila zao, wachache kufikiria jina la yao favorite movie pet au kuhitaji huduma sawa. === Urefu wa maisha ya nywila=== "Kuzeeka kwa nywila" ni hulka ya baadhi ya mitambo ya taraklishi ambayo huwalazimisha watumiaji kubadilisha nywila zao mara kwa mara (mfano, kila robo mwaka, kila mwezi au hata mara nyingi zaidi), ili kuhakikisha kuwa nywila iliyoibiwa haitumiki wa muda mrefu. Sera kama hizi huibua malalamishi kutoka watumiaji mguu-dragging saa bora na uadui saa mbaya. Watumiaji wanaweza kuunda mifumo yenye tofauti rahisi ili kufanya nywila zao rahisi kukumbuka. Isitoshe, ara nyingi manufaa ya usalama ni machache, kwa sababu washambulizi hutumia nywila punde tu wanapoiteka, kwani muda kabla ya kubadilisha is required. Mara nyingi, hasa kwa akaunti za msimamzi au za "shina" , mara an attacker imepata upatikanaji, hawezi kufanya alterations [[mfumo wa uendeshaji]] ambayo itaruhusu baadaye naye kupata hata baada ya awali password alitumia muda wake. (se [[rootkit).]] Kutekeleza sera kama hii kunahitaji kutilia maanani kwa makini vipengele muhimu vya kibinadamu. === Idadi ya watumiaji kwa kila nywila === Wakati mwingine nywila moja hudhibiti upatikanaji wa kifaa fulani, kwa mfano, router ya mtandao, au simu ya mkononi inayolindwa kwa nywila. Hata hivyo, katika [[mtambo wa kompyuta]], nywila kwa kawaida huhifadhiwa kwa kila akaunti, hivyo basi kufanya uingiaji wote kufuatilika (ila, bila shaka, wakati watumiaji wa kugawana password). Mtu yeyote anayenuia kutumia mtambo wowote lazima aweke Jina la mtumizi na nywila vilevile, na mara kwa mara baadaye. Kama mtumiaji akitoa nywila inayolingana a password mmoja kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya kupatiwa username, yeye au yeye ni zaidi inaruhusiwa kuingia mfumo wa kompyuta. Hivi ndivyo ilivyo pia katika mashine za fedha, isipokuwa kwamba 'Jina la mtumiaji' kwa kawaida ni nambari ya akaunti iliyouhifadhiwa kwenye kadi ya benki ya mteja, na PIN ni kawaida kabisa fupi (4-6 digits). Kutoa nywila tofauti kwa kila mtumiaji wa mtambo ni bor zaidi kuliko kuwa na password moja hutumiwa na watumiaji wa halali wa mfumo, hakika kutoka synvinkel usalama. Hii ni kwa sababu watumiaji wako radhi zaidi kumwambia mtu mwingine (ambaye huenda hajaidhinishwa) nywila ya pamoja kuliko nywila yao ya kipekee. Nywila za pamoja pia si rahisi sana kubadilisha kwa sababu watu wengi wanahitaji kujulishwa wakati mmoja, na hufanya kuondolewa kwa mtumiaji fulani kuwa vigumu zaidi, kwa mfano baada ya mahafali au mtu kujiuzulu. Nywila kwa-kila-mtumiaji pia ni muhimu kama watumiaji watatakiwa kuwajibikia shughuli zao, kama vile maamuzi ya fedha ya matibabu transaktioner au viewing records. === Kuundwa kwa nywila iliyolindwa === Mbinu maarufu zinazotumika kuboresha mifumo ya usalama wa programu ya ulinzi wa nywila n: * Kutoonyesha nywila kwenye kiwambo wakati mtumiaji anapoitia au kuificha wakati wa kutiwa kwa kutumia asteriski (*) au risasi (•). * Kuruhusu nywila zenye urefu wa kutosha (baadhi ya mitambo ya uendeshaji, kama vile toleo za hapo awali za Unix mapema na Windows, mdogo password en 8 tabia upeo. * Kuwataka watumiaji kutia nywila zao tena baada ya muda fulani bila ya kutokuwa na shughuli (sera ya semi log-off). * Utekelezaji wa [[sera ya nywila]] kuongeza [[nguvu]] na usalama. ** Kuhitaji mabadiliko ya mara kwa mara ya nywila. ** Kupeana nywila ziliochaguliwa bila mapendeleo. ** Inayohitaji nywila zenye kuhitaji urefu wa chini au upeo. ** Baadhi ya mifumo huhitaji herufi kutoka madarasa ya herufi mbalimbali katika nywila -kwa mfano, "lazima angalau moja uppercase na angalau mmoja barua lowercase". Hata hivyo, nywila zenye herufi zote ndogo ni salama zaidi kuliko vikichanganywa keystroke per capitalization password <ref> [http://world.std.com/~reinhold/dicewarefaq.html#capitalize "To Capitalize or Not to Capitalize?"] </ref> ** Kutoa mbadala kwa kutiwa kwa kibodi (mfano, nywila za kusemwa na mdomo, au [[nywila biometriska]]). * Kutumia vichuguu vilivyotiwa fumbo au mfumo wa [[password-authenticated key agreement]] kuzuia upatikanaji wa zinaa kupitia mtandao password mashambulizi * Uzuiaji wa idadi ya majaribio yanayoshindwa ndani ya muda aliopewa (kuzuia unaorudiwa password guessing). Baada ya kikomo kufikiwa, jitihada zaidi hushindwa (z na jitihada password sahihi) mpaka mwanzo wa kipindi ijayo. Hata hivyo, hii ina hatari kutoka kwa aina ya [[kunyimwa huduma ya shambulio hilo.]] * Kucheleweshwa katika majaribio ya kutia nywila ili kupunguza kasi ya mipango automatiska ya kubahatisha nywila. Baadhi ya hatua za utekelezaji wa sera sugu zinaweza kuwatenga watumiaji, na uwezekano wa kupungua kwa usalama kama matokeo. == Kuvunja nywila == Kujaribu kuvunja nywila kwa kufanya majaribio menig iwezekanavyo kama utakavyowezesha na muda na pesa ni [[shambulio la nguvu]] Mbinu inayohusiana na hii, ambayo ina ufanisi zaidi katika kesi nyingi, ni shambulio kamusi. Katika shambulio kamusi, maneno yote katika kamusi moja au zaidi hujaribiwa. Orodha za nywila za kawaida pia hujaribiwa. [[Nguvu ya nywila]] ni uwezekano kwamba password haiwezi kubahatishwa au kugunduliwa kwa urahisi, na inatofautiana na shambulio algorithm kutumika. Nywila zinazogunduliwa kwa urahisi huitwa ''dhaifu'' au ''mazingira magumu;'' password au haiwezekani vigumu sana kugundua wanaochukuliwa ''nguvu.'' Kuna programu kadhaa zinazopatikana kuvunjia nywila (au hata ukaguzi na ahueni wafanyakazi wa mitambo) kama vile [[L0phtCrack, Yohana Ripper]], na [[Kaini;]] baadhi ambazo matumizi password design vulnerabilities (kama zinapatikana katika mfumo Microsoft LANManager) ili kuongeza ufanisi. Programu hizi wakati mwingine kutumiwa na wasimamizi wa mitambo kuchunguza nywila dhaifu ziliopendekezwa na watumiaji. Utafiti wa mifumo ya uzalishaji wa kompyuta imezidi kuonyesha kuwa sehemu kubwa ya nywila zote zilizochaguliwa na watumiaji hubahatishwa kiautomatiska. Kwa mfano, Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia kiliripoti kuwa asilimia 22 ya nywila za watumiaji zinaweza kupaitikana kwa juhudi kidogo tu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~crf/howto/password-howto.html |title=Password |accessdate=2009-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609222522/http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~crf/howto/password-howto.html |archivedate=2007-06-09 }}</ref> Kulingana na [[Bruce Schneier]], akichunguza data kutoka shambilizi la [[phishing]] la 2006, asilimia 55 ya nywila za MySpace zingeweza kuvunjwa katika masaa 8 kwa kutumia kifaa kinachoauzwa cha Password Recovery Toolkit chenye uwezo wa kujaribu nywila 200,000 kila sekundu mnamo mwaka wa 2006. <ref>[12] ^ [http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html Schneier, Real-World Passwords]</ref> Pia aliripoti kuwa nywila maarufu zaidi ni ''password1,'' na kuthibitisha tena hali ya kutojua kwa ujumla wa namna ya kushughulikia nywila miongoni mwa watumiaji. (Hata hivyo alisisitiza kuwa, kwa kuzingatia takwimu hizi, ubora wa nywila umeboreshwa kwa jumla katika miaka ya hivi punde -kwa mfano, urefu wa wastani ulikuwa hadi herufi nane kutoka chini ya saba katika uchunguzi wa awali, na chini ya asilimia 4 yalikuwa maneno ya kamusi. <ref> [http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2006/12/72300 MySpace Passwords Aren't So Dumb]</ref> ==== Tukio la 1998 ==== Tarehe 16 Julai 1998, [[CERT]] ilitoa taarifa ya tukio <ref name="CERT IN-98.03">{{cite web | url=http://www.cert.org/incident_notes/IN-98.03.html | title=CERT IN-98.03 | accessdate=2009-09-09 | archive-date=2009-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016094832/http://www.cert.org/incident_notes/IN-98.03.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> ambapo mdukizaji mmoja alikusanya majina na akaunti 186,126 pamoja na nywila zao zilizotiwa fumbo. Wakati wa ugunduzi, mdukizaji alikuwa amebahatisha nywila 47,642 (nywila 25.6) akitumia kifaa cha kuvunjia nywila. Nywila hizo zilionekana kuwa zilikusanywa kutoka maeneo mengine kadhaa, baadhi yao ziligunduliwa lakini si zote. Hili bado ndilo tukio kubwa zaidi kuwahi kuripotiwa hadi sasa. == Mbinu Mbadala mbali na nywila za kudhibiti uingiaji == Njia mbalimbali ambazo nywila za kudumu au kudumu kwa muda zinavyoweza kuathirika zimechochea kubuniwa kwa mbinu nyingine. Walakini, baadhi yao ni duni kimatumizi, na hali halisi ni chache tu zinazopatikana kwa kote kwa watumiaji wanaotafuta njia mbadala salama zaidi. * [[Nywila za matumizi moja]] Kuwa na nywila ambayo ni halali mara moja tu inafanya uwezekano wa mashambulizi mengi kutowezekana. Watumiaji wengi huona kuwa nywila za matumizi moja ni hazifai mno. Hata hivyo, zimetumika sana katika kufanya shughuli za [[benki kwenye mtandao]], ambapo zinajulikana kama [[TANs]]. Kwa vile watumiaji wengi wa nyumbani hufanya idadi ndogo tu ya mashirikiano ya kila wiki, utoaji wa nywila za matumizi moja haujasababisha wateja kutoridhika pakubwa katika kesi hii. * [[Hundi za Usalama]] ni sawa katika njia kadhaa na nywila za matumizi moja, lakini thamani ya inayoweka huonyeshwa katika kifaa kidogo (kinachobebeka mfukoni) na hubadilika kila dakika moja hivi. * Udhibiti wa kuingia kwa msingi wa [[public key cryptography]] km [[SSH]]. Funguo muhimu kwa kawaida ni kubwa mno kukaririwa (lakini tazama pendekezo la [http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/434 Passmaze)] {{Wayback|url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/434 |date=20060614024642 }} na lazima zihifadhiwe kwenye kompyuta ya karibu, hundi ya Usalama au kifaa cha kumbukumbu, kama vile [[flash disk]] au [[floppy disk.]] * Mbinu za [[Biometrika]] hutoa uthibitishaji kwa misingi ya hulka za kibinafsi zisizoweza kubadilishwa, lakini kwa sasa (2008) zina kiwango kikubwa cha makosa na huhitaji vifaa zaidi vya ku, kwa mfano, [[Fingerprint]], [[iris]], nk Zimethibitika kuwa rahisi kuepukwa katika baadhi ya matukio maarufu ya kupima mitambo inayouzwa, kwa mfano, gummie Fingerprint spoof demonstration, <ref> T Matsumoto. H Matsumotot, K Yamada, na S Hoshino, Impact of artificial 'Gummy' Fingers on Fingerprint Systems. Proc SPIE, vol 4677, Optical Security and Counterfeit Deterrence Techniques IV or itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/workshop/security/resent/s5p4.pdf PG 356</ref> na, kwa sababu hizi ni hulka zisizoweza kubadilika, haziwezi zikabadilishwa hata ikiwa zimeathirika; hili ni jambo muhimu sana kuzingatiwa katika kudhibiti uingiaji kwa sababu hundi iliyoathirika sio salama. * Teknolojia ya [[Single si-on]] ni alidai kuondokana na haja ya kuwa na multiple password. Programu kama hizo hazimwepushi mtumiaji au msimamizi kutokana na kuchagua nywila kwa busara, wala waundaji wa mitambo au wasimamizi kutokana na kuhakikisha kuwa udhibiti wa kuingia katika mitambo ya kibinafsi na mifumo ya kuwezesha kupitishwa habari kati ya pande husika ni salama dhidi ya mashambulio. Kama sasa, bado hakuna mtindo wa kuridhisha umepata kuendelezwa. * [[Envaulting technology]] ni njia isiyohitaji nywila ya kusalimisha data kwa mfano katika vifaa vya kuhifahdi vya kutoa kama vile flash drive. Badala ya nywila ya mtumiaji, kudhibiti uingiaji hufanywa kwa kuzingatia uwezo wa mtumiaji kuingia katika mtandao wa rasilimali. * Nywila zisizotumia maandishi, kama [[nywila picha]] au nywila zinazotegemea mwendo wa kifaa cha puku. [http://waelchatila.com/2005/09/18/1127075317148.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://waelchatila.com/2005/09/18/1127075317148.html |date=20060616132332 }} Mfumo mwingine huwahitaji watumiaji kuchagua mfululizo wa [[nyuso]] kama nywila, kutumia uwezo wa [[ubongo]] wa [[binadamu]] kukumbuka [[nyuso]] kwa urahisi. [http://mcpmag.com/reviews/products/article.asp?EditorialsID=486 ] {{Wayback|url=http://mcpmag.com/reviews/products/article.asp?EditorialsID=486 |date=20060627235632 }}. Hadi sasa, njia hizi zinawezekana, lakini hazitumiki sana. * Nywila picha ni njia mbadala za [[kuthibitisha]] kuingia ambayo imekusudiwa kutumiwa mahali pa nywila za kawaida; hutumia [[picha, maumbo]] au [[rangi]] badala ya [[herufi, tarakimu]] au [[miundo maalumu.]] Katika baadhi ya mifumo mtumiaji anahitajika kuchagua kutoka katika msururu wa picha katika mfululizo sahihi ili kuweza kuingia, sid14_gci1001829, 00.html</ref> Ilhali wengi wanaamini kwamba nywila picha ni ngumu zaidi [[kuvunja]], wengine wanapendekeza kwamba watu wataweza kuchagua picha za kawaida au Msururu kama wanavyoweza kubaini nywila za kawaida. * [[2D Key]] (2-Dimensional Key) [http://www.xpreeli.com/doc/manual_2DKey_2.0.pdf ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.xpreeli.com/doc/manual_2DKey_2.0.pdf |date=20110718132313 }} ni ufunguo wa miraba miwili ambayo ni njia pembejeo muhimu ikiwa na ufunguo mitindo wa multiline Passphrase, crossword, ASCII / Unicode art, na textual semantic noises kwa hiari, ili kujenga nywila /ufunguo kubwa zaidi ya 128 bits kwa kutambua MePKC (Memorizable Public-Key Cryptography) kutumia funguo zinazoweza kukumbukwa kikamilifu katika teknolojia ya sasa ya private key management kama vile encrypted private key, split private key, na roaming private key. == Mitambo ya nywila tovuti == Nywila hutumiwa kwenye tovuti kuthibitisha watumiaji na kawaida huwekwa kwenye Web server, maana yake kuwa kivinjari kwenye mtambo hutumua nywila kwa server kwa umbali(na HTTP POST), server huikagua nywila na kurudisha ujumbe unaohitajika (au ujumbe wa kukana uingiaji). Utaratibu huu huondoa uwezekano wa local reverse engineering kwa vile kanuni zinazotumiwa kuthibitisha nywila hazipo kwenye mashine ya karibu. Uwasilishaji wa nywila, kupitia kivinjari, katika maandishi wazi inamaanisha kuwa inaweza kutekwa katika safari yake ya kwenda kwa server. Mifumo mingi ya uthibitishaji kwenye mtandao hutumia SSL kuendeleza kikao cha uwasilishaji kati ya kivinjari na server, na ndio kiini cha madai ya kuwa na "Tovuti salama". Hili hufanywa automatiski na kivinjari na huongeza uadilifu wa kikao, tukidhani hakuna pande yoyote iliyoathirika na kwamba mitambo ya [[SSL / TLS]] zinazotumiwa ni za hali ya juu. Mifumo inayojulikana kwa kufanya usimamizi wa nywila na uanachama mara nyingi huhusisha matumizi ya [[Java]] au [[JavaScript]] zilizopo kwenye [[HTML]] source code ya upande wa mteja (yaani kwenye kivinjari cha mtumiaji, kwa mfano, AuthPro). Ila za mifumo kama hii ni wepesi wa kuepuka ulinzi kwa kuzima JavaScript na Meta redirects katika kivinjari, na hivyo kupata kufikia kurasa za tovuti zinazolindwa. Zingine hujifaidi na lugha za scripting kwenye upande wa server kama vile [[ASP]] au [[PHP]] kuthibitisha watumiaji katika server kabla ya kutoa source code kwa kivinjari. Mifumo maarufu kama [http://www.Sentrylogin.com Sentry Login] na [http://www.monster-submit.com/sentry/ Password Sentry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monster-submit.com/sentry/ |date=20091228023718 }} hufaidika na teknolojia ambapo kurasa za tovuti hulindwa kwa kutumia viambishi vya lugha ya scripting vinavyowekwa mbele ya HTML source code katika ukurasa wa tovuti kuhifadhiwa katika ugani sahihi katika server, kama vile .asp au .php. == Historia ya nywila == Nywila au '''misemo''' zimetumika tangu zamani. [[Polybius]] anaelezea mfumo wa usambazaji wa nywila katika [[Jeshi la Kirumi]] kama ifuatavyo: : Njia ambayo wao hutumia kupitisha msemo wa usiku ni kama ifuatavyo: kutoka [[maniple]] ya kumi ya kila darasa la infantry na cavalry, maniple ambayo imepiga kambi katika eneo la chini mwishoni wa mtaa, mtu huteuliwa na kupumzishwa kutoka wajibu wa kulinda, naye kila siku saa za machweo huhudhuria hema ya [[Tribune]], na kupokea kutoka kwake msemo - yaani ubao ambamo neno hilo limeandikwa - anaondoka, na anapokurudi katika maskani yake anapitisha msemo pamoja na ubao mbele ya mashahidi kwa kamanda wa maniple ijayo, ambao nao huipitisha kwa iliyo karibu nao. Wote hufanya hivyo mpaka inafikia maniple za kwanza, wale waliopiga kambi karibu na mahema ya tribune. Hawya wa mwisho wana wajibu wa kutoa ubao kwa tribunes kabla ya giza kuingia. Ili kwamba ikiwa zote zilizotolewa zimerudi, Tribune anajua kwamba maniples wote wamepewa msemo, na umewapiti wote katika njia yake kurudi kwake. Kama mojawapo haiko, hufanya uchunguzi mara moja, kwani anajua kwa alama ni kutoka maskani yapi ambapo ubao haukurudi, na aliyesababisha kusimishwa huko hukutana na adhabu inayomstahili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm |title=Polybius on the Roman Military |accessdate=2009-12-23 |archivedate=2008-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011711/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm }}</ref> Matumizi ya nywila katika kijeshi yaligeuka na kujumuisha sio nywila tu, lakini pia nywila kinyume; kwa mfano katika siku ya kwanza ya [[Mapigano ya Normandy]], wanajeshi wanaoruka kwa miamvuli kutoka 101 Airbourne Division ya Marekani walitumia nywila - "thunder" - ambayo iliwasilishwa kama changamoto, na kuitikiwa kwa jibu sahihi - "flash". Changamoto na mwitikio ziligeuzwa mara kwa mara. Wanajeshi wa Marekani wanaoruka kwa miamvuli pia walitumia kifaa maarufu kinachojulikana kama "cricket" wakati wa [[D-Day]] badala ya mfumo wa nywila kama njia ya kipekee kwa muda ya utambulisho; bofya moja yenye sauti ya chuma iliyotolewa na kifaa hicho kama nywila kulifaa kuitikiwa na bofya mbili. <ref>Bando, Mark ''Screaming Eagles: Tales of the 101st Airbourne Division in World War II'' </ref> Nywila zimetumika kwa kompyuta tangu siku za mwanzo za kompyuta. [[CTSS]], kutoka [[MIT]] mojawapo ya mifumo ya kwanza ya kugawana muda, ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1961. Ilikuwa na amri ya INGIA ambayo ilimwitisha mtumiaji nywila. "Baada ya kuwekaa NYWILA, mtambo ulifunga kifaa cha uchapishaji, kama ikiwezekana, ili mtumiaji kuweza kutia nywila yake kwa faragha." <ref> CTSS Programmers Guide, 2nd Ed., MIT Press, 1965</ref> [[Robert Morris]] alizindua wazo la kuhifadhi nywila katika mfumo wa heshi kama sehemu ya mfumo wa uendeshaji wa [[Unix.]] Algorithimu yake, ikijulikana kama [[crypt (3)]], alitumia [[chumvi]] ya bits 12 na kuita mfumo wa algorithm ya [[DES]] uliogeuzwa mara 25 na kupunguza hatari ya [[Pre-computed dictionary attacks.]] ==Angalia pia== * [[Access code]] * [[Uthibitishaji]] * [[CAPTCHA]] * [[Diceware]] * [[Keyfile]] * [[Passphrase]] * [[Password manager]] * [[Password policy]] * [[Password psychology]] * [[Password strength]] * [[Password length parameter]] * [[Password Cracking]] * [[Password fatigue]] * [[Password-authenticated key agreement]] * [[Password notification e-mail]] * [[Password synchronization]] * [[Pre-shared key]] * [[Random password generator]] * [[Rainbow table]] * [[Self-service password reset]] * [[Shibboleth]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.passwordresearch.com/stats/statindex.html Large collection of Statistics about passwords] * [http://www.acsac.org/2005/abstracts/89.html Graphical Passwords: A Survey] * [http://labs.mininova.org/passclicks/ PassClicks] {{Wayback|url=http://labs.mininova.org/passclicks/ |date=20070806010916 }} * [http://www.network-research-group.org/default.asp?page=publications PassImages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.network-research-group.org/default.asp?page=publications |date=20081202003003 }} * [http://www.jablon.org/passwordlinks.html Links for password-based cryptography] * [http://www.emiic.net/docs/PasswordGuide.pdf Procedural Advice for Organizations and Administrators] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emiic.net/docs/PasswordGuide.pdf |date=20110218140320 }} * [http://www.ftp.cl.cam.ac.uk/ftp/users/rja14/tr500.pdf Memorability and Security of Passwords] - Cambridge University Computer Laboratory study of password memorability vs security. [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] r5evvl929zsxxs80qn4ncdvcmrno0bp 0 34010 1601080 1524448 2026-09-25T13:15:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rizwan Khan''' (anajulikana kama '''Riz Khan'''; alizaliwa [[Aden]], [[Yemen]], Aprili [[1962]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] katika [[televisheni]] nchini [[Uingereza]], aliyepata umaarufu alipofanya kazi kwa BBC na CNN. Hivi sasa, ana kipindi chake cha mahojiano kwenye [[Al Jazeera ya Kiingereza]]. ==Kazi== Khan alizaliwa mjini [[Aden]] wakati wa utawala wa Uingereza. Baba yake ni Muingereza wa kabila la [[Kipanjabi]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2yQUBkCiak|title=One on One - Lord Swraj Paul - 21 Nov 09 - Part 2|accessdate=14 Jul 2022|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> na mama yake ana asili ya kutoka nchini Yemen. Asili ya mama yake inaatokea [[Kutch]] katika jimbo la [[Gujarat]] nchini [[Uhindi]] na baba yake anatoka [[Kashmir]]. Khan aliguria na familia yake [[London, Uingereza]] akiwa na umri wa nne. Yeye alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya [[Wood Green]] na kish akajiunga na [[Air Training Corps]], na kufuzu kwa shahada ya Sayansi katika Fisyolojia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wales]], na kisha akamaliza kozi ya Uzamili katika Radio Journalism katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Portsmouth.]] Mnamo mwaka 1987, alichaguliwa kama mwanafunzi a uanahabari wa BBC - mfumo wa mafunzo wa BBC inayochukua miaka miwili, inayochukua watu 6 tu kwa kila kozi. Khan aliajiriwa kama ripota wa BBC, kisha akawa Mtayarishaji, na Mwandishi habari, akifanya kazi kote katika televisheni na redio, na baadae kuwa mmoja wa mwanzilishi News Presenters juu BBC World Service Television News. Yeye a inlett BBC World Service Television News in 1991. Mnamo mwaka 1993, yeye alihamia [[CNN International]], ambapo alikuwa mtangazaji kuu kwa wa habari za kimataifa. Matukio aliyowahi kuripotia ni kama uchaguzi nchini [[India]] mnamo mwaka wa 1996 na 1999; uchaguzi wa kihistoria wa mwaka 1997 nchini Uingereza; na Hijja ya [[Kiislamu]], mnamo mwaka wa Aprili 1998. Mwaka wa 1996, alianzisha kipindi cha mahojiano ya ''CNN: Q & A with Riz Khan,'' na amewahoji watu maarufu kama aliyekuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa [[Kofi Annan]], Marais wa zamani wa Marekani [[Jimmy Carter]] na [[Bill Clinton, Dalai Lama]] na [[Nelson Mandela]], na mwanasayansi [[J . Venter Craig.]] Khan pia aliwahi kufanya mahojiano ya kipekee ulimwenguni mzima na Mkuu wa Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] kufuatia mapinduzi yake mnamo Oktoba 1999. Khan alitangaza kipindi cha ''Q & A-Asia with Riz Khan.'' Hivi vipindi vya mahojiano huweka wanahabari kote duniani na watu maarufu pamoja na wao huulizwa maswali na watazamaji kwa kutumia simu, barua pepe, au kipepesi, pamoja na maswali na maoni kuchukuliwa kutoka chumba cha kipepesi kifunguacho nusu saa kabla ya kila kipindi. Khan sasa ni mtangazaji wa ''Riz Khan Show'' kwenye [[Al Jazeera ya Kiingereza.]] Katika kipindi hicho, Khan huwahoji wachambuzi na watunga sera na inaruhusu watazamaji kutoa maoni yao kwa kupitia simu, barua pepe, ujumbe mfupi au fax. Khan anaongea Kiurdu na Kihindi, lugha za kitaifa za Pakistan na India na anaelewa lugha nyingine za Asia ya Kusini kama vile [[Kipunjabi]] na [[Kutchi.]] Yeye ana alisomea [[Kifaransa]], na anaweza kuelewa lugha nyingine za Ulaya, ikiwemo [[Kiswidi.]] {{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2007}} On 19 Februari 2001 katika mahojiano kwenye kipindi cha India Today, Khan alisema, "Mimi najua kuongea Kihindi vizuri zaidi kuliko wenyeji wa Mumbai." Mwaka wa 2005, yeye mwandishi kitabu yake ya kwanza, ''Al-Waleed: Billionaire Businessman Prince,'' iliyochapishwa na [[Harper Collins.]] ==Ubishani== Alipoulizwa na mtangazaji wa CNN anayeitwa Frank Sesno "Je Hamas ni shirika la kigaidi?", Khan alijibu "Mimi si mtu wa kuhukumu." Wakati alipoulizwa "Je Hezbollah ni shirika la kigaidi?", Alisema, "Vile vile, mimi siwezi kuhukumu." Kauli hii ya Khan imesababisha upinzani mkali kutoka kwa mchambuzi wa habari za [[kihafidhina]] wa kutoka Marekani anayeitwa [[Yale Brent Bozell III.]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mrc.org/BozellColumns/newscolumn/2006/col20061128.asp |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-25 |archivedate=2009-11-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124155558/http://www.mrc.org/BozellColumns/newscolumn/2006/col20061128.asp }}</ref> Mashirika ya habari makubwa kote duniani huwasihi wanahabari wao waepuke na neno 'kigaidi' au 'ugaidi,' ikionekana kama kikwazo cha maelewano.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/assets/advice/reporting_terrorism.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-05-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524221457/http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/assets/advice/reporting_terrorism.pdf |archivedate=2010-05-24 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D43F7C85-694A-4BCE-A766-49DC0BA4E590.htm Profile at Al Jazeera Kiingereza] * [http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&amp;friendID=211474400 MySpace Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=211474400 |date=20070621205448 }} * [http://www.romm.org/audio/20080902rnc19rizkhan.mp3 Mahojiano na Baron Dave Romm ya KFAI-FM katika Republican National Convention Septemba 2, 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.romm.org/audio/20080902rnc19rizkhan.mp3 |date=20110520005118 }} na [http://www.romm.org/rnc08/98.html picha] {{Wayback|url=http://www.romm.org/rnc08/98.html |date=20090227041525 }} [http://thebrowser.com/books/interviews/riz-khan ] {{Wayback|url=http://thebrowser.com/books/interviews/riz-khan |date=20100103143825 }} * [http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB111862259989457599-Ihjg4Nllad4n5yqZ4KHcKiJm5.html "Kwa nini I'm Kujiunga Al Jazeera," op-ed kwa Riz Khan, Wall Street Journal 13 Juni 2005, s. A1] * [http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010219/mscape2.shtml ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010219/mscape2.shtml |date=20100811160121 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rizwan}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Al Jazeera]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:watu wa Uingereza]] d6eohbz1svxnzcdpe7o1n6p8a8rayr5 0 34036 1601530 1529513 2026-09-25T23:51:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Winnie Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] '''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela''' (jina la kuzaliwa: '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela'''; [[26 Septemba]] [[1936]] - [[2 Aprili]] [[2018]]<ref>[http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2018/04/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-died/ ''Winnie Madikizela has died.''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2018/04/02/winnie-madikizela-mandela-died/ |date=20180402193353 }} heraldlive.co.za ya 2 Aprili 2018, iliangaliwa 3 Aprili 2018</ref>) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alijulikana kimataifa kama mpinzani wa [[siasa]] ya [[Ubaguzi wa rangi|ubaguzi]] ya [[apartheid]] na [[mke]] wa [[Nelson Mandela]]. Baada ya mwisho wa apartheid alichukua nafasi za [[uongozi]] [[Serikali|serikalini]] na katika [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[ANC]] lakini alipaswa kujiuzulu baada ya mashtaka dhidi yake kupatikana. Alikuwa maarufu kama mpiganaji wa [[haki]] wa watu weusi wa nchi yake. Wafuasi wake walimwita 'Mama wa Taifa'. Lakini alihusishwa pia katika mauaji wakati wa mapambano dhidi ya apartheid, hususani baada ya kukumbana na mashtaka mbalimbali kama vile, kukiukwa kwa [[haki za binadamu]] kama vile kumtesa na hatimaye kuuawa kwa [[mtoto]] wa miaka 14, aliyeitwa Stompie Moeketsi mwaka [[1989]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/36680.stm |title=Winnie says evidence against her is 'ludicrous' |date=1997-12-04 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2009-08-25 }}</ref> Baadaye alihusishwa na [[udanganyifu]] na [[wizi]]. Kwa hiyo kumbukumbu yake ni ya mchanganyiko akiwa kama [[shujaa]] wa kupigania [[uhuru]] na pia mtu mwenye kasoro nyingi.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-mother-then-mugger-of-new-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6 Winni Mandela, mother then mugger of new South Africa], huduma ya Reuters, iliangaliwa 3 Aprili 2018</ref> ==Miaka ya awali, elimu== [[Jina]] lake la asili la [[Kixhosa]] ni Nomzamo linalomaanisha „Anayejaribu“. Alizaliwa katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Mbogoweni]], sehemu ya Bizana katika Mkoa wa Pondo ambayo sasa ni mkoa wa [[Eastern Cape]] huko Afrika Kusini. Baadaye alipokea [[ajira]] na kuishi katika sehemu mbalimbali kama [[Bantustan]] ya [[Transkei]], Banzana, Shawbury na [[Johannesburg]] . Alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya nane waliokuwa saba wa kike na mmoja wa kiume. Wazazi wake Columbus na Getrude walikuwa walimu. Mama aliaga dunia wakati Winnie alikuwa na miaka 8 na watoto waligawiwa kati ya ndugu wa wazazi. Winnie-Nomzamo alisoma elimu ya sekondari huko Bizana na pia aliendelea kusoma ustawi wa jamii mjini Johannesburg alipopewa stashahada yake [[1956]] akapata ajira katika huduma za jamii. Miaka ya baadaye aliongeza [[shahada ya awali]] (B.A.) katika somo la mahusiano ya kimataifa kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]]. ==Ndoa na familia== Alipofanya kazi ya huduma za jamii alikutana na [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi, [[Nelson Mandela]], mwaka wa [[1957]]. Walifunga [[ndoa]] mwaka wa [[1958]] na kujaliwa kupata binti wawili, Zenani (aliyezaliwa mwaka wa [[1959]]) na Zindzi (aliyezaliwa mwaka wa [[1960]]). Mumewe alikamatwa na serikali ya apartheid mwaka 1962 akaendelea kukaa gerezani hadi 1990. Katika muda huu mrefu Winnie Mandela alijihusisha zaidi na upinzani wa siasa za [[Ubaguzi wa rangi|ubaguzi wa rangi.]] Wakati mumewe akitoka [[gerezani]] ndoa yao ilikuwa matatani; walitengana rasmi mwaka 1992 hadi kumalizana kwa talaka kisheria mwaka 1996. ==Upinzani dhidi ya sera ya ubaguzi ya apartheid== Aliibuka kama mpinzani muhimu wa siasa ya ubaguzi wa rangi iliyoweka mamlaka yote katika mikono ya watu weupe nchini Afrika Kusini. Kwa jitihada zake aliwekwa mara kadhaa gerezani au alizuiliwa mwendo huru nje ya mji au mtaa fulani akipaswa kukaa kwa miaka kadhaa Brandfort katika eneo la Orange Free State. Ni mara chache tu aliruhusiwa kumtembelea mumewe katika gereza la Robben Island. Katika miaka ya [[1980]] na miaka ya [[1990]], alivuta hisia za taifa na mataifa kwa ujumla, na alikuwa akifanyiwa mahojiano na waandishi wa habari wa kitaifa na kimataifa. Chama cha ANC kilichokuwa maarufu ndani ya Afrika Kusini kilimtumia kama uso wa upinzani dhidi ya apartheid mbele ya umma wa kimataifa. Rais Thabo Mbeki alitaja nafasi hii katika barua ya mwaka 2008: ''„Katika muktadha wa mapambano ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya uhuru wa wafungwa wa kisiasa katika nchi yetu, harakati yetu ilichukua uamuzi wa kimakusudi kutumia jina la Nelson Mandela kama kielelezo cha wafungwa hawa. Hivyo tulitumia pia wasifu wake wa kibinafsi wa kisiasa, pamoja na mateso ya mkewe wa awali, Winnie Mandela, kuonyesha dunia na jamii ya Afrika Kusini ukatili wa mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi.“''<ref>“In the context of the global struggle for the release of political prisoners in our country, our movement took a deliberate decision to profile Nelson Mandela as the representative personality of these prisoners, and therefore to use his personal political biography, including the persecution of his then wife, Winnie Mandela, dramatically to present to the world and the South African community the brutality of the apartheid system“ [http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&sn=Detail Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma], date=2008-10-31</ref> ==Kushtakiwa kwa unyanyasaji na mauaji== Heshima yake ilishuka, kutokana na kile ambacho wengi wanaamini kua kiu ya damu. Mfano halisi wa hali hii ni [[hotuba]] yake aliyoitoa katika eneo la Munsieville katika siku ya tarehe 13/04/1985, ambapo alikubali na kupitisha adhabu ya kuua watu kwa kuwavalisha matairi na kuweka mafuta ya Petrol na kisha kuwasha moto, katika harakati za kumaliza na kutokomeza mfumo wa Apartheid. Alisema kuwa, kwa kutumia viberiti vetu na cheni zetu tutabadilisha nchi yetu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://century.guardian.co.uk/1980-1989/Story/0,,110268,00.html|title=Row over 'mother of the nation' Winnie Mandela|publisher=The Guardian|date=27 Januari 1989}}</ref> Mambo zaidi yaliyoshusha heshima yake, ni mashataka aliyoshtakiwa na mlinzi wake binafsi, Jerry Richardson, kuwa Winnie Madikezela Mandela aliagiza kukamatwa na kuuliwa tarehe 29/12/1989. Richard alimteka mtoto wa miaka14, aiyeitwa James Seipei pia alijulikana kama Stompie Moeketsi, na watoto wengine watatu, kutoka katika nyumba ya Waziri mchungaji Paul Verryn. Mrs Mandela alidai kuwa aliwachukua wototo hao na kuwapeleka katika nyumba yake, kutokana na kuhisi kuwa Mchungaji huyo alikuwa akiwanyanyasa kijinsia watoto hao. Watoto hao wanne walipigwa sana ili wakubali kuwa walikuwa wakifanya mapenzi na mchungaji huyo. Pia Saipei alikuwa akidaiwa kuwa alikuwa mpelelezi. Mwili wa Saipei ulikutwa katika eneo la wazi ukiwa na vidonda vya kuchomwa mnamo tarehe 06/01/1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/world/winnie-mandela-aide-guilty-of-murder.html|title=Winnie Mandela Aide Guilty of Murder|publisher=The New York Times|date=26 Mei 1990}}</ref> Mwaka 1991 alikamatwa na kushtakiwa kwa makosa ya kuteka nyara na kuwa nyongeza katika mateso yaliyosababisha kifo cha Saipei. Kifungo chake cha miaka sita kilipunguzwa na kuwa kulipa faini baada ya kutokana na kukata rufaa. ==Kabla ya Mfumo wa ubaguzi / Apartheid== Wakati wa mabadiliko ya Afrika ya kusini kuwa serikali ya Kidemokrasia, Winnie alikuwa kidogo anawapendelea wazungu kuliko mume wake. Pamoja na kuwa na mume wake wakati akiachiwa huru mwakan1990. Miaka 38 ya ndoa ilimalizika walipaochana mwezi wa nne mwaka1992 baada ya kugundulika kuwa alikuwa sio mwaminifu kwa kipindi ambacho Mandela alikuwa gerezani. Wawili hao walitalikiana mwezi wa tatu mwaka 1996 lakini alikuwa tayari keshapata jina la pili la Madikizela-Mandela. Alichaguliwa kuwa waziri wa sanaa, utamaduni, sayansi na tekinolojia kama madaraka yake ya kwanza katika seriakali baada ya sera ya ubaguzi nchi humo yaani Apartheid mwezi wa tano mwaka 1994, lakini alinyang'anywa wadhifa huo miezi kumi na moja baadae baada ya kushutumiwa kwa kula rushwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.scotsman.com/winniemandela/Winnie-Mandelas-fall-from-grace.2422138.jp |title=Winnie Mandela's fall from grace |date=2003-04-26 |author=Fred Bridgland |publisher=[[The Scotsman]] |accessdate=2009-03-24 }}</ref> Alibakia maarufu kwa wnachama wengi wa chama cha ANC, na mwezi wa kumi na mbili mwaka1993 alichaguliwa kugombea nafasi ya Uraisi kwa tiketi ya chama ca ANC, chama cha wanawake japokuwa alijivua wadhifa huo na kuwa makamu mwenyekiti wa Raisi wa chama hicho, katika harakati kwenye mkutano wa Mafikeng mwezi wa kumi na mbili mwaka 1997. Mwaka 1997, alijitokeza katika baraza la Ukweli na Mapatano. Mchungaji Desmond Tutu, alitambua umuhimu wake na nafasi yake katika harakati za kupigania uhuru na usawa lakini alimwomba akubali makosa yake na aweze kuomba msamaha. Katika kujibu alisema na kukubali kuwa mambo yalikwenda vibaya sana. ==Mashtaka ya udanganyifu== Tarehe 24/04/2003, alikutwa na hatia ya mashtaka 43 ya udanganyifu, 25 ya wizi, na msaidizi wake Addy Moolman, alishtakiwa kwa makosa 58 ya udanganyifu na 25 ya wizi. Wote wawili walikana mashtaka yanayotokana na fedha zilizopotea kutokana na maombi ya mkopo na gharama za mazishi, maombi ambayo waliomba na hawakuyapata licha ya fedha kutolewa. Medikizela-Mandela alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka mitano jela. .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2003/04/27/news/news01.asp|title=ANC: We won't dump Winnie|publisher=Sunday Times (South Africa)|date=27 Aprili 2003}}</ref> Muda mfupi baada ya kuhukumiwa alistaafu nafasi zote alizokuwa nazo katika chama cha ANC cha wanawake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing|title=Winnie Mandela resigns ANC posts|publisher=CNN|date=25 Aprili 2003|access-date=2009-12-26|archive-date=2019-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002171724/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/04/25/mandela.sentencing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2003, rafiki yake wa karibu, Hazel Crane aliuwawa. Crane hapo mwazo alitaka kununua nyumba ya Madikizela-Mandela.<ref name=age>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/High-society-rocked-by-the-shady-past-of-one-of-its-own/2004/12/23/1103391892184.html| title=High society rocked by the shady past of one of its own| publisher=The Age| date =2004-12-24}}</ref> Mwezi wa saba mwaka 2000, japo kwa mahakama kuu ya Pretoria alisema kuwa, makosa hayawezi kufanywa ili kumfaidisha mtu. Jaji huyo alimfutia mashtaka ya wizi na kuacha na mshtaka ya udanganyifu na hivyo kufanya kifungo chake kiwe cha miaka mitatu na miezi sita.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|title=Winnie: No personal gain|publisher=News24|date=7 Mei 2004|accessdate=2009-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1553061,00.html|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> ==Kunyimwa visa ya kuingia Canada== Mwezi wa sita mwaka 2007, ubalozi wa [[Kanada]] nchini Afrika ya Kusini, ulikataa kumpa [[viza]] Winnie Mandela ya kusafiri hadi [[Toronto]], Kanada ambapo alikuwa amepangiwa kushiriki katika tamasha la harambee lilopangwa na kituo cha sanaa cha Music Noir, ambacho kilijumuisha kuoneshwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa tamthiliya ya "The Passion of Winnie" iliyokuwa imeigizwa kuendana na maisha yake. .<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Winnie Mandela denied entry to Canada for arts gala |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2007/06/05/winnie-mandela.html |work= |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC.ca]] |id= |pages= |page= |date=2007-06-05 |accessdate=2007-06-05 |language= |quote= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607162331/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2007/06/05/winnie-mandela.html |archivedate=2007-06-07 }}</ref> ==Kurudi katika siasa== Wakati chama cha ANC, kilipotangaza uchaguzi wa bodi ya uchaguzi ya taifa tarehe 21/12/2007. Winnie Mandela alishika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kuwa na kura 2845.<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ Newly-elected National Executive Committee] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/conf/conference52/ |date=20100525085835 }},[[African National Congress|ANC]] Website, Retrieved on 21 Desemba 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599|date=20081002120731}}, [[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Times]], 21 Desemba 2007, Retrieved on 21 Desemba 2007</ref> ==Msamaha kwa wahanga wa maandamano== Mandela aliyapinga mandamano yenye fujo ya kuanzia mwezi wa tano hadi mwezi wa sita mwaka 2008, yaliyoanza katika jiji la Johannesburg na kuenea katika nchi nzima na kuilaumu serikali kwa kutokuwa na kushindwa kutoa huduma ya makazi kwa waathirika wa maandamano.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=nw20080530112254983C305166 Winnie speaks out on SA's issues]</ref> Pia aliomba msamaha kwa waathirika waliopata matatizo kutokana na maandamano.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7404351.stm Refugees flee South Africa attacks]</ref>. Halikadhalika alikwenda kuwatembelea waathirika hao katika mji wa [[Alexandra]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://multimedia.thetimes.co.za/videos/2008/05/winnie-visits-alexandra/ |title=Winnie visits Alexandra |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archivedate=2009-12-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219183403/http://multimedia.thetimes.co.za/videos/2008/05/winnie-visits-alexandra/ }}</ref> Pia alijitolea nyumba yake kwa ajili ya wahamiaji kutoka nchi ya jamuhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=774630 |title=Winnie adopts refugee family |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archivedate=2008-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530130808/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=774630 }}</ref> Alionya kuwa wapenda maandamano wangeweza kuvamia katika mfumo wa reli ya Gauteng. ==Uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2009== Mandela alishika nafasi ya tano katika uchaguzi ANC, kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa mwaka 2009, waliokuwa mbele yake walikuwa ni pamoja na Raisi wa sasa wa Afrika ya Kusini [[Jacob Zuma]], aliyekuwa raisi wa Afrika ya kusini Kgalema Motlante, Makamu wa raisi wa Afrika Kusini Baleka Mbete na Waziri wa fedha Trevo Manuel. Makala katika gazeti la the Observer, lilisema kuwa, suala la Winnie kupata nafasi ya juu katika chaguzi hiyo inaonesha kuwa, chama chake bado kina imani nae sana na pia yeye ni hazina katika chama hicho hususani kwa watu masikini.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/01/winnie-mandela-mp-south-africa Winnie set for shock comeback to ANC politics]</ref> ==Muonekano wake katika filamu na televisheni== Tina Lifford anamwelezea Mandela, mwaka 1997, katika tamthilia ya Mandela and De Klerk,<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119607/fullcredits#cast</ref> Sophia Okedo anamwelezea Mandela katika tamthiliya katika kituo cha televishei cha BBC.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dowell, Ben|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama|title=BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama|work=guardian.co.uk|publisher=[[Guardian News and Media]]|date=11 Machi 2009|accessdate=11 Machi 2009}}</ref> Jennifer Hudson atacheza nafasi ya mama Mandela katika mchezo unaofuatia na utakaoigizwa kurekodiwa mwaka 2010. Jennifer Hudson amekuwa akicheza nafasi ya Mandela katika filamu ya inayoitwa "Winnie" iliyoongozwa na Darrel J. Roodt. Andre Pieterse, Roodt na Paul L. Johnson iliyoegemea katika mwongozo wa Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob inayohusu historia ya maisha yake "Winnie Mandela: A life" <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118011521.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |title=Jennifer Hudson to star in 'Winnie' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801050824/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118011521.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |archivedate=2010-08-01 |accessdate=2009-12-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Umoja wa wafanyakazi wa Afrika ya kusini, walipinga mpango huu, na kueleza kuwa wangefungua mashtaka kupinga filamu hiyo iwapo mpangilio wa waigizaji hautabadilishwa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/feature/afp-south-africa-jennifer-hudson.html|title=South African actors 'want Hudson out of Mandela film'|publisher=[[American Free Press]]|date=7 Desemba 2009|accessdate=8 Desemba 2009}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=FEB+18%2C+1989&author=William+Claiborne&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R "Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence"] {{Wayback|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73780409.html?dids=73780409:73780409&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=FEB+18%2C+1989&author=William+Claiborne&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Fall+of+Winnie+Mandela+Began+Nearly+2+Years+Ago%3B+Erratic+Behavior+Preceded+R |date=20110524125418 }}, Washington Post, 18 Februari 1989 * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/winnie16.xml "Winnie Mandela on bank fraud charges"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2001%2F10%2F16%2Fwinnie16.xml |date=20200531035726 }}, Telegraph, 15 Oktoba 2001 * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/12/05/win05.html "Mrs Mandela defies accusers"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F12%2F05%2Fwin05.html |date=20031103005310 }}, Telegraph, 5 Desemba 1997 * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/09/06/wman06.html "Winnie Mandela 'had hand in boy's murder'"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F09%2F06%2Fwman06.html |date=20041121175750 }}, Telegraph, 9 Desemba 1997 * [http://www.the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html "The Lady: the life and times of Winnie Mandela"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.the-write-stuff.com.au/archives/vol-1/reviews/winnie.html |date=20160228135801 }}, by Emma Gilbey. London: Vintage, 1994. ISBN 0-09-938801-4 * [http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html NEC STATEMENT ON MANDELA FOOTBALL CLUB] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1989/pr0218.html |date=20001002042602 }}, 19 Februari 1989 * [http://www.bookrags.com/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Biography Summary] * [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0164-2472(199723%2F24)52%2F53%3C161%3AQCWMAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z WINNIE MANDELA AND THE MOFFIES] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mandela-Madikizela, Winnie}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nelson Mandela]] s7hjxqguxxxgtoo46z1dpfszjdt2xjf 0 34158 1601253 1213359 2026-09-25T14:10:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Name = Kumar Sanu | Img = | Img_capt = | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Birth_name = | Alias = '''Kedarnath Bhattacharya''' | Born = {{Birth date and age|1957|9|22}}<br />[[Kolkata]], [[India]] | Instrument = [[Tabla]] | Genre = [[Playback singing]] | Occupation = Singer,Actor,Music Director,Film Producer | Years_active = 1984–present }} [[Picha:Kumar sanu 3 idiots.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Kumar Sanu]] '''Kumar Sanu''' (pak '''Kedarnath Bhattacharya''' {{lang-bn|কেদারনাথ ভট্টাচার্য}} alizaliwa [[23 Septemba]] [[1957]] katika [[Kolkata]], ni [[mwimbaji maarufu]] India katika [[Bollywood.]] Yeye ni mpokeaji wa tuzo la Padma Shri, moja ya tuzo muhimu India. Alishinda [[Tuzo la mwanamume mwimbaji bora katika nyimbo za filamu]] kwa miaka 5 mfululizo. == Maisha Yake ya Awali == Baba yake Pashupati Bhattacharjee alikuwa muimbaji na mtunzi wa bora. Alimfunza Sanu kuwa mwimbaji na mchezaji wa tabla. Baada ya kupata shahada ya biashara kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Calcutta]], Sanu alianza kuimba hadharani mwaka wa 1979, Liimba katika maonyesho na ha na mikahawa iliyokuwa Calcutta. Aliunda mtindo wake wa kuimba baada ya mwimbaji maarufu wa sauti [[Kishore Kumar.]]Baadaye aliendeleza mtindo wake kuimba. == Kazi == Mwaka wa 1987, mkurugenzi wa muziki na mwimbaji [[Jagjit Singh]] alimpa Sanu nafasi ya kuimba katika filamu ya Kihindi ''Aandhiyan.'' Sanu kisha alihamia[[Mumbai]], ambapo [[Kalyanji-Anandji]] alimpa nafasi ya kuimba katika filamu ''[[Jaadugar.]]'' Kalyanji-Anandji alipendekeza k kubadili jina lake kutoka Kedar Nath Bhattacharya hadi Kumar Sanu kwa sababu ya upendeleo wa Bollywood na eneo hilo na kumpa umaarufu kutoka watazamaji wa Bengali. Sanu ilianza kuimba nyimbo za filamu ya Jagjit Singh's , na akaenda kufanya kazi na wanamuziki wa kama Naushad, Ravindra Jain, Hridayanath Mangeshkar, Pt.RK Razdan, Kalyanji Anandji, USHA Khanna nk Umaarufu wa Sanu ulikuja mwaka wa 1990, katika namna ya filamu ''[[Aashiqui.]]'' Wakurugenzi wa muziki [[Nadeem-Shravan]] alimeuhusu Sanu kuimba nyimbo zote isipokuwa wimbo mmoja. Sanu alipata mafanikio na usiku kucha. Nyimbo za ''Aashiqui'' zilizovuma ni pamoja na ''Sanson ki zaroorat hai jaise, Tu meri Zindagi hain, Nazar ke saamne, Jaane jigar jaaneman, Ab Tere Bin Hum'' na ''Lenge Jee Dheere, dheere se mein meri Zindagi aana.'' Alishinda mara ya kwanza ya rekodi yake ya miaka mitano mfululizo katika [[tuzo za Filmfare]] kama mwanamume mwimbaji bora katika nyimbo za filamu. Tuzo zake za FilmFare zilikuja baada ya nyimbo katika filamu ya ''[[Saajan]]'' (1991), ''[[Deewana]]'' (1992), ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), na [3] (1994). Sanu mara nyingi alishirikiana na[[Nadeem-Shravan.]] Baadhi ya nyimbo zao walizoshirikiana katika sinema ni kama ''Aashiqi'' (1990), ''Manta Ki Dil Tera'' (1991), ''Sadak'' (1991), ''Saajan'' (1991), ''Deewana'' (1992), ''Dil Ka Kya Qusoor'' (1992), ''Kal Ki Awaz'' ( 1992), ''Shreeman Aashique'' (1993), ''Salami'' (1993), ''Damini: Lightning'' (1993), ''dil mile'' (1994), ''Agni Sakshi'' (1996) ''Raja Hindustani'' (1996), ''Jeet'' (1996) ''Pardes'' (1997), miongoni mwa zingine. Pamoja na [[Udit Narayan]]ya kisasa, Sanu hupewa heshima kama mwenye sauti bora miongoni mwa waimbaji wa nyimbo za filamu nchini India. Katika Wasifu wake wa miongo ameweza kuimba pamoja na watunzi mbalimbali waliofanikiwa ambao ni [[RD Burman, Jatin-Lalit, Ismail Darbar, Laxmikant Pyarelal, Naushad, Kalyanji Anandji.]] Alkivunja [[Guinness Rekodi ya Dunia]] kwa kuimba nyimbo 28 katika siku moja mwaka wa 1993. Nyimbo zake za karibuni zilizovuma ni pamoja na ''Humraaz, Yeh Dil Aapka Huwa'' (Pakistan), ''Karz, Dil Ka Rishta, Indian Babu, Ishq Vishk, Andaaz, Qayamat, Hungama'' na ''Footpath.'' Amegeuza biashara yake katika kutengeneza muziki wa filamu za Indian na pia hivi karibuni kama mtayarishaji wa filamu za Bollywood, Utthaan. Hivi sasa, Sanu ako katika jopo la majaji katika [[Sony TV]] ya [[Waar Parriwar]], Onyesho ambalo linahusisha kuleta pamoja gharana ya kuimba (familia ya waimbaji) anashiriki pamoja u na mwimbaji wenzake Sajan, na [[Jatin Pandit]] maarufu wa muziki wa duo [[Jatin-Lalit]] katika maamuzi Wakati huo huo, yeye pia ni mmoja wa majaji pamoja na mwimbaji wa Bollywood [[Shantanu Moitra]] mtunzi na mwimbwji kuoka zamani [[Usha Mangeshkar]] katika [[zee Bangla]] TV katika kipindi cha [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] - Vishwa Sera. == Tuzo == * 2009: [[Padma Shri: Tuzo la]] 4 kubwa la heshima aliyopewa na [[Serikali ya India.]] === Filmfare === ;[[Tuzo la Filfare la Mwanamume Mwimbaji Boura Zaidi katika Nyimbo za Filamu]] * 1990; ''Ab hum tere bin jeelenge'' - [[Aashiqui|''Aashiqui'']] * 1991: ''Aslam Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai'' - [[Saajan|''Saajan'']] * 1992: ''Sochenge tumhe pyaar'' - [[Deewana|''Deewana'']] * 1993: ''Yeh Kaali Kaali Aankhen'' - [[Baazigar|''Baazigar'']] * 1994: ''Ek Ladki Ko Dekha'' - [[1942: A Love Story]] === Tuzo la Nyota wa Skrini === ;Tuzo la Nyota wa Skrini la Mwanamume Mwimbaji Boura Zaidi katika Nyimbo za Filamu * 1994: ''Ek Ladki Ko Dekha'' - ''[5]'' - ''[[Tuzo la Nyota wa Skrini]]'' == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb name|id=0764384}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanu, Kumar}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Kolkata]] in10iabh7ta0kpjrm6zaukxnq7eeuhr 0 34196 1601082 1190002 2026-09-25T13:15:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox chuo kikuu |name = Mekelle University |image = |type = |established = 1991 |mji = [[Mek'ele]] |nchi = [[Ethiopia]] |president = Prof. Mitiku Haile |tovuti = http://www.mu.edu.et/ }} [[Picha:ET Mekele asv2018-01 img10 University.jpg|thumb|250px]] '''Chuo Kikuu cha Mekelle''' kiko Kaskazini mwa [[Ethiopia]] ([[Mekelle]] au Mek'ele, [[Tigray]]), katika umbali wa kilomita 783 kutoka mji mkuu wa Ethiopia, [[Addis Ababa]]. Chuo hiki kina Kampasi tatu ndani ya mji wa [[Mek'ele]], kampasi ya Endayesus (Kilimo cha Ardhi Kavu na Usimamizi wa Maliasili, Sayansi za kikompyuta Sci, Uhandisi na sayansi ya kompyuta, Sayansi ya Utibabu wa Wanyama),kampasi ya Adi Haki (Sheria na Utawala Bora, Lugha na ubinadamu, Biashara na Uchumi), na kampasi ya Aida (Chuo cha Sayansi ya Afya). Kampasi ya nne iko chini ya ujenzi katika Kelamino kama chuo cha Sayansi ya utibabu wa Wanyama. Chuo Kikuu cha Mekelle kilianzishwa Mei mwaka wa 2000 na [[Serikali ya Ethiopia]] (Baraza la Mawaziri, Kanuni No 61/1999 ya Ibara ya 3) kama taasisi elimu yenye ina sheria zake kibinafsi. Shule hili lilimiliki jina lake utoka malkia Mekell. {{Fact|date=Februari 2009}} Kuunganisha vyuo viwili ndiko kuliumba chuo hiki kikuu: Chuo cha Mekelle cha Biashara Mekelle na chuo cha Mekelle. Vyuo hivi viwili vina maendeleo ya kihistoria na uhamishaji. ==Historia== Chuo Kikuu cha Mekelle kilianza maisha mwaka wa 1993 kama chuo cha kilimom cha ardhi kavu ambacho mahali pa kudumu katika Mek'ele baada ya kuhamishwa mara kadhaa. Wakati wa serikali ya zamani, Chuo awali kilipangiwa kuhamishwa [[Seleh Leha]], katika Northwestern Tigray. Lakini, kutokana na sababu nyingi, ilianzishwa kwanza katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Asmara]]kama idara, lakini baadaye kilihamishwa [[Agarfa]], kusini mwa Ethiopia, wakati [[Derg]] kuhamisha chuo kikuu cha Asmara mwaka 1990 kutokana na migogoro ya kisiasa wakati huo. Mwaka wa 1991, baada ya zaidi ya mwaka, Chuo kikuu cha Asmara kilirudi Asmara na Shule ya Kilimo cha Ardhi kavu ilihamia [[Chuo kikuu cha Alamaya]]. kwa muda mfupi Mwaka wa 1993, Chuo cha Kilimo katika Ardhi kavu kilihamishwa, Mek'ele kama Chuo cha Kilimo cha artdhi kavu na Usimamizi wa Maliasili, na kuata makazi ya kudumu katika kampasi ya Endayesus, ambayo imekuwa kituo cha jeshi tangu wakati wa [[Mfalme Menelik]]. Baada ya wanakabiliwa na changamoto, Chuo cha kilimo katika ardhi kavu kliianza na digrii tatu mwaka wa 1993 pamoja na wanafunzi 42 . Baada ya miaka miwili, wa Kitivo cha Sayansi na Teknolojia kilianzishwa katika kampasi hii, vitivo hivi viwili vilipandishwa cheo na kuwa Chuo kikuu na Chuo cha Mekelle. Vile vile Kitivo cha sheria kilianza kwa kukubali wanafunzi wa diploma katika mpango wa elimu ya kuendelea. Cho Kikuu cha Mekelle ni moja ya Vyuo vikuu 13vya kidunia nchini Ethiopia. Katika chuo kikuu cha Mekelle, kuna vitivo saba na idara 44. ==Vyuo na vitivo== Kwa sasa, Chuo Kikuu hicho kina vitivo vifuatavyo: * Chuo cha Kilimo Katika Ardhi Kavu * Chuo cha Biashara na Uchumi * Chuo cha Ubinadamu na Lugha. * Chuo cha Sayansi ya Mazingra na Kikompyuta * Chuo cha Sheria na Utawala * Taasisi ya sayansi ya Matibabu * Chuo cha Sayansi ya Utibabu wa Wanyama * Chuo cha Sayansi ya Afya * Chuo cha Uhandisi na Teknolojia [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la Tigray]] 9v00jvqpaky0773j0yk4w1yqmwzqkqg 0 34204 1601562 1495651 2026-09-26T04:08:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al Jazeera English''' ni stesheni ya runinga ya kutangaza habari na taarifa za mambo leo masaa ishirini na nne kwa lugha ya Kiingereza iliyo na makao yake makuu ni mjini Doha, Qatar. [[Picha:Aljazeera.jpg|thumb|right|Nembo ya Al Jazeera]] Stesheni hii huonyesha habari za makala na uchambuzi, mijadala, taarifa za mambo leo, biashara, teknolojia, na michezo. Wao hudai kuwa stesheni ya kwanza ya kimataifa inayotangaza kwa mtandao wa kisasa (high-definition).<ref>[http://iwantaje.com/aje Fact and Figures] {{Wayback|url=http://iwantaje.com/aje |date=20090713031011 }}, ''iwantaje.com''</ref> Kauli yake mbiu ni ''Setting the News Agenda''. Hii ni stesheni ya kwanza inayotangaza kwa lugha ya Kiingereza iliyo na makao yake makuu kwenye nchi iliyo Mashariki ya Kati.<ref>[http://www.poststar.com/articles/2006/11/01/news/doc4548aba7b0902764236839.txt Al-Jazeera says its English-language news channel will launch November 15] {{Wayback|url=http://www.poststar.com/articles/2006/11/01/news/doc4548aba7b0902764236839.txt |date=20091007231253 }}, [[The Post-Star]] published 1 Novemba 2006</ref> Al Jazeera ina vituo vinne vikuu kote duniani, mjini [[London]], [[Washington, DC]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] na [[Doha]]. Ina milikiwa na serikali ya [[Qatar]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24987-2004Jul3.html Owned by Qatari Government]</ref> Hii ni moja kati ya stesheni chache iliyo na ofisi zake mjini [[Gaza]] na [[Harare]]. == Uzinduzi == Al Jazeera ilianzishwa mnamo 15 Novemba 2006. Stesheni hii ilikuwa iitwe ''Al Jazeera International'' lakini hili jina lilibadilishwa miezi tisa kabla ya uzinduzi.<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1947640,00.html Al-Jazeera renames English-language channel] (registration required)</ref> Stesheni hii ililenga kufikia nyumba milioni 40, lakini ilipitisha lengo hili kwa kuweza kufikia nyumba milioni 80.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6149310.stm Al-Jazeera English hits airwaves], [[BBC News]], published 15 Novemba 2006</ref> == Vipindi == * [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E75490E0-AB63-44D3-8734-39084E1DD452.htm 101 East] - ni kipindi kinachoonyeshwa mara moja kwa wiki, ikitangazwa na [[Teymoor Nabili]]. Maudhui yake ni kama siasa nchini [[Asia]], biashara na habari za mambo leo. * [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BCBB8905-C597-44B7-9471-282F74CA437E.htm 48] - inayotangazwa na [[Amanda Palmer (mwandishi habari)]] na huonyesha jinsi maisha yanavyokwenda katika miji tofauti tofauti. * [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DB458580-5B23-4533-A8FE-A486755DF1A2.htm Everywoman] - inayotangazwa na Shiulie Ghosh, na hueleza kuhusu pilkapilka za wanawake nchini Mashariki ya Kati. * [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/971ED172-257B-4C0F-8071-D99CD6DBF276.htm The Fabulous Picture Show (FPS)] - inayotangazwa na [[Amanda Palmer (journalist)|Amanda Palmer]] kipindi kiachozungumzia kuhusu uigizaji na sanaa. * [[Frost Over The World]] - inayotangazwa na David Frost ni kipindi cha mahojiano kuhusu mambo leo. * [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/120FE8CC-34C2-4681-A5F4-FC9BE127D14A.htm Inside Iraq] - inayotangazwa na Jasim Al-Azzawi, ni kipindi cha mahojiano kuhusu siasa za nchi yz [[Iraki]] == Ofisi za kimataifa == Kando na vituo vyake vinne, Al Jazeera ina ofisi zingine 21. === Mashariki ya Kati === '''Kituo cha Kutangaza:''' Doha <br /> '''Watangazaji habari:''' Jane Dutton, David Foster, Imran Garda, Shiulie Ghosh, Darren Jordon, Maryam Nemazee, Sohail Rahman, Kamahl Santamaria, Lauren Taylor, Sami Zeidan, Hoda Abdel-Hamid, Hashem Ahelbarra, James Bays, John Cookson, Clayton Swisher, Sherine Tadros, Nadim Baba, Imran Kahn, na Mike Hanna. '''Ofisi na watangazaji wake''' <br /> [[Beirut]]: Rula Amin, Zeina Khodr <br /> [[Jerusalem]]: Jacky Rowland <br /> [[Gaza]]: [[Ayman Mohyeldin]] na [[Sherine Tadros]] <br /> [[Ramallah]]: Nour Odeh <br /> [[Tehran]]: Alireza Ronaghi === Afrika === '''Ofisi:''' mjini [[Cairo]], [[Abidjan]], [[Nairobi]], [[Johannesburg]], na [[Harare]]. '''Wanahabari:''' Amr El Kahky, [[Haru Mutasa]], Mohammed Adow, Mohamad Vall, Yvonne Ndege === Bara Ulaya === '''Kituo cha utangazaji:''' mjini [[London]] <br /> '''Watangazaji habari:''' Hamish Macdonald, Felicity Barr, Stephen Cole, Barbara Serra, Alan Fisher, Richard Bestic, Tim Friend, Nazanine Moshiri. '''Ofisi na watangazaji wake:''' <br /> [[Athens]]: Barnaby Phillips <br /> [[Moscow]]. Neave Barker === Marekani === '''Kituo cha utangazaji:''' Washington DC <br /> '''Wanahabari:''' Ghida Fakhry, Anand Naidoo, Shihab Rattansi, Rosiland Jordan, Nick Spicer, Kimberly Halkett na Rob Reynolds '''Ofisi na wanahabari wake:''' <br /> [[Bogota]]: Monica Villamizar <br /> [[Buenos Aires]]: Lucia Newman, Teresa Bo <br /> [[Caracas]]: Mariana Sanchez and Lucrecia Franco <br /> [[New York]]: Kristen Saloomey, John Terret <br /> [[Mexico City]]: Franc Contreras <br /> [[Sao Paulo]]: Gabriel Elizondo === Asia and Australasia === '''Kituo cha utangazaji:''' mjini [[Kuala Lumpur]] <br /> '''Wanahabari:''' [[Teymoor Nabili]], Divya Gopalan, Laura Kyle, Veronica Pedrosa, Tony Birtley, Casey Kauffman, na Selina Downes '''Ofisi na wanahabari wake''' <br /> [[Beijing]]: Tony Cheng na Melissa Chan <br /> [[Islamabad]]: Kamal Hyder <br /> [[Jakarta]]: [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Vaessen Step Vaessen]<br /> [[Delhi]]: Matt Mcclure <br /> [[Manila]]: Marga Ortigas == Wafanyikazi == Wafanyikazi wanaojulikana kufanya kazi kwa Al Jazeera ni<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/English/Archive/Archive?ArchiveID=35266 News anchors: Doha, Kuala Lumpur, London, Washington]<br /> [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/18C0F7E8-9B5C-4D21-8A85-79FAF416F3B6.htm News presenters - Doha]<br /> [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/411100E7-A475-4D2F-9D55-10461CD2B01F.htm Doha-based news presenters; press release with additional information]<br /> [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/4C0A5C17-4CC7-4F5B-A80E-EA16C6CE89C2.htm News presenters - Kuala Lumpur]<br /> [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/08D4C578-512A-4964-B5C5-F7BC2DE12411.htm News presenters - London]<br /> [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/5CB2C145-7196-4C83-9DF8-1162AAD052EF.htm News presenters - Washington]<br /> [http://english.aljazeera.net/English/Archive/Archive?ArchiveID=35268 Programme presenters]<br /> [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EE7AC069-F36C-4E92-A16D-29A3D6568522.htm Other news and programme presenters]</ref> (waajiriwa wa awali wako kwenye mabano): {| width=100% |- valign ="top" |width=20%| * Dalal Azar (Arab News Network, BBC World), * Felicity Barr (ITN), * Nick Clark]] (BBC World, ITV, various), * Stephen Cole]] (BBC World, CNN International, Sky News), * Brendan Connor (CBC Television) * Jane Dutton (BBC World & CNN International), * Ghida Fakhry (Asharq Al-Awsat, Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation|LBC), * Dr. Shereen El Feki (The Economist), * Elizabeth Filippouli (Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi|ERT), * Alan Fisher (GMTV), * David Foster (Sky News), * Everton Fox (BBC World) * Sir David Frost (BBC World, ITV), * Steve Gaisford (Sky News, ITV, Five (channel)|Five), * Imran Garda (Supersport), * Joanna Gasiorowska (ITN, Sky Sports), * Steff Gaulter (Sky News, Met Office), * Shiulie Ghosh (ITN), * Richard Gizbert (American Broadcasting Company|ABC), * Divya Gopalan (BBC World, NBC, CNBC), * Kimberley Halkett (Global TV - Canada), * David Hawkins (CBS, CNN), * Hassan Ibrahim (Al Jazeera), |width=20%| * Darren Jordon (BBC World), * Riz Khan (BBC World & CNN International), * Avi Lewis (CBC), * Hamish MacDonald (Channel 4, ITV), * Julie MacDonald (British Journalist)|Julie MacDonald (ITV, BBC World, GMTV), * Teymoor Nabili (BBC World & CNBC), * Maryam Nemazee (Russia Today TV|Russia Today), * Rageh Omaar (BBC World), * Marga Ortigas (GMA News and Public Affairs and CN) * Shahnaz Pakravan (BBC World, ITN), * Amanda Palmer (CNN]], Associated Press Television News|APTV, Seven Network), * Verónica Pedrosa (ABS-CBN, BBC World & CNN International), * Sohail Rahman (Granada Television|Granada TV, ITV, BBC World, Channel 4 & CNN), * Shihab Rattansi (Channel NewsAsia & CNN International) * Andy Richardson (Sky News & ITN) * Josh Rushing (US Marine Corps), * Kamahl Santamaria (Sky News Australia, 3 News|TV3 News), * Mark Seddon (BBC World, Sky News, Channel 4, various), * Barbara Serra (Sky News), * Nick Spicer (NPR, USA, CBC), * Lauren Taylor (ITN), * Sami Zeidan (CNBC Arabiya & CNN) * Marwan Bishara (American University of Paris), |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://english.aljazeera.net/watch_now/ Al Jazeera Live] - Al Jazeera's English live stream * [http://english.aljazeera.net/ Official website of Al Jazeera English] * [http://www.youtube.com/AlJazeeraEnglish Al Jazeera English at YouTube] - the channel's official YouTube account * [http://www.ajicommissioning.net/ Al Jazeera International Commissioning] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ajicommissioning.net/ |date=20080703195253 }} * [http://tyros.leb.net/satellite/ How to watch Al-Jazeera English for free via Satellite in North America] {{Wayback|url=http://tyros.leb.net/satellite/ |date=20091209222024 }} [[Jamii:Qatar]] [[Jamii:Televisheni ya kimataifa]] [[it:Al Jazeera#Al Jazeera English]] lhkwznbf0hxsg2eogfkc40frq2uoxzk 0 34273 1601083 1574518 2026-09-25T13:15:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tony Nyadundo''' ni mwana muziki nchini [[Kenya]]. Huimba muziki wa ''[[Ohangla]]'' ,mtindo wa kitamaduni wa kabila la [[waluo]]. Hushirikiana na bendi ya '''Ohangla Boys''' pia anatambulika sasa kama "Mfalme wa Ohangla". Alizaliwa [[Kal]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. Dadake pacha alifariki Tony alipokuwa mchanga. Familia yake ilihamia [[Nyahera]],[[Wilaya ya Kisumu]], Kenya mwaka wa 1978 na kisha baadaye [[Kongoni]] katika [[Nzoia]]. Alisomea shule ya msingi ya Kongoni hadi mwaka wa 1985 kisha kuingia shule ya sekondari ya Bugembe masomo yake yalipokatizwa kwa ukosefu wa hela mwaka uliofuatia. Alifanya kazi kama [[fundi wa nguo]] hadi mwaka wa 1992. Alijaribu pia kuwa DJ. Ndugu yake Jack Nyadundo, aliunda kikundi kilichokuwa kikicheza muziki wa Ohangla, hatimaye Tony alijiunga na kikundi hiki baada ya mwaka wa 1996. Baadaye,aliunda kikundi chake na kurudi Tanzania kwa muda mfupi. Mnamo mwaka wa 1998,alihamia [[Wilaya ya Migori]] nchini Kenya alikowatumbuiza wakaazi wavuvi wa eneo hili. Alimuajiri [[Onyi Papa Jey]], mpiga [[orutu]] ambaye kwa sasa ni mwanamuziki na amekuwa mwanamuziki mkuu. Mnamo mwaka wa 1999,alihamia [[Dandora]] mjini [[Nairobi]] lakini hukupata mafanikio kimuziki na kisha kuhamia Kisumu, ambako ndugu yake Jack alikuwa mwana muziki mashuhuri.<ref name="king">Daily Nation, 7 Agosti 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/636302/-/ulluky/-/index.html King of Ohangla speaks]</ref>. Album yake ya kwanza ''Ayaki'' ilitolewa mwaka wa 2002. Huu ulikuwa mwanzo mpya katika uimbaji wake na alianza kufaidika kwa kuwa mwana muziki. Album yake ya pili iliitwa ''Kidi Oba e Toke'', inayomaanisha "kupigwa mawe mgongoni". Jina hili lilitokana na tukio ambapo walishambuliwa na majangili wakiwa wanatumbuiza na kumpiga mpiga ngoma wake mgongoni. Watu wengine kadhaa waliumia<ref name="king"/>. Mwaka wa 2006 alitoa album iliyoitwa ''Obama''. Jina lake lilitokana na [[Barack Obama]], rais wa Marekani ambaye babake alitoka katika eneo moja na Nyadundo <ref>The Standard, 25 Agosti 2006: [http://www.propertykenya.com/news/021498-tony-nyadundo-ohangla-king.php Tony Nyadundo, Ohangla King] {{Wayback|url=http://www.propertykenya.com/news/021498-tony-nyadundo-ohangla-king.php |date=20090531164631 }}</ref>. Katika [[Tuzo za Muziki za Kisima za 2007]],alishinda katika kitengo cha muziki wa kitamaduni<ref>^ Washindi wa Kisima Awards 2007</ref>. Alikuwa miongoni mwa Wakenya 100 wenye ushawishi mkuu kama ilivyichaguliwa na gazeti la [[The Standard]] mnamo Agosti 2007 <ref>The Standard, 21 Agosti 2007: [http://www.eastandard.net/arts.php?topic=375&amp;img_topic=376 100 most influential Kenyans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/arts.php?topic=375&img_topic=376 |date=20071013111103 }}</ref><ref>The Standard, 21 Agosti 2007: [http://www.eastandard.net/archives/InsidePage.php?id=1143973204 100 most influential Kenyans - Entertainment] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/InsidePage.php?id=1143973204 |date=20090605185119 }}</ref>. Mnamo Oktoba 2009, alitoa album mpya ''Migingo'', iliyotajwa kufuatia kisiwa kilichuleta mgogoro cha [[Kisiwa cha Migingo]] <ref>The Standard, 2 Oktoba 2009: [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/InsidePage.php?id=1144025440&amp;cid=433&amp; Nyadundo album launch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/InsidePage.php?id=1144025440&cid=433& |date=20110716054941 }}</ref>. Tony anfahamika kwa midundo yake ya kuvuma kama vile, dawa ya mapenzi, Obama na zingine. Ametumbuiza katika nchi kadhaa kama vile, Ujerumani na Marekani<ref>The Standard, 7 Desemba 2008: [http://www.eastandard.net/mag/InsidePage.php?id=1144001063&amp;cid=499&amp; Ohangla maestro spreads his wings] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/mag/InsidePage.php?id=1144001063&cid=499& |date=20090605015143 }}</ref>. Alikuwa ameoleka lakini walitalikiana mwaka wa 1994. Ako na watoto wawili kutoka ndoa hiyo <ref name="king"/>. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Notable Joluo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyadundo, Tony}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo la Muziki la Kisima]] 0o7wnzoolnoohvzo9tprjgwrfp33eq2 0 34331 1601168 1325293 2026-09-25T13:43:49Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utafiti wa soko''' ni jitihada yoyote iliyopangwa kukusanya taarifa kuhusu [[masoko]] au [[wateja]]. Ni muhimu sana [[mkakati]] wa [[biashara]]. <ref name="McQuarrie">{{Citation | last = McQuarrie | first = Edward | title = The market research toolbox: a concise guide for beginners | place = | publisher = SAGE | year = 2005 | edition = 2nd | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qYW8vE0nx4gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22market+research%22&ei=ACykStO0D5OwNpDJxYoI#v=snippet&q=%22gather%20information%20about%22&f=false | isbn = 9781412913195 }}</ref> Jina hili kwa kawaida hubadilishana na ''[[utafiti wa masoko]],'' hata hivyo, wataalamu hupendelea kutofautisha, kwa kuwa utafiti ''wa masoko'' unahusiana na michakato ya masoko, na Utafiti wa ''soko'' unahusika hasa na masoko. <ref name="McDonald">{{Citation | last = McDonald | first = Malcolm | title = Marketing Plans | place = Oxford, England | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | year = 2007 | edition = 6th | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=os0K20MsepoC&pg=PA364&dq=%22market+research+vs.+marketing+research%22&ei=q5R5St70HKbUyQTl9cXVDA#v=onepage&q=&f=false | isbn = 978-0750683869 }}</ref> Ufafanuzi wa Utafiti wa soko, wa ICC / ESOMAR unajumuisha kijamii na maoni ya utafiti, na ni mfumo wa kukusanya na kutafsiri habari kuhusu watu binafsi au mashirikayanayotumia mbinu ya takwimu na mbinu ya kutumika kijamii sayansi na kupata ufahamu au kusaidia kufanya maamuzi. <ref>ICC / ESOMAR (2008), ''Kanuni ya Kimataifa juu ya Soko na Ustawi wa Utafiti.'' ICC / ESOMAR Amsterdam, Uholanzi, 4th ed. http://www.esomar.org/uploads/pdf/professional-standards/ICCESOMAR_Code_English_.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.esomar.org/uploads/pdf/professional-standards/ICCESOMAR_Code_English_.pdf |date=20180903185324 }} |</ref> == Historia == Utafiti wa soko ulifikiriwa na kuweka katika mazoezi kirasmi wakati wa mwaka wa 1920, <ref name="Google News">{{Citation | last = | first = | title = Google News results for "market research", 1900-1929. | place = | publisher = Google | year = 2009 | edition = | url = http://news.google.com/archivesearch?as_user_ldate=1900&as_user_hdate=1929&q=%22market+research%22&num=100&scoring=a&hl=en&ned=us&um=1&q=%22market+research%22&lnav=od&btnG=Go | isbn = }}</ref> kama mwanzo wa matangazo ya [[Wakati wa dhahabu ya redio]] katika [[Marekani.]] Watangazji walianza kutambua umuhimu wa [[demografiska]] iliyozinduliwa na udhamini wa vipindi tofauti katika radio, hivyo walitaka kujua ripoti. kutoka masoko yao == Utafiti wa soko kwa ajili ya biashara / mipango == Sababu ya Utafiti wa soko ni kugundua watu wanataka nini, haja, au amini. Pia inaweza kuhusisha kugundua jinsi wanavyochukulia kitu fulani. Mara utafiti unapokamilika, naweza kutumiwa kuamua jinsi ya kuuza bidhaa zako Maswali na kuelekeza mjadala tafiti ni baadhi ya vyombo vya utafiti wa soko. Unapoanza biashara, kuna baadhi ya mambo muhimu: * ''Habari ya soko'' Kupitia taarifa ya Soko unaweza kujua bei ya bidhaa mbalimbali katika soko, ugavi na hali mahitaji. Taarifa kuhusu masoko zinaweza kupatikana kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali na na mbinu. Vyanzo na aina vinafaa ili biashara idumu * ''Mkato wa soko'' Mkato wa Soko ni mgawanyiko wa soko au idadi katika vikundi vilivyo na motisha na. unatumika kugawanya hasa katika utofauti wa kijiografia, utofauti wa binafsi, Utofauti wa idadi ya watu, utofauti wa [[teknolojia]], matumizi ya bidhaa tofauti, na pia Utofauti wa akili na jinsia tofauti. * ''Mwenendo wa soko'' Kupanda juu au kushuka katika harakati za soko, wakati wa kipindi cha muda. Ukubhwa wa soko ni vigumu zaidi kukisia ikiwa unaanzisha bidhaa mpya. Katika kesi hii, itabidi kuunda takwimu kutoka idadi ya wateja au wateja ambao wana uwezo. [Ilar 1998] Licha ya taarifa kuhusu soko unalolenga, unahitaji taarifa kuhusu mshindani wako, wateja wako, bidhaa nk Mwisho, unahitaji kupima [[ufanisi wa masoko.]] Mbinu chache ni: * Uchambuzi Wateja * Mtindo wa Uchaguzi * Uchambuzi wa Mshindani * Uchambuzi wa Hatari * Utafiti wa Bidhaa * Matangazo ya utafiti * Mtindowa Kuchanganya Soko ==Kampuni kumi za kwanza katika utafiti wa sekta ya soko mwaka 2006== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Nafasi ! Kampuni ! Mauzo ya mwaka 2006<br> (milioni [[USD)]] ! Ukuaji i% |- |- |- | 1 | [[Kampuni ya Nielsen]] | 3,696.0 | 2,6 |- | 2 | [[IMs Hwealth Inc]] | 1,958.6 | 8,9 |- | 3 | [[Taylor Nelson Sofres]] | 1,851.1 | 2,5 |- | 4 | [[Kantar Group]] | 1,401.4 | 4,1 |- | 5 | [[GfK AG]] | 1,397.3 | 5,4 |- | 6 | [[Ipsos]] | 1,077.0 | 6,5 |- | 7 | [[Synovate]] | 739,6 | 9.5 |- | 8 | [[IRI]] | 665,0 | 6,6 |- | 9 | [[Westat]] | 425,8 | 0,8 |- | 10 | [[Arbitron]] | 329,3 | 5,9 |} ==Angalia Pia== * [[Utangazaji]] * [[Elimu ya soko ya dunia]] * [[Utafiti wa viwanda au soko]] * [[Uhusiano wa mawasiliano ya soko]] * [[Elimu ya soko]] * [[Uwekezaji katika masoko]] * [[Orodha ya makampuni ya utafiti wa masoko]] * [[Utafiti wa masoko]] * [[Propaganda]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin}} * Bradley, Nigel ''Marketing Research.'' ''Zana na Techniques.'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007 ISBN 0-19-928196-3 ISBN 978-0-19-928196-1 * Marder, Eric ''The Laws of Choice—Predicting Customer Behavior'' (The Free Press divisionofa Simon and Schuster, 1997. ISBN 0-684-83545-2 * Visha Consultants (nd) Utafiti wa Soko, Utafiti wa masoko. Zana na Techniques. * Vijana, Charles E, ''The Advertising Handbook,'' Ideas katika Flight, Seattle, WA, Aprili 2005. ISBN 0-9765574-0-1 * Kotler, Filipo na Armstrong, Gary ''Principles of'' Pearson, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2007 ISBN 978-0-13-239002-6, ISBN 0-13-239002-7 {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.marketingpower.com/ResourceLibrary/Publications/MarketingNews/2008/42/11/H1-H69_AMA.6.15.08.hono.pdf Honomichl Top 50-2008.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marketingpower.com/ResourceLibrary/Publications/MarketingNews/2008/42/11/H1-H69_AMA.6.15.08.hono.pdf |date=20120222025603 }} [[Marketingpower.com.]] Ripoti ya mwaka ya biashara ya top 50 wachezaji katika utafiti wa sekta ya masoko ya Marekani. [[American Marketing Association]] {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Category:Utafiti wa soko]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] ayaoqpwnz7ujm34c9chgsjf06jdijwt 0 34638 1601284 1153308 2026-09-25T14:13:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masinde muliro''' (alizaliwa mnamo [[1922]] na aliaga dunia mnamo 14 Agosti 1992) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa Kenya, mmoja wa viongozi wakuu katika kuchagiza siasa nchini [[Kenya]]. Alikuwa mpigania uhuru aliyejulikana na alifanya kampeni kwa ajili ya marejesho ya demokrasia ya vyama vingi nchini Kenya katika miaka yake ya mwisho. Alikuwa muhawiliki asiye na mzaha wala huruma na mtu wa amani aliyejihusisha sana kwa siasa. Mmoja wa wanasiasa safi zaidi katika historia ya Kenya, rekodi ambayo inaweza pinzaniwa tu na [[Musikari Kombo]] na [[Ronald Ngala]]. Alikuwa anajulikana kama mmoja wa viongozi bora ambao kamwe hawakuwahi kuwa rais, na kama hangeupa dunia mkono wa buriani, nafasi zilikuwa kwamba angemshinda [[Daniel Arap Moi]] kwa urais katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka wa 1992. ==Maisha Yake ya Awali== Henry Pius Masinde Muliro alizaliwa katika eneo la [[Kimilili]] nchini Kenya, mwana wa Muliro Kisingilie na mkewe Makinia. Wazazi wake walikufa wakati alipokuwa mchanga na alilelewa na kaka wa kambo, Aibu Naburuku. Baada ya masomo ya shule ya msingi na ya upili nchini [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]], alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] mwaka wa 1949. Alijiunga na kozi ya Shahada ya Sanaa katika Kiingereza, Historia na Falsafaya Siasa, na alihitimu mwaka wa 1953 akiwa na shahada za na Sanaa na Elimu. Mwaka wa 1954 alirejea nyumbani na mke wa asili ya Afrika Kusini, na alifundisha kwa muda katika shule ya serikali. Mwaka wa 1957, alipiga moyo konde kuiacha kazi hiyo ya ualimu na kujiunga na siasa. ==Siasa== Mwaka wa 1948, Muliro alijiunga na chama cha [[Kenya African Union]] (KAU), chama kilichoanzishwa kutetea maslahi ya Waafrika nchini Kenya ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa chini ya ukoloni. Alipoacha kufunza mwaka wa 1957, aligombea kiti cha ubunge cha eneo bunge la Nyanza Kaskazini ambacho wakati huo kilikuwa kinashikiliwa na W.W.W. Awori (kakake mkongwe wa makamu wa rais wa zamani wa Kenya, [[Moody Awori]]). Muliro alishinda uchaguzi. Miongoni mwa wabunge wenzake walikuwa Daniel Arap Moi ambaye aliyekuwa anawakilisha Bonde la Ufa, [[Tom Mboya]] ambaye aliyekuwa anawakilisha eneo la Nairobi, [[Bernard Mate]] ambaye aliyekuwa anawakilisha Mkoa wa Kati, [[Ronald Ngala]] ambaye aliyekuwa anawakilisha Mkoa wa Pwani, [[James Nzau Muimi]] ambaye aliyekuwa anawakilisha Mkoa wa Mashariki, [[Lawrence Oguda]] ambaye aliyekuwa anawakilisha Nyanza Kusini na [[Oginga Odinga]] ambaye aliyekuwa anawakilisha Nyanza ya Kati. Mwaka wa 1958 Muliro alianzisha chama cha Kenya National Party huku akiungwa mkono na wanachama 9 wa Legco(Legislative Council). Kisha alikibomia chama hicho na kujiunga na chama cha Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU). Hatimaye aliteuliwa kama Waziri wa Biashara kabla tu ya Kenya kupata uhuru mwaka wa 1963. Muliro alihudumu katika nyadhifa mbalimbali katika serikali za baadaye, lakini mara kwa mara alikuwa katika upande mbaya wa Rais [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. Baada ya kifo chake Kenyatta, Muliro alirejea Bungeni baada ya kushinda ombi mahakamani. Alihudumu kama mbunge wa eneo bunge la Kitale Mashariki hadi mwaka wa 1988, wakati eneo bunge hili liligawanywa. Alishinda kiti kipya cha ubunge cha eneo bunge la Cherangany mwaka wa 1988, lakini alishikilia nyadhifa hiyo kwa muda wa miaka miwili tu. Katika uchaguzi wa wabunge wa mwaka wa 1990, kiti hicho cha Cherangany kilishindwa na [[Kipruto Arap Kirwa]]. ==Kampeni ya Vyama vingi == Mwaka wa 1989, Muliro aliungana na Kenneth Matiba, Charles Rubia, [[Martin Shikuku]], [[Phillip Gachoka]] na Oginga Odinga kuunda FORD (Forum for Restoration of Democracy), ni kundi shinikizo lililotaka kurejeshwa kwa siasa ya vyama vingi. Baada ya mapigano ya vurugu kati ya wafuasi wa FORD polisi na wafuasi wa serikali na polisi, serikali ya KANU lilikubali siasa ya vyama vingi mwaka wa 1991. FORD ikawa chama huku Muliro akiwa Makamu wa Mwenyekiti. Kutoelewana kuliepuka kati ya wapinzani wakuu wawili, Oginga Odinga na Kenneth Matiba, kila mmoja wao akigombea urais na kutotaka kuwasikiliza wanachama wenzao. Ilikuwa muda mfupi baadaye wakati Muliro aliondoka na kuelekea London ili kuchangisha fedha kwa ajili ya chama kipya cha kisiasa cha Ford. Ilikuwa safari ya bahati mbaya: kwani alipokuwa anarejea, alipowasili katika uwanja wa ndege wa Nairobi asubuhi ya tarehe 14 Agosti 1992 akizimia na kufa. Utata wa kifo chake uliimarishwa kwa kutokuwepo kwa uchunguzi rasmi wa mwili yake. Muliro alizikwa katika shamba yake katika eneo la [[Kitale]] nchini Kenya. Chama cha FORD kiligawanyika katika makundi mawili baada ya kifo cha Muliro kutokana na kutokubaliana kuhusu na nani ambaye angegombea kiti cha urais dhidi ya Rais Moi. Kenneth Matiba na Martin Shikuku wakidai kuwa wao ndio wamiliki halisi wa FORD na walijiondia na kuunda chama cha [[Ford Asili]] huku Odinga na wengine wakijitenga na kuunda [[Ford Kenya]]. . Iwapo Masinde Muliro hangeaga dunia, FORD ya awali ingebakia kwa umoja na pengine chama hiki kingemwondoa rais Moi na chama tawala cha KANU utawalani katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka wa 1992. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} *Simiyu Wandiiba. Masinde muliro: A Biography (Nairobi: EAEP, 1996) {{DEFAULTSORT:Muliro, Masinde}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kenya]] bmn85ppmdn95she96lkw4a31mhdfkjo 0 34931 1601212 1086782 2026-09-25T13:48:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = River Fowey |picha = | image_size = 300px | caption = | Chanzo = [[Bodmin Moor]] | mdomo = [[Fowey]] estuary | length_mi = | elevation_m = 298 | mouth_elevation = | discharge = | watershed = }} '''Mto Fowey''' ni [[mto]] katika [[Cornwall]], Uingereza. Huanzia {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on}} kaskazini-magharibi ya [[Brown Willy]] katikae [[Bodmin Moor]], hupitia [[Lanhydrock House, Restormel Castle]] na [[Lostwithiel]],baadaye kunenepa katikia[[Milltown]] kabla ya kujiunga na mtaro wa Uingereza katika [[Fowey.]] huvukika tu kwa kutumia vyombo vikubwa {{convert|7|mi|km}} Kuna [[feri]] kati ya Fowey na [[Bodinnick.]] Barabara ya kwanza inyuvuka kwenda juu iko katika katika [[Lostwithiel]]. Mto huu una mito midogo saba, mkubwa ukiwa [[mto Lerryn.]] Sehemu ya Bonde la Fowey kati ya [[Doublebois]] na [[kituo cha reli Bodmin Parkway]] inajulikana kama bonde la Glynn (kutoka Glynn House, Cardinham). Bonde hili ni njia ya barabara kuu ya A38 na reli (iliyojengwa na kampuni ya [[Reli]] katika [[Cornwall]] mwaka wa 1859). Reli huwa juu ya ukuta wa mawe nane (tazama reli ya [[Cornwall ).]] [[Picha:Lostwithiel bridge river Fowey Cornwall.jpg|thumb|right|Daraja ya Lostwithiel ya karne ya 12, inayopitia juu ya Fowey]] [[Picha:FoweyAtTragoMills.jpg|right|thumb|Mto Fowey katika Trago Mills]] == Matumizi ya Mto Fowey == === Uendeshaji mashau === Mto Fowey ni maarufu katika uendeshaji wa mashau kwasababu ya asili yake ya bandari. Hapo awali imetembelewa na mashau hadi 7000 katika msimu mmoja. === Kayaking na Canoeing === Karibu kila sehemu ya mto huu umetembelewa na [[kayakers]] na [[canoeists:]] sehemu ya [[whitewater]] juu ya moor, hadi chini kwenye kinywa. === Uvuvi === Samaki wengi hushikiwa katika Mto Fowey wavuvi wengi wanakuja kufurahia mazingira bora ya uvuvi. === Kuapanda milima === Mto huu una maeneo ya kupendeza na njia maalum kwa ajili ya kupanda milima na kutembea kando na mifukona katika mashamba yanayozunguka miji. === Utalii === Bonde la Fowey hujulikan kama eneo maridadi, wengi wa wapandaji milima, watembezi,na watalii hutembelea maeneo ya maana na kula samaki freshi. == Golitha Falls == [[Picha:FoweyGolithaFalls1.jpg|thumb|right|Golitha Falls]] [[Picha:FoweyGolithaFalls2.jpg|thumb|right|Golitha Falls]] ''Golitha Falls'' nikundi la [[waterfall]] kaskazini ya [[Bodmin Moor.]] Kuna 1 - {{convert|3|mi|km|adj=on}} mahali pa kutembelea kando ya mto, kutoka kwenye eneo la kuagiza magari. Mawe katika eneo hili hukanyagwa kwa uangalifu katika fuko zilizo juu.<ref name="golithafalls.co.uk">[5] ^ [http://www.golithafalls.co.uk/ ] '' Tovuti ya Golitha Falls '' 26 Oktoba 2008</ref> === Asili ya Jina === Jina ni hutamkwa ''Goleetha,'' linalotokan na neno ''zuian'' katika [[Cornish.]] <ref name="golithafalls.co.uk"/> == Usafiri katika mto huu == === Huduma zA Feri === '''Feri ya abiria kutoka Fowey hadi Polruan .''' Huduma za misimu ya joto huwa kuanzia 1 Mei - 30 Septemba kutoka Whitehouse Slip hadi saa 1815 . Kuanzia saa 1830 huduma hii huwa mjini Quay mpaka saa 2300 . Huduma zinazoendelea kuanzia Jumatatu saa 0715 - saa 0900 Jumamosi na Jumapili. Tafadhali angalia ubao wa matangazo kwa habari zaidi wakati wa Agosti. Huduma za baridi huwa 1 Oktoba - 30 Aprili kuondoka mjini Quay. Monday - Jumamosi kuanzia saa0715 mpaka saa 1900 huduma inayoendelea. Jumapili saa 1000 mpaka saa 1700 huduma inayoendelea. Huduma ya feri hufuata hali ya hewa. '''Feri ya gari kutoka Fowey hadi Bodinnick .''' Huduma ya msimu wa joto huwa 1 Aprili - 31 Oktoba, kuanzia saa 0700 o Jumatatu - saa 0800 Jumamosi na Jumapili hadi saa 1900 . Huduma za msimu wa baridi huwa 1 Novemba - 31 Machi, na a mpaka saa 2045 au diza inapoingia (yoyote inayokuja kwanza). Huduma hii huanza saa 0700 Jumatatu - Ijumaa,saa 0800 Jumamosi na saa 0900 Jumapili. Huduma za feri ya NB Ferry huzingatia hali ya hewa. '''Feri ya Abiria kutoka Fowey hadi Mevagissey ''' ni huduma iliyopangwa ya majira kati ya Fowey na kuingizwa Mevagissey kuacha Whitehouse. Muda wa Safari ni karibu dakika 40, tafadhali angalia makaratasi au ubao wa usafiri. Njia nyingine hadi Lost Gardens katika [[Heligan]], na kumalizia safari kwa mguu au teksi. Huduma hii hutegemea hali ya hewa. === Kukodisha kwa kayak, mashua na boti === '''Kukodisha kwa Kayak / mashau''' * Wakutane Cornwall, Lerryn '''Kukodisha kwa boti''' * Fowey Boatyard * Huduma za upigaji mbizi Fowey * Kukodisha kwa boti Foweye == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{coord|50|21|N|4|38|W|display=title|region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Cornwall]] 1gtd8wwzot8yqg09y4h790wroke9xb9 0 34997 1601017 1371890 2026-09-25T13:08:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lincolnshire outline map with UK.png|thumb|right|Eneo la Grimsby katika ramani. Makao makuu ya Kundi hili]] '''Kundi la Ross''' ni [[kampuni]] ya [[Uingereza]] iliyoanzishwa [[Grimsby]], Uingereza katika mwaka wa 1920 na Thomas Ross.Kampuni hii iliendelea na kuwa wajibu wa mwana wake Thomas ,(John) Carl Ross baada ya kustaafu kwa Thomas hapo 1928. David Ross,alikuwa mwanzilishi na mwenye hisa nyingi katika shirika la kuuza rununu,''Carphone Warehouse'', ni mjukuu wa J.Carl Ross. ==Operesheni== ===Hapo mwanzoni=== Hapo mwanzoni,ilikuwa kampuni ndogo ya familia ya kuuza [[samaki]] lakini ikaendelezwa na Ross ikawa ya kuvua na kusindika samaki.Baadaye wakaingia katika kusindika chakula kwa jumla. Kampuni ilinunua mpinzani wake wa Kibiashara,Young's,katika mwaka wa 1959.Baada ya muungano kadhaa na kubadilika kwa usimamizi mara kadhaa, hii ndiyyo inayounda kampuni iitwayo sasa Young's Bluecrest, kiongozi([[Uingerza]]) katika sekta ya samaki waliohifadhiwa katika barafu. Jina la Ross linabakia kuwa ya kawaida katika uuzaji wa samaki waliohifadhiwa kwenye barafu. Ilipofika [[Vita ya Pili ya Dunia]],kampuni hii ilikuwa ikiendesha biashara ya samaki katika matawi ya [[Leeds]],[[leicester]] na [[Fleetwood]] na ,vilevile, makao yao ya Grimsby. ===Upanuzi=== Walianza na [[meli]] nne za kuvua samaki katika miaka ya 1930s,Kundi la Ross lilipanua mipango yao na kununua meli kubwa zaidi za uvuvi. Upataji wa hisa kubwa katika Trawlers Grimsby katika mwaka wa 1944 ikifuatiwa na ununuzi wa vikundi kadhaa vya mashua ya uvuvi kama ''Kampuni ya Queen Steam Fishing''. Carl Ross,katika mwaka wa 1956,walinunua kampuni ya G F Sleight,iliyoajiri nahodha 20 bora nchin [[Uingereza]], na kundi lao likaanza kuunda meli katika kampuni yao ya ''Cochrane Shipyards'' ya [[Selby]]. Waliunda aina mbili maarufu zilizojulikana kama daraja la ''Cat'' na la ''Bird''. Katika mwaka wa 1960 / 1, kundi la Ross lilinunua kampuni ya Rinovia Steam,Walipokuwa wamefanikiwa sana,kundi hili lilikuwa na mkusanyiko mkubwa kabisa wa mashua ya uvuvi katika Bara [[Uropa]]. Kampuni ilinunua pahala pa kuunda meli, na ikaanza kuunda meli zao wenyewe. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960,Kundi la Ross lilikuwa na biashra mbalimbali kama kuku na ndege,vyakula vilivyofifadhiwa kwa barafu kama samaki,pamoja na,uvuvi ,uuzaji wa samaki na operesheni nyingine mbalimbali. Ingawaje,operesheni za uvuvi za kampuni \,zilizowakilisha asilimia 5 tu ya mauzo, zilianza kuleta hasra mwaka baada ya mwaka. Carl Ross alitoka kundi hilo baada ya vita katika bodi ya wakurugenzi na ,matokeo ya moja kwa moja ya hii,Imperial Tobacco ilichukua usimamizi wa kundi. Carl Ross alipokuwa akiongoza kundi hilo la Ross, kampuni ilipanuka na kuingia bashara ya [[bidhaa]] zisizo samaki. Wakati kampuni zisizohusika na biashara ya samaki zilikuwa na kubadilika kwa usimamizi, vikundi vya mashua ya Kundi la Ross vilichukuliwa na [[British United Trawlers]]. == Marejeo == * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558624764 Votteler, T. (2003). Orodha ya Historia za Kampuni.] Detroit: St. James Press. ISBN 9781558624764 == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.mmc.gov.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/030c04.pdf Ripoti kwa Kundi la Ross (1960-69] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mmc.gov.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/030c04.pdf |date=20070928073013 }} *[http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=AAA0348 Jumba la kumbukumbu la marina] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=AAA0348 |date=20070930033452 }} *[http://www.youngsseafood.co.uk/ Tovuti rasmi ya Young's Bluecrest] {{Wayback|url=http://www.youngsseafood.co.uk/ |date=20100110003704 }} [[Jamii:Kampuni za Ufalme wa Muungano]] a33vq5t1nlboj7rhwx9vomn626g89bl 0 35031 1601119 1147484 2026-09-25T13:19:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = River Kinder | picha = RiverKinder.JPG | caption = The River Kinder above Kinder Reservoir. | chanzo = [[Kinder Scout]]<br /> SK089881 {{Coord|53.38950|-1.86770|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | mdomo = [[River Sett]]<br /> SK050870 {{Coord|53.37990|-1.92630|display=inline|format=dms}} | Eneo la beseni= [[England]] | urefu = {{convert|3|mi|km|1}} | elevation = 636m | mouth_elevation =220m | discharge = | watershed = }} '''Kinder Mto''' ni [[mto]] mdogo ambao una [[urefu]] wa {{convert|3|mi|km|1}}, katika Kaskazini magharibi ya [[Derbyshire, Uingereza]]. Umeanzia katika platu ya Peat moorland ya [[Kinder Scout]], na unatiririka kuelekea magharibi katika makutano yake na [[Mto Sett]] katika daraja la Bowden. inatiririka katika miamba ya milango ya Kinder, juu ya maporomoko ya maji ya Kinder na kupitia hifadhi katika Kinder, iliyojengwa katika mwaka wa 1911 na Shirika la [[Stockport]] la Ujenzi ma.<ref name="Brocross1740109">http://www.brocross.com/iwps/pages/174/1740109.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.brocross.com/iwps/pages/174/1740109.htm |date=20110607153411 }} # Kinder Kinder hifadhi na Reli.</ref> ==Maporomoko ya Kinder == [[Picha:Kinder Downfall in spate.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Mporomoko wa Kinder]] '''Maporomoko ya Kinder''' ndiyo [[maporomoko ya maji]] makubwa zaidi katika [[waterfall]] ya Wilaya, yakiwa na mita 30 za kuanguka. Maporomoko hayo yalijulikana kama ''Kinder Scut,'' na ni kutokana na jina hilo kwamba Platuu hii ilipata jina. Ingawa katika majira ya joto huwa na maji kiasi, huweza kuvutia. Katika baadhi ya hali za upepo (hasa wakati kuna upepo mkubwa kutoka magharibi ), maji hupulizwa nyuma, na wingu la manyunyuzi huweza kuonekana kutoka maili kadhaa mbali. [[Njia]] ya [[Pennine]] huvuka Mto Kinder katika maporomoko ya Kinder. {{-}} ==Hifadhi ya Kinder == [[Picha:KinderReservoir.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Hifadhi ya Kinder kutoka White brow]] Mwaka 1899, [[Stockport]] ilipata Stockport na Shirika la Waterworks la Wilaya ,na kupata udhibiti wa majimjini. Walianzisha chanzo mpya cha maji. Waliamua kujenga hifadhi mpya maili mbili juu ya mto katika kijiji cha [[Hayfield]] mwanzoni mwa bonde la Kinder. Abramu Ealing kutoka Kellett alipewa mkataba wa kujenga hifadhi hilo. Kiwango cha reli kilihitaji kupitishwa mara mbili na Bunge.. Matatizo ya kijografia yalisababisha mabadiliko katika mtindo kutoka bwawa la mawe hadi bwawa la udongo / ardhi. Mhandisi mshauri wa kwanza alikufa na mwana wake alichukua jukumu lake. Kisha alijiuzulu. Shirika la Stockport na wahandisi walienda mahakama juu ya masuala ya fedha pamoja na shirika kuvunja mkataba na kuendelea na ujenzi wenyewe. Mradi huu ulihitaji ajira na makazi ya jeshi 700 na kusafirishwa kutoka Hayfield hadi kwenye eneo la ujenzi katika reli maalum. Mradi huu ulichukua miaka tisa kukamilika. Wakazi wa eneo hili hawakupendelea mradi huo; kulikuwa na zogo kubwa katika kijiji hiki, lakini hatimaye ulifanikiwa kutokana na ushauri kutoka kwa Wahandisi, na uwezo wake mkubwa na ushauri wa usimamizi. [4] ==Angalia Pia== *[[Mito ya Uingereza]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat|Kinder Scout|River Kinder}} {{Derbyshire}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kinder}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Derbyshire]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uingereza]] skhg78eqqfbga6uxoa6w3zy6ceudqj0 0 35038 1601068 1243970 2026-09-25T13:14:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hotelfontenelle.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Hoteli ya Fontenelle ilivyokuwa katika siku zake za Umaaarufu]] '''Hoteli ya Fontenelle''' ilikuwa hoteli bora ya kibiashara iliyopatikana katika Barabara ya Douglas,katika mji wa [[Omaha]],[[Nebraska]]. Ilichorwa na msanifu marufu [[Thomas Rogers Kimball]] katika mtindo wa ''Late Gothic REvival'',ikajengwa mwaka wa 1914 na kubomolewa 1983. Iliitwa ''' Logan Fontenelle''', mkuu wa kabila ya Omaha aliyejulikana sana. Kwa miaka mingi, ilikuwa hoteli maarufu sana katika hoteli za kampuni ya Gene Eppley.Katika miaka ya 1950s,kampuni hii ilikuwa kampuni kubwa kabisa ya hoteli iliyomilikiwa na mtu mmoja nchini [[Marekani]].Alikuwa na hoteli 22 katika majimbo sita. Eppley aliishi katika hoteli hiyo baada ya kuinunua katika mwaka wa 1920, na alikufa pale katika mwaka wa 1958. Alikuwa ameuza kampuni yake ya hoteli kwa [[Hoteli za Sheraton|Shirika la Sheraton]] kwa bei ya dola milioni thelathini. Hoteli hiyo iliendelea katika operesheni zake katika jina la '''Sheraton-Fontenelle''' hadi mwaka wa 1970. Mwaka huo, ilifungwa kwa ghafla kutokana na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi katika mji wa Omaha. Ilibaki tupu hadi wakti ilipobomolewa katika mwaka wa 1983, ikageuzwa kuwa pahala pa kuhifadhi gari. Hivi sasa,ardhi hiyo ni mahakama ya Roman L. Hruska. ==Historia== Fontenelle ilifunguliwa katika mwaka wa 1915. Iligharimu $ 1,000,000 kujenga, jengo lilikuwa limechorwa na kubuniwa na Kimball kwa kampuni ya Hoteli ya Douglas na rais wake,[[Gurdon W. Wattles]]. Hapo mwanzoni,ilikuwa na magorofa 15 lakini matatu yakaongezwa yakafika 18,mlango kuu ukiwa kwa Barabara ya Douglas. Jengo hilio lilikuwa na vyumba 350 vya wageni vilivyopambwa kwa mtindo wa [[Uingereza]], sakafu maridadi ya mawe, milango ya mbao gumu,vyumba vya maakuli na kumbi bora bora. Katika chumba kuu cha karamu kulikuwa na mapambo 5 kubwa ya taa na chumba hicho kiliweza kuwa na watu 500 ndani yake. Ilikuwa ikiendeshwa na Kampuni ya Hoteli ya Douglas hadi mwaka wa 1920, baada ya hapo ikanunuliwa na Eppley. Ikiwa katikati ya jamii ya Omaha, hoteli hii ilikuwa pahala pa matukio nyingi ya raia kama harusi na makongamano, Hasa kuanzishwa kwa ''Girl Scout'' katika eneo la Omaha kulifanyika huko, mashindano ya taifa ya ''bowling'' ya wanawake ilikuwa pia na mafunzo ya Willa Cather yalihudhuriwa huko pia. Mikahawa iliyo ndani yake ilikuwa : ''Bombay Room ,Black Mirror Room'' na ''King Cole Room''. Hoteli hii iliuzwa katika mwaka wa 1956,ikiwa moja ya [[Kampuni ya Hoteli za Eppley|hoteli za Eppley]], kwa Shirika la Sheraton.Hii ikawa mauzo ya pili kwa ukubwa katika uuzaji wa hoteli za Marekani. Baada ya kununuliwa na Sheraton ,Hoteli ya Fontenelle iliendelea kuwa maarufu kwa kuhudhuria matukio ya kijamii. Hata hivyo, mji ulikua ukielekea upande wa magharibi, hoteli ulianza kupoteza umaarufu na ulifungwa katika mwaka wa 1970. Zaidi ya miaka kumi na tatu zilizofuata, hoteli hiyo ikawa tupu huku watu kadhaa wakitoa maoni kuwa ikarabatiwe ili iwe nzuri. Ilibomolewa katika mwaka wa 1983. [8] ==Wageni maarufu== Watu maarufu na wanasiasa ,kwa miaka mingi, waliishi katika hoteli hiyo.Mmoja akiwa Rais [[Harry S. Truman]] aliyekuwa rafiki wa karibu wa Gene Epley. Seneta [[John F. Kennedy]] na mke wake Jacqueline akaishi huko wakati wa kampeni yake ya urais katika mwaka wa 1960. ==Marejeo== # Gerber, K. and Spencer, J.S. (2003) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Fontenelle#cite_ref-0 Architecture for the Ages]. Landmarks, Inc. p. 35.('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # Dalstrom, H.A. (1969) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Fontenelle#cite_ref-1 Eugene C. Eppley: His Life and Legacy]. Johnsen Press.('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # Gerber, K. and Spencer, J.S. (2003) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Fontenelle#cite_ref-2 Architecture for the Ages]. Landmarks, Inc. p. 35.('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # Historia, [http://www.gpgirlscouts.org/history.htm Great Plains Girl Scouts Council] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gpgirlscouts.org/history.htm |date=20081207093122 }}.('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848587-1,00.html Congress, Inc] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848587-1,00.html |date=20090524074711 }}. Time magazine. 13 Mei 1936. ('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # [http://cather.unl.edu/writings/bohlke/interviews/1921e.html 1921 Interview] {{Wayback|url=http://cather.unl.edu/writings/bohlke/interviews/1921e.html |date=20080821184820 }},ChuoKikuu cha Nebraska katika Lincoln.('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866996,00.html "Closing the gap"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866996,00.html |date=20090524055520 }}, Time magazine 4 Juni 1956.('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # [http://www.danlangdon.com/The%20Hotel%20Fontenelle.htm Hoteli ya Fontenelle]. ('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') # [http://trumanlibrary.org/photographs/search.php?access=selectbydate&date=1948-06-05&page=1&labeldate=&resultsorder=keywords Picha za Maktaba ya Truman] {{Wayback|url=http://trumanlibrary.org/photographs/search.php?access=selectbydate&date=1948-06-05&page=1&labeldate=&resultsorder=keywords |date=20110716091852 }}, Maktaba ya Truman # [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Fontenelle#cite_ref-9 Dalstrom, H.A. (1969) Eugene C. Eppley: His Life and Legacy]. Johnsen Press.('''''Lugha ya Kiingereza'''') ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.rootsweb.com/~neresour/OLLibrary/OUATNE/pics/hotel.jpg Historic image] * [http://www.dwhm.org/documents/HotelFontenelle.pdf Mchoro wa hoteli ya Fontenelle] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dwhm.org/documents/HotelFontenelle.pdf |date=20120419192728 }} kutoka kwa Jumba la Kumbukumbu la Durham * [http://www.danlangdon.com/images/fontext.jpg Picha ya nje] * [http://www.danlangdon.com/images/fontlobbytruman.jpg Picha ya ndani] * [http://www.danlangdon.com/images/fontenelleballroom.jpg Picha ya ndani ya chumba cha densi] [[Category:Hoteli za Marekani]] [[Category:Omaha]] [[Jamii:kampuni za Marekani]] mphtqus61mdmw89pdc80dhd1tkxjp8v 0 35527 1601378 1578790 2026-09-25T16:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = The Bodyguard | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Whitney Houston]] | Cover = TheBodyguardSoundtrack.jpg | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya The Bodyguard | Imetolewa = 17 Novemba 1992 | Imerekodiwa = 1991-1992 | Aina = [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 57:44 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Arista Records|Arista]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Whitney Houston]], [[Clive Davis]] | Review = * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-bodyguard-r123597 link] * ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (B) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312588,00.html link] * ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.tower.com/bodyguard-original-soundtrack-cd/wapi/106719929 link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|2|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/209469/review/6210412?utm_source=Rhapsody&utm_medium=CDreview link] | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[I'm Your Baby Tonight]]''<br /> (1990) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''The Bodyguard''''' <br /> (1992) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album|The Preacher's Wife]]''<br />(1996 }} '''''The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album''''' ni jina la kibwagizo cha filamu chenye jina sawa na hili, iliyotolewa mnamo 17 Novemba 1992. Kutokana na albamu hii, Whitney alikuwa mwanamuziki wa kwanza kuwahi kuuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja kwenye wiki ya kwanza. Wimbo huu baadaye ilishinda tuzo la ''Grammy Award for Album of the Year'' na Recording Industry Association of America ilitunikiwa platinamu 17 mnamo 1 Novemba 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond |title=Recording Industry Association of America: Diamond Awards |accessdate=2010-01-21 |archivedate=2015-12-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230043419/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond }}</ref> Hadi leo, imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 44 kote duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.thewrap.com/article/it-too-late-whitneys-comeback_5711 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-21 |archivedate=2012-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722192948/http://www.thewrap.com/deal-central/article/it-too-late-whitneys-comeback_5711 }}</ref> ==Mapokezi== Albamu hii inajulikana kwa wimbo "I Will Always Love You". Wimbo huu ulichezwa zana kwenye redio. Single hii ilibaki kuwa namba 1 kwenye chati ya ''Billboard Hot 100'' kwa muda ya wiki 14.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/whitney-houston/chart-history/4849</ref> ==Nyimbo zake== # "[[I Will Always Love You#Whitney Houston version|I Will Always Love You]]" - Whitney Houston ([[Dolly Parton|Parton]]) # "[[I Have Nothing]]" - Whitney Houston ([[David Foster|Foster]]/[[Linda Thompson-Jenner|Thompson-Jenner]]) # "[[I'm Every Woman]]" - Whitney Houston ([[Nickolas Ashford|Ashford]]/[[Valerie Simpson|Simpson]]) # "[[Run to You (Whitney Houston song)|Run to You]]" - Whitney Houston ([[Jud J. Friedman|Friedman]]/[[Allan Rich|Rich]]) # "[[Queen of the Night (song)|Queen of the Night]]" - Whitney Houston ([[Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds|Babyface]]/[[Whitney Houston|Houston]]/[[L.A. Reid|Reid]]/[[Daryl Simmons|Simmons]]) # "[[Jesus Loves Me]]" - Whitney Houston ([[Cedric Caldwell|Caldwell]]/[[BeBe Winans|Winans]]) # "Even If My Heart Would Break" - [[Kenny G]] featuring [[Aaron Neville]] ([[Franne Golde|Golde]]/[[Adrian Gurvitz|Gurvitz]]) # "Someday (I'm Coming Back)" - [[Lisa Stansfield]] ([[Ian Devaney|Devaney]]/[[Andy Morris (record producer)|Morris]] / Stansfield) # "[[Lovely Day (song)|It's Gonna Be A Lovely Day]]" - [[The S.O.U.L. S.Y.S.T.E.M.]] ([[Robert Clivillés|Clivillés]]/[[David Cole (producer)|Cole]]/[[Tommy Never|Never]]/[[Skip Scarborough|Scarborough]]/[[Michelle Visage|Visage]]/[[Bill Withers|Withers]]) # "[[(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding]]" - [[Curtis Stigers]] ([[Nick Lowe|Lowe]]) # "Theme from The Bodyguard" - [[Alan Silvestri]] (Silvestri) # "Trust in Me" - [[Joe Cocker]] featuring [[Sass Jordan]] ([[Francesca Beghe|Beghe]]/[[Charlie Midnight|Midnight]]/[[Marc Swersky|Swersky]]) ==Chati na thibitisho== {| class="wikitable" !Chart !Peak<br>position !Certification !Sales/Shipments |- |[[ARIA Charts|Australian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Soundtrack+%2F+Whitney+Houston&titel=The+Bodyguard&cat=a|title=Australian Albums Chart|publisher=australian-charts.com|date=|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> |align="center"|5&times; Platinum<ref name=billboard93>"''The Bodyguard''" is top foreign album in Japan. ''Billboard'' Magazine. 16 Oktoba 1993</ref> |align="center"|350,000<ref name=worldcertification>{{cite web|author=|url=http://imbruglia.tistory.com/91?srchid=BR1http%3A%2F%2Fimbruglia.tistory.com%2F91|title=Sales Certification|publisher=|accessdate=2009-09-22|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Ade94CLc?url=http://imbruglia.tistory.com/91?srchid=BR1http%3A%2F%2Fimbruglia.tistory.com%2F91|archivedate=2012-09-13}}</ref> |- |Austrian Albums Chart |align="center"|1<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Soundtrack+%2F+Whitney+Houston&titel=The+Bodyguard&cat=a|title=Austrian Albums Chart|publisher=austriancharts.at|date=|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> |align="center"|4&times; Platinum<ref name=Austria>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-21 |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161149/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|200,000<ref name="worldcertification"/> |- |Canadian [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]] Albums Chart |align="center"|1<ref>http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|Diamond<ref name="cria.ca">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cria.ca/cert_db_search.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/675459Fi0?url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GoldPlatinum.aspx |archivedate=2012-04-21 }}</ref> |align="center"|1,000,000<ref name="cria.ca"/> |- |French Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|Diamond<ref name=diamant>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_D.php?debut=0|title=The Bodyguard Soundtrack SNEP Certification|publisher=disqueenfrance.com|date=|accessdate=2009-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102021/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_D.php?debut=0|archivedate=2008-11-20}}</ref> |align="center"|1,385,300<ref name="diamant"/> |- |German Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3&times; Platinum<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/|title=German Certificantion|publisher=musikindustrie.de|date=|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref> |align="center"|1,500,000+ |- |Italian Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|Diamond<ref name="billboard93"/><ref name="worldcertification"/> |align="center"|810,000<ref name="billboard93"/> |- |[[Oricon|Japanese Oricon Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref name="Japanese albums chart">{{cite web| url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/51361/1/ ホイットニー・ヒューストン-リリース-ORICON STYLE-ミュージック| title= Highest position and charting weeks of ''The Bodyguard'' by Whitney Houston| work=oricon.co.jp| publisher=''[[Oricon|Oricon Style]]''| accessdate=3 Oktoba 2009}}</ref> |align="center"|2&times; Million</small><ref name=millionriaj">{{cite web|url=http://www18.ocn.ne.jp/~hbr/jp1mal.htm RIAJ Certified Million Seller Albums|title=- List of the albums certified "Million" by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (Januari 1989 - Agosti 2009)|language=Japanese|date=Agosti 2009|accessdate=3 Oktoba 2009|archivedate=2010-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120100043/http://www18.ocn.ne.jp/~hbr/jp1mal.htm}}</ref><ref name="riaj">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/chronicle/1900/1990.html|title=- Recording Industry Association of Japan - The History of music recordings industry during the 1990s|language=Japanese|work=riaj.or.jp|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=3 Oktoba 2009|archive-date=2012-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214001349/http://www.riaj.or.jp/chronicle/1900/1990.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|2,800,000<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=yg0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=bodyguard+top+foreign+album&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=MAGAZINES&cd=5#v=onepage&q=bodyguard%20top%20foreign%20album&f=false|title=Newsline...Mariah Carey's "#1's" (p49)|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|date=23 Januari 1999|accessdate=2009-12-28}}</ref> |- |Korean International Albums Chart |align="center"|1 |align="center"|Diamond<ref name="billboard93"/><ref name="worldcertification"/> |align="center"|1,200,000<ref>{{cite web|author=고경석|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010010709111483530|title=휘트니 휴스턴, 2월 첫 내한공연 (Whitney Houston; South Korea's first show in Februari.)|publisher=asiae.co.kr|date=7 Januari 2010|accessdate=2010-01-07|language=Korean}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=이언혁|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201001070909331001|title=휘트니휴스턴 첫 내한공연 ‘10년만의 정규 월드투어 한국서 시작’(Whitney Houston, Her First World Tour in 10 Years Will Begin in South Korea.)|publisher=newsen.com|date=7 Januari 2010|accessdate=2010-01-07|language=Korean}}</ref> |- |[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Soundtrack+%2F+Whitney+Houston&titel=The+Bodyguard&cat=a|title=Norwegian Albums Chart|publisher=norwegiancharts.com|date=|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> |align="center"|4&times; Platinum<ref name=Norway>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm|title=IFPI Norway|publisher=ifpi.no|date=|accessdate=2009-09-10|archivedate=2010-01-18|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msTleSRi?url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm}}</ref> |align="center"|200,000<ref name="Norway"/> |- |Swedish Albums Chart |align="center"|1<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Soundtrack+%2F+Whitney+Houston&titel=The+Bodyguard&cat=a|title=SOUNDTRACK / WHITNEY HOUSTON - THE BODYGUARD (ALBUM)|publisher=swedishcharts.com|date=|accessdate=2009-09-22}}</ref> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|343,000<ref name="billboard93"/> |- |[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Soundtrack+%2F+Whitney+Houston&titel=The+Bodyguard&cat=a|title=SOUNDTRACK / WHITNEY HOUSTON - THE BODYGUARD (ALBUM)|publisher=swisscharts.com|date=|accessdate=2009-09-22}}</ref> |align="center"|5&times; Platinum<ref name=ifpich>{{cite web|author=|url=http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=whitney+houston|title=IFPI Switzerland Searchable Database|publisher=ifpi.ch|date=|accessdate=2009-09-21}}</ref> |align="center"|300,000<ref name="billboard93"/> |- |[[UK Albums Chart]] |align="center"|1<ref>http://theofficialcharts.com/</ref> |align="center"|7&times; Platinum<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |date=20171006162141 }} |7 x Platinum Certification Saturday, 1 Januari 1994</ref> |align="center"|2,138,030<ref name=occ>{{cite web|author=Bill Harris|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/Q/Queen/2006/11/17/2391437.html|title=Queen rules - in album sales|publisher=Toronto Sun|date=2006-11-17|accessdate=2009-09-22}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |U.S. [[Billboard 200]] |align="center"|1<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-bodyguard-r123597</ref> |align="center"|17 x Platinum<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-21 |archivedate=2012-09-13 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AddpjY8U?url=http://riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond }}</ref> |align="center"|13,118,000<!--- 11,808,000 From Nielsen SoundScan + 1,310,000 From BMG Music Clubs ---> <ref>{{cite web|author=Gary Trust|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-madonna-vs-whitney-who-s-sold-1004003516.story#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-madonna-vs-whitney-who-s-sold-1004003516.story|title=Ask Billboard: Madonna vs. Whitney: Who's Sold More?|publisher=billboard.com|date=2009-08-14|accessdate=2009-09-22|archivedate=2009-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826160753/http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-madonna-vs-whitney-who-s-sold-1004003516.story#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-madonna-vs-whitney-who-s-sold-1004003516.story}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mi2n.com/press.php3?press_nb=47877 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-09-03 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jW8qIpnZ?url=http://www.mi2n.com/press.php3?press_nb=47877 |archivedate=2009-09-03 }}</ref>/17,000,000 |} ;Singles {| class="wikitable" !Year !Artist !Single !Chati !Namba |- |rowspan="4"|1992 |rowspan="19"|[[Whitney Houston]] |rowspan="4"|"[[I Will Always Love You]]" |Adult Contemporary |align="center"|1 |- |Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks |align="center"|1 |- |The Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|1 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |rowspan="19"|1993 |rowspan="4"|"[[I Have Nothing]]" |Adult Contemporary |align="center"|1 |- |Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks |align="center"|4 |- |The Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|4 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |rowspan="5"|"[[I'm Every Woman]]" |The Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|4 |- |Adult Contemporary |align="center"|26 |- |Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks |align="center"|4 |- |Hot Dance Music/Club Play |align="center"|1 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|4 |- |rowspan="2"|"[[Queen of the Night]]" |Hot Dance Music/Club Play |align="center"|1 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|14 |- |rowspan="4"|"[[Run to You]]" |Adult Contemporary |align="center"|10 |- |Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks |align="center"|31 |- |&nbsp;The Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|31 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|15 |- |[[Lisa Stansfield]] |"Someday (I'm Coming Back)" |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|10 |- |rowspan="3"|[[The S.O.U.L. S.Y.S.T.E.M.]] |rowspan="3"|"[[Lovely Day (song)|It's Gonna Be A Lovely Day]]" |The Billboard Hot 100 |align="center"|34 |- |Hot Dance Music/Club Play |align="center"|1 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|17 |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:albamu za 1992]] gre2sucvayzeasjtbr3v1vz0m75pb5h 0 35542 1601115 1465261 2026-09-25T13:19:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trevor Graham''' ni mzaliwa wa [[Jamaika]] na ni kocha wa zamani wa riadha ana makao yake [[Marekani]]. Kufuatia kashfa ya BALCO, Kamati ya Olimpiki ya Marekani ilimfukuza kutoka viwanja vyao vyote vya mazoezi kwa sababu wanariadha wake kadhaa walikuwa wamepimwa na kupatikana kuwa wanatumia dawa haramu. ==Wasifu kama mwanariadha== Graham alikuwa katika timu ya Jamaika ya mbio ya 4 x 400m iliyoshinda medali ya [[fedha]] katika [[Olimpiki]] ya [[1988]],alipokimbia katika awamu ya kwanza ya kuhitimu na nusu fainali lakini hakushiriki katika fainali. Yeye alihitimu digrii katika Umeneja wa Biashara kutoka Chuo cha Saint Augustine. ==Wasifu wa Kocha== ===Sprint Capitol USA=== Ikiwa imeanzishwa mwaka wa [[1993]] na Graham na ikakubaliwa katika mwaka wa [[1997]], Sprint Capitol USA ilikuwa na makao yake katika Treki ya Paul Derr katika Chuo Kikuu cha Carolina Kaskazini huko [[Raleigh]],[[Carolina Kaskazini]]. Miongoni mwa wanariadha ambao walijiunga na mafunzo ya kikundi hiki walikuwa: * [[Shawn Crawford]] * [[Justin Gatlin]] - aliyekatazwa ushiriki kwa miaka minane na USADA katika mwaka wa 20006. * Alvin Harrison - aliyekatazwa ushiriki kwa miaka minne na USADA tangu 2004. * CJ Hunter - alipatikana na ''Nandrolone'' baada ya kujitoa kutoka Olimpiki ya 2000. * [[Marion Jones]] - medali zote na rekodi zote zilitupiliwa mbali baada ya kukubali utumiaji wa dawa za kuboresha utendaji katika kasfa ya BALCO. * Tim Montgomery - Rekodi ya 100m ilitupiliwa mbali baada ya kukubali kuwa alitumia dawa za kuboresha utendaji kutoka BALCO. * Antonio Pettigrew - medali zote za timu ya 4 x 400m ya Marekani ya Olimpiki ya 2000 zilichukuliwa baada ya Antonio kukubali kuwa alitumia dawa za HGH na EPO. * Jerome Young - alikatazwa ushiriki lakini hukumu hii ilipinduliwa. * Marcus Brunson * Duane Ross * Randall Evans * Chandra Sturrup * Me'Lisa Barber * LaTasha Jenkins ==Kashfa ya BALCO== Graham alikuwa na jukumu muhimu katika kashfa ya BALCO(''Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative'') wa mwezi wa [[Juni]] [[2003]], alipotuma(bila kufichua yeye ndiye aliyetuma) sindano yenye Tetrahaidrogenistrinone(kwa ufupi THG) kwa anwani ya Kituo cha Marekani ya kupigana dhidi ya dawa haramu(United States Anti-Doping Agency). Mnamo Julai 2006, Angel Guillermo Heredia alitoa ushahidi mbele ya US Federal Grand Jury akisema kuwa alifanya kazi chini ya Graham kwa miaka ya [[1996]] - [[2000]] akimsambazia dawa haramu. Ingawa baadhi ya wanariadha aliyekuwa kocha wao wameshutumiwa kwa utumiaji wa dawa hizo haramu ,yeye hukana kuhusika ama kujua lolote na pia husema hamjui Heredia. Baada ya Gatlin kufeli majaribio ya kisayansi ya testosteroni.hii ilitangazwa mnamo mwezi [[Julai]] [[2006]],Graham alisema katika mahojiano kuwa Gatlin alikuwa amewekewa kosa la uongo. Barua ,ambayo haikutumwa, iliyoandikwa na Victor Conte wa BALCO kwa U.S. Anti-Doping Agency ilieleza utumiaji wa testosteroni ya kumezwa na Graham ambayo "ingetoka mwilini na haipatikani katika mkojo katika majaribio ya kisayansi baada ya siku chache" Katika mwisho wa barua hiyo,Gatlin alikuwa mmojawapo wa wanariadha wanne waliotambuliwa kuwa walitumia dawa hiyo. IAAF ilisema mnamo tarehe [[31 Julai]],2006 kuwa Graham angekatazwa kushiriki katika riadha iwapo ushahidi wowote ungemhusisha na kuvunjwa kwa sheria za utumiaji dawa haramu na United States Anti-Doping Agency ishindwe kufanya lolote. Tarehe [[3 Agosti]] 2006 na Kamati ya Olimpiki ya Marekani ilipiga marufuku Trevor Graham kutoka kutumia vituo vyake vya mafunzo. Hii ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kwa kocha kupata hukumu kama hiyo kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa ya wanariadha waliokuwa wakifunzwa na yeye kupatikana na dawa haramu. Kama matokeo ya hayo, Nike ilimaliza mkataba wake na Graham katika mwezi wa [[Agosti]] 2006. [20] Tarehe [[29 Mei]] [[2008]], Graham mara moja alipatikana na hatia ya kuwadanganya wapelelezi wa kesi hiyo. Kesi ilishindwa kufungwa mara mbili baada ya kamati ya kuhukumu iliposhindwa na kutoa uamuzi mmoja. Mkuu wa United States Anti-Doping Agency,Travis Tygar, mnamo tarehe [[15 Julai]] 2008, alithibitisha kupigwa marufuku kutoka riadha kwa maisha yake yote, Trevor Graham baada ya kuvunja sheria:"Hii inawasilisha ujumbe kuwa makocha pia wako chini ya sheria. Kuna wazo kuwa wako juu ya sheria kwa sababu hatuwapimi lakini hii sasa inaonyesha tutatumia mamlaka zetu zote. Hakuna nafasi ya kutafuta kurudishwa kazi. Nafasi yoyote yake ya kufanya hivyo ilipita. Kupigwa marufuku kwake kulihusu pia matukio yoyote yaliyoandaliwa na Kamati ya Olimpiki ya Marekani,IAAF na USA Track & Field na vikundi vingine vyote vilivyohusika katika mpango wa World Anti-Doping Agency. ==Wanariadha waliojiunga na Sprint Capitol USA== <gallery> File:Justin Gatlin cropped.JPG|Justin Gatlin Picha:crawford.JPG|Shawn Crawford File:Marion Jones 1999.gif|Marion Jones | </gallery> ==Marejeo== # [http://recdb.jiss.naash.go.jp/jsp-examples/list_round.jsp?game=Games%20of%20the%20XXIV%20Olympiad&discipline=Athletics&event=4x400m%20relay%20Men&round=Round%201 "Results of 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Game: Athletics – 4x400m relay Men: Round 1".] {{Wayback|url=http://recdb.jiss.naash.go.jp/jsp-examples/list_round.jsp?game=Games%20of%20the%20XXIV%20Olympiad&discipline=Athletics&event=4x400m%20relay%20Men&round=Round%201 |date=20070928093519 }} Japan Institute of Sports Sciences. # [http://recdb.jiss.naash.go.jp/jsp-examples/list_round.jsp?game=Games%20of%20the%20XXIV%20Olympiad&discipline=Athletics&event=4x400m%20relay%20Men&round=Semi-final "Results of 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Game: Athletics – 4x400m relay Men: Semi-final".] {{Wayback|url=http://recdb.jiss.naash.go.jp/jsp-examples/list_round.jsp?game=Games%20of%20the%20XXIV%20Olympiad&discipline=Athletics&event=4x400m%20relay%20Men&round=Semi-final |date=20070928090713 }} Japan Institute of Sports Sciences. # [http://www.sprintcapitolusa.com/coaches_staff.html "Sprint Capitol, USA - Coaches & Staff"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sprintcapitolusa.com/coaches_staff.html |date=20140529052205 }}. Sprint Capitol USA. 2005. # Mackay, Duncan (2006-07-31). [http://sport.guardian.co.uk/athletics/story/0,,1833820,00.html "Gatlin turns into the fastest falling hero in the world".] The Guardian. . # Wilson, Duff (2006-07-20). [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/20/sports/20track.html?ex=1311048000&en=de3ec843ee79b313&ei=5090 "Instigator of Steroids Inquiry May Be a Target"]. New York Times. # Pells, Eddie (2006-07-31). [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060731.DOPINGSIDE31/TPStory/TPSports/OtherSports/ "Gatlin set up: coach".] Associated Press (Globe and Mail). # [http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/trackandfield/news/story?id=2535356 "IAAF: Gatlin's coach might face two-year ban".] Associated Press. 2006-08-07. # [http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/trackandfield/news/story?id=2538450 "USOC bans track coach Graham from training sites".] Associated Press. 2006-08-07. # [http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/trackandfield/news/story?id=2560973 "Nike ends contract with track coach Graham".] Associated Press. 2006-08-25. # [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215015004/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/ATHLETES_STEROIDS?SITE=FLTAM&SECTION=SPORTS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Dubow, Josh; Paul Elias and Raf Casert (2008-05-30). "Track coach Graham convicted in BALCO probe". Tampa Bay Online. # [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/7509350.stm bbc.co.uk], Coach Graham is handed life ban # [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/olympics/2008053708_olywire16.html Track coach Trevor Graham gets banned for life] {{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Trevor}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Makocha]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki ya 1988]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Olimpiki wa Jamaika]] 47oj4vz5jomh2utekgobxcto9nfjscq 0 35557 1601250 1412823 2026-09-25T14:09:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:War of the Worlds ET.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'''Mtangazaji wa redio''' Roger Scott <br>'''Alizaliwa:'''23 Oktoba 1943 <br>'''Alikufa:'''31 Oktoba 1989(umri wa miaka 46)<br>'''Uzalendo:''' [[Uingereza]]<br> '''Stesheni alizofanya kazi nazo:''' <br>Capital Radio<br>Radio 1<br>WPTR]] '''Roger Scott''' (23 Oktoba 1943 - 31 Oktoba 1989) alikuwa [[Mwingereza]] aliyecheshimiwa sana katika sekta ya [[redio]]. Alikuwa mchaguzi na mchezaji nyimbo katika stesheni za redio. Alifahamika sana kwa kuwasilisha kipindi cha alasiri katika stesheni ya redio ya [[London]],[[Capital Radio]],tangu mwaka wa 1973 hadi mwaka wa 1988. Alizaliwa jijini London katika mwaka wa 1943, Roger Scott alikuza upendo wa nyimbo za aina ya ''rock'' na ''roll'' zilizokuwa zikitungwa katika mwisho wa miaka ya 1950 na mapema miaka ya 1960. Akiwa kijana, alianza kucheza muziki karibu na dirisha ya nyumba yao jijini London na kuangalia hisia za wapita njia kwa muziki alizocheza. ==Wasifu wa Mapema== Baada ya muda mfupi kama mfanyibiashara wa baharini,Scott alipata njia na akaingia nchini [[Marekani]] na akajiunga na stesheni ya redio ya WPTR ya [[Albany]],[[New York]] katika mwaka wa 1966. Kazi ya Scott,kwa sababu ya lafudhi yake ya [[Uingereza]],ilikuwa kuwa 'rafiki wa Beatles' na hapo ndipo Scott akaanza kujifunza kazi ya kuwa mchezaji wa muziki kama DJ akifanya kazi na Boom Boom Brannigan na watu wengine maarufu wa stesheni hiyo. Miezi minane baadaye,alitoka WPTR kuwasilisha kipindi cha [[jioni]] katika stesheni ya [[Montreal]] ya 1470 CFOX. Kutoka mwaka wa 1967 hadi mwaka wa 1971 akapendwa katika stesheni hiyo kwa mitindo yake ya uwasilishaji na upendo wake wa dhati wa muziki. Hasa wakati huu alishiriki katika ''Give Peace A Chance'' iliyorekodiwa na John Lennon na Yoko Ono walipokuwa katika [[Hoteli ya Queen Elizabeth]] jijini Montreal. [[File:Capital radio london small.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Makao makuu ya Capital Radio London.Roger Scott alifanya kazi miaka kumi na mitano na stesheni ya Capital Radio]] Akitarajia uzinduzi wa stesheni za kibiashara za redio,Scott alirudi Uingereza katika mwaka wa 1971,lakini akapata maendeleo hayakuwa mbele kama alivyofikiri. Wakati uo huo, yeye alipata nafasi ya kazi katika UBN,stesheni ya kampuni ya [[United Biscuits]], iliyotangaza habari kwa viwanda vya kampuni hiyo katika taifa zima. Ilikuwa wakati huu ,pia, alifanya kazi katika stesheni ya BBC Redio lakini akingoja kazi ya baadaye katika redio ya kibiashara alifanya kazi hiyo chini ya jina "Bob Baker." ==Wasifu== ===Capital Radio=== Redio za kibiashara ,hatimaye,zilipewa mamlaka katika mwaka wa 1972 na katika mwaka wa 1973 alijiunga na wafanyikazi wa stesheni ya [[London]],Capital Radio. Vipindi vya alasiri vya Scott vikapata umaarufu sana baina ya wakazi wa London, akizalisha vipindi maarufu kama ''Three O'Clock'' na ''Hitline'' pamoja na wimbo wa ''Grab a a little piece of heaven'' ulioimbwa na David Dundas. Katika mwaka wa 1976, kipindi chake cha mara kwa mara cha Ijumaa cha kucheza nyimbo za kitambo kilipata mashabiki wa dhati. Hasa,kwa sababu ya Scott kuchezesha nyimbo zisizojulikana za aina ya ''rock-a-billy'' kwa mara ya kwanza. Scott hakufuata orodha za kawaida za muziki, utafiti wowote wa wasikilizaji ama mbinu zozote za stesheni za kibiashara katika miaka ya 1980.Alitumia mbinu zake. ==Radio 1== [[File:Logo BBC Radio 1.svg|thumb|200px|right|Nembo ya BBC Radio 1]] Katika mwezi wa Juni 1988,baada ya miaka kumi na mitano katika Capital, alihamia stesheni isiyo ya kibiashara ya BBC Radio 1. Akiwa huko,alifikia wasikilizaji wa taifa zima kwa mara ya kwanza,akiwasilisha kipindi cha alasiri cha Jumamosi na kipindi cha usiku cha Jumapili. Katika kipindi cha Jumamosi,alihusisha mahojiano na wanamuziki maarufu wengi kama [[Dion]],[[Jackson Browne]],[[Don Henley]] na wengine wengi. Vipindi vyake vya Jumapili vimekuwa vya kufurahisha hasa ikishirikisha muziki ya ''rock'' na ''roll'' ya miaka ya 1950 na muziki ya aina nyingi. Roger Scott aliaga dunia katika mwaka wa 1989,akiwa umri wa miaka wa 46, baada ya kuugua [[Saratani|kansa]] kwa muda mfupi. ==Marejeo== '''marejeo haya yako katika lugha ya Kiingereza''' # [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvRcXbJbjpU Roger Scott talks about his early career] # [http://www.marcdenis.com/cfox/airchecks-jingles.asp#rogerscott-69 Roger Scott on CFOX in 1969] # [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV8zC-MDvwU Roger Scott talks about the John Lennon "bed in" in Montreal] # [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT7zfQrN1eM Elton John on Roger Scott's Capital show, including Elton singing Roger's 'Grab a little piece of heaven' jingle] # [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QC_GDabicA4 Roger Scott talks about playlists and market research] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://capitalgold.org/WPTR/airchecks/WPTRscott1966.html Kipindi cha mwisho cha Roger Scottkatika WPTR (Real}] {{Wayback|url=http://capitalgold.org/WPTR/airchecks/WPTRscott1966.html |date=20110722154225 }} * [http://www.radiorewind.co.uk/radio1/roger_scott_page.htm Radio Rewind, featuring numerous clips from the Radio 1 broadcasts] {{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Roger}} [[Category:Watangazaji wa Uingereza]] [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1989]] 20lbc8pmltro5vezx9qmmzm2wbxaxhd 0 35574 1601523 1386987 2026-09-25T23:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = When You Say Nothing at All | Cover = | Msanii = [[Keith Whitley]] | from Album = [[Don't Close Your Eyes (albamu)|Don't Close Your Eyes]] | B-side = "Lucky Dog" | Imetolewa = Septemba 1988 | Format = [[7-inch single|7" vinyl single]] | Recorded = 1988 | Genre = [[Muziki wa Country|Country]] | Urefu = 3:40 | Studio = [[RCA Records|RCA]] | Munzi = [[Paul Overstreet]], [[Don Schlitz]] | Mtayarishi = [[Garth Fundis]], Keith Whitley | Last single = "[[Don't Close Your Eyes]]"<br>(1988) | This single = "'''When You Say Nothing at All'''"<br>(1988) | Next single = "[[I'm No Stranger to the Rain]]"<br>(1989) }} "'''When You Say Nothing at All'''" ni wimbo wa mwenendo wa [[Muziki wa Country|country]] uliotungwa na by [[Paul Overstreet]] na [[Don Schlitz]]. Ni mmoja wa zile nyimbo ambazo zinajulikana kuvuma zaidi kwa wasanii watatu: [[Keith Whitley]], ambaye aliuchukua uongzini mwa chati za [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Country Songs|Hot Country Singles]] mnamo 24 Desemba 1988; [[Alison Krauss]], ambaye toleo lake lilikuwa lake la kwanza la solo katika kumi bora za mwenendo wa country zilizovuma mnamo 1995; na mwimbaji wa [[Ireland]] [[Ronan Keanting]] ambaye toleo lake lilikuwa solo yake ya kwanza na liliongoza chati za UK. ==Kiini== Overstreet na Schlitz waliubuni wimbo huu mwishoni mwa siku ambayo haikuwa na mapato mengi. Huku wakipiga gitaa na kujaribu kufikiria wimbo wao ambao ungefuatia. Hawangeweza kufikiria kitu. “Wakati tukijaibu kutafuta njia nyingine ya kutosema kitu, tuliubuni wimbo huu,” ," Overstreet alimwambia mhariri Ace Collins baadaye. Walionelea wimbo ulikuwa sawa lakini haukuwa spesheli. .<ref name=Collins>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Ace |title=The Stories Behind Country Music's All-Time Greatest 100 Songs |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindcou0000coll |publisher=Boulevard |date=1996 |location=New York |isbn=1-57297-072-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindcou0000coll/page/268 268]}}</ref> Wakati Keith Whitley aliusikia wimbo huo, aliupenda na asingeuachilia umpite kamwe<ref name=Collins/>. Awali alikuwa ameutayarisha imbo mwingine wa utunzi wa Overstreet-Schlitz ambao ulifika #1 lakini kwa msanii mwingine [[Randy Travis]], wimbo wa "On the Other Hand." Whitley hakuwa tayari kuacha hali hiyo itokee tena kwa wimbo huu.<ref name=Collins/><ref name=Roland>{{cite book |last=Roland |first=Tom |title=The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits |url=https://archive.org/details/billboardbookofn0000rola |publisher=Billboard |date=1991 |location=New York |isbn=0-8230-7553-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/billboardbookofn0000rola/page/539 539]}}</ref>. ==Matoleo== ===Keith Whitley=== RCA ilitoa wimbo huu kama single ya kufuatilia kwa wimbo mkuu wa albamu ya Whitley ''Don't Close Your Eyes''. Wimbo wa awali tayari ulikuwa umevuma katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za ''Billboard'' Hot Country Singles, wimbo wake wa kwanza kuongoza katika chati hizo<ref name=Whitburn>{{cite book |last=Whitburn |first= Joel |title=Top Country Songs 1944-2005 |publisher=Record Research |date=2005 |location=Menomonee Falls, Wis. |isbn=0-89820-165-9 |page=416}}</ref>. "When You Say Nothing at All" uliingia katika chati za Hot Country Singles mnamo 17 Septemba 1988 katika nafasi ya 61 na polepole ukanawili kufikia uongozini ambapo ulikaa ka majuma mawili mwishoni mwa mwaka<ref name=Collins/><ref name=Roland/>. Ulikuwa wa pili katika tano za singles za Whitley (ambaye hakuishi kuona mbili za mwisho) zilizoongoza mtawalia katika chati hizo. Whitley aliaga dunia mnamo 9 Mei 1989 kutokana na umu katika pombe<ref name=Whitburn/>. Mnamo 2004, wimbo wa asili wa Whitley uliorodheshwa wa 12 kati ya nyimbo 100 bora aidi za kimapenzi na [[Country Music Television|CMT]] <ref>{{cite web |last=CMT |authorlink=CMT |title=100 Greatest Love Songs |url=http://www.cmt.com/shows/dyn/greatest_series/81730/episode_countdown.jhtml |accessdate=2007-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514042226/http://www.cmt.com/shows/dyn/greatest_series/81730/episode_countdown.jhtml |archivedate=2007-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Uliimbwa na [[Sara Evans]] katika tamasha hizo. ===Alison Krauss=== Krauss ambaye alikuwa amekomaa katika muziki wa bluegrass akicheza fiddle katika umri wa miaka 22 aliutoa wimbo wa "When You Say Nothing at All" pamoja na kundi lake ‘’Union Station’’ kama rizala za rambirambi kwa Whitley mnamo 1994. Wakati wimbo huo ulianza kupokea umaarufu, [[BNA Records]], leb ambayo iliutayarisha albamu hiyo ilitoa toleo la Krauss kwa redio mnamo Januari 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horak |first=Terri |title=Rounder Goes All Out for Grammy-Nominated Krauss |publisher=Billboard |date=1995-01-21}} Accessed via ProQuest.</ref>. toleo hili pia lilishirikishwa katika mkusanyiko wa Krauss ''[[Now That I've Found You: A Collection]]'', ambao ulifikia kileleni katika nafasi ya tatu kwa chati za ‘’Billboard’’ Hot Country Singles & Tracks na single ya kuuza ilifikia #2 kwa chati ya Billboard Hot Country Singles Sales. .<ref name=Whitburn/>, Uongozi wake na wa albamu nyingine ulimshangaza Krauss ambaye hakuwa akitarajia<ref>{{cite news |last=Cromelin |first=Richard |title=A Hit from Country's Kinfolk / Bluegrass's most prominent figure makes her way into country music's Top 10. Even Alison Krauss can't explain it. |page=F1 |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=1995-03-25}} Accessed via ProQuest.</ref>. Toleo la Krauss lilishinda tuzo la 1995 la [[Country Music Association|CMA]] kwa "Single bora ya mwaka". ===Ronan Keating=== {{Infobox single | Jina = When You Say Nothing at All | Cover = | Msanii = [[Ronan Keating]] | from Album = [[Ronan (album)|Ronan]] ''and'' [[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]] | Imetolewa = 26 Julai 1999 | Format = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]] | Imetayarishwa = 1999 | Genre = [[pop music|Pop]] | Urefu = 4:18 | Studio = [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] | Mtayarishi = Ronan Keating | Certification = Platinum <small>([[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])</small> | Last single = - | This single = "'''When You Say Nothing at All'''"<br>(1999) | Next single = "[[Life Is a Rollercoaster]]"<br>(2000) }} "When You Say Nothing at All" ndiyo ilikuwa single ya kwanza ya solo kwa [[Ronan Keating]] baada ya kuliacha kundi la [[Boyzone]]. Aliitayarisha mnamo 1999 kama soundtrack ya filamu ya ''[[Notting Hill (filamu)|Notting Hill]]''. Wimbo huu pia ungeonekana katika albamu ya kwanza ya solo ya Keating ''[[Ronan (albamu)|Ronan]]'' mwaka uliofuatia. Toleo la Keating lilitolewa kama single baadaye 1999 na ilifika #1 katika chati za [[United Kingdom|UK]]. Pia ilifika #1 katika taifa la [[Ireland]]. Nchini UK, Single hii ilidhibitishwa kuwa katika kiwango cha ‘’Dhahabu’’ katika mauzo yake. Mnamo 2002 aliitayarisha single hiyo tena kwa ushirikiano na mwimbaji wa [[Italia]] mwenye asili ya [[Brazil]] [[Deborah Blando]]. Mnamo 2003 aliitayarisha single hiyo tena wakati huu akishirikiana na mwimbaji wa [[Mexico]] [[Paulina Rubio]] ambayo waliitoa jijini [[Mexico]] na [[Latin America]] kama njia ya kukuza albamu ya "Destination". ==Nafasi katika Chati== ===Keith Whitley=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1988) !align="center"|Kilele |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Country Singles |align="center"|1 |} ===Alison Krauss & Union Station=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1995) !align="center"|Kilele |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Country Singles & Tracks |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |align="center"|53 |- |align="left"|Canadian ''RPM'' Country Tracks |align="center"|7 |} ===Ronan Keating=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1999) !align="center"|Kilele |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Australia [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Belgium Flemish Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |} ==Mpangilio wa Vibao== '''Keith Whitley US 7" na single ya cassette''' <small>RCA 8637-7-R, 1988</small> # "When You Say Nothing at All" # "Lucky Dog" '''Single ya 7" ya Alison Krauss US''' <small>BNA 64277, 1995</small> # "When You Say Nothing at All" # "Charlotte's in North Carolina" (ya Keith Whitley) '''Single CD ya kwanza ya UK ya Ronan Keating''' <small>Polydor 561 291-2, 1999</small> # "When You Say Nothing at All" # "At the End of a Perfect Day" # "I Will Miss You" '''Single CD ya pili ya UK ya Ronan Keating''' <small>Polydor 561 290-2, 1999</small> # "When You Say Nothing at All" # "When You Say Nothing at All" (Mwondoko wa Akostiki) # "This Is Your Song" # "When You Say Nothing at All" (Video) ==Virejeleo== {{Marejeo}} {{start box}} {{sucession box | before = "[[A Tender Lie]]"<BR>ya [[Restless Heart]] | title = ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Hot Country Songs|Hot Country Singles]]<br />Single bora zaidi (Keith Whitley) | years = 24 Desemba—31 Desemba 1988 | after = "[[Hold Me (wimbo wa K.T. Oslin)|Hold Me]]"<BR>ya [[K.T. Oslin]] }} {{succession box | before = "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]" ya [[Ricky Martin]] | title = [[UK Singles Chart]] Single bora zaidi (Ronan Keating) | years =1 Agosti—8 Agosti 1999 | after = "[[If I Let You Go]]" ya [[Westlife]] }} {{end box}} {{Ronan Keating}} {{Paulina Rubio}} [[Category:Nyimbo za Ronan Keating]] colehbclycycf0zox527wgssf1kcqpe 0 35615 1601254 1392128 2026-09-25T14:10:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kampu | jina = Maduka ya Gee Bee | jina la kampuni = Maduka ya Gee Bee | picha = | ilianzishwa = [[1906]] | mwanzilishi = Ndugu wa Familia ya Glosser | huduma = Uuzaji wa bidhaa mbalimbali | makaomakuu = [[Johnstown]], [[Pennsylvania]] | bidhaa = | nchi = {{Flag icon|USA}}[[Marekani]] | ilikwisha = miaka ya 1990 | tovuti = }} '''Kampuni ya maduka ya Gee Bee''' ilianza [[Johnstown]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Marekani]],katika mwaka wa 1906. Ilianzishwa na ndugu wa familia ya Glosser walipofungua duka la chumba kimoja katika jengo la Franklin Building. Kampuni iliunda matawi yake katika miaka ya 1950 wakifungua maduka ya Gee Bee. Mengi ya maduka haya,pia lile la kwanza, yaliyokuwa na jina la Glosser yalibaki wazi katika miaka ya 1980. Jengo la Franklin Building liliendelezwa katika miaka ya katikati ya 1990. Maeneo ya maduka ya Gee Bee yaliuziwa minyororo mingine ya maduka katika miaka ilyofuata. Eneo la Eastland Mall katika [[Versailles Kaskazini]],[[Pennyslvania]],liliacha kutuika kabisa na likatumika kama soko hadi 2005. Eneo la [[Washington]],[[Pennsylvania]] lilibadilishwa usimamizi mara kadhaa(hivi sasa ni duka la Gabriel Brothers) lakini bado lina muundo uo huo wa Gee Bee. Eneo la tatu lililokuwa University Park Centre, mjini Richland,[[Johnstown]],[[Pennyslvania]]. Duka lilifanyiwa ukarabati mkubwa katika miaka ya 1990, muda mfupi kabla ya kufungwa kisha kufunguliwa kama Duka Kubwa la Giant Eagle,ambalo limebaki hivyo hadi sasa. Nje ya duka hilo bado linafanana na lile la Gee Bee,lakini ndani ya duka limebadilishwa kabisa. Eneo jingine mjini[[Greensburg]],Pennyslvania,pia, lilibadilishwa kuwa Duka jingine Kubwa la Giant Eagle baada ya Gee Bee la hapo kufungwa. Aidha, duka la nguo za watoto la Gee Bee lililokuwa Westwood Plaza katika eneo la Upper Yorder,kitongoji kilicho nje ya Johnstown. Duka hilo lilifunga biashara lake katika mwaka wa 1993 na likabomolewa. Hivi sasa, Monro Muffler ipo katika nafasi hiyo pahali duka hilo lilikuwa hapo awali. Katika kata la Richland, toleo la manjano kubwa lilikuwa karibu na barabara ya Eisenhower Boulevard. Nembo ya kampuni hii ilikuwa katuni msichana mwenye amevaa kofia ya safari akiwa ametabasamu. Duka la Gee Bee lililokuwa katika eneo la Fairlane Village Mall katika [[Pottsville]],Pennyslvania na moja katika Church Hill Mall katika [[Hazleton]],Pennyslvania, yalikuwa maduka ya Value City. Ilipofika mwisho wa miaka ya 2008,yote mawili yamefungwa,pamoja na maduka mengine yote ya Value City. Duka jingine, katika Center Township, Pennyslvania lilifungwa katika miaka ya 1980. Duka la Gee Bee lililokuwa Altoona na likawa duka msingi ya Park Hills Plaza. Duka hilo lilifungwa katika mwanzo wa miaka ya 1990, pahali hapo palikuwa wazi kwa muda fulani. Jengo hilo liligawanywa na sasa linatumika na Duka la Dunham's Sporting Goods na duka la Toys 'R Us. ==Marejeo== *[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-12575400.html Value City inanunua mali za Gee Bee] *[https://archive.today/20130629114237/www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12575400.html Value City na Gee Bee] *[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Value-City-Department-Stores-Inc-Company-History.html Historia ya Value City] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/1989/03/03-30-89tdc/03-30-89dnews-02.asp Gee Bee ya mtaa haijaathiriwa na kufungwa kwa maduka mengine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/1989/03/03-30-89tdc/03-30-89dnews-02.asp |date=20100125011404 }} * [http://www.johnstown-redevelopment.org/glosser.htm Ukarabati kwa jengo la Glosser Brothers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johnstown-redevelopment.org/glosser.htm |date=20060709051244 }} * [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n3_v29/ai_8769171 1990 Glosser Brothers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n3_v29/ai_8769171 |date=20100115040956 }} [[Category:Maduka]] [[Category:Pennsylvania]] f4gyz1giakubhajyvvpwnke3c83676x 0 35638 1601251 1599750 2026-09-25T14:09:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = I'll Be There | Cover = J5-ill-be-there-45.jpg | Msanii = [[The Jackson 5]] | Albamu = [[Third Album]] | B-side = "One More Chance" | Imetolewa = {{Start date|1970|8|28}} | Muundo = [[Gramophone record|7" 45 RPM]] | Imerekodiwa = Hitsville West, [[Los Angeles]] in 1970 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[bubblegum pop]] | Urefu = 3:57 | Studio = [[Motown Records|Motown]] <br /> <small>M 1171</small> | Writer = [[Berry Gordy]], Bob West, [[Hal Davis]], [[Willie Hutch]] | Mtayarishaji = Berry Gordy, Bob West, Hal Davis, Willie Hutch | Single iliyopita = "[[The Love You Save]]" <br>(1970) | Single ya sasa = "'''I'll Be There'''" <br>(1970) | Single ya ijayo = "[[Santa Claus Is Coming to Town]]" <br>(1970) }} "'''I'll Be There'''" ni wimbo uliotungwa na [[Berry Gordy]], Bob West, [[Hal Davis]] na [[Willie Hutch]] ambapo baadae ulikuja kutokea nyimbo mbili, yaani wimbo ambao ulikuja kurekodiwa na kundi la nchini [[Marekani]] la [[The Jackson 5]]. Mwaka 1992 na wimbo huu uliimbwa na mwanamziki wa Marekani [[Mariah Carey]] katika onesho la moja kwa moja pamoja na mwanamuziki mwingine ambaye pia ni wa nchini Marekani [[Trey Lorenz]]. Wimbo wa kundi la The Jackson 5, ulirekodiwa katika studio za [[Motown Records]] na kutolewa rasmi kama single ya kwanza katika albamu ya kundi hili, iliyoitwa ''[[Third Album]]''. Hii ikiwa ni mwaka 1970. Ukiwa umetengenezwa na watunzi maahiri, wimbo wa ''I'll Be There'' ilikuwa wimbo wa tano wa kundi hili kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo ukifuatia nyimbo za "[[I Want You Back]]," "[[ABC]]," na "[[The Love You Save]]." Wimbo wa "I'll Be There" umesemekana kuwa ndio wimbo wenye mafanikio zaidi kuwahi kutengenezwa katika studio za Motown katika kipindi chake cha Detroit ambacho ni kuanzia mwaka 1959-1972. Pia ni wimbo wa nne kutoka kwa kundi hili kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo na hivyo kulifanya kundi hili kuwa kundi la kwanza la wavulana wenye asili ya [[Afrika]] kuwahi kufika katika nafasi hiyo. Mwanamuziki mwingine wa Marekani [[Mariah Carey]] na Trey Lorez pia waliurudiwa wimbo huu katika kipindi cha ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' mwaka 1992, na kuutoa katika albamu yake ya EP ''[[MTV]]'', katika nusu ya tatu ya mwaka 1992. Wimbo huupia ulirekodiwa na Mwariah Carey kwa kushirikiana na [[Walter Afanasieff]] na wimbo huu ukawa wimbo wa sita Kutoka kwa Mariah Kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya single ya Marekani na pia ulikuwa wimbo uliofanya vizuri katika maeneo mbambali duniani. ==Toleo la The Jackson 5== ===Kuhusu rekodi hii=== Baada ya nyimbo tatu kutoka kwa kundi la The Jackson ambazo ziliwahi kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza ni ("[[I Want You Back]]," "[[ABC]]," na "[[The Love You Save]]"). Mtunzi wa nyimbo [[Berry Gordy]] ndipo akaamua kutunga mashairi kwa ajili ya kundi hili. Alifanya hivi kwa kuwashirikisha watunzi mbalimbali kama vile [[Hal Davis]], Willie Hutch, na Bob West, hii ikiwa ni tofauti na watunzi walioshiriki katika kutunga nyimbo tatu za kwanza. ===Kutolewa na mapekeo=== Katika maandishi yake, Michael Jackson ansema kuwa wimbo wa ''I'll Be There'' umesaidia katika kurudisha umoja miongoni mwa The Jackson 5 kuwarudisha pamoja kuuthiitishia umma kuwa, kundi hili bado lina uwezo na nguvu wa kutoa nyimbo nzuri." Wimbo huu ulifanya vizuri katika nafasi mbalimbali na kufanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi milioni 4.2 nchini [[Marekani]] na nakala milioni 6.1 duniani pote, kuchukua nafasi ya nyimbo za [[Marvin Gaye]] "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" zilizopata mafanikio ikiwa ni pamoja na kushina nafasi za juu katika chati za muziki nchini Marekani. Nafasi hii ilichukuliwa na wimbo ulitolewa na wimbo kutoka kwa [[Lionel Richie]] akishirikiana na [[Diana Ross]] katika wimbo wa ''[[Endless Love]]'' wa mwaka 1981. Nji ya nchi ya Marekani wimbo uliobakia maarufu kutoka studio za Motown ni wimbo wa "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" kwa kufanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 7 dunia nzima. Wimbo huu ulishika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] kwa muda wa wiki 5, kuanzia tarehe 17 Oktoba hadi 14 Novemba, na kuchukua nafasi ya wimbo wa ''[[Cracklin Rosie]]'' ulioimbwa na Neil Diamond, na kiuchukua nafasi ya ''[[I Think I Love You]]'' ulioimbwa na Partidge Family. Wimbo wa "I'll Be There" pia ulikuwa wimbo bora na kushika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[R&B singles chart]] kwa muda wa wiki sita,<ref>{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=287}}</ref> na kushika nafasi ya nne katika chati muziki ya nchini Uingereza. ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1970) !align="center"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40|Dutch Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Jackson+Five&titel=I%27ll+Be+There&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/19701212.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archivedate=2015-03-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328125454/http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/19701212.html }}</ref> |align="center"|34 |- |align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. ''Billboard'' Black Singles]] |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks|U.S. ''Billboard'' Easy Listening]] |align="center"|24 |- !Chart (2009) !align="center"|Kilele |- |[[UK Singles Chart]] |align=center|65<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php |title=UK Singles Chart|publisher=The Official UK Charts Company |accessdate=6 Julai 2009}}</ref> |} ==Toleo la Mariah Carey== {{Infobox single | Jina = I'll Be There | Cover = IBTS.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Trey Lorenz]] | Albamu = [[MTV Unplugged (Mariah Carey EP)|MTV Unplugged]] | Imetolewa = {{Start date|1992|5|26}} | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]] | Imerekodiwa = [[Kaufman Astoria Studios]] on 16 Machi 1992 | Aina = [[pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] | Urefu = 4:25/4:42 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]] | Certification = Gold <small>(New Zealand)</small> | Chronology = [[Mariah Carey]] singles | Single iliyopita = "[[Make It Happen (song)|Make It Happen]]" <br>(1992) | Single ya sasa = "'''I'll Be There'''" <br>(1992) | Single ijayo = "[[If It's Over]]" <br>(1992) }} [[Mariah Carey]] pia alijumisha wimbo hu katika onesho la MTV Unpluged na kuwa wimbo wa sita hii ikiwa ni tarehe 16 Machi 1992. Wimbo huu pia uliimbwa na Mariah Kwa kushirikiana na Michael Jackson pamoja na Trey Lorenz. na kuimba katika mashari aliyoimba Jarmaine Jackson. "I'll Be There" ulichaguliwa katika moja ya nyimbo zilizokuwa katika kushindania tuzo ya[[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals]], kwa mwaka 1993. Katika kumbukumbu ya Michael Jackson, tarehe 7Julai 2009, Carey na Lorez waliimba wimbo huu kama kumbukumbu ya Michael Jackoson ===Orodha ya nyimbo=== '''Worldwide CD single''' #"I'll Be There" #"So Blessed" '''European CD maxi-single''' #"I'll Be There" #"So Blessed" #"Vanishing" '''UK CD maxi-single''' #"I'll Be There" #"[[Vision of Love]]" (live) #"[[If It's Over]] #"All in Your Mind" ====Chart performance==== Wimbo huu, umekuwa katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya nyimbo 100 bora kuanzia terehe 13 Juni mwaka 1992 hadi tarehe 27. Hii ikiwa ni mara ya pili kwa wimbo huu kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza, na kuchukua nafasi ya wimbo wa "[[Jump (Kris Kross song)|Jump]]" ulioimbwa na [[Kris Kross]], a baadae nafasi hii ilichukuliwa na wimbo wa ''[[Baby Got Bacj]]'' ulioimbwa na [[Sir Mix-a-Lot]]''. Wimbo huu uliongoza katika nyimbo zilizokuwa na mafanikio zaidi nchini Marekani katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]. Hata hivyo wimbo huu unabakia kuwa wimbo pekee, uliotolewa nastudio za ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' na kufika gadi nafasi ya kwanza. ''I'll Be There'' ulikuwa wimbo wa kwanza kutoka kwa Caey kufanya vizuri nje ya Marekani ya Kasazini, na kuwa wimbo wenye mafanikio katika masoko mbalimbali. Uliweza kushika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya single ya [[Canada]] kwa kipindi cha wiki mbili, na kuwa wimbo wake wa kwanza kuwahi kufanya vizuri katika soko la Uingereza ambapo ilishika nafasi ya 2, na nchini Australia ulishika nafasi ya 9. Ulishika nafasi mbalimbali katika nyimbo ishirini bora katika soko la Ulaya ambapo Mariah Carey hakuweza kufanya hivyo hapo kabla. {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+Washiriki !Toleo !Data !Watayarishaji |- |rowspan=4|[[The Jackson 5]] |rowspan=4| *Lead vocals by [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Jermaine Jackson]] *Background vocals by [[Michael Jackson]], [[Jermaine Jackson]], [[Tito Jackson]], [[Jackie Jackson]], [[Marlon Jackson]] |[[Berry Gordy]] |- |Bob West |- |[[Hal Davis]] |- |[[Willie Hutch]] |- |rowspan=2|[[Mariah Carey]] |rowspan=2| *All vocals by Mariah Carey and [[Trey Lorenz]] *Carey also performed this song at [[Madison Square Garden]] with [[Wanya Morris]] from [[Boyz II Men]] *Carey performed this song at [[Michael Jackson]]'s memorial on Julai 7th, 2009 |Mariah Carey |- |[[Walter Afanasieff]] |} ===Chati=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1992) !align="center"|Ilipata <br>nafasi |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[French Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|33 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=I%27ll+Be+There+%28Unplugged%29&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|26 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?key=2478&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|11 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Provider ! Sales ! Certification |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 1,000,000+ | Platinum |- {{col-end}} ==Wengine waliourudia== Kundi la [[The Temptations]] waliurudia wimbo huu katika albamu yao ya ''[[Reflections]]''. Halikadhalika kundi la [[Westlife]] waliurudia wimbo huu katika albamu yenye jina lao wenyewe. [[New Kids on the Block]] waliuimba katika kifo cha Jackson. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1970]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1992]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za The Jackson 5]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Westlife]] ap2haj0o2tiu0hxy4kgkkj9oe0ija63 0 35904 1601084 1600777 2026-09-25T13:16:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = One Sweet Day | Cover = Mariahcareysingle osd.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] featuring [[Boyz II Men]] | Albamu = [[Daydream]] | Imetolewa = 14 Novemba 1995 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]], [[12-inch single|12" single]] | Imerekodiwa = 1995 | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[R&B]], [[Tribute]] | Uefu = 4:41 | Studo = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Wanya Morris]], [[Nathan Morris]], [[Shawn Stockman]], [[Michael McCary]] | Mtayarishaji = Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey | Certification = 2x Platinum <small>(U.S.)</small><br />Platinum <small>(Australia, New Zealand)</small><br />Gold <small>(Norway)</small> <br />Silver <small>(France, UK)</small> | Singe iliyopita = "Vibin'"<br />(1995) | Single ya sasa = "'''One Sweet Day'''"<br />(1995) | Single ijayo = "I Remember"<br />(1995) }} "'''One Sweet Day'''" ni wimbo uliorekodiwa na mwimbaji wa nchini [[Marekani]], [[Mariah Carey]], kwa kushirikiana na kundi la vijana wa [[Boys II Men]]. Wimb huu umeandikwa na Carey mwenyewe kwa kushirikiana na, [[Walter Afanasieff]] pamoja na kundi la Boyz II Men linalowajumuisha [[Wanya Morris]], [[Shawn Stockman]], [[Nathan Morris]], na [[Michael McCary]]. Wimbo huu ulitayarishwa na Carey mwenyewe kwa kushirikiana an Afanasieff kwa ajili ya albamu ya sita ya Carey iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Daydream]]'', ambapo single hii ilitoka kama singe ya pili kutoka katika albamu hii na ilitoka mwaka 1995. Albamu hii ilishikilia rekodi ya kuwa single iliyowahi kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi katika chati ya nchini Marekani, ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] kwa kufanikiwa kukaa kwa takribani wiki kumi na sita. Na pia wimbo huu ni moja kati ya nyimbo zilizowahi kufanya vizuri zaidi kwa kutoka kwa Carey na kundi la Boyz II Men. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya 29, katika chati ya ''[[Billboard]]'' inayojumuisha nyimbo 100 bora.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-30.shtml |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512033253/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-30.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kuhusu rekodi hii == Kutungwa kwa wimbo wa "One Sweet Day" kuliamasishwa na kifo cha mtayarishaji wa nyimbo wa [[C+C Music Factory]] na mwanachama wa kundi hilo [[David Cole]], na pia mpiga gitaa wa Carey wa muda mrefu zaidi aliyeitwa " [[Def Leppard]] na [[Steve Clark]], mwaka 1991. Wakati wakijaribu kutafuta msanii kwa ajili ya kushirikiana nae katika kutengeneza wimbo huu, kundi la Boyz II Men, ndipo Carey alipogundua kuwa, kundi hili lilikuwa limepeleka maombi katika mkurugenzi wake ambaye aliuwawa wakati walipokuwa katika ziara.Ndipo walipoamua kujumuisha wimbo wa Boys II Men pamoja na ule wa Carey na kutengenneza wimbo mmoja ulioitwa ''One Sweet Day'' ==Mapokezi== ===Mapokezi ya kibiashara=== Single hii, imekuwa single ya kumi kutoka kwa Carey kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard]] na kwa upande wa kundi la Boyz II Men, ulikuwa ni wimbo wa nne, kuwahi kukaa katika chati hii kwa kipindi cha takribani majuma kumi na sita yaani kuanzia katahe 26 Novemba 1995 hadi tarehe 16 Machi 199. Lakini hapo awali kundi la Boyz II Men liliwahi kushika rekodi hii, kwa wimbo wa ''[[End of the Road]]'' mwa mwaka 1992 kukaa katika chati hiyo kwa majuma kumi na tatu, wakati wimbo wa ''[[I'll Make Love toYou]]'' wa mwaka 1994 kukaa kwa kiasi cha mjuma kumi na nne. Halikadhalika wimbo wa ''[[The Boy Is Mine]]'' ulioimbwa na [[Brandy]] pamoja na [[Monica]], ambao baadae ulikuja kuimbwa na [[Whitney Houston]] wa [[I Will Always Love You]] ni miongoni mwa nyimbo zilizowahi kufanya vizuri katika chati hii. Kwa upande wa Carey, wimbo wa ''[[We Belong Together]]'' uliotoka mwaka 2005, na wimbo kutoka katika kundi la [[Black Eyed Peas]] wa mwaka 2009 ulioitwa ''[[I Got Feeling]]'' pia ni miongoni mwa nyimbo ziizowahi kukaa katika chati ya muziki kwa kiasi cha wiki kumi na nne. Single ya ''One Sweet Day'' ilichukua nafasi ya wimbo wa ''[[Exhale]]''kutoka kwa Witney Houston, lakini badae wimbo huu ulitolewa na wimbo ''[[Because You Loved Me]]'' kutoka kwa [[Celine Dion]] Single hii iliingia moja kwa moja hadi katika nafasi ya kwanza, na hivyo kummfanya Carey kuwa mwananuziki wa kwanza kufikisha nyimbo zaidi ya moja moja kwa moja katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo. == Video ya muziki == Video ya single hii iliongozwa na [[Larry Jordan]], imetengenezwa na picha za Carey kiwa na Boyz II Men wakiwa wananaadika na kurekodi wimbo huu katika studio. Ilikuwa vigumu kwa waimbaji hawa kupanga muda kwa ajili ya kutengeneza wimbo huu. == Orodha ya nyimbo na orodha == '''Worldwide CD single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) '''Japanese CD maxi-single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) # "[[Open Arms (Journey song)#Mariah Carey version|Open Arms]]" '''UK CD maxi-single #1''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Sweet A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (Chucky's Remix) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) '''UK CD maxi-single #2''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]" (Def Drums Mix) # "[[Joy to the World]]" (Celebration Mix) # "Joy to the World" (Club Mix) '''U.S. CD maxi-single''' # "One Sweet Day" (Album Version) # "One Sweet Day" (Sweet A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (A Cappella) # "One Sweet Day" (Chucky's Remix) # "One Sweet Day" (Live Version) # "[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]" (Def Drums Mix) == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1995) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=3138&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2009-05-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525060721/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|87 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |archivedate=2012-04-12 |https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s |=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412011756/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey+%26+Boyz+II+Men&titel=One+Sweet+Day&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Msambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | 75,000+ | Platinum |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 200,000+ | Silver |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 15,000+ | Platinum |- | [[Norway]] | 10,000+ | Gold |- | [[British Phonographic Industry|United Kingdom]] | 250,000+ | Silver |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 2,000,000+ | 2x Platinum |- {{col-end}} == Tazama pia == * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1995 (U.S.)]] * [[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1996 (U.S.)]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} <br /> {{Boyz II Men}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1995]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Boyz II Men]] lvb9c572sxkd5fdeebwdib6qjyvx164 0 35934 1601018 1233881 2026-09-25T13:08:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gazo | jina = Die Welt | jina la gazeti = Die Welt | picha = [[File:Die Welt Logo 2015.png|200px]] | aina = Gazeti la kila siku | lilianzishwa = [[2 Aprili]] [[1946]] | eneo = *.[[Berlin]]<br>*.[[Hamburg]]<br> *.[[Bremen]] | mwanzilishi = majeshi ya [[Uingereza]] | nchi = [[Ujerumani]] | mhariri = Thomas Schmid | mmiliki = Axel Springer AG | makaomakuu = [[Berlin]] | mchapishaji = | usambazaji = | lilikwisha = | machapisho =*. ''Welt am Sonntag'' <small>(jarida la Jumapili)<small><br>*. ''Welt Kompakt'' | tovuti = http://www.welt.de }} '''Die Welt''' ni [[gazeti]] la kila siku la [[Ujerumani]]. Gazeti hili huchapishwa na kampuni ya Axel Springer AG. ==Historia== Lilianzishwa katika mji wa [[Hamburg]] katika mwaka wa [[1946]] na majeshi ya [[Uingereza]] yaliyokuwa huko. Walitaka kuchapisha gazeti la hali ya juu linalofanana na lile la ''The Times'' la Uingereza. Hapo mwanzoni, lilichapisha habari kutokana maoni ya Uingereza lakini kutoka mwaka wa 1947 lilianza kuwa na sera ya kuchapisha makala mawili kuhusu masuala muhimu, moja la maoni ya Kiingereza na moja la maoni ya Kijerumani. Katika upeo wake, gazeti hilo lilikuwa na usambazaji wa nakala takriban milioni moja. Jarida hili, hivi sasa, huchukua mfumo wa "gazeti huria la jiji" katika uhariri wake lakini ''Die Welt'' husemekana na wengi kuwa gazeti la kihafidhina. Usambazaji wa wastani wa gazeti la ''Die Welt'' ni nakala 209,000 na gazeti hili hupatikana katika nchi 130. Matoleo ya kila siku ya maeneo mbalimbali hupatikana [[Berlin]] na Hamburg. Katika mwaka wa 2002, gazeti hili lilijaribu kuchapisha toleo la Kibavaria. Toleo dogo la kila siku hupatikana katika mji wa [[Bremen]]. Ofisi kuu za uhariri zinapatikana jijini Berlin, zikiwa pamoja na za '' Berliner Morgenpost.'' ''Die welt'' ndilo gazeti maarufu kabisa katika magazeti ya kundi la Axel Springer la uchapishaji. Magazeti shindani yake ni ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung'' na ''Frankfurter Rundschau'' Katika sekta ya kifedha, limekuwa likileta hasara kwa miaka mingi lakini bado huchapishwa. ''Die Welt'' ni mojawapo wa waanzilishi wa European Dallies Alliance na huwa na uhusiano mzuri na magazeti ya kuchapishwa kila siku ya nchi nyingine kama magazeti ya ''Daily Telegraph'' ([[Uingereza]]), ''Le Figaro'' ([[Ufaransa]]) na ''ABC'' ([[Uhispania]]). Hivi sasa gazeti hili huchapisha toleo dogo la gazeti hili linaloitwa ''Welt Kompakt'', toleo la kurasa 32 lililofupisha gazeti lenyewe. ''Welt Kompakt'' huchapishwa kwa mitindo mipya inayolenga kuvutia vijana. Gazeti hili halichapishwi Jumapili lakini jarida jingine la ''Welt am Sonntag'' huchapishwa siku hiyo. ==Marejeo== # ^ Patricia Meehan, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt#cite_ref-0 A Strange Enemy People: Germans under the British 1945–50.] London: Peter Owen, 2001, pp.&nbsp;176–9. ISBN 0720611156. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://suche.welt.de/woa/index.html Makala ya kitambo] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20091211201903/http://suche.welt.de/woa/index.html |date=2009-12-11 }} ya '''Die Welt''' {{DEFAULTSORT:Welt}} [[Jamii:Hamburg]] [[Jamii:Magazeti ya Ujerumani]] dxfkj5f6mf7hl93x83p59zjve41qfg5 0 35952 1601517 1592696 2026-09-25T21:42:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Vision of Love | Cover = 200px-Vision of Love.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Albamu = [[Mariah Carey (albamu)|Mariah Carey]] | B-side = "Sent From Up Above" | Imetolewa = {{Start date|1990|5|15}} | Imerekodiwa = Januari 1989 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[cassette single]], [[Gramophone record|7" single]] | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | Urefu = 3:31 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, [[Ben Margulies]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Rhett Lawrence]], [[Narada Michael Walden]] | Certification = Gold <small>(Australia, New Zealand, U.S.)</small> | Single ya sasa = "'''Vision of Love'''" <br />(1990) | Sigle jayo = "[[Love Takes Time]]" <br />(1990) }} "'''Vision of Love'''" ni wimbo wenye miondoko ya pop na R&B ulioandikwa na [[Mariah Carey]] akishirikiana na [[Ben Margulies]] na kutayarishwa na [[Rhett Lawrence]] pamoja na [[Narada Michael]] kwa ajili ya albamu ya Mariah Carey iliyoitwa ''[[Mariah Carey]]'' iliyaotoka rasmi mwaka 1990. Wimbo huu ulitoka kama single ya pili katika mwaka 1990, nchini [[Marekani]] na na baadae mwaka huo huo ilitoka katika maeneo mrngine ya dunia. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] kwa wiki nne mfululizo. ==Historia ya wimbo== ''Vision of Love'' ni wimbo wa kwanza kuandikwa na Carey akishirikiana na Margulies mara baada tu ya Carey kusaini mkataba waka na studio za [[Columbia Rocords]] chini ya mkurugenzi wake [[Tommy Mottola]]. Miondoko ya albamu hii imetungwa na Carey kwa kushirikiana na Margulies ambayo kwa kiasi fulani huweza kufanana na ile ya miaka ya 1950 <ref name=Allmusic>{{cite web | last = Hogan | first = Ed | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Vision of Love - Mariah Carey - Song Review | work = [[Allmusic]] | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.allmusic.com/song/t845926 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-08-30 }}</ref>. Wadadisi wa mambo wanadai kuwa, wimbo wa ''vision of love'' unaelekea kushukuru upendo kwa Mungu zaidi kuliko upendo kwa mpenzi. Mashairi katika wimbo huu yanaelekea kuonesha ndoto za Mariah kuwa mwanamuziki..<ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Pop's New Vision | newspaper = [[Rolling Stone]] | pages = | year = | date = 28 Mei 1990 | url = }}</ref> Carey aliliambia gazti la ''[[Ebony]]'' kuwa, ''wimbo huu unaelezea kila kitu kuhusu maisha yangu''. Kwa mujibu wake anasema kuwa, mashairi ya wimbo huu yanaeleze harakati zake za binafsi alipokuwa mdogo, ikiwa ni pamoja na kukabiliana na kutengana kwa wazazi wake pamoja na uhusiano kati y familia yao na majirani zao.<ref name="Ebony">{{Citation | last = Norent | first = Lynn | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Mariah Carey: 'Not another White girl trying to sing Black.' | newspaper = [[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] | pages = | year = | date = Machi 1991 | url = http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v46/ai_10405332 | access-date = 2010-01-27 | archive-date = 2010-05-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100529035049/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v46/ai_10405332/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Carey's vocal range in the song is Eb3-C7. ==Mapokezi== Wimbo huu ulichaguliwa kugombea tuzo ya [[Grammy Awards]] za mwaka 1991, katika jamii ya mwanamke mwenye sauti nzuri, ambapo wimbo huu ulishinda, na pia Tuzo kwa ajili ya wimbo bora wa mwaka <ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Mariah Carey | work = [[ARC Weekly Top 40]] | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-c/mariahcarey_main.htm | doi = | accessdate = 2008-08-30 }}</ref> . Jarida la ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' la mwaka 2005, liliandika kuwa wimbo wa Mariah Carey unavutia hususani kwa wale waimbaji wa wadogo. ."<ref>{{cite web | last = Slezak | first = Michael | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Gem Carey | work = [[EW.com]] | publisher = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' and [[Time Inc.]] | date = 15 Desemba 2005 | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/commentary/0,6115,1048283_4_0_,00.html | doi = | accessdate = 2008-08-30 | archivedate = 2006-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061207220803/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/commentary/0,6115,1048283_4_0_,00.html }}</ref> ==Chati== Nchini Marekani, wimbo wa ‘’’Vision of Love’’’ uliingia katika chati za [[Billboard Hot 100]] na kufikia katika nafasi ya 73, hii ikiwa ni tarehe 2 Juni 1990, na uliweza kufikia katika nafasi ya kwanza katika wiki yake ya tisa.<ref>{{Citation | last = Bronson | first = Fred | author-link = Fred Bronson | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits | place = | publisher = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] Books | year = 2003 | volume = | edition = 5th | url = http://www.mariahdaily.com/infozone/storybehindno1s.shtml#vol | doi = | id = | isbn = 0823076776 | access-date = 2010-01-27 | archive-date = 2008-06-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622140004/http://www.mariahdaily.com/infozone/storybehindno1s.shtml#vol | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Single hii ilifika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] kwa muda wa wiki mbili, na katika chati ya [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] kwa wiki tatu. Wimbo wa "Vision of Love" uliingia katika nyimbo kumi bora nchini Australia, Ufalme wa Muungano, Ireland na Uholanzi na kufanikiwa kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Kanada na New Zealand. ==Waliourudia== * [[Christina Aguilera]] aliurudia wimbo huu akiwa na miaka kumi.. * [[Lara Fabian]] aliuimba wimbo huu katika tamasha lake lililofanyika katika eneo la ''Sonia Benezra''. * [[Jane Zhang]] aliuimba wimbo huu katika tamasha lake la ''[[Super Girl]]''. * [[Kyla]] aliuimba wimbo huu katika tamasha lake lililofanyika nchini Philippines. ==Orodha ya nyimbo na muundo== '''CD iliyotoka kwa ajili ya ulimwengu mzimae'''<ref>{{cite web | title= Discogs| work= Mariah Carey - Vision of Love (12") at Discogs| url=http://www.discogs.com/release/536748| accessdate=1990}}</ref> # "Vision of Love" # Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/[[Someday (Mariah Carey song)|Someday]]" '''UK CD single'''<ref>{{cite web | title= EIL.com| work= Mariah Carey Vision of Love UK 7" RECORD (30802)| url=http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=30802| accessdate=1990}}</ref> # "Vision of Love" # "Sent from Up Above" '''UK CD maxi-single''' # "Vision of Love" # "Sent from Up Above" # Special excerpts from the debut release "Prisoner/All in Your Mind/Someday" ==Chati== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati (1990) !align="left"|Ilipata<br />nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=2155&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|25 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Vision+Of+Love&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|24 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|9 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |title=Artist Chart History - Mariah Carey |accessdate=2008-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404032413/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=48340&model.vnuAlbumId=1110917 |archivedate=2008-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Wasambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]] | 35,000+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] | 7,500+ | Gold |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 500,000+ | Gold |- {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1990]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] px0v6hwtsepdwvrp8dr2f5kazxpxzs8 0 35968 1601376 1592478 2026-09-25T16:04:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = Thank God I Found You | Cover = Mariahcareysingle tgify.jpg | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] akiwashirikisha Joe na 98 Degrees | Albamu = [[Rainbow]] | Imetolewa = 1 Novemba 1999 | Muundo = CD single, cassette single, 7" single, 12" single | Imerekodiwa = 1999 | Aina = [[R&B]] | Urefu = 4:17 | Studio = Columbia Records | Mtunzi = Mariah Carey, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis | Certification = Gold <small>(U.S.)</small> | Misc = {{Extra chronology 2 | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Type = singles | Single iliyopita = "Heartbreaker" <br>(1999) | Single ya sasa = "'''Thank God I Found You'''" <br>(2000) | Single ijayo = "Crybaby"/"Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)"<br>(2000) }} {{Extra chronology 2 | Msanii = Joe | Type = singles | Single iliyopita = "Still Not a Player" <br>(1998) | Single ya sasa = "'''Thank God I Found You'''" <br>(2000) | single ijayo = "[[I Wanna Know]]" <br>(2000) }} {{Extra chronology 2 | Msanii = 98 Degrees | Type = singles | Single iliyopita = "[[This Gift (song)|This Gift]]" <br>(1999) | Single ya sasa = "'''Thank God I Found You'''" <br>(2000) | Single ijayo = "[[Give Me Just One Night (Una Noche)]]" <br>(2000) }} }} "'''Thank God I Found You'''" ni wimbo ulioandikwa na mwanamuziki wa [[Marekani]] [[Mariah Carey]] akishirikiana na [[Jimmy Jam na Terry Lewis]] kwa ajili ya albamu ya Carey ya sita, iliyojulikana kama ''[[Rainbow]]'', ambayo imeotoka mwaka [[1999]]. Katika albamu hii, inawajumuisha wanamuziki kama vile [[Joe]] na kundi la wavulana la [[98 Degrees]] na ilihamasishwa na mpenzi wa Carey wa kipindi kile ailiyeitwa [[Luis Miguel]]. Baada ya wimbo huu, ndipo matatizo ya mahusiano katika yake na mpenzi wakeyalipoanza.Wimbo huu ulitoka kama single ya pili kutoka katika albamu yao iliyotoka mwaka 2000, na kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Marekani, lakini ulikuwa na mafanikio ya wastani katika nchi nyingine. ==Mapokeo== "Thank God I Found You" ulifika katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Marekani katika chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] na [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] na kumfanya Carey kuwa na rekodi ya kuwa na nyimbo kumi na moja mfululizo kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza mfululizo kuanzia mwaka 1990, tangu kipindi cha wimbo wake wa ''[[Vision of Love]]'' hadi mwaka 2000.Pia wimbo huu ulikuwa wimbo wa sabini wa R&B kuahi kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za muziki. Ulikaa kwa kipindi cha juma moja katik nafasi ya kwanza na baadae kutolewa na wimbo wa "[[I Knew I Loved You]]"ulioimbwa na [[Savage Garden]]. Shirika la Kurekodi Nyimbo la Marekani la RIAA mwezi Februari mwaka 2000, liliutangaza wimbo huu kuwa na medani ya dhahabu. Wimbo huu ndio ulikuwa wimbo wa mwisho kutoka kwa Carey kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza nchini Marekani, hadi wimbo wa ''[[We Belong Together]]'' wa mwaka 2005, ==Orodha ya nyimbo== U.S. CD Single # "Thank God I Found You" - 4:18 # "Thank God I Found You" (Celebratory Mix) - 4:17 U.S. Maxi Single # "Thank God I Found You" (Make it Last Remix Edit feat. Nas) - 5:08 # "Thank God I Found You" (Make it Last Remix w/o Rap) - 4:40 # "Thank God I Found You" - 4:18 # "[[Butterfly (Mariah Carey album)|Babydoll]]" (Album Version) - 5:06 ==Chati== {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chati(2000) !align="center"|Ilipata<br>nafasi |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=4141&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|27 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flandres Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|36 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|23 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|23 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|28 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821222725/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|28 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043329/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|31 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914151649/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s |archivedate=2011-09-14 |https://web.archive.org/web/20110914151649/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914151649/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|34 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/ Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|43 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afyvecharts.blogspot.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2011-07-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708022113/http://www.afyvecharts.blogspot.com/ }}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|43 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+feat%2E+Joe+%26+98+Degrees&titel=Thank+God+I+Found+You&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |align="center"|1 |} ===Mauzo=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Wasambazaji ! Mauzo ! Certification |- | [[Recording Industry Association of America|United States]] | 500,000+ | Gold |- {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2000]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Mariah Carey]] j5sj5rqpbuqf7vjw7z1lag1gqf57kki 0 36007 1601208 1520105 2026-09-25T13:48:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mawasiliano ya Kibiashara''' ni mawasiliano yanayotumiwa kupendekeza bidhaa, huduma, au shirika; habari zinzotegemewa ndani ya biashara; au kushughulika na masuala ya kisheria na sawa. Pia ni njia ya kutegemea kati ya mkondo wa kusambaza kwa mfano, malaji na mtengenezaji. Mawasiliano ya Kibiashara hujulikana kwa urahisi kama "Mawasiliano." Inahusisha mada mbalimbali, pamoja na [[Masoko, jina, mahusiano na mteja, tabia za mteja, Kutangaza, uhusiano na umma,mawasiliano ya Ofisi, ushikishi wa jamii, utafiti & |Masoko, jina, mahusiano na mteja, tabia za mteja, Kutangaza, uhusiano na umma,mawasiliano ya Ofisi, ushikishi wa jamii, utafiti &amp; Vipimo, usimamizi wa kazi, Utabibu wa mawasiliano, na usimamizi wa vitedo. Huwa na uhusiano wa karibu na maeneo ya mawasiliano ya kitaalamu na mawasiliano ya ufundi. Katika biashara, jina mawasiliano hujumuisha njia mbalimbali za mawasiliano, pamoja na mtandao, uchapishaji, Radio, Runinga, vyombo vya habari, nje, na Neno la kinywa. Mawasiliano ya Kibiashara pia yanaweza kuashiria mawasiliano ya ndani. Mkurugenzi wa mawasiliano atasimamia mawasiliano ya ndani na kuboresha ujumbe uliotumwa kwa wafanyakazi. Ni muhimu kwamba mawasiliano ya ndani kusimamiwa vizuri kwa sababu ujumbe usiowasilishwa kwa njia nzuri unaweza kusababisha kutokuwa na uaminifu au uadui kutoka wafanyakazi. <ref>"Kuishi kwa kutoeleweka". de la Vergne, Susan (2005). http://www.auxiliumtraining.com/Ambiguity.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.auxiliumtraining.com/Ambiguity.htm |date=20100123231424 }}. Auxilium Mafunzo. kuzinduliwa mnamo 2008/05/22.</ref> Mawasiliano ya biashara ni mada muhimu iliyojumuishwa katika shahada ya juu ya Usimamizi wa Biashara ,kwa kimombo ni (MBA), mipango ya wengi vyuo vikuu. Pia vyuo vya jamii na vyuo vikuu huwa na shahada ya mawasiliano. Kuna mbinu kadhaa za mawasiliano ya Kibiashara, ikiwemo: *Mawasiliano kutumia Tovuti - kwa ajili ya uboreshaji wa mawasiliano, wakati wowote mahali popote ... *Barua pepe, ambayo huwa na mtandao wa mawasiliano yaliyoandikwa duniani kote; *[[Ripoti]] s - muhimu katika kuhifadhi shughuli za idara yoyote; *Kuashiria - maarufu sana kama njia ya mawasiliano ya aina zote za mashirika, kwa kawaida hushirikisha vyombo vya kusikizana kutazama, kama nakala ya ripoti, au vifaa tayari katika [[Microsoft PowerPoint]] au [[Adobe Flash]] *Mikutano kupitia simu, ambayo huruhusu hotuba kutoka mbali; *bodi za kujadili, anbazo huruhusu gwatu kutuma habari katika eneo kati; na *Mikutano ya [[uso kwa uso]], ambayo ni ya binafsi na lazima kufuatwa na mfuatilio ulioandikwa. == Mashirika == *Ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1936 na Shankar na Chama cha Mawasiliano ya Biashara <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.businesscommunication.org/index.asp |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812141734/http://www.businesscommunication.org/index.asp |archivedate=2007-08-12 }}</ref> awali lilijulikana kama Chama cha Chuo cha Walimu wa Biashara, ni "shirika la kimataifa lililo na nia ya kukuza ubora katika udhamini wa mawasiliano ya biashara, [[utafiti]], [[elimu]] na mazoezi. " *IEEE, jamii ya Mawasiliano kitaalamu imejitolea kuelewa na kukuza mawasiliano katika uhandisi, kisayansi, na mazingira mengine, pamoja na mazingira ya biashara. Jarida la PCS ,Shughuli za IEEE katika Mawasiliano ya kitaalumu <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pcs/?q=node/24 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-28 |archivedate=2010-09-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922161801/http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pcs/?q=node/24 }}</ref> ni moja ya majarida ya kiwango cha juu katika katika mawasiliano ya kitaalumu. Wasomaji wa jarida hili ni Wahandisi, waandishi wa habari, mameneja, na wengine wanaofanya kazi kama wasomi, waelimishaji, na wataalamu wanaotaka mawasiliano bora katika mawasiliano ya habari ya kiufundi na biashara. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mawasiliano]] [[Jamii:Biashara]] 0wyc65unnneh65vl5fsrjok31b1tbeo 0 36008 1601286 1521382 2026-09-25T14:13:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:RivEmber01.JPG|thumb|right|Mto Ember katika mkondo wake wa zamani unapopita majengo karibu na kama apita majengo ya zamani karibu na eneo la kinu cha zamani]] [[Picha:RivEmber03.JPG|thumb|right|Ember mto katika mkondo mpya wa kuzuia mafuriko]] [[Picha:Emberbasin.JPG|thumb|right|Bonde la Ember lenye uwezo wa urambazaji kabla ya kujiunga na Thames]] '''Mto Ember''' ni [[mto]] katika [[kata]] ya [[Surrey]], [[Uingereza]] Ni tawimto la [[Mto Mole]] ambao unagawanyika mara mbili katika [[Hifadhi ya Kisiwa cha barn]] katika Kusini Mashariki na [[Magharibi Molesey]]. Sehemu kubwa huwa Mto Ember na hutiririka katika mashariki na kisha magharibi kuzunguka [[hifadhi]]. Mto Mole huelekea mashariki na kisha kaskazini kuzunguka hifadhi. Mito hii miwili kisha hutiririka kandd ya mwingine kuelekea upande wa kaskazini mashariki, na kuungna mita 400 kabla ya kujiunga na [[Mto Thames]] upande wa kusini juu ya [[Teddington Lock]] kando ya [[Ikulu ya Mahakama ya Hampton]]. ==Historia== Mto Mole uliwahi tririka kwenye Mto Thames pekee yake katioka pande za juu ambapo daraja la [[Mahakama ya Hampton]]imevuka mto. Hata hivyo, mwanzo wa miaka ya 1930, wakati Mahakama ya Hampton na daraja ilijengwa, Mto Mole ulielekezwa kuungana na Ember na mito hii miwili sasa inajiuga na Thames katika mtaro moja mnene,ukiochukuliwa hapo awali na mto Ember. Kumekuwa na mabadiliko katika mikondo ya mito katika mito hii miwili katika mpango wa kuzuia mafuriko makubwa tangu mafuriko makubwa katika eneo hili mwaka wa 1947 na 1968.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.surreyproperty.com/east-molesey-history.html |title=Historia ya Molesey Mashariki |accessdate=2010-01-28 |archivedate=2011-07-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091828/http://www.surreyproperty.com/east-molesey-history.html }}</ref> Kinu cha Ember kilisimama katika kisiwa katika Ember karibu na njia ya Mahakama ya Hampton. Hii inaweza kufikiwa kupitia daraja la mguu katika mwisho wa barabara ya Orchard. Kinu hiki kilibomolewa katika mwaka wa 1837 na maporomoko ya maji pande zote mbili ndiyo yamebaki kuashiria eneo hili. Kinu hiki hapo awali kilikuwa cha nafaka lakini baadaye kutumika kama kiwanda cha waya ya shaba na chuma. Sehemu hii ya Ember imepitiwa na mtaro mpya wa mpango wa a kuzuia mafuriko, lakini kuna maji kiasi katika mkondo wa awali ili kukaa kama unatumika.<ref> [http://www.moleseyhistory.co.uk/books/surrey/industrialHistory/index.html Mwelekezo katika Viwanda vya Akiolojia vya Borough katika Elmbridge]</ref> ==Uvuvi== Kuna sehemu ya mto katika Old Cow Common, [[Molesey Mashariki]] ambapo kuna uvuvi bure wa kwa [[Pike]] (hadi [[15]] £ s), [[bream, carp, chub, Dace, sangara, Crow]] na [[rudd.]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.freshwaterdirectory.co.uk/Surrey.html |title=mwelekezo wa maji safi |accessdate=2010-01-28 |archivedate=2007-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010935/http://www.freshwaterdirectory.co.uk/Surrey.html }}</ref> ==Angalia pia== *[[Mito ya Uingereza]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?client=public&amp;X=514000.507262799&amp;Y=166000.922710049&amp;width=700&amp;height=400&amp;gride=513999.507262799&amp;gridn=165793.922710049&amp;srec=0&amp;coordsys=gb&amp;db=&amp;addr1=&amp;addr2=&amp;addr3=&amp;pc=&amp;advanced=&amp;local=&amp;localinfosel=&amp;kw=&amp;inmap=&amp;table=&amp;ovtype=&amp;keepicon=&amp;zm=0&amp;scale=25000&amp;up.x=291&amp;up.y=1 Ramani] *[http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4412 Picha za mradi wa uzuizi wa mafuriko katika Mto Ember katika ujenzi mwaka wa 1981] {{coord|51.39272|N|0.35642|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} {{mbegu-jio-Uingereza}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uingereza|E]] d5cmjy1p2z00e6rx0t5mvdynhq0atgf 0 36064 1601416 1564644 2026-09-25T17:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization |name = Union of European Football Associations |image = UEFA logo.svg |caption = |type = Sports organisation |membership = [[List of men's national football (soccer) teams#UEFA .28Europe.29|53 national associations]] |formation = 15 Juni 1954 |map = UEFA member associations map.svg |mcaption = UEFA member associations are in blue |headquarters = [[Nyon]], [[Switzerland]] |leader_title = [[List of Presidents of UEFA|President]] |leader_name = |website = [http://www.uefa.com www.uefa.com] |language = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] }}[[Picha:Siège_UEFA_Nyon_(Suisse).JPG|thumbnail|right|200px|Makao ya UEFA,Nyon, Switzerland]] '''Muungano wa Mashirikisho ya Soka Barani Ulaya''' ([[kifupi]]: '''UEFA''' kutoka {{lang-fr|Union des associations européennes de football}}) ni chama kinachotawala na kudhibiti [[kandanda]] barani Ulaya. UEFA inawakilisha mashirikisho ya soka ya mataifa ya [[Uropa]], inaendesha mashindano ya mataifa na ya vilabu barani Uropa, na inadhibiti pesa za tuzo, kanuni na haki za vyombo vya habari katika mashindano hayo. Mashirikisho kadhaa ya kitaifa ambayo kijiografia yako barani [[Asia]] au mara nyingi katika [[Asia]] huwa katika UEFA na wala sio katika [[Shirikisho la Soka la Asia]] (AFC). Mataifa haya ni [[Armenia]], [[Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uturuki]], [[Israeli]], [[Kupro]], [[Urusi]] na [[Azerbaijan]] (Israeli na AFC Kazakstan ni wanachama wa zamani wa AFC). Cyprus ilichagua kuorodheshwa kama taifa la soka ya Uropa - ilikuwa na chaguo la Ulaya, Asia au Afrika. UEFA ndilo shirikisho la bara kubwa zaidi katika [[FIFA]] kwa sita yaliyomo. Kati ya mashirikisho yote, kwa mbali ndilo lenye nguvu zaidi katika masuala ya mali na ushawishi katika ngazi ya klabu. Karibu wachezaji wote mashuhuri wa soka ulimwenguni hucheza katika ligi za Uropa, kidogo kwa sababu ya mishahara inayopatikana kutoka vilabu tajiri zaidi duniani, hasa katika [[Uingereza]], [[Uhispania]], [[Italia]] na [[Ujerumani]]. Nyingi ya timu za kitaifa zenye nguvu zaidi duniani ziko katika UEFA. Katika nafasi 32 zilizoko katika [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] 2010, 13 zilitengewa timu za mataifa ya UEFA, na kwa sasa 12 ya timu bora 20 kulingana [[Orodha ya FIFA]] ya Dunia ni wanachama wa UEFA. UEFA ilianzishwa tarehe 15 Juni 1954 mjini [[Basel]], Uswisi kufuatia majadiliano kati ya mashirika ya soka ya [[Ufaransa]], [[Italia]] na [[Ubelgiji]]. Makao makuu yalikuwa Paris hadi 1959 wakati shirikisho hili lilihamia [[Bern]]. [[Henri Delaunay]] ndiye aliyekuwa Katibu Mkuu wa kwanza na [[Ebbe Schwartz]] rais. Ofisi ya utawala wake imekuwa katika [[Nyon]], Uswisi, tangu mwaka 1995. Awali ilikuwa inajumuishwa na vyama 25 vya kitaifa. Hivi sasa kuna vyama 53 (angalia chini ya ukurasa huu au ''[[Orodha ya UEFA timu za kitaifa za kandanda).]]'' Timu za UEFA za kitaifa zimeshinda [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mara tisa (Italia 4, Ujerumani 3, Uingereza na Ufaransa nyara kila moja), kama timu za mataifa ya [[CONMEBOL]], na vilabu vya UEFA vimeshinda [[Kombe]] la [[intercontinental]] mara 21 na [[Kombe la dunia la Klabu la FIFA]] mara 3, kombe moja tu chini ya vilabu vya CONMEBOL. UEFA, kama mwakilishi wa vyama vya kitaifa, imekuwa na mifarakano kadhaa na [[Tume]] ya [[Ulaya]]. Katika miaka ya 1990 masuala ya haki za televisheni na hasa uhamisho wa kimataifa ([[tawala la Bosman]]) umebidi upitie baadhi ya mabadiliko makubwa ili kubakia sambamba na sheria ya Ulaya. == Mashindano == === Kibara === Mashindano makuu ya timu za wanaume za kitaifa ni ya [[Mabingwa wa Soka ya Uropa ya UEFA]], yaliyoanza mwaka 1958, na fainali ya kwanza ikafanyika mwaka 1960, na ikajulikana kama Kombe la Mataifa ya Ulaya hadi 1964. UEFA pia inaendesha mashindano ya kitaifa ya walio na miaka [[Chini ya 21]], [[Chini ya 19]] na [[Chini ya 17]]. Kwa timu za taifa za wanawake, UEFA huendesha [[Michuano ya Wanawake ya UEFA]] kwa pande mwandamizi za kitaifa na [[Mabingwa chini ya 19]] katika kiwango cha miaka chini ya 19, tangu mwaka 2008 kuna [[Kombe la UEFA la Chini-17]] kwa walio na chini ya miaka 17. UEFA pia hupanga [[Kombe la UEFA-CAF Meridian]] na [[CAF]] kwa timu za vijana. UEFA ilizindua [[Kombe la Kanda la UEFA]], kwa timu zisizo na utaalamu, mwakani 1999. Katika [[futsal]] kuna [[michuano]] ya [[UEFA Futsal]] na [[Michuano ya UEFA Futsal Chini ya 19]]. === Klabu === ==== Kandanda ya shirikisho ==== [[Picha:UEFA members.png|thumb|UEFA na klabu ya nchi mwanachama ushindani kuingia haki, 2007 / 8]] UEFA pia huendesha mashindano mawili makuu ya vilabu barani Ulaya (yajulikanayo kama ''mashindano ya vilabu ya UEFA'' : [[Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA]] ilifanyika kwanza mwakani 1955, na ilikuwa ikijulikana kama Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa barani Uropa (au Kombe la Uropa tu) hadi 1992; na [[Ligi ya Uropa ya UEFA]] (awali Kombe la UEFA), kwa washindi wa mchujo wa kitaifa na timu za ligi bora zaidi, ilizinduliwa na Uefa mwaka 1971 kama mwandamizi wa [[Kombe la Inter-Cities Fairs]] (pia ilianza mwaka 1955 lakini haikutambuliwa na UEFA <ref name="official">{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/news/kind=32/newsid=447085.html | title=Orodha rasmi ya vikombe na michuano ya vilabu vya Uropa | work=uefa.com | accessdate=21 Agosti 2006 | archivedate=2010-01-31 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131103346/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/news/kind%3D32/newsid%3D447085.html }}</ref> Shindani la tatu, [[Kombe la Washindi]], lilianza mwaka 1960 na lilimezwa na kombe la UEFA mwaka 1999. [[Kombe la UEFA Super]], ambalo huweka pamoja washindi wa Ligi ya Mabingwa dhidi ya washindi wa ligi ya UEFA Europa (awali washindi wa Kombe la Washindi), lilizinduliwa mwaka wa 1973. [[Kombe la UEFA]] la [[Intertoto]] lilikuwa ni shindano la majira ya joto, awali liliendeshwa na shirikisho la vyama vya soka vya [[Uropa ya Katikati]] , ambalo lilizinduliwa tena na kutambuliwa kama shindano rasmi la UEFA na UEFA mwakani 1995. Kombe la mwisho la Intertoto lilifanyika mwaka 2008. UEFA pia huandaa [[Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Wanawake ya UEFA]] ya vilabu vya timu za wanawake, iliyofanyika kwanza mwaka 2001, na ikajulikana kama Kombe la Wanawake la UEFA hadi 2009. Kombe la [[UEFA / CONMEBOL la inta-kontineneti]] liliandaliwa pamoja na [[CONMEBOL]] kati ya [[Ligi]] ya [[Mabingwa]] na washindi wa [[Copa Libertadores]]. [[Timu tatu]]<ref>{{es}} {{cite web | url=http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/2003/09/23/pagina-7/552332/pdf.html| title=Un dilema histórico | work=El Mundo Deportivo's Historical Archive | accessdate=23 Septemba 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{es}} {{cite web | url=http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/1987/03/20/pagina-34/1264069/pdf.html?search=ganadores%20de%20las%20tres%20competiciones%20europeas| title=El Barça, gran atracción del sorteo | work=El Mundo Deportivo's Historical Archive | accessdate=16 Julai 1992}}</ref>[[(Juventus, Ajax]] na [[Bayern Munich)]], ndio [[tu zimeshinda kila shindano ya mashindano yote matatu]] (Kombe la Uropa/Ligi ya Mabingwa ya UEFA, Kombe la Washindi la UEFA na Kombe la UEFA/ Ligi ya Europa),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/magazine/news/kind=512/newsid=219635.html | title=Mtu mwenye mguzo wa dhahabu | work=uefa.com | accessdate=27 Agosti 2004 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301173713/http://www.uefa.com/magazine/news/Kind=512/newsId=219635.html | archivedate=2006-03-01 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ufanifu ambao hauna uwezekano tena kwa timu yoyote ambayo haikushinda Kombe la Washindi (kama vile Real Madrid). Kwa sasa kuna timu tisa barani Uropa ambazo zimeshinda vikombe viwili kati ya vikombe vyote vitatu; zote zimeshinda Kombe la Washindi, nne zinahitaji kushinda katika Ligi ya Mabingwa na tano zinahitaji kushinda Ligi ya Europa ya UEFA. [[Juventus]] ndiyo timu ya pekee barani Uropa kuwahi kushinda vikombe na michuano yote rasmi ya UEFA<ref name="official" /> na, kama upande wa kwanza katika historia ya soka ya Ulaya kuwahi kushinda mashindano matatu makuu ya UEFA, walipokea ''[[Plaque ya UEFA]]'' kutoka kwa Umoja wa Ulaya wa Vyama vya Mpira mnamo tarehe 12 Julai 1988 <ref>{{cite news|language=Spanish|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.es/preview/1988/07/13/pagina-53/33040569/pdf.html|title=Sorteo de las competiciones europeas de fútbol: el Fram de Reykjavic, primer adversario del F.C. Barcelona en la Recopa|publisher=[[La Vanguardia]]|format=PDF|page=53|date=1988-07-13|accessdate=2009-11-15}}</ref><ref name="UEFA Plaque">{{it}} {{cite web | url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1997/maggio/24/Tutto_inizio_con_poesia_ga_0_9705246555.shtml| title=Yote huanza na ushairi 'kidogo' | work=Gazzetta dello Sport's Historical Archive | accessdate=24 Mei 1997}}</ref> ==== Futsal ==== Katika futsal kuna [[Futsal UEFA Cup]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.uefa-coefficients.com/ UEFA RANKINGS AND MORE...] *[http://www.uefa.com UEFA ukurasa wa mwanzo] {{Navboxes | title = Viungo | list1 = {{International football}} {{UEFA associations}} {{UEFA teams}} {{International women's football}} {{UEFA women's teams}} {{International club football}} {{UEFA leagues}} {{UEFA women's leagues}} {{International futsal}} {{International Club Futsal}} {{International Beach Soccer}}}} {{DEFAULTSORT:UEFA}} [[Jamii:UEFA|*]] [[Jamii:Shirika lililoanzishwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa Miguu]] [[Jamii:Kifupi]] s000h04zhzkin8o5cldeebyndhxz6ec 0 36130 1601085 1195008 2026-09-25T13:16:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cheti cha Kimataifa cha Masomo ya Sekondari''' ([[kifupi]] cha [[Kiingereza]]: '''IGCSE''' au '''iGCSE)''' i hati ya kimataifa cha kufuzu kwa wanafunzi wa shule, kawaida katika umri wa 15-16 . Ni sawa na [[GCSE]] katika Uindereza, Wales &amp; Ireland ya Kaskazini, gradi ya kawaida katika Scotland au cheti cha wadogo katika [[Jamhuri ya Ireland.]] IGCSE ya Cambridge ilitengenezwa na Shirika nla mitihani la kimataifa Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge mwaka wa 1988. Bodi ya mitihani [[Edexcel]]huwa na toleo lake la IGCSE. IGCSE huandaa wanafunzi kwa elimu zaidi ikiwa ni pamoja na kuendelea katika masomo ya ngazi ya AS na A ,Cambridge Pre-U na Diploma ya IB. Hutambuliwa na taasisi za kitaaluma na waajiri duniani kote. Katika kujiunga na elimu ya juu katika Uingereza UCAS inatambua kuwa kama sawa na GCSE ya Uingereza. Tarehe 15 Februari 2009, Silibasi 16 za IGCSE ya Cambridge zilipata sifa ya Ofqual. Zimeorodheshwa katika hifadhi ya Taifa la Uingereza. Kwa madhumuni ya sifa g,silibasi hizi huashiriwa kama "Vyeti vya kimataifa Cambridge vya ngazi ya 1 na 2 " katika Uingereza, ingawa zinajulikana duniani kote kama Cambridge IGCSE. CIE sasa iko katika mjadala na Idara ya Uingereza Watoto, Shule na Familia, kama shule za nchi zingeweza kupata IGCSEya Cambridge kama shule za kujitegemea katika Uingereza, 300 ambazo hutoa huduma hii <ref> [http://www.cie.org.uk/news/features/detail?feature_id=29282 Shule 300 za kujitegemea Uingereza hutoa huduma ya IGCSE]</ref> IGCSE ya Cambridge huwa na mfumo mpana na huwa na masomo kutoka maeneo mbalimbali: Lugha, maadili, Sayansi, Hisabati, kubuni, Ufundi na Amali. Masomo mengi ya IGCSE huwa na chaguo la makaratasi hasa au ya nje (katika Cambridge), na makaratasi ya msingi au ya juu (katika Edexcel). Hii imeundwa kufanya IGCSE kusaidia wanafunzi kwa ngazi mbalimbali za uwezo. Katika baadhi ya masomo, IGCSE inaweza kuchukuliwa na au bila kazi ya masomo. IGCSE ya Cambridge huruhusu mafundisho kutumia muktadha sawa katika eneo hilo, na kuifanya husika katika maeneo mbalimbali. Lengo yake ni kufaa wanafunzi ambao lugha yao ya kwanza si Kiingereza na lengo hili huwa pia katika mitihani. Mwaka wa 2009,IGCSE Cambridge ilikuwa na zaidi ya mitihani 70 iliyofanywa wanafunzi katika nchi zaidi ya 120 duniani kote, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Uingereza]], [[Malaysia]], [[Misri]], [[Kuwait]], [[Hong Kong]], [[India]], [[Bahrain]], [[Peru]], [[UAE]], [[New Zealand]], [[Vietnam]] na [[Costa Rica]] Kuanzia 15 Septemba 2009, wanafunzi katika shule za serikali ya Uingereza watakubaliwa kufanya iGSCE baada ya idhini kutoka Ofqual. <ref> http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/09/15/older-style-exams-back-with-tougher-gcse-115875-21674746/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/middlesec/igcse/overview Mtihani wa Kimataifa wa Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge IGCSE] * [http://www.edexcel-international.org/quals/igcse/ Edexcel kimataifa IGCSE Ukurasa wa Nyumbani] * [http://www.flyingcolours.org.uk Baraza la Uingereza IGCSE Ukurasa wa Nyumbani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flyingcolours.org.uk/ |date=20170516044515 }} {{education-stub}} [[Category:Elimu]] kr4by56e9cei59qk37m3vdrb9oembma 0 36159 1601270 1472823 2026-09-25T14:11:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gazo | jina = Calgary Sun | jina la gazeti = Calgary Sun | picha = | aina = *. Gazeti la kila siku | lilianzishwa = [[1980]] | eneo = [[Calgary]] | mwanzilishi = | nchi = [[Kanada]] | mhariri = | mmiliki = Kampuni ya Sun Media(Kampuni shirika ya Québecor) | makaomakuu = [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] | mchapishaji = | usambazaji = | lilikwisha = | machapisho = *. ''24 Hours'' | tovuti = [http://www.calgarysun.com/ Calgary Sun] }} ''''Calgary Sun''''' ni gazeti la kila siku linalochapishwa katika eneo la [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] [[Kanada]]. Hii ni mgawanyiko wa [[Sun Media]], kampuni ya [[Québecor]]. Lilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika mwaka wa 1980, gazeti hili huchapishwa katika mtindo sawa na ''tabloid'' na lilichukua nafasi ya gazeti la hapo awali,''The Albertan'', baada ya kununuliwa na wachapishaji wa ''Toronto Sun''. Gazeti hili, kama mengine yote ya kampuni ya Kanada ya ''Sun'', linajulikana kwa makala fupi ya habari yanayolenga wasomaji wanaofanya kazi. Mpangilio wa makala katika ''Sun'' hufanana, kwa kiasi fulani, na magazeti ya porojo ya [[Uingereza]]. ==Vipengele== ===Ukurasa wa sita=== Ukurasa wa sita, tangu zamani,umekuwa wa "uvumi" au matukio yaliyofanyika yaliyochekesha/ maoni kuhusu matukio. Hivi sasa,Ukurasa wa Sita unaandikwa na [[Kelly Doody]], mwanamichezo wa kuogelea wa zamani wa timu ya taifa ya Kanada. ===''Sunshine Girl''=== Kipengele hiki ni maarufu katika gazeti la ''Calgary Sun'' - kama magazeti mengine ya mnyororo wa ''Sun''- na huwa na picha maridadi ya mwanamke yeyote anayefanya kazi za kupigwa picha za matangazo au za kutangaza nguo mpya kwa umma. Mwanamke huyu ndiye anayeitwa ''Sunshine Girl''. Kipengele hutumia picha za wanawake wa nchi hiyo zilizopigwa na wataalam au za kupigwa na watu wenyewe ama ,pia, zinazopigwa na gazeti lenyewe. Hapo awali, kilikuwa katika ukurasa wa 3 (kama magazeti ya Uingereza ambayo ''Sun'' lilitaka kuiga yalikuwa na picha kama hizi katika ukurasa wa 3) lakini katika miaka ya 1990 kilihamishwa hadi sehemu ya habari za michezo. Kipengele cha ''Sunshine Boy'' cha wanaume kilichapishwa katika miaka ya 1980 na 1990. ===Magazeti ya kila wiki=== Kwa miaka mingi, ''Calgary Sun'' ,pia, lilichapisha gazeti maarufu la kila wiki ,''Calgary Mirror'', lililohusisha habari za jamii; shirika la Sun likanunua gazeti hili katika mwanzoni wa miaka ya 1990. Chapisho hili, ambalo lilianza katika miaka ya 1950 na lilijulikana kama ''North Hill News'', liliacha kuchapishwa katika mwaka wa 2001. Nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na ''FYI Calgary In-Print'', gazeti la bure la kila wiki lililolengwa kuwa chapisho la tovuti ya ''Sun'' habari ya FYI Calgary (kulikuwa na gazeti la ''FYI Toronto'' lililokuwa chapisho la tovuti ya ''Toronto Suns'').Chapisho jipya lilishindwa kuvutia wasomaji na watangazaji na likaacha kuchapishwa katika mwezi wa Mei 2001 katika operesheni za kupunguza ukubwa wa kampuni ya ''Sun Media''. Tovuti iliachisha dhana ya FYI mwaka mmoja baadaye na kujiita Calgarysun.com. ==Mtindo== Mnamo 2 Oktoba 2006, ''Sun'' lilibadilisha mtindo wake kwa njia kubwa hasa likianzisha nembo mpya (nembo hii ilikuwa imetumika na magazeti mengine ya ''Sun'' kwa miaka kadhaa) na ,pia, kubadilisha njia ya uchapishaji wa makala na vichwa vya habari. Mnamo Februari 2007, Sun Media ilizindua toleo la eneo la Calgary la gazeti lake la bure, ''24 Hours'', linalotumikwa na wafanyikazi wa ''Calgary Sun''. ==Usambazaji== ''Calgary Sun'' ni mojawapo ya magazeti manne ya kila siku yanayopatikana katika eneo la Calgary. Gazeti la pili ni ''Calgary Herald''. La tatu na la nne ni ''Metro News'' na ''Rush Hour News''. Usambazaji unafanyika kwa kuagiza, mauzo ya moja kwa moja( kwa mfano katika maduka) ama kwa kutumia masanduku ya magazeti. Mtindo huo wa masanduku ya magazeti ulileta mjadala mkali kutoka Halmashauri ya Jiji katika mwanzo wa mwaka wa 2008 baada ya kiongozi mmoja kudai kuwa masanduku hayo yalisababisha maongezeko ya takataka. ==Angalia Pia== * [[Calgary Herald]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.calgarysun.com/ Calgary Sun] * [http://www.calgarysun.com/sunshinegirl/ ''Sunshine Girl] {{Wayback|url=http://www.calgarysun.com/sunshinegirl/ |date=20100129163356 }} * [http://www.fyicalgary.com/ FYI Calgary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fyicalgary.com/ |date=20110208041205 }} [[Category:Calgary]] [[Category:Magazeti ya Kanada]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za Kanada]] s5jcly3p6argxazwbv0t0e8on329p8w 0 36169 1601236 1289803 2026-09-25T14:08:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox gazo | jina = Jewish Week | jina la gazeti = Jewish Week | picha = | aina = *. Gazeti la kila wiki<br>*. Gazeti la [[Wayahudi]] | lilianzishwa = | eneo = [[Manhattan]], [[Long Island]], [[Queens]]<br>[[The Bronx]] [[Brooklyn]]/[[Staten Island]] | mwanzilishi = | nchi = {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Marekani]] | mhariri = Gary Rosenblatt | mmiliki = | makaomakuu = Jiji la [[New York]] | mchapishaji = Gary Rosenblatt | usambazaji = 70,000 kila wiki | lilikwisha = | machapisho = | tovuti = http://www.thejewishweek.com/ }} '''Jewish Week''' ni gazeti la kila wiki linalohudumia jamii ya [[Wayahudi]] katika jiji la [[New York]]. ''Jewish Week'' huhusisha habari, matukio, mitindo mipya na vipengele & uchambuzi wa jamii ya Wayahudi katika New York na husomwa duniani kote. ==Muhtasari== Gazeti hili halina uhusiano wowote na shirika au muungano yoyote, lina matoleo matano ya maeneo yanayosambazwa haswa [[Manhattan]], [[Long Island]], [[Queens]], [[The Bronx]] and [[Brooklyn]]/[[Staten Island]], gazeti hufika kwa nyumbani mwa watu 70,000 kila wiki. Huu ni usambazaji wa nakala nyingi sana wa gazeti lolote la Wayahudi katika eneo la [[Amerika Kaskazini]]. ''Jewish Week'' huhusisha makala ya Wayahudi wa New York, [[Marekani]] na [[Israeli]] pamoja na habari motomoto dunia zima ,kura za maoni, uchambuzi na maelezo. Sehemu kubwa zake ni: • Habari za Israeli - Habari za matukio nchini Israeli kama siasa, dini na tamaduni zao. • Habari za Wayahudi Marekani - habari kuhusu jamii ya Wayahudi kama vile sera za Marekani za ndani na za kigeni, habari za Wayahudi nchini Marekani, na kampeni za uchaguzi zinazohusu Wayahudi. •Habari za Wayahudi wa New York - habari kutoka jamii mbalimbali katika jiji la New York na eneo linalolizunguka jiji, siasa za jiji na jimbo, maisha katika sinagogi, mashirika ya Kiyahudi na elimu ya Kiyahudi. • Maisha ya Wayahudi - matukio ya utamaduni wa Kiyahudi na mitindo ya Kiyahudi. • Sanaa - Vitabu vya Wayahudi,picha za sanaa, maigizo, filamu, maonyesho ya makumbusho. • Biashara na Teknolojia - Uwekezaji wa kigeni kwa kampuni za teknolojia za Israeli. Kuna vipengele maalum vya kila mwezi kama Fresh Ink, makala yaliyoandikwa na vijana kwa vijana, na kipengele cha kila mwaka kinachoitwa "''36 Under 36''" kinachohusisha vijana 36 Wayahudi wanaoathiri jamii ya Wayahudi katika jiji la New York, Israeli na nchi za kigeni. Gary Rosenblatt ndiye amekuwa mhariri na mchapishaji tangu mwaka wa 1993. Waandishi wa habari wanaofanya kazi katika ''Jewish Week'' ni: * Stewart Ain, Mwandishi wa habari wa Marekani /Israeli * Eric Herschthal, Mwandishi wa Sanaa * Randi Sherman, Mwandishi wa Chakula * Carolyn Slutsky, Mwandishi wa Elimu * Tamari Snyder, Mwandishi wa Biashara na Teknolojia * Sharon Udasin, Mwandishi wa Afya * Steve Lipman, Mwandishi wa habari wa Marekani/Israeli Katika mwaka wa 2000, Rosenblatt na gazeti hili walishinda Medali ya Casey ya Uandishi Bora kutoka Kituo cha Uandishi cha Watoto & Familia kwa makala waliyoandika ya ''Stolen Innocence''. Makala haya yalikuwa ripoti ya upelelezi iliyofichua miongo ya unyanyasaji wa watoto uliofanywa na mwalimu mkuu, [[Baruch Lanner]]. Makala haya yalikosolewa na wengi kuwa "uvumi". Ripoti hii ilionekana kama "njia ambayo jamii ya Orthodox hukosoa watu wanaonyanyasa watoto" na ikafanya Lanner ajiuzulu na ashitakiwe kortini.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Week#cite_note-1] ==Marejeo== # ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E6D81538F933A25754C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 # ^ http://www.beliefnet.com/author/author_145.html ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.thejewishweek.com/ Tovuti ya ''Jewish Week''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/ |date=20100123145751 }} [[Jamii:Magazeti ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:New York]] [[Jamii:Magazeti ya kila wiki ya Marekani]] ltnc3xmlyhkaaojhqdmts55s6bjvepf 0 36426 1601392 1527263 2026-09-25T17:01:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album |Jina = Todd Smith |Type = [[Album]] |Msanii = [[LL Cool J]] |Cover = Ll-cool-j-Todd_Smith.jpg |Imetolewa = 11 Aprili 2006 |Imerekodiwa = 2005-2006 |Aina = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] |Urefu = 51:47 |Studio = [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] |Mtayarishaji = [[Trackmasters]] |Review = * [[About.com]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://rap.about.com/od/albumreviews/fr/ToddSmithReview.htm link] * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|2.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/todd-smith-r823098 link] * [[Rolling Stone]] {{Rating|1|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/9553551/review/9961250/todd_smith link] * [[XXL (magazine)|XXL Magazine]] [http://xxlmag.com/online/?p=1189 link] * HipHopDX.com {{Rating|2.5|5}} [http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/reviews/id.635/title.gnarls-barkley-st-elsewhere link] * RapReviews.com (7.5/10) [http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2006_04_toddsmith.html link] |Albamu iliyopita = ''[[The DEFinition]]'' <br />(2004) |Albamu ya sasa = '''''Todd Smith'''''<br />(2006) |Albamu ijayo = ''[[Exit 13]]''<br />(2008) {{Singles |Jina = Todd Smith |Type = studio |single 1 = [[It's LL And Santana]] / What You Want |single 1 tarehe = 10 Januari 2006 |single 2 = [[Control Myself]] |single 2 tarehe = 1 Februari 2006 |single 3 = [[Freeze]] |single 3 tarehe = 2006 }}}} '''''Todd Smith''''' ni albamu ya 11 (ya 12 kwa ujumla) ya [[rapa]] wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] [[LL Cool J]]. Albamu ilitolewa mnamo tar. [[11 Aprili]] [[2006]]. Inamjulisha ushirikiano wake na baadhi ya wasanii kama vile [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Pharrell]], [[Juelz Santana]], [[Teairra Mari]], [[Ginuwine]], [[Mary J. Blige]], [[112 (bendi)|112]], [[Mary Mary]], [[Ryan Toby]] (kutoka [[City High]]) na [[Freeway]]. == Maelezo ya albamu == Single ya kwanza ni "[[Control Myself]]", ambayo imetayarishwa na [[Jermaine Dupri]], ambayo pia ni ushirikiano wake mwingine na mwimbaji [[Jennifer Lopez]] baada ya ile ya kwanza ya "[[All I Have]]" kwenye albamu ya Lopez ya 2002, ''[[This Is Me... Then]]''. LL Cool J na Jennifer Lopez walipiga video ya "[[Control Myself]]" mnamo tar. [[2 Januari]] [[2006]] katika studio za Sony, New York. Video ilipigwa na [[Hype Williams]]. Awali, wimbo ilibidi ashirikishwe Fergie (kutoka katika kundi la [[The Black Eyed Peas]]), hata hivyo makubaliano ya kimalipo yameleta shida na kupelekea nafasi yake kuchukuliwa na Jennifer Lopez. ''Todd Smith'' imepata tahakiki za ajabu, japokuwa watathmini wengi walifurahishwa sana na kibao cha "Preserve The Sexy" na "Freeze". Freeze kilikuwa kibao cha pili kutoka katika albamu na kimemshirikisha msanii kama Lyfe Jennings. Albamu ilipeleka nakala 500,000 nchi za nje, lakini imeuza nakala 367,000 katika hizo. Waliotayarisha albamu hii ni pamoja na [[Pharrell]], [[Scott Storch]], Bink, Shea Taylor, Keezo Kane na [[Trackmasters Entertainment|Trackmasters]]. Albamu iliingia kwenye chati za [[Billboard]] #6, na kuuza kopi 116,000 na kushika nafasi ya #79 kwenye chati za albamu za UK na nafasi ya #40 nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html CANOE - JAM! Music SoundScan Charts<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Albamu imetunukiwa '''Dhahabu''' na RIAA.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www6.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=202&news_id=101976 |title=LL Cool J official website @ defjam.com - News<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archive-date=2006-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618110440/http://www6.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=202&news_id=101976 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Orodha ya nyimbo == # "It's LL And Santana" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Juelz Santana]])''' (Imetayarishwa na Shea Taylor)</small> # "[[Control Myself]]" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Jennifer Lopez]])''' (Imetayarishwa na [[Jermaine Dupri]])</small> # "Favorite Flavor" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Mary J. Blige]])''' (Imetayarishwa na [[Trackmasters]])</small> # "Freeze" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Lyfe Jennings]])''' (Imetayarishwa na LL Cool J)</small> # "Best Dress" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Jamie Foxx]])''' (Imetayarishwa na [[The Neptunes]])</small> # "Preserve the Sexy" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Teairra Mari]])''' (Imetayarishwa na [[Keezo Kane]])</small> # "What You Want" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Freeway]])''' (Imetayarishwa na The Narcotics)</small> # "I've Changed" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Ryan Toby]])''' (Imetayarishwa na Trackmasters)</small> # "Ooh Wee" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Ginuwine]])''' (Imetayarishwa na [[Scott Storch]])</small> # "#1 Fan" <small>(Imetayarishwa na Trackmasters)</small> # "Down the Aisle" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[112 (band)|112]])''' (Imetayarishwa na Trackmasters)</small> # "We're Gonna Make It" <small>'''(akimshirikisha [[Mary Mary]])''' (Imetayarishwa na [[Bink]])</small> # "[[So Sick]] (Remix)" <small>'''([[Ne-Yo]] akimshirikisha LL Cool J)''' (Imetayarishwa na Trackmasters) ([[US]] [[Bonus track]])</small> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1528066/20060406/ll_cool_j.jhtml?headlines=true MTV Interview regarding the album] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1528066/20060406/ll_cool_j.jhtml?headlines=true |date=20090114063931 }} {{LL Cool J}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2006]] [[Jamii:Albamu za LL Cool J]] [[Jamii:Albamu za Def Jam Recordings]] [[Jamii:Albamu zilizotayarishwa na Scott Storch]] [[Jamii:Albamu zilizotayarishwa na The Neptunes]] [[Jamii:Albamu zilizotayarishwa na Trackmasters]] [[Jamii:Albamu zilizotayarishwa na Jermaine Dupri]] 3v9w90a00zatvig7rg9hhx27a2grtqd 0 41651 1601169 1252513 2026-09-25T13:43:56Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Iganga |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Uganda |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Iganga katika Uganda |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Uganda]] |subdivision_type1 = Mkoa |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Uganda)| Mashariki]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Uganda|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = Iganga |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 48,200 |latd=0 |latm=37 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=33 |longm=29 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha:Uganda Iganga.png|thumb|Ramani ya Iganga, Uganda]] [[Picha:Uganda Nutrition (26941732297).jpg|thumb|Kanisa lililopo Iganga, Uganda]] '''Iganga''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Wilaya ya Iganga]] nchini [[Uganda]]. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 48,200. ==Sehemu== Iganga ipo eneo la ukanda mdogo wa Busoga.Upo takriban kilomita 40, kwa barabara ,kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Jinja na majira-nukta ya eneo hilo ni: 0°36'54.0"N, 33°29'06.0"E (Latitudi:0.6150; Longitudi:33.4850).<ref name="3R">https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Jinja/Iganga/@0.5252874,33.1958066,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177e7b862c391f47:0x300fe90f956a9f4a!2m2!1d33.2026122!2d0.4478566!1m5!1m1!1s0x177ef28a75729ee9:0x2a5b0f015719e99d!2m2!1d33.4719832!2d0.6045833!3e0 | title=Distance Between Jinja, Uganda And Iganga, Uganda</ref> ==Maelezo== Vivutio vya mji huo ni pamoja na miradi ya 'DevelopNet', ambao ni sehemu ya kupatia mtandao na kutoa msaada kwa jamii kwa kuandaa majukwaa tafauti tafauti kupitia taasisi zisizo za kiserikali.Ni sehemu ambayo taasisi zisizo za kiserikali zimejikita zaidi ili kusaidia kwenye maswala ya elimu na maendeleo ya jamii kwa ujumla.Mji wa Igunga ina ofisi za kutoa mitandao kadhaa, nyumba za wageni na soko lililotazamana na eneo la kuegesha teksi. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Uganda]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{commonscat}} {{Mijii mikuu wilaya za Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Iganga]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania]] mc1iuf1kns4jttmyqypw8zte7d0cl1r 0 43038 1601531 1509216 2026-09-26T00:03:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Yachiyo-shiyakusyo.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Mahali pa Yachiyo katika [[mkoa wa Chiba]]]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Yachiyo |picha_ya_satelite = Yachiyodai Station, the west entrance to a station, and shopping mall.JPG |maelezo_ya_picha = Yachiyodai Stesheni na shopping mall katika Yachiyo |pushpin_map = Japani |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Yachiyo katika Japani |picha_ya_bendera = Flag of Yachiyo, Chiba.svg |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_seal = Seal of Yachiyo, Chiba.svg |seal_size = |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Japani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Japani|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Chiba|Chiba]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 185035 |latd=35 |latm=43 |lats=00 |latNS=N |longd=140 |longm=06 |longs=00 |longEW=E |website = http://www.city.Yachiyo.chiba.jp/ }} '''Yachiyo''' (八千代市, ''Yachiyo-shi'') ni mji wa [[Japani]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Chiba]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2008, mji una wakazi wapatao 185,000 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 24 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. Eneo lake ni 51.27 [[Kilomita ya mraba|km²]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023065947/http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/ Tovuti] {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-Japani}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Japani]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Chiba]] [[Jamii:Tokyo]] 4esdnpljjqw7b6n6ufhm3e7e5hh9oib 0 55047 1601515 1578149 2026-09-25T21:39:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Poliovirus'' | image_caption = [[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of poliovirus [[Virion#Structure|virions]]. | image = Polio.jpg | virus_group = iv | ordo = ''[[Picornavirales]]'' | familia = ''[[Picornaviridae]]'' | genus = ''[[Enterovirus]]'' | type_species = ''[[Human enterovirus C]]'' | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''[[Human enterovirus C]]'' }} '''Virusi vya polio''', vikolezo visababishavyo [[ugonjwa]] wa [[polio]], ni [[virusi]] vya [[tumbo]] la [[binadamu]] na ni wanachama wa [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya [[pikonaviridi]]. Vinaundwa na [[RNA]] aina ya [[jenomu]] na [[protini]] ya [[kapsidi]]. Jenomu ni single-Stranded na chanya-hisia RNA jenomu ambazo ni ndefu mara 7500 zaidi ya [[nukleotidi]]. [[Kipenyo]] cha virusi hivi ni kama mara 30 ya [[nanomita]] katika icosahedral symmetry. Kwa sababu ya ufupi wa jenomu na muundo wake rahisi inaundwa na RNA na haina kigamba kinachozingira protini hizi - Virusi vya polio ndivyo muhimu zaidi. Vilitengwa mara ya kwanza katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1909]] na [[Karl Landsteiner]] na [[Erwin Popper]]. <ref name="Paul_1971">{{cite book |author = Paul JR |title=A History of Poliomyelitis |url = https://archive.org/details/historyofpoliomy0000paul |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn |year=1971 |isbn=0-300-01324-8 | series = (Yale studies in the history of science and medicine)}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1981]], jenomu ya virusi vya polio ilichapishwa na [[timu]] mbili tofauti za [[watafiti]]: Vincent Racaniello na [[David Baltimore]] katika [[chuo]] cha [[MIT]] na [[Naomi Kitamura]] na wengine katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la New York]], Stony Brook. <ref name="Kitamura">{{cite journal |author=Kitamura N, Semler B, Rothberg P, ''et al.'' |title=Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1981-06-18_291_5816/page/n39 |journal=Nature |volume=291 |issue=5816 |pages=547–53 |year=1981 |pmid=6264310 |doi=10.1038/291547a0}}</ref> Ni kati ya virusi vyenye sifa zaidi, na vimekuwa muundo muhimu ili kuelewa [[biolojia]] ya virusi vya RNA. == Mzunguko wa maisha == [[File:Poliovirus life cycle.png|thumb|300px|right|Maisha ya seli mzunguko wa virusi ya polio huanzishwa kwa kufungwa kwa kipokezi cha uso wa kiini CD155. virioni huchukuliwa kupitia ulaji ndani wa chembe, na virusi ya RNA ni huru (2). Tafsiri ya RNA ya virusi hutokea na mfumo wa IRES-mediated (3). polyprotein ni zilizoandamana, hutoa virusi protini zilizokomaa (4). Hisia chanya RNA hutumika kama kigezo kwa ajili ya awali ya nyongeza ya hasi-strand, na huzalisha mbili-stranded replicative fomu (RF) RNA (5). Strand za RNA ambazo ni chanya nakala RNA ni huzalishwa kutoka strand moja hasi (6). Lasisi ya kiini kilichombukizwa matokeo ni kutolewa kwa virions za kuambukiza vizazi (9). <ref Name=DeJesus> [13] </ref>]] Virusi vya polio huambukiza seli za binadamu kwa kuungana na immunoglobulin kama kipokezi cha, CD155, (pia inajulikana kama '' kipokezi'' cha (PVR)) <ref name="Mendelsohn">{{cite journal |author=Mendelsohn Cl, Wimmer E, Racaniello VR|title=Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobin superfamily |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_1989-03-10_56_5/page/855|journal=Cell |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=855–865 |year=1989 |pmid = 2538245 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9}}</ref> <ref name="He">{{cite journal |author=He Y, Mueller S, Chipman P, ''et al.'' |title=Complexes of poliovirus serotypes with their common cellular receptor, CD155 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/77/8/4827?view=long&pmid=12663789 |journal=J Virol |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=4827–35 |year=2003 |pmid=12663789 |doi=10.1128/JVI.77.8.4827-4835.2003 |pmc=152153 |access-date=2010-09-20 |archive-date=2007-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905211036/http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/77/8/4827?view=long&pmid=12663789 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> juu ya uso wa kiini. Mwingiliano wa na CD155 inawezesha ukubalifu wa mabadiliko ya chembe za virusi kwa Malena kuwezesha virusi kuingia. <ref name="Gomez">{{cite journal |author=Gomez Yafal A, Kaplan G, Racaniello VR, Hogle, JM |title=Characterization of poliovirus conformational alteration mediated by soluble cell receptors |url=https://archive.org/details/virology_1993-11_197_1/page/501 |journal=Virology |volume=197 |issue=1 |pages=501–505 |year=1993 |pmid = 8212594 |doi=10.1006/viro.1993.1621}}</ref> ni mfumo wa matumizi sahihi kuingia katika kiini jeshi haikuwa imara haifahamiki. <ref name="Baron">{{cite book | title = Picornaviruses: The Enteroviruses: Polioviruses ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al.'', eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.2862 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 | author = ed. by Samuel Baron }}</ref> utando wa seli, kuingia ya virusi nucleic asidi ilikuwa dhana ya kutokea moja ya njia mbili: via wa malezi ya pore katika utando Utegili njia ambayo RNA ni basi "hudungwa" ndani ya seli cytoplasm jeshi, au kwamba virusi ni kupelekwa kwa-mediated endocytosis receptor. <ref name="Mueller">{{cite journal |author=Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J |title=Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event |journal=Virus Res |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=175–93 |year=2005 |pmid = 15885840 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008}}</ref> Ushahidi kutoka majaribio ya hivi karibuni inasaidia dhanio la mwisho na kupendekeza kwamba virusi ya polio hugandana na CD155 na kupelekwa kupitia endocytosis. Mara baada ya chembe kuwekwa ndani, virusi ya RNA ni huru. <ref name="Brandenburg">{{cite journal |author=Brandenburg B, Lee LY, Lakadamyali M, Rust MJ, Zhuang X, Hogle JM, |title=Imaging poliovirus entry in live cells |doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050183 |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=e183 |year=2007 |pmid = 17622193 |pmc=1914398}}</ref> Hata hivyo, mbinu zozote ambazo viini vya polio huingia seli ni fanisi sana; nakiambukizo kinaanzishwa ni juhudi kadiri 1% ya wakati huo. <ref name="Chan">Charles Chan na Roberto Neisa. [http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects2000/Polio/TableofContents.html "Polio"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects2000/Polio/TableofContents.html |date=20070222133944 }} Brown University.</ref> Ni virusi vya RNA ambavyo ni chanya Stranded. Kwa hivyo jenomu iliyoambatanishwa katika chembe ya virusi inaweza kutumika kama mtume wa RNA na mara inatafsiriwa na seli jeshi. Viingiapo, virusi huchukua nyara nguvu za kimashine za kutafsiri za seli, na husababisha athari za kuzuia usanisi wa protini za seli kwa ajili ya virusi ya uzalishaji maalum protini. Tofauti na jeshi la kiini mRNAs, mwisho wa 5' ya RNA inachukua muda mrefu sana- zaidi ya 700 nukleotidi-na ni muundo sana. Ukanda huu wa virusi ya jenomu unaitwa kuingia ndani ya enoe kwa ribosomu tovuti (IRES) na anaongoza tafsiri ya virusi ya RNA. jeni kubadilika katika eneo hili huzuia uzalishaji wa virusi vyo protini. <ref name="Chen">{{cite journal |author=Chen CY, Sarnow P |title=Initiation of protein synthesis by the eukaryotic translational apparatus on circular RNAs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-04-21_268_5209/page/n79 |journal=Science |volume=268 |issue=5209 |pages=415–7 |year=1995 |pmid=7536344 |doi=10.1126/science.7536344}}</ref> <ref name="Pelletier">{{cite journal |author=Pelletier J, Sonenberg N |title=Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1988-07-28_334_6180/page/320 |journal=Nature |volume=334 |issue=6180 |pages=320–325 |year=1988 |pmid = 2839775 |doi=10.1038/334320a0}}</ref> <ref name="Jang">{{cite journal |author=Jang SK, Kräusslich HG, Nicklin MJ, Duke GM, Palmenberg AC, Wimmer E |title=A segment of the 5' nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation |journal=J. Virol. |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=2636–43 |date=1 Agosti 1988 |pmid=2839690 |pmc=253694 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2839690 |access-date=2010-09-20 |archive-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916023346/https://jvi.asm.org/content/62/8/2636.long |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Virusi vya polio vimetafsiriwa kama polipeptidi moja ndefu. Polypeptide hii basi auto-cleaved na proteases ndani ndani ya mtu 10 virusi protini ca, ikiwa ni pamoja na:</ref> <ref name="Chan"></ref> [[File:Poliovirus genome.png|thumb|right|300px|Muundo wa usomi-jenomu wa virusi ya polio wa aina 1]] * ''3D ^pol,'' na RNA tegemezi RNA kizidisha polima ambayo kazi yake ni kutoa nakala na kuongeza virusi ya RNA jenomu. * ''2A ^pro'' na ''3C ^pro / 3CD ^pro,'' protisi ambazo zinaungana na virusi ya polipeptidi . * ''VPg'' (3B), protini ndogo ambayo hufunga virusi ya RNA na ni muhimu kwa ajili ya usanisi wa virusi chanya na hasi strand RNA. * ''2BC, 2B, 2C, 3AB, 3A, 3B'' protini zilizochangamano zinahitajika kwa kuiga virusi. * ''VP0, VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4'' protini za virusi kapsidi. Mkusanyiko wa virusi vipya vya chembe, (yaani ya ufungaji wa jenomu vizazi katika kapsidi ambazo inaweza kuishi nje ya jeshi seli) hazifahamiki. <ref name="Mueller"></ref> Virusi ya polio vikikutana kikamilifu hutoka ndani mwa kiini cha kimelea kwa muda wa masaa 4 hadi 6 baada ya maambukizi kufundwa katika seli iliyokuzwa za binadamu. <ref name="Kew_2005">{{cite journal |author=Kew O, Sutter R, de Gourville E, Dowdle W, Pallansch M |title=Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2005_59/page/587 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue= |pages=587–635 |year=2005 |pmid=16153180 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625}}</ref> Utaratibu wa ambapo virusi hutoka katika kiini si wazi, lakini kila kiini kikifa kinaweza kutoa juu ya virioni za polio 10,000. <ref name="Kew_2005"></ref> == Asili na serotaipu == Muundo wa virusi vya polio ni sawa na enterovirusi wengine wa binadamu (coxsackievirus es na [[echovirus es), ikiwa ni pamoja na rhinovirus wa binadamu, ambazo pia hutumia molekuli imunoglobulini za kutambua na kuingia seli jeshi. Uchambuzi wa filojenetiki wa RNA na Mwandamano wa protini wa virusi wa polio unaonyesha kwamba virusi ya polio huweza tolewa ulipatikana kutoka kwa nguzo ya C coxsackie A virusi babu, zilizotokea kwa njia ya kubadilika kwa jeni ndani ya kapsidi. Tofauti katika virusi ya polio pengine kilitokea kwa ajili ya matokeo ya mabadiliko katika kipokezi cha seli kutoka kati mwa seli ya molekuli-1 (ICAM-1), ambayo hutumiwa na nguzo za C coxsackie A virusi, na CD155, na kusababisha mabadiliko katika pathogenicity, na kuruhusu virusi kuambukiza tishu za neva. Kuna serotaipu tatu za virusi ya polio, ''PV1, PV2,'' na ''PV3;'' kila na tofauti ndogo protinikapsidi. Protini Kapsidi hueleza seli kipokezi kwa umaalum na uwezo wa kinga wa virusi. ''PV1'' ni aina inayojulikana zaidi kwa kiasiri asili, hata hivyo aina zote tatu ni hatari zaidi kwa maambukizi sana. <ref name="Paul_1971"></ref> Virusi ya polio wa poli vinaweza kupatikana katika nchi takriban 10. PV1 imejanibisha sana katika nchi za India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, na Misri, lakini kufuatia kuzuka kwa poliomeyletis mwaka 2003-2004 bado ni kubwa katika Afrika Magharibi na Kati. Virusi ya polio mwitu vya aina 2 pengine vimemalizwa, lakini ilionekana mwisho katika Oktoba 1999 [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. PV3 mwaitu hupatikana katika maeneo ya nchi tano tu (Nigeria, Niger, Pakistan, India, na Sudan). <ref name="Kew_2005"></ref> Matatizo maalumu ya kila serotype hutumika kuandaa chanjo dhidi ya polio. Chanjo ya polio (IPV) iliyafanywa kuwa tuli hutayari kwa kufanya kuwa tuli formalini ya sumu kali na yakurejerea Matatizo, Mahoney au Brunenders (PV1), MEF-1/Lansing (PV2), na Saukett / Leon (PV3). Chanjo ya polio ya mdomo (OPV) ina straini zilizodhoofishwa (dhaifu) kati ya serotaipu tatu za virusi ya polio. Kupitisha virusi Matatizo katika seli ya epithalama ya figo ya nyani hutanguliza seli kubadilika kwingi katika virusi IRES, na huzuia (au hupunguza) uwezo wa virusi kuambukiza tishu neva. <ref name="Kew_2005"></ref><br> Hapo zamani virusi vya polio vilikuwa katika kundi la aina ya jenasi ya virusi tumbo katika ya familia pikonaviridi. Katika mwaka wa 2008 virusi ya polio viliondolewa kutoka jenasi ya virusi tumbo na serotaipu zile tatu kuajiliwa katika familia ya virusi ya tumbo wa Binadamu, katika jenasi ya virusi tumbo katika familia ya pikonaviridi. Spishi ya aina ya jenasi virusi ya tumbo ilipitishwa kutoka virusi ya polio hadi virusi wa tumbo wa Binadamu C. == Pathojenesisi == {{Main|Polio}} [[File:Polio EM PHIL 1875 lores.PNG|thumb|Elektroni mikrografu ya virusi ya polio.]] Kiamuzi msingi cha uambukizaji cha virusi wowote ni uwezo wake wa kuingia kiini na kuzalisha chembe ya ziada ya kuambukiza. Uwepo wa CD155 ni wazo kutambua wanyama na tishu ambazo zinaweza kuambukizwa kwa virusi ya polio. CD155 hupatikana (nje ya maabara) pekee kwa chembechembe za binadamu, jamii ya nyani ya juu, na nyani wa s. Kale Virusi ya polio hata hivyo husababisha magonjwa katika binadamu, na haina asili kuambukiza wengine aina yoyote (ingawa sokwe na nyani wa Dunia wazee wanaweza kuambukizwa). <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mueller S, Wimmer E |title=Recruitment of nectin-3 to cell-cell junctions through trans-heterophilic interaction with CD155, a vitronectin and poliovirus receptor that localizes to alpha(v)beta3 integrin-containing membrane microdomains |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/278/33/31251 |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=278 |issue=33 |pages=31251–60 |year=2003 |pmid=12759359 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M304166200 |access-date=2010-09-20 |archive-date=2009-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318012851/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/278/33/31251 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Virusi vya polio ni virusi vya tumbo. Maambukizo hutokea kupitia njia ya kinyesi-njia ya mdomo ya, maana kuwa mtu hula virusi na huzalishana katikanjia ya mdomo. <ref name="Bodian_1965">{{cite book |author = Bodian D and Horstmann DH |title=Polioviruse |publisher=Lippincott |location=Philadelphia, Penn |year=1969 |pages=430–73}}</ref> Virusi humwaga katika kinyesi cha watu walioathirika. Katika 95% ya kesi ya msingi tu, muda mfupi mbele ya viremia (virusi mwilini mwako) hutokea, na maambukizi ni dalili tu. Katika 5% ya kesi, virusi huenea na huiga katika maeneo mengine kama vile mafuta, retikuloendothelia tishu kahawia, na misuli. Replicationi endelevu ya virusi inasababisha viremia sekondari na inaongoza kwa maendeleo ya dalili za mabadiliko madogo kama vile homa, kuumwa na kichwa na koo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sabin A |title=Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis; reappraisal in the light of new data |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1956-06-29_123_3209/page/n5 |journal=Science |volume=123 |issue=3209 |pages=1151–7 |year=1956 |pmid=13337331 |doi=10.1126/science.123.3209.1151}}</ref> Polio ya kupooza hutokea katika chini ya 1% ya maambukizi ya virusi ya polio. Ugonjwa wa kupooza hutokea wakati virusi vinaingia mfumo mkuu wa neva (mifumo mingi) na replicates katika neuroni ya mwendo ndani ya uti wa mgongo, shina ubongo, au gamba ya mwenda, kusababisha uharibifu wa kuchagua neurons motor inayoongoza kwa muda au wa kudumu kupooza. Katika matukio machache, kupooza kwa polio kunaletwa na shinda za kupumua na kisha kifo. Katika kesi ya ugonjwa wa kupooza, maumivu ya misuli na mkazo wa mara kwa mara kabla ya kuanza kwa udhaifu na kupooza. Ulemavu huendelea kutoka siku hadi wiki kabla ya kupona. <ref> http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306440-overview</ref> <ref> http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967950-overview</ref> Kwa namna nyingi neva awamu ya kuambukizwa ni wazo kuwa ni ajali ya kawaida kutoka uambukizo wagastrointestinal. Mifumo ambazo virusi ya polio huingia CNS hazifahamiki. Maswali matatu yasiyo ya pande kipekee yamekuwa yakipendekezwa kueleza kuingia kwake. Nadharia zote zinahitaji viremia ya msingi. Dhanio ya kwanza anatabiri kwamba virioni hupita moja kwa moja kutoka damu katika mfumo wa neva na kuvuka kikwazo cha damu ya ubongo huru ya CD155. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Yang W, Terasaki T, Shiroki K, ''et al.''|title=Efficient delivery of circulating poliovirus to the central nervous system independently of poliovirus receptor |url=https://archive.org/details/virology_1997-03-17_229_2/page/421|journal=Virology |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=421–8 |year=1997 |pmid=9126254 |doi=10.1006/viro.1997.8450}}</ref> Dhanio la pili unaonyesha kwamba virioni husafirishwa kutoka tishu pembeni ambazo zilizosafishwa katika damu ya viremia, kwa mfano tishu misuli, na uti wa kupitia na usafiri wa mkongo kurudi nyuma. dhanio la tatu ni kwamba virusi hupita katika mfumo kati wa neva na monositi zilizoambukizwa au maikrofaji. <ref name="DeJesus"></ref> Polio ni ugonjwa wa mfumo mkuu wa neva. Hata hivyo, CD155 inaaminika kuwa iko juu ya uso wa zaidi au seli zote za binadamu wote. Basi kipokezi hakijielezi ya kwamba virusi ya polio huambukiza tishu fulani. Hii inaonyesha kwamba tishu hugeuka na inaamuliwa baada ya kuambukizwa kwa seli. kazi ya karibuni imependekeza kuwa aina ya kwanza ya vikundi vyovyote vya glaikoprotini zinazotolewa na aina mbalimbali za seli mwitikio wa (hasa vile vya vikundi vyovyote vya glaikoprotini zinazotolewa na aina mbalimbali za selialpha na beta) ni jambo muhimu ambalo linafafanua aina ya seli inayoegemeza kuiga kwa virusi ya polio. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ida-Hosonuma M, Iwasaki T, Yoshikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=The alpha/beta interferon response controls tissue tropism and pathogenicity of poliovirus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2005-04_79_7/page/4460 |journal=J. Virol. |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=4460–9 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15767446 |pmc=1061561 |doi=10.1128/JVI.79.7.4460-4469.2005 }}</ref> Katika panya kutoa CD155 (kwa njia ya uhandisi wa kimaumbile) lakini kukosa aina ya kwanza ya kipokezi vikundi vyovyote vya glaikoprotini zinazotolewa na aina mbalimbali za seli, virusi ya polio sio tu kuzalishana katika kupanua Répertoire ni ya aina ya tishu, lakini hawa panya pia wana uwezo wa kuambukizwa kwa mdomo na virusi hivi. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ohka S, Igarashi H, Sakai M, Koike S, Nochi T, Kiyono A, Nomoto A |title=Esstablishment of a poliovirus oral infection system in human poliovirus receptor-expressing transgenic mice that are deficient in alpha/beta interferon receptor |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2007-08_81_15/page/7902 |journal=J. Virol. |volume=81 |issue=15 |pages=7902–12 |year=2007 |pmid=17507470 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02675-06 |pmc=1951287}}</ref> == Mfumo wa kinga kuepusha == Virusi vya polio vinatumia njia mbili muhimu ili kuepukamfumo wa kinga. Kwanza, vina uwezo wa kuishi katika hali ya asidi kali sana iliyo katika ufereji wa utumbo , na kuruhusu virusi kuambukiza seli jeshi na kuenea katika mwili kupitia mfumo limfu. Pili, kwa sababu inaweza kuiga haraka sana, virusi hivi hulemea viungo jeshi kabla mwitikio wa kinga unaweza kuwa vyema. <ref name="Racaniello">{{cite journal |author=Racaniello V |title=One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis |journal=Virology |volume=344 |issue=1 |pages=9–16 |year=2006 |pmid=16364730 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.015}}</ref> Watu ambao ni wazi kwa virusi ya polio, aidha kwa njia ya kuambukiza au kwa kinga ya chanjo ya polio, hupata kinga. Katika watu wenye kinga, zindiko dhidi ya virusi ya polio zipo katika [[findo na njia ya utumbo (hasa [[Iga zindiko) na wana uwezo wa kuzuia virusi ya polio kuiga; zindiko za IgG na IgM dhidi ya virusi ya polio wanaweza kuzuia kuenea kwa virusi katika neuroni ya mwendo wa mfumo mkuu wa neva. Maambukizi na serotype moja ya virusi ya polio haitoi kinga dhidi ya serotaipu zingine, hata hivyo mashambulizi ya pili ndani ya mtu binafsi huo ni nadra mno. == PVR transgenic kipanya == Ingawa binadamu ndio majeshi ya asili ya virusi vya polio inayojulikana, nyani wanaweza kuambukizwa kisayansi na wamekuwa wakitumika kujifunza virusi ya polio kwa muda mrefu. Katika 1990-1991, mfano wa mnyama mdogo wa polio ilianzishwa na maabara mbili. Panya walitengenezwa kueleza kipokezi cha binadamu hadi virusi ya polio (hPVR). Tofauti na panya kawaida, kipokezi vya virusi ya polio vilivyogeuzwa (TgPVR) panya huathirika kwa urahisivirusi ya polio vilivyodungwa ndani ya mshipa au ndani ya nyama, na wakati sindano ya moja kwa moja kwenye [[uti wa mgongo]] au ya ubongo. Inapoambukizwa, TgPVR panya huonyesha dalili za kupooza kwamba ambazo hufanana na zile za polio wa binadamu na nyani, na mfumo wa neva wa kati wa panya uliopooza histocytochemically sawa na wale wa binadamu na nyani. Mtindo huu wa panya wa maambukizi ya virusi ya polio vya binadamu una thibitisha kuwa chombo cha thawabu nyingi katika kuelewa baiolojia ya virusi ya polio na pathogenicity. <ref name="pmid11597452">{{cite journal |author=Ohka S, Nomoto A |title=Recent insights into poliovirus pathogenesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2001-10_9_10/page/501 |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=501–6 |year=2001 |pmid=11597452 |doi=10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02200-4}}</ref> Aina tatu tofauti za panya TgPVR wamekuwa pia wakitafitiwa: <ref name="pmid7832641">{{cite journal |author=Koike S, Taya C, Aoki J, ''et al.'' |title=Characterization of three different transgenic mouse lines that carry human poliovirus receptor gene--influence of the transgene expression on pathogenesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-virology_1994_139_3-4/page/351 |journal=Arch. Virol. |volume=139 |issue=3-4 |pages=351–63 |year=1994 |pmid=7832641|doi=10.1007/BF01310797}}</ref> * Katika panya TgPVR1 usimbaji wa transgene wa PVR wa binadamu mara uliingizwa kwenye kromosomu cha kipanya 4. Hizi panya hueleza ngazi ya juu ya transgene na unyeti juu ya virusi ya polio. Panya TgPVR1 wanaathirika kwa urahisi na virusi ya polio kupitia njia ya intraspinal, ndani ya ubongo, intramuscular, na ndani ya ubongo, lakini si kwa njia ya mdomo. * Panya TgPVR21 hupata binadamu PVR katika kromosomu13. Hawa panya hawaathiriwi kwa urahisi na maambukizi ya virusi ya polio kupitia njia ya ndani ya ubongo, huenda kwa sababu wao hukamua ngazi ya hPVR iliyopungua. Panya TgPVR21 wamekuwa wakionyesha kuwa wanahusika na maambukizi ya virusi ya polio kupitia chanjo ya ndani mwa pua, na inaweza kuwa na manufaa kama mtindo maambukizi ya mucosal. * Katika panya TgPVR5 transgene ya binadamu iko juu ya kromosomu 12. Hawa panya huonyesho ngazi ya chini ya kujieleza hPVR na haiathiriki kwa urahisi na maambukizi ya virusi ya polio. Hivi karibuni mfano wa panya TgPVR ulitengenezwa. Hawa "cPVR" panya hubeba hPVR cDNA, inayoendeshwa na kuadhiminiwa na a-actin β, na kuthibitika kuwa huathirika kwa urahisi na virusi ya polio kupitia, ndani ya misuli, na ndani ya mapua na ndani mwa ubongo. Pia, panya hawa wana uwezo wa kuendeleza aina ya balbu ya polio baada ya chanjo ya ndani ya pua. Maendeleo ya panya TgPVR imekuwa na madhara makubwa kwa uzalishaji wa chanjo ya virusi ya polio ya mdomo OPV) (. Hapo awali, ufuatiliaji wa usalama wa OPV ulikuwa ukifanywa kwa kutumia nyani, kwa sababu jamii ya nyani tu wanahusika na virusi hivi. Mwaka 1999 [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] kupitisha matumizi ya panya TgPVR kama njia mbadala ya kutathmini ufanisi wa chanjo dhidi ya virusi ya polio aina-3. Katika 2000 mtindo wa panya huo ulipitishwa kwa ajili ya vipimo ya chanjo dhidi ya aina-1 na aina 2 -. <ref name="pmid12764491">{{cite journal |author=Dragunsky E, Nomura T, Karpinski K, ''et al.'' |title=Transgenic mice as an alternative to monkeys for neurovirulence testing of live oral poliovirus vaccine: validation by a WHO collaborative study |url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862003000400006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Bull. World Health Organ. |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=251–60 |year=2003 |pmid=12764491 |pmc=2572431 |access-date=2010-09-20 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716100306/http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862003000400006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kuhamisha nukliasi na tathmini == Katika 1981 Racaniello na Baltimore walitumia teknolojia ya DNA iliyoungana tena kuzalisha kuambukizi cha kwanza cha kuhamisha nuklasi ya wanyama ya virusi ya RNA, virusi ya polio. Usimbaji wa DNA wa jenomu RNA ya virusi ya polio ililetwa katika seli za kukuza viini za binadamu na maambukizo ya virusi ya polio yalitayarishwa. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Racaniello V, Baltimore D |title=Cloned poliovirus complemenatry DNA is infectious in mammalian cells |journal=Science |volume=214 |issue=453 |pages=916–9 |year=1981 |pmid=6272391 |doi=10.1126/science.6272391}}</ref> Uumbaji wa kloni ya kuambukiza iliendesha kuelewa kwa baiolojia ya virusi ya polio , na imekuwa ni teknolojia ya kiwango kutumika kujifunza virusi wengine wengi. Mwaka wa 2002 watafiti katika SUNY Stony Brook wamefanikiwa katika synthesizing virusi ya polio kutoka kanuni zake za kemikali, na kutengeneza virusi ya sintetiki vya kwanza duniani. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E |title=Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-08-09_297_5583/page/1016 |journal=Science |volume=297 |issue=5583 |pages=1016–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12114528 |doi=10.1126/science.1072266}}</ref> Wanasayansi kwanza waliongofu virusi ya polio na kuchapishwa kwa RNA mlolongo, 7,741 msingi kwa muda mrefu, hadi kwenye mlolongo DNA, kama DNA ilikuwa rahisi kwa kuunganisha. Vipande vifupi vya mlolongo huu wa DNA zilipatikana kwa njia ya barua na kuungana. Virusi jenomu kamilifu kisha zilizokusanywa na kampuni za usanisi wa jeni. Mchakato huu wote wenye maumivu makubwa ulichukua miaka miwili. Viweka alama kumi na tisa viliingizwa katika DNA iliyosanisiwa, na hivyo inaweza kuwa tofauti na virusi ya polio asili. Vienya vilitumika kubadili DNA nyuma hadi RNA, hali yake ya asili. Vienya vingine vilitumika kutafsiri RNA hadi polipeptidi, na kuzalisha chembe za virusi kamilifu. Virusi sanisi wapya hudungwa katika panya PVR aliyegeuzwa ili kuamua kama toleo sanisi alikuwa na uwezo wa kusababisha ugonjwa. Virusi vya sintetiki vilikuwa na uwezo wa kuiga, kuambukiza, na kusababisha ulemavu au kifo katika panya. Hata hivyo, toleo sanisi lilikuwa mara kati ya 1,000 na 10,000 chini katika kusababisha mauti kuliko virusi ya asili. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Couzin J |title=Virology. Active poliovirus baked from scratch |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-07-12_297_5579/page/174 |journal=Science |volume=297 |issue=5579 |pages=174–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12114601 |doi=10.1126/science.297.5579.174b}}</ref> <br> == Marejeo (Kwa lugha ya Kingereza) == {{Marejeo|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://talk.ictvonline.org/cfs-filesystemfile.ashx/__key/CommunityServer.Components.PostAttachments/00.00.00.12.31/ICTV_2D00_Master_2D00_Species_2D00_List_2D00_2009_5F00_v4.xls MWALIMU ICTV SPISHI ORODHA 2009 UGEUZI 4] {{Wayback|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/cfs-filesystemfile.ashx/__key/CommunityServer.Components.PostAttachments/00.00.00.12.31/ICTV_2D00_Master_2D00_Species_2D00_List_2D00_2009_5F00_v4.xls |date=20200322170239 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100403083808/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.052.0.01.001.htm Virusi ICTVdb Uainishaji 2006] * [http://www.picornaviridae.com/enterovirus/enterovirus.htm Nyumba ya Picornaviruses (toleo jipya la aina za, spishi, serotaipu, &amp; mabadiliko yaliopendekezwa)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.picornaviridae.com/enterovirus/enterovirus.htm |date=20101104143822 }} [[Category:Virusi]] rkj4m5lo68pkcq2gnbgeayx1dtbxk57 0 55349 1601385 1600363 2026-09-25T16:43:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Tiba ya kubadilisha homoni zinazofanana kibiolojia (BHRT),''' pia inajulikana kama '''Tiba ya homoni zinazofanana kibiolojia''' au '''Tiba asilia ya homoni''' ni aina ya tiba mbadala iliyopendekezwa kama mwarobaini wa maradhi mengi. Hata hivyo uthibitisho wa madai hayo ni mdogo. [[Homoni]] zinazotumika zina hatari na faida zinazolingana na dawa za kawaida zilizokubalika baada ya tafiti za kutosha. ==Historia== Homoni zinazofanana kibiolojia zilitumika kwanza kwa kupunguza dalili za kukatika kwa uwezo wa kuzaa katika [[miaka ya 1930]],<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> baada ya mtafiti wa [[Kanada]] [[James Collip]] kupendeleza njia ya kudondoa [[estrojeni]] kutoka [[mkojo]] wa [[wanawake]] [[Ujauzito|wajawazito]] na hatimaye kuiza kama wakala wa kazi katika bidhaa iliyoitwa Emmenin.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Noble RL |title=J. B. Collip, 1893-1965 |journal=J. Reprod. Fertil. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=167–70 |year=1966 |month=Aprili |pmid=5328022 |doi= 10.1530/jrf.0.0110167|url=http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/11/2/167.pdf | format = pdf}} (</ref> Iliondolewa katika soko wakati mtengezaji wake, Ayerst (baadaye Wyeth Pharmaceuticals) ilipoanza kuzalisha kwa urahisi zaidi viwandani estrojeni ekuini iliyounganishwa katika 1941 chini ya jina Premarin, na kufikia 1992 Premarin ilikuwa iliyoagizwa sana katika nchi ya Marekani.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.solaltech.com/doctors/3/HOT%20OFF%20THE%20PRESS%20Premarin-The_Intriguing_History_of_a_Controversial_Drug.pdf | format = pdf | last = Vance | first = DA | journal = International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding | title = Premarin: The Intriguing History of a Controversial Drug | year = 2007 | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 282–287 | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2011-01-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106211914/http://www.solaltech.com/doctors/3/HOT%20OFF%20THE%20PRESS%20Premarin-The_Intriguing_History_of_a_Controversial_Drug.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Katika [[miaka ya 1970]], utafiti na taarifa kuonyesha hatari kutoka estrojeni ya kuunganishwa iliyosanisiwa zilichapishwa. Uchunguzi ulibainisha kuwa kuongezwa kwa projestojeni kwa matibabu ya estrojeni kunapunguza hatari. Mapema 1980, ''Makala ya Afya ya Uingereza'' (sasa huitwa ''BMJ)'' ilipendekeza projesteroni zilizofanana kibayolojia za kupewa kupitia mdomo kama chaguo mbadala wakati madhara kutoka projestojeni zilizosananisiwa zilisababisha kusimamishwa kwa matibabu. Kuanzia mwaka 1980, madhara yaliyosababishwa na matumizi ya projestini iliyosanisiwa yalisababisha utafiti zaidi kuhusu progesterone bioidentical.<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite journal | last=Schwartz | first = E | coauthors = Holtorf K |title=Hormones in Wellness and Disease Prevention: Common Practices, Current State of the Evidence, and Questions for the Future| pmid = 18928825 | journal=Prim Care Clin Office Pract | year = 2008 | volume = 35 | pages = 669–705 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2008.07.015 | url = http://www.hormoneandlongevitycenter.com/nss-folder/pictures/Holtorf-Med-Clinics.pdf | format = pdf | issue=4}}</ref> Katika Mei 1998 FDA iliruhusu Prometrium, projesteroni ya mdomoni inayofanana kibayolojia, bidhaa zinazozalishwa na Solvay Pharmaceuticals.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/33644485.html?dids=33644485:33644485&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+03%2C+1998&author=Marie+McCullough%2C+Philadelphia+Inquirer.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HORMONE+OPTIONS&pqatl=google | title = Hormone Options | last = McCullough | first = M | date = 1998-09-03 | accessdate = 2009-12-16 | work = [[Chicago Tribune]] | pages = 7 | archivedate = 2012-10-24 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024092224/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/33644485.html?dids=33644485:33644485&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+03,+1998&author=Marie+McCullough,+Philadelphia+Inquirer.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HORMONE+OPTIONS&pqatl=google }}</ref> Madaktari John Lee R. na Jonathan Wright wametajwa kama waanzilishi katika eneo la BHRT.<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref> Lee mwandishi wa vitabu kadhaa maarufu BHRT<ref name="Watt">{{cite journal |author=Watt PJ, Hughes RB, Rettew LB, Adams R |title=A holistic programmatic approach to natural hormone replacement |journal=Fam Community Health |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |year=2003 |pmid=12802128 |doi= |url=}}</ref> na kukuzwa desturi-förvärras dessutom BHRT kwa lengo la kufikia kile aliona ni "asili homoni usawa". Aliweka lengo hili katika kliniki kupima wa mate kwa kujenga ambapo upungufu "" kuwepo, ingawa mashirika ya kimataifa kama vile Chuo cha Marekani FDA ya Obstetricians na Gynecologists hali ya kuwa na damu na upimaji mate ni uhakika na ur maana.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Lee pia aliamini kwamba projesteroni ilifanya kazi kama tiba ya kila kitu ni<ref name="Fugh2007"></ref> na afya Tonic jumla kwa ajili ya afya hali nyingi, lakini Lee msingi madai yake juu ya data za utafiti anecdotal kuliko ukali,<ref name="Watt"></ref> na kumekuwa na majaribio ya kliniki hakuna visa hili kuwa ni kweli.<ref name="Fugh2007"></ref> Wright pia aliandika kitabu maarufu cha BHRT<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref> na alipigia debe fomula ya mara tatu ya estrojeni ambayo inajulikana kama "Triest", ambayo inaunganisha estrojeni tatu (za aina zaidi ya 25) zinazopatikana kwa wanawake: estrioli, estradioli na estroni. Fomula za mbeleni za kufanana kibayolojia zilitumia estradioli tu. Fomula ya mara tatu ilikuwa na msingi wake katika utafiti mmambao slutsatser hakuwa kuzingatia jinsi estrogens ni kusindika na excreted katika mwili-hasa jinsi ya ini mchakato estrogens mdomo, kuwabadili kiasi cha wao estrone.{{Citation needed|date=Aprili 2010}} Hakuna kufutilia kuliwahi kufanywa na Wright ili kuthibitisha au kuendeleza mtazamo huu.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Wright anaweza kuwa ni mtetezi wa kwanza kutumia neno "bioidentical", neno alilotumia kuelezea isiyobayana, molekuli zinazotokana na mimea ambazo aliona 'zilifanana' zaidi na homoni za binadamu. Hata hivyo, hakuna ushahidi wa miundo ya kichembechembe umetumika kuunga mkono wazo kwamba molekuli hizi kweli zinafanana na homoni zinazokua ndani za binadamu. Wakati matokeo ya WHI juu ya hatari za estrojeni unappreciated equine walikuwa huru, wengi prescribers ya BHRT kutumika Madai Wright, na msamiati wake, na kutangaza ubora wa molekuli bioidentical, pamoja na ukosefu wa ushahidi wa kisayansi mkono. Baada ya uchapishaji wa kitabu maarufu kilichoandikwa na mwigizaji Suzanne Somers mwaka 2006, neno 'bioidentical' limepata umaarufu zaidi katika fahamu kama ni "kivumishi kisichoeleweka vizuri" kuhusu matibabu ya kubadilisha homoni.<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref> Mchanganyiko wa kibinasi wa BHRT ni utaratibu ambao unapatikana karibu kipekee huko Marekani.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> ==Istilahi== Hakuna ufafanuzi mmoja kwa fungu "Tiba ya kubadilisha homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia" (BHRT), kwa ujumla hutumika kwa kutaja 17β- lakini matumizi mengine ni pamoja na msingi au förvärras dessutom estrogen bidhaa-mmea kwamba aliimwaga damu estradiol na estriol na wakati mwingine estrone.<ref name="Taylor2005"></ref> "Homoni inayofanana kibayolojia" hufafanuliwa kama molekuli ya kufanana na homoni zinazozalishwa kwa mwili wa binadamu <ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Schwartz"></ref> Ingawa neno "bioidentical" limetumika katika kuingiza ufungaji FDA tangu kabla ya 1998,<ref name="Schwartz"></ref> ya FDA anser "BHRT "kwa kuwa muda wa masoko, na haitambui matumizi yake.<ref name="FDAmyth"></ref> Maana "kutoka kwa mmea" pia imeshikanishwa na "inayofanana kibayolojia",<ref name="FDAFAQ">{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/PharmacyCompounding/ucm183088.htm | title = Compounded Menopausal Hormone Therapy Questions and Answers | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | date = 2009-09-23 | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|FDA]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091126113646/http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/PharmacyCompounding/ucm183088.htm | archivedate = 2009-11-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref> na pia inaweza kutumika kumaanisha kuwa na homoni "asili", katika miaka ya 1990 mmea-derived, förvärras dessutom homoni walikuwa inajulikana kama "asili homoni matibabu".<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref> Hata hivyo, neno "asilia" linaweza kutumika kwa mazao yote ambapo kiambato kuu ni kutoka kwa wanyama, mimea, au madini, na homoni zinazofanana na zisizofanana kibayolojia zote zinaweza kuzalishwa kutoka vyanzo sawa vya mmea.<ref name="Harvard">{{cite news | url = https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/What-are-bioidentical-hormones.htm | title = What are bioidentical hormones? | work = Harvard Women's Health Watch | date = 2006-08-01 | accessdate = 2009-02-27 | publisher = [[Harvard Medical School]] | archivedate = 2008-10-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081010200423/http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/What-are-bioidentical-hormones.htm }}</ref> Uchapishaji wa kitabu naye Suzanne Sommers katika 2006 kulifanya maarufu neno "kufanana kibayolojia" na ikawa "kivumishi kisichoeleweka vizuri katika fani".<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref> "BHRT" mara nyingi hutumika kumaanisha seti ya njia za utambuzi, maandalizi ya maagizo, na mazoea ya masoko, ambayo ni pamoja na compounding (ya maandalizi ya-mchanganyiko homoni desturi na mfamasia sawasawa na agizo a), mate kupima, na jitihada za kukabiliana na Madhara ya uzee kuliko tu kupunguza dalili za wanakuwa wamemaliza kuzaa. paketi iliyochanganywa ya BHRT imeugnwa mkono naye Suzanne Sommers, Oprah Winfrey na watetezi wengine kama salama na bora zaidi kuliko CHRT,<ref name="Endocrinesociety">{{cite web | title = The Endocrine Society- Position Statement: Bioidentical Hormones | format = pdf | date = 2006-10-01 | accessdate = 2009-02-29 | url = http://www.endo-society.org/advocacy/policy/upload/BH_Position_Statement_final_10_25_06_w_Header.pdf | publisher = [[The Endocrine Society]] | archivedate = 2009-11-28 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091128035645/http://www.endo-society.org/advocacy/policy/upload/BH_Position_Statement_final_10_25_06_w_Header.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Kalvaitis">{{cite journal |last=Kalvaitis |first=K | title = Compounded hormone therapies: unproven, untested - and popular | journal = Endocrine Today | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | year = 2008| url = http://www.endocrinetoday.com/view.aspx?rid=27231 |format=web reprint }}</ref><ref name="McBane2008">{{cite journal | last = McBane | first = SE | year = 2008 | title = Easing vasomotor symptoms: Besides HRT, what works? | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Physicians Assistants | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 26–31 | pmid = 18468366 }}</ref><ref name="Rosenthal2008"></ref><ref name="FDA"></ref><ref name="Boothby2004">{{cite journal | last = Boothby | first = LA | coauthors = Doering PL; Kipersztok S | year = 2004 | title = Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review | journal = Menopause: the Journal of the North American Menopause Society | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1097/01.GME.0000094356.92081.EF | pages = 356–67 | pmid = 15167316 }}</ref> ingawa hakuna ushahidi wa kuunga mkono madai haya. BHRT iliyochanganywa imeuzwa kwenye mtandao wa Intanet kwa kufanya unfounded madai ya usalama wake na ufanisi wake dhidi ya aina ya masharti.<ref name="FDAFAQ"></ref> Kukosekana kwa tofauti kati ya homoni zinazofanana zilizopitishwa na FDA na homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zilizochanganywa kama sehemu ya paketi iliyo na kupima mate na kuchanganya kumesababisha utata kuhusu ni nini hasa ni BHRT.<ref name="Schwartz"></ref> Kuna aina mbalimbali ya bidhaa zilizopitishwa na FDA zilizotengezwa kwa kutumia estrojeni zinazofanana kibayolojia na projesteroni iliyopun, kutumika kutibu dalili za wanakuwa wamemaliza kuzaa:<ref name="Harvard"></ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Darasa la Homoni ! Aina ! Majina ya Aina ! Maandalizi ! Maelezo |- | rowspan="9"| Estrojeni |- | rowspan="6" align="left"| Estradiol 17 |- | Estrasi na nyingine | align="left"| Kidonge na krimu ya uke | Krimu ya uke kwa dalili za uke pekee; iliyotolewa kutoka kwa mimea, estradiol ni bioidentical mpaka kumeza na kuongoka katika ini na estrone |- | Alora, Climara, Esclim, Estraderm, Vivelle na nyingine | Kiraka | Inatolewa kutoka kwa mimea |- | Estrojeli | Jeli ya kuwekwa ngozini | Iliyotolewa kutoka kwa mimea |- | Estrasorbi | Krimu ya kimada | Inayotolewa kutoka kwa mimea |- | Estringi | Pete ya Uke | Kwa dalili za uke tu; inayotolewa kutoka kwa mimea |- | Estradioli esetati | Femring | pete ya uke |- | Estradioli hemihidreti | Vagifem | Tembe ya uke | Kwa dalili za uke tu |- | rowspan="3" align="left"| projesteroni iliyopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache |- | rowspan="2"| projesteroni iliyopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache na USP | Prometriamu | Kidonge | |- | Prochieve 4% | Jeli ya uke | |- | rowspan="4"| maandalizi ya Pamoja |- | 17 beta-estradioli na norethindroni esetati | Combipatch | Kiraka | rowspan="3"|Estradioli inafanana kibayolojia lakini si projestini |- | 17 beta-estradioli na norgestimati | Prefest | Kidonge |- | align="left"|17 beta-estradioli na levonorgestreli | Climara Pro | Kiraka |} Neno "sanisi" pia hutumika kimakosa na "wataalam" wa kawaida kwa njia mbili tofauti - kwa kutaja mchakato unaotumika kwa kutengeneza estrojeni zote, ikiwa ni pamoja na estrojeni zinazofanana kibayolojia, na misombo inayoathiriana na vipokezi vya estrojeni sawa na molekuli za estrojeni lakini havipatikani katika asili. Mifano ya zile za mwisho mbili ni pamoja na diethilstilbestroli na ethinlestradiol.<ref name="Taylor2005"></ref> ==Matumizi== {{Main|Menopause|Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)}} BHRT hutumika kupunguza dalili za wanaokuwa wamemaliza kuzaa. Pia hupigiwa debe na watendaji wengine kwa ajili ya kupambana na athari za kuzeeka, na kutoa faida zilizo zaidi ya kupunguza dalili za kumaliza kuzaa, hivyo kuboresha ubora wa maisha, ingawa kuna ushahidi kidogo kutetea madai hayo.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Schwartz"></ref><ref name="Boothby2008"></ref> ==Vipengele na Kuchanganyisha== Kwa kawaida, maandalizi ya mchanganyiko ya BH yanaweza kujumuisha estrioli, estroni, estradioli, Testosteroni, projesteroni, na mara kwa mara dehidroepiandrosteroni (DHEA).<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Hizi hutetewa kama za asilia, salama, na katika baadhi ya kesi bora zaidi kuliko CHT, lakini hakuna utafiti wa sayansi wa kudhibitisha madai ya ubora wa BH juu CHRT.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Makadirio kutokana na mauzo ya homoni za wingi za kuchanganya zinaonyesha kuwa zaidi ya wanawake milioni moja wanaweza kuwa wanatumia BHRT iliyochnganywa katika Marekani.<ref name="Kalvaitis"></ref> homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zinatarajiwa kuwa na hatari kama homoni za kawaida zilizotengezwa kutoka kwa bidhaa sawa.<ref name="Medlett"></ref> ===Estrojeni=== Kwa mwanamke mwenye hedhi, idadi kubwa ya estrojeni zilizotayarishwa na mwili ni estradioli (zinazozalishwa hasa katika ovari), wakati kwa wanawake baada ya kuacha kuzaa, estroni (zinazozalishwa katika seli za mafuta) ndio aina ya estrojeni inayopatikana kwa kiasi kikubwa - ingawa mwili unaweza kubadili aina moja ya estrojeni hadi nyingine. Kwa sababu ya utafiti mdogo katika uwezo, mbinu za utoaji, na kubadilishwa kwa estrojeni mbalimbali, ni vigumu kujenga ufahamu halali wa kisayansi bidhaa zilizochanganywa za estrojeni.<ref name="Chervenak"></ref> estradioli sanisi ambazo hunywewa hugawanyika wakati wa kufyonzwa katika njia ya utumbo, kuingiza estradioli inayofanana kibayolojia kwa damu.<ref name="Panay2010">{{cite journal |author=Panay N, Fenton A |title=Bioidentical hormones: what is all the hype about? |journal=Climacteric |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |year=2010 |month=Februari |pmid=20067429 |doi=10.3109/13697130903550250 |url=}}</ref> Homoni estrioli, zinazozalishwa wakati wa ujauzito, mara nyingi katika maandalizi bioidentical nchini Marekani. ILidhaniwa kuwa estrojeni dhaifu na muda kidogo zaidi wa ufanisi zaidi kuliko estradioli, ingawa imeonyeshwa kuwa estrojeni yenye nguvu katika njia fulani.<ref name="Chervenak"></ref> Ingawa utafiti wa awali katika miaka ya 1970 ulipendekeza uwezekano wa manufaa, utafiti wa kufuatilia umeshindwa kuthibitisha uwezo huu.<ref name="Fugh2007"></ref><ref name="NAMSMono"></ref><ref name="Sites">[61] ^ {{cite journal |author=Sites CK |title=Bioidentical hormones for menopausal therapy |journal=Womens Health (Lond Engl) |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=163–71 |year=2008 |month=Machi |pmid=19072518 |doi=10.2217/17455057.4.2.163 |url= http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/571299}} ( michango ya bure inahitajika)</ref> Estradioli pia haipatikani katika dawa zozote zilizopitishwa na FDA, na usalama wake na ufanisi wake kama nyongeza ya homoni haujulikani.<ref name="Medlett"></ref> Estrioli ilikuwa sehemu ya Umoja wa Mataifa Pharmacopeia dating nyuma kwa siku kabla ya kibali FDA inahitajika kwa matumizi yake. Idhini yake ilikubaliwa na FDA hadi 2008, ambapo wakati shirika marufuku matumizi yake, na kusema kuwa waandaaji wa estriol ingekuwa kuunda maombi mapya na estriol itakuwa vibaya kama mwezi madawa ya kulevya.<ref name="FDAmyth"></ref> Matumizi yake yanakubaliwa na Afya Kanada na haipatikani kama maandalizi ya famasia nchini Kanada au Marekani, lakini ni matibabu ykawaida maagizo ya kawaida katika nchi nyingine na inapatikana kama cream au suppository uke katika Uingereza [[Ufalme wa Muungano|na]] [[Umoja wa Ulaya|Umoja wa Ulaya.]]<ref name="Fugh2007"></ref><ref name="Derzko"></ref> Estradioli inapatikana kama jina la aina za bidhaa za mdomo na aina ya kutiwa katika ngozi.<ref name="Derzko">{{cite journal | last = Derzko | first = C | year = 2009 | url = http://www.sigmamenopause.com/pdf/Derzko_BHT-Oct09.pdf | format = pdf | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 1–6 | title = Bioidentical Hormone Therapy at Menopause | journal = Endocrinology Rounds | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2011-07-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070523/http://www.sigmamenopause.com/pdf/Derzko_BHT-Oct09.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> ===Projesteroni=== Projesteroni hutumika kwa njia ya mdomo au kwa kuwekwa ngozini. Projesteroni simulizi imepunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache ili kuongeza upatikanaji, na imepitishwa na FDA kuzuia hipaplasia endometriali wakati inapotumika katika upinzani kwa matibabu estrojeni. Pia imepewa kibali katika kuondoa dalili kuacha kuzaa, aidha ikiwa peke yake au pamoja na estrojeni. Inaaminika zaidi katika kutibu shida za kulala katika waliacha kuzaa kuliko projestini sinthetesi. Projesteroni ya kutiwa kwa ngozi mara nyingi hutumika kama sehemu ya BHRT ya mchanganyiko, lakini haijathibitishwa kuzuia hipaplasia endometriali, kama projesteroni simulizi.<ref name="Sites"></ref> Wahariri wakuu wa makala ya kisayansi ya ''Climacteric'' walisema kuwa tofauti kubwa katika kazi kati ya homoni sinthetesi na homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia inaweza kupatikana katika sehemu projestini dhidi ya projesteroni. Utafiti wa maabara umependekeza kuwa projesteroni inayofanana kibayolojia kimsingi hujifunga kwa vipokezi vya projesteroni wakati projestini sinthetesi huamsha vipokezi vingine vilivyo na madhara aina tofauti. Wahariri walipendekeza kuwa projesteroni inaweza kuwa na athari zisizo egemea upande wowote na athari nzuri kwa mfumo wa moyo na mishipa, na kusababisha chembekufa katika seli epitheliali za kifua. Pia walitoa mwito kwa utafiti zaidi ili kuchunguza na kuthibitisha madhara ya projesteroni kwa afya, na kwa ajili ya kuendelea kwa matumizi yaliyothibitiwa, badala ya matumizi yasiyothibitiwa bidhaa zilizochanganywa kwa mtu binafsi zinazotolewa na maduka ya dawa, misombo hii haijalinganishwa moja kwa moja ili katika vipimo sahihi vya kisayansi, japokuwa kufikia 2010 majaribio hayo yalikuwa yameanza.<ref name="Panay2010"></ref> Projesteroni imepitishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi yote na FDA na Afya Kanada kama jina la aina ya maandalizi simulizi.<ref name="Derzko"></ref> ===Homoni nyingine=== Nyongeza ya testosteroni inaweza kuboresha ashiki katika wanawake ambao wamemaliza kuzaa, lakini inaweza kupunguza viwango vya lipoprotini ya wiano wa juu (kolesteroli njema).<ref name="Boothby2008"></ref> Vyanzo vya kibiashara vya Testosteroni kwa ajili ya matumizi ya wanawake nchini Marekani ni kidogo (lakini ni pamoja na mchanganyiko wa estrojeni Testosteroni wa Estratest) na famasia za dawa za kuchanganya ndio chanzo kikuu cha maandalizi ya testosteroni kwa ajili ya wanawake.<ref name="NAMSMono">{{cite web | url = http://www.menopause.org/edumaterials/PG06monograph.pdf | format = pdf | title = Understanding the Controversy: Hormone Testing and Bioidentical Hormones | publisher = North American Menopause Society | date = 2006-10-11 | accessdate = 2010-01-18 | archivedate = 2010-12-25 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101225005530/http://www.menopause.org/edumaterials/PG06monograph.pdf }}</ref> Kuna taarifa kidogo zilizochapishwa kuunga mkono matumizi, muda na utaratibu wa kutumia ingawa kuna ongezeko la mwamko maarufu wa kutumia Testosteroni kuongeza ashiki kwa wanawake waliomaliza kuzaa.<ref name="Schwartz"></ref> Kiraka cha testosteroni kimepitishwa kwa matumizi huko Uingereza na Umoja wa Ulaya, lakini katika Kanada na Marekani bado kinasubiri kuidhinishwa kikisubiri data muda yamrefu mrefu usalama.<ref name="Derzko"></ref> DHEA ni mtangulizi wa androjeni ambayo inakosa kibali cha FDA na Afya Kanada kwa ajili ya matumizi ya wanawake, na kwa sasa haipatikani Kanada kama maandalizi ya famasia<ref name="Derzko"></ref> lakini huuzwa kama dawa ya kawaida katika maduka ya dawa au kuingizwa katika maandalizi yaliyochanganywa nchini Marekani. Katika mwili hugeuzwa na kuwa Testosteroni, na kisha estrojeni, hakuna matokeo ya kisayansi thabiti yanayounga mkono matumizi yake, au habari za usalama na viwango vya juu vya DHEA vimehusishwa na kansa ya matiti.<ref name="Sites"></ref> ===Kuchanganya=== Famasia za kuchanganya dawa hutumia madawa yanayopatikana kwa wingi kibiashara kuunda misombo mipya tofauti katika fomu au vipimo na ile inayotengezwa kwa wingi viwandani na makampuni ya dawa.<ref name="Fugh2007"></ref> Nchini Marekani, shughuli ya kuchanganya dawa kifamasia imetawaliwa na serikali katika ngazi ya jimbo, wakati mamlaka ya FDA yanadhibiti bidhaa zilizochanganywa. Baadhi maduka ya dawa yaliyo katika Intanet yanapuuzia hatari na kudai manufaa ya BHRT zaidi ya yale ambayo yanaweza kudhibitishwa na ushahidi wa matibabu unaoweza kuonekana na mengi ya madai hayo huenda mbali zaidi ya yale yanayotolewa na nyingine, madaktari wa BHT.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> ==Athari mbaya== Manufaa vile vile madhara yanatarajiwa kuwa sawa kati ya homoni sinthetesi na hbioidentical.<ref name="etetusp">{{cite web | url =http://www.wcrx.com/pdfs/pi/pi_estrace_wc_imprint.pdf | title =ESTRACE TABLETS, (estradiol tablets, USP) | author =Barr Laboratories, Inc. | authorlink =Barr Laboratories | month =Machi | year =2008 | publisher =wcrx.com | format =PDF | accessdate =2010-01-27 | archive-date =2012-05-24 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120524111949/http://www.wcrx.com/pdfs/pi/pi_estrace_wc_imprint.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> Aidha, viwango vya kutumika katika BHRT vinaweza kuwa hata mara kumi ya kiwango simulizi vinavyotolewa na miiko ya HRT inayolingana na homoni zinazotumika zinajulikana kuwa na athari mbaya kwa dalili za kibaiolojia za ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa, na huweza kusababisha hatari kubwa ya shinikizo la moyo au kiharusi kwa sababu hiyo.<ref>{{cite pmid | 17107222 }}</ref> Kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa madhara mabaya na habari muhimu za usalama ambazo zinahitajika kutolewa na matibabu ya HRT yaliyokubaliwa na FDA katika fomu ya viingizi vya paketi, hata hivyo, ni kawaida viingizi vya paketi havipeanwi(au havihitajiki) na maandalizi yaliyochanganywa inayofanana kibayolojia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm154031.htm | title = Pharmacy Compounding/Compounding of Bio-identical Hormone Replacement Therapies | accessdate = 2010-03-16 | date = 2007-04-19 | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305182841/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm154031.htm | archivedate = 2010-03-05 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="2008_compendium_of_selected_publications">{{Rejea kitabu | title = 2008 Compendium of Selected Publications (v. 1 2) | date = 15 Feb 2008 | publisher = American College of Obstetricians and Gynecol | url = http://books.google.com/?id=FmhqAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 1-932328-44-0 | page = 299 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/110s/37150.wais.pdf | title = Bioidentical Hormones: Sound Science or Bad Medicine | format = pdf | date = 2007-04-19 | accessdate = 2010-03-16 | publisher = [[United States Senate]] | archivedate = 2012-02-25 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120225135751/http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/110s/37150.wais.pdf }}</ref> Hii imesababisha wateja kudhani kimakosa kwamba zinazofanan kibayolojia ni salama zaidi kuliko homoni zilizopitishwa na FDA au zinakosa madhara yoyote mabaya, mmoja wa masuala yanayoelezea kuhusu homoni.<ref>{{cite web | last = Simon | first = JA | url = http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/705130 | title = Bioidentical Hormone Therapy: What Is It, Might It Have Advantages, and What We Simply Don't Know! Expert Interview With Dr. James A. Simon | publisher = [[Medscape]] | date = 2009-06-07 | accessdate = 2010-03-16 }}</ref> BHRT pia imehusishwa na kansa ya endometriali.<ref name="Medlett"></ref> ===Estrojeni=== Sio kawaida sana lakini madhara makubwa ya upande ya estrojeni zote ni pamoja na kuongezeka kwa hatari au ukali wa saratani ya matiti, ovari au utumbo, [[Kiharusi|kiharusi]], shinikizo la moyo, kuvilia kwa damu, shida ya akili, ugonjwa wa nyongo, shinikizo la damu, matatizo ya ini, sukari nyingi katika damu, kuhifadhi maji, kuongezeka kwa uvimbe wa (fibroidi) uterasi, na kusawijjika kwa ngozi hasa usoni (melasma), na maambukizi ya chachu ya uke.<ref name="etetusp"></ref> ====Estradio==== {{See also|Estradiol#Adverse effects}} Estradio, aina ya estrojeni, ni, katika kesi za kawaida za wanawake waliomaliza kuzaa, imependekezwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya muda mfupi tu na katika kiwango cha chini kabisa kutokana na sifa yake ya athari mbaya.<ref name="etetusp"></ref> Madhara mbalimbali yanaweza kuathiri matiti, ngozi, macho, moyo, utumbo, mkojo na sehemu nyeti au mfumo mkuu wa neva. Hataru hizi, hata hivyo, ni kidogo sana.<ref name="etetusp"></ref> ===Projesteroni=== {{See also|Progesterone#Adverse effects}} Projesteroni inaweza kusababisha kuibuka kwa au kuongezeka sana kwa maumivu ya tumbo, kuvimbiwa, maambukizo ya chachu, kansa ya matiti, sistiti, chunusi, kiwambo, ugonjwa wa thrombotiki kusababisha emboli ya mapafu, [[kiharusi]] au shinikizo la moyo na, kutokana na kuongezeka kwa uhifadhi wa maji, kifafa kipanda uso,, pumu, kufeli kwa moyo au figo. Mimenyuko ya kiakili inaweza kuwa ni pamoja na kuyumba kihisia, mfadhaiko, uchokozi, kupungua kwa ashiki na Kizunguzungu. Athari Mbaya pia zinaweza kutokea katika mfumo wa mkojo au mfumo mkuu wa neva au wa pembeni, au mifupa na misuli.<ref name="ppg2004">{{cite web |url=http://www.prometrium.com/pdf/Patient_PatientInformation/Prometrium_Patient_Information.pdf |title=Prochieve (progesterone gel) |author=Columbia Laboratories, Inc. |month=Novemba |year=2004 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archivedate=2009-04-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419070745/http://www.prometrium.com/pdf/Patient_PatientInformation/Prometrium_Patient_Information.pdf }}</ref> ==Utawala== Homoni zinaweza kutumiwa katika njia mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na krimu za ngozi za uke za kuwekwa bila kupenya ngozi, dawa ya meno, jeli za kimada, pete za uke na vidonge, na viraka vya kupitisha dawa kupitia kwa ngozi. Ingawa maandalizi yote ya aina fulani ya estrojeni (km estradio) yanaweza kufanana kimolekuli kabla ya kuingizwa katika mwili wa binadamu, estrojeni simulizi hubadilishwa na ini kabla ya kuingia katika [[Damu|damu]], na katika mchakato huu, nyingi hugeuzwa na kuwa estroni. Hata hivyo estrojeni isiyopitia njia ya utumbo na ini na kuingia kupitia kwa ngozi haibadilishwi na kuwa aina mpya kabla ya kuingia mwilini. Krimu na jeli zinazopakwa kwa ngozi pia huingia katika damu moja kwa bila kubadilishwa, lakini kufyonzwa kwa jeli, krimu, na viraka kunaweza kutofautiana kutoka kwa matumizi hadi mengine, kulingana na joto na hali ya ngozi.<ref name="Harvard"></ref> Kuchanganya madawa mara nyingi hutumika kubadilisha kiwango, hali, na viongezi vya maandalizi, kwa kuzingatia maelekezo kutoka kwa daktari wa huduma za afya. ==Ukosoaji== Tofauti ya msingi kati ya utetezi maarufu wa CHRT na michanganyiko ya BHRT inahusisha matumizi na watetezi wa BHRT 'ya kupima mara kwa mara kwa viwango vya homoni katika damu au mate, matumizi ya michanganyiko ya mtu mmoja mmoja badala ya vipimo vya ikanun, matumizi ya dawa ili kufikia kiwango fulani katika mwili badala ya kukabiliana na dalili, na matumizi ya homoni kwa madhumuni mengine zaidi ya kutuliza dalili za kukoma hedhi. Watetezi wa BHRT iliyochanganywa wamekosolewa na vyanzo tawala vingi vya matibabu kwa ajili ya kutoa madai yasiyo na msingi kuhusu ufanisi wake kwa ajili ya matumizi tofauti, na kwa ajili ya kuikweza kama salama zaidi na "asili" kuliko CHRT. Watetezi wa BHRT wamedai kwamba maandalizi ya michanganyiko ya BHRT ya kawaida haipatikani kibiashara, ambayo ni ya uongo kwani kuna maandalizi ya homoni iliyopitishwa na FDA ambayo ina molekuli zinazofanana kibayolojia ambayo inapatikana za miliki na za mwigo (isipokuwa estrioli, inayotumika katika maandalizi ya yanayofanana kibayolojia triest na biest, katika 2008 FDA ilipiga marufuku mpaka Maombi mapya ya dawa yakamilike; maandalizi haya hayajaidhinishwa na aidha FDA, au Afya Kanada<ref name="Medlett">{{cite pmid | 20508582 }}</ref>). Baadhi ya watetezi wa kuchanganya pia wametoa madai ya uongo kudai kuchanganya kulingana na mahitaji yakibinafsi kunatoa matokeo bora zaidi madai ambayo si sahihi kwa vile lengo lake ni kutoa kiwango kimoja cha homoni na viwango vya damu au mate kamili, ambayo haijawahi kuonyeshwa kuwa bora kuliko CHRT na haizingatii viwango ambavyo watu hutofautiana katika shughuli, metaboli na na utoaji wa homoni mwilini. Hakujakuwa na kesi za majaribio ya kliniki kulinganisha moja kwa moja utendaji au ufanisi wa misombo inayofanana kibayolojia dhidi ya misombo isiyofanana kibayolojia.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Makala 2010 yaliyochapishwa katika ''Barua ya Kimatibabu juu ya dawa na Tiba'' ilihitimisha "Hakuna ushahidi wakukubaliwa kuwa homoni 'zinazofanana kibayolojia' ni salama au bora. Lazima wagonjwa wakatazwe kuzitumia".<ref name="Medlett"></ref> ===Kupimwa kwa mate na Kuchanganya=== BHRT kwa mara nyingi inahusishwa na upimaji wa mate kwa lengo la kuweka viwango vya chini vya homoni, na kuchanganywa kwa dutu hizo na wanafamasia, kwa ushauri wa madaktari, kuzalisha maandalizi na viwango vya damu vya homoni ambavyo ni binafsi kwa kila mgonjwa. Hakuna utafiti unaonyesha kuna faida yoyote aidha ya matibabu haya.<ref name="Medlett"></ref><ref name="Fugh2007"></ref><ref name="McBane2008"></ref><ref name="Boothby2008"></ref><ref name="Mayo"></ref> Ingawa watetezi wa BHRT wanadai kwamba upimaji mate kunaweza kutumika ili kuweka kiwango cha homoni "kinachofaa" kwa watu binafsi, na vipimo vinatumiwa kuamua ni homoni gani zinatakiwa kupunguzwa na zinazohitaji nyongeza, hakuna msingi wa kisayansi wa kuunga mkono matumizi ya kupima mate kwani estrojeni inazalishwa mwilini kwa mipapatiko katika ndani na kati ya siku inayosababisha viwango tofauti vya mate.<ref name="Medlett"></ref><ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Boothby2004"></ref> Baadhi ya michanganyiko ya kuchanganya pia hujaribu kutumia kiwango kimoja kwa wanawake wote, bila ushahidi kwamba kiwango maalum kina faida katika kesi zote na bila utambuzi kwamba wanawake wana unyeti tofauti kwa viwango tofauti vya homoni viwango vya kimetaboliki. Kufaaisha hakuelezei athari na kusanasiwa kwa homoni ambako hutokea ndani ya tishu kuliko ndani ya damu, na hivyo viwango vya homoni katika mate au damu si lazima zionyeshe shughuli halisi kibayolojia.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Matatizo mengine ni pamoja na ukosefu wa ushahidi kuonyesha kwamba sampuli ni imara wakati wa uhifadhi na usafirishaji, uwezo mdogo wa kurudia matokeo, na tofauti kubwa kati ya tafiti.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Boothby2004"></ref> Pia hakuna utafiti wa kushirikisha dalili na viwango vya homoni katika damu au mate.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Fugh2007"></ref> FDA inapendekeza badala yake kurekebisha tiba ya homoni kulingana na dalili za mgonjwa,<ref name="FDAFAQ"></ref><ref name="Chervenak"></ref><ref name="ACOG"></ref> na hakuna sababu ya kufanya marekebisho viwango vya dawa au kufuatilia wagonjwa wanaopokea BHRT.<ref name="Pastner">{{ cite journal | last = Pastner | first = B | pmid = 18561473 | title = Pharmacy Compounding of Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHRT): A Proposed New Approach to Justify FDA Regulation of These Prescription Drugs | journal = Food & Drug L.J. | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 459–91 | year = 2008 }}</ref> Wakosoaji wa BHRT pia wamesema kuwa pia hakuna uhakika kuhusu kile kiwango cha homoni kinachofaa hupatikana mwilini.<ref name="Harvard"></ref> Shirika la waliomaliza hedhi la Merikani ya Kaskazini wameunga mkono maonyo kuhusu uwezekano wa madhara yanayoweza kusababishwa na BHRT, kwani inafanya misombo ya dawa ambazo tayari zimeidhinishwa na FDA kwa njia ambazo zinakosa ushahidi wa msingi juu ya usalama au madhara,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.menopause.org/bioidentical.aspx | title = Bioidentical Hormone Therapy | publisher = [[North American Menopause Society]] | date = 2009-10-11 | accessdate = 2010-01-18 | archivedate = 2010-01-17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100117233643/http://www.menopause.org/bioidentical.aspx }}</ref> onyo linaloungwa mkono na jamii ya Madaktari wa Uzazi na Wanajinokolojia wa Kanada.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada]] | url = http://www.menopauseandu.ca/therapies/bioidentical-hormone-therapy_e.aspx | title = Bioidentical hormone therapy | accessdate = 2010-01-18 | archivedate = 2010-01-22 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100122105952/http://www.menopauseandu.ca/therapies/bioidentical-hormone-therapy_e.aspx }}</ref> Ingawa imekwezwa kama njia ya matibabu yakufaa, tiba ya homoni haihitaji kufanywa kufaa<ref name="ACOG"></ref> na matumizi ya kupima ili kuamua kiasi cha homoni kinachotolewa kunaweza kusababisha dozi ya kutumika kuwa kubwa zaidi kuliko kiwango cha chini kinachopendekezwa kuondoa dalili<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Fugh2007"></ref> au kupewa homoni kusikohitajika kwa wanawake wasioonyesha dalili kunaweza kusababisha hatari kubwa kwa mgonjwa.<ref name="Fugh2007"></ref><ref name="Chervenak"></ref> Aidha, uchambuzi wa vifaa vinavyotumiwa kukuza BHRT unaonyesha kwamba badala ya dozi za homoni kuzingatia matokeo ya vipimo vya mate, wauguzi wanarekebisha viwango kulingana na dalili.<ref name="Boothby2004"></ref> Wataalamu wa afya wanabadilisha huduma ya wagonjwa wao kwa misingi inayoendelea kwa kuchagua dawa, kiwango na njia ya kutoa mmoja kwa mmoja, kutumia dawa zilizokubaliwa kuwa na rekodi inayoonyesha usalama na haina makosa na kutowiana kwa michanganyiko inayoandaliwa ili kumfaa mtumizi mmoja. Pia, maandalizi mbalimbali yanayofanana kibayolojia husababisha michanganyiko yenye uwezo tofauti na wataalamu wanaotumia michanganyiko hiyo wanaweza kuwa hawajui kiwango cha jumla cha homoni wagonjwa wao wanavyopokea.<ref name="Chervenak"></ref> Aidha, katika majaribio ya bidhaa za homoni zinazofana kibayolojia mwaka 2001 shirkia la FDA lilipata kuwa 10 kati ya 29 ya bidhaa vilifeli vipimo vya ubora, na 9 / 10 vilifeli vipimo vya nguvu (viwango vya kulinganishwa vya wazalishaji wa madawa vilikuwa chini ya% 2 na 0.13% kwa usanjari huo)<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Derzko"></ref> na majaribio 2006 yalipata kuwa viwango vya nguvu vilitofautiana 67.5% hadi 268.4% na vile vilivyoelezewa kwenye kipachiko, baadhi ya sampuli zilikuwa michanganyiko ya homoni mbalimbali, huku baadhi zikiwa juu, na nyingine chini ya viwango vilivyoagizwa.<ref name="Medlett"></ref> Kushindwa kwa majaribio nguvu kunaweza kuwa tatizo na kunaweza kuwa hatari kwa bidhaa za projesteroni, ambapo viwango maalum vya projesteroni vinatakiwa kulinda gamba la mji wa mimba dhidi ya haipaplasia kabla ya saratani.<ref name="Derzko"></ref> Boothby, Doering na Kipersztok wanaelezea suala hilo kifupi kama jaribio bovu la kutumia kanuni za mchakato wa dawa kungia kufikia kiwango cha dawa cha mtu mmoja kwa dawa zisizohitaji jambo hili.<ref name="Boothby2004"></ref> Upimaji mate haujaonyeshwa kuwa na usahihi katika kupima viwango vya homoni katika damu. Shirika la FDA linapendekeza kiwango cha chini cha homoni ambacho kinakabiliana kikamilifu na dalili na haipendekezi mchanganyiko unaomfaa mtu binafsi, upimaji wa damu au mate.<ref name="FDAFAQ"></ref><ref name="Holtorf2009">{{cite journal |author=Holtorf K |title=The bioidentical hormone debate: are bioidentical hormones (estradiol, estriol, and progesterone) safer or more efficacious than commonly used synthetic versions in hormone replacement therapy? |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=73–85 |year=2009 |month=Januari |pmid=19179815 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2009.01.1949 |url=http://www.bobmehrpharmacies.com/images/_content/bio-identical/The%20Bioidentical%20Hormone%20Debate-%20Ken%20Holtorf%20MD.pdf |format=pdf |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2011-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708075449/http://www.bobmehrpharmacies.com/images/_content/bio-identical/The%20Bioidentical%20Hormone%20Debate-%20Ken%20Holtorf%20MD.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ===Ukosefu wa ushahidi kwa madai=== Homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zimetangazwa, kuuzwa na kukuzwa kama tiba ya kila kitu isiyo na hatari na kwamba ni salama zaidi kuliko HRT ya kawaida.<ref name="Chervenak">{{cite journal |author=Chervenak J |title=Bioidentical hormones for maturing women |journal=Maturitas |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=86–9 |year=2009 |month=Oktoba |pmid=19766414 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.002 |url=}}</ref> Mapitio ya maelezo kutoka kwa wauguzi wa kibinafsi ambao huuza maandalizi yanayofanana kibayolojia yanaonyesha faida na manufaa kwa matumizi ya BHRT juu ya vifanani vyao,<ref name="Schwartz"></ref><ref name="Holtorf2009"></ref><ref name="Moskowitz2006">{{cite journal | url = http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/11/3/208.pdf | pmid = 17217322 | title = A comprehensive review of the safety and efficacy of bioidentical hormones for the management of menopause and related health risks | last = Moskowitz | first = D | journal = Alternative Medicine Review | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | year = 2006 | pages = 208–23 | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2009-06-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090611194956/http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/11/3/208.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> , lakini kuna shauku kubwa juu ya madai yaliyotolewa kuhusu BHRT na hakuna ushahidi uliopitiwa na wenzao kuonyeshwa kwamba homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia ni salama au bora zaidi kuliko misombo iliyopitishwa na FDA au kuwa na hatari ya chini zaidi.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref><ref name="Fugh2007">{{cite journal | last = Fugh-Berman | first = A | coauthors = Bythrow J | title = Bioidentical hormones for menopausal hormone therapy: variation on a theme | pmid = 17549577 | pmc = 2219716 | journal = Journal of General Internal Medicine | year = 2007 | volume = 22 | issue = 7 | pages = 1030–4 | doi = 10.1007/s11606-007-0141-4 }}</ref><ref name="Boothby2008">{{cite journal |author=Boothby LA, Doering PL |title=Bioidentical hormone therapy: a panacea that lacks supportive evidence |journal=Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=400–7 |year=2008 |month=Agosti |pmid=18660693 |doi=10.1097/GCO.0b013e3283081ae9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Sites"></ref> Homoni zinatarajiwa kuwa na hatari kama sawa na vifanani vyao vya kawaida, wakati hatari ya kuongeza estrio, homoni ambayo kwa kawaida huzalishwa kwa kiasi kikubwa tu katika wanawake wajawazito haijatambuliwa.<ref name="Medlett"></ref> Shirika Tawala la Marekani la Chakula na Dawa (FDA) lilionya kuwa madai kuhusu bidhaa zilizod\changanywa za BHRT hayaungwi mkono na ushahidi wa kimatibabu, tofauti na madai juu ya bidhaa za viwandani zilizo pitishwa na FDA.<ref name="FDA"></ref> Mhariri mkuu wa matibabu wa ''Endokrini Leo'' aliita BHRT ya mchanganyiko "dhana uuzaji " isiyo na uungwaji mkono wa kisayansi,<ref name="Harvard"></ref><ref name="Kalvaitis"></ref> na FDA ilionya kuwa maduka ya dawa yanatumia istilahi hizi kuashiria kwamba madawa haya ni ya asili na yana athari kama homoni zinazozalishwa na mwili. madai mengine ni pamoja na michanganyiko ya BHRT kuweza kuzuia au kutibu magonjwa kama vile ugonjwa wa moyo na kiharusi,ugonjwa wa elihemaizi, endometriali na kansa ya matiti, kuwa na madhara machache ya upande, na mchanganyiko wa kipekee kushughulikia watu binafsi. Hakuna ushahidi wa kuaminika kuunga mkono madai haya. Homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia na michanganyiko ya kipekee ya BHRT inatarajiwa kuwa na hatari na faida sawa kama CHRT, ingawa CHRT ina faida ya utafiti na udhibiti wa miaka mingi, wakati michanganyiko ya BHRT haina data ya kisayansi ya kuunga mkono madai ya usalama wake wa juu ufanisi wa matibabu.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Fugh2007"></ref><ref name="Taylor2005">{{cite journal | last = Taylor | first = M | title = "Bioidentical" estrogens: Hope or hype? | journal = Sexuality, Reproduction & Menopause | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–71 | year = 2005 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7GWD-4H6P82T-5&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a26db5497d1bf393059468013a1311a9 | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2010-07-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100719114232/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7GWD-4H6P82T-5&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a26db5497d1bf393059468013a1311a9 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="FDAFAQ"></ref><ref name="Harvard"></ref><ref name="Endocrinesociety"></ref><ref name="Boothby2008"></ref><ref name="ACOG">{{cite web | url = http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr02-03-09.cfm | title = ACOG News Release: ACOG Reiterates Stance on So-Called "Bioidentical" Hormones | date = 2009-02-03 | publisher = [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] | accessdate = 2009-09-18 | archivedate = 2009-09-11 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090911090047/http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr02-03-09.cfm }}</ref> Madai maalum yafuatayo yametolewa kuhusu ufanisi wa homoni zinazofanana na BHRT ya mchanganyiko, na ushahidi tofauti wa kuunga mkono au kupinga madai hayo:<ref name="Boothby2008"></ref> {| class="wikitable" ! width="50%"|Madai !Ushahidi |- valign="top" | align="left"|Homoni zinazofanana hutoshea kwa usahihi katika vipokezi vya homoni za binadamu wakati homoni ya kawaida hutoshea "kihivi hivi"; kutowiana huku husababisha madhara makubwa | align="left"|Progestin sinthetesi na projesteroni inayozalishwa na mwili zina mvuto tofauti kwa vipokezi kulingana na mtindo na mnyama aliyetumika, taaluma ya athari za dawa tofauti hizi hazijahusishwa na madhara maalum |- valign="top" | align="left"|Mwili hauwezi kumetaboli homoni sanisi | align="left"|Maisha Nusu ya kibayolojia ya homoni sanisi ni kati ya dakika tano na siku mbili |- valign="top" | align="left"|Kukosekana kwa projesteroni husababisha hedhi zenye uchungu, au nzito. | Projesteroni simulizi haina ufanisi zaidi kuliko kipozaungo katika kupunguza dalili za ugonjwa wa kabla ya hedhi |- valign="top" | align="left"|Projesteroni unaweza kukabiliana na mfadhaiko, kuongeza metaboliki na kupunguza mafuta ya tumbo | align="left"|Hakuna ushahidi wa kuunga mkono kupunguza uzani kunaotokana na projesteroni |- valign="top" | align="left"|Viwango vya "kawaida" vya projesteroni vinalinda dhidi ya saratani ya matiti | align="left"|Msingi wa madai haya ni utafiti mmoja wa wagonjwa tasa wakati wa miaka ya uzazi; kuna ushahidi kiasi wa kuunga mkono uhusiano kati ya matibabu ya homoni kwa kutokutungisha na kupunguza hatari ya kansa ya matiti, lakini faida hizi zinaweza kukosa kutafsiriwa kwa wanawake wanaotafuta misaada kutoka kwa dalili za kumaliza hedhi |- valign="top" | align="left"|Matibabu ya projesteroni yanaweza kuzuia ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa na atherosklerosi, na kuongeza kolesteroli nzuri | align="left"|Matumizi ya projesteroni iliyopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache haingozi wala kupunguza hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa |- valign="top" | align="left"|Madhara yaliyoripotiwa katika utafiti Wanawake wa Mpango wa Afya yalikuwa yametokana na hali ya homoni sanisi zilizotumika | align="left"|"Faida za moyo hazijawahi kuthibitika kutokana na projesteroni iliyopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache katika utafiti au majaribio ... utafiti uliodhibitiwa wa sehemu kadhaa ulifanyika kwa wanawake wenye umri wa miaka 45-70 waliomaliza hedhi kuchunguza viwango tofauti katika hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa kati ya aina za projestini sanisi naprojestini zilizopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache ...projestereoni iliyopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache na vizao vya pregnani havikuhusishwa na kuongezeka kwa hatari ya damu ya vena na kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio, ambapo kizao norpregnani ... vilihusishwa na kuongezeka kwa hatari ya kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio...Hivyo, projestini nyingine zinahusishwa na kuongezeka kwa hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa, ilhali vizo vya pregnani na projesteroni iliyopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache haviongezi wala kupunguza hatari ya ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa katika vipimo vilivyochunguzwa " |- valign="top" | align="left"|Watetezi wanadai kwamba homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia, pamoja na faida zilizoonyeshwa za kuboresha wiani wa madini ya mfupa, kulinda macho na ngozi kutokana na kukauka, kudhibiti mzunguko wa hedhi, kuboresha kazi ya akili, kuboresha kolesteroli ya damu na kupunguza uangazavyo moto na kutokwa na jasho usiku kunakohusiana na kumaliza hedhi | align="left"|Hakuna ushahidi uliochapishwa unaotokana na utafiti uliodhibitiwa unaounga mkono madai ya manufaa zaidi kwa homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia ikilinganishwa na matibabu ya kawaida homoni. Data ya hatari zimechapishwa kwa matibabu ya homoni ya kawaida, na CHRT haipendekezwi kusimamia magonjwa sugu yoyote, au kwa ajili ya kuzuia ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa |- valign="top" | align="left"|Estrioli inaweza kupunguza hatari ya saratani ya matiti | align="left"|Estrioli imeonyeshwa kusababisha kuongezeka kwa ukuaji wa seli za kansa ya matiti |- valign="top" | align="left"|Wanafamasia hutumia utaalamu wao kuhusiana na homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia ili kukidhi mahitaji ya wateja wao na kuboresha matokeo ya afya | align="left"|Kuchanganya ni matibabu halali, lakini hakuna ushahidi unaoeleza wazi faida na hatari ya BHRT |} Katika 2006 mwigizaji Suzanne Somers alitoa kitabu ''Kutozeeka: Ukweli mtupu Kuhusu homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia,'' ambacho kilipendekeza matumizi ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia. Kitabu kilikosolewa na kundi la madaktari ambao, ingawa kwa ujumla wanaunga mkono matumizi ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia, wanasema kuwa utafiti zaidi unahitajika, na wanapinga itifaki zilizotajwa katika Kitabu kwa misingi ya uwezekano wa kuwa na hatari, vile vile kukosa kufuzu kwa wadhamini.<ref name="Ellin">{{cite news | last = Ellin | first = A | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/fashion/15suzanne.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 2006-10-15 | accessdate = 2009-10-27 | title = A Battle Over 'Juice of Youth' }}</ref> Kitabu cha Somers kinaweza kuwa kiliinua umaarufu wa BHRT kwa idadi inayokua ya wanawake waliomaliza hedhi, lakini pia kinaweza kusababisha kuchanganyikiwa kwa kutoa madai yasiyokuwa na msingi juu BHRT, na kwa kuzungumzia homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia kama bidhaa zisizo za dawa na zenye hatari chache.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia pia zimejadiliwa katika ''Onyesho la Oprah Winfrey,'' na Somers kama mgeni.<ref name="Oprah">{{cite web | url = http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/20090128_tows_suzannesomers/ | title = The Bioidentical Debate | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | publisher = [[The Oprah Winfrey Show]] | archivedate = 2009-02-21 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221194946/http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/20090128_tows_suzannesomers }}</ref> Watetezi wa homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia Erika Schwartz na Kent Holtorf walikosoa uchunguzi wa maandiko ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia mnamo 2008 kwa kushughulikia tu homoni zilizochanganywa, na kutoangalia bidhaa zilizopitishwa na shirika la FDA, hii waliamini inachangia kuchanganyikiwa kuliopo.<ref name="Schwartz"></ref><ref name="Holtorf2009"></ref> Michael Cirigliano na Judi Chervenak wamesema katika mapitio ya maandiko juu ya BHRT kuwa kwa kiasi kikubwa, kuchunguzwa kwa masomo kunapaswa kutumiwa ili kuasisi usalama, ufanisi na imani kuhusu matumizi ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Chervenak"></ref> Tafiti mbili za 2008 zilizofanywa Ufaransa zilipata kwamba estradio na projesteroni iliyopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache haikuongeza matukio ya kansa ya matiti, wakati ulinaganishi wa estradio na aina tofauti ya projestini pamoja na projesteroni zilizopunguzwa na kuwa mikromita chache zilipunguza hatari ya saratani ya matiti, Christine Derzko alisema kuwa ushahidi wa kuunga mkono matumizi ya estrojeni projesteroni zinazofanana kibayolojia, lakini kwa kuwa kesi hiyo ilikuwa ni utafiti wa kutazama kundi la watu badala ya utafiti uliodhibitiwa kesi zisizo za mpangilio uliolinganisha aina tofauti za homoni moja kwa moja, data zaidi zilikuwa zinahitajika kabla ya kuhitimisha kuwa homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia ni salama na za kupendelewa. Derzko alihitimisha kuwa kulikuwa na ushahidi wa awali dhaifu, lakini wa kutia moyo kwamba homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zinaweza kuwa na hatari huenda ya chini zaidi kuliko HRT ya kawaida, lakini kulikuwa hakuna data kuunga mkono matumizi ya kuchanganyisha na alipendekeza kufuatwa matibabu yaliyo na ushahidi wa msingi na taarifa za mashirika mbalimbali ya matibabu ambayo yalionyesha wasiwasi juu ya BHRT, ikiwa ni pamoja na mahitaji ya kusimamia uchanganyaji, onyo kuu kwa bidhaa zote zinazofanana kibayolojia, na kuanzishwa kwa usajili wa lazima wa matukio mabaya.<ref name="Derzko"></ref> M. Sarah Rosenthal, Mkurugenzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kentucky Programu ya Maadili ya Bayolojia na Haki za Wagonjwa ,alisema kuwa yeye anaamini BHRT ni tiba ya majaribio ambayo mara kwa mara huagizwa na wauguzi ambao huuza bidhaa hizo, na hivyo kimaadili wanaegemea upande mmoja. Rosenthal pia alieleza masuala ya matatizo na BHRT ikiwa ni pamoja na wagonjwa kupokea taarifa kutoka vitabu maarufu wakati wamepungukiwa na elimu ya sayansi ya kutofautisha balagha kutoka kwa ushahidi juu ya homoni za kubadilishwa, madai yasiyo ya kweli ya "njama kubwa" za kuzuia maagizo homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia, gharama za ziada na zisizo za muhimu za bidhaa ambazo mara nyingi hazishughulikiwi na mipango ya bima, na maelezo yasiyosahihi yasemayo kuwa homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia ni "sayansi ya hali ya juu" badala ya tiba mbadala ambayo haijadhibitishwa.<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref> ===Madai ya "Asilia"=== Homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia mara nyingi huuzwa kama kuwa "asilia", au ya asili zaidi kuliko HRT ya kawaida. Asili inaweza kutumika kwa kupendekeza au kusisitiza aina ya mawazo tofauti -kufanana na homoni zinazozalishwa na mwili, kutolewa kutoka chanzo cha mimea, na kwamba homoni hazijaundwa wala kusanisiwa.<ref name="Burrell">{{cite journal |author=Burrell BA |title=The replacement of the replacement in menopause: hormone therapy, controversies, truth and risk |journal=Nurs Inq |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=212–22 |year=2009 |month=Septemba |pmid=19689648 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1800.2009.00456.x |url=}}</ref> * Endojeni - maana hii ya asilia ina maana kwamba homoni hizi zinafanana kimolekuli na zile zinazopatikana ndani ya mwili. Hata hivyo, BHRT, kama kila aina ya HRT ambazo hutumika katika wanawake waliomaliza hedhi si asilia, kwani inapinga viwango vinavyoshuka vya homoni za uzazi kwa wanawake wanaozeeka na kuifanya kuwa ugonjwa hatua ya maisha ya binadamu ambayo pengine ni ya kawaida.<ref name="Burrell"></ref> Kuzidisha, nyingi ya estrojeni ekuini zilizounganishwa (CEE) ambazo zimetolewa kutoka mkojo wa farasi wenye mimba (kama vile Premarin) hubadilishwa na kuwa estrojeni za binadamu mara zinapoingia katika mwili. Hata hivyo, si zote hubadilishwa, na watetezi wa BHRT wanadai kuwa kiasi kidogo ambacho hakibadilishwi kinaweza kuwa na madhara mabaya. Hii bado inatafitiwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=MacLennan AH, Sturdee DW |title=The 'bioidentical/bioequivalent' hormone scam |journal=Climacteric |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |year=2006 |month=Februari |pmid=16428119 |doi=10.1080/13697130500487166 |url=}}</ref> * Inayotolewa kwa mimea - Wanawake wanaonunua BHRT zilizochanganywa wanaweza sana kulihusisha neno "asilia" na wazo kwamba homoni zinatokana na vyanzo vya mimea.<ref name="Cirigliano">{{cite journal | last = Cirigliano | first = M | pmid = 17627398 | url = http://www.solaltech.com/doctors/3/Bioidentical%20Hormone%20Therapy--%20Cirigliano.pdf | format = pdf | title = Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review of the evidence | journal = Journal of Womens Health | year = 2007 | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 600–31 | doi = 10.1089/jwh.2006.0311 | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2011-01-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106204000/http://www.solaltech.com/doctors/3/Bioidentical%20Hormone%20Therapy--%20Cirigliano.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Hata hivyo, bidhaa zinazofanana kibayolojia na zisizofanana kibayolojia zote hutolewa kutoka mimea, maharage ya soya kwa ujumla au viazi vikuu.<ref name="Harvard"></ref> * Viwanda - homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia na zisizofanana zote husanisiwa kwa kutumia vitangulizi vya kemikali sawa, diosjenini huondolewa kutoka katika mimea ya soya au viazi vikuu, na kubadilishwa kuwa projesteroni na kutumika kama kemikali tangulizi ya homoni ili kuunda bidhaa ya mwisho.<ref name="Harvard"></ref> "Asilia" pia hutumiwa pia kwa kukuza wazo la kuwa haijabadilishwa na kuwa na "wema" wa dutu safi. Hata hivyo, hoja hii huegemea kwa wakati mmoja juu ya dhana ya kisayansi na mbinu kwani homoni hata zinazofanana kibayolojia huwa zimesindikwa sana na kubadilishwa katika maabara ya madawa.<ref name="Burrell"></ref> Premarin, estrojeni zilizounganishwa zilizondolewa kutoka kwa mkojo wa farasi mwenye mimba, ndio tu homoni "asilia" kwa kuwa haijabadilishwa mbali na kuchanganywa kwa estrojeni ili kufikia uwiano maalumu.<ref name="Taylor2005"></ref> Kila mwezi jarida la ''Harvard la Mtazamo wa Afya ya Wanawake,'' linalochapishwa na Shule ya Utabibu ya Harvard, inasema kwamba "aslia" haina maana ya moja kwa moja ya "salama", na kwamba "asila" inaweza kutumika kuonyesha bidhaa yoyote inayotokana na mnyama, mmea, au chanzo cha madini - ambayo inajumuisha homoni ambazo hazifanani kibayolojia kama vile Premarin, vile vile molekuli ya kuondolewa katika vyanzo vya maharage na viazi vikuu vinavyotumika katika maandalizi mengi ya kibiashara ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia na zisizofanana.<ref name="Harvard"></ref> ===Gharama=== BHRT ya mchanganyiko ni ghali zaidi kuliko tiba ya kawaida ya HRT, iliyopitishwa na mara nyingi haisimamiwi na mipango ya bima ya afya.<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref><ref name="NAMS">{{cite journal | title = Position statement - Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 position statement of The North American Menopause Society | url = http://www.menopause.org/PSHT08.pdf | journal = Menopause: the Journal of the North American Menopause Society | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.1097/gme.0b013e31817b076a | year = 2008 | author = The Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society | pages = 584–603 | pmid = 18580541 | pmc = 2756246 | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2010-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101224234952/http://www.menopause.org/PSHT08.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> ==Usalama== Homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zinatarajiwa kuwa na hatari na faida sawa na zile sawia zisizofanana, lakini kumekuwa hakuna utafiti wa kulinganisha moja kwa moja homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia na zile sawia zisizofanana.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref><ref name="Boothby2008"></ref> Homoni kama zinavyotumika katika CHRT zimetafitiwa kwa miaka mingi na hatari zake, faida, na profaili ya ufanisi inajulikana na imeonyeshwa kutokana na miaka ya utafiti.<ref name="FDAFAQ"></ref> Katika mwaka 2002, utafiti wa Uanzilishi wa Afya ya Wanawake (WHI), ambao ulitengenezwa kuonyesha faida ya ziada kutokana na matibabu ya homoni za kawaida (washiriki wa utafiti walipewa Prempro au Aerosmith), ilikatizwa mapema baada ya taarifa za awali kuonyesha kuongezeka kidogo kwa hatari ya saratani ya matiti shinikizo la moyo na kiharusi katika wanawake wazee zaidi waliopewa Prempro.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/288/3/321 | author = Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators | title = Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial | pmid = 12117397 | journal = [[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]] | year = 2002 | volume = 288 | pages = 321–333 | doi = 10.1001/jama.288.3.321 | issue = 3}}</ref> Kukatizwa mapema kwa utafiti wa WHI, ambao ulitumia estrojeni ekuini zilizounganishwa, na kutangazwa baadae hatari hizi ammmmmmawali ulisababisha kupungua kwa maagizo kwa CHRT.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Chlebowski | first = RT | coauthors = Kuller LH; Prentice RL; Stefanick ML; Manson JE; Gass M; et al. | title = Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women | jounral = [[New England Journal of Medicine|NEJM]] | url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/6/573 | pmid = 19196674 | year = 2009 | volume = 360 | pages = 573 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0807684 | issue = 6 | journal = [[The New England Journal of Medicine|NEJM]] | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2010-01-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100129105052/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/6/573 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Matokeo ya WHI yalitumika na watoaji wa BHRT kukweza homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia kama salama kuliko maandalizi yaliyopitishwa na FDA licha ya ukosefu wa ushahidi,<ref name="Rosenthalethical"></ref> kwa mujibu wa FDA, matokeo yaliyopatikana kwa utafiti yanahusiana na estrojeni zote.<ref name="FDAFAQ"></ref> Tangu wakati huo BHRT imekuzwa sana kama badala ya asilia yenye hatari ya chini kuliko CHRT, ingawa hakuna ushahidi wa kuunga mkono madai haya. Wauguzi wa BHRT wanapendekeza bidhaa za mchanganyiko kutokana na madai yao kuwa yanaiga kwa karibu zaidi muundo na uwiano wa homoni zinazozunguka katika mwili wa mwanamke kuliko zinavyofanya bidhaa za viwandani.<ref name="Boothby2008"></ref> Chama cha Endokrini kilitoa taarifa ya msimamo kuwa homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia kimsingi huwa na hatari na faida sawa na molekuli zisizofanana kibayolojia.<ref name="Endocrinesociety"></ref> Chuo cha Marekani ya Madaktari wa Uzazi na Wanajikolojia mnamo Februari 2009 walirudia msimamo wao kutoka Novemba 2005 kuwa hakuna faida za kuthibitika kuhusu usalama au ufanisi wa homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zilizochanganywa, wala hakuna faida yoyote katika kupima viwango vya homoni katika mate au kupewa dozi ya homoni ya mtu binafsi.<ref name="ACOG"></ref> Kliniki ya Mayo inasema kwamba hakuna ushahidi kuonyesha kwamba michanganyiko ya famasia ya BRHT ni salama zaidi kuliko homoni badala za kawaida, na kwamba baadhi ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia tayari zinapatikana katika bidhaa fulani zilizopitishwa na FDA.<ref name="Mayo">{{cite web | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bioidentical-hormones/AN01133 | title = Bioidentical hormones: Are they safer? | publisher = [[Mayo Clinic]] | date= 2007-08-21 | accessdate = 2010-01-14 | last = Gallenberg | first = M}}</ref> Ushirika wa Saratani wa Marekani pia ulisema kuwa homoni "asilia" na "zinazofanana kibayolojia" husababisha hatari sawa kama tiba badala ya homoni zilizosanisiwa, kama vile ugonjwa wa moyo, kuganda kwa damu, kiharusi na kuongezeka kwa hatari ya kansa ya matiti ikitumiwa kwa muda mrefu.<ref name="ACS">{{cite web | url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Breast_Cancer_Early_Detection.asp?sitearea= | publisher = [[American Cancer Society]] | date = 2009-09-22 | accessdate = 2010-01-18 | title = Breast Cancer: Early Detection - The importance of finding breast cancer early | archivedate = 2010-02-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100203030325/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Breast_Cancer_Early_Detection.asp?sitearea= }}</ref> Shirika Tawala la Chakula na Dawa la Marekani limeonya famasia kadhaa kuhusu madai ya kutoa madai yasiyo na msingi juu ya usalama na ufanisi wa bidhaa za homoni za kuchanganywa.<ref name="FDA">{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116832.htm | title = FDA Takes Action Against Compounded Menopause Hormone Therapy Drugs | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|FDA]] | date = 2008-01-09 | accessdate = 2009-02-17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090614045007/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116832.htm | archivedate = 2009-06-14 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ushirika wa Marekani ya Kaskazini wa Wanawake Waliomaliza Hedhi lilisema kuwa homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zilizochanganywa hazijaidhinishwa na FDA, hivyo hakuna hakikisho la usafi, uwezo, ufanisi au usalama, na zinaweza kuwa na uchafu usiojulikana.<ref name="Mayo"></ref> Ushirika wa Australia Waliomaliza Hedhi vile vile limesema kwamba hakuna ushahidi kwamba homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia zinazopeanwa kwa kutumia msambamba ni salama zaidi kuliko zile sawia zilizoidhinishwa. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.menopause.org.au/content/view/211/102/ | title = 2003 November 29 - Bioidentical hormones (troches) advice to consumers | accessdate = 2009-08-25 | date = 2003-11-29 | last = Davis | first = SR | publisher = Australian Menopause Society | coauthors = Kruger J | archivedate = 2015-09-24 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213347/http://www.menopause.org.au/content/view/211/102/ }}</ref> Shirika la Kimataifa la Waliomaliza Hedhi limesema "Hakuna sababu za kimatibabu au za kisayansi za kupendekeza 'homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia' ambazo hazijasajiliwa. Kipimo cha viwango vya homoni katika mate si muhimu kikliniki. Haya maandalizi ya homoni 'yaliyoandaliwa mtu binafsi' hayajafanyiwa majaribio katika utafiti na usafi wao na hatari haujulikani".<ref name="IMS">{{cite journal |author=Pines A, Sturdee DW, Birkhäuser MH, Schneider HP, Gambacciani M, Panay N |title=IMS updated recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy |journal=Climacteric |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=181–94 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17487645 |doi=10.1080/13697130701361657 |url=}}</ref> Katika Novemba 2006, Ushirika wa Utabibu wa Marekani ulichukua sera iliyomba kwamba FDA ifuatilie na kusimamia homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia vizuri zaidi,<ref name="AMApolicy"></ref> ilitoa uhariri uliosema kuwa molekuli za homoni zilizofanana kibayolojia na zilizochanganywa zilitarajiwa kuwa na hatari sawa na homoni ya kawaida mpaka idhibitishwe vingine.<ref name="AMAeditorial">{{cite web | url = http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2006/12/11/edsa1211.htm | title = Bioidentical hormone replacement: Safety requires oversight | publisher = [[American Medical Association]] | date = 2006-12-11 | accessdate = 2010-01-08 }}</ref> Erika Schwartz, mwandishi wa ''Suluhisho la Homoni'' (Warner 2002),<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25648821_ITM | title = Natural Hormone Pharmacy Offers Alternative Solution for Hormone Replacement | format = Press Release | date = 2002-07-15 | accessdate = 2009-12-07 | work = PR Newswire | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120729022204/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25991901_ITM | archivedate = 2012-07-29 }}</ref> na Kent Holtorf <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.holtorfmed.com/topics/bioidentical-estrogen-progesterone | title = Bioidentical Estrogen & Progesterone | publisher = Holtorf Medical Group | accessdate = 2009-12-11 | archivedate = 2009-11-14 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091114201653/http://www.holtorfmed.com/topics/bioidentical-estrogen-progesterone }}</ref> walichapisha majarida yaliyopitiwa na wenzao na kusema kuwa kuna ushahidi wa kuunga mkono profaili nzuri zaidi ya usalama wa homoni zinazifanana kibayolojia ikilinganishwa na homoni zisizofanana, pamoja na kuongeza kupunguza dalili za kumaliza hedhi, na wiani bora zaidi wa mifupa na viwango vya lipoprotini katika damu.<ref name="Schwartz"></ref> Deborah Moskowitz, Daktari wa Tiba Asilia ambaye hufanyia kazi mtengenezaji wa bidhaa zinazofanana kibayolojia,<ref>{{cite news | last = O'Connor | first = A | date = 2004-03-30 | accessdate = 2009-12-11 | title = Possible Peril Found in Menopause Cream | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/30/health/possible-peril-found-in-menopause-cream.html?sec=health&&=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FW%2FWomen | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> pia alichapisha makala juu ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia na kusema kuwa ni bora kuliko zisizofanana kiusalama na kiufanisi <ref name="Moskowitz2006"></ref> ingawa tathmini hii ilikosolewa kwa ajili ya " [kujaribu] kuonyesha kwamba BHRT ina profaili nzuri ya usalama, lakini data inayokutumika zilionyesha hatari sawa na HRT ya kawaida".<ref name="Rosenthalethical">{{cite journal |author=Rosenthal MS |title=Ethical problems with bioidentical hormone therapy |journal=Int. J. Impot. Res. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |year=2008 |pmid=18075509 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3901622 |url=}}</ref> ==Udhibiti wa sasa nchini Marekani== BHRT ya kuchanganya ni utaratibu unaofanyika karibu tu, katika nchi ya Marekani<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> na miundo mingi ambayo imeidhinishwa na FDA ambayo yote au kwa sehemu ina homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia inapatikana.<ref name="Harvard"></ref> Maandalizi ya homoni kama vile projesteroni, estrojeni na krimu za DHEA inaweza kununuliwa katika maduka au juu ya mtandao, na si umewekwa na FDA kama wao ni kuchukuliwa kwa ujumla kosmetika.<ref name="Fugh2007"></ref> Wakati inapoagizwa na daktari mwenye leseni, compounding ya homoni bioidentical ni kudhibitiwa na bodi pharmacy hali badala ya FDA,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/ola/2007/hormone041907.html | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|FDA]] | title = Statement of Steven K. Galson, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration before Senate Special committee on Aging, "Bio-Identical Hormones: Sound Science or Bad Medicine" | date = 2007-04-19 | accessdate = 2007-12-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071009121024/http://www.fda.gov/ola/2007/hormone041907.html | archivedate = 2007-10-09 | url-status = dead}}</ref> na mfamasia ni ruhusa ya kurekebisha vipimo na mbinu za utoaji kufuatana na maagizo ya.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 12478948 | title = Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy. Customizing care for perimenopausal and menopausal women | last = Romero | first = M | journal = Adv Nurse Pract | year = 2002 | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = 47–8, 51–2 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, FDA ina mamlaka juu ya bidhaa iliyochanganywa.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Katika 2001 FDA ilitafiti idadi ndogo ya maandalizi yaliyochanganywa, ikiwa ni pamoja na misombo ya homoni nane. Bidhaa zote tatu za Estradio zilipita kila jaribio, hata hivyo mbili kati ya bidhaa tano za projesteroni zilifeli angalau majaribio ya uwezo, yaliyomo au usawa.<ref name="Cirigliano"></ref> Katika Oktoba 2005, mtengenezaji wa maandalizi yaliyopitishwa na FDA inayofanana kibayolojia na isiyofanana ya HRT Wyeth Pharmaceuticals iliwasilisha Maombi ya Mwanachi kwa FDA, ikiomba kutekelezwa kwa hatua dhidi ya maduka ya dawa ambayo yalitoa BHRT iliyochanganywa, na kuchunguza miongozo ya matangazo na. Muda mfupi baadaye, FDA ilichukua hatua kadhaa za utekelezaji dhidi famasia amabzo kimsingi hufanya biashara zao kwa mtandao wa Intanetambazo zilikuwa zikitengeza BHRT iliyochanganywa, na katika 2008, ilipiga marufuku matumizi ya estrioli nchini Marekani.<ref name="FDA"></ref><ref name="Pastner"></ref> FDA ilisema kwamba haikuchukua hatua hizi za udhibiti dhidi ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia kwa kuitikia ombi la Wyeth, kwani hayo si madhumuni ya ombi la kiraia. Wao walisema kuwa walikuwa na uchunguzi uliokuwaunendelea kufanywa wakati walipopata ombi.<ref name="FDAFAQ"></ref> FDA ina ilikiri kwamba haijui matukio mabaya yoyote yanayohusishwa na matumizi ya estrioli lakini iliamuru maduka ya dawa kusitisha matumizi yake.<ref name="Holtorf2009"></ref> Msaidizi wa wakala wa Ofisi ya Mkurugenzi wa Kutekeleza Matakwa alisema kuwa matumizi ya estrioli ingehitaji kibali kwa ajili ya utafiti na dawa mpya ya maombi. FDA pia ilisema kuwa haijatoa kibali kwa dawa yoyote iliyo na estrioli na kwamba hakuna habari imewasilishwa kwa FDA kuhusu usalama na ufanisi wake.<ref name="FDAmyth">{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm049311.htm | title = Bio-Identicals: Sorting Myth from Fact | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|FDA]] | accessdate = 2009-12-01 | date = 2008-04-08 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090607024734/http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm049311.htm | archivedate = 2009-06-07 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Wasiwasi juu ya uuzaji na matumizi ya homoni zinazofanana kibayoljia wa FDA uliungwa mkono na Chama cha Marekani Madaktari wa Uzazi.<ref name="AACE">{{cite web | url = http://media.aace.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=4681 | title = The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) strongly supports the FDA in its concerns regarding the marketing and use of so called Bio-identical Hormones | date = 2008-01-23 | accessdate = 2010-01-18 | publisher = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists | archivedate = 2010-05-19 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100519132858/http://media.aace.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=4681 }}</ref> Katika kujibu na vitendo vya FDA, Chuo cha Kimataifa Wanafamasia wa Kuchanganya (IACP) kiliandikisha maelfu ya wanawake kujiunga na kampeni ya kuandika barua kwa FDA kubadili hatua hii, wakilitaja jaribio la Wyeth kama ni "la kujitumikia, na mara nyingi la uwongo, kampeni ya kuzuia wagonjwa kupata tiba mbadala kwa bidhaa zao wenyewe".<ref name="IACPstatement2008">{{cite web | url = http://www.iacprx.org/site/DocServer/SCONRES_88_Press_Release_061608.pdf?docID=4461 | format = pdf | title = Senators Join Thousands of Patients, Doctors, Pharmacists in Supporting Women’s Access to Critical Hormone Treatments | date = 2008-06-16 | accessdate = 2010-01-18 | publisher = International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists | archivedate = 2011-07-23 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723102059/http://www.iacprx.org/site/DocServer/SCONRES_88_Press_Release_061608.pdf?docID=4461 }}</ref> Katika Novemba 2006, na Shirika la Utabibu la Marekani lilichukua sera inayolitaka Shirika la Utawala wa Chakula na Dawa kutafiti bidhaa za BHRT zilizochanganywa kwa usafi na vipimo: kudumisha Usajili na hitaji ya lazima ya kuripoti matukio mabaya na wazalishaji na maduka ya dawa yaliyochanganywa kuhusiana na homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia, kutoa mamlaka kwa ushirikishwaji wa habari ikiwa ni pamoja na maonyo na tahadhari kuhusu bidhaa zinazofanana kibayolojia, na kupiga marufuku matumizi ya neno "homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia" isipokuwa zile zilizo na kibali cha shirika hilo.<ref name="AMApolicy">{{cite web | url = http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/19/wpccompendfinal.pdf | title = American Medical Association Women Physicians Congress: Policy Compendium | date = 2007-10-01 | accessdate = 2010-01-06 | publisher = [[American Medical Association]] }}</ref> Tarehe 18 Julai 2008, Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Marekani ilitoa uamuzi uliosema kuwa mwezi wa madawa ya kulevya kibali mchakato haipaswi kutumiwa kwa madawa förvärras dessutom kwamba iakttagit miongozo imara, na pia kwamba masharti ya kanuni ya muhimu kwa matumizi ya estriol bado katika madhara, kuzuia FDA kutoka kuchukua hatua dhidi ya maduka ya dawa kuwa matumizi estriol katika bidhaa förvärras dessutom.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/PrinterTemplate.cfm?Section=Pharmacy_News&template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=16948 | title = Court rules compounded products are neither uniformly exempt from nor subject to new drug approval requirements | accessdate = 2010-01-21 | date = 2008-07-31 | publisher = [[American Pharmacists Association]] | archivedate = 2011-06-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092823/http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/PrinterTemplate.cfm?Section=Pharmacy_News&template=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=16948 }}</ref> ==Itifaki ya Wiley== {{Main|Wiley Protocol}} Itifaki ya Wiley ni toleo la BHRT iliyochanganywa iliyoungwa mkono na TS Wiley ambaye lengo lake ni kuzalisha kiwangoserum ya estradiol na progesterone kwamba ni kufanana na zile za vijana mwanamke na kawaida ya hedhi mzunguko. Itifaki ya Wiley imesolewa na wengine kwa sababu mbalimbali.<ref name="Rosenthal2008">{{cite journal | last = Rosenthal | first = MS | year = 2008 | title = The Wiley Protocol: an analysis of ethical issues | journal = Menopause | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 1014–22 | pmid = 18551081 | doi = 10.1097/gme.0b013e318178862e}}</ref><ref name="Ellin"></ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abcnews.go.com/print?id=2874767 | publisher = [[ABC News]] | title = Suzanne Somers: Super Saleswoman: Has Somers Found the Fountain of Youth? | author = Sherr L; Ruppel G | date = 2007-02-16 | accessdate=2007-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/44568|title=A Real Somers Storm: At war over Suzanne Somers's book on 'bioidenticals'| work = [[Newsweek]] | date = 2006-11-13 | author = Kantrowitz B; Wingert P | accessdate = 2007-12-01}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings&amp;docid=f:37150.pdf Mikutano ya Seneti juu ya homoni zinazofanana kibayolojia: Sayansi ya Tiba Sound au mbaya?] Kamati Maalum ya Seneti ya Marekani juu ya kuzeeka [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Uzazi]] 53ml5e4z23n7y41fy1r7c3zflm7d0bu 0 55352 1601425 1590188 2026-09-25T18:25:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugonjwa wa Alzheimer''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Alzeima''' au '''Alzeima''' tu) ni [[ugonjwa]] unaosababisha kuzorota kwa seli za [[neva]]/[[nyuroni]] na huendelea polepole, na ndio chanzo cha kawaida zaidi cha shida ya akili. Huonyeshwa na kupungua taratibu kwa [[kumbukumbu]], uwezo wa kufikiri, tabia, na uwezo wa kufanya shughuli za kila siku.<ref name="WHO_Alzheimers">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia |title=Dementia |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |date=Machi 15, 2023 |access-date=Agosti 12, 2026 }}</ref> Huathiri hasa watu wazee, ingawa aina ya ugonjwa unaoanza mapema inaweza kutokea katika umri mdogo.<ref name="NIA_Alzheimers_Fact_Sheet">{{cite web |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-causes-and-risk-factors/alzheimers-disease-fact-sheet |title=Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet |website=nia.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute on Aging |date=Aprili 5, 2023 |access-date=Agosti 12, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ugonjwa huu unahusishwa na mrundikano usio wa kawaida wa mabonge ya protini ya ''amyloid-beta'' na mafundo ya protini ya ''tau'' katika [[ubongo]], pamoja na kupotea kwa seli za neva/nyuroni na miunganisho yake kadiri ugonjwa unavyoendelea.<ref name="NIH_Alzheimers_Basics">{{cite web |url=https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-causes-and-risk-factors/what-happens-brain-alzheimers-disease |title=What Happens to the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease? |website=nia.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute on Aging |date=Januari 19, 2021 |access-date=Agosti 12, 2026 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803045534/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-causes-and-risk-factors/what-happens-brain-alzheimers-disease |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kadiri hali inavyoendelea, uharibifu wa uwezo wa kiakili na wa kufanya shughuli za kila siku huwa mkubwa zaidi, na kufanya ugonjwa wa Alzeima kuwa sababu kuu ya ulemavu na utegemezi miongoni mwa watu wazee duniani kote.<ref name="WHO_Alzheimers"/> Huo [[ugonjwa]] usiotibika, wa kusawijika na unaoua, ulielezewa kwa mara ya kwanza na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[magonjwa ya akili]] na ya [[mfumo wa neva]] [[Alois Alzheimer]] katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1906]] ukapewa [[jina]] lake. Kwa jumla, huwa unatambuliwa kwa watu walio na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka 65,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C |title=Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1998-09_88_9/page/1337 |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=88 |issue=9 |pages=1337–42 |year=1998 |month=Septemba |pmid=9736873 |pmc=1509089 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1337 }}</ref> ingawa kuna Alzeima ya nadra inayoanza mapema. Katika mwaka wa 2006, kulikuwa na wagonjwa [[milioni]] 26.6 kote [[duniani]]. Alzeima inakadiriwa itakuwa inaathiri mtu 1 kati ya watu 85 kote duniani kufikia mwaka wa 2050.<ref name="Brookmeyer2007"/> Ingawa [[chanzo]] cha ugonjwa wa Alzeima ni tofauti kwa kila mtu, kuna [[dalili]] kadhaa za kawaida.<ref name="alzheimers.org"> {{cite web | title=What is Alzheimer's disease? | url=http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=100 | publisher=Alzheimers.org.uk | year=2007 | month=Agosti | accessdate=2008-02-21 }}</ref> Dalili za mwanzo zinazoonekana mara nyingi hudhaniwa kimakosa kuwa matatizo 'yanayotokana na umri', au kuonyesha kuwa mtu anafadhaika.<ref name="pmid17222085">{{cite journal |author=Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, ''et al.'' |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline |journal=Eur J Neurol |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e1–26 |year=2007 |month=Januari |pmid=17222085 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x }}</ref> Katika hatua za mwanzo, dalili za kawaida zinazotambuliwa ni kukosa uwezo wa kupata kumbukumbu mpya, kama vile wa kukumbuka mambo yaliyofanyika hivi karibuni. Wakati Alzeima inakisiwa, utambuzi kwa kawaida huwa unathibitishwa na tathmini ya tabia na vipimo vya utambuzi wa mambo, mara nyingi zikifuatiwa na skani ya ubongo kama inapatikana.<ref name="alzres">{{cite web | title=Alzheimer's diagnosis of AD | url=http://www.alzheimers-research.org.uk/info/diagnosis/ | publisher=Alzheimer's Research Trust | accessdate=2008-02-29 | archivedate=2007-10-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022154220/http://alzheimers-research.org.uk/info/diagnosis/ }}</ref> Ugonjwa unapoendelea, dalili huwa ni pamoja na kuchanganyikiwa, kukerwa na uchokozi, mabadiliko ya hali ya moyo, kutatizika kwa lugha, kupoteza kumbukumbu ya muda mrefu, na mgonjwa kujitenga sana kadiri hisia zake zinavyoendelea kupungua.<ref name="pmid17222085"/><ref name="pmid17823840"> {{cite journal |author=Tabert MH, Liu X, Doty RL, Serby M, Zamora D, Pelton GH, Marder K, Albers MW, Stern Y, Devanand DP |title=A 10-item smell identification scale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2005-07_58_1/page/155 |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=155–160 |year=2005 |pmid=15984022 |doi=10.1002/ana.20533 }}</ref> Hatua kwa hatua, kazi za [[mwili]] hupotea, na hatimaye kusababisha [[kifo]].<ref name="nihstages">{{cite web | title=Understanding stages and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/stages.htm | publisher=National Institute on Aging | date=2007-10-26 | accessdate=2008-02-21 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516213955/http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/stages.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 }}</ref> Ni vigumu kubashiri hatima ya mgonjwa binafsi kwa vile muda wa ugonjwa unatofautiana. Alzeima hukua kwa kipindi kisichojulikana kabla ya kudhihirika kabisa, na inaweza kukua bila ya kutambuliwa kwa miaka mingi. Muda wa kuishi baada ya utambuzi ni takriban miaka saba.<ref name="pmid3776457">{{cite journal |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Survival and cause of death in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=Acta Neurol Scand |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=103–7 |year=1986 |month=Agosti |pmid=3776457 |accessdate=2008-08-04 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0404.1986.tb04634.x }}</ref> Chini ya asilimia tatu ya wagonjwa huishi kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi na nne baada ya utambuzi.<ref name="pmid7793228">{{cite journal |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=ActaNeurol Scand |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=159–64 |year=1995 |month=Machi |pmid=7793228 }}</ref> Chanzo na kukua kwa Alzeima huwa havieleweki vizuri. Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa ugonjwa huu unahusiana na tando na mifungamano kwenye ubongo.<ref name="pmid15184601"/> Kwa sasa matibabu yanayotumika hupunguza dalili za ugonjwa lakini hakuna matibabu ya kuchelewesha au kusimamisha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa huu. Hadi mwaka wa 2012, zaidi ya majaribio 1000 ya kliniki yamefanywa kwa ajili ya kutambua tiba ya Alzeima, lakini haijulikani kama mojawapo ya mikakati iliyofanyiwa majaribio ya kusitisha ugonjwa huu itaonyesha matokeo yenye matumaini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=alzheimer |title= Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials |accessdate= 2008-08-18 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health }}</ref> Baadhi ya mienendo ya maisha ambayo haihusu upasuaji, imetajwa kwa ajili ya kuzuia ugonjwa wa Alzeima, lakini kuna ukosefu wa ushahidi wa kutosha wa uhusiano kati ya mapendekezo hayo na kupungua kwa kusawijika. Kusisimua akili, mazoezi, na lishe bora yanapendekezwa, kama njia za kujikinga na njia ya busara ya kudhibiti ugonjwa huo. <ref name="prevention1">{{cite web | title=Can Alzheimer's disease be prevented | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/63B5A29C-F943-4DB7-91B4-0296772973F3/0/CanADbePrevented.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=National Institute on Aging | accessdate=2008-02-29 | date=2006-08-29 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002125551/http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/63B5A29C-F943-4DB7-91B4-0296772973F3/0/CanADbePrevented.pdf | archivedate=2006-10-02 }}</ref> Kwa sababu Alzeima haiwezi kutibiwa na husababisha kusawijika, utunzaji wa wagonjwa ni muhimu. Wajibu mkuu wa mlezi mara nyingi kuchukuliwa na mke au jamaa wa karibu.<ref name="metlife.com">{{cite web | title= The MetLife study of Alzheimer's disease: The caregiving experience | month= Agosti | year= 2006 |archivedate=2008-06-25 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080625071754/http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/14050063731156260663V1FAlzheimerCaregivingExperience.pdf | publisher=MetLife Mature Market Institute | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-02-12 }}</ref> Ugonjwa wa Alzeima unajulikana kwa kuwatwika walezi wa wagonjwa mzigo mkubwa na mashinikizo yanaweza kuwa ya aina nyingi, yakiwemo ya kijamii, ya kisaikolojia, ya kimwili, na ya kiuchumi katika maisha ya mlezi huyo.<ref name="pmid17662119">{{cite journal |author=Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J |title=Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia |journal=BMC Geriatr |volume=7 |page=18 |year=2007 |pmid=17662119 |pmc=1951962 |doi=10.1186/1471-2318-7-18 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10489656">{{cite journal |author=Schneider J, Murray J, Banerjee S, Mann A |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: I—Factors associated with carer burden |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1999-08_14_8/page/651 |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=651–661 |year=1999 |month=Agosti |pmid=10489656 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<651::AID-GPS992>3.0.CO;2-B |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Murray J, Schneider J, Banerjee S, Mann A |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: II—A qualitative analysis of the experience of caregiving |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1999-08_14_8/page/662 |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=662–667 |year=1999 |month=Agosti |pmid=10489657 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<662::AID-GPS993>3.0.CO;2-4 }}</ref> Katika nchi zilizoendelea, Alzeima ni mojawapo ya magonjwa yenye gharama kubwa sana kwa jamii.<ref name="pmid15685097">{{cite journal |author=Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP |title=Impact économique de la démence (English: The economical impact of dementia) |language=French |journal=Presse Med |issn=0755-4982 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |year=2005 |month=Januari |pmid=15685097 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9543467">{{cite journal |author=Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT |title=Economic considerations in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=18 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=68–73; discussion 79–82 |year=1998 |pmid=9543467 }}</ref> == Sifa == Mkondo wa ugonjwa umegawanywa katika hatua nne, na mwelekeo wa kuendelea kuharibika kwa utambuzi na utendaji wa mambo. === Kabla ya Dementia === Dalili za kwanza mara nyingi uhusishwa kimakosa kama zinazotokana na kuzeeka au fadhaa.<ref name="pmid17222085"/> Upimwaji wa kina wa kinyurosaikolojia unaweza kufichua matatizo madogo madogo ya utambuzi wa mambo hadi miaka minane kabla ya mtu kutimiza vigezo vya kliniki kwa ajili ya utambuzi wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid15324363">{{cite journal |author=Bäckman L, Jones S, Berger AK, Laukka EJ, Small BJ |title=Multiple cognitive deficits during the transition to Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-internal-medicine_2004-09_256_3/page/195 |journal=J Intern Med |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=195–204 |year=2004 |month=Sep |pmid=15324363 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01386.x }}</ref> Dalili hizi za mapema zinaweza kuathiri shughuli tata zaidi za maisha ya kila siku.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Nygård L |title=Instrumental activities of daily living: a stepping-stone towards Alzheimer's disease diagnosis in subjects with mild cognitive impairment? |journal=Acta Neurol Scand |volume=Suppl |issue=179 |pages=42–6 |year=2003 |month= |pmid=12603250 |doi= 10.1034/j.1600-0404.107.s179.8.x }}</ref> Upungufu unaoonekana kwa urahisi sana ni kupoteza kwa kumbukumbu ya mambo, ambayo hujitokeza kama ugumu wa kukumbuka mambo msingi yaliyosomwa hivi karibuni na kukosa uwezo wa kupata habari mpya.<ref name="pmid15324363"/><ref name="pmid12603249">{{cite journal |author=Arnáiz E, Almkvist O |title=Neuropsychological features of mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer's disease |journal=Acta Neurol. Scand., Suppl. |volume=179 |pages=34–41 |year=2003 |pmid=12603249 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0404.107.s179.7.x |accessdate=2008-06-12 }}</ref> Matatizo ya utambuzi na utendaji rasmi waumakinifu, [[Mipango|kupanga]], uwezo wa kubadilika kwa urahisi kutoka na mageuzi ya mambo, na kuwaza kidhahania, au kuharibika kwa kumbukumbu ya kisemantiki (kumbukumbu ya maana, na uhusiano wa dhana), yanaweza pia kuwa ni dalili ya hatua za kwanza za Alzeima.<ref name="pmid15324363"/> Kutojali kunaweza kuonekana katika hatua hii, na inaenaendelea kuwa dalili sugu yakinyurosaikologia katika mwenendo wa ugonjwa huu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Landes AM, Sperry SD, Strauss ME, Geldmacher DS |title=Apathy in Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_2001-12_49_12/page/1700 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1700–7 |year=2001 |month=Dec |pmid=11844006 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49282.x }}</ref> Hatua ya kabla ya kutambuliwa ya ugonjwa pia hujulikana kama uharibifu mdogo wa utambuzi wa mambo,<ref name="pmid12603249"/>lakini kama jina hili linalingana na hatua tofauti ya utambuzi au linatambua hatua ya kwanza ya Alzeima ni suala lenye mgogoro.<ref name="pmid17279076"> {{cite journal |author=Petersen RC |title=The current status of mild cognitive impairment—what do we tell our patients? |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60–1 |year=2007 |month=Februari |pmid=17279076 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0402 }}</ref> === Kuanza kwa Dementia === Kwa watu walio na Alzeima ongezeko la kuharibika kwa uwezo wa kujifunza na kumbukumbu hatimaye hupelekea kufanywa kwa utambuzi dhihiri. Katika sehemu ndogo ya watu hawa, matatizo ya lugha, utendaji wa mambo, utambuzi (agnosia), au utekelezaji wa majukumu (apraksia) ni dhahiri zaidi kuliko matatizo ya kumbukumbu.<ref name="pmid10653284"> {{cite journal |author=Förstl H, Kurz A |title=Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=249 |issue=6 |pages=288–290 |year=1999 |pmid=10653284 |doi=10.1007/s004060050101 }}</ref> Alzeima haiathiri uwezo wote wa kumbukumbu kwa njia usawa. Kumbukumbu za kitambo za maisha ya mtu (kumbukumbu za matukio), mambo ya kujifunza (kumbukumbu za kisemantiki), na kumbukumbu isiyojitokeza wazi (kumbukumbu ya mwili kuhusu jinsi ya kufanya mambo, kama vile kutumia uma kula) huwa zinathirika na kiasi kidogo kuliko mambo mapya au kumbukumbu.<ref name="pmid1300219"> {{cite journal |author=Carlesimo GA, Oscar-Berman M |title=Memory deficits in Alzheimer's patients: a comprehensive review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuropsychology-review_1992-06_3_2/page/n2 |journal=Neuropsychol Rev |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=119–69 |year=1992 |month=Juni |pmid=1300219 |doi=10.1007/BF01108841 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8821346"> {{cite journal |author=Jelicic M, Bonebakker AE, Bonke B |title=Implicit memory performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease: a brief review |journal=International Psychogeriatrics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=385–392 |year=1995 |pmid=8821346 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610295002134 }}</ref> Matatizo ya lugha hasa huwa na sifa ya kupungua kwa msamiati na ufasaha wa maneno, husababisha kuharibika kwa jumla kwa lugha simulizi lugha ya kuandikwa.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid1856925">{{cite journal |author=Taler V, Phillips NA |title=Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a comparative review |journal= J Clin Exp Neuropsychol |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=501–56 |year=2008 |month=Jul |pmid=1856925 |doi=10.1080/13803390701550128 }}</ref> Katika hatua hii, mtu aliye na Alzeima kwa kawaida huwa na uwezo wa kutosha wa kuwasilisha mawazo ya msingi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid1856925"/><ref name="pmid7967534">{{cite journal |author=Frank EM |title=Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-south-carolina-medical-association_1994-09_90_9/page/417 |journal=J S C Med Assoc |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=417–23 |year=1994 |month=Septemba |pmid=7967534 }}</ref> Wakati anapotekeleza majukumu ya misuli kama vile kuandika, kuchora au kuvaa nguo, baadhi ya matatizo ya kudhibiti mwendo na kuratibu (apraksia) zinaweza kuwepo lakini kwa kawaida hazitambuliwi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Ugonjwa unavyoendelea, watu wenye Alzeima mara nyingi huendelea kufanya kazi nyingi kwa kujitegemea, lakini huhitaji msaada au usimamizi katika shughuli zinazohitaji uamuzi mkubwa.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> === Dementia ya Wastani === Kudhoofika kunavyoendelea hatimaye kunazuia kujitegemea, huku anayehusika akishindwa kufanya shughuli za kawaida za maisha ya kila siku.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Matatizo ya maongezi huwa wazi kutokana na kutokuwa na uwezo wa kukumbuka msamiati, ambayo hupelekea matumizi ya mara kwa mara ya misamiati isiyo sawa (paraphasia). Ujuzi wa kusoma na kuandika pia huendelea kupotea.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid7967534"/> Taratibu tata za shughuli zinazohusisha misuli huzidi hupoteza uwiano kadri wakati unavyopita na Alzeima inavyoendelea, hivyo hatari ya kuanguka huongezeka.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Wakati wa awamu hii, matatizo ya kumbukumbu huwa mabaya, na mtu anaweza kushindwa kutambua jamaa wa karibu.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Kumbukumbu ya muda mrefu, ambayo ilikuwa hapo awali haijaathiriwa, sasa hudhoofika.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Mabadiliko ya kitabia na kinyurosaikayatri huenea zaidi. Mara nyingi haya hudhihirika katika kutangatanga, kuwashwa na kuathirika kwa maongezi, hali ambazo husababisha kilio, uvamizi usio na sababu au kukataa huduma za mtunzaji.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Kuchanganyikiwa na njozi za usiku zinaweza pia kuonekana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Volicer L, Harper DG, Manning BC, Goldstein R, Satlin A |title=Sundowning and circadian rhythms in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=5 |pages=704–11 |year=2001 |month=Mei |pmid=11329390 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/158/5/704 |accessdate=2008-08-27 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.704 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611235057/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/158/5/704 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Takriban 30% ya wagonjwa huwa na kutambua kusiko sahihi kwa mawazo yasiyo ya ukweli na dalili zingine za kudanganyika.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Anayehusika pia hupoteza ufahamu wa mchakato wa ugonjwa wao na upungufu (anosognosia).<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Shida ya kutoweza kuzuia mkojo pia huanza.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Dalili hizi huleta dhiki ya kimawazo kwa jamaa na watunzaji wake, mambo ambayo yaweza kupunguzwa kwa kumhamisha mgonjwa kutoka kwa huduma ya nyumbani hadi vituo vya huduma ya muda mrefu .<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid7806732">{{cite journal |author=Gold DP, Reis MF, Markiewicz D, Andres D |title=When home caregiving ends: a longitudinal study of outcomes for caregivers of relatives with dementia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1995-01_43_1/page/10 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=1995 |month=Januari |pmid=7806732 }}</ref> === Dementia Pevu === Katika hatua hii ya mwisho ya Alzeima, mgonjwa hutegemea kabisa watunzaji.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Lugha hupunguka hadi kwa maneno rahisi au hata neno moja, hatimaye kusababisha kupotea kabisa kwa uwezo wa maongezi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/><ref name="pmid7967534"/> Hata baada ya kupoteza uwezo wa maongezi ya lugha, wagonjwa wanaweza mara kwa mara kuelewa na kujibu ishara za kihisia.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Ingawa uchokozi bado upo, hali ya kutojali iliyokithiri na uchovu ni matokeo ya kawaida zaidi.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Wagonjwa hatimaye watashindwa kutenda hata mambo rahisi kabisa bila kusaidiwa.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Mkusanyiko wa misuli na uwezo wa kuenda huzorota hadi pale ambapo wagonjwa hulazwa tu kitandani, na hupoteza uwezo wa kujilisha wenyewe.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Alzeima ni ugonjwa usiotibika lakini sababu ya kifo aghalabu huwa ugonjwa mwingine kama vile vidonda vya shinikizo au nimonia, si Alzeima yenyewe.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> == Chanzo == Nadharia tete kadhaa zipo zinazojaribu kuelezea chanzo cha ugonjwa huu. Ile ya zamani, ambayo ni msingi wa matibabu ya madawa mengi ya kisasa ni nadharia tete ya kikolinajia ''<ref name="pmid10071091">{{cite journal |author=Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK |title=The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: a review of progress |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=137–47 |year=1999 |month=Februari |pmid=10071091 |pmc=1736202 |doi= 10.1136/jnnp.66.2.137|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1999-02_66_2/page/137}}</ref>ambayo inapendekeza kwamba Alzeima hunasababishwa na kupunguka kwa kutengezwa kwa kipeleki cha nyuro cha asetilikolini.'' Nadharia tete hii haijaungwa mkono sana, hasa kwa sababu madawa yanayonuiwa kutibu upungufu wa asetilikolini huwa si mazuri sana. Athari zingine za kikolinajia pia zimependekezwa, kwa mfano, kuanza kujikusanya kwa ukubwa wa amiloidi,<ref name="pmid15236795">{{cite journal |author=Shen ZX |title=Brain cholinesterases: II. The molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Med Hypotheses |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=308–21 |year=2004 |pmid=15236795 |doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.031 }}</ref>inayo sababisha uvimbe wa nyuro usio wa kawaida.<ref name="pmid12934968">{{cite journal |author=Wenk GL |title=Neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=64 Suppl 9 |pages=7–10 |year=2003 |pmid=12934968 }}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 1991,''nadharia ya amiloidi'' ilidai kwamba amana za amiloidi beta (Aβ) ndiyo chanzo msingi cha ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid1763432">{{cite journal |author=Hardy J, Allsop D |title=Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Trends Pharmacol. Sci. |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=383–88 |year=1991 |month=Oktoba |pmid=1763432 |doi=10.1016/0165-6147(91)90609-V }}</ref><ref name="pmid11801334">{{cite journal |author=Mudher A, Lovestone S |title=Alzheimer's disease-do tauists and baptists finally shake hands? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_2002-01_25_1/page/22 |journal=Trends Neurosci. |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=22–26 |year=2002 |month=Januari |pmid=11801334 |doi=10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02031-2 }}</ref> Uungaji mkono wa madai haya unatokana na kuwepo kwa jeni ya amiloidi tangulizi ya protini beta (APP) juu ya kromosomu 21, pamoja na ukweli kwamba watu walio natrisomia 21 (Down Syndrome) ambao wana nakala ziada ya jeni karibu ulimwenguni kote hudhihirisha Alzeima wanapofikisha umri wa maika 40.<ref name="pmid16904243">{{cite journal |author=Nistor M, Don M, Parekh M, ''et al.'' |title=Alpha- and beta-secretase activity as a function of age and beta-amyloid in Down syndrome and normal brain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2007-10_28_10/page/1493 |journal=Neurobiol Aging |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1493–1506 |year=2007 |month=Oktoba |pmid=16904243 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.023 |last12=Head |first12=E }}</ref><ref name="pmid15639317">{{cite journal |author=Lott IT, Head E |title=Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome: factors in pathogenesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2005-03_26_3/page/n112 |journal=Neurobiol Aging |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=383–89 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15639317 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.08.005 }}</ref> APOE4 ndiyo hatari kubwa ya kimaumbile ya Alzeima, husababisha kuongezeka kwa mkusanyiko zaidi wa amiloidi katika ubongo kabla ya dalili za Alzeima kujitokeza. Hivyo basi, kujikusanya kwa Aβ hutokea kabla ya Alzeima ya kliniki.<ref name="pmid7566000">{{cite journal |author=Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, ''et al.'' |title=Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_1995-11-09_333_19/page/1242 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=333 |issue=19 |pages=1242–47 |year=1995 |month=Novemba |pmid=7566000 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199511093331902 }}</ref> Ushahidi zaidi unatokana na kupatikana kwamba panya wenye jeni geuzi iliyotokana na wanyama weingine ya jeni APP ya binadamu hukua na kusababisha utando wa amiloidi fibrila na ishara za ugonjwa wa akili kama Alzeima ulio na upungufu wa mafunzo ya kimahali. <ref>Panya wenye jeni za wanyama wengine: * {{cite journal |author=Games D, Adams D, Alessandrini R, ''et al.'' |title=Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1995-02-09_373_6514/page/522 |journal=Nature |volume=373 |issue=6514 |pages=523–27 |year=1995 |month=Februari |pmid=7845465 |doi=10.1038/373523a0 }} * {{cite journal |author=Masliah E, Sisk A, Mallory M, Mucke L, Schenk D, Games D |title=Comparison of neurodegenerative pathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein and Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_1996-09-15_16_18/page/n244 |journal=J Neurosci |volume=16 |issue=18 |pages=5795–811 |year=1996 |month=Septemba |pmid=8795633 }} * {{cite journal |author=Hsiao K, Chapman P, Nilsen S, ''et al.'' |title=Correlative memory deficits, Abeta elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-10-04_274_5284/page/98 |journal=Science (journal) |volume=274 |issue=5284 |pages=99–102 |year=1996 |month=Oktoba |pmid=8810256 |doi=10.1126/science.274.5284.99 }} * {{cite journal |author=Lalonde R, Dumont M, Staufenbiel M, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Strazielle C. |title=Spatial learning, exploration, anxiety, and motor coordination in female APP23 transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research_2002-11-22_956_1/page/36 |journal=Brain Research (journal) |volume=956 |pages=36–44, year=2002 |pmid=12426044 |doi=10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03476-5 |year=2002 |issue=1 }} </ref> Majaribio ya chanjo yalionekana kuondoa utando wa amiloidi katika majaribio ya awali ya binadamu, lakini hayakuwa na athari yoyote muhimu kwa dementia. <ref name="pmid18640458">{{cite journal |author=Holmes C, Boche D, Wilkinson D, ''et al.'' |title=Long-term effects of Abeta42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease: follow-up of a randomised, placebo-controlled phase I trial |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-19-25-2008_372_9634/page/216 |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9634 |pages=216–23 |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18640458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61075-2 |last12=Nicoll |first12=JA }}</ref> Watafiti wamepelekewa kudhania kwamba oligoma zisizo za utando za Aβ (mkusanyiko wa monoma nyingi) ndio muundo wa kimsingi wa Aβ. Hizi oligoma za sumu, pia zinajulikana kama Seli-gandi Tawanyishi zitokanazo na Amiloidi (ADDLs), hujigandisha kwenye kipokezi cha nyuroni na kubadilisha muundo wa sinapsi, na hivyo basi kusitisha mawasiliano ya neva.<ref name="pmid17251419"> {{cite journal |author=Lacor PN,''et al.'' |title=Aß Oligomer-Induced Aberrations in Synapse Composition, Shape, and Density Provide a Molecular Basis for Loss of Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2007-01-24_27_4/page/796 |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=796–807 |year=2007 |month=Januari |pmid=17251419 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3501-06.2007 |last2=Buniel |first2=MC |last3=Furlow |first3=PW |last4=Clemente |first4=AS |last5=Velasco |first5=PT |last6=Wood |first6=M |last7=Viola |first7=KL |last8=Klein |first8=WL }}</ref> Mojawapo ya kipokezi cha Oligoma ya Aβ inaweza kuwaprotini aina ya Prioni, protini ambayo pia imehusishwa na ugonjwa wa kichaa cha ng'ombe na hali inayofanana kwenye binadamu, ugonjwa wa Creutzfeldt-Jakob, hivyo basi kuunganisha mfumo wa msingi wa matatizo haya ya kuzorota kwa nyuro na yale ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid19242475"> {{cite journal |author=Lauren J, Gimbel D, ''et al.'' |title=Cellular prion protein mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity by amyloid-beta oligomers |journal=Nature |volume=457 |issue=7233 |pages=1128–32 |year=2009 |month=Februari |pmid=19242475 |doi=10.1038/nature07761 |pmc=2748841 }}</ref> Katika 2009, nadharia hii iliboreshwa,huku ikipendekeza kuwa aina ya karibu ya protini ya beta-amiloidi, na siyo lazima iwe beta-amiloidi yenyewe, inaweza kuwa ndiyo chanzo kikubwa cha ugonjwa huu. Nadharia hii inashikilia kwamba utaratibu unaohusiana na amiloidi inayopogoa viunganishi vya nyuro katika ubongo katika awamu ya haraka ya awali ya ukuaji wa maisha inaweza kusababishwa na mifumo inayohusiana na kuzeeka katika maisha ya baadaye na kusababisha kunyauka kwa neva kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="Nikolaev">{{cite journal | first= Anatoly | last= Nikolaev | coauthors= Todd McLaughlin, Dennis O'Leary, Marc Tessier-Lavigne | date= 19 Februari 2009 | title= N-APP binds DR6 to cause axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-02-19_457_7232/page/981 | journal= Nature | volume= 457 | issue= 7232 | pages= 981–989 | issn= 0028-0836 | pmid= 19225519 | pmc= 2677572 | doi= 10.1038/nature07767 | accessdate= Mei 2009 }} </ref> N-APP, sehemu ya APP kutoka peptidi ya N ya mwisho-, ni karibu na beta-amiloidi na imepasuliwa kutoka kwa APP na mojawapo ya vimeng'enya. N-APP huchochea mkondo wa kujiharibu kwa kujiunganisha kwa kipokezi cha kinyuro kinachoitwa kipokezi cha kifo 6 (DR6, pia inajulikana kama TNFRSF21).<ref name="Nikolaev"/> DR6 huonekana sana katika maeneo ya ubongo wa binadamu walioathirika zaidi na Alzeima, hivyo inawezekana kwamba njia ya N-APP/DR6 yaweza kutekwa nyara katika ubongo unaozeeka ili kusababisha uharibifu. Katika mfumo huu, Beta-amiloidi hutekeleza jukumu la usaidizi, kwa kukomesha kazi kwa kubana utendakazi wa kisinapti. Utafiti uliofanywa katika mwaka wa 2004 ulipata kuwa utando za amiloidi haziwiani vyema na upotevu wa nyuro.<ref name="pmid15039236">{{cite journal |author=Schmitz C, Rutten BP, Pielen A, ''et al.'' |title=Hippocampal neuron loss exceeds amyloid plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Am J Pathol |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=1495–1502 |year=2004 |month=Aprili |pmid=15039236 |pmc=1615337 |last12=Steinbusch |first12=HW |last13=Pradier |first13=L |last14=Bayer |first14=TA }}</ref> Uchunguzi huu unaunga mkono nadharia tete ya''tau,'' dhana kwamba matatizo ya protini ya tau huanzisha kuzuka kwa ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid11801334"/> Kulingana na mfumo huu, tau ya haipafosforilia huanza kushikana na nyuzi zingine za tau. Hatimaye, hutengeneza utando wa nyurofibirila ndani ya miili ya seli za neva.<ref name="pmid1669718">{{cite journal |author=Goedert M, Spillantini MG, Crowther RA |title=Tau proteins and neurofibrillary degeneration |journal=Brain Pathol |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=279–86 |year=1991 |month=Julai |pmid=1669718 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00671.x }}</ref> Wakati hili linapotokea, mishipa midogo zaidi husambaratika na kusababisha kuharibika kwa mfumo wa usafiri wa nyuro.<ref name="pmid15615638">{{cite journal |author=Iqbal K, Alonso Adel C, Chen S, ''et al.'' |title=Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies |journal=Biochim Biophys Acta |volume=1739 |issue=2–3 |pages=198–210 |year=2005 |month=Januari |pmid=15615638 |doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.008 |url= |last12=Grundke-Iqbal |first12=I }}</ref> Hii inaweza kusababisha kwanza kutofanya kazi kwa mawasiliano ya biokemikali kati ya nyuro na baadaye kifo cha seli.<ref name="pmid17127334">{{cite journal |author=Chun W, Johnson GV |title=The role of tau phosphorylation and cleavage in neuronal cell death |journal=Front Biosci |volume=12 |pages=733–56 |year=2007 |pmid=17127334 |doi=10.2741/2097 }}</ref> Malengelenge ya Hepisi simpuleksiya virusi vya aina 1 pia yamependekezwa kutekeleza jukumu sababishi katika kubeba aina shawishi za jeni ya apoE. <ref name="pmid18487848"> {{cite journal |author=Itzhaki RF, Wozniak MA |title=Herpes simplex virus type 1 in Alzheimer's disease: the enemy within |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=393–405 |year=2008 |month=Mei |pmid=18487848 |doi= |issn=1387-2877 |url=http://iospress.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1387-2877&volume=13&issue=4&spage=393 }}</ref> Nadharia tete nyingine inasisitiza kwamba ugonjwa huu unaweza kuwa unasababishwa na kuvunjika kwa mayelinindani ya ubongo kunakotokana na umri. Kuvunjika huku kwa mayelini husababisha kusitishwa kwa usafiri wa kimkongo, na hivyo husababisha kupotezwa kwa nyuro ambazo huganda. Madini ya chuma yanayotolewa wakati wa kuvunjwa kwa mayelina hudaiwa kuwa husababisha uharibifu zaidi. Mifumo karabati wa uthabitishaji wa mayelini huchangia katika kukua kwa amana za protini kama vile-beta Amiloidi na tau.<ref>{{Cite pmid| 19775776}}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid| 15665415}}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid|18596894}}</ref> Fadhaa ya uoksidishaji ni sababu kubwa katika kutokea kwa ugonjwa huu./} Watu walio na Alzeima huonyesha kupoteza kwa 70% ya udhibiti wa seli za [[kurulusi]] ambazo hutoa norepinefrini (pamoja na wajibu wake wa uwasilishi wa nyuro) ambazo kwa kawaida huenea kutoka kwa “varicositi” kama za kusababishwa na mwili wenyewe kupiganan na uvimbe kwenye mazingira madogo yanayozunguka nyuro, seli za gliali, na mishipa ya damu kwenye neokoteksi na hipokampasi.<ref name="Heneka"> Heneka MT, Nadrigny F, Regen T, Martinez-Hernandez A, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L, Terwel D, Jardanhazi-Kurutz D, Walter J, Kirchhoff F, Hanisch UK, Kummer MP. (2010). [http://www.pnas.org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/content/107/13/6058.full.pdf Locus ceruleus hudhibiti patholojia ya Alzeima kwa kusimamia utendajikazi wa microglial kupitia norepinephrine.] Proc Natl Acad Sci Marekani A. 107:6058-6063 {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0909586107}} PMID 20,231,476</ref> Imeonyeshwa kuwa norepinefrini huchangamsha kipanya cha microglia na kuzuia Aβ- uzalishaji ulishawishiwa wa saitokini na fagosaitosisi zao za Aβ.<ref name="Heneka"/> Hii inaashiria kwamba kuzorota kwa ceruleusi ya mahali maalum yaweza kuwajibika kwa utuaji uliongezeka wa Aβ kwenye ubongo wa Alzeima.<ref name="Heneka"/> == Pathofiziolojia == [[Picha:Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg|thumb|Mfano wa Histopatholojia wa utando dhoofu unavyoonekana katika oteksi ya serebali ya mtu alye na ugonjwa wa mwanzo Alzeima kabla ya uzee. Kutiliwa fedha.]] === Patholojia ya Nyuro === Ugonjwa wa Alzeima una sifa ya kupotezwa kwa nyuro na sinepsi katika tabaka la juu la ubongo na baadhi ya ya maeneo madogo ya oteksi. Upotevu huu hupelekea kudhoofika kwa jumla kwa maeneo yaliyoathirika, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuzorota kwa ndewe ya wakati na ndewe ya parietali, na sehemu ya mbele ya koteksi na mzunguko wa "singulate".<ref name="pmid12934968"/> Utafiti unaotumia MRI na PET umetia kwenye kumbukumbu kupunguka kwa ukubwa maeneo maalum ya ubongo ya wagonjwa wanavyoendelea kutoka kwa kuharibika kwa umauzi wa kadiri hadi kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima , na kwa kulinganisha na picha zinazofanana kutoka kwa watu wazima walio na uzeee na wenye afya.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Moan R|title=MRI software accurately IDs preclinical Alzheimer's disease|journal=Diagnostic Imaging|date=20 Julai 2009|url=http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1428344|access-date=2010-10-18|archive-date=2016-05-16|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516192841/http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1428344|dead-url=yes|=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516192841/http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1428344}}</ref> Tando zote za amiloidi na utanda neurofibrila huonekana wazi wazi na microscopia katika akili ya wale walio na taabu ya Alzeima.<ref name="pmid15184601">{{cite journal |author=Tiraboschi P, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Corey-Bloom J |title=The importance of neuritic plaques and tangles to the development and evolution of AD |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2004-06-08_62_11/page/n140 |journal=Neurology |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=1984–9 |year=2004 |month=Juni |pmid=15184601 }}</ref> Tando ni nene, hakunaamana zaidi za beta peptidi amiloidi na nyenzo [[Seli|za mkononi]] nje na kuzunguka nyuro. Mfungamano (mfungamano wa neurofibrila) ni mkusanyiko wa neli ndogo za protini za tau ambazo zimekuwa haipafosoforia na kujilimbikiza ndani ya seli zenyewe. Ingawa watu wengi zaidi hupata tando na mfungamano kama matokeo ya uzee, wagonjwa wa Alzeima huwa nazo kwa wingi katika sehemu maalum za ubongo kama vile tundu ya wakati.<ref name="pmid8038565">{{cite journal |author=Bouras C, Hof PR, Giannakopoulos P, Michel JP, Morrison JH |title=Regional distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of elderly patients: a quantitative evaluation of a one-year autopsy population from a geriatric hospital |journal=Cereb. Cortex |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=138–50 |year=1994 |pmid=8038565 |doi=10.1093/cercor/4.2.138 }}</ref> Mkusanyiko mkubwa wa protini (Miili ya Lewy) si adimu katika ubongo wa mgonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid11816795">{{cite journal |author=Kotzbauer PT, Trojanowsk JQ, Lee VM |title=Lewy body pathology in Alzheimer's disease |journal=J Mol Neurosci |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=225–32 |year=2001 |month=Oct |pmid=11816795 |doi=10.1385/JMN:17:2:225 }}</ref> === Biokemia === [[Picha:Amyloid-plaque formation-big.jpg|right|thumb|border|Vimeng'enya hufanyia kazi APP (protini tangulizi ya amiloidi) na kuikata katika vipande. Kipande cha amiloidi beta ni muhimu katika uundaji wa utando dhoofu katika Alzeima.]] Ugonjwa wa Alzeima umetambuliwa kama ugonjwa wa u kukunjwa vibaya kwa protini (proteopathia) , unaosababishwa na protini za A/beta na tau zilizojikunja vibaya ubongoni.<ref name="pmid14528050">{{cite journal |author=Hashimoto M, Rockenstein E, Crews L, Masliah E |title=Role of protein aggregation in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases |journal=Neuromolecular Med. |volume=4 |issue=1–2 |pages=21–36 |year=2003 |pmid=14528050 |doi=10.1385/NMM:4:1-2:21 }}</ref> Utando umeundwa kwa peptidi ndogo, zenye urefu wa asidi ya amino 39-43 uitwao beta amiloidi-(pia huandikwa pia kama A-beta-au Aβ). Beta-amiloidi ni kipande kutoka protini kubwa iitwayo amiloidi tangulizi (APP), protini iliyotanda na hupenya kwa utando wa nyuroni. APP ni muhimu kwa ukuaji nyuroni, kuishi na-kujirekebisha baada ya majeraha.<ref name="pmid16822978">{{cite journal |author=Priller C, Bauer T, Mitteregger G, Krebs B, Kretzschmar HA, Herms J |title=Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2006-07-05_26_27/page/n108 |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=26 |issue=27 |pages=7212–21 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16822978 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1450-06.2006 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12927332">{{cite journal |author=Turner PR, O'Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC |title=Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory |url=https://archive.org/details/progress-in-neurobiology_2003-05_70_1/page/1 |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |year=2003 |month=Mei |pmid=12927332 |doi=10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00089-3 }}</ref> Katika ugonjwa wa Alzeima, mchakato usiojulikana husababisha APP kugawanyika kwa vipande vidogo kupitia kimengenyakatika proteolisisi.<ref name="pmid15787600">{{cite journal |author=Hooper NM |title=Roles of proteolysis and lipid rafts in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and prion protein |journal=Biochem. Soc. Trans. |volume=33 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=335–8 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15787600 |doi=10.1042/BST0330335 }}</ref> Moja ya vipande hivi inazaa fibrili za amiloidi-beta, ambazo zinatengeza vibonge ambazo zinakusanyika nje ya nyuroni kwa wingi na kuunda vikundi ambavyo vinajulikana kama utando dhaifu.<ref name="pmid15184601"/><ref name="pmid15004691">{{cite journal |author=Ohnishi S, Takano K |title=Amyloid fibrils from the viewpoint of protein folding |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_2004-03_61_5/page/n3 |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=511–24 |year=2004 |month=Machi |pmid=15004691 |doi=10.1007/s00018-003-3264-8 }}</ref> [[Picha:TANGLES HIGH.jpg|right|thumb|Katika ugonjwa wa Alzeima, mabadiliko katika protini ya tau yanapelekea kuharibika kwa mikrotubuli katika seli za ubongo.]] Alzeima pia hufikiriwa kuwa shida ya protini ya tau kutokana na kusanyikousio wa kawaida wa protini ya tau. Kila nyuroni ina mfupa wa ndani, mfumo wa ndani ambao kwa kiasi umeundwa kwa mifumo iitwayo mikrotubuli. Mikrotubuli hizi huwa kama alama, kuongoza virutubisho na molekuli kutoka katika mwili wa seli hadi mwisho wa mkongo na kurejea. Protini ya ''tau'' uhimarisha mikrotubuli wakati inapopata fosforasi, na kwa hiyo huitwa protini inayohusisha mikrotubuli. Katika Alzeima, tau bado hupitia mabadiliko ya kemikali, kuwa na fosfori nyingi, basi huanza kuunda jozi na nyuzi nyingine, na kuunda misokotano ya neurofibrila na kuharibu mfumo wa usafiri wa nyuroni.<ref name="pmid17604998">{{cite journal |author=Hernández F, Avila J |title=Tauopathies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_2007-09_64_17/page/2219 |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=64 |issue=17 |pages=2219–33 |year=2007 |month=Septemba |pmid=17604998 |doi=10.1007/s00018-007-7220-x }}</ref> === Utaratibu wa ugonjwa === Jinsi mvurugiko wa uzalishaji na mkusanyiko wa peptidi amiloidi beta husababisha kuongezeka kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima haijulikani hasa.<ref name="pmid17622778">{{cite journal |author=Van Broeck B, Van Broeckhoven C, Kumar-Singh S |title=Current insights into molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and their implications for therapeutic approaches |journal=Neurodegener Dis |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=349–65 |year=2007 |pmid=17622778 |doi=10.1159/000105156 }}</ref> Nadharia tete ya amiloidi kijadi huashiria kuwa mkusanyiko wa peptidi amiloidi beta kama tukio kuu la kuchochea nyuroni kuzorota. Mkusanyiko wa fibrili za amiloidiambazo zinaaminika kuwa aina ya protini yenye sumu inayosababisha kuvuruga homiostasisi ya ayoni [[Kalisi|kalsiamu]] katika seli, husababisha chembe kufa (apoptosisi).<ref name="pmid2218531">{{cite journal |author=Yankner BA, Duffy LK, Kirschner DA |title=Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid beta protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1990-10-12_250_4978/page/278 |journal=Science (journal) |volume=250 |issue=4978 |pages=279–82 |year=1990 |month=Oktoba |pmid=2218531 |doi=10.1126/science.2218531 }}</ref> Pia inajulikana kwamba Aβ huchagua kuendelea kukusanyika katika mitokondria katika seli za ubongo ulioathirika na Alzeima, na pia inazuia kazi fulani ya [[Kimeng'enya|kimengenya]] na matumizi ya glukosi na nyuroni.<ref name="pmid17424907">{{cite journal |author=Chen X, Yan SD |title=Mitochondrial Abeta: a potential cause of metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease |journal=IUBMB Life |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=686–94 |year=2006 |month=Desemba |pmid=17424907 |doi=10.1080/15216540601047767}}</ref> Michakato mbalimbali yenye uvimbe na saitokini pia inaweza kuwa inahusika kwa kutokea kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima. Kuvimba ni ishara ya jumla ya uharibifu wa tishu katika ugonjwa wowote, na huweza kuwa baada ya uharibifu wa tishu katika Alzeima au ishara ya jibu la kinga.<ref name="pmid15681814">{{cite journal |author=Greig NH, Mattson MP, Perry T, ''et al.'' |title=New therapeutic strategies and drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases: p53 and TNF-alpha inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1035 |pages=290–315 |year=2004 |month=Desemba |pmid=15681814 |doi=10.1196/annals.1332.018 }}</ref> Tofauti katika ugawaji wa neurotrofiki na tofauti katika uelezaji wa vipokezi vyao kama vile vipengele vya neurotrofiki zinazotokana na ubongo(BDNF) zilivyoelezwa katika Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tapia-Arancibia L, Aliaga E, Silhol M, Arancibia S |title=New insights into brain BDNF function in normal aging and Alzheimer disease |journal=[[Brain Research Reviews]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=201–20 |year=2008 |month=Nov |pmid=18708092 |doi=10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00378.x |author=Schindowski K, Belarbi K, Buée L |title=Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's disease: role of axonal transport |journal= [[Genes, Brain and Behavior]] |volume=7 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=43–56 |year=2008 |month=Feb |pmid=18184369 |pmc=2228393 }}</ref> === Jenetiki === Na idadi kubwa ya kesi za ugonjwa wa Alzeima ni za mtawanyiko, ina maana kuwa ugonjwa huu haurithiwi ingawa baadhi ya jeni zinaongeza hatari. Kwa upande mwingine, karibu 0.1% ya kesi ni aina ya ugonjwa unaosababishwa na urithi wa kifamilia kutoka jeni za mzazi mmoja, ambao kwa kawaida huanza kabla ya umri wa 65.<ref name="pmid16876668">{{cite journal |author=Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H |title=Alzheimer's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9533 |pages=387–403 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16876668 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69113-7 |url= }}</ref> Mara nyingi ugonjwa wa kifamilia wa Alzeima unaotokana na jeni za mzazi mmoja unaweza kuhusishwa na mabadiliko katika moja ya jeni tatu: protini tangulizi ya amiloidi (APP) na presenilini ya 1 na 2.<ref name="pmid18332245">{{cite journal |author=Waring SC, Rosenberg RN |title=Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer disease |journal=Arch Neurol |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=329–34 |year=2008 |month=Machi |pmid=18332245 |doi=10.1001/archneur.65.3.329 }}</ref> Mabadiliko mengi katika APP na jeni ya presenilini huchangia uzalishaji wa protini ndogo iitwayoAβ42, ambayo ni sehemu kuu ya utando dhaifu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Selkoe DJ |title=Translating cell biology into therapeutic advances in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Nature |volume=399 |issue=6738 Suppl |pages=A23–31 |year=1999 |month=Juni |pmid=10392577 |doi=10.1038/19866 }}</ref> Baadhi ya mabadiliko hubadilisha tu uwiano wa kawaida kati ya Aβ42 na miundo mingine mikuu, kama vile Aβ40-bila kuongeza viwango vya Aβ42.<ref name="pmid8938131">{{cite journal |author=Borchelt DR, Thinakaran G, Eckman CB, ''et al.'' |title=Familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin 1 variants elevate Aβ1-42/1-40 ratio in vitro and in vivo. |url=https://archive.org/details/neuron_1996-11_17_5/page/1005 |journal=Neuron |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=1005–13 |year=1996 |month=Nov |pmid=8938131 |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80230-5 |last12=Wang |first12=R |last13=Seeger |first13=M |last14=Levey |first14=AI |last15=Gandy |first15=SE |last16=Copeland |first16=NG |last17=Jenkins |first17=NA |last18=Price |first18=DL |last19=Younkin |first19=SG |last20=Sisodia |first20=SS }}</ref><ref name="pmid17254019">{{cite journal |author=Shioi J, Georgakopoulos A, Mehta P, ''et al.'' |title=FAD mutants unable to increase neurotoxic Aβ 42 suggest that mutation effects on neurodegeneration may be independent of effects on Abeta. |journal=J Neurochem. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=674–81 |year=2007 |month=Mei |pmid=17254019 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04391.x }}</ref> Hii inaashiria kwamba mabadiliko ya presenilini yanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa hata kama inapunguza kiwango cha Aβ zinazozalishwa na huweza kuashiria majukumu mengine ya presenilini au jukumu la mabadiliko katika kazi ya APP na / au vipande vyake vingine mbali na Aβ. Kesi zaidi za ugonjwa wa Alzeima hazionyeshi dalili za ugonjwa wa kurithi na hujulikana kama Alzeima ya mtawanyiko. Hata hivyo tofauti za kijenetiki zinaweza kuwa ishara ya hatari. Ishara ijulikanayo vyema zaidi ni urithi wa aleli ya ε4 apolipoprotini E (APOE).<ref name="pmid8446617">{{cite journal |author=Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, ''et al.'' |title=Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=1977–81 |year=1993 |month=Machi |pmid=8446617 |pmc=46003 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.5.1977 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16567625">{{cite journal |author=Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y |title=Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue=15 |pages=5644–51 |year=2006 |month=Aprili |pmid=16567625 |pmc=1414631 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0600549103 |url= }}</ref> Kati ya 40 na 80% ya wagonjwa walio na Alzeima wanayo aleli ya apoE4.<ref name="pmid16567625"/> Aleli ya APOE4 huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa huo kwa mara tatu katika heterozigoti na kwa mara 15 katika homozigoti.<ref name="pmid16876668"/> Wanasayansi wa jenetiki wanakubaliana kwamba jeni nyingine nyingi pia huwa kama sababu za hatari au zina athari za kinga zinayoshawishi kuanza kwa kuchelewa ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid18332245"/> Zaidi ya jeni 400 zimepimwa kuonyesha uhusiano na Alzeima ya mtawanyiko inayoanza kwa kuchelewa,<ref name="pmid18332245"/>nyingi bila matokeo.<ref name="pmid16876668"/> == Utambuzi wa Ugonjwa == [[Picha:PET Alzheimer.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Uchungzi wa PET wa ubongo wa mtu aliye na Alzeima huonyesha upungufu wa utendaji kazi katika tundu ya panja]] Ugonjwa wa Alzeima kwa kawaida hutambulika kama ugonjwa kutoka kwa historia ya mgonjwa, historia ya pamoja kutoka kwa jamaa, na uchunguzi wa kimatibabu, kutegemea na kuwepo kwa sifaza kinyurolojia na kinyurosaikolojia za neva na kukosekana kwa hali mbadala.<ref name="pmid17407994">{{cite journal |author=Mendez MF |title=The accurate diagnosis of early-onset dementia |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry Medicine |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=401–412 |year=2006 |pmid=17407994 |doi=10.2190/Q6J4-R143-P630-KW41 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17018549">{{cite journal |author=Klafki HW, Staufenbiel M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J |title=Therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain_2006-11_129_11/page/2840 |journal=Brain |volume=129 |issue=Pt 11 |pages=2840–55 |year=2006 |month=Novemba |pmid=17018549 |doi=10.1093/brain/awl280 }}</ref> Matibabu ya mionzi ya hali ya juu na tomografia ya utendajikazi au mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha (MRI), na kwa upigaji picha wa kitomografia wa utendajikazi wa mwili(SPECT) au picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama (PET) zinaweza kutumika kusaidia kutenga magonjwa mengine ya ubongo au aina nyingine za magonjwa ya ubongo.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG042quickrefguide.pdf |format = PDF |title = Dementia: Quick reference guide |publisher = (UK) [[National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence]] |location = London |month = Novemba |year = 2006 |isbn = 1-84629-312-X |accessdate = 2008-02-22 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161412/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG042quickrefguide.pdf |archivedate = 2008-02-27 }}</ref> Aidha, inaweza kutabiri kubadilika kutoka hatua za mwanzo (upungufu wa uwezo wa utambuzi) hadi kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schroeter ML, Stein T, Maslowski N, Neumann J |title=Neural correlates of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment – A meta-analysis including 1351 patients. |journal=NeuroImage |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1196–1206 |year=2009 |pmid=19463961 |pmc=2730171 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.037 }}</ref> Tathmini ya utendajikazi wa wasomi pamoja na kupima kumbukumbu kunaweza kusaidia zaidi kutathmini hali ya ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid17222085"/> Mashirika ya kimatibabu yameunda vigezo vya uchunguzi wa kimatibabu ili kurahisisha na kuwekeza viwango vya michakato ya wauguzi. Utambuzi huweza kuwa imara zaidi wakati wa uchunguzi wa mwili wakati sehemu za ubongo zinaweza kupatikana na kuchunguzwa kihistoria.<ref name="pmid6610841">{{cite journal |author=McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM |title=Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1984-07_34_7/page/939 |journal=Neurology |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=939–44 |year=1984 |month=Julai |pmid=6610841 }}</ref> === Vigezo vya uchunguzi wa kiutambuzi === Taasisi ya Taifa ya Kinyurojia na matatizo ya kimawasiliano na kiharusi (NINCDS) na Ushirika wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima na magonjwa husika (ADRDA, sasa inajulikana kama [[Chama cha Alzeima)]] [[NINCDS-ADRDA]] iliunda vigezo vinavyotumika kwa kawaida katika utambuzi mnamo 1984,<ref name="pmid6610841"/> vilivyoboreshwa mnamo 2007.<ref name="pmid17616482">{{cite journal |author=Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, ''et al.'' |title=Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=734–46 |year=2007 |month=Agosti |pmid=17616482 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3 |last12=O'brien |first12=J |last13=Pasquier |first13=F |last14=Robert |first14=P |last15=Rossor |first15=M |last16=Salloway |first16=S |last17=Stern |first17=Y |last18=Visser |first18=PJ |last19=Scheltens |first19=P }}</ref> Vigezo hivi vinahitaji kuwa kuwepo kwa uharibifu wa utambuzi, na kukishukiwa kuwepo kwa shida ya akili, na kuthibitishwa na kupima saikolojia ya akili kwa uchunguzi wa kimatibabu wa uwezekano au uwepo wa Alzeima. Uthibitisho kutoka kwa uchunguzi wa kina wa ugonjwa ikiwa ni pamoja na uchunguzi wa kina wa tishu ya ubongo inahitajika kwa ajili ya kuthibitisha uchunguzi. Takwimu za kuaminika na uhalali zimeonyeshwa kati ya vigezo vya uchunguzi na uthibitisho wa uchunguzi wa historia na maendeleo ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid7986174">{{cite journal |author=Blacker D, Albert MS, Bassett SS, Go RC, Harrell LE, Folstein MF |title=Reliability and validity of NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for Alzheimer's disease. The National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=1198–204 |year=1994 |month=Desemba |pmid=7986174 }}</ref> Vitengo vinane vya utendaji kwa kawaida uharibiwa katika Alzeima- kumbukumbu, [[lugha]], ujuzi wa utambuzi, makini, uwezo wa kujenga, maelekezo, kutatua tatizo na uwezo wa utendaji. Vitengo hivi ni sawa na Vigezo vya Alzeima vya NINCDS-ADRDA kama vilivyoorodheshwa katika ''Uchunguzi na Takwimu za Mwongozo wa Magonjwa ya akili'' ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders '' (DSM-IV-TR) iliyochapishwa na Chama cha Marekani cha Kiakili.<ref>{{cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis00amer_2 |edition=4th Edition Text Revision |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=2000 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0890420254 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8752526">{{cite journal |author=Ito N |title=[Clinical aspects of dementia] |language=Japanese |journal=Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=315–20 |year=1996 |month=Mei |pmid=8752526 }}</ref> === Vifaa vya Uchunguzi === [[Picha:InterlockingPentagons.svg|right|thumb|Uchunguzi wa vipimo wa saikolojia ya ubongo unaweza kusaidia katika uchunguzi wa Alzeima. Katika uchunguzi huo wagonjwa wanapaswa kunakili michoro sawa na ile inayoonyeshwa katika picha, kumbuka maneno, kusoma, na kuondoa nambari katika mfululizo.]] Uchunguzi wa kinyrosaikolojia kama vile uchunguzi wa kiasi wa hali ya akili(MMSE), hutumika sana kutathmini upungufu wa utambuzi unaohitajika kwa uchunguzi. Uchunguzi pana zaidi unahitajika kwa matokeo ya kuaminika zaidi, hasa katika hatua za mwanzo za ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid1512391">{{cite journal |author=Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ |title=The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=922–35 |year=1992 |month=Septemba |pmid=1512391 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9987708">{{cite journal |author=Pasquier F |title=Early diagnosis of dementia: neuropsychology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology_1999-01_246_1/page/n7 |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=246 |issue=1 |pages=6–15 |year=1999 |month=Januari |pmid=9987708 |doi=10.1007/s004150050299 }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa neva mwanzoni mwa Alzeima hutoa matokeo ya kawaida, ila kwa uharibifu dhahiri katika utambuzi, ambayo inaweza kosa kuwa tofauti na ile itokanayo na michakato mingine ya magonjwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na sababu nyingine ya shida ya akili. Uchunguzi zaidi kinyurojia ni muhimu katika kutofautisha utambuzi wa Alzeima na magonjwa mengine.<ref name="pmid17222085"/> Mahojiano na jamaa wa familia pia hutumika katika tathmini ya ugonjwa huo. Walezi wanaweza kusambaza taarifa muhimu kuhusu uwezo wa kuishi wa kila siku, na pia juu ya kupungua, baada ya muda, uwezo wa akili ya mtu kufanya kazi.<ref name="pmid16327345">{{cite journal |author=Harvey PD, Moriarty PJ, Kleinman L, ''et al.'' |title=The validation of a caregiver assessment of dementia: the Dementia Severity Scale |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=186–94 |year=2005 |pmid=16327345 |doi=10.1097/01.wad.0000189034.43203.60 }}</ref> Mtizamo wa mlezi ni muhimu sana, kwani mtu aliye na Alzeima ni kawaida hajui upungufu wake mwenyewe.<ref name="pmid15738860">{{cite journal |author=Antoine C, Antoine P, Guermonprez P, Frigard B |title=[Awareness of deficits and anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease.] |language=French |journal=Encephale |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=570–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15738860 |doi=10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95472-3 }}</ref> Mara nyingi, pia familia huwa na shida ya kutambua dalili za awali za dementia na wanaweza kukosa kutoa habari sahihi kwa daktari.<ref name="pmid16197855">{{cite journal |author=Cruz VT, Pais J, Teixeira A, Nunes B |title=[The initial symptoms of Alzheimer disease: caregiver perception] |language=Portuguese |journal=Acta Med Port |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=435–44 |year=2004 |pmid=16197855 }}</ref> Dalili nyingine nzuri katika utambuzi wa ugonjwa ni ichunguzi wa maji ya serebali ya uti wa mgongo kwa uwepo wa amiloidi beta au protini ya tau,<ref name="pmid17612711">{{cite journal |author=Marksteiner J, Hinterhuber H, Humpel C |title=Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: beta-amyloid(1-42), tau, phospho-tau-181 and total protein |journal=Drugs Today |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=423–31 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17612711 |doi=10.1358/dot.2007.43.6.1067341 }}</ref>yaani protini ya tau na protini ya tau iliyo na fosforasi _181P.<ref name="demeyer"/> Kutafuta protini hizo kwa kufyonza uti wa mgongo unaweza kutabiri kuanza kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima na usahihi kwa kati ya 94% na 100%.<ref name="demeyer"/> Inapotumika na mbinu zilizopo za upigaji picha za ubongo, madaktari wanaweza kutambua wagonjwa wa kupoteza kumbukumbu ambao tayari wameanza kuugua ugonjwa huu.<ref name="demeyer">{{cite journal |author=De Meyer G, Shapiro F, Vanderstichele H, Vanmechelen E, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Coart E, Hansson O, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Shaw L, Trojanowski JQ |title=Diagnosis-Independent Alzheimer Disease Biomarker Signature in Cognitively Normal Elderly People |journal=Arch Neurol. |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=949–56 |year=2010 |month=Agosti |pmid=20697045 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.179 }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa maji ya uti wa mgongo unapatikana kwa kulipia, tofauti na teknolojia ya kisasa ya kupiga picha za akili.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kolata G |title=Spinal-Fluid Test Is Found to Predict Alzheimer's |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/health/research/10spinal.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 Agosti 2010 |accessdate=10 Agosti 2010 }}</ref> Ugonjwa wa Alzeima ulitambuliwa katika kila mmoja ya watu watatu ambao hawakuwa na dalili yoyote katika utafiti wa 2010, ina maana kuwa ugonjwa huanza kuota kabla ya dalili kutokea.<ref>{{cite news |author=Roan S |title=Tapping into an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease |url=http://www.latimes.com/health/boostershots/aging/la-heb-alzheimers-20100809,0,5683387.story |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=9 Agosti 2010 |accessdate=10 Agosti 2010 }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa zaidi hutoa habari ya ziada juu ya sifa za ugonjwa au hutumika kuondhosha utambuzi wa ugonjwa mwingine. Kupima damu kunaweza kubaini sababu nyingine za shida ya akili mbali na Alzeima<ref name="pmid17222085"/> -sababu ambazo, katika kesi nadra, zinaweza kupinduliwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Clarfield AM |title=The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=163 |issue=18 |pages=2219–29 |year=2003 |month=Oktoba |pmid=14557220 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.18.2219 }}</ref> Ni kawaida kufanya vipimo vya utendakazi wa kikoromeo, kutathmini B12, kuondosha kaswende, na matatizo ya metaboli (ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo utendakazi wa figo, viwango vya elektrolaiti na ugonjwa wa kisukari), tathmini viwango vya metali nzito (mfano risasi, zebaki) na upungufu wa damu. (Angalia njia tofauti za utambuzi wa shida za akili). (Pia ni muhimu kwa kuondosha uwezekano wa mapayo). Vipimo vya kisaikolojia kwa unyogovu hutumiwa, kwani unyogovu unaweza unaweza kuwa sambamba na Alzeima (tz Unyogovu wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima), ni ishara ya mapema ya kuharibika kwa utambuzi,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sun x, Steffens DC, Au R, ''et al.'' |title=Amyloid-Associated Depression: A Prodromal Depression of Alzheimer Disease? |journal=Arch Gen Psychiatry |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=542–550|year=2008 |url=http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/65/5/542 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.542 |pmid=18458206 |last1=Sun |first1=X |last2=Steffens |first2=DC |last3=Au |first3=R |last4=Folstein |first4=M |last5=Summergrad |first5=P |last6=Yee |first6=J |last7=Rosenberg |first7=I |last8=Mwamburi |first8=DM |last9=Qiu |first9=WQ}}</ref> au hata sababu.<ref name="pmid9153154">{{cite journal |author=Geldmacher DS, Whitehouse PJ |title=Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=48 |issue=5 Suppl 6 |pages=S2–9 |year=1997 |month=Mei |pmid=9153154 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17495754">{{cite journal |author=Potter GG, Steffens DC |title=Contribution of depression to cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults |journal=Neurologist |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=105–17 |year=2007 |month=Mei |pmid=17495754 |doi=10.1097/01.nrl.0000252947.15389.a9 }}</ref> ==== Kupiga Picha za Utambuzi ==== Wakati inapopatikana kama chombo cha utambuzi, upigaji picha wa kitomografia wa utendakazi wa mwili (SPECT) na picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama (PET) upigaji picha za ubongo hutumika kuthibitisha utambuzi wa Alzeima kwa ushirikiano na tathmini ya uchunguzi wa hali ya akili.<ref name="pmid16785801">{{cite journal |author=Bonte FJ, Harris TS, Hynan LS, Bigio EH, White CL |title=Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in the differential diagnosis of the dementias with histopathologic confirmation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-nuclear-medicine_2006-07_31_7/page/376 |journal=Clin Nucl Med |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=376–8 |year=2006 |month=Julai |pmid=16785801 |doi=10.1097/01.rlu.0000222736.81365.63 }}</ref> Kwa mtu ambaye tayari ana shida ya akili, SPECT inaonekana kuwa bora katika kutofautisha ugonjwa wa Alzeima na sababu zingine, ikilinganishwa na majaribio ya kawaida yanayotumia kupima akili na uchambuzi wa historia ya matibabu.<ref name="pmid15545324">{{cite journal |author=Dougall NJ, Bruggink S, Ebmeier KP |title=Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in dementia |journal=Am J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=554–70 |year=2004 |pmid=15545324 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.6.554 }}</ref> Maendeleo yamepelekea kupendekezwa kwa vigezo vipya vya utambuzi.<ref name="pmid17222085"/><ref name="pmid17616482"/> Mbinu mpya inayojulikana kama PiB PET imeundwa kwa ajili kupiga picha moja kwa moja na kwa uwazi amana za amiloidi beta katika vivo kwa kutumia kinakili ambacho kinajishikilia kwa kipendeleo kwa amana ya A-beta. <ref> PiB PET: * {{cite journal |author=Kemppainen NM, Aalto S, Karrasch M, ''et al.'' |title=Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh Compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2008-01_63_1/page/112 |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=112–8 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18023012 |doi=10.1002/ana.21212 }} * {{cite journal |author=Ikonomovic MD, Klunk WE, Abrahamson EE, ''et al.'' |title=Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Brain |volume=131 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=1630–45 |year=2008 |month=Juni |pmid=18339640 |pmc=2408940 |doi=10.1093/brain/awn016 |last12=Hope |first12=CE |last13=Isanski |first13=BA |last14=Hamilton |first14=RL |last15=Dekosky |first15=ST }} * {{cite journal |author=Jack CR, Lowe VJ, Senjem ML, ''et al.'' |title=11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment |journal=Brain |volume=131 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=665–80 |year=2008 |month=Machi |pmid=18263627 |doi=10.1093/brain/awm336 |pmc=2730157 }} </ref> Mchanganyiko wa PiB-PET unatumia uchunguzi wa PET kaboni-11. Utafiti wa karibuni unaonyesha kwamba PiB-PET ni sahihi 86% katika utabiri wa watu watakaoshikwa na ugonjwa wa Alzeima kati ya wale walio na viwango vya chini vya kupoteza uwezo wa utambuzi ndani ya miaka miwili, na usahihi wa 92% katika kuondoa uwezekano wa kushikwa na Alzeima. Mchanganyiko sawa wa uchunguzi wa PET wa uchunguzi wa dawa kwa miale ya redio uitwao(E) -4 - (2 - (6 - (2 - (2 - (2 - ^([18 F]-fluoroethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) pyridin-3-yl) vinyl)-N -methyl benzenamine, au ¹⁸ F AV-45, au florbetapir-florini-18, au tu florbetapir, ina radionuclide florini-18 ya kudumu, viliundwa hivi karibuni, na kufanyiwa majaribio kama chombo kinachoweza kutumika katika uchunguzi wa wagonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging |date=2009 Aug |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=387–93 |title=The use of the exploratory IND in the evaluation and development of ¹⁸F-PET radiopharmaceuticals for amyloid imaging in the brain: a review of one company's experience |author=Carpenter AP Jr, Pontecorvo MJ, Hefti FF, Skovronsky DM |pmid=19834448 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Leung K |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=micad&part=AV-45-18F |title=(E)-4-(2-(6-(2-(2-(2-(¹⁸F-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-N-methyl benzenamine <nowiki>[[</nowiki>¹⁸F<nowiki>]AV-45]</nowiki> |work=Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database |date=8 Aprili 2010 |accessdate=2010-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=[[Gina Kolata|Kolata G]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/24/health/research/24scans.html |title=Promise Seen for Detection of Alzheimer's |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 Juni 2010 |accessdate=23 Juni 2010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20501908">{{cite journal |doi=10.2967/jnumed.109.069088 |journal=J Nucl Med |date=2010 Jun |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=913–20 |title=In vivo imaging of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease using the radioligand 18F-AV-45 (flobetapir F 18) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nuclear-medicine_2010-06_51_6/page/913 |author=Wong DF, Rosenberg PB, Zhou Y, Kumar A, Raymont V, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Nandi A, Brasić JR, Ye W, Hilton J, Lyketsos C, Kung HF, Joshi AD, Skovronsky DM, Pontecorvo MJ |pmid=20501908 |laysummary=http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1598949 }}</ref> Florbetapir, kama PiB, hufungamana na amiloidi-beta, lakini kutokana na matumizi yake ya florini-18 ina maisha nusu ya dakika 110, kwa kulinganisha na maisha nusu ya kinyuklia ya PiB ya dakika 20. ''Et al Wong'' aligundua kwamba maisha marefu ya kinakili yalikiruhusu kujilimbikiza zaidi katika bongo za wagonjwa wa Alzeima, hasa katika sehemu zinazohusishwa na amana za amiloidi beta.<ref name="pmid20501908"/> Uchambuzi mmoja ulitabiri kwamba kuna uwezekano wa kutumika kwa kushirikiana na dalili nyengine badala ya kuwa mbadala.<ref name="pmid19847050">{{cite journal |author=Rabinovici GD, Jagust WJ |journal=Behav Neurol |year=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=117–28 |title=Amyloid imaging in aging and dementia: testing the amyloid hypothesis in vivo |pmid=19847050 |pmc=2804478 |doi=10.3233/BEN-2009-0232 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Kupima ukubwa waMRI unaweza kuchunguza mabadiliko katika ukubwa wa sehemu za ubongo. Upimaji wa maeneo hayo ambayo hudhoofika wakati wa ueneaji wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima inaonyesha ahadi nzuri kama kama kiashiria ya diagnostiksamarbetet. Inaweza kuja kuwa njia isiyo ghali ikilinganishwa na njia nyingine zinazofanyiwa uchunguzi kwa sasa.<ref name="pmid18445747">{{cite journal |author=O'Brien JT |title=Role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of dementia |journal=Br J Radiol |date=2007 Dec |volume=80 |issue=Spec No 2 |pages=S71–7 |pmid=18445747 |doi=10.1259/bjr/33117326 }}</ref> Utafiti wa karibuni unaonyesha kwamba ngazi za metaboli za ubongo zinaweza kutumika kama viashiria vya baolojia vya ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid 19501936">{{cite journal |author=Rupsingh R, Borrie M, Smith M, Wells JL, Bartha R |title=Reduced hippocampal glutamate in Alzheimer disease |journal=[[Neurobiol Aging]] |year=2009 |month=Juni |pmid=19501936 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.002 }}</ref> == Kuzuia == [[Picha:Honoré Daumier 032.jpg|right|thumb|Shughuli za kitaaluma kama vile kucheza chesi au kushirikiana kijamii kumehusishwa na upungufu wa hatari ya Alzeima katika utafiti wa kiepidemolojia, ingawa hakuna sababu shirikishi iliyopatikana.]] Kwa sasa, hakuna ushahidi dhabiti kuonyesha kuwa kuna njia yoyote yenye ufanisi katika kuzuia Alzeima. <ref>Mapendekezo ya Kuzuia hayajaungwa mkono: * {{cite journal |author=Kawas CH |title=Medications and diet: protective factors for AD? |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=20 |issue=3 Suppl 2 |pages=S89–96 |year=2006 |pmid=16917203|doi=}} * {{cite journal |author=Luchsinger JA, Mayeux R |title=Dietary factors and Alzheimer's disease |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=579–87 |year=2004 |pmid=15380154 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00878-6}} * {{cite journal |author=Luchsinger JA, Noble JM, Scarmeas N |title=Diet and Alzheimer's disease |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=366–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17764625 |doi=10.1007/s11910-007-0057-8}} * {{cite press release |url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/apr2010/od-28.htm |title=Independent Panel Finds Insufficient Evidence to Support Preventive Measures for Alzheimer's Disease |date=28 Aprili 2010 |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] |access-date=2010-10-18 |archivedate=2010-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502034409/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/apr2010/od-28.htm }} * {{cite web |url=http://consensus.nih.gov/2010/alzstatement.htm |title=NIH State-of-the-Science Conference: Preventing Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline |date=26 Aprili–28, 2010 |author=Daviglus ML ''et al.'' |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archivedate=2010-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503054126/http://consensus.nih.gov/2010/alzstatement.htm }}</ref> Uchunguzi wa ulimwengu wa kuzuia au kuchelewesha kuanza kwa Alzeima mara nyingi umetoa matokeo yasiyowiana. Hata hivyo, tafiti za epidemiolojia na mapendekezo katika uhusiano kati ya mambo fulani yanayoweza kubadilishwa, kama vile chakula, hatari ya moyo na mishipa, bidhaa za dawa, au shughuli za kitaaluma kati ya nyingine, na uwezekano wa wakazi wa kuugua Alzeima. Utafiti zaidi tu, ikiwa ni pamoja na majaribio ya kimatibabu, ndio utakaonyesha kama haya yanaweza kusaidia kuzuia Alzeima.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Szekely CA, Breitner JC, Zandi PP |title=Prevention of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Int Rev Psychiatry |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=693–706 |year=2007 |pmid=18092245 |doi=10.1080/09540260701797944 }}</ref> Ingawa sababu za hatari za moyo na mishipa, kama vile haipakolesterolemia , shinikizo la damu ugonjwa wa kisukari, na uvutaji sigara, zinahusishwa na hatari kubwa zaidi na mwanzo na mkondo wa Alzeima,<ref name="pmid18299540">{{cite journal |author=Patterson C, Feightner JW, Garcia A, Hsiung GY, MacKnight C, Sadovnick AD |title=Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 1. Risk assessment and primary prevention of Alzheimer disease |journal=CMAJ |volume=178 |issue=5 |pages=548–56 |year=2008 |month=Februari |pmid=18299540 |pmc=2244657 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.070796 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17483665">{{cite journal |author=Rosendorff C, Beeri MS, Silverman JM |title=Cardiovascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Am J Geriatr Cardiol |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=143–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17483665 |doi=10.1111/j.1076-7460.2007.06696.x }}</ref>statini, ambayo ni madawa ya kupunguza kolestroli, hayajakuwa na ufanisi katika kuzuia au kuboresha mkondo wa ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid17927279">{{cite journal |author=Reiss AB, Wirkowski E |title=Role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in neurological disorders: progress to date |journal=Drugs |volume=67 |issue=15 |pages=2111–20 |year=2007 |pmid=17927279|doi=10.2165/00003495-200767150-00001 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17877925">{{cite journal |author=Kuller LH |title=Statins and dementia |journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=154–61 |year=2007 |month=Agosti |pmid=17877925 |doi=10.1007/s11883-007-0012-9 }}</ref> Vipengele vya vyakula vya Mediterenia, ambayo ni pamoja na matunda na mboga, [[Mkate|mikate]], [[Nafaka|unga]] wa [[ngano]] na nyinginezo, mafuta, [[Samaki|samaki]], na mvinyo mwekundu, vyote kwa kibinafsi au kwa pamoja vinaweza kupunguza hatari au mkondo wa ugonjwa huo wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid18088206">{{cite journal |author=Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, D'Introno A, ''et al.'' |title=Lifestyle-related factors in predementia and dementia syndromes |journal=Expert Rev Neurother |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=133–58 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18088206 |doi=10.1586/14737175.8.1.133 |url= }}</ref> Athari yake ya manufaa kwa moyo na mishipa imependekezwa kama utaratibu wa utekelezaji.<ref name="pmid18088206"/> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kwamba kutumia pombe kwa wastani , hasa mvinyo mwekundu, kunahusiana na hatari ya chini ya Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Panza F, Capurso C, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Frisardi V, Lorusso M, Santamato A, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Scafato E, Vendemiale G, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V. |title=Alcohol drinking, cognitive functions in older age, predementia, and dementia syndromes |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=7–31 |date=Mei 2009 |pmid=19494429 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2009-1009 |last12=Capurso |first12=A |last13=Solfrizzi |first13=V |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Uchambuzi juu ya matumizi ya vitamini haujapata ushahidi wa kutosha wa umuhimu kupendekeza vitamini C,<ref name="pmid16227450">{{cite journal |author=Boothby LA, Doering PL |title=Vitamin C and vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Ann Pharmacother |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=2073–80 |year=2005 |month=Desemba |pmid=16227450 |doi=10.1345/aph.1E495 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2005-12_39_12/page/2073 }}</ref> E,<ref name="pmid16227450"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Isaac MG, Quinn R, Tabet N |title=Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD002854 |year=2008 |pmid=18646084 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002854.pub2 |url= }}</ref> au asidi ya foliki na au bila vitamini B _12,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malouf R, Grimley Evans J |title=Folic acid with or without vitamin B₁₂ for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD004514 |year=2008 |pmid=18843658 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2 |url= }}</ref> kama kinga au tiba ya mawakala katika Alzeima. Kuzidisha vitamini E inahusishwa na hatari muhimu za kiafya.<ref name="pmid16227450"/> Majaribio ya kuchunguza asidi ya foliki B9 () na vitamini nyingine za B zilishindwa kuonyesha uhusiano wowote muhimu kwa kupungua kwa utambuzi.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Effect of folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trials |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2010-06_123_6/page/522 |author=Wald DS, Kasturiratne A, Simmonds M |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |date=Juni 2010 |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=522-527.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.01.017 |pii=S0002-9343(10)00131-2 }}</ref> Matumizi ya muda mrefu yamadawa yasiyo steroidi zenye mshawasho (NSAIDs) yamehusishwa na kupunguza uwezekano wa kuugua Alzeima.<ref name="pmid17612054">{{cite journal |author=Szekely CA, Town T, Zandi PP |title=NSAIDs for the chemoprevention of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Subcell Biochem |volume=42 |issue= |pages=229–48 |year=2007 |month= |pmid=17612054 |doi=10.1007/1-4020-5688-5_11 }}</ref> Masomo ya uchunguzi wa miili ya binadamu, katika mifano ya wanyama , au katika uchunguzi wa vitro pia uanongeza nguvu kwa dhana kwamba NSAID huweza kupunguza uvimbe kuhusiana na utando wa amiloidi.<ref name="pmid17612054"/> Hata hivyo uchunguzi wa majaribio ya matumizi yao kama matibabu ya kupunguza yameshindwa kuonyesha matokeo mazuri wakati hakuna majaribio ya kuzuia ambayo yamekamilika.<ref name="pmid17612054"/> Sakamini kutoka bizari manjano imeonyesha ufanisi kiasi katika kuzuia uharibifu wa ubongo kwa mifano ya panya kutokana na uwezo wake wa kuzuia uvimbe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ringman JM, Frautschy SA, Cole GM, Masterman DL, Cummings JL |title=A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Curr Alzheimer Res |issn=1567-2050 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=131–6 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15974909 |pmc=1702408 |doi=10.2174/1567205053585882 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB |title=Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases |journal=Int J Biochem Cell Biol |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=40–59 |year=2009 |month=Januari |pmid=18662800 |doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.010 |pmc=2637808 }}</ref> Tiba ya kubadilisha homoni, ingawa ilitumika awali, haidhaniwi tena kuzuia shida ya ubongo na kwa wakati mwingine inadhaniwa kuhusishwa nayo.<ref name="pmid19370593">{{cite journal |author=Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts Q |title=Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD004143 |date=15 Aprili 2009 |pmid=19370593 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub3 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19401958">{{cite journal |author=Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA |title=Endogenous and exogenous estrogen, cognitive function, and dementia in postmenopausal women: evidence from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials |journal=Semin Reprod Med |volume=27 |issue=3 |date=Mei 2009 |pages=275–82 |pmc=2701737 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1216280 |pmid=19401958 |last1=Barrett-Connor |first1=E |last2=Laughlin |first2=GA }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi pinzani usioshawishi kwamba "ginkgo" ina athari yoyote chanya juu ya kuharibika kwa utambuzi na shida ya akili na utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kwamba haina athari katika kupunguza kasi ya matukio ya Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL ''et al.'' |title=Ginkgo biloba for Prevention of Dementia |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |year=2008 |volume=300 |issue=19 |pages=2253–2262 |pmid=19017911 |doi=10.1001/jama.2008.683 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300/19/2253 |accessdate=2008-11-18 |last12=Robbins |first12=JA |last13=Tracy |first13=RP |last14=Woolard |first14=NF |last15=Dunn |first15=L |last16=Snitz |first16=BE |last17=Nahin |first17=RL |last18=Furberg |first18=CD |last19=Ginkgo Evaluation Of Memory (Gem) Study |first19=Investigators |pmc=2823569 }}</ref> Utafiti wa miaka 21 uligundua kwamba wanywa kahawa vikombe 3-5 kwa siku katika makamo walikuwa na upungufu wa 65% katika hatari ya shida ya akili katika maisha ya uzeeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eskelinen MH, Ngandu T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M |title=Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based CAIDE study |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |year=2009 |month=Januari |pmid=19158424 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2009-0920 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Watu wanaoshiriki katika shughuli za kitaaluma kama vile kusoma, kucheza michezo ya bodi, kukamilisha jedwali za maneno /, kucheza muziki wa ala, au kuhusiana mara kwa mara kijamii huonyesha kupungua kwa hatari ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid16917199">{{cite pmid|16917199}}</ref> Hii inawiana na nadharia ya hifadhi ya utambuzi, ambayo inasema kwamba baadhi ya uzoefu wa maisha huleta ufanisi wa neva kufanya kazi zaidi kwa kumpa mtu hifadhi ya utambuzi na kuchelewesha kuanza kwa shida ya akili.<ref name="pmid16917199"/> Elimu huchelewesha mwanzo wa dalili za Alzeima, lakini haina uhusiano na kifo cha mapema baada ya utambuzi wa ugonjwa.<ref name="pmid19026089">{{cite journal |author=Paradise M, Cooper C, Livingston G |title=Systematic review of the effect of education on survival in Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/international-psychogeriatrics_2009-02_21_1/page/25 |journal=Int Psychogeriatr |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |year=2009 |month=Februari |pmid=19026089 |doi=10.1017/S1041610208008053 }}</ref> Mazoezi pia uhusishwa na kupunguza hatari ya Alzeima.<ref name="pmid19026089"/> Baadhi ya tafiti zimeonyesha ongezeko la hatari ya kupatwa na Alzeima kwa sababu ya mazingira hasa matumizi ya [[Metali|madini]], hasa[[Alumini|alumini]],<ref name="pmid17522444">{{cite journal |author=Shcherbatykh I, Carpenter DO |title=The role of metals in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=191–205 |year=2007 |month=Mei |pmid=17522444 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Rondeau V, Commenges D, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF |title=Relation between aluminum concentrations in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease: an 8-year follow-up study |journal=Am J Epidemiol |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |year=2000 |month=Julai |pmid=10901330 |pmc=2215380 |doi=10.1093/aje/152.1.59 }}</ref> au kuingiliana na viyeyuko.<ref name="pmid7771442">{{cite journal |author=Kukull WA, Larson EB, Bowen JD, ''et al.'' |title=Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study |journal=Am J Epidemiol |volume=141 |issue=11 |pages=1059–71; discussion 1072–9 |year=1995 |month=Juni |pmid=7771442 }}</ref> Ubora wa baadhi ya tafiti hizi umekosolewa,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Santibáñez M, Bolumar F, García AM |title=Occupational risk factors in Alzheimer's disease: a review assessing the quality of published epidemiological studies |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=723–732 |year=2007 |pmid=17525096 |doi=10.1136/oem.2006.028209 }}</ref> na tafiti zingine zimekwisha pata kuwa hakuna uhusiano kati ya mazingira haya na kuugua Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Seidler A, Geller P, Nienhaus A, ''et al.'' |title=Occupational exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and dementia: a case-control study |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=108–14 |year=2007 |month=Februari |pmid=17043077 |doi=10.1136/oem.2005.024190 |pmc=2078432 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12222737">{{cite journal |author=Rondeau V |title=A review of epidemiologic studies on aluminum and silica in relation to Alzheimer's disease and associated disorders |journal=Rev Environ Health |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=107–21 |year=2002 |pmid=12222737 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9115023">{{cite journal |author=Martyn CN, Coggon DN, Inskip H, Lacey RF, Young WF |title=Aluminum concentrations in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Epidemiology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=281–6 |year=1997 |month=Mei |pmid=9115023 |doi=10.1097/00001648-199705000-00009 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9861186">{{cite journal |author=Graves AB, Rosner D, Echeverria D, Mortimer JA, Larson EB |title=Occupational exposures to solvents and aluminium and estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=627–33 |year=1998 |month=Septemba |pmid=9861186 |pmc=1757634 |doi=10.1136/oem.55.9.627 }}</ref> Wakati baadhi ya uchunguzi unaonyesha kwamba marudio madogo sana ya maeneo ya sumakuumeme huweza kuongeza hatari ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima, wachunguzi walipata kwamba uchunguzi zaidi wa kiepidelemojia na uchunguzi wa maabara zaidi ya nadharia tete hili unahitajika.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Health Effects of Exposure to EMF |author=Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks-SCENIHR|date=Januari 2009|publisher=Directorate General for Health&Consumers; European Commission |location=Brussels |pages=4–5 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_022.pdf |accessdate=2010-04-27 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Sigara ni kati ya sababu zenye hatari kubwa za Alzeima.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cataldo JK, Prochaska JJ, Glantz SA |title=Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation |journal=J Alzheimers Dis |year=2010 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=465–80 |pmid= 20110594 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2010-1240 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 }}</ref> Utaratibu wa dalili za mifumo ya kinga ya ndani ni sababu za hatari za Alzeima inayaonza kuchelewa.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=20160456}}</ref> == Udhibiti == Hakuna tiba ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima, matibabu yanayopatikana hutoa kiasi kidogo cha faida kwa kupunguza dalili lakini kimsingi huwa ya kupunguza athari. Matibabu ya sasa yanaweza kugawanywa katika dawa, kisaikolojia-kijamii na ulezi wa wagonjwa. === Dawa === [[Picha:Donepezil 1EVE.png‎|kulia | thumb | Pande Tatu mfano wa molekuli ya donepezili, ni kizuizi cha asetilkolinesterasi kinachotumika katika kutibu dalili za Alzeima.]] [[Picha:Memantine.svg|right|thumb|upright|Muundo Masi wa memantine, dawa iliyopitishwa kwa kutibu dalili za Alzeima iliyokomaa]] Dawa nne sasa zimeidhinishwa na mashirika ya udhibiti kama vile ya Shirika la Chakula na Matumizi ya Dawa la Marekani(FDA) na Shirika la Dawa la Ulaya (EMA) kutibu dalili za kiutambuzi za Alzeima: tatu kati ya hizi ni vizuizi vya kolinesterasi na nyingine ni memantini, ambacho ni kipokezi pimgamizi cha NMDA. Hakuna dawa iliyoonyesha dalili ya kuchelewesha au kusimamisha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa huu. Kupunguza kazi kwa nyuroni za kolineji ni kipengele maalumu kinachojulikana vizuri cha ugonjwa wa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid8534419">{{cite journal |author=Geula C, Mesulam MM |title=Cholinesterases and the pathology of Alzheimer disease |journal=[[Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord]] |volume=9 Suppl 2 |pages=23–28 |year=1995 |pmid=8534419 }}</ref> Vizuizi vya Asetilkolinesterasi zinatumiwa kupunguza kasi ambayo asetikolini /1} (ACh) inavunjwa, na hivyo kuongeza kukoleza kwa ACh katika ubongo na kupambana na upotevu wa ACh ulionasababishwa na kufa kwa nyuroni za kolineji.<ref name="pmid11105732">{{cite journal |author=Stahl SM |title=The new cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease, Part 2: illustrating their mechanisms of action |journal=[[J Clin Psychiatry]] |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=813–814 |year=2000 |pmid=11105732 }}</ref> {{as of | 2008}}Vizuizi vya kolinesterasi vilivyoidhinishwa kwa ajili ya udhibiti wa dalili za Alzeima ni [[donepesili]] (jina la kibiashara ni ''Arisepti),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a697032.html |title=Donepezil |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref>galanitamini ''(Rasadine),'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a699058.html |title=Galantamine |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref> na [[rivasitigimini]] (huitwa ''Ekiloni'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a602009.html |title=Rivastigmine |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref> na ''Pachi ya Ekiloni'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607078.html |title=Rivastigmine Transdermal |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]] |work=[[Medline Plus]] }}</ref> ).'' Kuna ushahidi wa kufaa wa dawa hizi katika kutibu ugonjwa wa kadiri wa Alzeima,<ref name="pmid16437532">{{cite journal |author=Birks J |title=Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=1 |pages=CD005593 |year=2006 |pmid=16437532 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005593 |last2=Birks |first2=Jacqueline }}</ref><ref name="pmid19370562">{{cite journal |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |date=2009 Apr 15 |issue=2 |at=CD001191 |title=Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease |author=Birks J, Grimley Evans J, Iakovidou V, Tsolaki M, Holt FE |pmid=19370562 }}</ref> na baadhi ya ushahidi wa matumizi yao katika hatua zilizoendelea. Donepesili tu ndiyo iliyopitishwa kwa ajili ya kutibu Dementia Alzeima ya kiwango cha juu. <ref name="pmid16437430">{{cite journal |author=Birks J, Harvey RJ |title=Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=1 |pages=CD001190 |date=2006 Jan 25 |pmid=16437430 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub2 }}</ref> Matumizi ya dawa hizi katika kuharibika kwa uamuzi wa mambo wa kadiri hakijaonyesha athari yoyote katika kuchelewesha kuanza kwa Alzeima.<ref name="pmid18044984">{{cite journal |author=Raschetti R, Albanese E, Vanacore N, Maggini M |title=Cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of randomised trials |journal=[[PLoS Med]] |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=e338 |year=2007 |pmid=18044984 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040338 |pmc=2082649 }}</ref> Athari za kawaida sana ni kichefuchefu na [[Kutapika|kutapika]], zote ambazo zinahusishwa na koligeni ya kupindukia. Madhara haya hutokea katika takriban 10-20% ya watumiaji na ukali wake ni wa chini hadi wastani. Athari za mkondo wa pili ambazo si za kawaida ni pamoja na kukakamaa misuli, kupungua kwa kiwangocha kupiga moyo (bradikadia), kupungua kwa hamu ya chakula na uzito, na ongezeko la uzalishaji wa asidi ya tumbo. <ref>Maelezo ya kutolewa kwa vizuizi vya astelikolinesterasi: * {{cite web |url=http://www.aricept.com/images/AriceptComboFullPINovember02006.pdf |form=pdf |title=Aricept Prescribing information |accessdate=2008-08-18 |format=PDF |publisher=Eisai and [[Pfizer]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910154231/http://www.aricept.com/images/AriceptComboFullPINovember02006.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-10 }} (chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://razadyneer.com/razadyneer/pages/pdf/razadyne_er.pdf |title=Razadyne ER U.S. Full Prescribing Information |accessdate=2008-02-19 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Ortho-McNeil Neurologics]] |archivedate=2008-05-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528195504/http://razadyneer.com/razadyneer/pages/pdf/razadyne_er.pdf }} (chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/exelonpatch.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728014715/http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/exelonpatch.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-28 |title=Exelon ER U.S. Prescribing Information |accessdate=2008-02-19 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Novartis Pharmaceuticals]] }} (chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/020823s016,021025s008lbl.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710074347/http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2006/020823s016,021025s008lbl.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-10 |title=Exelon U.S. Prescribing Information |date=Juni 2006 |accessdate=2009-07-30 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Novartis Pharmaceuticals]] }} ( chanzo msingi) * {{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/ucm054180.pdf |format=PDF |title=Exelon Warning Letter |date=Agosti 2007 |accessdate=2009-07-30 |publisher=[[US Food and Drug Administration]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710121747/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/ucm054180.pdf |archivedate=2009-07-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Glutamate ni kisisimuzi muhimu cha nyurotransmita ya mfumo wa neva, ingawa kuwepo kwa kiwango kingi katika ubongo kunaweza kusababisha kifo cha [[seli]] kupitia mchakato uitwao usisimuzi ambao unahusisha kusimuliwa sana kwa vipokezi vya glutamate. Usisimuzi hutokea sio tu kwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima, lakini pia katika magonjwa mengine ya neva kama vile ugonjwa wa Parkinson na uwingi-sklerosi.<ref name="pmid16424917">{{cite journal |author=Lipton SA |title=Paradigm shift in neuroprotection by NMDA receptor blockade: memantine and beyond |journal=[[Nat Rev Drug Discov]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=160–170 |year=2006 |pmid=16424917 |doi=10.1038/nrd1958 }}</ref> Memanitine (jina la kibiashara ni ''Akatinoli, Axura, Ebixa'' / ''Abixa, Memox'' na ''Namenda),'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604006.html |title=Memantine |accessdate=2010-02-03 |date=2004-01-04 |publisher= US National Library of Medicine (Medline) }}</ref> ni kizuizi kisicholeta ushindani cha kipokezi cha NMDA iliyoanza kutumika kama dawa ya kupigana nainfluenza. Hufanya kazi katika mfumo wa glutamaterigiki na kuzuia vipokezi vya NMDA na kuzuia kusisimuliwa zaidi kwao na glutamate.<ref name="pmid16424917"/> Memanatine imeonyeshwa kuwa kwa kiasi cha kadiri kuleta matokeo yanayokusudiwa katika matibabu ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima wa wastani hadi wa kiwango cha juu. Athari zake katika hatua za awali za Alzeima hazijulikani.<ref name="pmid15495043">{{cite journal |author=Areosa Sastre A, McShane R, Sherriff F |title=Memantine for dementia |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=4 |pages=CD003154 |year=2004 |pmid=15495043 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub2 }}</ref> Taarifa za matukio mabaya na memanitine si za kila mara na ni za kadiri, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuota, kuchanganyikiwa , kizunguzungu, kuumwa na kichwa na uchovu.<ref>[384] ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.frx.com/pi/namenda_pi.pdf |title=Namenda Prescribing Information |accessdate=2008-02-19 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Forest Pharmaceuticals]] }} (Asili ya msingi)</ref> Mchanganyiko wa memantine na donepesili imeonekana kuwa "yenye umuhimu kitwakimu lakini ufanisi mdogo wa kimatibabu".<ref name="pmid18316756">{{cite journal |author=Raina P, Santaguida P, Ismaila A, ''et al.'' |title=Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2008-03-04_148_5/page/n80 |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=379–397 |year=2008 |pmid=18316756 }}</ref> Dawa za kuzuia kichaa ni muhimu katika kupunguza kwa kadiri kwa uchokozi na kichaa katika ya wagonjwa wa Alzeima na matatizo ya kitabia, lakini zinahusishwa na athari mbaya sana, kama vile matukio ya damubongo, matatizo ya kutembea au kupungua kwa uamuzi wa mambo, ambazo haziruhusu matumizi yake ya kawaida. <ref> Matumizi ya dawa za kuzuia kichaa: * {{cite journal |author=Ballard C, Waite J |title=The effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease |journal=[[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]] |issue=1 |pages=CD003476 |year=2006 |pmid=16437455 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003476.pub2}} * {{cite journal |author=Ballard C, Lana MM, Theodoulou M, ''et al.'' |title=A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in dementia patients continuing or stopping neuroleptics (The DART-AD trial) |journal=[[PLoS Med]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e76 |year=2008 |pmid=18384230 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050076 |pmc=2276521 }} * {{cite journal |author=Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K |title=Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-02_293_5/page/596 |journal=[[J Am Med Assoc]] |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=596–608 |year=2005 |pmid=15687315 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.596 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19138567"> {{cite journal |author=Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Kossakowski K, Gill R, Juszczak E, Yu L-M, Jacoby R |title=The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial |journal=[[Lancet Neurology]] |date=9 Januari 2009 |pmid=19138567 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70295-3 |laysummary=http://www.physorg.com/news150695213.html |volume=8 |page=151 |issue=2 }}</ref>Wakati zinapotumika kwa muda mrefu, zionyeshwa kuhusishwa na kuongezeka kwa vifo.<ref name="pmid19138567"/> === Hatua za Kisaikolojia na Kijamii === [[Picha:Snoezelruimte.JPG|thumb|upright|righ|Chumba kilichooundwa haswa kwa minajili ya tiba ya kuimarisha hisia , pia hujulikana kama snoezelen; kuingilia hisia kijamii na kwa kisaikolojia ili kuwasaidia watu wenye shida ya akili]] Hatua zakisaikolojia an kijamii zinatumiwa kama nyongeza ya matibabu ya dawa na kunaweza kuorodheshwa ndani mbinu zinazoegemea tabia, hisia, utambuzi au usisimuzi. Utafiti juu ya ufanifu wake hakupatikani na nadra ule unaozingatia kwa Alzeima, badala yake hulenga dementia kwa ujumla.<ref name="pracGuideAPA">{{cite web | url=http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/loadGuidelinePdf.aspx?file=AlzPG101007 | format=PDF | title =Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Alzheimer's disease and Other Dementias | publisher =[[American Psychiatric Association]] | month=Oktoba | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-12-28 | doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890423967.152139 }}</ref> Hatua za kitabia hujaribu kutambua na kupunguza chanzo na matokeo ya tabia zinazotatiza. Njia hii haijaonyesha mafanikio katika kuboresha utendaji kwa ujumla,<ref name="pmid16323385">{{cite journal |author=Bottino CM, Carvalho IA, Alvarez AM, ''et al.'' |title=Cognitive rehabilitation combined with drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease patients: a pilot study |journal=Clin Rehabil |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=861–869 |year=2005 |pmid=16323385 |doi=10.1191/0269215505cr911oa }}</ref> lakini inaweza kusaidia kupunguza baadhi ya matatizo ya tabia fulani, kama vile kushindwa kudhibiti mkojo.<ref name="pmid11342679">{{cite journal |author=Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, ''et al.'' |title=Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2001-05-08_56_9/page/1154 |journal=Neurology |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1154–1166 |year=2001 |pmid=11342679 }}</ref> Kuna ukosefu wa twakimu bora kuhusu ufanisi wa mbinu hizi katika matatizo ya tabia mengine kama vile kuzurura.<ref name="pmid17253573">{{cite journal |author=Hermans DG, Htay UH, McShane R |title=Non-pharmacological interventions for wandering of people with dementia in the domestic setting |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=1 |pages=CD005994 |year=2007 |pmid=17253573 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005994.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17096455">{{cite journal |author=Robinson L, Hutchings D, Dickinson HO, ''et al.'' |title=Effectiveness and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce wandering in dementia: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2007-01_22_1/page/9 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |year=2007 |pmid=17096455 |doi=10.1002/gps.1643 }}</ref> Hatua zinazoegemea hisia zinahusu matibabu ya kukumbuka mambo ya zamani, matibabu ya uthibitishaji, matibabu ya kisaikolojia yanayounga mkono, kuunganishwa kwa hisi, pia hujulikana kama snoeseleni, na matibabu ya usimulizi wa sasa. Matibabu ya kisaikolojia yanyounga mkono yamepokea rasmi utafiti kidogo au usiokuwepo wa kisayansi, lakini baadhi ya madaktari huona kuwa yana manufaa katika kuwasaidia wagonjwa wenye uharibifu wa kadiri kuzoea maradhi yao.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Matibabu ya kukumbuka mambo ya zamani (RT) yanahusu majadiliano ya mambo ya zamani na mtu mmoja au katika kikundi, mara nyingi kwa kutumia picha, vitu vya nyumbani, muziki na rekodi za sauti, au vitu vinavyofahamika vya zamani. Ingawa kuna uchache wa utafiti bora kuhusu ufanisi wa RT, inaweza kuwa ya manufaa kwa utambuzi wa mambo na hali ya hisia.<ref name="pmid15846613">{{cite journal |author=Woods B, Spector A, Jones C, Orrell M, Davies S |title=Reminiscence therapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD001120 |year=2005 |pmid=15846613 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001120.pub2 }}</ref> Matibabu ya uigaji mambo ya sasa (SPT) yana msingi wake katika nadharia za kushikamana na yanahusisha kucheza na kurekodi kwa sauti za jamaa wa karibu wa mtu huyo aliye na ugonjwa wa Alzeima. Kuna kiasi cha ushahidi unaoonyesha kwamba SPT yaweza kupunguza tabia zenye changamoto.<ref name="pmid19023729">{{cite journal |author=Zetteler J |title=Effectiveness of simulated presence therapy for individuals with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/aging-mental-health_2008-11_12_6/page/779 |journal=Aging Ment Health |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=779–85 |year=2008 |month=Novemba |pmid=19023729 |doi=10.1080/13607860802380631 }}</ref> Hatimaye, matibabu ya uthibitishi ni msingi wake katika kukubali ukweli na ukweli wa kibinafsi wa maisha binafsi, wakati kuunganishwa kwa hisia nyingi kunatokana na mazoezi yenye lengo la kuchochea hisia. Kuna kiasi cha ushahidi kinachounga mkono manufaa ya matibabu haya.<ref name="pmid12917907">{{cite journal |author=Neal M, Briggs M |title=Validation therapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=3 |pages=CD001394 |year=2003 |pmid=12917907 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12519587">{{cite journal |author=Chung JC, Lai CK, Chung PM, French HP |title=Snoezelen for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=4 |pages=CD003152 |year=2002 |pmid=12519587 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003152 }}</ref> Lengo la matibabu yanayoegemea utambuzi, ambayo ni pamoja na mwelekeo wa ukweli na kufunzwa tena kwa utambuzi wa mambo, ni kupunguza nakisi ya utambuzi wa mambo. Mwelekeo wa ukweli unahusisha katika uwasilishaji wa taarifa juu ya muda, mahali au mtu ili kurahisisha kuelewa kwa mtu juu ya mazingira yake na sehemu yake ndani yake. Kwa upande mwingine kufunzwa tena utambuzi wa mambo hujaribu kuboresha uwezo wa utendaji ulioharibika kwa kusisimua uwezo wa akili. Hatua zote zimeonyesha baadhi ya matokeo yaliyotarajiwa ya kuboresha uwezo wa utambuzi,<ref name="pmid17636652">{{cite journal |author=Spector A, Orrell M, Davies S, Woods B |title=Withdrawn: Reality orientation for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=3 |pages=CD001119 |year=2000 |pmid=17636652 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001119.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12948999">{{cite journal |author=Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B, ''et al.'' |title=Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial |journal=Br J Psychiatry |volume=183 |pages=248–254 |year=2003 |pmid=12948999 |doi=10.1192/bjp.183.3.248 }}</ref>ingawa katika baadhi ya utafiti madhara haya yalikuwa ya muda mfupi na ya athari mbaya, kama vile kuudhika, pia yameripotiwa.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Matibabu yanayoegemea usisimuzi ni pamoja na sanaa, muziki na matibabu ya chuki, mazoezi, na aina yoyote ya shughuli nyingine za burudani. Kusisimua kunasaidia kidogo katika kuboresha tabia, hisia, na, kwa kiasi cha chini utendakazi. Hata hivyo, muhimu kama athari hizi ni usaidizi mkuu kwa ajili ya matumizi ya matibabu ya kusisimua ni mabadiliko ya maisha ya mtu ya kawaida.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> === Matunzo === Kwa vile Alzeima haina tiba na hatua kwa hatua huwanya watu kutoweza kuchunga mahitaji yao wenyewe, utunzaji kimsingi ndiyo matibabu na lazima yathibitiwe kwa makini katika kipindi cha ugonjwa huu. Katika awamu za mapema na za wastani, mabadiliko ya mazingira ya kuishi na maisha yanaweza kuongeza usalama wa mgonjwa na kupunguza mzigo wa mlezi<ref name="pmid15860476">{{cite journal |author=Gitlin LN, Hauck WW, Dennis MP, Winter L |title=Maintenance of effects of the home environmental skill-building program for family caregivers and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journals-of-gerontology_2005-03_60a_3/page/368 |journal=J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=368–74 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15860476 }}</ref> Mifano wa mabadiliko haya ni kama vile kuzingatia matendo yalirahisishwa ya kila siku, na kuweka kwa wa kufuli za usalama, na kuweka alama kwa vitu vya nyumbani ili kumtambulisha mtu mwenye ugonjwa au matumizi ya vitu vilivyobadilishwa vya maisha ya kila siku.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alz.org/Health/Treating/agitation.asp |title=Treating behavioral and psychiatric symptoms |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-09-25 |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |archivedate=2006-09-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925112503/http://www.alz.org/Health/Treating/agitation.asp }}</ref><ref name="pmid15297089"> {{cite journal | author = Dunne TE, Neargarder SA, Cipolloni PB, Cronin-Golomb A | title = Visual contrast enhances food and liquid intake in advanced Alzheimer's disease | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-nutrition_2004-08_23_4/page/533 | journal = Clinical Nutrition | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 533–538 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15297089 | doi = 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.09.015 }}</ref> Mgonjwa anaweza pia kutoweza kujilisha mwenyewe, hivyo huhitaji chakula kikiwa katika vipande vidogo au kilichosagwa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dudek, Susan G. |title=Nutrition essentials for nursing practice |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, Maryland |year=2007 |page=360 |isbn=0-7817-6651-6 |oclc= |doi= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=01zo6yf0IUEC&pg=PA360&dq=alzheimer%27s+chew |accessdate=2008-08-19 }}</ref> Wakati wa kumeza matatizo hutokea, na matumizi ya neli za kulisha zinaweza kuhutajika. Katika hali kama hizo, na ufanifu wa matibabu na maadili ya kuendelea kulisha ni muhimu kuzingatiwa na watunzaji na familia.<ref name="pmid16415742">{{cite journal |author=Dennehy C |title=Analysis of patients' rights: dementia and PEG insertion |journal=Br J Nurs |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=18–20 |year=2006 |pmid=16415742 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16556924">{{cite journal |author=Chernoff R |title=Tube feeding patients with dementia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-in-clinical-practice_2006-04_21_2/page/142 |journal=Nutr Clin Pract |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=142–6 |year=2006 |month=Aprili |pmid=16556924 |doi=10.1177/0115426506021002142 }}</ref> Matumizi ya vifaa vya kumfunga mgonjwa nadra huhitajika katika hatua yoyote ya ugonjwa huu, ingawa kuna wakati ambapo huwa muhimu ili kuzuia madhara kwa wagonjwa wa Alzeima au watunzaji wao.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Ugonjwa unavyoendelea, masuala mbalimbali ya matibabu yanaweza kuonekana, kama vile maradhi ya mdomo na meno, vidonda vya mbano, utapiamlo, matatizo ya usafi, au matatizo ya upumuaji, ngozi, au [[Jicho|macho]]. Usimamizi wa makini unaweza kuzuia haya yote, na matibabu maalum yanahitajika wakati yanapotokea.<ref name="pmid10369823">{{cite journal |author=Gambassi G, Landi F, Lapane KL, Sgadari A, Mor V, Bernabei R |title=Predictors of mortality in patients with Alzheimer's disease living in nursing homes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1999-07_67_1/page/59 |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=59–65 |year=1999 |month=Julai |pmid=10369823 |pmc=1736445 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.67.1.59 }}</ref><ref> Masuala ya Matibabu: * {{cite journal |author=Head B |title=Palliative care for persons with dementia |journal=Home Healthc Nurse |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=53–60; quiz 61 |year=2003 |month=Januari |pmid=12544465 |doi=10.1097/00004045-200301000-00012 }} * {{cite journal |author=Friedlander AH, Norman DC, Mahler ME, Norman KM, Yagiela JA |title=Alzheimer's disease: psychopathology, medical management and dental implications |journal=J Am Dent Assoc |volume=137 |issue=9 |pages=1240–51 |year=2006 |month=Septemba |pmid=16946428 }} * {{cite journal |author=Belmin J |title=Practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of weight loss in Alzheimer's disease: a consensus from appropriateness ratings of a large expert panel |journal=J Nutr Health Aging |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=33–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17315078 |author2=Expert Panel and Organisation Committee }} * {{cite journal |author=McCurry SM, Gibbons LE, Logsdon RG, Vitiello M, Teri L |title=Training caregivers to change the sleep hygiene practices of patients with dementia: the NITE-AD project |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_2003-10_51_10/page/1455 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1455–60 |year=2003 |month=Oktoba |pmid=14511168 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51466.x }} * {{cite journal |author=Perls TT, Herget M |title=Higher respiratory infection rates on an Alzheimer's special care unit and successful intervention |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1995-12_43_12/page/1341 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=1341–4 |year=1995 |month=Desemba |pmid=7490383 }}</ref> Katika hatua ya mwisho ya ugonjwa huu, matibabu uhusisha kupunguza usumbufu hadi kifo.<ref name="pmid12854952">{{cite journal |author=Shega JW, Levin A, Hougham GW, ''et al.'' |title=Palliative Excellence in Alzheimer Care Efforts (PEACE): a program description |journal=J Palliat Med |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=315–20 |year=2003 |month=Aprili |pmid=12854952 |doi=10.1089/109662103764978641 }}</ref> Utafiti mdogo wa hivi karibuni huko Marekani ulihitimisha kuwa wagonjwa ambao watunzaji wao walikuwa na uelewa mzuri wa matatizo na shida za kimatibabu za hatua ya mwisho ya dementia walikuwa na uwezekano wa chini wa kupata matibabu ya kutumia nguvu karibu na mwisho wa maisha. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mitchell SL, Teno JM, Kiely DK, ''et al.'' |title=The clinical course of advanced dementia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-10-15_361_16/page/1528 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=361 |issue=16 |pages=1529–38 |year=2009 |month=Oct |pmid=19828530 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0902234 |pmc=2778850}}</ref> == Kutabiri Maendeleo yake == [[Picha:Alzheimer and other dementias world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Maisha yaliobadilishwa na Ulemavu-mwaka kwa Alzeima na shida ya akili nyingine kwa wakazi 100,000 katika 2004.[446][447][448][449][450][451][452][453][454][455][456][ 457][458]]] Hatua za kwanza za ugonjwa wa Alzeima ni ngumu kuzitambua. Utambuzi wa hakika huweza kufanyika mara tu uharibifu wa utambuzi huanza kuathiri shughuli za kila siku, ingawa mtu anaweza kuwa bado anaishi kivyake. Dalili huongezeka kutokana na shida ndogo ndogo za utambuzi, kuzidi kupoteza kumbukumbu katika hatua za kuzidi kuharibika kwa uwezo wa utambuzi, kuondoa uwezekano wowote wa kuishi ukiwa huru.<ref name="pmid10653284"/> Muda wa kuishi wa walio na ugonjwa huo hupungua.<ref name="pmid3776457"/><ref name="pmid8757016">{{cite journal |author=Bowen JD, Malter AD, Sheppard L, ''et al.'' |title=Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1996-08_47_2/page/433 |journal=Neurology |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=433–9 |year=1996 |month=Agosti |pmid=8757016 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12580712">{{cite journal |author=Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav R, DeKosky ST, Ganguli M |title=Functional transitions and active life expectancy associated with Alzheimer disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=253–9 |year=2003 |month=Februari |pmid=12580712 |doi=10.1001/archneur.60.2.253 }}</ref> Kadiri ya muda wa kuishi baada ya kugunduliwa kwa ugonjwa ni takriban miaka saba.<ref name="pmid3776457"/> Chini ya 3% ya wagonjwa huishi zaidi ya miaka kumi na minne.<ref name="pmid7793228"/> Sifa za ugonjwa huu zinazohusishwa sana na kupunguka kwa maisha ni kuzidi kwa upungufu wa utambuzi, kupungua kwa kiwango cha utendaji kazi, historia ya kuanguka, na usumbufu katika uchunguzi wa kinyurolojia. Magonjwa mengine ya kisadfa kama vile matatizo ya moyo, [[Kisukari|ugonjwa wa kisukari]] au historia ya [[Utumiaji mbaya wa Pombe|ulevi]] pia uhusishwa na kupungua kwa maisha.<ref name="pmid8757016"/><ref name="pmid15068977">{{cite journal |author=Larson EB, Shadlen MF, Wang L, ''et al.'' |title=Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2004-04-06_140_7/page/n52 |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=140 |issue=7 |pages=501–9 |year=2004 |month=Aprili |pmid=15068977 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7792352">{{cite journal |author=Jagger C, Clarke M, Stone A |title=Predictors of survival with Alzheimer's disease: a community-based study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-medicine_1995-01_25_1/page/171 |journal=Psychol Med |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=171–7 |year=1995 |month=Januari |pmid=7792352 |doi=10.1017/S0033291700028191 }}</ref> Iwapo ugonjwa utaanza mapema basi maisha huwa marefu zaidi, matarajio ya maisha ya walio wadogo kiumri hupungua sana hasa ikilinganishwa na jamii kwa jumla.<ref name="pmid12580712"/> Wagonjwa wanaume wana matarajio madogo zaidi ya kuishi ikilinganishwa na wanawake.<ref name="pmid7793228"/><ref name="pmid15883266">{{cite journal |author=Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav RS, DeKosky ST |title=Alzheimer disease and mortality: a 15-year epidemiological study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=779–84 |year=2005 |month=Mei |pmid=15883266 |doi=10.1001/archneur.62.5.779 }}</ref> Ugonjwa ni [[Mauti|sababu]] ya kimsingi [[Mauti|ya kifo]] katika 70% ya kesi zote.<ref name="pmid3776457"/> Nimonia na kuishiwa na maji mwilini ni sababu kuu za vifo vya haraka, wakati saratani ni sababu ndogo ya kifo ikilinganishwa na jamii kwa jumla.<ref name="pmid3776457"/><ref name="pmid15883266"/> == Epidemiolojia == Hatua mbili kuu hutumiwa katika masomo ya epidemolojia: matukio na maenezi. Matukio ni idadi ya kesi mpya kwa idadi ya watu -na wakati kuna hatari ya kuambukiza (kwa kawaida idadi ya kesi mpya kwa watu na miaka elfu moja) matukio ya mwezi kwa kila wa elfu-); ilhali maenezi ni jumla ya idadi ya matukio ya ugonjwa kati ya watu wote katika wakati fulani. Kuhusu matukio, masomo ya kilongitudo {{/0} (masomo ambapo kundi la watu wasio na ugonjwa hufuatwa kwa muda) hutoa viwango kati ya miaka 10 na 15 kwa kila watu elfu 5-8 kwa Alzeima,<ref name="pmid17727890">{{cite journal |author=Bermejo-Pareja F, Benito-León J, Vega S, Medrano MJ, Román GC |title=Incidence and subtypes of dementia in three elderly populations of central Spain |journal=J. Neurol. Sci. |volume=264 |issue=1–2 |pages=63–72 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=17727890 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2007.07.021 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12028245">{{cite journal |author=Di Carlo A, Baldereschi M, Amaducci L, ''et al.'' |title=Incidence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia in Italy. The ILSA Study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_2002-01_50_1/page/41 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=41–8 |year=2002 |month=Januari |pmid=12028245 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50006.x |last12=Ilsa Working |first12=Group }}</ref> ambayo ina maana kwamba nusu ya kesi za shida ya akili kila mwaka ni za Alzeima. Kuongezeka kwa umri ni sababu ya kimsingi ya kuongezeka kwa hatari ya ugonjwa, na viwango vya matukio si sawa kwa rika zote: kila baada ya miaka mitano baada ya umri wa miaka 65, hatari ya kupata ugonjwa huongezeka takriban maradufu, kuongezeka kutoka 3 hadi 69 kwa kila miaka elfu ya mtu.<ref name="pmid17727890"/><ref name="pmid12028245"/> Pia kuna tofauti za kijinsia katika viwango vya matukio, wanawake huwa na hatari kubwa ya kuugua Alzeima hasa katika idadi ya watu wenye umri zaidi ya 85.<ref name="pmid12028245"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Andersen K, Launer LJ, Dewey ME, ''et al.'' |title=Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies. EURODEM Incidence Research Group |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1999-12-10_53_9/page/1992 |journal=Neurology |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=1992–7 |year=1999 |month=Desemba |pmid=10599770 |last12=Martinez-Lage |first12=JM |last13=Stijnen |first13=T |last14=Hofman |first14=A }}</ref> Maenezi ya Alzeima katika watu hutegemea mambo mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na matukio na kuendelea kuishi. Kwa kuwa matukio ya Alzeima yanaongezeka na umri, ni muhimu kujumuisha umri wa watu walio na mvuto. Nchini Marekani, maambukizi ya Alzeima yalikadiriwa kuwa 1.6% mwaka 2000 kwa ujumla na katika umri 65-74, na kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha 19% katika kundi 75-84 na 42% katika kundi waliozidi miaka 84. <ref> 2000 Makadirio ya Marekani: * {{cite journal |author=Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bienias JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA |title=Alzheimer disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=1119–22 |year=2003 |month=Agosti |pmid=12925369 |doi=10.1001/archneur.60.8.1119 }} * {{cite web |title=Profiles of general demographic characteristics, 2000 census of population and housing, United States |year=2001 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/dp1/2kh00.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-27 }} </ref> Uenezi katika sehemu zenye ustawi mdogo ni wa chini. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Ulimwenguni]] lilikadiria kwamba mnamo mwaka 2005, 0.379% ya watu duniani kote walikuwa na shida ya akili, na kwamba kiwango cha maambukizi kitaongezeka kwa 0.441% katika 2015 na 0.556% katika 2030.<ref name="isbn9789241563369">{{cite book | last = World Health Organization | title = Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges | publisher = World Health Organization | year = 2006 | location = Switzerland | pages = 204–207 | url = http://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/neurodiso/en/index.html | isbn = 978-92-4-156336-9 }}</ref> Tafiti zingine zimepata hitimisho sawa.<ref name="pmid16360788">{{cite journal |author=Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, ''et al.'' |title=Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9503 |pages=2112–7 |year=2005 |month=Desemba |pmid=16360788 |pmc=2850264 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0 |url=http://www.sbgg.org.br/profissional/artigos/pdf/demencia_mundo.pdf |accessdate=2008-06-25 |format=PDF |last12=Mathers |first12=C |last13=Menezes |first13=PR |last14=Rimmer |first14=E |last15=Scazufca |first15=M |last16=Alzheimer's Disease |first16=International |archive-date=2008-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625071754/http://www.sbgg.org.br/profissional/artigos/pdf/demencia_mundo.pdf |dead-url= }}</ref> Utafiti mwingine ulikadiria kwamba mwaka 2006, 0.40% ya idadi ya watu duniani (kati ya % 0.17-0.89; idadi kamili {{Nowrap|26.6 million}}, kati ya {{Nowrap|11.4–59.4 million}} ) walikuwa wameathirika na Alzeima, na kwamba maenezi ya maambukizi yameongezeka mara tatu na idadi kamili ingekuwa mara nne kwa 2050. <ref name="Brookmeyer2007">2006 maambukizi ya makisio: * {{cite journal |author=Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, MH Arrighi |title=Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Alzheimer's and Dementia |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=186–91 |year=2007 |month=Julai |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.381 |url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=rbrookmeyer |accessdate=2008-06-18 |pmid=19595937 |last1=Brookmeyer |first1=R |last2=Johnson |first2=E |last3=Ziegler-Graham |first3=K |last4=Arrighi |first4=HM |archive-date=2008-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207025403/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=rbrookmeyer |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite paper |url=http://un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-27 |year=2007 |title=World population prospects: the 2006 revision, highlights |publisher=Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations |version=Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.202 |journal= |archive-date=2008-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191533/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191533/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf }}</ref> == Historia == [[Picha:Auguste D aus Marktbreit.jpg|thumb|Alois mgonjwa wa Alzeima Auguste Deter katika 1902. Chake ndicho kisa cha kwanza kilichofafanuliwa kwa ugonjwa uliokuja kujulikana kama Alzeima.]] Wanafalsafa na madaktari wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale|Ugiriki]] na [[Roma wa Kale]] walihusisha kuzeeka na kuongezeka kwa dementia.<ref name="pmid9661992">{{cite journal |author=Berchtold NC, Cotman CW |title=Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_may-june-1998_19_3/page/n6 |journal=Neurobiol. Aging |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=173–89 |year=1998 |pmid=9661992 |doi=10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9 }}</ref> Haikuwa hadi 1901 ndipo 0}mtaalamu wa saikolojia wa Kijerumani { Alois Alzheimer alipotambua kesi ya kwanza ya kile kilichochokuja kujulikana kama ugonjwa wa Alzeima katika mwanamke mwenye umri wa miaka 50 aliyemwita {1}Auguste D. Alzheimer alimfuata hadi alipokufa mnamo 1906, ambapo aliitangaza kesi hiyo hadharani kwa mara ya kwanza. <ref> Auguste D.: * {{ cite journal | author=Alzheimer Alois | title=Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde [About a peculiar disease of the cerebral cortex] | journal=Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtlich Medizin | volume=64 | issue=1–2 | pages=146–148 | year=1907 | language={{de icon}} }} * {{cite journal |author=Alzheimer Alois |title=About a peculiar disease of the cerebral cortex. By Alois Alzheimer, 1907 (Translated by L. Jarvik and H. Greenson) |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–8 |year=1987 |pmid=3331112 }} * {{cite book |author=Maurer Ulrike, Maurer Konrad |title=Alzheimer: the life of a physician and the career of a disease |url=https://archive.org/details/alzheimerlifeofp00maur |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alzheimerlifeofp00maur/page/270 270] |isbn=0-231-11896-1 |oclc= }} </ref> Katika kipindi cha miaka mitano iliyofuata, kesi sawa kumi na mmoja ziliripotiwa katika maandiko ya matibabu, na baadhi yao yakitumia jina la ugonjwa wa Alzeima kuutaja ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid9661992"/> Ugonjwa ulielezewa kama ugonjwa bainifu naye Emil Kraepelin baada ya kuzuia baadhi ya sifa za ugonjwa (upotovu na ndoto) na za kipatholojia (mabadiliko mkakamo wa ateri) zilizoko katika ripoti ya awali ya Auguste D.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Berrios G E |title=Alzheimer's disease: a conceptual history |journal=Int. J. Ger. Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue= |pages=355–365 |year=1990 |month= |pmid= |doi=10.1002/gps.930050603 }}</ref> Alijumuisha ''ugonjwa wa Alzeima,'' pia uiutwaodementiaya ''kabla ya udhoofu'' naye Kraepelin, kama aina ya ''shida ya akili ya udhoofu'' katika toleo la nane ya ''kitabu'' chake ''cha Saikayatria,'' kilichochapishwa mwaka 1910.<ref name="isbn1-4325-0833-4">{{cite book |author=Kraepelin Emil, Diefendorf A. Ross (translated by) |title=Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook For Students And Physicians (Reprint) |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalpsychiat0000emil |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2007-01-17 |page=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalpsychiat0000emil/page/568 568] |isbn=1-4325-0833-4 |oclc= }}</ref> Kwa sehemu kubwa ya karne ya 20, utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima ulikuwa miliki ya watu wenye umri kati ya 45 na 65 ambao walionyesha dalili za dementia. Istilahi hii ilipita baada ya 1977, wakati mkutano juu ya Alzeima ulihitimisha kuwa na dalili za kimatibabu na zakipatholojia za dementia za kudhoofika na kabla ya kudhoofika zilikuwa karibu sawa, ingawa waandishi pia waliongeza hawakuondoa uwezekano wa kuwa yalisababishwa na sababu tofauti.<ref name="isbn0-89004-225-X">{{cite book |author=Katzman Robert, Terry Robert D, Bick Katherine L (editors) |title=Alzheimer's disease: senile dementia and related disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/alzheimersdiseas0000work |publisher=Raven Press |location=New York |year=1978 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alzheimersdiseas0000work/page/594 595] |isbn=0-89004-225-X |oclc= }}</ref> Hii hatimaye ilipelekea utambuzi wa ''ugonjwa wa'' ''Alzeima'' bila kutegemea umri.<ref name="pmid9702682">{{cite journal |author=Boller F, Forbes MM |title=History of dementia and dementia in history: an overview |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-neurological-sciences_1998-06-30_158_2/page/n9 |journal=J. Neurol. Sci. |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=125–33 |year=1998 |month=Juni |pmid=9702682 |doi=10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00128-2 }}</ref> Jina '' dementia ya kudhoofika ya Alzeima '' (SDAT) lilitumika kwa muda kuelezea hali ya watu wa zaidi ya miaka 65, huku ugonjwa wa Alzeima ukitumika kuwaelezea wale waliokuwa na umri wa chini. Hatimaye, jina Alzeima lilichukuliwa rasmi katika utaratibu wa majina ya matibabu ya kuwaelezea watu wa umri wowote wenye sampuli sawa ya dalili mfano tabia, mkondo wa ugonjwa, na neuropatholojia.<ref name="pmid3531918">{{cite journal |author=Amaducci LA, Rocca WA, Schoenberg BS |title=Origin of the distinction between Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: how history can clarify nosology |journal=Neurology |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1497–9 |year=1986 |month=Novemba |pmid=3531918 }}</ref> == Jamii na utamaduni == === Gharama za kijamii === Shida ya akili, na hasa ya ugonjwa wa Alzeima, inaweza kuwa kati ya magonjwa yenye gharama kubwa kwa jamii katika Ulaya na Marekani,<ref name="pmid15685097"/><ref name="pmid9543467"/> wakati gharama zao katika nchi nyingine kama vile [[Argentina|Ajentina]],<ref name="pmid16870037">{{cite journal |author=Allegri RF, Butman J, Arizaga RL, ''et al.'' |title=Economic impact of dementia in developing countries: an evaluation of costs of Alzheimer-type dementia in Argentina |url=https://archive.org/details/international-psychogeriatrics_2007-08_19_4/page/705 |journal=Int Psychogeriatr |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=705–18 |year=2007 |month=Agosti |pmid=16870037 |doi=10.1017/S1041610206003784 }}</ref> au [[Korea Kusini]],<ref name="pmid16858741">{{cite journal |author=Suh GH, Knapp M, Kang CJ |title=The economic costs of dementia in Korea, 2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2006-08_21_8/page/722 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=722–8 |year=2006 |month=Agosti |pmid=16858741 |doi=10.1002/gps.1552 }}</ref> pia inazidi kupanda. Gharama hizi pengine zitaongezeka sambamba na kuzeeka kwa jamii, na hivyo kuwa tatizo kuu katika kijamii. Gharama zinazohusiana na Alzeima ni pamoja na gharama za matibabu ya moja kwa moja kama vile huduma ya nyumba za uuguzi, gharama za moja kwa moja zisizo za matibabu kama vile katika huduma ya mchana ya nyumbani, gharama zisizo za moja kwa moja kama vile kupoteza uzalishaji wa mgonjwa na mtunzaji.<ref name="pmid9543467"/> Hesabu inatofautiana kati ya tafiti lakini gharama ya dementia duniani kote imekadiriwa karibu $ bilioni 160,<ref name="pmid16401889">{{cite journal |author=Wimo A, Jonsson L, Winblad B |title=An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and direct costs of dementia in 2003 |journal=Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=175–81 |year=2006 |pmid=16401889 |doi=10.1159/000090733 }}</ref>wakati gharama ya Alzeima nchini Marekani inaweza kuwa $ bilioni 100 kila mwaka.<ref name="pmid9543467"/> Asili kubwa zaidi ya gharama kwa jamii ni huduma ya muda mrefu kutoka kwa wataalamu wa huduma ya afya na hasa kuwekwa kwenye taasisi, ambazo zinahusiana na 2/3 ya jumla ya gharama kwa jamii.<ref name="pmid15685097"/> Gharama za maisha nyumbani pia ni za juu sana,<ref name="pmid15685097"/> hasa wakati gharama rasmi kwa familia zinapojumuishwa, kama vile ulezi, mapato yaliyopotezwa na mtunzaji.<ref name="pmid11445614">{{cite journal |author=Moore MJ, Zhu CW, Clipp EC |title=Informal costs of dementia care: estimates from the National Longitudinal Caregiver Study |journal=J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=S219–28 |year=2001 |month=Julai |pmid=11445614 }}</ref> Gharama huongezeka na kuongezeka kwa dementia na kuwepo kwa shida za kitabia,<ref name="pmid16676288">{{cite journal |author=Jönsson L, Eriksdotter Jönhagen M, Kilander L, ''et al.'' |title=Determinants of costs of care for patients with Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2006-05_21_5/page/449 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=449–59 |year=2006 |month=Mei |pmid=16676288 |doi=10.1002/gps.1489 }}</ref> na inahusiana na kuongezeka kwa muda unaohitajika wa utunzaji ya kimwili.<ref name="pmid11445614"/> Kwa hiyo tiba yoyote ambayo kwamba inapunguza kupotea kwa utambuzi, inayochelewesha kuwekwa kwenye taasisi au inayopunguza masaa ya mtunzaji yana faida za kiuchumi. Tathmini kiuchumi za matibabu ya sasa yameonyesha matokeo mazuri.<ref name="pmid9543467"/> === Mzigo wa utunzaji === Wajibu wa mtunzaji mkuu mara nyingi huchukuliwa na mke au jamaa wa karibu.<ref name="metlife.com"/> Ugonjwa wa Alzeima unajulikana kwa kuweka mzigo mkubwa juu ya walezi ambao ni pamoja na wa kisaikolojia, kimwili au hali ya kiuchumi.<ref name="pmid17662119"/><ref name="pmid10489656"/><ref name="pmid10489657">{{cite journal |author=Murray J, Schneider J, Banerjee S, Mann A |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: II—A qualitative analysis of the experience of caregiving |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1999-08_14_8/page/662 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=662–7 |year=1999 |month=Agosti |pmid=10489657 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<662::AID-GPS993>3.0.CO;2-4 }}</ref> Hudumaza nyumbani hupendelewa kwa kawaida na wagonjwa na familia.<ref name="pmid18044111">{{cite journal |author=Zhu CW, Sano M |title=Economic considerations in the management of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Clin Interv Aging |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=143–54 |year=2006 |pmid=18044111 |doi=10.2147/ciia.2006.1.2.143 |pmc=2695165 }}</ref> Fursa hii pia huchelewesha au hupunguza haja ya huduma za kitaalamu zaidi na viwango vya gharama kubwa za matibabu.<ref name="pmid18044111"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gaugler JE, Kane RL, Kane RA, Newcomer R |title=Early community-based service utilization and its effects on institutionalization in dementia caregiving |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gerontologist_2005-04_45_2/page/177 |journal=Gerontologist |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=177–85 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15799982 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, theluthi mbili ya wakazi wa nyumba ya uuguzi ni wagonjwa wa akili.<ref name="pracGuideAPA"/> Watunzaji wa dementia/0} wanaathiriwa na kiwango cha juu cha matatizo ya [[kiakili]] na kimwili.<ref name="pmid12480441">{{cite journal |author=Ritchie K, Lovestone S |title=The dementias |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-11-30_360_9347/page/1758 |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9347 |pages=1759–66 |year=2002 |month=Novemba |pmid=12480441 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11667-9 }}</ref> Mambo yanayohusiana na matatizo zaidi ya kisaikolojia ya watunzaji wa kimsingi ni pamoja na watunzaji na mtu aliyeathirika nyumbani, na mtunzaji kuwa mumewe au mkewe, tabia za mgonjwa kama vile huzuni, usumbufu wa kitabia, ndoto, matatizo ya kulala au matatizo ya kutembea na kutengwa kijamii.<ref name="pmid2241719">{{cite journal |author=Brodaty H, Hadzi-Pavlovic D |title=Psychosocial effects on carers of living with persons with dementia |journal=Aust N Z J Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=351–61 |year=1990 |month=Septemba |pmid=2241719 |doi=10.3109/00048679009077702 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9646153">{{cite journal |author=Donaldson C, Tarrier N, Burns A |title=Determinants of carer stress in Alzheimer's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_1998-04_13_4/page/248 |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=248–56 |year=1998 |month=Aprili |pmid=9646153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199804)13:4<248::AID-GPS770>3.0.CO;2-0 }}</ref> Kuhusu matatizo ya kiuchumi, watunzaji wa familia mara nyingi huacha masaa ya kazi na kutumia kwa wastani masaa 47 kwa wiki kumshughulikia mtu aliye na Alzeima, wakati gharama za kuwatunza ziko juu. Gharama moja kwa moja na zisizo za moja kwa moja za kuhudumia wagonjwa wa Alzeima kwa kadri ni kati ya $ 18,000 na $ 77,500 kwa mwaka katika nchi ya Marekani, kulingana na utafiti. Matibabu ya tabia za utambuzi na mafundisho ya mikakati ya kukabiliana aitha mmoja mmoja au katika vikundi imeonyesha ufanisi katika kuboresha afya ya kisaikolojia ya walezi.<ref name="pmid17662119"/><ref name="pmid11511058">{{cite journal |author=Pusey H, Richards D |title=A systematic review of the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for carers of people with dementia |url=https://archive.org/details/aging-mental-health_2001-05_5_2/page/107 |journal=Aging Ment Health |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=107–19 |year=2001 |month=Mei |pmid=11511058 |doi=10.1080/13607860120038302 }}</ref> === Kesi zinazotambulika === [[Picha:President Ronald Reagan with Charlton Heston at a Meeting with The Presidential Task Force on The Arts and Humanities in Cabinet Room - DPLA - 47b9185ffd7680d8f23ce4d9fe269696.jpg|thumb|Charlton Heston na Ronald Reagan katika mkutano katika White House. Wote wawili baadaye walishikwa.]] Kwa kuwa ugonjwa wa Alzeima unapatikana sana, kuna watu wengi maarufu ambao wameathiriwa nao. Mifano maarufu ni pamoja Rais wa zamani wa Marekani [[Ronald Reagan]] na mwandishi wa Ayalandi Iris Murdoch, ambao wote walikuwa katika makala za kisayansi zikichunguza jinsi uwezo wao wa utambuzi ulivyoshushwa na ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid15574466">{{cite journal |author=Garrard P, Maloney LM, Hodges JR, Patterson K |title=[http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/128/2/250 The effects of very early Alzheimer's disease on the characteristics of writing by a renowned author] |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain_2005-02_128_2/page/250 |journal=Brain |volume=128 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=250–60 |year=2005 |month=Februari |pmid=15574466 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh341 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15461232">{{cite journal |author=Sherman FT |title=[http://www.modernmedicine.com/modernmedicine/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=121676 Did President Reagan have mild cognitive impairment while in office? Living longer with Alzheimer's Disease] |journal=Geriatrics |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=11, 15 |year=2004 |month=Septemba |pmid=15461232 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15788549">{{cite journal |author=Venneri A, Forbes-Mckay KE, Shanks MF |title=Impoverishment of spontaneous language and the prediction of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Brain |volume=128 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=E27 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15788549 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh419 |url= }}</ref> Kesi nyingine ni pamoja na mwanakandanda mstaafu Ferenc Puskas,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/6155766.stm |title=Hungary legend Puskas dies at 79 |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-11-17 |accessdate=2008-01-25}} </ref> na waliokuwa Maziri Wakuu Harold Wilson (Uingereza) na Adolfo Suárez [[Hispania|(Uhispania)]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/harold-wilson |title=Prime Ministers in History: Harold Wilson |publisher=10 Downing Street |location=London |accessdate=2008-08-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825211328/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/harold-wilson |archivedate=2008-08-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/padre/reconocio/Rey/noto/carino/elpepiesp/20080718elpepinac_11/Tes |title=Mi padre no reconoció al Rey pero notó el cariño |publisher=El País |location=Madrid |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-10-01 }}</ref> na mwigizaji Rita Hayworth,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alz.org/galas/Rita/overview.asp |title=Chicago Rita Hayworth Gala |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |year=2007 |accessdate=2010-02-03 }} </ref> mwigizaji Charlton Heston,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/08/09/heston.illness/ |title=Charlton Heston has Alzheimer's symptoms |publisher=CNN |date=2002-08-09 |accessdate=2008-01-25 |archivedate=2008-02-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201123928/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/08/09/heston.illness/ }}</ref> na mwandishi wa riwaya Terry Pratchett,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/dec/12/news.michellepauli1 |author=Pauli Michelle |title=Pratchett announces he has Alzheimer's |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=2007-12-12 |accessdate=2008-08-18 | location=London}}</ref> na mshindi wa 2009 wa [[Tuzo ya Nobeli|Tuzo]] la [[Tuzo ya Nobeli|Nobel]] katika Fizikia Charles K. Kao.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_439665.html |title=Nobel Prize Winner has Alzheimer's |publisher=The Straits Times |date=2009-10-08 |accessdate=2009-10-09 }}</ref> Alzeima pia imeweza kuonyeshwa katika filamu kama vile: ''Iris'' (2001),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0280778/ |title=Iris |date=2002-01-18 |publisher=IMDB |accessdate=2008-01-24}}</ref> iliyo na asili yake katika kumbukumbu zake John Bayley za mke wake Iris Murdoch,<ref>{{cite book |title=Iris: a memoir of Iris Murdoch |author=Bayley John |publisher=Abacus |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780349112152 |oclc=41960006 }}</ref> ''Daftari'' ya (2004),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0332280/ |title=The notebook |publisher=IMDB |accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref> iliyo na msingi wake katika riwaya ya jina kama hilo ya Nicholas Sparks ya 1996<ref>{{cite book |title=The notebook |url=https://archive.org/details/notebook00spar_1 |author=Sparks Nicholas |year=1996 |publisher=Thorndike Press |location=Thorndike, Maine |page=[https://archive.org/details/notebook00spar_1/page/268 268] |isbn=078620821X }} </ref> ''Muda wa kumbuka'' (2004); ''Thanmathra'' (2005),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/thanmatra/index.htm |title=Thanmathra |publisher=Webindia123.com |accessdate=2008-01-24}} </ref> ''Kumbukumbu ya Kesho (Ashita no Kioku)'' (2006 ), <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0494640/ |title=Ashita no kioku |originallanguage={{jp icon}} |publisher=IMDB |accessdate=2008-01-24}}</ref> msingi wake ukiwa riwaya ya Ogiwara Hiroshi ya jina kama hilo, <ref>{{cite book |author=Ogiwara Hiroshi |year=2004 |title=Ashita no Kioku |url=https://archive.org/details/ashitanokioku0000ogiw |location=Tōkyō |publisher=Kōbunsha |isbn=9784334924461 |oclc=57352130 |language={{jp icon}} |isbn-status=Mei be invalid – please double check }}</ref> ''Mbali kutoka kwake'' (2006), msingi wake ukiwa ni hadithi fupi ya Alice Munro "Dubu alikuja juu ya mlima"."The Bear Came over the Mountain".<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage|Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage: Stories]] |author=Munro Alice |location=New York |publisher=A.A. Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=9780375413001 |oclc=46929223 |chapter-url=The bear came over the mountain}}</ref> Kumbukumbu juu ya ugonjwa Alzeima ni pamoja na ''Malcolm na Barbara: Hadithi ya Mapenzi'' (1999) na ''Malcolm na Barbara: Upendo wa Wasalaam'' (2007), zote zikiwashirikisha Malcolm Pointon. <ref>Malcolm na Barbara: * {{cite web |url=http://www.dfgdocs.com/Directory/Titles/700.aspx |title=Malcolm and Barbara: A love story |publisher=Dfgdocs |accessdate=2008-01-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524213821/http://www.dfgdocs.com/Directory/Titles/700.aspx |archivedate=2008-05-24 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524213821/http://www.dfgdocs.com/Directory/Titles/700.aspx }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cambridgeshire/content/articles/2007/08/06/pointon_audio_feature.shtml |title=Malcolm and Barbara: A love story |publisher=BBC Cambridgeshire |accessdate=2008-03-02 }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/aug/07/broadcasting.itv |title=Alzheimer's film-maker to face ITV lawyers |publisher=Guardian Media |date=2007-08-07 |accessdate=2008-01-24 |location=London |first=John |last=Plunkett }}</ref> == Mkondo wa Utafiti == Mnamo 2008, usalama na ufanifu wa zaidi ya dawa za matibabu 400 ulifanyiwa uchunguzi katika utafiti wa kimatibabu ulimwenguni kote, na karibu nusu ya michanganyiko hiyo iko katika awamu ya ya III; majaribio ya hatua ya mwisho kabla ya kupitia kwa vyombo vya udhibiti viwango.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=alzheimer |title= Clinical Trials. Found 459 studies with search of: alzheimer |accessdate= 2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health }}</ref> Eneo moja la utafiti wa kliniki limetilia makini katika kutibu sababu za kimsingi za ugonjwa. Kupunguza viwango vya Amiloidi beta ni lengo la kawaida la michanganyiko<ref> {{cite journal |author=Lashuel HA, Hartley DM, Balakhaneh D, Aggarwal A, Teichberg S, [[David J E Callaway|Callaway DJE]] |title=New class of inhibitors of [[Beta amyloid|amyloid-beta]] fibril formation. Implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/45/42881 |journal=[[Journal of Biological Chemistry|J Biol Chem]] |year=2002 |volume=277 |pages=42881–42890 |pmid=12167652 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M206593200 |issue=45 }}</ref> (kama vile apomofini) inayofanyiwa uchunguzi. Tiba ya kuzuia au chanjo dhidi ya protini ya amiloidi ni moja matibabu yaliyo chini ya masomo ya kielelezo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dodel r, Neff F, Noelker C, Pul R, Du Y, Bacher M Oertel W. |title=Intravenous Immunoglobulins as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Current Evidence |url=http://adisonline.com/drugs/Abstract/2010/70050/Intravenous_Immunoglobulins_as_a_Treatment_for.1.aspx |journal=Drugs |year=2010 |volume=70 |pages=513–528 |pmid=20329802 |doi=10.2165/11533070-000000000-00000 |issue=5 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2011-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917191608/http://adisonline.com/drugs/Abstract/2010/70050/Intravenous_Immunoglobulins_as_a_Treatment_for.1.aspx |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917191608/http://adisonline.com/drugs/Abstract/2010/70050/Intravenous_Immunoglobulins_as_a_Treatment_for.1.aspx }}</ref> Tofauti na chanjo ya kuzuia, tiba iliyodhaniwa itakuwa ikitumika kutibu watu ambao tayari wametambuliwa. Msingi wake ni dhana ya mafunzo kwa mfumo wa kinga ya kutambua, mashambulizi, na kurejesha nyuma utuaji wa amiloidi, hivyo Kubadili mwenendo wa ugonjwa huo.<ref>Kutoa Chanjo: * {{cite journal |author=Hawkes CA, McLaurin J |title=Immunotherapy as treatment for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Expert Rev Neurother |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=1535–48 |year=2007 |month=Novemba |pmid=17997702 |doi=10.1586/14737175.7.11.1535 }} * {{cite journal |author=Solomon B |title=Clinical immunologic approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Expert Opin Investig Drugs |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=819–28 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17501694 |doi=10.1517/13543784.16.6.819 }} * {{cite journal |author=Woodhouse A, Dickson TC, Vickers JC |title=Vaccination strategies for Alzheimer's disease: A new hope? |journal=Drugs Aging |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=107–19 |year=2007 |pmid=17313199 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200724020-00003 }}</ref> Mfano wa chanjo hiyo iliyokuwa ikifanyiwa uchunguzi ni ACC-001,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00498602 |title = Study Evaluating ACC-001 in Mild to Moderate Alzheimers Disease Subjects |work = Clinical Trial |publisher =US National Institutes of Health |accessdate=2008-06-05 |date = 2008-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00479557 |title=Study Evaluating Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of ACC-001 in Subjects With Alzheimer's Disease |publisher=US National Institutes of Health |accessdate=2008-06-05 }}</ref> ingawa majaribio yalisitishwa katika 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAN/tb/9165 |title = Alzheimer's Disease Vaccine Trial Suspended on Safety Concern |publisher =Medpage Today |accessdate=2008-06-14 |date = 2008-04-18}}</ref> Kiungo kmwingine sawa na hiyo ni bapineuzumab, zindiko iliyoundwa ili kufanana na zindiko iliyo dhidi ya amiloidi inayopatikana kiasili mwilini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00574132 |title= Bapineuzumab in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease/ Apo_e4 non-carriers |work = Clinical Trial |accessdate=2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health |date= 2008-02-29 }}</ref> Njia nyingine ni wakala wa kukinga akili kama ,vile AL-108,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00422981 |title = Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Study to Evaluate Subjects With Mild Cognitive Impairment |work = Clinical Trial |accessdate=2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health |date = 2008-03-11 }}</ref> na viungo vya kuzuia mwingiliano wa protini na chuma, kama vile PBT2.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00471211 |title = Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of PBT2 in Patients With Early Alzheimer's Disease |work = Clinical Trial |accessdate=2008-03-23 |publisher= US National Institutes of Health |date = 2008-01-13 }}</ref> Kipokezi cha TNFα protini ya uyeunganishaji , etanercept imeonyesha matokeo ya kutia moyo.<ref name="pmid16926764">[629] ^utafiti wa Etanercept : ** {{cite journal |author=Tobinick E, Gross H, Weinberger A, Cohen H |title=TNF-alpha modulation for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month pilot study |journal=MedGenMed |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=25 |year=2006 |pmid=16926764 |pmc=1785182 }} ** {{cite journal |author=Griffin WS |title=Perispinal etanercept: potential as an Alzheimer therapeutic |journal=J Neuroinflammation |volume=5 |page=3 |year=2008 |pmid=18186919 |pmc=2241592 |doi=10.1186/1742-2094-5-3 }} ** {{cite journal |author=Tobinick E |title=Perispinal etanercept for treatment of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Curr Alzheimer Res |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=550–2 |year=2007 |month=Desemba |pmid=18220520 |doi=10.2174/156720507783018217 }}</ref> Katika 2008, majaribio mawili tofauti ya kimatibabu yalionyesha matokeo mazuri katika kubadilisha mwenendo wa ugonjwa wa Alzeima ya kiwango kidogo au cha kadri kwa kutumia methilithioniniamu kloridi (ijulikanayo kibiashara kama ''rember'' ), dawa izuiayo mrundiko wa tau, <ref>{{cite journal |title=Tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) therapy with remberTM arrests disease progression in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease over 50 weeks |author=Wischik Claude M, Bentham Peter, Wischik Damon J, Seng Kwang Meng |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |year=2008 |month=Julai |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=T167 |url=http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/viewAbstractPrintFriendly.asp?CKey={E7C717CF-8D73-41E0-8DB0-FA92205978CD}&SKey={68E04DB5-AB1C-4F7B-9511-DA3173F4F755}&MKey={CFC5F7C6-CB6A-40C4-BC87-B30C9E64B1CC}&AKey={50E1744A-0C52-45B2-BF85-2A798BF24E02} |accessdate=2008-07-30 |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.438 }}</ref> <ref> {{cite journal |author=Harrington Charles, Rickard Janet E, Horsley David, ''et al.'' |title=Methylthioninium chloride (MTC) acts as a Tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) in a cellular model and reverses Tau pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia |publisher=Alzheimer's Association |year=2008 |month=Julai |pages=T120–T121 |doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.259 |volume=4 }}</ref> na dimebon, ni kimaliza kemikali za mzio.<ref name="pmid18640457">{{cite journal |author=Doody RS, Gavrilova SI, Sano M, ''et al.'' |title=Effect of dimebon on cognition, activities of daily living, behaviour, and global function in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9634 |pages=207–15 |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18640457 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61074-0 }}</ref> Awamu ya III ya mfululizo ya majaribio ya Dimebon ilishindwa kuonyesha athari chanya katika sehemu za mwisho za msingi na za upili.<ref> [http://www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=2387 Dimebon yavunja moyo katika majaribio ya Awamu ya 3]</ref> Uwezekano wa kwamba Alzeima inaweza kutibiwa na dawa kinzavirusi unatolewa na utafiti kuonyesha kuwa pamoja kwa malengelenge ya virusi vya vidonda mwilini na utando wa amiloidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wozniak M, Mee A, Itzhaki R |title=Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques |journal=J Pathol |volume=217 |issue=1 |pages=131–138 |year=2008 |pmid=18973185 |doi=10.1002/path.2449}}</ref> Utafiti wa awali wa athari za tiba katika kurejesha kumbukumbu na uwezo wa kutambua umekuwa wa kutia moyo. Upungufu wa utafiti huu unaweza kushughulikiwa katika utafiti wa baadaye kwa uchambuzi wa kina zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=517–26 |last1=Newberg |first1=AB |issue=2 |last2=Wintering |first2=N |last3=Khalsa |first3=DS |last4=Roggenkamp |first4=H |last5=Waldman |first5=MR |author8=Newberg AB, Wintering N, Khalsa DS, Roggenkamp H, Waldman MR |volume=20 |title=Meditation effects on cognitive function and cerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: a preliminary study |year=2010 |journal=[[Journal of Alzheimer's Disease]] |url=http://www.j-alz.com/issues/20/vol20-2.html |pmid=20164557 |doi=10.3233/JAD-2010-1391 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-25 |archive-date=2010-10-07 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007041817/http://j-alz.com/issues/20/vol20-2.html |url-status=dead }} (Asili ya msingi)</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book | title=Alzheimer's Disease: Unraveling the Mystery | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/UnravelingTheMystery | publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, NIH | year=2008 }} * {{cite book |url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/ADPrevented/ |title=Can Alzheimer's Disease Be Prevented? |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, NIH |year=2009 }} * {{cite book | title=Caring for a Person with Alzheimer's Disease: Your Easy-to-Use Guide from the National Institute on Aging | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/CaringAD/ | publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, NIH | year=2009 }} * {{cite journal |author=Cummings JL, Frank JC, Cherry D, Kohatsu ND, Kemp B, Hewett L, Mittman B |title=Guidelines for managing Alzheimer's disease: Part&nbsp;I. Assessment |journal=American Family Physician |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=2263–2272 |year=2002 |pmid=12074525 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020601/2263.html }} * {{cite journal |author= Cummings JL, Frank JC, Cherry D, Kohatsu ND, Kemp B, Hewett L, Mittman B |title=Guidelines for managing Alzheimer's disease: Part&nbsp;II. Treatment |journal=American Family Physician |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=2525–2534 |year=2002 |pmid=12086242 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020615/2525.html }} * {{cite web | title=Alzheimer's Behavior Management: Learn to manage common behavior problems | url=http://www.helpguide.org/elder/alzheimers_behavior_problems.htm | author=Russell D, Barston S, White M | publisher=helpguide.org | date=2007-12-19 | accessdate=2008-02-29 }} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Alzheimer's disease}} * '''''(en)''''' [http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/ResearchInformation/ResearchCenters/ Vituo vya Ugonjwa wa Alzeima (AlzeimaCs)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/ResearchInformation/ResearchCenters/ |date=20100604070324 }} * '''''(en)''''' [http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers Kituo cha Elimu na Malazi cha Ugojwa wa Alzeima (AlzeimaEAR) ] * '''''(en)''''' [http://www.alz.org/index.asp Chama cha Alzeima] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alz.org/index.asp |date=20120730181212 }} * '''''(en)''''' [http://memory.ucsf.edu/ Kituo cha Kuzeeka na Kumbukumbu UCSF] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alzeima}} [[Jamii:Maradhi ya ubongo]] [[Jamii:Maradhi ya uzee]] pvi0p1kaojg9zfrbh609m77uzi9dp9q 0 55353 1601511 1528827 2026-09-25T21:21:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NPOV}} {{Infobox Birth control |name = Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) |image = Pilule contraceptive.jpg |width = 200 |caption = |bc_type = Hormonal |date_first_use = 1960 (United States) |rate_type = Failure |perfect_failure% = 0.3 |perfect_failure_ref = <ref name="Trussell 2011">{{cite book| last=Trussell |first=James |year=2011 |chapter=Contraceptive efficacy |editor1-last=Hatcher |editor1-first=Robert A. |editor2-last=Trussell |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Nelson |editor3-first=Anita L. |editor4-last=Cates |editor4-first=Willard |editor5-last= Kowal |editor5-first=Deborah |editor6-last=Policar |editor6-first=Michael S. | name-list-style = vanc |title= Contraceptive technology |edition=20th revised |location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn = 0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863}} Table 26–1 = <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf |date=20170215224018 }}</span></ref> |typical_failure% = 9 |typical_failure_ref =<ref name="Trussell 2011"/> |duration_effect = 1–4 days <!-- depending where in pack/cycle, EC required after 1–4 days missed --> |reversibility = Yes |user_reminders = Taken within same 24-hour window each day |clinic_interval = 6 months |STD_protection_YesNo = No |periods = Regulated, and often lighter and less painful |benefits = Evidence for reduced mortality risk and reduced death rates in all cancers.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} <br />May treat [[acne vulgaris|acne]], [[Polycystic ovarian syndrome|PCOS]], [[PMDD]], [[endometriosis]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} |weight_gain_loss = No proven effect |risks = Possible small increase in some cancers. Small reversible increase in [[Deep vein thrombosis|DVT]]s; [[stroke]],<ref name="KemmerenEtAl2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kemmeren JM, Tanis BC, van den Bosch MA, Bollen EL, Helmerhorst FM, van der Graaf Y, Rosendaal FR, Algra A | title = Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) study: oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic stroke | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_stroke_2002-05_33_5/page/1202 | journal = Stroke | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 1202–8 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11988591 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000015345.61324.3F | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[cardiovascular disease]]<ref name="BaillargeonMcClishEssahNestler2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baillargeon JP, McClish DK, Essah PA, Nestler JE | title = Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 90 | issue = 7 | pages = 3863–70 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15814774 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2004-1958 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |medical_notes = Affected by the antibiotic [[rifampicin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/birth-control-pill-4228.htm|title=Birth Control Pills - Birth Control Pill - The Pill|accessdate=2010-10-18|archive-date=2011-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805151417/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/birth-control-pill-4228.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> the herb Hypericum (St. Johns Wort) and some anti-epileptics, also vomiting or diarrhea. Caution if history of migraines. }} '''Vidonge vya majira''', ambavyo mara nyingi vinajulikana kama '''vidonge''' tu, ni njia ya kupanga [[uzazi]] inayochanganya [[chachu]] za [[estrojeni]] na [[projestojeni]]. Wakati vinapomezwa kila siku, huzuia uwezo wa kuzaa katika [[wanawake]] kwa kuvuruga mzunguko wa hedhi. Vidonge hivyo vilikubaliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kutumika kama [[dawa za kupanga uzazi]] nchini [[Marekani]] [[mwaka]] [[1960]], na imekuwa njia maarufu sana ya [[uzazi wa mpango]]. Kwa sasa vinatumiwa na wanawake zaidi ya [[milioni]] 100 duniani kote <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1135665739 |title=Contraceptive use by method 2019 : data booklet |date=2019 |publisher = United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division |isbn=978-92-1-148329-1 |location=[New York, NY] |oclc=1135665739}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christin-Maitre S | title = History of oral contraceptive drugs and their use worldwide | journal = Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–12 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23384741 | doi = 10.1016/j.beem.2012.11.004 }}</ref> (karibu milioni 9 nchini Marekani <ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2022 |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 327 - December 2018 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db327.htm |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913114252/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db327.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sech LA, Mishell DR | title = Oral steroid contraception | journal = Women's Health | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 743–748 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26673988 | doi = 10.2217/whe.15.82 | s2cid = 6433771 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>). Matumizi hutofautiana sana kulingana na nchi, <ref> {{Rejea kitabu|author=UN Population Division |year=2006 |title=World Contraceptive Use 2005 |location=New York |publisher=United Nations |isbn=9-211-51418-5 |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2005/2005_World_Contraceptive_files/WallChart_WCU2005.pdf|format=PDF}} wanawake wenye umri wa miaka 15-49 walio katika [[ndoa]] au muungano wenye muafaka</ref> [[umri]], [[elimu]], na hali ya [[ndoa]]: kwa sasa thuluthi ya wanawake wenye umri wa kati ya miaka 16-49 nchini [[Uingereza]] wanatumia vidonge hivyo vilivyochanganywa au vile vilivyo na projestojeni pekee au "minipill", <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/sex_relationships/facts/contraceptivepills.htm |vauthors=Delvin D |title=Contraception – the contraceptive pill: How many women take it in the UK? |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=25 December 2010 |archive-date=4 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104034215/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/sex_relationships/facts/contraceptivepills.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="taylor">{{cite book | vauthors = Taylor T, Keyse L, Bryant A |year=2006 |title=Contraception and Sexual Health, 2005/06 |location=London |publisher=Office for National Statistics |isbn=978-1-85774-638-9 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/contraception2005-06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070109053900/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/contraception2005-06.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2007 }} British women aged 16–49: 24% use the pill {{as of|2016|lc=y}} (17% use Combined pill, 5% use Minipill, 2% don't know type)</ref> ikilinganishwa na chini ya 3% tu ya wanawake katika [[Japani]] (miaka 1950–2014).<ref name="Yoshida 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshida H, Sakamoto H, Leslie A, Takahashi O, Tsuboi S, Kitamura K | title = Contraception in Japan: Current trends | journal = Contraception | volume = 93 | issue = 6 | pages = 475–477 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26872717 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.02.006 }}</ref>. Vidonge hivyo vimechangia sana mabadiliko ya [[maadili]] ya [[jinsia]] hasa upande wa wanawake, kwa kurahisisha ngono nje ya ndoa, na hivyo kusababisha [[familia]] kusambaratika kwa wingi. ==Historia== Kufikia [[miaka ya 1930]], [[wanasayansi]] walikuwa wametenga na kutambua mfumo wa [[homoni]] za [[steroidi]] na kupata kuwa vipimo vya juu vya [[androjeni]], [[estrojeni]] au [[projesteroni]] vilizuia [[utagaji]] wa ma[[yai]], lakini kuzipata dawa hizo kutoka kwa kampuni za [[Ulaya]] zilizozizalisha kutoka sehemu za wanyama kulikuwa ghali mno. <ref name="maisel">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Maisel, Albert Q. |year=1965 |title=The Hormone Quest |url=https://archive.org/details/hormonequest00mais |location=New York |publisher=Random House}}</ref> Mwaka [[1939]], Russell Marker, profesa wa [[kemia]] [[Kemia kaboni|ya kikaboni]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Pennsylvania]], alitengeneza utaratibu wa kusanisi projesteroni kutoka sapojenini steroidi ya mimea, mwanzoni kwa kutumia sarsapojenini kutoka sarsaparila, ambao ulikuwa ghali mno. Baada ya miaka mitatu ya utafiti wa ndani wa kibotania, profesa huyo aligundua bora kuanzia vifaa kiasi, ya saponin kutoka Mexican vikuu inedible ''(Dioscorea mexicana)'' inayopatikana katika misitu ya mvua [[Veracruz (jimbo)|Veracruz]] karibu Orizaba. Saponini ingeweza kubadilishwa maabarani na kuwa aglycone moiety diosgenin. Baada ya kushindwa kumvutia mdhamini wa utafiti wake Parke-Davis, mwaka 1944 alianzisha ushirikiano Syntex na washirika wawili katika [[Mexico (mji)|Mexico City]] kabla ya kuondoka Syntex mwaka mmoja baadaye. Syntex ilivunja [[uhodhi]] wa kampuni za Ulaya juu ya homoni steroid, kupunguza bei ya progesterone karibu ya mara 200 zaidi ya miaka nane ijayo. <ref name="maisel"></ref> <ref name="asbell">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Asbell, Bernard |year=1995 |title=The Pill: A Biography of the Drug That Changed the World |url=https://archive.org/details/pillthe00bern |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-679-43555-7}}</ref> <ref name="lehmann">{{Rejea jarida|author=Lehmann PA, Bolivar A, Quintero R |year=1973 |title=Russell E. Marker. Pioneer of the Mexican steroid industry |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1973-03_50_3/page/195 |journal=J Chem Educ |volume=50 |pages=195–9 |pmid=4569922 |issue=3 |doi=10.1021/ed050p195}}</ref> <ref name="vaughan">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Vaughan, Paul |year=1970 |title=The Pill on Trial |url=https://archive.org/details/pillontrial0000unse |location=New York |publisher=Coward-McCann}}</ref> <ref name="tone">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Tone, Andrea |year=2001 |title=Devices & Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America |url=https://archive.org/details/devicesdesireshi00tone |location=New York |publisher=Hill and Wang |isbn=0-809-03817-X}}</ref> <ref name="reed">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Reed, James |year=1978 |title=From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and American Society Since 1830 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromprivatevicet0000reed |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-02582-X}}</ref> <ref name="mclaughlin">{{Rejea kitabu|author=McLaughlin, Loretta |year=1982 |title=The pill, John Rock, and the Church: The Biography of a Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/pilljohnrock00mcla |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-316-56095-2}}</ref> <ref name="marks">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Marks, Lara V |year=2001 |title=Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualchemistryh00mark |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-08943-0}}</ref> <ref name="watkins">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel |year=1998 |title=On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950–1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/onpillsocialhist0000watk |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-801-85876-3}}</ref> <ref name="speroff">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. |year=2005 |chapter=Oral Contraception |title=A Clinical Guide for Contraception |edition=4th |pages=21–138 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=0-781-76488-2}}</ref> <ref name="djerassi">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Djerassi, Carl |year=2001 |title=This man's pill: reflections on the 50th birthday of the pill |url=https://archive.org/details/thismanspillrefl0000djer |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0198508727 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thismanspillrefl0000djer/page/11 11]–62}}</ref> <ref name="applezweig">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Applezweig, Norman |year=1962 |title=Steroid drugs |url=https://archive.org/details/steroiddrugs00norm |location=New York |publisher=Blakiston Division, [[McGraw-Hill]] |pages=vii-xi, 9–83 |nopp=true}}</ref> <ref name="gereffi">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Gereffi, Gary |year=1983 |title=The pharmaceutical industry and dependency in the Third World |url=https://archive.org/details/pharmaceuticalin0000gere |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691094012 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pharmaceuticalin0000gere/page/53 53]–163}}</ref> ===Utafiti wa projesteroni ili kuzuia uivishaji wa mayai=== Mapema mwaka wa 1951, mtaalamu wa fisiolojia Gregory Pincus, ambaye alikuwa kiongozi katika utafiti homoni na mwanzilishi wa shirika la Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology (WFEB) huko Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, alikutana kwa mara ya kwanza na mwanzilishi wa kikundi cha kudhibiti uzazi [[Margaret Sanger]] katika hafla ya chakula cha jioni katika [[Manhattan]] iliyokuwa imeandaliwa na Ibrahim Stone, mkurugenzi wa matibabu mkurugenzi na makamu mwenyekiti wa Planned Parenthood (PPFA), ambaye alimsaidia Pincus kupata ruzuku ndogo kutoka PPFA kuanza utafiti wa dawa za upangaji uzazi za homoni. Katika Oktoba 1951, M-ngu Searle &amp; Company walilikataa ombi la Pincus la kufadhili utafiti homoni uzazi wa mpango wake, lakini akae naye kama mshauri na kuendelea kutoa misombo ya kemikali na kutathmini. <ref name="maisel"></ref> <ref name="reed"></ref> Katika Machi 1952, Sanger aliandika arifa fupi huku akiutaja utafiti wa Pincus kwa rafiki yake na msaidizi wa zamani, Katharine Dexter McCormick, ambaye alitembelea WFEB na mwanzilishi wake na Hudson Hoagland katika Juni 1952 na kujifunza kuhusu uzazi wa mpango. McCormick, aliyekuwa amechanganyikiwa baada ya utafiti kusimama kwa ufadhili mdogo, McCormick alipanga mkutano wa WFEB tarehe 6 Juni 1953 na Sanger na Hoagland, ambapo kwanza alikutana Pincus ili kikubwa kupanua na kuongeza kasi ya utafiti na McCormick. <ref name="reed"></ref> <ref name="fields">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Fields, Armond |year=2003 |title=Katharine Dexter McCormick: Pioneer for Women's Rights |url=https://archive.org/details/katharinedexterm0000fiel |location=Westport |publisher=Prager |isbn=0-275-98004-9}}</ref> Pincus na McCormick walimshirikisha profesa wa kliniki kutoka Harvard {/0 {2}John Rock, mtaalamu wa tiba ya [[kutotungisha]], kuongoza utafiti kliniki na wanawake. Katika kongamano la kisayansi la mwaka wa 1952, Pincus na Rock, waliokuwa wamejiana kwa miaka mingi, waligundua wamefuata njia sawa na kufikia malengo ya kinyume. Pincus aliwauliza aliokuwa akiwasiliana nao katika kampuni za dawa wamtumie michanganyiko ya kemikali iliyokuwa na projestogeni. ===Maendeleo ya uzazi wa mpango madhubuti=== Norethinodreli (na norethindroni) hatimaye ziligunduliwa kuwa zimechafuliwa na asilimia ndogo ya estrojeni mestranoli (aina ya kati katika usanisi wake), na norethinodreli iliyokuwa katika utafiti wa Rock wa 1954-5 ikiwa na asilimia 4-7 ya mestranoli. Wakati usafishaji zaidi wa norethinodreli ilikuwa na kiwango cha chini ya asilimia 1 cha mestranoli kuliongeza kutoka kwa damu kusikotarajiwa, uamuzi ulifanywa wa kuweka asilimia 2.2 ya mestranoli kwa makusudi, asilimia ambayo haikuhusishwa na kutoka damu kusikotarajiwa, katika majaribio ya kwanza ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi kwa wanawake mwaka wa 1956. Mchanganyiko wa norethinodreli na mestranoli ulipewa jina la pekee la ''Enovid.'' <ref name="pincus 1958a">{{Rejea jarida|author=Pincus G, Rock J, Garcia CR, Rice-Wray E, Paniagua M, Rodgriquez I |year=1958 |title=Fertility control with oral medication |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_1958-06_75_6/page/1333 |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=1333–46 |pmid=13545267}}</ref> Jaribio la kwanza la ''Enovid'' kama dawa ya upangaji uzazi lililoongozwa na Edris Rice-Wray lilianza Aprili 1956 katika Rio Piedras, [[Puerto Rico]]. <ref name="junod">{{Rejea jarida|author=Junod SW, Marks L |year=2002 |title=Women's trials: the approval of the first oral contraceptive pill in the United States and Great Britain |journal=J Hist Med Allied Sci |volume=57 |pages=117–60 |pmid=11995593 |url=http://jhmas.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/57/2/117.pdf | doi = 10.1093/jhmas/57.2.117|format=PDF |issue=2}}</ref> <ref name="ramirez de arellano">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Ramírez de Arellano, Annette B.; Seipp, Conrad |year=1983 |title=Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception: A History of Birth Control in Puerto Rico |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=0-807-81544-6}}</ref> <ref name="rice-wray">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Rice-Wray, Edris |year=1957 |chapter=Field Study with Enovid as a Contraceptive Agent |editor=in |title=Proceedings of a Symposium on 19-Nor Progestational Steroids |location=Chicago |publisher=Searle Research Laboratories |pages=78–85}}</ref> Jaribio la pili la matumizi ya ''Enovid'' (na norethindrone) kama dawa ya upangaji uzazi lililoongozwa na Edward T. Tyler lilianza Juni 1956 huko [[Los Angeles]] <ref name="vaughan"></ref> <ref name="tyler">{{Rejea jarida|author=Tyler ET, Olson HJ |year=1959 |title=Fertility promoting and inhibiting effects of new steroid hormonal substances |journal=JAMA |volume=169 |issue=16 |pages=1843–54 |pmid=13640942}}</ref>. Tarehe 23 Januari 1957, kampuni ya Searle iliandaa kongamano la kukagua utafiti wa elimuuzazi na uzuiaji mimba uliohusiana na ''Enovid'' kupitia 1956 na kuhitimisha kuwa viwango vya estrojeni katika ''Enovid'' vinaweza kupunguzwa kwa asilimia 33 ili kupunguza pia matukio ya madhara ya utumbo yaliyosababishwa na estrojeni bila kuathiri pakubwa ongezeko la matukio ya kutoka damu kusikotarajiwa. <ref name="winter 1957">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Winter IC |year=1957 |chapter=Summary |editor=in |title=Proceedings of a Symposium on 19-Nor Progestational Steroids |location=Chicago |publisher=Searle Research Laboratories |pages=120–2}}</ref> ===Upatikanaji kwa Umma=== ==== Marekani ==== Tarehe 10 Juni 1957, Shirika la Chakula na Dawa (FDA) liliidhinisha ''Enovid'' miligramu 10 (miligramu 9.85 norethynodrel na 150 μg mestranol) kwa ajili ya matatizo ya hedhi kwa kuzingatia data iliyotokana na matumizi yake na zaidi ya wanawake 600. Majaribio mengi zaidi ya dawa hizi za uzuiaji mimba ziada yalionyesha kuwa vipimo vya ''Enovid'' vya miligramu 10, 5, na 2.5 vilifanya kazi vyema sana. Tarehe 23 Julai 1959, kampuni ya Searle ilituma ombi la ziada la kuongeza upangaji uzazi kama ishara iliyohalalishwa kwa vipimo vya ''Enovid'' vya miligramu 10, 5, na 2.5. Shirika la FDA lilikataa kuzingatia ombi hilo hadi kampuni ya Searle ilipokubali kuondoa aina za vipimo vya chini kutoka kwa ombi hilo. Tarehe 9 Mei 1960, shirika la FDA lilitangaza kuwa litahalalisha miligramu 10 za ''Enovid'' kwa ajili ya matumizi ya upangaji uzazi, jambo ambalo lilifanya tarehe 23 Juni 1960, na kufikia wakati huo ''Enovid'' ya miligramu 10 ilikuwa katika matumizi ya jumla kwa muda wa miaka mitatu na wakati ambapo angalau wanawake nusu milioni walikuwa wameitumia. <ref name="winter 1970">{{Rejea jarida|author=Winter IC |year=1970 |title=Industrial pressure and the population problem&mdash;the FDA and the pill |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1970-05-11_212_6/page/1066 |journal=JAMA |volume=212 |issue=6 |pages=1067–8 |pmid=5467404 | doi = 10.1001/jama.212.6.1067}}</ref> Ingawa dawa ya ''Enovid'' miligramu 10 ilikuwa imekubaliwa na shirika la FDA kwa matumizi ya upangaji uzazi, kampuni ya Searle haikuwahi kuiuza kama dawa ya upangaji uzazi. Miezi nane baadaye, tarehe 15 Februari 1961, shirika la FDA lilipitisha dawa hii ya ''Enovid'' miligramu 5 kwa ajili ya matumizi ya upangaji uzazi. Katika Julai 1961, kampuni ya Searle hatimaye lilianza kuuza dawa hii ya ''Enovid'' miligramu 5 (miligramu 5 za norethynodrel na μg 75 za mestranol) kwa madaktari kama dawa ya kuzuia mimba. Ingawa shirika la FDA liliidhinisha dawa ya kwanza ya uzuiaji mimba katika mwaka wa 1960, dawa hizi za upangaji uzazi hazikuuziwa wanawake waliokuwa wameolewa katika majimbo yote hadi ''Griswold v. Connecticut'' katika mwaka wa 1965, na hazikuwa zikiuziwa wanawake ambao hawakuwa wameolewa katika majimbo yote hadi ''Eisenstadt v. Baird'' katika mwaka wa 1972. Ripoti ya kesi ya kwanza kuchapishwa kuhusu donge la damu na mvilio kwenye mishipa ya mapafu katika mwanamke aliyekuwa akitumia ''Enovid'' miligramu 10 katika Marekani katika kiwango cha miligramu 20 /kila siku haikutokea hadi Novemba 1961, miaka minne baada ya kuidhinishwa kwake, wakati ambapo ilikuwa imetumiwa na wanawake zaidi ya milioni moja. <ref name="junod"></ref> <ref name="winter 1965">{{Rejea jarida|author=Winter IC |year=1965 |title=The incidence of thromboembolism in Enovid users |journal=Metabolism |volume=14 |issue=Suppl |pages=422–8 |pmid=14261427 | doi = 10.1016/0026-0495(65)90029-6}}</ref> <ref name="Jordan">{{Rejea jarida|author=Jordan WM, Anand JK |year=1961 |title=Pulmonary embolism |journal=Lancet |volume=278 |issue=7212 |pages=1146–7 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(61)91061-3}}</ref> Ingechukua karibu muongo mmoja wa tafiti za epidemiolojia kuonyesha kwa uthabiti hatari iliyoongezeka ya mvilio kwenye mishipa katika watumiaji wavidonge vya upangaji uzazi na ongezeko la hatari ya [[kiharusi]] na matatizo ya moyo katika watumiaji wa vidonge vya upangaji uzazi ambao huvuta sigara au wana shinikizo la damu au hatari zingine zinazohusiana na moyo au ubongo. <ref name="marks"></ref> Hatari hizi za vidonge vya kuzuia mimba ziliigizwa katika kitabu cha ''The Doctors' Case Against the Pill'' kilichoandikwa katika mwaka wa 1969 na mwandishi wa habari mfeministi Barbara Seaman aliyesaidia kupanga kesi za Nelson za mwaka wa 1970 zilizoandaliwa na Seneta Gaylord Nelson. <ref name="seaman 1969">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Seaman, Barbara |year=1969 |title=The Doctors’ Case Against the Pill |location=New York |publisher=P. H. Wyden |isbn=0385145756}}</ref> Kesi hizi ziliongozwa na Seneta, wote waliokuwa wanaume na mashahidi katika raundi ya kwanza ya kesi hizi walikuwa wote wanaume, jambo ambalo lilimfanya Alice Wolfson na wafeministi wengine kupinga kesi hiyo na kuvutia vyombo vya habari. <ref name="watkins"></ref> Kazi yao ilisababisha kulazimisha kuwekwa kwa vipeperushi, kwenye pakiti za idonge hiv vya upangaji uzazi, vilivyokuwa na maelezo kwa watumiaji kuhusu madhara na hatari za kutumia vidonge hivyo ili kusaidia kuwezesha utoaji idhini. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=FDA |month=11 Juni, |year=1970 |title=Statement of Policy Concerning Oral Contraceptive Labeling Directed to Users |journal=Fed Regist |volume=35 |issue=113 |pages=9001–3}}<br>{{Rejea jarida|author=FDA |month=31 Januari, |year=1978 |title=Oral Contraceptives; Requirement for Labeling Directed to the Patient |journal=Fed Regist |volume=43 |issue=21 |pages=4313–34}}<br>{{Rejea jarida|author=FDA |month=25 Mei, |year=1989 |title=Oral Contraceptives; Patient Package Insert Requirement |journal=Fed Regist |volume=54 |issue=100 |pages=22585–8}}</ref> Kiwango cha kawaida kinachotumiwa leo cha vidonge vya upangaji uzazi huwa na kiwango estrojeni ambacho ni theluthi moja chini ya kilichokuwa katika kidonge cha kwanza kilichowahi kuuzwa na huwa na vipimo vya chini vya aina za projestini zenye nguvu zaidi katika misombo mbalimbali. Limekuwa jambo rahisi kupata agizo la dawa kutoka kwa daktari, na njia ya kawaida gharama ni $ 15 na $ 50 kwa mwezi. <ref [http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/birth-control-pill-4228.htm#get Planned Parenthood: Birth Control Pill]</ref> Wachumi wengi wanasema kuwa upatikanaji wa Vidonge vya majira umesababisha kuongezeka kwa wanawake wanaofanya kazi. Kwa kuwa kidonge kiliwaruhusu kuwa na uhusiano wa kingono na wakati huohuo kufanya kazi, kimepongezwa kama mojawapo ya vipengele vilivyochangia mapinduzi hayo. ====Canada==== Vidonge vya Uzuiaji Mimba na njia nyingine nyingi za kudhibiti uzazi, zilihalalishwa nchini Canada katika mwaka wa 1969. ====Australia==== Vidonge vya uzuiaji mimba vya kwanza nje ya Marekani vilikuwa vile vya ''Anovlar'' vilivyotengenezwa na Schering (norethindrone acetate 4 mg + ethinyl estradiol 50 μg) tarehe 1 Januari 1961 katika [[Australia]]. <ref name="schering">{{Rejea tovuti |author= |year= |title=History of Schering AG |publisher=Ernst Schering Foundation |url=http://www.scheringstiftung.de/scripts/index/web/en/content/index/174 |accessdate=2007-12-05 |archivedate=2007-12-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215065823/http://www.scheringstiftung.de/scripts/index/web/en/content/index/174 }}</ref> ====Ujerumani==== Vidonge vya uzuiaji mimba vilivyoanzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza [[Ulaya]] vilikuwa vile vya ''Anovlar'' vilivyotengenezwa na Schering na kuanzishwa tarehe 1 Juni 1961 katika [[Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Ujerumani|Ujerumani ya Magharibi]]. <ref name="schering"></ref> ====Uingereza==== Kabla ya miaka ya kati ya 1960, Uingereza haikuhitaji dawa kuidhinishwa kabla ya kuanza kuuzwa kwenye soko. Shirika la Upangaji Uzazi la Uingereza (FPA) kupitia kwa kliniki zake lilikuwa kwa wakati huo kituo msingi cha kutoa huduma za upangaji uzazi katika Uingereza na lilitoa dawa za uzuiaji mimba ambazo zilikuwa katika Orodha yake Iliyokubalika ya Dawa za Uzuiaji Mimba (iliyoanzishwa katika mwaka wa 1934). Katika mwaka wa 1957, Searle ilianza kukuza dawa ya ''Enavid (Enovid'' 10 mg katika Marekani) kwa ajili ya matatizo ya hedhi. Pia katika mwaka wa 1957, shirika la FPA lilianzisha Baraza kwa ajili ya Uchunguzi wa Kudhibiti Uzazi (CIFC) ili kupima na kufuatilia vidonge vya kuzuia mimba. Baraza hili lilianzia kufanya majaribio kwa kutumia wanyama na katika miaka ya 1960 na 1961 lilianza majaribio matatu makubwa ya kikliniki katika [[Birmingham]], Slough, na [[London]]. <ref name="junod"></ref> <ref name="fpa trials">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mears E |title=Clinical trials of oral contraceptives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1961-11-04_2_5261/page/1179 |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5261 |pages=1179–83 |date=4 Novemba 1961 |pmid=14471934 |pmc=1970272 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5261.1179}}</ref> Katika Machi 1960, FPA la Birmingham lilianza majaribio kwa kutumia norethynodrel 2.5 mg + mestranol 50 μg, lakini kiwango cha juu cha mimba kilitokea mwanzoni wakati dawa hii, kwa bahati mbaya, ilikuwa na μg 36 tu za mestranol-majaribio yaliendelea kwa kutumia norethynodrel 5 mg + mestranol 75 μg ''(Conovid'' katika Uingereza, ''Enovid'' 5 mg katika Marekani). <ref name="birmingham">{{Rejea jarida|author=Eckstein P, Waterhouse JA, Bond GM, Mills WG, Sandilands DM, Shotton DM |title=The Birmingham oral contraceptive trial |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1961-11-04_2_5261/page/1172 |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5261 |pages=1172–9 |date=4 Novemba 1961 |pmid=13889122 |pmc=1970253 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5261.1172}}</ref> Katika Agosti 1960, FPA la Slough lilianza majaribio kwa kutumia norethynodrel 2.5 mg + mestranol 100 μg ''(Conovid-E'' katika Uingereza, ''Enovid-E'' katika Marekani). <ref name="conovid-e">{{Rejea jarida|author=Pullen D |title='Conovid-E' as an oral contraceptive |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1962-10-20_2_5311/page/1016 |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5311 |pages=1016–9 |date=20 Oktoba 1962 |pmid=13972503 |pmc=1926317 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5311.1016}}</ref> Katika Mei 1961, FPA la London lilianza majaribio kwa kutumia ''Anovlar'' ya Schering. <ref name="anovlar">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mears E, Grant EC |title='Anovlar' as an oral contraceptive |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1962-07-14_2_5297/page/75 |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5297 |pages=75–9 |date=14 Julai 1962 |pmid=14471933 |pmc=1925289 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5297.75}}</ref> Katika Oktoba 1961, kupitia mapendekezo ya Baraza la Mawaidha ya Kimatibabu (Medical Advisory Council) kuhusu CIFC yake, shirika la FPA liliongeza dawa iliyotengenezwa dawa ya ''Conovid'' iliyotengenezwa na Searle kwenye Orodha ya Iliyokubaliwa ya Vidonge vya Upangaji Uzazi. <ref name="conovid">{{Rejea jarida|title=Annotations: Pill at F.P.A. clinics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1961-10-14_2_5258/page/1009 |date=14 Oktoba 1961 |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5258 |page=1009 |pmc=1970146 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.2.3490.1009}}<br> {{Rejea jarida|title=Medical news: Oral contraceptives and the F.P.A. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1961-10-14_2_5258/page/1032 |date=14 Oktoba 1961 |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5258 |page=1032 |pmc=1970195 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5258.1032}}</ref> Tarehe 4 Desemba 1961, Enoch Powell, aliyekuwa Waziri wa Afya, alitangaza kwamba kidonge cha kuzuia mimba cha ''Conovid'' kingeagizwa kupitia NHS kwa bei iliyopunguzwa ya [[Shilingi|2s]] kila mwezi. <ref name="nhs">{{Rejea jarida|date=9 Desemba 1961 |title=Medical News: Contraceptive Pill |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_1961-12-09_2_5266/page/1584 |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5266 |page=1584 |pmc=1970619 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.2.5266.1584}}<br> {{Rejea habari |date=15 Desemba 1961 |title=Subsidizing birth control |journal=Time |volume=78 |issue=24 |page=55 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827091,00.html |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archivedate=2011-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205021447/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827091,00.html }}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 1962, dawa iliyotengenezwa na Schering ya ''Anovlar'' na ile iliyotengenezwa na Searle ya ''Conovid-E'' ziliongeza kwenye Orodha ya Dawa Zilizokubaliwa za Upangaji Uzazi ya FPA. <ref name="junod"></ref> <ref name="conovid-e"></ref> <ref name="anovlar"></ref> Kwa sasa vidonge hivi vya uzuiaji mimba hupatikana bure kwenye NHS - dawa za uzuiaji mimba zinazoagizwa huepushwa na malipo ya uagizaji ya NHS. ====Ufaransa==== Tarehe 28 Desemba 1967, Sheria ya Neuwirth ilihalalisha matumizi ya dawa za upangaji uzazi katika Ufaransa, ikiwa ni pamoja na kidonge. Kidonge ndicho njia maarufu sana upangaji uzaz aina ya uzazi wa mpango maarufu nchini Ufaransa, hasa miongoni mwa wanawake. Inachukua asilimia 60 ya aina ya njia za kupanga uzazi zinazotumiwa katika Ufaransa. Kiwango cha uaviaji mimba kimebaki imara tangu kuanzishwa kwa matumizi ya kidonge. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Aids Generation: the pill takes priority?|publisher=Science Actualities|year=2000|accessdate=2006-09-07|url=http://www.cite-sciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/question_actu.php?langue=an&id_article=263|archivedate=2006-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201112340/http://www.cite-sciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/question_actu.php?langue=an&id_article=263}}</ref> ====Italia==== Ingawa matumizi ya dawa zenye kemikali hiyo inayotumika katika COCP yalikuwa kupitishwa kwa ajili ya kuuzwa katika Italia tangu mwaka 1965 kwa lengo la "kuratibu mzunguko wa hedhi", uuzaji wa madawa ya kupanga ''uzazi wa mpango'' ulikuwa haramu hadi 1971 kutokana na Kanuni ya Jinai (ya mwaka 1938) ambayo hufafanuliwa kama uhalifu "dhidi ya jamii ya binadamu". Hata hivyo, kutokana na upinzani thabiti wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] dhidi ya njia za kiteknolojia za upangaji uzazi (uliopigiwa mstari mwaka wa 1968 na [[Papa Paulo VI]] katika waraka wake "Humanae vitae") na pia baadhi ya vyombo vya habari, Italia imebaki nyuma ya mataifa mengine yaliyo Magharibi mwa Ulaya katika uagizaji wa COCP. Takwimu ya hivi karibuni zinaonyesha kuwa chini ya asilimia 20 ya wanawake wa Italia wenye umri kati ya miaka 15-55 hutumia kwa kawaida aina yoyote ya dawa za upangaji uzazi. ====Japani==== Katika [[Japani]], ushawishi kutoka kwa Shirika la Japan Medical Association ulizuia kuhalalishwa kwa Kidonge kwa karibu miaka 40. Vipingamizi viwili vikuu vilivyotolewa vilikuwa wasiwasi kuhusu usalama baada ya matumizi ya Kidonge kwa muda mrefu, na wasiwasi kuwa matumizi ya muda mrefu ya Kidonge yangesababisha kupunguka kwa matumizi ya kondomu na hivyo basi kuongeza uwezekano wa kuambukizwa magonjwa ya zinaa (STI). <ref>{{cite press release |title=Djerassi on birth control in Japan - abortion 'yes,' pill 'no' |publisher=Stanford University News Service |date=96-14-02 |url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/96/960214japanabort.html |accessdate=2006-08-23 |archivedate=2007-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106173620/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/96/960214japanabort.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2004, matumizi ya kondomu yalichukua asilimia 80 ya njia zilizotumiwa kupanga uzazi katika Ujapani, na jambo hili linaweza kueleza viwango vya chini vya UKIMWI nchini Ujapani ikilinganishwa na nchi zingine.<ref name="cbs"></ref> Matumizi ya Kidonge yalikubaliwa Septemba 1999; mwongozo wa uagizaji waKidonge uliopitishwa na serikali unawahitaji watumiaji wa Kidonge kumtembelea daktari baada ya kila miezi mitatu ili wafanyiwe uchunguzi wa nyoga na wapimwa kama wako na magonjwa ya zinaa na [[saratani]] ya uterasi. Nchini Marekani na Ulaya, kinyume na Ujapani, watumiaji wa Kidonge wanahitajika kumtembela daktari baada ya kila mwaka au mara mbili kwa mwaka. Hata hivyo, tangu mwaka wa 2007, OBGYN wengi kutoka Ujapani sasa huwahitaji watumiaji wa Kidonge kumtembelea daktari mara moja tu kwa mwaka, huku ziara ya mara tatu kwa mwaka ikipendekezwa kwa wanawake wazee au kwa wale walio katika hatari zaidi ya kupatwa na madhara. <ref name="cbs"></ref> ==Matumizi na ufungaji== [[File:pillpacketopen.jpg|frame|Pakiti ya malengelenge iliyotumiwa nusu ya LevlenED]] Vidonge vinatakiwa kumezwa wakati uleule kila siku. Ikiwa kidonge kimoja au zaidi kitasahaulika kwa zaidi ya saa 12, kinga ya mimba itakuwa imepungua. <ref name="mercilon spc">{{Rejea tovuti |author=[[Organon International|Organon]] |month=Novemba |year=2001 |title=Mercilon SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics |url=http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?documentid=5384 |accessdate=2007-04-07 |archivedate=2007-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060153/http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?documentid=5384 }}</ref> Aina nyingi za vidonge hufungwa katika pakiti mbili za ukubwa tofauti, zikiwa zimetiwa alama za matumizi ya siku 28. Kwa pakiti ya vidonge vya kutumiwa siku 21, kidonge kimoja kumezwa kila siku kwa wiki tatu, ikifuatiwa na wiki ya kutomeza dawa yoyote. Kwa pakiti vidonge vya siku 28, vidonge 21 humezwa, ikifuatiwa na wiki ya kumeza vipozauongo au sukari. Mwanamke anayetumia atatokwa na damu kidogo wakati wowote katika wiki anayomeza vipozauongo, na bado atakuwa amelindwa kutokana na kutunga mimba katika wiki hiyo. Pia kuna aina mbili mpya zaidi za dawa za kupanga uzazi zinazochanganywa (Yaz 28 na Loestrin 24 Fe) ambazo zina kidonge cha homoni kinachofanya kazi kwa siku 24, ikifuatiwa na siku nne za kumeza vipozauongo.<ref name="Birth Control Pills"> Stacey, Dawn. Donge la Kudhibiti Mimba Ilirudishwa 20 Julai 2009.</ref> ===Vipozauongo=== Vidonge vya kipozauongo humruhusu mtumiaji kumeza tembe moja kila siku; na kuendelea kuimeza kila siku katika wiki hata wakati homoni hazitolewi. Vipozauwongo vinaweza kuwa na nyongeza ya [[chuma]], kwani viwango vya chuma vinavyohitajika huongezeka wakati wa hedhi. Kukosa kutumia dawa hizi wakati wa wiki ya kipozauwongo hakuathiri utendaji kazi wa dawa hii, mradi mtumiaji arudie kuzimeza dawa hizi mwishoni mwa wiki. Damu inayotoka wakati mtumiaji ameacha kumeza tembe hizi ilifikiriwa kuwa liwazo, kwani ni uthibitisho wa kutokuwa na mimba. <ref name="gladwell">{{Rejea jarida | last = Gladwell | first = Malcolm | title = John Rock's Error | journal = The New Yorker | date = 2000-03-10 | url = http://www.gladwell.com/2000/2000_03_10_a_rock.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-04 | archive-date = 2013-05-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511133811/http://www.gladwell.com/2000/2000_03_10_a_rock.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pakiti ya dawa za kumezwa kwa siku 28 pia huiga mzunguko wa wastani wa hedhi, ingawa matukio ya homoni wakati wa mzunguko wa kumeza kidonge hutofautiana pakubwa na yale ya mzunguko wa kawaida wa uivishaji mayai na hedhi. Utokaji wa damu pia unaweza kutabirika. ===Vipozauongo visivyojitokeza sana=== Kama uandaaji wa kidonge ni wa awamu moja, inawezekana kutopata damu hii na bado uendelee kukingwa dhidi ya utungaji wa mimba kwa kuruka kumeza dawa za kipoauongo na kuanza moja kwa moja kumeza dawa za pakiti inayofuata. Kujaribu kufanya hivi wakati wa kumeza dawa zilizotengenezwa kutumiwa awamu mbili au tatu hubeba ni hatari iliyoongezeka ya kutoka damu isiyotarajiwa katikati ya mzunguko wa kumeza vidonge jambo ambalo halitakikani. Hata hivyo, jambo hili haliongezi hatari ya kupata mimba. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2003, wanawake pia wameweza kuwa wakitumia toleo la vidonge linalotumiwa kwa muda wa miezi mitatu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |coauthors=FDA |title=FDA Approves Seasonale Oral Contraceptivel |work= |publisher= |date=2003-09-25 |url=http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01251.html |accessdate=2006-11-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007101134/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01251.html |archivedate=2006-10-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sawa na athari za kutumia dawa zilizo na kipimo cha kawaida na kuruka wiki za kipozauongo kwa muda wa wiki tatu, Seasonale hutoa faida ya kutopata hedhi kwa mara nyingi, wakati wa kusita kutokwa na damu isiyotarajiwa. Seasonique ni toleo lingine ambapo wiki ya kipozauongo kila baada ya miezi mitatu hubadilishwa na wiki moja ya kipimo cha chini cha estrojeni. Toleo la vidonge vinavyotumiwa kwa pamoja pia limetengenezwa ili kuondoa kabisa dawa za kipozauongo na damu inayotoka. Baada ya kuuzwa kama Anya au Lybrel, tafiti zimeonyesha kuwa baada ya miezi saba, asilimia 71 ya watumiaji hawakutokwa tena na damu isiyotarajiwa, athari ya kawaida ikiwa ni kumeza dawa hizi kwa muda mrefu bila kupumzika. <ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Wheldon |first=Julie |title=New Pill will eliminate menstruation |publisher=Daily Mail |date= 2005-12-28 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/health/healthmain.html?in_article_id=372565&in_page_id=1774 |accessdate=2006-12-23 }}</ref> ==Ubora== Ubora wa vidonge hivyo, kama ilivyo kwa aina nyingi za [[Uzazi wa mpango|dawa za upangaji uzazi]], unaweza kutathminiwa kwa njia mbili. #Makadirio ya ubora wa ''matumizi au njia timilifu'' hujumuisha watu wanaomeza vidonge hivyo kwa uthabiti na usahihi. #Makadirio ya ubora wa ''matumizi halisi'' hujumuisha watumiaji wote, ikiwa ni pamoja na wale wanaomeza tembe hizi kwa njia isiyofaa, wale wanaokosa kumeza kwa uthabiti, au yote mawili. Makadirio huwasilishwa kwa jumla ya matumizi ya mwaka wa kwanza. <ref name="hatcher"/> Kwa kawaida Pearl Index hutumika kuhesabu makadirio ya ubora. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| first=John | last=Kippley | coauthors=Sheila Kippley | year=1996 | title=The Art of Natural Family Planning | url=https://archive.org/details/artofnaturalfami0000kipp | edition=4th | publisher=The Couple to Couple League | location=Cincinnati, OH | isbn=0-926412-13-2 | page=[https://archive.org/details/artofnaturalfami0000kipp/page/141 141] }}</ref> Makadirio ya utungaji mimba miongoni mwa watumiaji wa vidonge wa mfanano mmoja hutofautiana kulingana na idadi ya wanaoshiriki, ikiwa ni kati ya asilimia 2-8 kwa mwaka. Makadirio ya utungaji mimba miongoni mwa watumiaji kikamilifu ni asilimia 0.3 kwa mwaka. <ref name="hatcher"></ref> Sababu kadhaa zinaelezea kuwepo kwa kiwango cha chini cha ubora wa matumizi ya mfanano mmoja ikilinganishwa na yale ya ukamilifu: * makosa kwa upande wa wale wanaotoa maelekezo ya jinsi ya kutumia njia inayohusika * makosa kwa upande wa mtumiaji * mtumiaji kukosa kwa makusudi kufuata maelekezo. Kwa mfano, mtu anayetumia aina ya dawa za upangaji uzazi za kumeza anaweza kupewa maelezo yasiyofaa na mhudumu wa afya kuhusu idadi ya mara anayohitajika kumeza tembe hizo, au akose kumeza dawa hizi kwa siku moja kimakosa, au akose kujishughulisha kwenda duka la dawa kununua dawa nyingine zikishamalizika. COCP ni njia bora ya kuzuia utungaji mimba kwanzia kidonge cha kwanza kabisa ikiwa itaanza kutumia katika kipindi cha siku tano za kwanza baada ya kuanza kupata hedhi (katika siku tano za siku ya kwanza ya hedhi). Ikiwa zitaanza kumezwa wakati wowote katika hedhi, COCP huwa kizuizi bora cha kutunga mimba tu baada ya kumeza dawa zinazofanya kazi kwa siku 7 mfululizo, hivyo basi ikiwa inatumika kama njia ya ziada ya kupanga uzazi, inafaa kutumiwa hadi vidonge vinavyofanya kazi vitumiwe kwa siku saba mfululizo. Vidonge vya COCP vinafaa kumezwa kwa takribani wakati sawa kila siku. <ref name="speroff"></ref> <ref name="FFPRHC COC">{{Rejea tovuti |author=[[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists|FFPRHC]] |year=2007 |title=Clinical Guidance: First Prescription of Combined Oral Contraception |url=http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/FirstPrescCombOralContJan06.pdf |accessdate=2007-06-26 |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704044305/http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/FirstPrescCombOralContJan06.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-04 }}</ref> Ubora wa dawa za upangaji uzazi unaweza kuharibiwa na: 1) kukosa kumeza zaidi ya kidonge kimoja kinachofanya kazi katika pakiti, 2) kuchelewa kuanza kutumia pakiti inayofuata ya dawa zinazofanya kazi (yaani, kupanua ya muda ambao unakaa bila kumeza vidonge, au ule wa kumeza dawa zisizofanya kazi, au zile za kipozauongo zaidi ya siku 7), 3) kukosa kufyonzwa vyema kwa dawa hizi kwenye matumbo kutokana na [[kutapika]] au kuhara, 4) maingiliano kati ya vidonge vinavyofanya kazi na dawa zingine ambayo yanapunguza viwango vya estrojeni au projestojeni katika dawa za upangaji uzazi. <ref name="speroff"></ref> ==Utaratibu wa utekelezaji== Vidonge vinavyotumiwa kwa pamoja vilitengenezwa ili kuzuia utagaji mayai kwa kuzuia kutolewa kwa gonadotropini. Dawa za upangaji uzazi zenye homoni na zinazitumiwa pamoja, ikiwa ni pamoja na COCP, huzuia ukuaji wa folikuli na kuzuia utagaji mayai kama njia msingi ya utendaji kazi. <ref name="hatcher"></ref> <ref name="speroff"></ref> <ref name="loose">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Loose, Davis S.; Stancel, George M. |editor=Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; Parker, Keith L. (eds.) |year=2006 |chapter=Estrogens and Progestins |title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |url=https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph2006good |edition=11th |pages=[https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph2006good/page/1541 1541]–1571 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-142280-3}}</ref> <ref name="glasier">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Glasier |first=Anna |editor=DeGroot, Leslie J.; Jameson, J. Larry (eds.) |title=Endocrinology |edition=5th |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7216-0376-9 |pages=2993–3003 |chapter=Contraception}}</ref> <ref name="rivera">{{Rejea jarida|author=Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D |year=1999 |title=The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=181 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=1263–9 |pmid=10561657 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70120-1}}</ref> Athari hasi za projestajeni hupunguza marudio ya kutolewa kwa homoni inayotoa gonadotropini (GnRH) inayotolewa na haipothalamasi, jambo ambalo hupunguza kutolewa kwa homoni inayochochea folikuli (FSH) na kupungua sana kutolewa kwa homoni ya kulutenizi (LH) na tezi za pituitary. Kupungua kwa viwango vya FSH huzuia ukuaji wa folikuli, hivyo basi kuzuia kuongezeka kwa viwango vya estradioli. Athari hasi za projestajeni na ukosefu wa matokeo chanya ya estrojeni kwenye utoaji wa LH huzuia kuongezeka kwa LH katikati ya mzunguko. Kuzuiwa kwa ukuaji wa folikuli na kutokuwepo kwa ongezeko la LH huzuia utagaji mayai. <ref name="hatcher"></ref> <ref name="speroff"></ref> <ref name="loose"></ref> Hapo mwanzoni estrojeni ilikuwa ikiongezwa kwenye vidonge vya uangaji uzazi vya kumeza ili kudhibiti vyema mzunguko (kwa kuimarisha endometriamu na hivyo kupunguza matukio ya kutokwa na damu kusikotarajiwa), lakini pia ilipatikana kuzuia ukuaji wa folikuli na kusaidia kuzuia utagaji mayai. Athari hasi za estrojeni juu ya tezi za pituitary hupunguza sana kutolewa kwa FSH, ambayo huzuia ukuaji wa folikuli na kusaidia kuzuia utagaji mayai. <ref name="hatcher"></ref> <ref name="speroff"></ref> <ref name="loose"></ref> Utaratibu wa pili wa utendaji kazi wa dawa zote za upangaji uzazi zilizo na projestajeni ni kuzuia manii kuingia kupitia mlango wa uzazi hadi kwenye sehemu ya juu ya njia ya uzazi (uterasi na neli za uzazi s) kwa kupunguza kiasi cha na kuongeza mnato wa kamasi ya mlango wa kizazi. <ref name="rivera"></ref> Taratibu zingine za pili zimebuniwa. Mfano mmoja ni athari za kiendometriki ambazo huzuia upandikizaji wa mtoto kwenye uterasi. Baadhi ya vikundi vinavyotetea maisha huchukulia utaratibu kama huo kama unaosababisha uavyaji, na kuwepo kwa taratibu zinazotumiwa baada ya utungisho ni mada tata. Baadhi ya wanasayansi wanasema kwamba uwezekano wa utungisho wakati wa matumizi ya COCP ni mdogo sana. Kutokana na hayo, wanahitimisha kuwa mabadiliko ya endometriki yanawezakosa kuwa na nafasi muhimu, kama ipo, katika ubora unaoonekana wa COCP. <ref name="rivera"></ref> Wengine huwa na hoja tata zaidi dhidi ya kuwepo kwa mbinu hizi, wakati bado wanasayansi wengine wanasema kuwa data iliyopo inaunga mkono taratibu kama hizi. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |author=Larimore WL, Stanford JB |title=Postfertilization effects of oral contraceptives and their relationship to informed consent |journal=Arch Fam Med |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=126–33 |year=2000 |pmid=10693729 |url=http://archfami.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/9/2/126.pdf |accessdate=2008-02-26 |doi=10.1001/archfami.9.2.126 |format=PDF |archive-date=2008-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227041554/http://archfami.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/9/2/126.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Utata huu kwa sasa haujatatuliwa. ==Maingiliano ya madawa == Baadhi ya dawa hupunguza athari ya vidonge na zinaweza kusababisha kutokwa damu kusikotarajiwa, au kuongezeka kwa nafasi za kutunga mimba. Dawa hizo ni kama vile rifampicin, barbiturate, phenytoin na carbamazepine. Aidha maonyo yametolewa kuhusu wigo mpana wa viua vijasumu, kama vile ampicillin na doxycycline, ambavyo vinaweza kusababisha matatizo "kupitia kuharibu flora ya bakteria inayochakata tena ethinylestradiol kutoka kwa uchengelele mkubwa" (BNF 2003). <ref>Madhara ya wigo mpana viua vijasumu kwenye vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vinavyotumiwa kwa pamoja hayapatikani kwenye maingiliano yenye utaratibu ya uchanganuzi wa meta (Archer, 2002), ingawa "wagonjwa binafsi huonyesha upunguo mkubwa katika viwango vya utegili vya ethinylestradiol wakati wanatumia viua vijasumu vingine" (Dickinson, 2001). "... Wataalamu wa mada hii bado kupendekeza kuwajulisha watumiaji wa vidonge vya upangaji uzazi kuhusu uwezekano uliopo wa maingiliano ingawa kwa nadra" (DeRossi, 2002) na jambo hili linabaki kuwa la kisasa (2006) UK [http://www.fpa.org.uk/information/leaflets/documents_and_pdfs/detail.cfm?contentID=130#17 ushauri wa Shirika la Upangaji Uzazi ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fpa.org.uk/information/leaflets/documents_and_pdfs/detail.cfm?contentID=130#17 |date=20070208155326 }} . * {{Rejea jarida|author=Archer J, Archer D |title=Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: a myth debunked. | journal = J Am Acad Dermatol | volume = 46 | issue = 6 |pages=917–23 |year=2002 | pmid = 12063491 | doi = 10.1067/mjd.2002.120448}} * {{Rejea jarida|author=Dickinson B, Altman R, Nielsen N, Sterling M |title=Drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antibiotics. | journal = Obstet Gynecol | volume = 98 | issue = 5 Pt 1 |pages=853–60 |year=2001 | pmid = 11704183 | doi = 10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01532-0}} * {{Rejea jarida|author=DeRossi S, Hersh E |title=Antibiotics and oral contraceptives. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_dental-clinics-of-north-america_2002-10_46_4/page/653 | journal = Dent Clin North Am | volume = 46 | issue = 4 |pages=653–64 |year=2002 | pmid = 12436822 | doi = 10.1016/S0011-8532(02)00017-4}} </ REF> Mmea wa asili wa St John's Wort unaotumiwa kama dawa pia umehusishwa kutokana na urekebishaji wa juu wa mfumo wa P450 katika ini. ==Madhara== Vyanzo mbalimbali vimeonyesha matukio mbalimbali ya madhara<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/madhara-10-kutumia-p2-3281436</ref>. Madhara yanayojitokeza sana ni kutokwa na damu kusikotarajiwa. Ukurasa wa [[tovuti]] ya [[Kituo cha Afya]] cha Chuo Kikuu cha New Mexico unasema kuwa idadi kubwa ya wanawake (karibu asilimia 60) huwa wanaripoti kutopatwa na madhara yoyote, na idadi kubwa ya wale ambao huripoti kupatwa na madhara, hupatwa na madhara madogo. Makala ya ukaguzi ya Kifaransa ya mwaka [[1992]] yalisema kuwa, kufikia ailimia 50 ya watumiaji wapya waliokuwa wanatumia vidonge hivi huacha kuzitumia kabla ya kumalizika kwa mwaka wa kwanza kutokana na kero ya madhara ya kutokwa na damu kusiko kawaida kama vile kutokwa na damu kusikotarajiwa na kukosa hedhi. <ref name="serfaty">{{Rejea jarida|author=Serfaty D |title=Medical aspects of oral contraceptive discontinuation |journal=Adv Contracept |volume=8 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=21–33 |year=1992 |pmid=1442247 | doi = 10.1007/BF01849448}}<br> {{Rejea jarida |last=Sanders |first=Stephanie A. |coauthors=Cynthia A. Graham, Jennifer L. Bass and John Bancroft |title=A prospective study of the effects of oral contraceptives on sexuality and well-being and their relationship to discontinuation |journal=Contraception |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=51–58 |month=Julai |year=2001 |url=http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/PIIS0010782401002189/abstract |accessdate=2007-03-02 |doi=10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00218-9 |pmid=11535214 }}</ref> ===Uzito=== Makala yaleyale ya mwaka 1992 yalibainisha kuwa katika vikundi vidogo vya vijana wa umri wa kati ya miaka 15-19 katika 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) ambao walikuwa wamewacha kutumia vidonge, asilimia 20-25 walisema kuwa wao waliwacha kutumia Kidonge kwa sababu ya aidha chunusi au kuongezeka kwa uzito, na wengine asilimia 25 waliwacha kwa sababu ya hofu ya kupata ugonjwa wa [[saratani]]. <ref name="serfaty"></ref> Utafiti wa Hungary uliofanywa katika mwaka wa 1986 ulionganisha aina mbili ya vidonge vyenye kiwango cha juu cha estrojeni (vyote vyenye 50 μg ethinyl estradiol) ulitambua kwamba wanawake waliokuwa wakitumia vidonge vyenye kiwango cha chini cha biphasic levonorgestrel uundaji (50 μg levonorgestrel x siku 10 + 125 μg levonorgestrel x siku 11) waliripoti matukio machache ya kuongeza uzito wakilinganishwa na wanawake waliokuwa wakitumia vidonge vilivyo na kiwango cha juu cha levonorgestrel iliyotumiwa kwa awamu moja (250 μg levonorgestrel x siku 21). <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Balogh A |title=Clinical and endocrine effects of long-term hormonal contraception |journal=Acta Med Hung |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=97–102 |year=1986 |pmid=3588164}}</ref> Madkatari wengi huzingatia mtazamo wa wananchi kuhusu madhara ya kuongeza uzito yanayosababishwa na kidonge kama yasiyosahihi na hatari. Makala ya ukaguaji ya Kifaransa ya mwaka wa 1992 yaliyokuwa yametajwa hapo awali yalitambua kwamba utafiti mmoja wa 1989 uliokuwa haujachapishwa na uliofanywa na Profesa Elizabeth Connell katika Chuo Kikuu cha Emory na ulioshirikisha wanawake 550 ulipata kwamba asilimia 23 ya asilimia 6 ya wanawake waliowacha kutumia Kidonge kwa sababu ya udhibiti hafifu wa mzunguko walitunga mimba zisizohitajika. <ref name="serfaty"></ref> Makala ya ukaguzi ya Uingereza ya mwaka wa 2000 yalihitimisha kuwa hakuna ushahidi kuwa vidonge vya kisasa vyenye kipimo cha chini vinasababisha kuongezeka kwa uzito, lakini kwamba hofu ya kuongeza uzito ilichangia ufutiliaji duni wa kutumia Kidonge na mimba zisizotakikana zilizofuatia, hasa miongoni mwa vijana. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Gupta S |title=Weight gain on the combined pill&mdash;is it real? |journal=Hum Reprod Update |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=427–31 |year=2000 |pmid=11045873 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/6.5.427}}</ref> ===Ujinsia=== Vidonge hivyo vinaweza kuongeza ulainishaji asilia wa uke. <ref name="hn"></ref> Wanawake wengine hupatwa na kupunguka kwa ashiki wakati wanatumia kidonge, au kupunguka kwa ulainishaji. <ref name="hn">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Hatcher & Nelson |editor=Hatcher, Robert D. |chapter=Combined Hormonal Contraceptive Methods |title=Contraceptive technology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790966490229 |publisher=Ardent Media, Inc |location=New York |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790966490229/page/402 403], 432, 434 |edition=18th |isbn=0-9664902-5-8 }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Darney, Philip D.; Speroff, Leon |title=A clinical guide for contraception |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2005 |edition=4th |page=72 |isbn=0-7817-6488-2 }}</ref> Baadhi ya watafiti hushuku uhusiano ulioko kati ya matumizi ya vidonge na kupunguka kwa ashiki; <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Weir, Gordon C.; DeGroot, Leslie Jacob; Grossman, Ashley; Marshall, John F.; Melmed, Shlomo; Potts, John T. |title=Endocrinology |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=St. Louis, Mo |year=2006 |page=2999 |isbn=0-7216-0376-9 |edition=5th}}</ref> utafiti uliofanywa mwaka wa 2007 ulioshirikisha wanawake 1700 ulipata kuwa watumiaji hawakupatwa na mabadiliko yoyote katika kuridhika kingono. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Westhoff CL, Heartwell S, Edwards S, ''et al.'' |title=Oral contraceptive discontinuation: do side effects matter? |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=196 |issue=4 |pages=412.e1–6; discussion 412.e6–7 |year=2007 |month=Aprili |pmid=17403440 |pmc=1903378 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.12.015 }}</ref> Utafiti wa kimaabara uliofanywa mwaka wa 2005 na uliohusisha utiaji ashiki ulichunguza wanawake kumi na wanne kabla na baada ya wao kuanza kutumia vidonge hivyo. Utafiti huu ulionyesha kwamba wanawake walipata matokeo mbalimbali ya ashiki baada ya kuanza kutumia kidonge; upunguaji na uongezekaji wa vipimo vya ashiki ulijitokeza kwa viwango sawa. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Seal |first=Brooke N. |coauthors=[[Lori A. Brotto]] and Boris B. Gorzalka |title=Oral contraceptive use and female genital arousal: methodological considerations |journal=Journal of Sex Research |month=Agosti |year=2005 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_3_42/ai_n14924892?tag=artBody;col1 |accessdate=2008-06-29 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120712221549/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_3_42/ai_n14924892/?tag=artBody;col1 |archivedate=2012-07-12 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Nyongeza ya homoni kutoka nje ya mwili inakuza SHBG (globulini inayofunga homoni ya ngono) wakati HPOA (hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian-axis) inajaribu kurejesha uthabiti wa ndani ya mwili. SHBG kujifunga kwa homoni za ngono bila kutenga, ambazo ni pamoja na androjeni zinazoundwa na ovari na ambazo zinahusika na ashiki na uwezo wa kufika kilele. Ni jambo la kuvutia kutambua kwamba halikuwa suala la ufaafu kwa dawa za upangaji uzazi za kike zilizo na homoni kuzuia ushiriki na raha ya ngono. ===Unyogovu=== Viwango vya chini ya serotonini, nyurotransmita iliyo kwenye ubongo, vimehusishwa na unyogovu. Viwango vya juu ya estrojeni, kama vilivyo katika kizazi cha kwanza cha COCP, na projestini, kama vilivyo katika baadhi ya madawa ya upangaji uzazi yaliyo na projestini pekee, vimeonyeshwa kukuza upunguzaji wa viwango vya serotonini kwenye ubongo kwa kuongeza vipimo vya kimeng'enya kilicho kwenye ubongo kipunguzacho serotonini. <ref name="hatcher"></ref> Uchunguzi huu, pamoja na baadhi ya utafiti ndogo <ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Kulkarni |first=Jayashri |title=Contraceptive Pill Linked to Depression |work=Monash Newsline |date=2005-03-01 |url=http://www.monash.edu.au/news/newsline/story.php?story_id=308 |accessdate=2007-10-29 }}</ref> zimesababisha kuwepo kwa uvumi kwamba vidonge hivi husababisha unyogovu. Madawa ya upangaji uzazi yaliyo na Projestini pekee yanajulikana kudhoofisha hali ya wanawake ambao tayari wana unyogovu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Kulkarni J, Liew J, Garland K |title=Depression associated with combined oral contraceptives&mdash;a pilot study |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=34 |issue=11 |page=990 |year=2005 |pmid=16299641}} </ ref> Hata hivyo, vitabu vya sasa vya tiba vinavyorejelewa kuhusu upangaji uzazi <ref name="speroff"></ref> na mashirika makubwa kama vile shirika la Marekani la ACOG, <ref name="acog practice bulletin">{{Rejea jarida|author=[[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists|ACOG]] |year=2006 |title=Practice bulletin No. 73: Use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2006-06_107_6/page/1453 |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=1453–72 |pmid=16738183}}</ref> na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|WHO]], <ref name="who mec">{{Rejea kitabu|author=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2004 |chapter=Low-dose combined oral contraceptives |title=Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use |edition=3rd |location=Geneva |publisher=Reproductive Health and Research, WHO |isbn=92-4-156266-8 |chapterurl=http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/mec/cocs.html}}</ref> na lile la RCOG lililoko Uingereza <ref name="ffprhc mec">{{Rejea tovuti |author=[[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists|FFPRHC]] |year=2006 |title=The UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (2005/2006) |url=http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/UKMEC200506.pdf |accessdate=2007-03-31 |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034855/http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/UKMEC200506.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-25 }}</ref> yanakubaliana kwamba ushahidi uliopo sasa unaonyesha kwamba madawa ya upangaji uzazi yanayotumiwa pamoja kwa viwango vya chini hayawezi kuongeza hatari ya unyogovu, na hayawezi kudhoofisha hali ya wananwake ambao tayari wana unyogovu. ''Contraceptive Teknology'' inasema kwamba COCP inayomezwa kwa viwango vya chini haijahusishwa katika kukatisha kutolewa kwa serotonini au taiputofani. <ref name="hatcher"></ref> Hata hivyo, baadhi ya tafiti zinatoa ushahidi unaokanusha madai hayo ya mwisho. <ref name="pmid5018716">{{Rejea jarida|author=Rose DP, Adams PW |title=Oral contraceptives and tryptophan metabolism: effects of oestrogen in low dose combined with a progestagen and of a low-dose progestagen (megestrol acetate) given alone |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=252–8 |year=1972 |month=Machi |pmid=5018716 |pmc=477273 |doi= 10.1136/jcp.25.3.252|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pathology_1972-03_25_3/page/252}}</ref> ===Shinikizo la Damu=== Bradykinin hushusha shinikizo la damu kwa kusababisha kupanuka kwa mishipa ya damu. Baadhi ya vimeng'enya vinaweza kumeng'enyua bradykinin (kimeng'enya kinachogeuza Angiotensin, Aminopeptidase P). Projesteroni inaweza kuongeza viwango vya Aminopeptidase P (AP-P), na hivyo kuongeza kumeng'enyuka kwa bradykinin, jambo ambalo huongeza nafasi ya kupatwa na shinikizo la damu. ===Athari nyingine=== Madhara mengine yanayohusiana na vidonge hivyo ya vipimo vya chini ni leukoria (kuongezeka kwa mnyunyizo wa uke), kupunguka kwa hedhi, mastaljia (kulainika kwa matiti), kuongezeka kwa ukubwa wa matiti, na kupungua kwa chunusi. Madhara yanayohusiana na COCP za awali zilizotumiwa kwa viwango vya juu ni pamoja na kichefuchefu, [[kutapika]], kuongezeka kwa shinikizo la damu, na melasma (kubadilika kwa rangi ya ngozi ya uso); madhara haya hayahusishwi sana na mchanganyiko wa vipimo vya chini. Estrojeni nyingi mno, kama iliyo katika vidonge vya upangaji uzazi, inaonekana kuongeza viwango vya kolesteroli katika nyongo na kupunguza harakati katika kibofunyongo, jambo ambalo inaweza kusababisha kuwepo kwa mawe au ugumu kwenye nyongo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gallstones/ |title=Gallstones |publisher=NDDIC |date=2007-07 |accessdate=2010-08-13 |archivedate=2010-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811052827/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gallstones/ }}</ref> Utafiti mmoja unadai kuwa kidonge kunaweza kuathiri harufu ya mwili wa mwanamume anayoipendelea mwanamke, jambo ambalo linaweza kuathiri uteuzi wake wa mpenzi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/14/2335871.htm?section=world |title=Love woes can be blamed on contraceptive pill: research - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2008-08-14 |accessdate=2010-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722002011/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/14/2335871.htm?section=world |archivedate=2010-07-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Faida za afya== Matumizi ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi kwa muda wa miaka mitano au zaidi hupunguza hatari ya kupata saratani ya ovari katika maisha ya baadaye kwa asilimia 50. <ref name="pmid17302189">{{Rejea jarida|author=Bast RC, Brewer M, Zou C, ''et al.'' |title=Prevention and early detection of ovarian cancer: mission impossible? |journal=Recent Results Cancer Res. |volume=174 |issue= |pages=91–100 |year=2007 |pmid=17302189 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_9|url=}}</ref> Utumiaji wa vidonge hivyo hupunguza hatari ya kupata saratani ya ovari kwa asilimia 40 na hatari ya saratani ya endometria kwa asilimia 50 ikilinganishwa na wale ambao hawajawahi kutumia. Kupungua kwa hatari huongezeka na muda wa matumizi, ikiwa pamoja na kupungua kwa hatari ya kupata saratani ya ovari na endometria kwa asilimia 80 baada ya matumizi ya vidonge hivi kwa muda wa zaidi ya miaka 10. Kupungua kwa hatari ya kupata saratani ya ovari na ya endometria huendelea kwa angalau miaka 20. <ref name="speroff"></ref> Matumizi ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi pia hupunguza hatari ya kupata saratani ya koloni, na kuboresha hali ya magonjwa kama vile kuharibika kwa nyongo, uchungu wakati wa hedhi, matatizo kabla ya hedhi, na chunusi. Zaidi ya hayo, madawa ya upangaji uzazi hupunguza dalili za endometriosisi na matatizo ya polisisti ya ovari, na kupunguza hatari ya upungufu wa damu/anemia. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Nelson, Randy J. |title=An introduction to behavioral endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobe03ednels_k6g0 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Mass |year=2005 |isbn=0-87893-617-3 |edition=3rd}}</ref> ==Misombo== Vidonge vya upangaji uzazi huja Simulizi za kuzuia mimba kuja katika misombo mbalimbali. Mganyiko mkuu ni kati ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vinavyotumiwa pamoja, vilivyo na estrojeni pamoja na projestini na vile vilivyo na projestini pekee. Vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vinavyotumiwa pamoja pia huwa vya aina mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na vipimo tofauti vya estrojeni, na kama vipimo hivi vya estrojeni au projestini hubadilika kutoka wiki 1 hadi nyingine. ==Maonyo na utata== Vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vinaweza kuathiri ugandishaji, na kuongeza hatari ya kuwa na mvilio kwenye mshipa wa damu (DVT) na kuzibika kwa mshipa wa mapafu, kiharusi na shtuko la moyo. Vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vinavyotumiwa pamoja vimekubalika kwa jumla kuelekezwa kinyume katika wanawake ambao tayari wana ugonjwa wa moyo, katika wanawake ambao damu yao huganda(kama vile familia factor V Leiden), wanawake walio na unene wa kupindukia na / au haipakolesterolemia (vipimo vya juu vya kolesteroli), na katika wale wanaovuta sigara walio na umri zaidi ya miaka 35. Hatari ya kuwa na mvilio kwenye mishipa inatofautiana kulingana na maandalizi mbalimbali; katika aina ya pili ya vidonge (vilivyo na kiwango cha estrojeni kilicho chini ya 50μg), hatari ya kuwa na mvilio kwenye mishipa ni ndogo, ikijitokeza katika karibu watumiaji 15 kwa kila watumiaji 100,000 kwa mwaka, ikilinganishwa na watumiaji 5 kwa kila watumiaji 100,000 kwa mwaka katika watu wasio na mimba ambao hawavitumii vidonge hivi, na watu 60 kwa kila watumiaji 100,000 walio na mimba. [227] Katika watu wanaotumia vidonge vilivyo na aina ya tatu ya projestojeni (desogestrel au gestodene), matukio ya kupatwa na mvilio kwenye mishipa hujitokeza katika karibu watumiaji 25 kwa kila watumiaji 100,000 kwa mwaka. <ref name="lange6th"></ref> Pia, hatari hii ni kubwa katika vikundi vidogo vilivyo na vipengele vya ziada, kama vile uvutaji sigara (jambo ambalo huongeza hatari pakubwa) na kuendelea kutumia vidonge hivi kwa muda mrefu, hasa k wanawake zaidi ya miaka 35 ya umri. <ref name="lange6th">[230] ^ Sura 30 - Mfumo wa uzazi katika: {{Rejea kitabu|author=Rod Flower; Humphrey P. Rang; Maureen M. Dale; Ritter, James M. |title=Rang & Dale's pharmacology |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |location=Edinburgh |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-443-06911-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Utafiti katika uhusiano kati ya hatari ya kupata saratani ya matiti na matumizi ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vitumiavyo homoni ni tata na inaonekana kukinzana. [232] Marudioa shirikishi makuu ya uchanganuzi wa data kuhusu wanawake zaidi ya 150, 000 katika tafiti 54 za saratani ya matiti uliofanywa katika mwaka wa 1996 yalipata kwamba: ''"Matokeo ya yanatoa ushahidi thabiti wa aina mbili za hitimisho.'' ''Kwanza, wakati wanawake wanatumia vidonge vya upangaji uzazi pamoja za kuzuia mimba mdomo na katika miaka 10 baada ya kuacha kuna ongezeko kidogo katika hatari ya jamaa ya kuwa na saratani ya matiti wametambuliwa. '' ''Pili, hakuna kiasi kikubwa cha hatari ya kupatwa na saratani ya matiti baada ya kipindi cha miaka 10 au zaidi baada ya kuacha kutumia vidonge hivi. '' Aina za ''saratani kwa wanawake ambao walikuwa kutumika pamoja za kuzuia mimba simulizi walikuwa chini ya juu clinically kuliko wale wametambuliwa katika wanawake ambao hawajawahi kutumia uzazi wa mpango hayo ".'' <ref name="oxford 1996a">{{Rejea jarida|author=Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer |year=1996 |title=Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1996-06-22_347_9017/page/n13 |journal=[[The Lancet|Lancet]] |volume=347 |issue=9017 |pages=1713–27 |pmid=8656904 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90806-5}}</ref> Data hiyo imefasiriwa kupendekeza kwamba vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vina athari ndogo au havina athari yoyote ya kibiolojia katika usababishaji wa saratani ya matiti ya maendeleo, lakini kwamba wanawake ambao wanataka gynecologic kupata huduma ya uzazi wa mpango na saratani ya matiti mapema zaidi wanaona njia ya uchunguzi. <ref name="oxford 1996b">{{Rejea jarida|author=Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer |year=1996 |title=Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results |journal=Contraception |volume=54 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1S–106S |pmid=8899264}}</ref> <ref>[238] ^ {{Rejea jarida|author=Plu-Bureau G, Lê M | title=Oral contraception and the risk of breast cancer |journal = Contracept Fertil Sex |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=301–5 | year=1997 |pmid = 9229520}} - uchambuzi upya wa pamoja wa data asilia kutoka tafiti 54 zilizowakilisha karibu asilimia 90 ya tafiti za epidemiolojia zilizokuwa zimechapishwa, kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa aina ya tatu ya vidonge vya kuzuia mimba.</ref> Wakati wa kutumia vidonge, kuna takriban kesi 0.5 zaidi za saratani kwa wanawake 10,000 wenye umri wa miaka 16-19, na takriban kesi 5 zaidi za saratani kwa wanawake 10,000 wenye umri wa miaka 25-29. <ref name="lange6th"></ref> Kwa jumla imekubaliwa na wanaosimamia matibabu kwamba hatari za kiafya ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi ziko chini zikilinganishwa na zile zinazotokana na kutunga mimba na kujifungua, <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=Crooks, Robert L. and Karla Baur | title=Our Sexuality | url=https://archive.org/details/infotrwkbkoursex00bau_op1 | year=2005 | publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA | isbn=0-534-65176-3}}</ref> na "faida ya kiafya ya njia yoyote ya upangaji uzazi ni bora zaidi kuliko hatari zinazotokana na njia". <ref> WHO (2005). ''[http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/family_planning/counselling.htm Decision-Making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers] Kiambatisho 10: Visakale kuhusu uzuiaji mimba'' </ref> Baadhi ya mashirika yamesema kuwa kulinganisha njia ya upangaji uzazi na kutokuwepo kwa njia kama hiyo (kuwa na mimba) si muhimu, badala yake, ulinganishaji wa usalama unafaa kuwa miongoni mwa njia za upangaji uzazi zinazopatikana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Holck |first=Susan |title=Contraceptive Safety |work=Special Challenges in Third World Women's Health |publisher=1989 Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association |url=http://www.users.interport.net/i/w/iwhc/sc_cs.html |accessdate=2006-10-07 }}</ref> ==Matumizi mengine ya vidonge hivi mbali na upangaji uzazi== Homoni zilizoko kwenye "kidonge" zinaweza kutumiwa kutibu baadhi ya matatizo ya kiafya, kama vile tatizo la ovari kutoa viwango visivyo vya kawaida vya aina za homoni zinazoathiri ukuaji wa mayai (PCOS), endometriosisi, adenomiosisi, anemia kuhusiana na hedhi, na hedhi chungu (dysmenorrhea). Aidha, vidonge hivi huagizwa kama tiba ya tatizo la chunusi la wastani la chunus. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Huber J, Walch K |title=Treating acne with oral contraceptives: use of lower doses. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2006-01_73_1/page/23 | journal = Contraception | volume = 73 | issue = 1 |pages=23–9 |year=2006|pmid = 16371290 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.07.010}}</ref> Vidonge hivi pia vinaweza anzisha kutoka kwa kawaida kwa hedhi katika wanawake wanaosumbuliwa na mzunguko wa hedhi usio wa kawaida na matatizo fulani ya uterasi kutoa damu. Aidha, vidonge hivi hutoa kinga dhidi ya uvimbe kwenye matiti usiosababisha saratani, mimba iliyo nje ya uterasi, na ukavu kwenye uke, na uchungu wakati wa ngono unaohusishwa na kukatika hedhi. ==Athari za kijamii na kiutamaduni == Awali ilikuwa inafanya kazi vyema zaidi kuliko njia zilizogeuzwa za zamani, hivyo basi kuwapatia wanawake kidhibiti cha kipekee juu ya uzazi wao. Matumizi yake yalikuwa tofauti na ngono, hivyo basi hayakuhitaji maandalizi maalumu wakati wa shughuli ya ngono ambayo yangeingilia uanziaji au hisia, na uchaguzi wa kuchukua kidonge ulikuwa wa mtu binafsi. Vipengele vya mchanganyiko vilisaidia kuongeza pakubwa umaarufu wa Kidonge miaka kadhaa baada ya kuanzishwa kwake. <ref name="asbell"></ref> <ref name="watkins"></ref> Claudia Goldin, miongoni mwa wengine, alisema kuwa hii teknolojia mpya ya uzuiaji mimba ilichangia pakubwa katika kutengeneza nafasi ya kisasa ya wanawake katika uchumi, kwa kurefusha umri ambao wanawake waliolewa hivyo basi kuwapatia nafasi ya kujipatia elimu na aina nyingine za mtaji wa binadamu na pia kwa ujumla kuwa na mwelekeo wa kitaaluma. Muda mfupi baada ya kidonge cha kuzuia mimba kuhalalishwa, kulikuwa na ongezeko kubwa katika mahudhurio ya vyuo ya wanawake na idadi ya waliohitimu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence Katz |year=2002 |title=The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_2002-08_110_4/page/730 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=730–770 |doi=10.1086/340778 }}</ref> Kulingana na mtazamo wa kiuchumi, vidonge vya kuzuia mimba vilipunguza gharama ya kukaa shuleni. Uwezo wa kudhibiti uzazi bila ya kupunguza mahusiano ya kingono uliwaruhusu wanawake kupanga mipango ya muda mrefu kuhusu elimu na kazi yao. Kwa sababu kidonge kilifanya kazi vizuri, na kuenea kwa haraka, pia kiliongeza mjadala juu ya madhara ya kimaadili na kiafya ya kuhusika na ngono kabla ya ndoa na uasherati. Kamwe hakukuwahi kuwa na wakati ambapo shughuli za ngono zilikuwa zimetenganishwa na uzazi kabla ya wakati huo. Kwa wachumba waliotumia kidonge, kuhusiana kingono kukawa ni ishara ya mapenzi pekee, au njia ya kufurahisha mwili, au yote mawili, lakini haikuwa tena njia ya uzazi. Ingawa mambo haya pia yalihusishwa na njia zilizotumiwa hapo awali kuzuia mimba, wa mpango uliopita, kushindwa yao relativt high viwango na matumizi yao chini ya kuenea kwa kushindwa kusisitiza tofauti hii kama wazi kama walivyofanya kidonge. Hivyo basi, kuenea kwa matumizi ya vidonge vya kuzuia mimba kulisababisha viongozi wengi wa kidini na taasisi nyingi kujadili nafasi iliyostahili ya ujinsia na uhusiano wake na uzaaji. Kanisa Katoliki hasa, baada ya kusoma kuhusu vidonge vya uzuiaji mimba, walisisitiza upya mafundisho yaliyowekwa kuhusu kudhibiti uzazi katika waraka wa ''Humanae vitae'' ulioandikwa na baba mtakatifu katika mwaka wa 1968. Waraka huu ulielezea tena mafundisho yaliyokuwemo ya Kikatoliki yaliyosema kwamba matumizi ya dawa za uzuiaji mimba yaliharibu hali na lengo la ngono. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=George Weigel | title=The Courage to Be Catholic: Crisis, Reform, and the Renewal of the Church | url=https://archive.org/details/couragetobecatho00geor | year=2002 | publisher=Basic Books}}</ref> Upinzani dhidi ya vidonge vya uzuiaji mimba ulitokea katika miaka ya mwanzo na kati ya 1970, wakati ripoti na makisio zilitokea zilizohusisha vidonge hivi na saratani ya matiti. Hadi wakati huo, wanawake wengi katika muungano wa wanawake walikuwa wamekipongeza Kidonge kama "kisawazishi" ambacho kilikuwa kimewapatia uhuru wa kingono sawa na ule uliokuwa umefurahiwa na wanaume hapo awali. Hata hivyo, ugunduzi huu mpya uliwafanya wanawake wengi kukemea vidonge hivi kama uvumbuzi wa wanaume wa kuongeza uhuru wao wa kuhusika katika mahusiano ya kingono na wanawake kwa gharama ya hatari ya kiafya kwa wanawake. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=Andrea Dworkin | title=Our Blood: Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics | year=1976 | publisher=Harper & Row | isbn=006011116X}}</ref> [[Senati (Marekani)|Bunge]] la [[Senati (Marekani)|Marekani]] lilianza kusikiza kesi kuhusu vidonge hivi katika mwaka wa 1970 na kulikuwa na misimamo tofauti kutoka kwa wataalamu wa kimatibabu. Dr Michael Newton, Msimamizi Mkuu wa Taasisi ya Wakunga na Wanaelimuuzazi alisema: <blockquote> "Ushahidi huo bado haujaonyesha wazi kuwa vidonge hivi vinasababisha ugonjwa wa saratani au vinahusiana na ugonjwa huo. Kamati ya Ushauri ya FDA ilitoa maoni kuhusu jambo hili, kwamba ikiwa hakukuwa na ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha ikiwa dawa hizi zilihusihwa au hazikuhusishwa na usababishaji wa saratani, na nafikiri kuwa ushahidi uliopo hautoshi; mnafaa kuwa waangalifu kuhusu dawa hizi, lakini sifikiri kuwa kuna ushahidi wazi, kwa njia moja au nyingine, kwamba zinasababisha au hazisababishi ugonjwa wa saratani ". <ref>[259] ^ [http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1970/Apollo-13/12303235577467-2/#title "1970 Year in Review, UPI.com"]</ref> </blockquote> Daktari mwingine, Dk Roy Hertz wa Baraza la Idadi ya Watu, alisema kuwa mtu yeyote ambaye anatumia dawa hizi anapaswa kujua kuhusu "elimu yetu na ujinga wetu katika mambo haya" na kwamba wanawake wote wanapaswa kufahamishwa jambo hili ili waamue ikiwa watavitumia au hawatavitumia vidonge hivi. <ref name="1970 Year in Review, UPI.com">[260] ^ "1970 Year in Review, UPI.com"</ref> Katibu wa Afya, Elimu, na Ustawi aliyekuwa wakati huo, Robert Finch alitangaza kuwa serikali ya shirikisho ilikuwa imekubali taarifa ya onyo la mapatano ambayo ingeandamana na mauzo yote ya dawa ya kuzuia mimba. <ref name="1970 Year in Review, UPI.com"></ref> Wakati uo huo, jamii ilikuwa imeanza kuona matokeo ya kidonge katika majukumu ya jadi ya kijinsia. Wanawake sasa hakuhitajika kuchagua kati ya mahusiano na kazi, mwimbaji Loretta Lynn alitoa maoni kuhusu jambo hili katika albamu yake ya mwaka wa 1974 kupitia wimbo ulioitwa "The Pill", ambao ulisimulia kisa cha jinsi mwanamke aliyekuwa ameolewa alitumia dawa hizi kujikomboa kutoka kwa jukumu lake la kijadi la kuwa mke na mama. ==Athari ya mazingira== Mwanamke anayetumia COCP hutoa estrojeni asili, estroni (E1) na estradioli (E2), na estrojeni ethinilestradioli sanisi (EE2) kwa mkojo na kinyesi ambazo zinaingia kwenye maeneo ya kusafishia maji <ref name="williams">{{Rejea jarida|author=Williams RJ, Johnson AC, Smith JJ, Kanda R |year=2003 |title=Steroid estrogens profiles along river stretches arising from sewage treatment works discharges |journal=Environ Sci Technol |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=1744–50 |pmid=12775044 | doi = 10.1021/es0202107}}</ref> na kuingia katika [[Mto|mito]]. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=A.T. |title=Not Quite Worry-Free |journal=Environment |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=6–7 |year=}}</ref> Aina nyingine za dawa za kuzuia mimba, kama vile kiraka, hutumia estrojeni (EE2) ileile sanisi ambayo hupatikana katika COCP, na inaweza kuongeza kiwango cha homoni katika maji wakati inavutwa chooni. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Batts, S. |title=Pouring Drugs Down the Drain |journal=Herizons |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=12–3 |year=}}</ref> Uchafu huo unasababisha uvurugaji wa endokrini, jambo ambalo huathiri maendeleo ya ngono na uzazi, katika [[samaki]] walio kwenye sehemu za mito zilizochafuliwa na maji taka yaliyotibiwa. <ref name="williams"></ref><ref name="zeilinger">{{Rejea jarida|author=Zeilinger J, Steger-Hartmann T, Maser E, Goller S, Vonk R, Länge R |title=Effects of synthetic gestagens on fish reproduction |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=2663–70 |year=2009 |month=Desemba |pmid=19469587 |doi=10.1897/08-485.1 }}</ref> Utafiti uliofanywa katika mito ya Uingereza uliunga mkono dhana kwamba matukio na ongezeko la shughuli za ngono kati ya samaki mwitu yalikuwa na uhusiano mkubwa na viwango vya E1, E2, na EE2 katika mito hiyo. <ref name="williams"></ref> Ukaguzi wa utendajikazi katika kiwanda kilichohusika na uchafu wa mafuta ulionyesha kwamba viwango vya kutolewa kwa estrojeni kulitofautiana pakubwa lakini ukaonyesha viwango vya wastani vya asilimia 78 kwa estroni, asilimia 91 kwa estradioli, na asilimia 76 kwa ethinilestradioli (viwango vya uchafu wa estrioli ni kati ya vile vya estroni na estradioli, lakini estrioli ni endokrini iliyo na nguvu kidogo sana katika samaki). <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Johnson AC, Williams RJ, Simpson P, Kanda R |year=2007 |title=What difference might sewage treatment performance make to endocrine disruption in rivers? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-pollution_2007-05_147_1/page/194 |journal=Environ Pollut |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=194–202 |pmid=17030080 | doi = 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.032}}</ref> Viwango vya uchafu wa ethinilestradioli ni vya chini zaidi kuliko vya estradioli ambavyo viko chini vikilinganishwa na vya estroni, lakini ethinilestradioli ina nguvu zaidi kuliko estradioli ambayo pia ina nguvu zaidi kuliko estroni katika uanzishaji wa ngono kati ya samaki na usanisi wa vitellogenini katika samaki wa kiume. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Johnson AC, Williams RJ |year=2004 |title=A model to estimate influent and effluent concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol at sewage treatment works |journal=Environ Sci Technol |volume=38 |issue= 13 |pages=3649–58 |pmid=15296317 |doi=10.1021/es035342u}}</ref> ==Marejeo == {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-572/life_society/pill/ The Birth Control Pill] Nyaraka za Dijiti za CBC * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/index.html The Pill] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/index.html |date=20100425122004 }} PBS.org * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/42292/the-birth-of-the-pill The Birth of the Pill] {{Wayback|url=http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/42292/the-birth-of-the-pill |date=20100511003522 }} - onyesho la slaidi la ''Life Magazine'' [[Category:Madawa]] [[Jamii:Uzazi]] 56nfielw6nx1ll9vfxa0lwqxf13c0ew 0 55550 1601086 1599249 2026-09-25T13:16:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate.svg|thumb|Depo-Provera]] [[Picha:Medroxyprogesterone_acetate_molecule_ball.png|thumb|Depo-Provera]] {{Infobox Birth control |name = Depo-Provera |image = |width = |caption = |bc_type = Hormonal |date_first_use = 1967 |rate_type = Failure |perfect_failure% = 0.3 |typical_failure% = 3 |duration_effect = 3 months<br>(12–14 weeks) |reversibility = 3–18 months |user_reminders = Maximum interval is just under 3 months |clinic_interval = 12 weeks |STD_protection_YesNo = no |periods_advantage = Usually no periods from 2nd injection |benefits = Especially good if poor pill compliance.<br>Reduced endometrial cancer risk. |periods_disadvantage = Especially in 1st injection may be frequent spotting |weight_gain_loss = +5-10 lbs average |risks = Reduced bone density, which may reverse after discontinuation |medical_notes = For those intending to start family, suggest switch 6 months prior to alternative method (eg [[Progestogen only pill|POP]]) allowing more reliable return fertility. }} '''Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)''' ni njia ya [[homoni]] ya kuzuia [[mimba]] iliyo na [[projesteroni]] pekee inayodumu kwa muda mrefu na huweza kuondolewa mwilini, ambayo hudungwa kila baada ya miezi 3. Ni mchanganyiko mzito wa sindano ya depoti ya pregnane 17α-hydroxyprogesteroni- iliyotolewa kwa progestini ya ''medroksiprogesteroni acetate.'' ==Bidhaa za biashara== ''Depo-subQ Provera 104,'' ambayo pia hutengenezwa na PFIZER, ni jina la kibiashara la mg 104 ya mchanganyiko mzito wa medroxyprogesterone acetate. Inajumuisha asilimia 69 ya homoni inayopatikana katika sindano ya Depo Provera asili. Inatumiwa kwa kudunga sindano chini ya ngozi, ambayo huweza kusababisha maumivu kidogo. Dawa hiyo lazima idungwe ndani ya paja au kwenye tumbo mara nne kwa mwaka na hutoa kinga ya haraka dhidi ya kupata mimba kuanzia wakati inapodungwa mara ya kwanza. Iliidhinishwa nchini Marekani na FDA kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kuzuia mimba mnamo 17 Desemba mwaka wa 2004, na kwa ajili ya kudhibiti maumivu yanayohusiana na endometriosisi4} tarehe 25 Machi mwaka wa 2005. ==Utaratibu wa utendakazi== Utaratibu wa utekelezaji wa dawa za kupanga uzazi zilizo na progosteroni pekee hutegemea shughuli za progestogeni na kipimo. Dozi ya juu ya dawa kukinga mimba mimba zilizo na progesteroni pekee kama vile sindano ya DMPA, huzuia kukua kwa unyweleo na kuzuia kukua kwa yai /1} kama mfumo wao msingi wa utendajikazi.<ref name="glasier">{{cite book |last=Glasier |first=Anna |editor=DeGroot, Leslie J.; Jameson, J. Larry (eds.) |title=Endocrinology |edition=5th |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7216-0376-9 |pages=2993–3003 |chapter=Contraception}}</ref><ref name="loose">{{cite book |author=Loose, Davis S.; Stancel, George M. |editor=Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; Parker, Keith L. (eds.) |year=2006 |chapter=Estrogens and Progestins |title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |url=https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph2006good |edition=11th |pages=[https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansph2006good/page/1541 1541]–1571 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-142280-3}}</ref> Progestogeni hupunguza kupigapiga moyo mara kwa mara ya homoni inayotoa gonadotropini -(GnRH) inayotolewa na hipothalamasi, ambayo hupunguza kutolewa kwa [[homoni ya kusisimua kinyweleo (FSH) na [[homoni ya kulutenaizi]]]] (LH)inayotolewa na pituitari ya nje. Viwango vilivyoshuka vya FSH huzuia maendeleo ya kinyweleo, kuzuia kuongezeka kwa viwango vya estradioli. Majibu hasi ya progesteroni na ukosefu wa matokeo chanya ya estrogeni juu ya kutolewa kwa LH huzuia kuongezeka kwa LH. Udhibiti dhidi ya ukuaji wa kinyweleo na ukosefu wa kuongezeka kwa LH huzuia utoaji na ukuaji wa mbegu ya mwanamke.<ref name="hatcher">{{cite book |author=Hatcher, Robert A. |year=2004 |chapter=Depo-Provera Injections, Implants, and Progestin-Only Pills (Minipills) |editor=Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Stewart, Felicia H.; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates Jr., Willard; Guest, Felicia; Kowal, Deborah |title=Contraceptive Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790966490229 |edition=18th rev. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790966490229/page/460 461]–494 |location=New York |publisher=Ardent Media |isbn=0-9664902-5-8}}</ref><ref name="speroff">{{cite book |author=Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. |year=2005 |chapter=Injectable Contraception |title=A Clinical Guide for Contraception |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalguidefor0000sper |edition=4th |pages=201–220 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=0-7817-6488-2}}</ref> Kitendo cha sekondari cha utendakazi wa dawa za kukinga mimba zilizo na progestogeni ni kuzuia manii kupita kutokana na mabadiliko kwenye makamasi ya seviksi. Uzuiaji wa utendakazi wa yai la kike wakati wa matumizi ya DMPA husababisha endometriamu kuwa nyembamba na atropiki. Mabadiliko haya katika endometriamu yanaweza kinadharia, kuzuia uwezo wa kupata mimba. Hata hivyo, kwa vile DMPA ina ufanisi mkubwa katika kuzuia utoaji wa yai la kike na kupenya kwa manii, uwezekano wa kupata mimba ni mdogo zaidi. Hakuna data inayopatikana inayochangia kutopata kwa mimba kama mfumo wa utekelezaji wa DMPA. ==Ufanisi== Matokeo ya mwaka wa kwanza ya viwango vya kutofaulu kwa matumizi ya Depo- Provera kwa wanawake 8,183 katika majaribio saba mtawalia ya kliniki saba yalikuwa: 0%, 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.3%, na 0.7%, na kiwango cha wastani cha 0.3%.<ref name="trussell 2004a">{{cite book |author=Trussell, James |year=2004 |chapter=Contraceptive Efficacy |editor=Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Stewart, Felicia H.; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates Jr., Willard; Guest, Felicia; Kowal, Deborah |title=Contraceptive Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/contraceptivetec0018unse |edition=18th rev. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/contraceptivetec0018unse/page/773 773]–845 |location=New York |publisher=Ardent Media |isbn=0-9664902-5-8}}</ref> Matokeo ya viwango vya kutofaulu kwa mwaka wa kwanza ya kipimo cha Pearl ya wanawake 2,042 waliotumia depo- subQ 104 katika majaribioa matatu ya kiliniki yalikuwa ni: 0%,0%, na 0%, na kipimo cha wastani cha 0%. Kiwango cha kutofaulu cha mwaka wa kwanza kwa wanawake 209 waliotumia Depo-Provera katika uchunguzi mmoja uliofuata kilikuwa ni: 2.6%.<ref name="fu 1999">{{cite journal |author=Fu H, Darroch JE, Haas T, Ranjit N |year=1999 |title=Contraceptive failure rates: new estimates from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth |journal=Fam Plann Perspect |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=56–63 |pmid=10224543 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3105699.pdf |format=PDF|doi=10.2307/2991640 |jstor=2991640}}</ref><ref name="trussell 1999">{{cite journal |author=Trussell J, Vaughan B |year=1999 |title=Contraceptive failure, method-related discontinuation and resumption of use: results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth |journal=Fam Plann Perspect |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=64–72,93 |pmid=10224544 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3106499.pdf |format=PDF|doi=10.2307/2991641 |jstor=2991641}}</ref> * Uchunguzi wa kitaifa wa ukuaji wa familia wa (NSFG) wa mwaka wa 1995 - utafiti uliofuta ulijikita katika uwezo wa mwanamke kukumbuka katika mahojiano ya 90, kuhusu matumizi yake ya dawa za kukinga mimba mwezi baada ya mwezi katika kipindi cha miaka 4 hadi 5 iliyotangulia. ===Matumizi sahihi=== Kiwango cha matokeo cha matumizi sahihi cha Trussell cha kutofaulu kwa mwaka wa kwanza kwa Depo-Provera ni kipimo cha wastani cha kutofaulu katika majaribio saba ya kliniki: 0.3%.<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref><ref name="trussell 2004b">{{cite journal |author=Trussell J |year=2004 |title=Contraceptive failure in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2004-08_70_2/page/89 |journal=Contraception |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=89–96 |pmid=15288211 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2004.03.009}}</ref> * imezingatiwa kama matumizi sahihi kwa sababu majaribio hayo yalipima usahihi wakati wa matumizi halisi ya Depo-Provera ** kufafanuliwa kama isiyo zaidi ya wiki 14 ama 15 baada ya sindano kudungwa (yaani, isipungue zaidi ya wiki 1 au 2 kabla haujadungwa sindano inayofuata) ===Matumizi ya kawaida=== Kabla ya mwaka wa 2004, kiwango cha Trusell cha kutofaulu cha matumizi ya kawaida cha Depo- Provera kilikuwa sawa na kile chake cha kutofaulu cha matumizi sahihi 0.3%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trussell J, Hatcher RA, Cates W Jr, Stewart FH, Kost K |year=1990 |title=A guide to interpreting contraceptive efficacy studies |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=76 |issue=3 Pt 2 |pages=558–67 |pmid=2199875}}</ref> * makadirio ya matumizi ya kawaida ya Depo- Provera kutofaulu mwaka wa kwanza ni 0.3% katika: ** '''' Teknolojia ya dawa kukinga mimba (Contraceptive Technology, 1994),toleo jipya la 16 (1994) ** '''' Teknolojia ya dawa za kukinga mimba (Contracepive Technology 1998)toleeo jipya la 17 (1998) *** yaliyozingatiwa na FDA mwaka wa 1998 kwa mathumuni ya usawazishaji wa sasa wa mwongozo wa kutaja dawa za kukinga mimba. Katika mwaka wa 2004, akitumia kiwango cha kutofaulu cha mwaka wa 1995 cha NSFG, Trussell aliongeza (kwa mara 10) kiwango chake cha kutofaulu cha matumizi ya kawaida ya Depo- Provera kutoka 0.3% hadi 3%.<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref><ref name="trussell 2004b"></ref> * makadirio ya matumizi ya kawaida ya Depo-Provera kutofaulu mwaka wa kwanza ni 3% katika: ** ''Teknolojia ya dawa za kukinga mimba (Cotraceptive Technology),toleo jipya la 18 (2004)<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref>'' ** ''Teknolojia ya dawa za kukinga mimba (Contraceptive Technology),toleo jipya la 19 (2007)<ref name="trussell 2007">{{cite book |author=Trussell, James |year=2007 |chapter=Contraceptive Efficacy |editor=Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates Jr., Willard; Stewart, Felicia H.; Kowal, Deborah |title=Contraceptive Technology |edition=19th rev. |location=New York |publisher=Ardent Media |url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.com/table.html |accessdate=2007-06-21 |archive-date=2008-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531095926/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.com/table.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>'' Trussell hakutumia viwango vya kutofaulu vya NSFG vya mwaka wa 1995 kwa dawa zingine mbili mpya zilizopatikana za muda mrefu za kukinga mimba zilizokuwa zimevumbiliwa, kibandiko cha Norplant (2.3%) na shaba ya T ya ParaGard 380A IUD (3.7%), ambazo zilikuwa (kama Depo -Provera) zenye amri ya kiwango cha juu kuliko katika majaribio ya kliniki. kwa vile Norplant na ParaGard haikubali wigo kwa makosa ya mtumizi, viwango vyao vya juu zaidi vya kutofaulu vya mwaka wa 1995 vya NSFG vilichangiwa na Trussell kwa kutoa habari zaidi wakati wa kupata mimba hivyo kuelekea kuzaa.<ref name="trussell 2004a"></ref><ref name="trussell 1999"></ref><ref name="trussell 2004b"></ref> ==Faida== Depo-Provera ina faida kadhaa:<ref name="hatcher"></ref><ref name="speroff"></ref><ref name="westhoff">{{cite journal |author=Westhoff C |year=2003 |title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (Depo-Provera): a highly effective contraceptive option with proven long-term safety |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2003-08_68_2/page/n10 |journal=Contraception |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=75–87 |pmid=12954518 |doi=10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00136-7}}</ref><ref name="mishell">{{cite book |author= Mishell Jr., Daniel R. |year=2004 |editor= Strauss, Jerome F. III; Barbieri, Robert L. (eds.) |title=Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |url= https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse |edition=5th |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7216-9546-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse/page/899 899]–938 |chapter=Contraception}}</ref> * Ina ufanisi mkubwa katika kuzuia mimba. * Hudungwa kila baada ya wiki 12. kitendo cha pekee ni kuendeleza kupanga kufuatilia sindano zingine kila baada ya wiki kumi na mbili, na kuchunguza madhara yake kuhakikisha kwamba hauhitaji ushauri wa daktari. * Hakuna estrogeni Hakuna kuongezeka kwa hatari ya ugonjwa wa thrombosisi ya veni za ndani (DVT), na embolizimu ya mapafu (PE), ugonjw wa pigo ya mwoyo au maambukizi ya miyokadiali. * Mwingiliano mdogo na madawa (ikilinganishwa na dawa nyingine za kikinga mimba zenye homoni). * Inapunguza hatari ya saratani ya endometriali. Depo-Provera hupunguza hatari ya kansa ya endometriali kwa 80%.<ref name="Kaunitz">{{cite journal |author=Kaunitz AM |title=Current options for injectable contraception in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-reproductive-medicine_2001-12_19_4/page/331 |journal=Semin Reprod Med |year=2001 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=331–7 |pmid=11727175 |doi=10.1055/s-2001-18641}}</ref><ref name="BrJFP_Bigrigg1999">{{cite journal |author=Bigrigg A, Evans M, Gbolade B, Newton J, Pollard L, Szarewski A, Thomas C, Walling M |title=Depo Provera. Position paper on clinical use, effectiveness and side effects | journal = Br J Fam Plann | volume = 25 | issue = 2 |pages=69–76 |year=1999 | pmid = 10454658}}</ref><ref name="WHO DMPA EC">{{cite journal |author=WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer |journal=Int J Cancer |year=1991 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=186–90 |pmid=1831802}}</ref> kupunguzwa kwa hatari ya kansa ya endometriali katika watumiaji wa Depo-Provera imedhaniwa kuwa ni kutokana na sababu mbili ambazo ni athari ya uhusiano wa moja kwa moja usiokuwa mzuri wa progestogeni kwa endometriumu na uhusiano usio wa moja kwa moja wa kupunguza viwango vya estrogeni kwa kupunguza ukuaji wa kinyweleo katika ovari.<ref name="Santen">{{cite book |author= Santen, Richard J. |editor=Strauss, Jerome F. III; Barbieri, Robert L. (eds.) |title=Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology |url= https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse |edition=5th |year=2004 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-7216-9546-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yenjaffesreprodu0000unse/page/787 787]–809 |chapter=Endocrinology of Breast and Endometrial Cancer}}</ref> * Hupunguza hatari ya ugonjwa wa pungufu wa damu mwilini unaosababishwa na ukosefu wa madini ya chuma,ugonjwa wa kuwasha kwa mfupa wa nyonga (PID), mimba wa kubandikwa kwa kuta za uterasi, na uvimbe wa uterasi. * Hupunguza dalili za ugonjwa wa endometriosisi. * Hupunguza matukio ya kutukwa na damu mingi maumivu wakati wa kutoa yai, na vifuko vyenye maji vinavyofanya kazi katika ovari. * Hupunguza matukio ya mishtuko ya moyo katika wanawake walio na ugonjwa wa kifaduro. Zaidi ya hayo, tofauti na dawa nyingine za kukinga mimba zilizo na homoni, ufanisi wa utendakazi wa Depo-Provera hauathiriki na madawa ya yasiyo ya kifaduro yanayoshurutisha matukio cha kienizime. * Hupunguza matukio ya mabaya ya kiini mundu katika 0} wanawake wenye chembechembe za ugonjwa wa kiini mundu.<ref name="westhoff"></ref> Idara ya Afya Uingereza imechangia kikamilifu kukuzwa kwa matumizi ya dawa za kukinga mimba zenye kugeuzwa za kudumu kwa muda mrefu tangu mwaka wa 2008,hasa kwa vijana, kutokana na mwongoza bora wa Oktoba mwaka wa taasisi ya National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |title=CG30 Long-acting reversible contraception: quick reference guide |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg030quickrefguide.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |accessdate=2009-06-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920091647/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg030quickrefguide.pdf |archivedate=2009-09-20 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920091647/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg030quickrefguide.pdf }}</ref> Kutoa ushauri juu ya njia hizi za kuzuia mimba imewekwa kuwa katika {0 mfumo wa ubora na matokeo mwaka wa 2009 "matendo mema" kwa ajili ya afya ya kimsingi.{1/} ==Ujauzito na kunyonyesha== Depo Provera-inaweza kutumiwa na mama wanaonyonyesha. Kutokwa na damu nyingi inawezekana kama amepewa kipindi kinachofuata tu baada ya kuzaa na ni bora kuchelewa hadi wiki ya sita baada ya kuzaa. Inaweza kutumika katika siku tano kama hakuna kunyonyesha. utafiti ulionyesha "hakuna tofauti kubwa katika uzito wa kuzaliwa au matukio ya kasoro za kuzaliwa" na "hakuna ubadilishaji muhimu wa kinga mwili kwa magonjwa ya kuambukiza yanayosabibishwa na maziwa ya matiti yaliyo na DMPA", kikundi kidogo cha watoto ambao mama wao walianza kutumia Depo-Provera siku mbili baada ya kuzaa walikuwa na kiwango cha 75% juu cha kwenda kwa daktari kwa ajili ya magonjwa ya kuambukiza wakati wa mwaka wa kwanza wa maisha yao.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dahlberg K |title=Some effects of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA): observations in the nursing infant and in the long-term user |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-gynecology-obstetrics_1982-02_20_1/page/43 | journal = Int J Gynaecol Obstet | volume = 20 | issue = 1 |pages=43–8 |year=1982 | pmid = 6126406 | doi = 10.1016/0020-7292(82)90044-3}}</ref> Utafiti mkubwa wa muda mrefu na kufuatilia ulihitimisha kuwa "matumizi ya DMPA wakati wa ujauzito au kunyonyesha hayana athari kubwa kwa ukuaji wa muda mrefu na maendeleo ya watoto." Utafiti huu pia ulibainisha kuwa "watoto wenye mfiduo wa DMPA wakati wa ujauzito na kunyonyeshwa walikuwa na hatari ya uwezekano wa kupata urefu mdogo usio wa kawaida," lakini hiyo "baada ya marekebisho kwa sababu za kijamii na kiuchumi zinazosababishwa na kupunguka kwa mitindo mbalimbali, hakukuwa na kuongeza kwa hatari ya ukuaji wa utendaji miongoni mwa watoto ambao wamepapishwa kwa DMPA-. " Utafiti huo pia ulibainisha kuwa madhara ya mfiduo kwa DMPA wakati wa kubalehe yanahitaji utafiti zaidi, kwa hivyo watoto wachache wa umri wa miaka zaidi ya 10 walichunguzwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pardthaisong T, Yenchit C, Gray R |title=The long-term growth and development of children exposed to Depo-Provera during pregnancy or lactation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1992-04_45_4/page/313 | journal = Contraception | volume = 45 | issue = 4 |pages=313–24 |year=1992 | pmid = 1387602 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(92)90053-V}}</ref> == Sababu za kutotumia == [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) ''Vigezo vya matumizi ya dawa za kukinga mimba'' na RCOG Kitivo cha kupanga Uzazi na Afya ya Uzazi (FFPRHC) '' Uingereza udaktari kriteria na vigezo vya matumizi ya dawa za kukinga mimba inaorodhesha zifauatazo kama hali pale ambapo matumizi ya Depo-Provera hayapendekezwi au hayapaswi kutumiwa kwa sababu ya hatari za kiafya zisizokublika au kwa sababu hatari haijaonyeshwa.<ref name="who mec">{{cite book |author=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2004 |chapter=Progestogen-only contraceptives |title=Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use |edition=3rd |location=Geneva |publisher=Reproductive Health and Research, WHO |isbn=92-4-156266-8 |chapterurl=http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/mec/pocs.html}}</ref><ref name="ffprhc mec">{{cite web |author=[[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists|FFPRHC]] |year=2006 |title=The UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (2005/2006) |url=http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/UKMEC200506.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034855/http://www.ffprhc.org.uk/admin/uploads/UKMEC200506.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-25 }}</ref> Hali ambazo hatari za kinadharia au zilizoshuhudiwa kwa kawaida huwa na manufaa zaidi kuliko matumizi ya Depo-Provera: * Hatari nyingi za ugonjwa wa mishipa ya ateri za moyo. * Hali ya sasa ya thrombosisi ya vena za ndani(DVT) au embolosi ya mapafu (PE) * Kuumwa kwa kichwa kwa uchungu sana na [[aura]] wakati wa matumizi ya Depo-Provera * Kabla ya tathmini isiyoeleweka ya uke kuvuja damu ambayo hushukiwa kuwa hali yenye hatari. * Historia ya Zamani ya kansa ya matiti na hakuna ushahidi wa sasa wa ugonjwa kwa muda wa miaka * Ugonjwa wa ini (hepatitisi ya virusi, sirosisisi kali ya kuoza, [[benigni]] au {4uvimbe wa ini wa kudhuru. * Hali ya wasiwasi ya athari za estrogeni ya kiwango cha juu na kupunguzwa kwa viwango vya HDL kinadharia kuongeza hatari ya majonjwa ya mishipa ya moyo: ** Presha na ugonjwa wa vaskula ** historia ya sasa na ya zamani ya }ugonjwa wa moyo iwa iskemiki ** Historia ya [[Kiharusi|ugonjwa wa pigo]] ** Ugonjwa wa kisukari kwa miaka 20 au mwenye neforopathi / retinopathi / neuropathi au ugonjwa wa mishipa} Hali ambazo zinawasilisha madhara ya kiafya yasiyokubalika kama depo provera ina tumika: * Hali ya sasa au ya hivi karibuni ya saratani ya matiti (uvimbe nyeti unaosisimuliwa na homoni) Hali ambazo matumizi ya Depo-Provera hayajaonyeshwa na ni lazima yasianzishwe: * Ujauzito == Hasara na madhara == ===Maonyo na tahadhari=== * Inachukua wiki mbili kuleta athari kama itachukuliwa baada ya siku za kwanza tano za mzunguko wa kipindi. Ufanisi mara moja kama inachukuliwa wakati wa siku tano za kwanza za mzunguko wa kipindi. * Haitoi kinga dhidi ya magonjwa ya [[Maradhi ya zinaa]] (STD). * Depo-Provera unaweza kuathiri uhedhi wa damu. Baada ya mwaka wa matumizi, 55% ya wanawake hupata amenorrhoea, baada ya miaka 2, kiwango huongezeka kwa 68%. Katika miezi ya kwanza ya matumizi "kutoka damu au madoadoa ya ya damu ambayo si ya kawaida na yasiyotabirika, au mara chache, au kutokwa na damu nyingi huendelea" iliripotiwa.<ref name="depo us patient info">{{cite web |author=[[Pfizer]] |month=Oktoba |year=2004 |title=Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection, US patient labeling |url=http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-21 |archivedate=2007-02-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206044043/http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf |=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206044043/http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf }}</ref> * Kuchelewa kurudi kwa uzazi. kiwango wastani cha kurudi kwa uzazi ni miezi 9-10 baada ya kudungwa sindano mara ya mwisho. Kwa muda wa miezi 18 baada ya kudungwa sindano ya mwisho, uzazi ni sawa na ile ya watumiaji wa zamani wa njia nyingine za kukinga mimba.<ref name="hatcher"></ref><ref name="speroff"></ref> * Masomo ya muda mrefu ya watumiaji wa Depo-Provera yamegundua athari ndogo au hakuna hakuna kuongeza hatari ya saratani ya matiti kwa ujumla. Hata hivyo, idadi ya watu walioshiriki katika utafiti ilionyesha kuongezeka kwa hatari ya saratani ya matiti kidogo kwa watumiaji wa hivi karibuni (matumizi ya Depo katika miaka minne iliyopita) chini ya miaka 35, sawa na ile iliyoonekana kwa matumizi ya pamoja ya kunywa vidonge kama njia ya kukinga mimba.<ref name="depo us patient info"></ref> * Utafiti wa mimba isiyotarajiwa miongoni mwa wanawake ,askini wa Thailand ulipata kwamba watoto ambao walikuwa namfiduo ya Depo-Provera wakati wa ujauzito walikuwa na hatari kubwa ya uzito wa chini wa kuzaliwa na 80% nafasi ya zaidi-kuliko-kawaida kufa katika mwaka wa kwanza wa maisha.<ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Exposure to DMPA in pregnancy may cause low birth weight | journal = Prog Hum Reprod Res | volume = | issue =23 |pages=2–3 | year=1992 | pmid = 12286194}}</ref> ==== Onyo muhimu ==== Ingawa kwa muda mrefu imekujulikana kuwa Depo-Provera husababisha upoteaji mifupa, hivi karibuni imegunduliwa kwamba athari za osteoporotiki ya sindano hukua zaidi kwa muda mrefu wakati Depo Provera inatumiwa kwa muda mrefu, inaweza kukaa kwa muda mrefu baada ya sindano kusimamishwa, au inaweza pia kutorudi katika hali ya awali. Kwa sababu hizi, tarehe 17 Novemba 2004 shirika la utawala la Marekani la Chakula na Dawa na PFIZER walikubaliana kuweka onyo muhimu juu ya label ya Provera.<ref name="FDA2004-Warning">{{cite web | author =FDA | authorlink =Food and Drug Administration | year =2004 | month =17 Novemba | url =http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ANS01325.html | title =Black Box Warning Added Concerning Long-Term Use of Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection | accessdate =2006-05-12 | archive-date =2007-08-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070809090332/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ANS01325.html | url-status =dead}}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]] (WHO)linashauri kwamba matumizi ya Depo-Provera hayapaswi kukatazwa.<ref name="WHO2005">{{cite web | author=World Health Organization | authorlink =World Health Organization |year=2005 | month =Septemba | url =http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/family_planning/bone_health.html | title =Hormonal contraception and bone health | work =Family Planning | accessdate =2006-05-12}}</ref><ref name="Contraception2006-Curtis">{{cite journal | author=Curtis KM, Martins SL | title=Progestogen-only contraception and bone mineral density: a systematic review | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2006-05_73_5/page/470 | journal=Contraception | year=2006 | pages=470–87 | volume=73 | issue=5 | pmid=16627031 | doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2005.12.010}}</ref> Haijulikani wazi iwapo kupoteza kwa uzitolinganifu wa mfupa unahusishwa na matumizi ya Depo-Provera unaweza kurudishwa katika hali ya kawaida, na kama ndivyo, kiasi gani hasa. Uchunguzi tatu umependekeza kuwa hasara ya mfupa yaweza kurekebishwa baada ya kukomesha matumizi ya Depo-Provera.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cundy T, Cornish J, Evans M, Roberts H, Reid I |title=Recovery of bone density in women who stop using medroxyprogesterone acetate | journal = BMJ | volume = 308 | issue = 6923 |pages=247–8 |year=1994 | pmid = 8111260 |pmc=2539337}}</ref><ref name="Scholes2002">{{cite journal | author=Scholes D, LaCroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, Barlow WE, Ott SM | title=Injectable hormone contraception and bone density: results from a prospective study | journal=Epidemiology | year=2002 | pages=581–7 | volume=13 | issue=5 | pmid=12192229 | doi=10.1097/00001648-200209000-00015}}</ref><ref name="Scholes2005">{{cite journal | author=Scholes D, LaCroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, Barlow WE, Ott SM | title=Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception | journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | year=2005 | pages=139–44 | volume=159 | issue=2 | pmid=15699307 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.159.2.139}}</ref> Uchunguzi mwingine umependekeza kuwa athari za matumizi ya miaka ya mwakamke aliyeacha kuzaa hasa upoteaji wa uzitolinganifu wa mfupa ni ndogo,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orr-Walker B, Evans M, Ames R, Clearwater J, Cundy T, Reid I |title=The effect of past use of the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone mineral density in normal post-menopausal women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-endocrinology_1998-11_49_5/page/615 | journal = Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) | volume = 49 | issue = 5 |pages=615–8 |year=1998 | pmid = 10197077 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00582.x}}</ref> labda kwa sababu watumiaji wa Depo hudhihirisha hasara ya chini ya mfupa katika miaka yao ikiwa wamemaliza kuzaa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cundy T, Cornish J, Roberts H, Reid I |title=Menopausal bone loss in long-term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2002-05_186_5/page/978 | journal = Am J Obstet Gynecol | volume = 186 | issue = 5 |pages=978–83 |year=2002 | pmid = 12015524 | doi = 10.1067/mob.2002.122420}}</ref> Matumizi baada ya kilele cha molekuli wa mifupa huhusishwa na kuongeza kwa matokeo ya mifupa lakini hakuna upungufu katika wiani wa madini ya mifupa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsh JS, Eastell R, Peel NF |title=Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use after peak bone mass is associated with increased bone turnover but no decrease in bone mineral density |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume= 93|issue= 3|pages= 697–701|year=2008 |month=Novemba |pmid=19013564 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.004 |url=}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 2006, hakuna utafiti ambao umechunguza hatari ya mifupa ya ndani moja kwa moja kwa wanawake ambao wamemaliza umri wa kuzaa ambao wametumia Depo-Provera, kwa hiyo, hatari haijulikani. PFIZER na FDA wamependekeza kwamba Depo-Provera isitumiwe kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili, isipokuwa kama hakuna njia mbadala ya kupanga uzazi, kutokana na wasiwasi juu ya kupoteza mifupa.<ref name="FDA2004-Warning"></ref> Hata hivyo, Kamati ya mwaka wa 2008 kuhusu pendekezo kutoka kwa Kamati ya Madaktari wa Ukunga na Magonjwa ya Wanawake ya Marekani (ACOG) walishauri watoa huduma ya afya kuhusu kupoteza kwa wiani wa madini madini wiani lazima au komesha kupewa au muendelezo wa depo Provera-zaidi ya miaka 2 ya kutumia.<ref name="pmid18757687">{{Cite pmid|18757687}}</ref> ===Madhara=== Katika majaribio makubwa ya kimatibabu ya Depo-Provera, madhara yenye athari sana yaliyoripotiwa mara nyingi (ambayo yanaweza au ikutoweza kuhusishwa na matumizi ya Depo-Provera) yalikuwa: kutokuwa na mpangilio mwafaka kuhusu hedhi (damu au kukosa hedhi kabisa- amenorrhea), maumivu au usumbufu wa tumbo, mabadiliko ya uzito, kuumwa na kichwa, asthenia (udhaifu au uchovu), na woga. Mengine, madahara yenye athari ndogo ambayo hayakuripotiwa mara kwa mara yameanishwa katika karatasi ya maelezo ya mtumizi na daktari habari kwa ajili ya Depo-Provera.<ref name="depo us patient info"></ref><ref name="depo us physician info">{{cite web |author=[[Pfizer]] |month=Novemba |year=2004 |title=Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection, US physician information |url=http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/uspi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-21 |archivedate=2007-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208112513/http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/uspi_depo_provera_contraceptive.pdf }}</ref> ===Tafiti zinazohusiana=== * Utafiti wa wanawake 819 katika mji mmoja uligundua uhusiano baina ya matumizi ya Depo-Provera na matukio ya juu ya [[Klamidia]] na [[Kisonono|ugonjwa wa kisonono.]]<ref name="SexTransmDis2004-Morrison">{{cite journal | author=Morrison CS, Bright P, Wong EL, Kwok C, Yacobson I, Gaydos CA, Tucker HT, Blumenthal PD | title=Hormonal contraceptive use, cervical ectopy, and the acquisition of cervical infections | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sexually-transmitted-diseases_2004-09_31_9/page/561 | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year=2004 | pages=561–7 | volume=31 | issue=9 | pmid=15480119 | doi=10.1097/01.olq.0000137904.56037.70}}</ref> Uchunguzi wa pili ulotazamiwa katika wanawake 948 nchini Kenya ulitambua matumizi ya Depo-Provera yalihusishwa na viwango vikubwa vya maambukizi klamadia, lakini viwango vya chini vya ugonjwa wa kuwasha wa mfupa wa kifandugu, ikilinganishwa na wanawake ambao hawatumii njia za kupanga wa uzazi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baeten J, Nyange P, Richardson B, Lavreys L, Chohan B, Martin H, Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo J, Kreiss J |title=Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2001-08_185_2/page/380 | journal = Am J Obstet Gynecol | volume = 185 | issue = 2 |pages=380–5 |year=2001 | pmid = 11518896 | doi = 10.1067/mob.2001.115862}}</ref> * Masomo ya wanyama wenye familia ya wanyama ya medroxyprogesterone yamapendekeza inaweza kuongeza hatari ya maambukizi ya virusi vya simian (SIV), mfano wa HIV YA wanyama<ref>{{cite journal |author=Preston A. Marx, ''et al.'' |title=Progesterone implants enhance SIV vaginal transmission and early virus load | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 2| issue =10 |pages=1084–9 | year=1996 | pmid = 8837605 | doi = 10.1038/nm1096-1084}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Trunova N et al.|title=Progestin-based contraceptive suppresses cellular immune responses in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques|journal=Virology|year=2006|volume=352|issue=1|page=169–77|pmid=16730772|pages=169|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.004}}</ref> Angalau uchunguzi mmoja katika binadamu umependekeza kiwango cha juu cha ongezeko la virusi vya ukimwi katika watumiaji wa Depo-Provera,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Martin H, Nyange P, Richardson B, Lavreys L, Mandaliya K, Jackson D, Ndinya-Achola J, Kreiss J |title=Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-10_178_4/page/1053 | journal = J Infect Dis | volume = 178 | issue = 4 |pages=1053–9 |year=1998 | pmid = 9806034 | doi = 10.1086/515654}}</ref> huku idadi nyingine ya masomo imetambua kwamba hakuna uhusiano kama huu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bulterys M, Chao A, Habimana P, Dushimimana A, Nawrocki P, Saah A |title=Incident HIV-1 infection in a cohort of young women in Butare, Rwanda | journal = AIDS | volume = 8 | issue = 11 |pages=1585–91 |year=1994 | pmid = 7848595 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-199411000-00010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kiddugavu M, Makumbi F, Wawer M, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Meehan M, Gray R |title=Hormonal contraceptive use and HIV-1 infection in a population-based cohort in Rakai, Uganda | journal = AIDS | volume = 17 | issue = 2 |pages=233–40 |year=2003 | pmid = 12545084 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-200301240-00014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Prospective study of hormonal contraception and women's risk of HIV infection in South Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_2007-02_36_1/page/166| journal = Int J Epidemiol | volume = 36| issue = 1|pages=166–74|year=2007| pmid = 17175547 |last1=Myer |first1=L |last2=Denny |first2=L |last3=Wright |first3=TC |last4=Kuhn |first4=L |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl251}}</ref> Idadi kubwa ya majaribio ya klinki yaliyotarajiwa kushughulikia swala hili la Depo-Provera na uwezekana wa kupata HIV yanaendelea sasa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morrison C, Richardson B, Celentano D, Chipato T, Mmiro F, Mugerwa R, [[Nancy Padian|Padian N]], Rugpao S, Salata R |title=Prospective clinical trials designed to assess the use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV acquisition | journal = J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr | volume = 38 Suppl 1 | issue = |pages=S17–8 |year=2005| pmid = 15867602}}</ref> == Matumizi mengine == Depo Provera- pia hutumiwa na wahalifu wa kingono wa kiume kama aina ya kutoa mapumbu ya kemikali kwani ina athari ya kubwa kabisa kupunguza ari ya miongoni mwa wanaume.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/03/01/castration/ | title = The chemical knife | accessdate = 2009-01-22 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090107134347/http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/03/01/castration/ | archivedate = 2009-01-07 | = https://web.archive.org/web/20090107134347/http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/03/01/castration/ }}</ref> ==Utata juu ya idhini ya Depo-Provera nchini Marekani== Kulikuwa kwa muda mrefu, historia ya utata kuhusu idhini ya Depo-Provera na shirika tawala la Chakula na Dawa Marekani. Mtengenezaji asilia, Upjohn, aliandika mara kadhaa ili kupata idhini. Kamati ya ushauri ya FDA kwa umoja ilipendekeza kupitishwa katika 1973, 1975 na 1992, kama walivyofanya wafanyikazi wenye taaluma ya udaktari wa FDA, lakini FDA iliendelea kukataa kutoa kibali. Hatimaye, tarehe 29 Oktoba 1992,FDA ilipitisha Depo-Provera, ambayo ilikuwa kwisha tumiwa na wanawake zaidi ya milioni 30 tangu mwaka wa 1969 iliidhinishawa na ilikuwa natumiwa na karibu ya milioni 9 karibu katika nchi zaidi ya 90, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Ujerumani]], [[Uswisi]], [[Uthai]], [[New Zealand]] na [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leary, Warren E. |month=30 Oktoba, |year=1992 |title=U.S. Approves Injectable Drug As Birth Control |journal=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E0CE1DD123BF933A05753C1A964958260 |pmid=11646958 | pages=A.1}}</ref> Sehemu za utata zilijumuisha: * wanyama waliopimwa kwa kasinogeni Depo-Provera ilisababisha uvimbe wa saratani ya matiti katika mbwa. Wakosoaji wa utafiti huo walidai kuwa mbwa huhisi zaidi kwa progestoroni ya kuumbwa au bandia, na kwamba vipimo vilikuwa juu sana kwa kupewa kwa binadamu. FDA ilisema kuwa kila dutu zenye kasinogeni kwa binadamu ni zenye kasinogeni kwa wanyama pia, na kama kitu si chenye kasinogeni haijiandikisha kama kasinojeni kwa viwango vya juu. Viwango vya Depo-Provera ambayo vilisababishwa uvimbe vya mbaya kwenye sehemu za kunyonyesha katika mbwa vilikuwa sawa kufikia mara 25kiwango cha kawaida cha awamu ya luteali kiwango cha progesteroni kwa ajili ya mbwa. (Ambayo ni kiwango cha chini zaidi kuliko kiwango cha chunu cha mimba cha projesteroni kwa ajili ya mbwa, na ni aina maalum.)[http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/suppl7/progestins.html ]<br>Depo-Provera inasababishwa saratani ya endometriali katika nyani -2 ya tumbili 12 walifanyiwa majaribio,kisa cha kwanza cha kanza ya endometriali kilikuwa katika aina ya nyani inayojulkana kama nyani aina ya Rhesus<ref name="MM_Goodman1985">{{Rejea jarida | author=Amy Goodman | title=The Case Against Depo-Provera - Problems in the U.S | journal=Multinational Monitor | year=1985 | month=Februari/Machi | volume=Volume 6 | issue=Numbers 2 & 3 | url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/02/problems-us.html | archive-date=2006-10-03 | access-date=2010-11-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003000448/http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/02/problems-us.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, utafiti uliofuata umeonyesha kwamba katika binadamu, Depo-Provera kweli ''hupunguza'' hatari ya kansa ya endometriali kwa karibu 80%.<ref name="Kaunitz"></ref><ref name="BrJFP_Bigrigg1999"></ref><ref name="WHO DMPA EC"></ref><br>Akizungumza katika kulinganisha suala kuhusu masomo ya wanyama ya kasinogeni kwa madawa, mwanachama wa Ofisi ya FDA idara ya alitoa ushahidi katika shirika la Depo, "...data ya wanyama kuhusu dawa hii inatia wasiwasi mno kuliko dawa nyingine yoyote tunajua kupewa kwa watu wenye afya nzuri. " * Saratani ya seviksi katika uchunguzi wa Upjohn /na NCI. Saratani ya seviksi ikana kuongezeka zaidi juu kama 9- katika utafiti wa binadamu wa kwanza ilirekodiwa na mtengenezaji na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Saratani <ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Controversy over Depo-Provera | journal = Wash Drug Device Lett | volume = 9 | issue = 1 |pages=2 |year=1977 | pmid = 12335988}}</ref> Hata hivyo, tafiti mbalimbali kubwa iliyofuata umeonyesha kuwa matumizi ya Depo-Provera haingezi hatari ya kansa ya kizazi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Ye Z, Ray R |title=Cervical carcinoma in situ and use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1995-01_51_1/page/25 | journal = Contraception | volume = 51 | issue = 1 |pages=25–31 |year=1995 | pmid = 7750280 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(94)00007-J}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=The Who Collaborative Study Of Neop,|title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of invasive squamous cell cervical cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1992-04_45_4/page/299| journal = Contraception | volume = 45 | issue = 4 |pages=299–312 |year=1992 | pmid = 1387601 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(92)90052-U}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Ray R |title=Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of invasive adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_1995-11_52_5/page/307 | journal = Contraception | volume = 52 | issue = 5 |pages=307–12 |year=1995 | pmid = 8585888 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(95)00215-V}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Hoffman M, Kelly J, Cooper D, Carrara H, Denny L, du Toit G, Allan B, Stander I, Williamson A |title=Risk of invasive cancer of the cervix in relation to the use of injectable progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen/progestogen oral contraceptives (South Africa) | journal = Cancer Causes Control | volume = 14 | issue = 5 |pages=485–95 |year=2003 | pmid = 12946044 | doi = 10.1023/A:1024910808307}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaunitz A |title=Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and the risk of breast and gynecologic cancer | journal = J Reprod Med | volume = 41 | issue = 5 Suppl |pages=419–27 |year=1996 | pmid = 8725705}}</ref> * Kutumia nguvu na ukosefu wa kibali cha kutoa habari. Kupima matumizi / ya Depo yalishughulikiwa kwa wanawake pekee katika nchi zinazoendelea na wanawake maskini nchini Marekani,<ref name="albion">{{cite web|author=Karen Hawkins, Jeff Elliott|title=Seeking Approval|publisher=Albion Monitor|date=1996-05-05|accessdate=2006-11-20|url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121180041/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html|archivedate=2015-11-21|=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121180041/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html}}</ref> iliibua maswali makubwa juu ya kutumia nguvu na ukosefu wa kukubali habari, hasa kwa kwa wale ambao hawajui hawajui kusoma na kuandika<ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Sterilization of minors leads to controversy | journal = JOICFP Rev | volume = 2 | issue = 4 |pages=77–8 |year=1973 | pmid = 12257656}}</ref> na kwa wale wenye changamoto za kiakili, ambao waliripoti kuwa walipewa Depo kwa muda mrefu kwa sababu ya "usafi wa hedhi"", licha ya ukweli kwamba hawakuwa washiriki tendi katika ngono.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Egan T, Siegert R, Fairley N |title=Use of hormonal contraceptives in an institutional setting: reasons for use, consent and safety in women with psychiatric and intellectual disabilities | journal = N Z Med J | volume = 106 | issue = 961 |pages=338–41 |year=1993 | pmid = 8341476}}</ref> * Uchunguzi wa Atlanta / Grady. Upjohn alichunguza athari ya Depo kwa miaka kumi na moja huko Atlanta, hasa kwa wanawake wenye asili ya Kiafrika waliokuwa wakipata msaada wa umma, lakini hakuweka rekodi zozote za ufuatilizi zilizohitajika na FDA. hatimaye Wachunguzi ambao walitembelea eneo hilo walibainisha kuwa tafiti zikosa mpangilio. "Waligundua kwamba ukusanyaji wa data ulikuwa na dosari, fomu za kukubali na itifaki hazikuwepo vilevile isitoshe kwa vale wanawake ambao walikubali kuchunguzwa hawakuelezwa athari zinazoweza kutokea. Wanawake ambao hali zao aya zilionyesha kwamba matumizi ya Depo yangehatarisha afya zao walidungwa sindano hii. wanawake kadhaa katika uchunguzi huo walifariki, wengine kutokana na saratani lakini wengine kutokana na sababu zingine kama vile kujinyonga kutoka na unyogovu. Zaidi ya nusu ya wanawake elfu 13 katika uchunguzi hawkuweza kufuatiliwa kutokana na uwekaji rekodi dhaifu." Hivyo, hakuna data katika uchunguzi huu iliyoweza kutumika. * Tahakiki ya Shirika la Afya Duniani WHO. Katika mwaka wa 1992, shirika la WHO liliwasilisha tahakiki za Depo katika nchi nne zinazoendelea kwa FDA. Shirika la Kitaifa la Afya ya Wanawake pamoja na mashirika mengine ya wanwake yalitoa ushahidi katika mkutano huo kwamba Shirika la WHO halikuwa na uyakini, Kwani tayari lilikuwa limesambaza Depo-Provera katika nchi zinazoendelea. Depo ilipitishwa kwa matumizi Marekani sababu ikiwa ni kutokana na tahakiki ya Shirika la WHO ambalo liliwasilisha ushahidi wa awali kutoka nchi kama vile Thailandi, ushahidi ambayo FDA ilidhamiria kwamba haukutosheleza na haukuwa umepangangwa kwa ajili ya tathmini ya hatari kansa ya saa katika mkutano huo wa awali.Taasisi ya Alan Guttmacher inadhania kwamba kuidhinisha kwa Marekani kwa Depo kunaweza kuongeza kupatikana na kukubalika kwake katika nchini zinazoendelea.[http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/controlled/bc-depohearing.html |date=20151121180041 }}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh S |title=Adolescent knowledge and use of injectable contraceptives in developing countries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_1995-05_16_5/page/396 | journal = J Adolesc Health | volume = 16 | issue = 5 |pages=396–404 |year=1995 | pmid = 7662691 | doi = 10.1016/S1054-139X(94)00060-R}}</ref> ===Matokeo ya baadaye=== * Mnamo Mwaka wa 1995, makundi kadhaa ya afya ya wanawake yaliomba FDA kusimamisha kwa muda matumizi ya Depo-Provera, na kuanzisha fomu zilizosawazishwa za kuomba idhini ya uchunguzi. * Mmoja kwa vijana watano wenye asili ya Kiafrika wanaotumia njia za kupanga uzazi Marekani wanatumia Depo-Provera, kiwango cha juu cha matumizi kuliko vijana wenye asili ya kizungu. Mwanaharakati mmoja, Dorothy Roberts, anadai kuwa sababu ni kwamba vijana wenye asili ya Kiafrika wanalengwa kwa namna isiyo sawa kwa njia zisizo salama za kupanga uzazi. ==Mgogoro nje ya Marekani== * Katika mwaka wa 1994, wakati Depo iliidhinishwa huko India, Gazeti la India la Economic and Political Weekly liliripoti kwamba "FDA hatimaye iliidhinisha Depo Provera kutokana na wasiwasi wa idadi ya juu ya watu katika mataifa yanayoendelea na kutotaka kwa serikali za nchi zinazoendelea kutoa leseni kwa dawa ambayo haijakubalika katika nchi ilipotengenezewa." <ref>{{cite journal|title=Contraceptives. Case for public enquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/economic-political-weekly_1994-04-09_29_15/page/825|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1994|volume=29|issue=15|id=Popline database document number 096527|pages=825–6}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanasayansi na wa makundi ya wanawake huko India yanaendelea kupinga matumizi ya Depo-Provera. Mnamo mwaka wa 2002, Depo iliondolewa katika itifaki ya dawa za kupanga uzazi kule India. * Muungano wa Kanada kuhusu Depo-Provera, yaani muungano wa wataalamu wa afya ya wanawake na makundi ya utetezi, yalipinga kuidhinishwa kwa matumizi ya Depo-Provera nchini humo. Tangu kuidhinishwa kwa Depo nchini Kanada mwaka wa 1997, kesi ya dola milioni$700 ilipelekwa kortini dhidi PFIZER na watumiaji wa Depo ambao walanza kuwa na ugonjwa wa mifupa kuwa nyepesi na kuvunjika kwa urahisi osteoporosisi. PFIZER ilijibu kwamba alikuwa imetimiza matakwa yake kwa kufichua na kueleza athari za matumizi ya Depo-Provera na Jamii ya Wauguzi wa Canada. ==Marejeo == * {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.depoprovera.com Tovuti rasmi ya PFIZER ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.depoprovera.com/ |date=20120307131939 }} * [http://www.fhi.org/en/topics/injectables Utafiti juu ya njia za kupanga uzazi za kudungwa sindano] - Shirika la kimataifa la Afya ya Familia Family Health International kweli maelezo kuhusu kudungwa sindano ikiwemo Depo-Provera. [[Category:uzazi]] [[Category:Madawa]] 5ga45fi5ylwa12ihohiesrtmgciob8m 0 55690 1601159 1575657 2026-09-25T13:42:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hip-hop ya 'Tanzania''', japo huwekwa katika kundi la [[Bongo Flava]]. Hii inatokana na mchanganyiko au elementi za pop na midundo ya Kitanzania. Kumekuwa na midahalo kadha wa kadha juu ya Bongo Flava, ambayo imejiibua ikiwa kama miondoko ya pop, ya kwamba inastahili kutumia istilahi ya "hip hop" na si jina la kipekee ambalo halihusiani kabisa na elementi za hip hop,<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first= A.|title= X Plastaz & Bongo Flava: Tanzanian hip hop released internationally|url=http://www.africanhiphop.com/index.php?module=subjects&func=printpage&pageid=223&scope=all|website= africanhiphop.com}}</ref> huku ikiwa inaendelea kujijenga katika misingi tofauti kabisa na hrdcore rap au, kwa mfano, kundi la [[Hip-hop]] la [[X Plastaz]], ambao wao wanatumia muziki wa kimila ya Kimasai kuundia muziki na staili yao kwa ujumla.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava:+Swahili+Rap+from+Tanzania |title=Martin, Lydia. "Bongo Flava: Swahili Rap from Tanzania." afropop.org |accessdate=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217023910/http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava%3A+Swahili+Rap+From+Tanzania |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hip hop ya Tanzania ilianza katika miaka ya 1980 wakati huo vijana wa Kitanzania walikuwa na mapenzi ya juu na muziki wa hip hop wa Marekani. Hapo awali, walichukua biti za rap na hip hop za Kimarekani na kuimbia juu yake. Wakati vijana wakirap, polepole ikaanza kujitengeneza katika maudhui ya muziki wa asili ya Kitanzania kwa kuunda muziki wa aina yake yenyewe. Matokeo yake, ikaanza kuonesha shauku kutoka kwa vijana wengine kutoka katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref>Mueller, Gavin. "Bongoflava: The Primer." Stylus Magazine, 12 May 2005</ref> ==Staili ya muziki wa Bongo Flava== Bongo Flava ni muziki wenye wendo kasi na huimbwa kwa Kiswahili. Jina la “Bongo Flava” linatoka na jina la utani la Dar es Salaam. Ina maana ya kwamba unahitaji akili ili uweze kuishi katika jiji hilo. Ina husisha elementi mbalimbali ili kujenga muziki huu, hasa rap ya Kimarekani, R&B, hip hop, ikiwa na twisti kali la Kiswahili ndani yake. Kama jinsi ilivyo tamaduni za muziki wa hip hop wa Kimarekani nazo zimo vilevile katika mashairi ya hip hop ya Tanzania yenye kuhusu, [[UKIMWI]], umaskini na rushwa, au kuhusu maisha, mahusiano, fedha, wivu na mapenzi.<ref name=autogenerated5>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 230-54. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Pres</ref> Bongo Flava ni mseto wa [[Afrobeat]] na melodi za Kiarabu, dancehall na midundo ya hip-hop, na mashairi ya Kiswahili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/pop_playground/bongoflava-the-primer.htm|title=Bongoflava: The Primer - Pop Playground - Stylus Magazine|publisher=|accessdate=2026-05-20|archive-date=2011-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108044748/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/pop_playground/bongoflava-the-primer.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muziki huu ulianza kujengwa katika miaka ya 1980 wakati vijana wa Kitanzania walipoanza kuvutiwa kuimba muziki wa hip hop wa Marekani.Haraka wakaongeza ladha zao katika muziki huo na kutengeneza midundo yenye mahadhi ya kinyumbani, mizani, na hoja zake pia. Aina hii ya muziki imekuwa maarufu kwa haraka sana; umekuwa miongoni mwa muziki unaouza vizuri katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], na tayari ushapata mafaniko katika nchi za jirani kama vile [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]], na kusambaa maeneo mengine ya Afrika na duniani kwa ujumla. Mwaka wa 2004, studio ya Kijerumani [[Out Here Records]] ilitoa kompilesheni ya CD ya Bongo Flava iliyoitwa [[Swahili Rap from Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|title=Out - here records -|publisher=|accessdate=2026-05-20|archive-date=2008-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102015009/http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|url-status=dead}}</ref> CD hiyo yenye dakika 70 ambayo ndani yake kuna wasanii kama [[X Plastaz]], [[Juma Nature]], na [[Gangwe Mobb]] wamefurahia usambazaji huo wa kimataifa. Wakati hip hop ya Marekani inaingia Tanzania kwa mara ya kwanza, marapa wa ndani walichukua sampuli ya midundo ya rap ya Kimarenai, na kutia maneno ya Kiswahili katika neno la Kiingereza. Bongo Flava hiyo changa na kuiingiza hip hop kutoka Marekani awali ilikumbatiwa sana na watoto wa kishua ambao waliona kama fasheni kuiga miyenendo ya Kimarekani.<ref name="tzaffairs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.tzaffairs.org/?p=195|title=Tanzanian Affairs » BONGO FLAVA|publisher=}}</ref> Hili lilitazamiwa kama kuiga tamaduni na mitindo ya Kimarekani kwa wakati ule. Hasa walionekana kama wapenda Umarekani. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, wakati mtindo huu unakua kwa kasi, karibia kila rapa na wafokaji walianza kuvutiwa kuimba rap hizi kwa Kiswahili. Maamuzi hayo yalipelekea muziki huo kuvutiwa na vijana wa ndani sasa hasa kwa kufuatia lugha ya Kiswahili ndiyo lugha ya taifa na ndiyo lugha ya mazungumzo kwa kila raia wa Tanzania.<ref name=autogenerated1>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 230-54. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.</ref> Kwa kuongezea, midundo ilihama kutoka ile midundo yenye mahadhi ya Kimarekani na kuanza kutengeza mizani, sauti na midundo ya kinyumbani zaidi. <ref name="tzaffairs.org"/> Wasanii wa Tanzania walihakikisha wanarap kwa Kiingereza, lakini watadumisha Uswahili wao katika mashairi. Kuimba kwa Kiswahili, waliweza kutunga hip hop yenye muundo wa Kiswahili huku wakidumisha hali halisi ya hip hop ya Marekani.<ref>The Language of the Young People: Rap, Urban Culture and Protest in Tanzania. Journal of Asian and African studies [0021-9096] Casco yr:2006 vol:41 iss:3 pg:229</ref> Rap hii ya Kiswahili iliendelea kutumia fasihi na mila za Kiswahili kwa kuchezea maneno na mizani ili kujieleza. Hapo awali wasaniii wengi sana walijibidisha kutumia mawazo au fikra na tamaduni za Kiswahili katika nyimbo zao kuliko kuandaa upya pop na tamaduni za Rap za Kigansta za Kimarekani.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Uamuzi wa matumizi ya lugha umechukua nafasi nzuri katika kukuza na kukubalika kwa muziki wa Bongo Flava nchini. Ingawa kurap kwa Kiswahili kwa wasanii wengi wapya waliweza kuswahilisha hip hop ya Marekani hasa katika nyanja za kisiasa na kuihusisha na tamaduni za ndani katika Tanzania. Rapa wa Kitanzaniar Dolasoul (Ahmed Dola), ambaye alisoma nchini [[Nigeria]] na [[Uingereza]], alieleza ya kwamba muziki wa rap, hasa kwa Kiswahili, umemletea maana ya kuwawakilisha watu wake na kuongelea mabadiliko ambayo yanaweza kufanywa kwa ajili ya kesho iliyo-bora’"<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_24/ai_82803971/pg_5 | title=Language choice and hip hop in Tanzania and Malawi &#124; Popular Music and Society}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Pia ameeleza ya kwamba albamu zilitotayarishwa kwa Kiswahili na matumizi machache ya Kiingereza, inasaidia kufanya lugha yake kukubalika zaidi kimataifa. Matumizi ya lugha ya Kiswahili katika bongo flava hufikisha ujumbe na azimio kwa wasikilizaji wake, inatia hamasa ya kujivunia utaifa na tamaduni kwa ujumla. Dolasoul anasema ya kwamba matumizi ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza kiasi katika nyimbo zake, anajaribu “kuwaamsha watu wake.” Wakati huohuo, muziki wa Rap wa Kiswahili unajaribu kuwakilisha maudhui yaleyale ya rap za nje lakini katika mtindo wa Kitanzania zaidi. Katika harakati za kuchukua mifano ya marapa maarufu wa Marekani ili kutengeneza muziki wa ndani, hili limepelekea kuonekana Tanzania kama vile inagezea muziki wa nje na sehemu kubwa walionwa kama wahuni tu. Kweli kabisa hao wanaogezea rap ya kihuni ya Kimagharibi walichukuliwa kama magangsta uchwara.<ref name=Lemelle>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 240. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Pres</ref> Hivyo basi matumizi ya Kiswahili katika Rap ya Tanzania imesaidia kuazimisha maudhui ya tamaduni ya Kiafrika zaidi. Hoja zilizokuwa zinaimbwa sana ilikuwa suala la kuweka usawa kwa wanawake, ambapo kwa kipindi hiko ilikuwa imeshika hatamu kuliko yale mashairi makali. Pamoja na yote, mitindo ya kushangaza ambayo inaonekana kushika hatamu au hupendwa na vijana wengi wa Tanzania, kwa mfano uimbaji wa kundi la LWP Majitu, kulingana na [[Out Here Records]], LWP ni "moja kati ya makundi maarufu kwa mtindo wa mashairi ya kutisha"<ref>{{cite web|title=Bongo Flava|work=Out Here Records|date=15 November 2004|accessdate=6 March 2008|url=http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|archive-date=2008-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102015009/http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aidha katika maeneo maskini ya Tanzania au yale yenye maisha mazuri, ni vigumu sana wasaniii wa rap kuweza kudumisha mila na asili, si tu nchini hata huko ulimwenguni. ==Kuibuka kwa hip-hop nchini Tanzania== [[Picha:Samia X Cool Moe Cee Ibony na Kim.jpg|thumb|Kutoka kushoto: Samia X, Cool Moe Cee, Ibony Moalim na marehemu Kim.]] [[Utamaduni wa hip hop]] nchini [[Tanzania]] ulianza mwanzoni na katikati mwa miaka ya 1980 hasa ikiwa kama harakati changa. Wakati huo mapromota na wasanii walilazimika kurekodi na kunakili muziki studio kwa zamu huku wakitumia vifaa hafifu kabisa. Rap ya awali. Haijaanza katika maeneo ya watu wenye hali ya chini ya kimaisha jijini [[Dar es Salaam]], bali katika maenoe ambayo tayari yana athira ya muziki huo hasa mijini, ambapo vijana wengi walikuwa na fursa a u uwezo wa kupata vitu na nyimbo za dunia ya Kimagharibi kupitia marafiki, familia, na nafasi za kusafiri. Cha kushangaza, muziki wa rap ulikuwa unabamba zaidi kwa watu wa hali ya wastani. Hawa walikuwa vijana wenye elimu ya kawaida, wanaojua Kiingereza na uhusiano na watu wa nchi za nje ambao wangeliweza kuwatumia kanda au CD muziki kutoka kwao. Muziki wa hip hop umetoa chanzo kizuri kwa vijana wa Kitanzania kuelezea yale ya moyoni yanayoikumba jamii yao.<ref name=autogenerated7>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” From The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, 230-54. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press</ref> Wanafunzi hawa wa hip hop wamecheza nafasi kubwa katika uanzishwaji wa bongo flava, "hasa kwa kupitia ushiriki wa tamaduni mbalimbali za ndani ya nchi, malugha na bila kubaguana rangi na kuifanya hip hop ya nchini iwe ya kimataifa, hasa kwa kuunganisha lugha ya Wamarekani Weusi na kutia maneno ya Kiswahili na maneno ya mtaani ("Kihuni")".<ref>[http://www.today.ucla.edu/voices/h-samy-alim_hip-hop/ How hip-hop culture is changing the wor(l)d - UCLA Today Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Katika miaka ya 1990, hip hop ya Tanzania ilhama kutoka katika misingi ya kuimba kwa kujifurahisha na kwenda kuwa muziki unaokubalika kibiashara, hii ilipelekea upate kujulikana na vijana wengine wa hali ya chini. [[Picha:Conway-francis-and-his-girlfriend-johana-back-in-the-90s 36217637841 o.jpg|thumb|Conway Francis akiwa na mpenzi wake, Johanna huko Ilala katika miaka ya 1990. Conway alikuwa mwanachama wa kundi la "Three Power Crew" ambalo ndani yake alikuwa anakuja Fresh XE, Young Millionaire na Con mwenyewe. Con alikuwa machachari sana.]] Rap ya awali ya Tanzanian ilikuwa kwa Kiingereza tu, lakini wakati mtindo huu unakua baadhi ya marapa wakaanza kuandika mashairi yao kwa Kiswahilii. Shindano la kwanza la muziki wa rap nchini Tanzania lilianzishwa na marehemu Shaban Sato mnamo 1989/90 katika ukumbi wa Lang’ata. Kupitia mashindano haya, ndipo marehemu [[Kim and the Boyz]] (Abdulhakheem Magomero) na [[Ibony Moalim]] walipopata wazo la kuanzisha mashindano makubwa ya rap maarufu kama [[Yo Rap Bonanza]] katika ukumbi uleule wa Lang’ata Kinondoni..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanhiphop.com/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=157|title=Africanhiphop.com - the foundation of African hip hop online|publisher=}}</ref> Emsii usiku huo alikuwa DJ Junior Challenger almaarufu Amani Misana (Mzee wa Pillow Talk). Usiku wa shindano uliambatana na kudansi (wakati huo waliita B Boying) akina Othman Digadiga, Sammy Cool na Bob Rich, Mzee Bachu, Ommy Sidney, Black Moses, Maganga, Hafidh, Ali Baucha wengine wengi walionesha uwezo mkali wa "Break Dancing". Kwa upande Ma-emsii walikuwa wengi sana ikiwa ni pamoja na Coneway Francis (wakati huo alionekana kuwa tishio katika rap na alivutia wengi kuingia katika shindano). Inasemekana Conway alikuwa na suati zito ambalo lililkuwa kivutio wakati huo na aliimba na dada mmoja aliyefahamika kama Janeth (Janet Jackson). Ma-emsii wengine ni pamoja na DJ Young Milionea, DJ.Danny Star, Mukama Muganda GTRM, KG 40 (Kelvin Ndunguru) na kundi lao la the Raports akiwa na wakina G Pupple(George Kusila) [[KBC]] (Kibacha) na Makili, Chief Rymson na kundi zima la Villian Gangster (baadaye ikaungana na kundi lingine la rap na kuunda [[Kwanza Unit]]), [[Eddy Cox]], [[Dika Sharp]], Fanani (Trigga F) na Ibony Moalim (ambaye wakati huu alikuwa ana floo na kurap), na wengine wengi. Katika usiku huu, Coneway Francis alitisha kupita maelezo. DJ Danny Star (aliiimba Summer Holiday Rap) KG 40 na [[Fresh XE]] ambaye kwa nyimbo hiyo hiyo ya “Piga Makofi Tafadhali ndiye aliyeibuka mshindi wa taji la Rap. Kwa bahati mbaya kukatokea vurugu, hasa kutoka kwa vijana wa Illaa na watu wengine wanaompenda Coneway Francis wakafanya fujo na kudai kuwa ushindi uende kwa Coneway hata hivyo matokeo hayakuweza kubadilishwa. Shindano la pili la Yo! Rap Bonanza, ambalo lilifanyika katika ghorofa ya saba katika hoteli ya New Africa. Safari hii, makundi ya rap yaliongezeka mno kupita wale wa kwanza. Hii sasa ilivutia hata watu kutoka nje ya Dar es Salaam, na ndiyo ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kwa Saleh Jabry kushiriki katika mashindano ya Yo Raps. Upande wa majaji alikuwepo Ibony Moalim - kama Chief Jaji, DJ Saydow, Mark (Mzungu wa Holiday Hotel),na Slim (Check Bob Maarifa). Upande wa wasanii walioshiriki ni pamoja na Kool Moe Cee, Kool X, MGM, Tough Jam, Big Money, DJ Edy Cox, Nigga One (Adili Kumbuka) na kundi zima la Raiders Posse, Chief Rymsom, Lady Tassy, Killa B, Easy B na kundi lao la the Bad Mother's, KG 40 (Kelvin Ndunguru), KBC (Kibacha), Saleh Jabry, [[P Funk]] na kundi lake la [[No Name]], Mukamuganda GTRM, Mahadia Kumbuka. Upande muongozaji wa tamasha alikuwa DJ. Rusual na lugha iliyotumika ilikuwa Kiingereza. Rusual (wa Jetset Discotheque - Msasani Beach) ndiye aliyendeshsha shindano, aliweza kurap kidogo kwa Kiswahili na hata alitia na [[Kidigo]] kuboresha na watu walipenda sana. Wakati shindano linaendelea, mmoja kati ya majaji usiku huu uzalendo ulimshinda na kuanza kuingia stejini na kuanza kuruka majoka wakati zamu ya Saleh Jabry (jaji mwenyewe alikuwa Slim - Check Bob Maarifa). Alifanya hivyo kila alipokuwa anaingia Saleh Jabry. Suala hili lilipelekea shindano hilo kusimama kwa muda hadi hapo walipopatana na majaji wenzie asifanye hivyo. Zogo lilikuwa kubwa, lakini hatimaye waliyamaliza kikubwa. Mtindo aliokuwa nao Saleh Jabry ni ule wa kuchanganya maneno ya msimu ya Kiingereza na Kiswahili kidogo. Inasemekana katika usiku huo, ni watu wawili tu ndio waliongea Kiswahili, DJ Rusual na Saleh Jabry tu, lakini wengine wote walikuwa wanamwaga Kiingereza tu (hii ikiwa kama mwigo wa mtindo halisi wa rap ya Kimarekani). Hata matusi aliyokuwa anatukanwa Slim yalikuwa kwa maneno ya msimu ya Kiingereza cha Kimarekani. Pamoja na kushiriki wasanii wengi na mazogo ya hapa na pale, mshindi wa usiku huo akawa Saleh Jabry. Tamasha/shindano hili la Yo Raps ! Bonanza ilifanyika Mara sita. Tamasha hili lilileta hamasa kwa watu wengi baadaye. Miongoni mwao akina Issa Michuzi waliokuwa tayari kutoa taarifia hizi katika magazeti nchini. Akina DJ Jummane (Mzungu Mholanzi maarufu DJ J4 au [[Jumanne Thomas]]). DJ huyu ambaye baadaye kaja kuwa kama mwanaharakati halisi wa muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania. Kaenda mbali zaidi kwa kuwa kama meneja wa kundi zima la [[Xplastaz]] na mwaka wa 1997 akaanzisha wavuti ya Rhumba Kali (baadaye na hadi sasa inaitwa “African Hip Hop.com). DJ J4 ana nafasi kubwa katika muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania, kwanza akiwa kama mshabiki nambari moja kutoka nchi za nje, na mtunza kumbukumbu mkuu wa muziki huu wa hip hop ya TZ.<ref>[http://forum.africanhiphop.com/profile/ibony :: Historia fupi kuhusu muziki wa kizazi kipya wa Tanzania - African Hip-Hop Forum]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hakuna siri ni kweli kwamba, muziki wa Wamarekani Weusi ndio hasa ulioleta athira ya kurap kwa vijana wa [[Tanzania]], hasa ule muziki wa soul na [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], lakini kutokana na muundo wa serikali ya kisoshalisti kwa kipindi hicho, muziki wa nje ulipigwa marufuku nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kwa mfano kundi la hip hop la wakati huo Tanzania liliitwa Berry White, liliiga vilevile muziki wa Marekani na kwenda miyenendo ya upigaji uleule wa kama [[Barry White]] mwenyewe wa mamtoni. Isitoshe, kabla ya serikali ya kisoshalisti kuzuia muziki wa nje usiingie nchini Tanzania, dhahiri hip hop ya Tanzania ilikuwa ishaathiriwa na muziki wa majuu, hasa ule wa Wamarekani Weusi.<ref>[http://www.swahiliremix.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=942&Itemid=39 SwahiliRemix.com :: Tanzania Urban Culture Online - Mp3 Player<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Hili nalo lilikianza fursa kwa vijana wa Tanzanian kujua hip-hop, na hata hao wasanii wa awali aidha walijifunza kwa kusikia kupitia nchi za nje au wapate mawasiliano kutoka ughaibuni.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullopagewanted=print | title=African Hip Hop in Tanzania- Highlights of a Conversation with Alex Perullo | accessdate=2008-03-05 | archive-date=2008-05-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511075452/http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullopagewanted=print | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa baadhi ya waghani vijana kama Dolasoul, au Balozi, (Ahmed Dola), "walifanya rap kwa kujifurahisha tu, pesa haijahusika." Muziki wa rap ulikuwa sehemu ya burudani ya kupotezea muda uende kwa watoto wa kishua, hii ni tofauti kabisa kwa wasanii wa awali wa Marekani na Afrika Kusini. Elimu walitumia kama msingi wao wa kujipatia mafanikio katika jamii na hao waghani wa awali walighani (rap) kwa kutumia mashairi ya nyimbo za Wamarekani Weusi.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Kibao kilianza kubadilika mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 wakati wa kuvunja sera ya ujamaa, suala hili lilitoa fursa kwa ngoma za hip-hop kuweza kusikilizwa hata na wale watu wa hali ya chini na kuongeza mzunguko, na hapa ikakubalika na wasanii wa ndani na wapenzi wakapatikana na rekodi zikaanza kufanywa, unakili na usambazaji wa hip-hop.<ref>{{cite web| author=Alex Perullo| url=http://www.kwetuentertainment.com/state/state.htm| title=Bongo Flava| accessdate=2008-03-05| archive-date=2008-02-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064029/http://www.kwetuentertainment.com/state/state.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Afrika katika kuchukua aina hii ya muziki, katika historia ya muziki wa hip hop Tanzania, haijapato kutokea msanii wa kiume wa hip hop kupata kuchaguliwa katika tuzo za muziki za Kora Afrika hadi hadi mwaka 2005 msanii [[Ambwene Yesaya]] aka AY alipotajwa katika moja ya kategoria katika tuzo hizo ya Msanii Bora wa Afrika Mashariki na Kati kwa mwaka wa 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kongoi.com/artists/bongoflava-yesaya-ambwene-aka-ay.html|title=kongoi.com|publisher=}}</ref> Kwa tuzo hizi inaonesha kiasi gani muziki huu umesogoea ndani ya muda mfupi. Kwa sasa, hip-hop si muziki wa watu wenye uwezo tu, bali pia umekuwa kama chombo muhimu cha kupazia sauti hata za wale wanyonge. Kwa kutumia hip hop, wenye hali duni wanaweza kuelezea hisia zao kuhusu yale yanayoendelea nchini. Vilevile ilitumika kama njia ya kutia hamasa vijana waweze kujiongezea kipato. Katika hali yoyote ile, wale wenye hali duni hutumia hip hop kuelezea hisia zao na wakati huohuo wanaitumia kama chanzo cha kujikwamua kiuchumi. Kwa mujibu wa mwanahabari Henry Bukuru (a.k.a. Cxteno Allstar), [[mzuki wa rap]] ulikuwa hasa ndiyo uliyoleta athira ya utamaduni wa hip hop nchini Tanzania. Mponjika aliwahi kuelezea elementi nne za utamaduni wa nchini Tanzania: [[Mabreka|break dancing]] (b-boying), [[Machata|graffiti]], [[U-DJ|DJing]], na [[Kurap|rapping]]. Mashindano ya UDJ yameleta kuzaliwa kwa hip hop, hasa huko [[Zanzibar]], ambapo kulikuwa na televisheni inarusha mashindano haya yaliyokuwa yakifanyika katika viwanja visivyo rasmi kwa ajili ya mashindano hayo (mahafali ya shuleni, pikiniki, majumba ya sherehe).<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastafricantube.com/|title=EastAfricanTube - East African Social Networking & Major Gateway in Media Sharing|publisher=|accessdate=2026-05-20|archive-date=2008-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302104413/http://www.eastafricantube.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Miongoni mwa wasanii waliosukuma muziki wa hip hop nchini Tanzania ni Mr. II. Mr. II huweka katika kundi la wasanii wanojitegemea, lakini kuna wakati muziki ulikuwa unatamba kikanda na makundi mawili yalishika chati kupita maelezo. Makundi ni pamoja na "TMK" na "East Coast". Wasanii wanaotokea TMK ni pamoja na [[Juma Nature]] au [[Gangwe Mobb]].<ref>Bongo Flava (Still) Hidden „Underground”1 Rap from Morogoro Tanazania, Birgit Englert. URL:www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/Nr5_Englert.pdf</ref> Kwa upande wa kina "East Coast" ni wale waghani ambao hujiweka katika daraja la juu na hutokea huko Upanga, wachanaji hawa hurap kuhusu maisha na starehe za maisha, hasa muziki wa kibiashara tu. Wakati wasanii kutoka TMK mfano akina Juma Nature wanarap kuhusu mambo ya nchi na mshikamano. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava:+Swahili+Rap+from+Tanzania |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217023910/http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava%3A+Swahili+Rap+From+Tanzania |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullo|title=Interview with Alex Perullo, by Banning Eyre and Sean Barlow - African Hip Hop in Tanzania – Highlights of a Conversation with Alex Perullo|year=2005|accessdate=March 5, 2008|archive-date=2008-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403001733/http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullo|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasanii wa awali wa rap ya Tanzania == [[Picha:Adili Kumbuka (Nigga One).jpg|thumb|Adili Kumbuka, lakabu Nigga One. Alikuwa mchanaji maarufu sana kwa watoto Ilala. Katika shindao la Yo Rap Bonanza la mwaka 1992, Nigga One alichukua nafasi ya pili, na ya kwanza ikaenda kwa Saleh Jabri. Kundi lake lilikuwa Raiders Posse kabla kuundwa KU Crew. Alikuwemo KBC, D-Rob, Eddy Cox, James Paul Wamba na wengine wengi.]] Sehemu kubwa ya hip hop ya Tanzania ilianza na watu ambao siku hizi hawatajwi kabisa au mchango wao unaonekana hafifu. Baadhi ya wasanii walioanzisha hasa gurudumu la muziki wa hip ho ya Tanzania. {{quote|Kifupi, hip hop ya Tanzania, sehemu kubwa ya wasanii walianza kwenye miaka ya 1985 hadi 1987. Zama hizi kulikuwa na mashindano ya kurap katika maeneo mbalimbali hasa majumba ya starehe na masheleni. Ukikutana na mtu anayeweza kuchana kwa Kiingereza lazima ushindane nae mtu kwa mtu hadi kieleweke. Wakati Saleh Jabri alivyojitafsiria wimbo wa Ice Ice na kurekodi mwishoni mwa mwaka 1991, wimbo haukupendwa sana na marapa wa Tanzania bara kwa sababu wakati huo watu kitambo walishaanza kuchana katika kumbi mbalimbali jijini Dar kama vile Twiga, New Chox, Coco Beach na nyingine kibao tangu 1987. Pamoja na yote, bado hakukuwa na rekodi rasmi zilizotolewa. Kwa vile walifanya kwa kujifurahisha, watu walikuwa wanakutana chini ya uangalizi wa Bonny Luv, na makundi yakaanza kuundwa kwa kasi ya ajabu kuanzia mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1993. Hata rekodi za awali ilianza tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, lakini sehemu kubwa ya nyimbo hizo ilikuwa kwa Kiingereza japokuwa kulikuwa na baadhi ya wasanii waliokuwa wanakinukisha kwa Kiswahili japo si sana. Kwa kipindi kile ilikuwa aidha uende kwa watayarishaji huko Masaki au studio za Clouds na rap ilikuwa inakua kwa kasi. Nilipewa upendeleo wa kipekee kwa kudondosha wimbo wa "Oya Msela"' na Clouds Ent 1991 lakini sikuwa wa kwanza kuimba kwa Kiswahili, kulikuwa na wajuvi zaidi yangu kabla ya mimi. Lakini umaarufu wa wimbo ulishika hatamu na kupigwa sana kwenye vyombo mbalimbali vya habari kama vile ITV ulitazamiwa kama wimbo wa kwanza wa rap wa video kurushwa katika runinga hiyo. Kwa hakika ilimaliza nyimbo za rap ya Kiingereza kwa sababu tangu hapo wengi walitamani nao kuimba kwa Kiswahili. Baada ya kibao hiki, nilipata simu kutoka kwa Mr II lakabu Sugu akisema, ahsante kwa kufunifungua macho. Huko nyuma kulikuwa na mgomvi mengi yasomana lakini tuliyamaliza vyema kabisa. Sipendi kuyaelezea sana kwa sababu pale uvutio unapokutana na sanaa, ubunifu huwa kileleni. Salaam kwa wale wote walioshika maiki miaka ya nyuma hata kama ilikuwa japo kwa dakika tatu.|[[Sindila Assey]] mnamo 8 Mei, 2017}} * Fresh X E - jina halisi ni Edward Mtui na ndiye hasa mwanzilishi wa kurap kwa Kiswahili katika miaka ya 1980 na alikuwa akiimba wimbo wake kwa kiitikio cha "Piga Makofi" ambao aliubadilisha wa [[Run-D.M.C.]] Clap Your Hands, lakini hajaurekodi. Kwa kuenzi uwepo wa Fresh na mchango wake katika tasnia, [[Professor Jay]] akatengeneza wimbo wa [[Piga Makofi]] kwa kutumia kiitikio kilekile cha Fresh kisha kutaja hazina kubwa ya wasaniii walioanzisha hip hop ya Tanzania. * Young Millionaire * Conway Francis * [[Mawingu Band]] lakabu the Clouds - ilikuwa bendi iliyotamba na wimbo wa "Oya Msela" wimbo ambao unatoka katika albamu yao ya mwaka wa 1994, Msela. * [[Cool James]] lakabu Mtoto wa Dandu * Adili Kumbuka lakabu Nigga One - alikuwa mmoja kati ya wasanii mahairi sana katika rap ya Tanzania. Vilevile alishiriki vilivyo katika kuanzishwa kwa Kwanza Unit mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 bahati mbaya hakuona matunda yake kwani alikuja kufa katika ajali ya gari mnamo mwaka wa 1993. Kulingana na duru, Nigga One inasemakana alikuwa hatari sana kwa kufoka. Wasanii wengi walimhofia kupambana nae katika mashindano ya rap. Sindila anamwelezea Nigga One {{Quote|To be honest, a lot of icons where with Kwanza Unit, One, Ramzy, KBC, Easy B just to name a few. One aka Adili was the most stubborn influence behind every stage. He never shy away from an empty instrumental. He will annoy any DJ to get the piece of his lyrics out anytime anywhere. A very humble dude he was. He would always share a stage with his crew (KU) and anyone who's willing to try him. That's the interview you would have loved to have. I instantly became a friend when KBC introduced me to all (KU)one afternoon day at Twiga when DJ Bonny Luv asked of me. I was nervous, KBC was telling them I can do Treach all day... my gf was there too. In front of KU I did prove myself. Adili was jumping up n down. We then set for a New Chox cinema show. 'One' was unique on the microphone. He flowed like The late Guru and would get on any track.|Sindilla Assey}} * [[Kwanza Unit]] - miongoni mwa makundi ya kwanza kabisa katika hip hop ya Tanzania. Kiufupi, KU ndiyo kundi la kwanza kuundwa katika tasinia nzima ya muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania. Kuundwa kwa kundi ni juhudi kubwa na za dhati kutoka kwa [[Zavara Mponjika]] na hayati Nigga One. Kabla ya muungano, kulikuwa na mabifu kibao yasomana na ilibidi waungane li kuondoa mabifu na kukuza muziki kwenda kiwango kingine. Kuungana kwao, kulifanikisha mambo mengi kama wasanii waasisi wa rap ya Tanzania. * [[Hard Blasters]] - kundi ambalo hutazamiwa kuleta mabadiliko katika muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania * Da Young Mob - kundi ambalo [[II Proud]] alipanda nalo katika kinyang'anyiro cha Yo Rap Bonanza, 1993 * [[Deplowmatz]] - Wakati wanaanza harakati ilibidi kwanza wamuone Sindilla kwa ushauri zaidi. Muda mfupi baadaye wakarekodi nyimbo zao mbili za kwanza "Turuke kwa Furaha" na "Word is Born". * Wagumu Weusi Asilia lakabu W.W.A * Black Houndz * Bantu Pound * Niggaz with Power (NWP) * Full Soldiers  * Rough Niggaz  * Kibo Flava * The Mac Mooger * Mabaga Fresh * KNT Squad  * Ras Pompidue * [[Saleh Jabir]] - msanii wa kwanza wa hip hop ya Tanzania kurekodi na kusambaza kazi zake. Japo mwenyewe hakuonesha kutaka kusambaza kazi zile bali alikuta tayari mzigo uko sokoni na baadaye kukamia ili apate chochote kitu. Inaaminika ndiye hasa aliyeanzisha kurap kwa Kiswahili, hasa kwa kufuatia shindano la Yo Rap Bonanza la mwaka 1992 na kuibuka mshindi. Saleh Jabri hutazamika kama ndiye chachu aliyesabisha wasanii wengine wa muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania kuuanza kuimba kwa Kiswahili. Kabla ya Saleh J kushiriki kwenye tamasha la Yo Rap Bonanza, lugha kuu ilikuwa Kiingereza, lakini Saleh alitumia Kiswahili katika tungo zake. Hasa alifanya kunakili nyimbo za Kimarekani, kama vile Ice Ice Baby ya Vanilla Ice na kuimba kwa Kiswahili. * Sos B * Niggaz 2 Public * [[Xplastaz]]  * [[Underground Souls]] * [[Ugly Faces]] - Hawa walikuwa wasela waliotambushwa wa Sindila Assey wa Mawingu Band na walifanya balaa zito kaktika mazoezi yao. Ndani yake anakuna Mac D, DJ Rich Maka na Eazy Daz. Kwa pamoja wakafanya ngoma moja na Bonny Luv iliyokwenda kwa jina la "[[Wapambe Nuksi]]" mnamo mwaka 1997. * [[Big Dogg Pose]] * [[GWM]] * [[L.W.P]] * Afro Reign  * Pyscho Tak  * [[2Proud]]  * No name - kundi ambalo [[P Funk]] alikuwa mwanachama wao na Mchizi Karabani. * King Crazy GK * [[Gangwe Mobb]] * Hashim Dogo * Bugsy Malone * Kool X * Cool Moe Cee  * Big Money * 4 Krewz Flava - miaka ya 1990 walihesabiwa kama akina Boyz II Men ya Tanzania. Lilikuwa kundi la mwanzo kabisa nchini Tanzania kuimba muziki wa R&B. * Unique Sisters * E Attack <nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Juma Nature]]  * Hardcore Unit * Imeditation Kingdom * Fun with Sense  * Solo thang  * Mack Malik aka Mac 2 B Wasanii hao walishiriki vilivyo katika kuunda muziki wa hip hop nchini Tanzania ==Marejeo== {{reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/2005/11/aidsmusic/recordings_aidsmusic2.shtml Extra Listening for Tanzanian Hip Hop and AIDS awareness.] * '''Three African musical responses to AIDS''', [http://www.uuworld.org/life/articles/4481.shtml Recordings from Africa show the range of musical responses to the pandemic.] {{Hiphop}} [[Jamii:Makundi ya Hip Hop ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Tanzania]] rhr4stnn0swo4epo7cnpov1nifagcim 0 55724 1601445 1578225 2026-09-25T19:06:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = Alopecia | Image = Bald head.jpg | Caption = Mwanamume anayezidi kupatwa na upara | DiseasesDB = 14765 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|65|9}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|704.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D000505 }} '''Upara''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''baldness'') ni hali ya kutokuwa na [[unywele|nywele]] au ukosefu wa nywele mahali ambapo mara nyingi hukua, hasa [[Kichwa|kichwani]]. Aina ya upara ya kawaida zaidi ni upungufu wa nywele unaowatokea hatua kwa hatua [[binadamu]] [[wanaume]] na [[Viumbehai|viumbehai]] wengine na ambayo huitwa "mkondo wa upara wa kiume". Kiasi na mikondo ya upara vinaweza kutofautiana sana, baina ya mikondo ya kiume na ya kike ya alopeshia (androgenic alopecia au alopecia androgenetica), alopecia areata, ambayo huhusisha upotevu wa baadhi ya nywele kichwani na alopecia totalis, ambayo huhusisha upotevu wa nywele zote kichwani, hadi aina iliyokithiri zaidi ambayo ni universalis alopecia, inayohusisha kupoteza nywele zote kichwani na mwilini. == Asili ya jina la kimataifa == [[Istilahi]] ''alopeshia'' hutokana na [[neno]] la [[Kigiriki]] αλώπηξ, ''alópex'', inayomaanisha [[mbweha]]. Asili ya matumizi hayo ni kuwa [[mnyama]] huyu huvua [[unyoya|manyoya]] yake mara mbili kwa [[mwaka]]. ==Dalili== Ishara ya upara ni ukosefu wa nywele juu ya kichwa cha mtu. <gallery> File:Back of man's head.jpg|Mgongo wa mwanamume aliye na mkondo wa upara wa kiume File:Craigventer2.jpg|J. Craig Venter, ambaye mlolongo wake kamili wa [[DNA]] umechapishwa, kuonyesha mkondo wa upara wa kiume File:David Suchet.jpg|[[Mwigizaji]] wa [[Uingereza]] [[David Suchet]] ana upara mkubwa File:Michael Jordan.jpg|Baadhi ya watu walio na upara wa visehemu huamua kunyoa nywele zote </gallery> == Sababu == '''Matukio''' ya '''upara wa kiolezo''' hutofautiana miongoni mwa idadi kubwa ya watu kwa misingi ya [[maumbile]] ya [[jeni]]; sababu za [[mazingira|kimazingira]] hazionekani kuathiri sana aina hii ya upara. [[Utafiti]] mmoja mkubwa uliofanywa katika Maryborough, [[Victoria]], [[Australia]] ulionyesha kuwa kiwango cha ya upotezaji nywele za mbeleni mwa kichwa-katikati hulingana na ongezeko la [[umri]] na huathiri 73.5% ya wanaume na 57% ya [[wanawake]] wenye umri wa miaka 80 na zaidi. Kwa mujibu wa [[tovuti]] ya Medem Medical Library, upara wa kiume huathiri takribani wanaume [[milioni]] 4 nchini [[Marekani]]. Takriban [[asilimia]] 25 ya wanaume huanza kupata upara tokea umri wa miaka 20, [[theluthi]] mbili huanza kupata upara kuanzia miaka 60. Uwezekano wa kupata jeni ya upara ni 4 kwa 7. Mkondo wa wanaume hudhihirisha upungufu wa nywele kutoka pande za [[paji la kichwa]] unaojulikana kama "upeo wa nywele unaopungua". Upungufu wa upeo wa nywele huonekana katika wanaume waliozidi miaka 20 lakini unaweza kuonekana mapema, mwishoni mwa umri wa [[ujana]] pia. Sehemu ndogo ya upara inaweza kujitokeza sehemu ya juu (vertex). Sababu za aina hii ya upara (uitwao ''androjenetic alopecia)'' ni [[DHT]], [[homoni]] yenye msukumo wa nguvu za [[ngono]], ukuaji wa nywele za mwilini na usoni, ambayo huweza kuathiri vibaya [[tezi kibofu]] pamoja na nywele za kichwani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rebora A |title=Pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2004-05_50_5/page/777 |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=777–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15097964 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2003.11.073}}</ref> Bado haijafahamika kikamilifu namna ambayo DHT hutekeleza jambo hili. Kwenye [[ngozi]] za vichwa zinazoathirika na jeni hii, DHT huzua mchakato wa ukondefu wa nywele. Kupitia mchakato wa ukondefu wa nywele, [[upana]] wa [[mzizi]] wa nywele huendelea kupungua kitaratibu hadi nywele kwenye ngozi ya kichwa kufanana na [[unyoya|manyoya]] hafifu au "sufi za pichi" au hata kutoweka kabisa. Mwanzo wa kupoteza nywele wakati mwingine huanza mapema mwishoni mwa [[ubalehe]] na hasa husababishwa na jeni. Upara wa mkondo wa kiume huainishwa katika kipimo cha Hamilton Norwood I-VII. Iliaminika awali kuwa upara ulirithiwa kutoka kwa [[babu]] wa [[ukoo]] wa [[mama]]. Ingawa pana misingi ya imani hii, [[wazazi]] wote huchangia uwezekano wa [[vizalia]] wao kupoteza nywele. Pana uwezekano mkubwa zaidi wa kurithi upara iwapo mchanganyiko wa jeni zinazosheheni kwa nguvu kutoka wazazi wote zina hali hiyo. Kuna aina nyingine nyingi za upara: * Alopeshia ya mvuto hupatikana kwa kawaida kwa watu wenye nywele ndefu zifungwazo kwa nyuma au mistari ambao huvuta nywele zao kwa nguvu nyingi. * Trikotilomania ni upoteaji wa nywele unaosababishwa na uvutaji au ukunjaji shurutishi wa nywele. Hutokea zaidi kwa [[watoto]] kuliko [[watu wazima]]. Katika hali hii, nywele hazitoweki kichwani, bali hukatika. Nywele zinapokatika karibu na ngozi ya kichwa husababisha nywele fupi zenye umbo la "[[alama ya mshangao]]." * [[Kiwewe]] kama vile cha [[kemotherapia]], kujifungua, [[upasuaji]] mkubwa, [[sumu]] na mfadhaiko kali kinaweza kusababisha upotevu wa nywele unaojulikana kama effluviamu ya telojeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nnoruka E, Nnoruka N |title=Hair loss: is there a relationship with hair care practices in Nigeria? |journal=Int J Dermatol |volume=44 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=13–7 |year=2005 |month= Oktoba|pmid=16187950 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02801.x}}</ref> Mzizi wa nywele katika awamu ya kukua huathirika na kemotherapia wakati [[matibabu]] hayo hulenga kutenganisha [[seli]] za [[saratani]]. Kwa hiyo, karibu asilimia 90 ya nywele hudondoka punde tu baada ya kemotherapia kuanza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhairloss.org/women_hair_loss/causes_of_hair_loss.asp|title=Anagen Effluvium|date=|accessdate=2010-06-29|archive-date=2010-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616025307/http://americanhairloss.org/women_hair_loss/causes_of_hair_loss.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Kupoteza nywele kunakotia shaka aghalabu hufuatia kujifungua pasipo kusababisha athari upara halisi. Katika hali hii, nywele kwa hakika hunawiri wakati wa [[mimba]] kutokana na ongezeko la [[estrojeni]] mwilini. Baada ya mtoto kuzaliwa, viwango vya estrojeni hushuka hadi viwango vya kawaida vya kabla-ya-mimba, nayo mizizi ya ziada ya nywele hudondoka. Hali kama hiyo hutokea kwa wanawake wanaotumia [[dawa]] ya kuchochea ushikaji-mimba ya clomiphene. * Upungufu wa [[chuma]] ni sababu ya kawaida ya ukondefu wa nywele, ingawa upara halisi si kawaida kuonekana. * [[Mnururisho]] unaoangazwa ngozini mwa kichwa, kama wakati wa [[rediotherapia]], hutumika kwa minajili ya kutibu baadhi ya saratani humo, nao huweza kusababisha upara katika maeneo yaliyoathirika. * Baadhi ya [[maambukizi]] [[Kuvu|ya maikoti]] yanaweza kusababisha upotevu mkubwa wa nywele.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pappas P, Kauffman C, Perfect J, Johnson P, McKinsey D, Bamberger D, Hamill R, Sharkey P, Chapman S, Sobel J | title = Alopecia associated with fluconazole therapy. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1995-09-01_123_5/page/354 | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 123 | issue = 5 | pages = 354–7 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7625624}}</ref> * Alopeshia areata ni mvurugiko wa [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ambao pia hujulikana kama "upara wa doa" na ambao unaweza kusababisha kupotea kwa nywele kuanzia eneo moja tu ''(Alopecia areata monolocularis)'' hadi katika mwili mzima ''(Alopecia areata univesalis).'' * Upotevu wa nywele wa eneo moja au uliotawanyika huweza pia kutokea katika alopeshia sikatrishia (lupus erithematosu, licheni plano pilari, folliculitis dekalvansi, sentrifugi sikatrishia alopeshia ya kati, alopeshia fibrosi ya mbele baada ya kukoma uzazi, nk). Uvimbe na michipuko ngozini pia husababisha upara wa eneo moja (neva ya sebashia, seli ya msingi ya kasinoma, seli ya juu ya karsinoma). * [[Hipothairoidi]] inaweza kusababisha kupotea kwa nywele za mbele kwa kawaida, na huhushwa hasa na ukondefu wa thuluthi ya nje ya [[kope]] za [[macho]] ([[kaswende]] pia inaweza kusababisha upotevu wa thuluthi ya nje ya kope za macho) * [[Hipathairoidi]] pia inaweza kusababisha kupotea kwa nywele, ambayo kwa njia sawa na siyo tu mbele. * Kupoteza nywele kwa muda kunaweza kutokea katika maeneo ambapo uvimbe wa ngozi umekuwepo kwa muda; kwa kawaida tokea [[muda]] wa [[wiki]] moja hadi wiki kadhaa. * Alopeshia ya pembetatu ya muda mrefu - Upotevu wa nywele ulio na [[umbo]] la [[pembetatu]] au [[duaradufu]] kwa baadhi ya nyakati, katika eneo la kandokando ya kichwa ambayo hutokea hasa kwa watoto wadogo. Eneo lililoathirika hasa huwa na mizizi kondefu ya nywele au mizizi hiyo hutoweka kabisa, lakini halipanuki. Sababu zake hazijulikani na ingawa ni hali ya kudumu, haina madhara mengine yoyote kwa walioathirika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keratin.com/af/af005.shtml|title=Congenital triangular alopecia|date=|accessdate=2010-06-29|archivedate=2011-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713144349/http://www.keratin.com/af/af005.shtml}}</ref> === Nadharia tete za mageuko ya kimaumbile === Hakuna makubaliano kuhusu maelezo ya mageuzi ya mkondo wa upara wa kiume. Madai ya kwamba mkondo wa upara wa kiume (MPB) hunuiwa kuwasilisha [[ujumbe]] wa kijamii unaungwa [[mkono]] na [[ukweli]] kwamba msambao wa vihisivu androjeni kwenye ngozi ya kichwani hutofautiana baina ya wanaume na wanawake, aidha waume na wake wazee walio na viwango vya juu vya [[androjeni]] mara nyingi hudhihirisha ukondefu wa nywele uliotawanyika, kinyume na ilivyo katika mkondo wa upara wa kiume. [[Nadharia]] moja, iliyotolewa na Muscarella na Cunningham,<ref name="Muscarella">{{cite journal | author = Muscarella, F. & Cunningham, M.R.| title = The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair. | journal = Ethology and Sociobiology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–117 | year = 1996 | doi = 10.1016/0162-3095(95)00130-1}}</ref> inaeleza kuwa upara ulijitokeza miongoni mwa wanaume kufuatia uteuzi wa [[jinsia]] kama ishara pevu ya [[uzee]] na [[ukomavu]] wa kijamii, ambapo uchokozi na tabia za kujihatarisha huongezeka. Hii ilitoa [[taswira]] ya mwanamume aliyefikia hali iliyoimarika kijamii lakini aliyepungukiwa na uwezo wa kimwili wa kupata washirika wa kujamiiana na kukuza watoto hadi utu uzima. Katika utafiti wa Muscarella na Cunningham<ref name="Muscarella"></ref> , wanaume na wanawake walitazama [[wanamitindo]] 6 wa kiume waliokuwa na viwango tofauti vya nywele usoni (walio na [[ndevu]] na [[sharubu|masharubu]] au bila) na nywele kichwani (kichwa kilichojaa nywele, zinazopungua na upara). Washiriki walitathmini kila mafungu kwa kutumia [[vivumishi]] 32 vilivyohusiana na mitazamo ya jamii. Wanaume waliokuwa na upara ama waliokuwa na nywele usoni au nywele zinazopungua walichukuliwa kuwa wenye umri mkubwa zaidi kuliko wale ambao waliokuwa wamenyolewa kabisa au waliokuwa na nywele nyingi kichwani. Ndevu na kichwa kilochojaa nywele zilionekana kama hali ya [[ujasiri]] zaidi na kutokomaa kijamii, nao upara ukahusishwa na ukomavu zaidi kijamii. Hariri ya maoni ya kijamii kuhusu mikondo ya upara wa kiume umetolewa na Henss (2001).<ref name="Henss">{{cite journal | author = Henss, R. | title = Social perceptions of male pattern baldness. A review | journal = Dermatology and Psychosomatics | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–71 | year = 2001 | doi =10.1159/000049641 }}</ref> Nadharia tete nyingine za mageuko ya kimaumbile ni pamoja na miunganiko baina ya jeni kwa sifa bainishi zenye manufaa zisizohusiana na nywele wala utofauti wa jeni. === Upara usio wa binadamu === Upara si tu ni sifa bainishi ya binadamu. Viumbe wengine wa jamii ya [[nyani]], kama vile [[masokwe]], [[makakiu]] wenye mikia minene, na uakari wa [[Amerika ya Kusini]] hudhihirisha ukondefu taratibu wa nywele kichwani baada ya kubalehe. Makakiu wazima wenye mikia minene, kwa kweli, hutumika mara nyingi [[maabara|maabarani]] katika kutafiti matibabu yasaidiayo ukuaji wa nywele. Watangulizi mbalimbali wa [[tai]] wa [[Ulimwengu wa Kale]] na [[Ulimwengu Mpya]] waligeuka kwa kipindi cha wakati na kupata upara kichwani, iliyozuia manyoya kushika vipande vya [[nyama]] zilizooza kutoka mlo wa tai, na kusaidia pia kupunguza [[joto]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Stanley Rice | title=On the Problem of Apparent Evil in the Natural World | journal=Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith | volume=39 | month=Septemba | year=1987 | pages=150–157 | url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1987/PSCF9-87Rice.html}}</ref> === Jenetikia === Utafiti mwingi ulifanywa kuhusu maumbile ya jeni zinazohusiana na mkondo wa upara wa kiume, au ''androgenetic alopecia'' (AGA). Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba kwa kiasi kikubwa, uwezekano wa kupatwa na upara wa mapema wa kiume hutokana na jeni za [[chembeuzi X]]. Jeni nyingine zisizohusiana na ngono pia hushirikishwa. Watafiti wa [[Ujerumani]] wanataja [[jeni pokezi]] ya androjeni kama kiungo muhimu zaidi cha upara.<ref>Hillmer AM, Hanneken S, Maumbile tofauti ya jeni pokezi ya Androjeni katika binadamu ndiyo sababu kuu ya kawaida ya kuanza mapema kwa Androjeneti Alopeshia (AGA). Idara ya Genomi, Maisha na Kituo cha Ubongo, Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn, Bonn, Ujerumani.</ref> Wanahitimisha kwamba aina fulani ya jeni pokezi ya androjeni huhitajika kwa ukuaji wa AGA. Mwaka huohuo matokeo ya utafiti huu yalithibitishwa na watafiti wengine.<ref>Levy-Nissenbaum E, Bar-Natan M, Thibitisho la uhusiano baina ya mkondo wa Upara wa kiume na jeni pokezi ya androjeni, Taasisi ya Gartner Danek ya Jenetiki ya Binadamu, Kituo cha Matibabu cha Sheba , Tel Hashomer, Israeli</ref> Jeni hii ni dhaifu, kwa hivyo mwanamke huhitaji [[kromosomu]] mbili za X zenye kasoro ili kuonyesha alopeshia ya mkondo sawa na wa kiume. Kwa vile androjeni na mahusiano yake na kipokezi cha androjeni ndiyo sababu za AGA inaonekana jambo la kimantiki kuchukulia kuwa jeni hisivu ya androjeni ina jukumu muhimu katika ukuaji wake. Utafiti mwingine wa mwaka [[2007]] ulipendekeza kuwa jeni nyingine katika kromosomu X, iliyo karibu na jeni pokezi ya androjeni, ilikuwa na jukumu muhimu katika mkondo wa upara wa kiume. Walipata kuwa eneo la Xq11-q 12 katika kromosomu X- lilihusiana pakubwa na AGA katika wanaume. Walisisitiza kuwa EDA2R ndiyo jeni inyohusiana zaidi na AGA. Utafiti huu umeigwa katika angalau tafiti tatu huru zifuatazo. Jeni nyinginezo zinazohusika na upotevu wa nywele zimegunduliwa. Mojawapo ikiwa jeni ya kromosomu 3. Jeni huwa iko katika 3q26.<ref>Hillmer AM, Flaquer A, Utafiti wa AGA wa Ushikamano wa Ukaguzi wa Jenomu-pana na ujenzi-ramani unadhihirisha lokaso ya kromosomu 3q26. Idara ya Jenomu, Kituo cha Maisha na Ubongo, Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Ujerumani.</ref> Jeni hii pia huchangia katika aina ya upara unaohusishwa na ulemavu wa akili. Jeni hii ni dhaifu. Jeni nyingine ambayo inaweza kushiriki katika upotevu wa nywele ni P2RY5. Jeni hii inahusika na muundo wa nywele. Baadhi zinaweza kusababisha upara wakati wa kuzaliwa ilhali aina nyinginezo husababisha "nywele za sufu".<ref> Petukhova L, Sousa EC Jr, Martinez-Mir A, Vitebsky A, Dos Santos LG, Shapiro L, Haynes C, Gordon D, Shimomura Y, Christiano AM. Uchambuzi wa uhusiano wa jenomu-pana kuhusu haipotrikosisi hafifu ya autosomal unabainisha mabadiliko makubwa ya P2RY5. Jenomu. 2008 Novemba, 92 (5) :273-8. Epub 2008 13 Septemba. PubMed PMID: 18692127.</ref> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni ulithibitisha jeni pokezi X zinazohusiana na androjeni kuwa za muhimu zaidi. Huku jeni katika kromosomu 20 ikiwa ya pili kwa umuhimu wa kuchangia hali hiyo (snpedia) === Upotezaji nywele kwa wanawake === Ingawa upara si kawaida sana katika wanawake kama ilivyo kwa wanaume, athari za kisaikolojia za kupoteza nywele huwa kubwa zaidi. Kwa kawaida ukanda wa nywele za mbele hudumu ilhali uwingi wa nywele hupungua katika maeneo yote kichwani. Hapo awali iliaminika kuwa ilisababishwa na testosteroni sawa na katika upara wa kiume, lakini wanawake wengi ambao kupoteza nywele huwa na viwango vya kawaida vya testosteroni. Hata hivyo, upotezaji nywele kwa mwanamke umekuwa tatizo linaloendelea, ambalo kwa mujibu wa Akademia ya Marekani ya Matibabu ya ngozi, huathiri karibu wanawake 30,000,000nchini [[Marekani]]. Ingawa upotezaji nywele kwa wanawake kwa kawaida hutokea baada ya umri wa miaka 50 au hata baadaye, isipoambatana na matukio kama ujauzito, maradhi sugu, ya mlo, na mfadhaiko kati ya nyinginezo, kwa sasa inatokea miaka ya mapema na huku ripoti zikionyesha kuwa hutokea hata wanawake wachanga kama wa miaka 15 au 16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/features/women-hair-loss-causes| title=Women and Hair Loss: The Causes|date=|accessdate= 2010-06-29}}</ref> Sababu za upotevu wa nywele mingoni mwa wanawake zinaweza kutofautiana na zinazoathiri wanaume. Kuhusiana na alopeshia androjeni, upotevu wa nywele za wanawake hutokea kulingana na athari za homoni za androjeni (testosteroni, androsteinedioni, na dihaidrotestosteroni (DHT)). Homoni hizi za kiume, kwa kawaida hutokea kwa kiasi kidogo kwa wanawake. Hata hivyo, kulingana na Ted Daly, MD, tabibu wa ngozi kutoka Kituo cha Matibabu cha Chuo Kikuu cha [[Long Island]], alopeshia androjeni sio sababu kuu ya kupotea kwa nywele kwa wanawake na wataalamu wa ngozi kwa sasa hupendelea kuita hali hii mkondo wa upotevu wa nywele kwa wanawake badala ya kutumia neno androjeni alopeshia. Anaongeza kuwa mkondo wa kike ni wa mtawanyiko na hudhihirika katika eneo lote la juu ya kichwa na waweza kuathiri wanawake wakati wowote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/features/women-hair-loss-causes?page=2| title=Female, Male Balding Not the Same Pattern|date=|accessdate= 2010-06-29}}</ref> Wakati mwingine pia mchakato wa homoni huweza kusababisha upotevu wa nywele kwa mwanamke. Baadhi ya mifano ni: uja uzito, kufikia kutoweza kuzaa, uwepo wa uvimbe wa ovari, dawa za kudhibiti upataji mimba na kiwango juu cha androjeni, dalili za vimbe nyingi za ovari. Pia matatizo ya tezi, anemia, ugonjwa sugu na baadhi ya dawa husababisha upotevu wa nywele kwa mwanamke .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhairloss.org/women_hair_loss/causes_of_hair_loss.asp|title=Andogenetic Alopecia|date=|accessdate=2010-06-29|archive-date=2010-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616025307/http://americanhairloss.org/women_hair_loss/causes_of_hair_loss.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Utunzaji == === Athari za kisaikolojia === Alopeshia kutokana na kemotherapi ya saratani imeripotiwa kusababisha mabadiliko katika dhana-nafsia na taswira ya mwili. Taswira ya mwili hairejelei hali ya awali baada ya kuota upya kwa nywele kwa idadi kubwa ya wagonjwa. Katika hali kama hizo, wagonjwa hutatizika kuonyesha hisia zao (alexithymia) na hutaka zaidi kujiepusha na migogoro ya familia. Tiba ya familia inaweza kusaidia familia kukabiliana na matatizo ya kisaikolojia yakijitokeza.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Poot F | title=[Psychological consequences of chronic hair diseases] | journal=Rev Med Brux | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=A286–8 | year=2004 | pmid=15516058}}</ref> Matatizo ya kisaikolojia kutokana na upara, yakiwepo, kwa kawaida hushamiri zaidi mwanzoni mwa dalili.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Passchier J, Erdman J, Hammiche F, Erdman R | title=Androgenetic alopecia: stress of discovery. | journal=Psychol Rep | volume=98 | issue=1 | pages=226–8 | year=2006 | pmid=16673981 | doi=10.2466/PR0.98.1.226-228}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanaume wenye upara huonea fahari upara wao, wakihisi unasaba na [[Karama|watu maarufu wenye haiba]] walio na upara kama vile [[Yul Brynner]], [[Bruce Willis]], [[Vin Diesel]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Jason Statham]], Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, "Stone Cold Steve Austin, [[Tupac Shakur]], Michael Chiklis , Telly Savalas, na Jeffrey Eugenides. Larry David hasa hutumia upara wake kama njia ya ucheshi-nafsia katika vipindi vyake vya televisheni vya Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, upara ,umekuwa si tatizo kubwa kutokana na ongezeko la mtindo wa kudumisha nywele fupi sana, au hata kunyoa nywele kabisa, miongoni mwa wanaume katika nchi za magharibi. Kwa mfano, Patrick Stewart alitajwa kama "Mume wa Kuvutia zaidi kwenye TV" kwa jukumu lake la haiba kama Kapteni Jean-Luc Picard. Makampuni mengi yamefanikiwa kibiashara kwa kuuza [[bidhaa]] ambazo hugeuza hali ya upara, kwa ukuzaji nywele upya, upandikizaji nywele kwa upasuaji au kuuza vibandiko vya nywele. === Kuzuia na kugeuza upotevu wa nywele === Matibabu ya aina mbalimbali za alopeshia huwa na mafanikio madogo. Baadhi ya waliopoteza nywele hutumia matibabu yaliyothibitika kiafya kama vile finasteridi, dutasteridi na mchanganyiko wa minoksidili inayotumiwa katika jaribio la kuzuia upotevu zaidi ya nywele na kuikuza upya. Kama kanuni ya jumla, ni rahisi kudumisha nywele zilizosalia kuliko kukuza upya, hata hivyo, matibabu yaliyotajwa yanaweza kuzuia kupotea kwa nywele kutokana na Androjeni alopeshia , na kuna teknolojia mpya katika upasuaji wa kujirembesha wa kupandikiza na mifumo ya uwekaji nywele ambayo huenda yasitambulike kabisa. Nchini Marekani pana tiba aina mbili za dawa, ambazo zimeidhinishwa naShirika la Usimamizi wa Chakula na Dawa la Marekani (FDA) ikiwemo bidhaa moja iliyokubaliwa na FDA kwa matibabu ya alopeshia androgeni, inayojulikana pia kama mkondo wa kupoteza nywele wa kiume au wa kike. Matibabu mawili yaliyoidhinishwa na FDA ni finasteridi (inayotangazwa kama propeshia kwa kutibu upotevu wa nywele) na minoksidili. Uchunguzi unaonyesha kupungua kwa testosteroni bure pamoja na kuongezeka kwa nguvu kutokana na mafunzo(yasiyobainika)ya utaratibu wa nguvu. ==== Kupunguza mfadhaiko ==== Kupunguza mfadhaiko kunaweza kusaidia kupunguza kasi ya upotevu wa nywele. ==== Vizuiakinga-mwili ==== Vizuiakinga-mwili vinavyotumiwa kichwani zimeonyeshwa kugeuza kwa muda alopeshia areata, ingawa madhara ya baadhi ya dawa hizi husababisha maswala kuzushwa kuhusu dawa hizi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joly P |title=The use of methotrexate alone or in combination with low doses of oral corticosteroids in the treatment of alopecia totalis or universalis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-academy-of-dermatology-journal_2006-10_55_4/page/632 |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol. |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=632–6 |year=2006 |month= Oktoba|pmid=17010743 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2005.09.010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Freyschmidt-Paul P, Ziegler A, McElwee KJ, ''et al.'' |title=Treatment of alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice with the topical immunosuppressant FK506 (Tacrolimus) |journal=Eur J Dermatol |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=405–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11525945 |url=http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/medline.md?issn=1167-1122&vol=11&iss=5&page=405}}</ref> === Kuficha potevu wa nywele === ==== Kichwa ==== Njia moja ya kuficha upotevu wa nywele ni mtindo wa kuchana "kufunika", ambapo nywele zilizosalia hutengenezwa kwa mkao wa kufidia eneo la upara. Hii aghalabu huwa suluhisho la muda, na hufidia tu iwapo eneo lililipoteza nywele ni ndogo. Jinsi upotevu wa nywele huongezeka , kuchana "kufunika" hauweza tena kutegemewa. Wakati hali hii hufikia hatua ya juhudi kubwa na manufaa madogo-inaweza kumfanya mtu kukejeliwa au kudharauliwa. Njia nyingine ni ya kuvaa kofia au kibandiko cha nywele- wigi au nywele za bandia. Wigi ni safu ya nywele bandia au halisi ambazo kwa kawaida hutengezwa kwa mitindo inayofanana na nywele za kawaida. Mara nyingi nywele hizi ni bandia. Wigi hutofautiana sana katika ubora na gharama. Nchini Marekani, wigi bora zaidi-ni zile zinazofanana na nywele halisi-hugharimu hadi kumi ya maelfu ya dola. Mashirika pia hukusanya 'michango ya nywele asili za watu binafsi ili kutengenezea wigi kwa wagonjwa wachanga wa saratani yaambao wamepoteza nywele zao kutokana na kemotherapia au matibabu mengine ya kansa mbali na aina yoyote ya upotevu wa nywele. Ikumbukwe kuwa idadi kadhaa ya vibandiko maarurufu mbadala vipo kama vile Nanogen (Uropa) na Toppik (Marekani) nazo ni maarufu sana kama vipodozi visivyo vya wigi ambavyo huchangia unyuzi-embamba wa elektrostati kwa nywele za mtu binafsi. ==== Nyusi ==== Ingawa si kawaida kama vile upotevu wa nywele kichwani, kemotherapia, kutosawazika kwa homoni, aina za alopeshia, na sababu nyinginezo zinaweza pia kusababisha upotevu wa nywele katika nyusi. Nyusi bandia hupatikana kufidia nyusi zisizokuwepo au kufunika nyusi zenye mianya. Uchoraji mdogo sana wa kuchanja pia huwezekana. === Kukubali upara === Badala ya kuficha upotevu wa nywele, mtu anaweza kuikubali hali hiyo. Kichwa kilichonyolewa huotesha vishina kwa namna na kiwango sawa na unyoaji wa nywele za usoni. Umma kwa jumla umeweza kukubali unyoaji wa kichwa pia, lakini upara wa wanawake bado haujakubalika sana kijamii. == Jamii na utamaduni == Pana visasili vingi kuhusiana na sababu za upara na ulingano wazo na nguvu za kiumeza mtu, uwerevu wake, kabila, kazi, tabaka la kijamii, utajiri n.k. Ingawa kutia shaka kunatarajiwa kutokana na ukosefu wa ithibati za kisayansi, baadhi ya visasili hivi vina kiwango cha ukweli wa kimsingi . * "Unarithi upara kutoka kwa baba ya mama yako." ** Hapo awali, upara wa mapema wa aina ya androjeni ilidhaniwa kuhusiana na hali-ngono zilizolizoshamiri katika wanaume na kwa kufifia hali-ngono katika wanawake. ** Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba jeni kwa vipokezi androjeni, ambayo ni muhimu katika kuamua uwezekano wa kupoteza nywele, ipo kwenye kromosomu X na hivyo daima hurithiwa kutoka upande wa mama.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hillmer A, Hanneken S, Ritzmann S, Becker T, Freudenberg J, Brockschmidt F, Flaquer A, Freudenberg-Hua Y, Jamra R, Metzen C, Heyn U, Schweiger N, Betz R, Blaumeiser B, Hampe J, Schreiber S, Schulze T, Hennies H, Schumacher J, Propping P, Ruzicka T, Cichon S, Wienker T, Kruse R, Nothen M | title = Genetic variation in the human androgen receptor gene is the major determinant of common early-onset androgenetic alopecia. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2005-07_77_1/page/140 | journal = Am J Hum Genet | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 140–8 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15902657 | doi = 10.1086/431425 | pmc = 1226186}}</ref> Pana uwezekano wa 50% kwamba mtu huwa na kromosomu X sawa na babuye wa kuukeni. Kwa vile wanawake wana kromosomu X mbili, wao huwa na nakala mbili za jeni pokezi ya androjeni ilhali wanaume wana moja tu. Hata hivyo, utafiti pia unaonyesha kuwa mtu aliye na baba mwenye upara pia ana nafasi kubwa sana ya kukumbwa na upotevu wa nywele.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Chumlea W, Rhodes T, Girman C, Johnson-Levonas A, Lilly F, Wu R, Guo S | title = Family history and risk of hair loss. | journal = Dermatology | volume = 209 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–9 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15237265 | doi = 10.1159/000078584}}</ref> * "Shughuli za ubongo au matatizo ya kisaikolojia yanaweza kusababisha upara." ** Wazo hili linaweza kutokana na sababu kuwa kolesteroli hushirikishwa katika mchakato wa neurojenesi na pia vifaa vya mkisingi ambavyo mwili hutumia kuunda DHT. Licha ya kwamba wazo kuwa watu wenye upara ni werevu zaidi huenda halina mashiko katika ulimwengu wa kisasa, katika ulimwengu wa kale kama mtu aliyekuwa na upara, iliwezekana kwamba alikuwa na kiasi cha kutosha cha mafuta katika mlo wake. Kwa hiyo, ukuaji wa akili yake labda haukudumaa kwa utapiamlo katika miaka yake muhimu ya awali, alikuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuwa tajiri, na pia kuwa alipata elimu ya kimsingi. Hata hivyo, maisha ya kulazadamu na uwerevu katika ulimwengu wa kisasa, hauwezi kuhusishwa mno na hali ya ulaji mafuta unaoambatanishwa na tabaka la kiuchumi katika nchi za kisasa zilizoendelea. Uwezekano mwingine ni kwamba kwa baadhi ya watu,wakati wa kujamiana hali yao kijamii iliyoyokana na uwerevu, huweza kufidiana na upungufu wa mvutio unaoletwa na upotevu wa nywele na hivyo kuzalisha watoto wa kiume ambao hukabiliwa na hali zote mbili za uwerevu au upotevu nywele. Hata hivyo, kwa mujibu wa hali bora ya kijami na kiuchumi na hivyo uwezo zaidi wa kugharamia matibabu ya upotevu wa nywele , katika miaka ya hivi karibuni uwezekano wa kudai uhusiano baina ya uwerevu na upotevu halisi wa nywele ni mdogo. Bila shaka, mbali na sababu hizi zote za kisayansi, upara unaweza tu kuhusishwa na uwerevu au hekima kwa sababu watu hupata upara jinsi umri unavyokua na tajriba kuzidi, huku watu wenye uwerevu mdogo wakifa wangali wachanga. ** Testosteroni nyingi hudhihirisha uhusiano chanya na uwezo wa mbinu-nyingi na uwezo usio wa kawaida. Testosteroni nyingi ina uhusiano hasi na ufasaha wa kimaongezi wa mtu. Testosteroni katika mate pia ina uhusiano chanya na uwingi-mbinu katika ufanisi wa mitihani, pamoja na, uhuru wa kitaalamu. DHT na uwiano wa DHT/testosteroni nyingi una uhusiano chanya na ufasaha wa kimaongezi na uhusiano hasi na kiwango cha uwezo usio wa kawaida na uwingi-mbinu. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Christiansen K | title = Sex hormone-related variations of cognitive performance in !Kung San hunter-gatherers of Namibia. | journal = Neuropsychobiology | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–107 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8515835 | doi = 10.1159/000118961}}</ref> * "Upara husababishwa na mfadhaiko wa hisia, usinyifu wa kingono n.k" ** Msongo wa hisia umeonekana kuharakisha upara kwa watu wenye jeni za zinazoweza kuzua upara.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schmidt J | title = Hormonal basis of male and female androgenic alopecia: clinical relevance. | journal = Skin Pharmacol | volume = 7 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 61–6 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8003325 | doi = 10.1159/000211275}}</ref> ** Msongo kutokana na kutolala vya kutosha miongoni mwa makurutu wa kijeshi ulipunguza kiwango cha testosteroni, lakini haujabanika kuathiri SHBG.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Remes K, Kuoppasalmi K, Adlercreutz H | title = Effect of physical exercise and sleep deprivation on plasma androgen levels: modifying effect of physical fitness. | journal = Int J Sports Med | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 131–5 | year = 1985 | pmid = 4040893 | doi = 10.1055/s-2008-1025825}}</ref> Hivyo, mfadhaiko kutokana na kutolala vya kutosha kwa wanaume wenye afya hauna uwezekano wa kuzidisha DHT, ambayo husababisha mkondo wa upara wa kiume. Si wazi iwapo inaweza kusababisha upotevu wa nywele kwa njia nyingine ile. * "Wanaume wenye upara wana uwezo zaidi 'wa kiume' au kujamiiana kuliko wengine." ** Kiwango cha testosteroni huria huhusiana kwa dhati na utashi wa ngono na pia viwango vya DHT, lakini mradi testosteroni huria hukaribia kutokuwepo haijabainika wazi jinsi inavyoathiri uwezo wa kiume. Wanaume wenye androjeni alopeshia wana uwezekano mkubwa kimsingi wa kuwa na androgeni huria. Hata hivyo, uwezo wa kingono hutokana na sababu nyingi, na sifa za androjeni sio tu ya pekee inayoamua hali ya upara. Zaidi ya hayo, kwa kuwa upotevu wa nywele ni endelevu na testosteroni huria hupungua kulingana na umri, ukanda wa nywele kichwani unaweza zaidi kuwa dalili ya siku zao za nyuma kuliko ya / sasa.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Toone B, Wheeler M, Nanjee M, Fenwick P, Grant R | title = Sex hormones, sexual activity and plasma anticonvulsant levels in male epileptics. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1983-09_46_9/page/824 | journal = J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | volume = 46 | issue = 9 | pages = 824–6 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6413659 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.46.9.824 | pmc = 1027564}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Davidson J, Kwan M, Greenleaf W | title = Hormonal replacement and sexuality in men. | journal = Clin Endocrinol Metab | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 599–623 | year = 1982 | pmid = 6814798 | doi = 10.1016/S0300-595X(82)80003-0}}</ref> * "Kumwaga shahawa mara kwa mara husababisha upara" ** Pana imani nyingi potovu kuhusu kinachoweza kusaidia kuzuia upoteaji wa nywele, mojawapo ikiwa kwamba umwagaji shahawa wa mara kwa mara unaweza kuathiri MPB. Kulingana na idadi ya nyakati, inaweza kuongeza au kupunguza plazma ya testosteroni.<ref>Exton MS, Krüger TH, Bursch N, ''et al.'', Endocrine response to masturbation-induced orgasm in healthy men following a 3-week sexual abstinence, World J Urol, volume 19, issue 5, pages 377–382, Novemba 2001</ref> * "Mtu asimamapo kwa kichwa huepusha upara" * "Kofia zinazokaza kichwani husababisha upara." ** Ingawa hii inaweza kuwa imani potovu, kofia husababisha kukatika kwa nywele na, kwa kiwango kidogo, kupasuka mwisho kwa nywele. Kwa kuwa kofia hazioshwi mara kwa mara kama nguo nyingine, znaweza pia kusababisha uchafu kichwani na uwezekano uchafuzi wa Pitirosporamu ovali kwa wanaume walio na ngozi ambazo kwa kawaida zina mafuta. Baadhi ya magonjwa ya kichwani, yakiachwa bila kutibiwa, yanaweza kusababisha upotevu wa nywele. == Utafiti == Utafiti unaangazia uhusiano kati ya upotevu wa nywele na masuala mengine ya [[afya]]. Ingawa pamekuwepo uvumi juu ya uhusiano kati ya kuanza mapema kwa-androjeni alopeshia na [[maradhi ya moyo]], upitiaji upya wa makala kuanzia 1954-1999 haikupata uhusiano wa kudumu kati ya upara na [[ugonjwa]] wa [[mishipa ya moyo]]. Wataalamu wa ngozi walioendesha shughuli hiyo walipendekeza utafiti zaidi unahitajika. Sababu za kimazingira zinachunguzwa upya. Utafiti wa mwaka 2007 ulionyesha kuwa uvutaji sigara unaweza kuwa sababu inayohusishwa na upotevu wa nywele kutokana na uzee miongoni mwa wanaume wa Kiesia. Utafiti huu uliozingatia maswala ya umri na historia ya familia, ulipa takwimu kubwa ya uhusiano chanya kati ya androjeni alopeshia kali au wastani na uvutaji sigara.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/jaaj-amw111507.php Wanaume wa Kiasia wanaovuta sigara wanaweza kuwa k ongezeko kubwa la hatari ya kupoteza nywele] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/jaaj-amw111507.php |date=20140530052250 }}<br>{{cite journal |author=Su LH, Chen TH |title=Association of androgenetic alopecia with smoking and its prevalence among Asian men: a community-based survey |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=143 |issue=11 |pages=1401–6 |year=2007 |month= Novemba|pmid=18025364 |doi=10.1001/archderm.143.11.1401 }}</ref> Katika Mei 2007, watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania walivumbua njia mpya ya kisayansi ambayo huenda ikatibu upara kwa seli shina. Bidhaa hii inaweza kuwa sokoni katika muda wa miaka mitatu ijayo.<ref> [http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/News_Releases/may07/hair-follicle-regeneration.html ]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://video.msn.com/?mkt=en-us&brand=msnbc&vid=3b251041-8028-403d-a6fc-e749264afc01 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219094737/http://video.msn.com/?mkt=en-us&brand=msnbc&vid=3b251041-8028-403d-a6fc-e749264afc01 |archivedate=2008-12-19 |https://web.archive.org/web/20081219094737/http://video.msn.com/?mkt=en-us&brand=msnbc&vid=3b251041-8028-403d-a6fc-e749264afc01 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219094737/http://video.msn.com/?mkt=en-us&brand=msnbc&vid=3b251041-8028-403d-a6fc-e749264afc01 }}</ref> Watafiti waligundua kwamba ukuaji wa shina mpya zinazoweza kuotesha nywele uliweza kusisimuliwa katika panya kwa kuharibu ngozi zao.<ref>{{cite news | first=Jessica | last=Berman | coauthors= | authorlink= | title=Scientists Grow New Hair in Mice | date=17 Mei 2007 | publisher=Voice of America | url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-05/2007-05-17-voa63.cfm | work=VOA News | pages= | accessdate=5 Januari 2009 | language= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216113806/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-05/2007-05-17-voa63.cfm | archivedate=2008-12-16 }}</ref> Februari 2008 watafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn walitangaza kugundua msingi wa kijentiki wa aina mbili tofauti ya ipotevu wa nywele uliorithiwa, hivyo basi wakafungua njia pana ya matibabu ya upara. Ukweli kwamba kipokezi mahususi kilikuwa na wajibu maalum katika ukuaji wa nywele haukujulikana awali kwa wanasayansi na kutikana na maarifa haya mapya, tafiti zinazolenga kugundua jeni zaidi za aina hii huenda ikachangia ongezeko la tiba kwa aina tofauti za upotezavu wa nywele.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080224183501.59dd4jek&show_article=1 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-01-04 |archivedate=2008-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624005735/http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080224183501.59dd4jek&show_article=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23334554 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116042713/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23334554/ |archivedate=2010-11-16 |accessdate=2010-11-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Utafiti wa miezi minane katika Taasisi ya Sayansi ya Dawa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Malaysia ulionyesha virutubisho vya kila siku vilivyodhihirishwa vya tokotrienoli(vitamini E) tata inaweza kuongeza ukuaji wa nywele kwa watu wenye mkondo wa upara wa kiume kwa asilimia 42.<ref> [http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Research/Vitamin-E-may-reverse-male-pattern-baldness-Study ]</ref> Mnamo Mei 2009, watafiti kule [[Japani|Ujapani]] walitambua jeni, SOX21, inayoonekana kuwa ndiyo yenye wajibu wa upotevu wa nywele kwa watu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKTRE54O4D020090525 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2009-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530231632/http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKTRE54O4D020090525 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{columns-list|2| {{Marejeo}} }} == Marejeo ya ziada == {{Wikisource1911Enc}} * Cyclopaedia, London: Ephraim Chambers, 1728. * Rossi S (: mha.) (2004). ''Kitabu-elekevu cha Madawa cha Australia 2004.'' Adelaide: Kitabu-elekevu cha Madawa cha Australia. ISBN 0-9578521-4-2 * {{cite journal |author=Stárka L, Cermáková I, Dusková M, Hill M, Dolezal M, Polácek V |title=Hormonal profile of men with premature balding. |journal=Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=24–8 |year=2004 |pmid=14758568 |doi=10.1055/s-2004-815723}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Wiktionary}} * [http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/news/20061109/inherited-hair-loss-may-be-upped-by-gene-glitch Utafiti wa jeni ya LIPH] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6661849.stm Utafiti wa jeni ya WNT] [[Category:Ngozi]] [[Category:Kichwa]] [[Category:Magonjwa]] m3draiu5oe6xyr21phwvqzr1hs5l6mr 0 55728 1601069 1583343 2026-09-25T13:14:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Human Breastmilk - Foremilk and Hindmilk.png|thumb|400px|25ml mbili sampuli ya maziwa ya binadamu.sampuli ya Mkono wa kushoto ni maziwa ya kwanza, maziwa majimaji yanayotoka kutoka titi lililojaa. sampuli ya Mkono wa kulia ni maziwa ya nyuma, maziwa ya krimi yanayotoka kwenye titi linilokaribia kuwa tupu <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.drpaul.com/breastfeeding/colostrum.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629085211/http://www.drpaul.com/breastfeeding/colostrum.html |archivedate=2008-06-29 }}</ref>.]] '''Maziwa''' ya [[matiti]] ya [[binadamu]] ni [[maziwa]] yanayotolewa na [[mama]] ili kumnyonyesha [[mtoto|mwanawe]]. Maziwa hayo hutoa chanzo msingi cha [[lishe]] kwa watoto kabla ya wao kupata uwezo wa kula vyakula vingine, yaani watoto wachanga hadi [[umri]] kadiri wanavyoweza kuendelea kunyonyeshwa. Njia ya kawaida zaidi ya kupata maziwa ya mama ni ile ya mtoto kuyanyonya mwenyewe lakini maziwa yanaweza kukamuliwa na kisha akanyeshwa kupitia [[chupa]], [[kikombe]] na / au [[kijiko]], mtindo wa nyongeza matone, na tubu ya nasogastiriki. Maziwa yanaweza kutolewa na [[mwanamke]] ambaye si mama wa mtoto, aidha kupitia msaada wa maziwa yaliyokamuliwa (kwa mfano kutoka [[benki ya maziwa]]), au wakati mwanamke anapomnyonyesha mtoto ambaye si wake kwa matiti yake - hii hujulikana kama [[mama wa kunyonywa]]. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linapendekeza kunyonyesha tu kwa miezi sita ya kwanza ya [[maisha]], vyakula vizito huanzishwa mnamo umri huo hatua kwa hatua wakati [[ishara]] ya utayari huonekana. Kunyonyesha kama nyongeza hupendekezwa mpaka umri wa angalau miaka miwili, au kwa muda mrefu jinsi mama na mtoto wanavyotaka.<ref name="who1"> http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/</ref> Kunyonyesha kunaendelea kutoa manufaa katika na baada ya kipindi cha utoto. Faida hizo ni pamoja na kupunguzwa kwa dari hatari ya kifo cha ghafla kwa watoto wachanga (SIDS),<ref>Shirika la afya duniani WHO na shirika la umoja wa mataifa linaloshughulikia watoto UNICEF: wito kwa kujitolea upya kwa kunyonyesha</ref> inaongeza akili, inapunguza uwezekano wa kuambukizwa ugonjwa wa katikati mwa sikio, homa, na viini vinavyoleta homa, hupunguza uwezekano wa kupata baadhi ya saratani kama vile saratani ya damu kwa watoto, lukemia, kupunguza hatari ya mwanzo wa kisukari cha mtoto, hupunguza hatari ya pumu na ezema, hupunguza matatizo ya meno, hupunguza hatari ya fetma baadaye katika maisha, na hupunguza uwezekano wa kupata matatizo ya kisaikolojia.<ref> usbreastfeeding.org faida za kunyonyesha</ref> Kunyonyesha pia hutoa manufaa ya kiafya kwa mama. Husaidia uterasi kurejea hali yake ya kawaida ya kabla ya [[ujauzito]] na hupunguza [[kuvuja damu]] baada ya kuzaa, pia husaidia mama kurudia [[uzito]] wake wa kabla ya ujauzito. Kunyonyesha pia hupunguza hatari ya [[saratani]] ya matiti baadaye katika maisha.<ref> womenshealth - kunyonyesha hufaidisha mama na mtoto</ref> == Uzalishaji == Wanawake huweza kutoa maziwa baada ya kujifungua chini ya ushawishi wa [[homoni]] za prolaktini na okistosini. Maziwa ya kwanza kutolewa hujulikana kama kolostramu, ambayo huwa na kiwango cha juu cha imunoglobulini IgA ambayo huzingira njia ya utumbo. Hii husaidia kulinda mtoto mchanga mpaka mfumo wa kinga yake unafanya kazi vizuri, na inajenga athari ya kupumzika, huondoa mekoniamu na kusaidia kuzuia kujengwa upya kwa bilirubini (sababu muhimu ambayo huchanjia ugonjwa wa macho kugeuka manjano). Kuna sababu nyingi kwa nini mama hawezi kutoa maziwa ya kutosha. Baadhi ya sababu za kawaida ni ukosefu wa kia(yaani mtoto huwa haunganishwi kwa ufanisi na titi), hakuna uuguzi au kusukuma kwa kutosha kukidhi ugavi, dawa fulani (zikiwemo [[dawa za mpango wa uzazi]] ambazo huwa na istrogeni. ugonjwa, na kuishiwa na maji mwilini. Sababu isiyotambulika ni sinduromu ya Sheehan, pia inajulikana kama hipopituitarisimu ya baada ya kuzaa, ambayo huhusishwa na upungufu wa prolakitini, hii hutatuliwa kwa uingizwaji wa homoni. Ukosefu wa chakula kwa mama ni tatizo kubwa kwa wanawake katika nchi zinazoendelea, sababu ikiwa ni kuwa wanawake hawa mara nyingi hawawezi kuzalisha maziwa. Kiasi cha maziwa kinachotolewa hutegemea ni mara ngapi mama hunyonyesha na/au kusukuma maziwa, mama anayenyonyesha mtoto wake zaidi au kukamua,ndivyo anavyotoa maziwa zaidi.<ref name="mayo1"> http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-feeding/FL00120</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.llli.org/FAQ/increase.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archivedate=2013-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329221347/http://www.llli.org/faq/increase.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.babies.sutterhealth.org/breastfeeding/bf_production.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916161254/http://www.babies.sutterhealth.org/breastfeeding/bf_production.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni jambo la manufaa kunyonyesha kwa mahitaji - nyonyesha wakati mtoto anataka badala ya kufuata ratiba. Kama ni kukamua, pampu ya umeme ya gradi ya juu husaidia mama ili dakti zote zichochewe. Baadhi ya akina mama hujaribu kuongeza ugavi wa maziwa yao kupitia njia zingine - kwa kuchukua mmea wa fenugreek, ambao umetumika kwa mamia ya miaka kuongeza upatikanaji<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://pediatrics.about.com/library/breastfeeding/blbreastfeedingza.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archivedate=2011-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111042254/http://pediatrics.about.com/library/breastfeeding/blbreastfeedingza.htm }}</ref> (chai ya "maziwa ya mama" huwa na fenugreek pamoja na mimea mingine yenye kuongeza ugavi), pia kuna dawa nyingine ambazo zimependekezwa kutumika, kama vile Domperidone (matumizi yasiyobandikwa) na Reglan. Dawa zenye kuongeza ugavi wa maziwa hujulikana kama galaktagogu. == Muundo == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em;float:right" |+ Utungaji wa maziwa ya binadamu<td><ref>[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm vipengele vya maziwa ya binadamu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm |date=20101023071139 }} kito kikuu cha Umoja wa Mataifa</ref></td> | colspan="2"| '''mafuta''' |- | jumla (g/100 ml) | 190.88 |- | asidi za mafuta - 8C urefu (%) | hakuna |- | asidi za mafuta zilizo zilizoloweshwa (%) | 14 |- | colspan="2"| '''Protini''' (g/100 ml) |- | jumla | 1.1 |- | kaseini 0.4 | 0.3 |- | a laktalibumini- | 0.3 |- | laktoferini | 0.2% |- | IgA | 0.1 |- | IgG | 0.001 |- | lisozimu | 0.05 |- | albumini ya majimaji ya damu | 0.05 |- | SS-laktoglobulini | - |- | colspan="2"| {kabohidreti{/0} (g/100 ml) |- | laktosi | 7 |- | oligosakaridi | 0.5 |- | colspan="2"| '''Madini''' (g/100 ml) |- | kalisi | 0.03 |- | fosforasi | 0.014 |- | sodiamu | 0.015 |- | potasiamu | 0.055 |- | klorini | 0.043 |} Vipengele unganifu vya maziwa ya matiti havijaeleweka kabisa, lakini kiwango cha madini baada ya kipindi hiki kiko sambamba na hutoa viungo vyake kutoka kwa ugavi wa chakula cha mama. Kama kutapatikana kuna upungufu wa ugavi, kilichabaki hutolewa kutoka kwa akiba ya mama mwilini. Muundo halisi wa maziwa hutofautiana siku hadi siku, kulingana na chakula kinacholiwa na mazingira, kumaanisha kwamba uwiano wa maji na mafuta hubadulika. Wakati wa siku za kwanza chache baada ya kujifungua matiti hutoa kolostramu. Hii ni maji mepesi ya rangi ya manjano ambayo ni maji yale yale yanayoka kwa matiti wakati wa ujauzito. Ina idadi nyingi ya protini na kingamwili ambazo hutoa kinga kwa mtoto (mfumo wa mtoto wa kinga huwa haujakomaa vikamilifu wakati wa kuzaliwa). Kolostramu pia husaidia mfumo wa mtoto kufungua chakula kukua na kufanya kazi vizuri. Baada ya 3-4 siku matiti itaanza ktoa maziwa ambayo ni membamba, majimaji, na tamu. Hii humaliza kiu ya mtoto na inatoa protini, sukari, na madini mtoto anahitaji. baada ya muda maziwa hubadilika na kuwa nzito na kremi. Hii hushibisha mtoto.<ref> mimba yako na kuzaa toleo la nne (2005) Chuo cha Marekani cha wanaobstetrishiani na wanagaenekologia</ref> Maziwa ya kwanza, maziwa ambayo hutolewa mwanzo wa kunyonyesha, ni majimaji, ina kiwango cha chini cha mafuta na kiwango cha juu cha kabohidreti ikiwa ni cha kadri ya juu ikilinganisha na maziwa ya mwisho yaliyo na kremi ambayo hutolewa kama kunyonyesha kunavyoendelea. titi haliwezi kamwe kweli "kuishi" kwani utoaji wa maziwa ni mchakato wa kibiolojia ambao huendelea. Kiwango cha Imunoglobilini A (IgA) katika maziwa bado huwa juu kutoka siku 10 hadi angalau baada ya miezi 7.5 baaada ya kuzaa. Maziwa ya binadamu yana 0.8% hadi 0.9% protini, 4.5% mafuta, 7.1% kabohidreti na 0.2% (madini)<ref> Belitz, H kemia ya chakula, Toleo la 4, p.501 meza 10.5</ref>. kabohidarati hasa ni laktosi; lakstosi- oligasakaride kadhaa zimetabilika kuwa vipengele nadra. kipengele cha Mafuta kina trigiliseride ya palmitiki maalum na asidi ya oleiki (OPO trigiliseride) na pia kiasi kikubwa kabisa cha lipidi na vifungo trans (ona: mafuta trans)ambayo yametambulika kuwa na manufaa ya afya. Kuna asidi za vaseniki na asidi za linolekiic asidi zilizobadilishwa(CLA) huwa na hesabu ya hadi 6% ya mafuta ya maziwa ya binadamu<ref> Precht, D na J. Molkentin C18: 1, C18: 2, na C8: 3 trans na cis isoma za asidi ya mafuta ikiwa ni pamoja na cis zilizoshikana delta 9, trans delta 11 linoleiki asidi (CLA) pamoja na utungaji jumla wa lipdi za maziwa ya binadamu ya Kijerumani, Nahrung 1999 43 (4) 233-2</ref><ref> Friesen, R, na SM Innis, asidi za mafuta za Trans katika maziwa ya binadamu huko Canada zilipungua na kuanzishwa kwa kuandika kwa mafuta ya chakula yenye trans J. Nut 2006, 136 2558-2561</ref>. Protini kuu ni kaseini (homologasi khadi bovini beta kaseini), [[alfa-laktalibumini]], [[laktoferini]], [[IgA]], [[lisozimu]] na [[albumini seramu.]] Katika mazingira ya asidi kama tumbo, alfa-laktalibumini [[hueneza]] katika aina tofauti na kufunga [[asidi ya oleiki]] kuunda kipande tata kiitwacho [[Hamlet]] ambacho huua seli za [[kukua kwa uvimbe]]. Hii ni dhana ambayo imedhaniwa kuchangia katika ulinzi wa watoto wanaonyonyeshwa dhidi ya saratani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | doi = 10.1016/S0065-230X(03)88302-1 | last = Svanborg | first = C | coauthors = Agerstam H, Aronson A, Bjerkvig R, Düringer C, Fischer W, Gustafsson L, Hallgren O, Leijonhuvud I, Linse S, Mossberg AK, Nilsson H, Pettersson J, Svensson M. | title = HAMLET kills tumor cells by an apoptosis-like mechanism--cellular, molecular, and therapeutic aspects. | journal = Advances in Cancer Research | volume = 88 | pages = 1–29 | date = 2003 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12665051 | pmid = 12665051 | DUPLICATE DATA: pmid = 12665051 }}</ref> Kampaundi zisizo na protini na zilizo na nitrojeni, inayounda hadi 25% nitrojeni ya maziwa huwa na urea, asidi ya uriki kiriatine [[asidi za amino]] na [[nukleotidi]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=Jenness R| title=The composition of human milk| year=1979| month=Julai| journal=Seminars in Perinatology| volume=3| issue=3| pages=225–239| pmid=392766}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Thorell L| coauthors=Sjöberg LB, Hernell O| title=Nucleotides in human milk: sources and metabolism by the newborn infant| year=1996| month=Desemba| journal=Pediatric Research| volume=40| issue=6| pages=845–852| pmid=8947961| doi=10.1203/00006450-199612000-00012}}</ref> maziwa ya matiti ina tofauti za sikadiani, baadhi ya nukliotidi[[zina akorofesi]] wakati wa usiku, kwa wengine wakati wa mchana.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sanchez CL ''et al.'' | year = 2009 | title = The possible role of human milk nucleotides as sleep inducers. | journal = Nutr Neurosci | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–8 | doi = 10.1179/147683009X388922| url = http://www.websciences.org/cftemplate/NAPS/archives/indiv.cfm?ID=20084074|format=Abstract| accessdate = | pmid = 19178785 }}</ref> Maziwa ya mama yameonyeshwa kutoa aina ya endokanabinoidi (navapisha asilia ambayo husisimua bangi), 2-Arachidonoyili gliseroli.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC. | year = 2005 | month = Aprili | title = Endocannabinoids and food intake: newborn suckling and appetite regulation in adulthood | journal = Experimental Biology and Medicine | volume = 230 | issue = 4 | pages = 225–234 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020286 | pmid = 15792943 | url = http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/reprint/230/4/225.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = | archive-date = 2009-08-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802181308/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/reprint/230/4/225.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ingawa sasa imependekezwa karibu kote ulimwenguni, katika baadhi ya nchi katika miaka ya 1950 suala la kunyonyesha lilipitia kipindi pale lilionekana kama mtindo hafifu na matumizi ya formula ya mtoto ikawa inazingatiwa zaidi kuliko maziwa. Hata hivyo, kwa sasa imetambuliwa ulimwenguni kote kwamba hakuna formula ya kibiashara ambayo inaweza kulinganishwa na maziwa ya mama. Mbali na kiasi sahihi cha kabohidirati [[protini]] na mafuta, maziwa pia hutoa vitamini, madini enizime za kutuliza tumboni na [[homoni]] - mambo haya yote mtoto anayekua huhitaji. Maziwa ya matiti pia ina kingamwili na limufositi kutoka kwa mama ambazo humsaidia mtoto kupinga maambukizi. Kazi ya maziwa ya mama ya kinga hutegemea mtu binafsi, kama mama, kupitia njia ya kumshika na kumhudumia mtoto,huja kuwasiliana na pathogeni ambazo hutawala mtoto na hivyo basi mwili wake hutengeneza kingamwili sahihi na chembechembe za kinga. Wanawake ambao wananyonyesha wanatakiwa kushauriana na daktari wao kuhusiana na dutu ambazo zinaweza kwa bahati mbaya kupitishwa kwa mtoto kupitia maziwa, kama vile pombe, virusi (HIV au HTLV-1) au dawa. Wanawake wengi ambao hawanyonyeshi hutumia formula ya watoto wachanga, lakini maziwa ambayo hutolewa na wanaojitolea kwa benki za maziwa ya binadamu yanaweza kupatikana kwa amri ya daktari katika baadhi ya nchi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=359 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002201/http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=359 }}</ref> == Uhifadhi wa maziwa yaliyominywa == [[Picha:Breast milk storage containers bottles.JPG|thumb|vyombo vya kuhifadhi maziwa ya matiti.]] Maziwa yaliyominywa yanaweza kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya baadaye. Inapendekezwa kwamba maziwa hayo kuhifadhiwa katika vyombo vyenye pande ngumu na mihuri isiyopitisha hewa. kuna baadhi ya mifuko ya plastiki ambayo imeubuniwa hasa viwandani kwa ajili ya uhifadhi wa maziwa iliyominywa, imeundwa kwa vipindi vya uhifadhi wa zaidi ya masaa isiyopungua 72 - nyingine inaweza kutumika kwa muda wa miezi 6 kama ikiwa imehifadhiwa kwa barafu.<ref>[http://www.medelabreastfeedingus.com/products/breastmilk-collection/397/pump-and-save-bags---20-pack ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.medelabreastfeedingus.com/products/breastmilk-collection/397/pump-and-save-bags---20-pack |date=20101227161325 }} Medela.</ref> kiasi ya muda yanaweza kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya matumizi salama kwa watoto katika makao ya nyumbani imetolewa katika jedwali hili.<ref>[38] ^ Itifaki # 8: maelezo ya uhifadhi wa maziwa ya binadamu kwa matumizi ya nyumbani kwa muda kwa mathumuni ya afya nzuri ya watoto wadogo. shule ya Itifaki Tiba ya kunyonyesha.</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Mahali pa kuhifadhi ! colspan="2"|hali ya joto ! Muda usiozidi kuhifadhi |- | Katika chumba | 25&nbsp;°C | 77&nbsp;°F | masaa sita hadi nane |- | mfuko isiyopitisha mafuta na wenye vipande vya barafu | | | Hadi masaa 24 |- | Katika friji | 4&nbsp;°C | 39&nbsp;°F | Mpaka siku tano |- | sehemu ya Friza ndani ya [[friji]] | -15&nbsp;°C | 5&nbsp;°F | Wiki mbili |- | friji pamoja na friza iliyo na milango tofauti | -18&nbsp;°C | 0&nbsp;°F | miezi tatu hadi sita |- | friza ya ndani iliyoyeyushwaya kifua au iliyosimamishwa | -20&nbsp;°C | -4&nbsp;°F | miezi sita hadi kumi na mbili |} == Kulinganishwa na maziwa mengine == Wanyama wote wa aina [[Mamalia|ya mamalia]] huzalisha maziwa, lakini muundo wa maziwa kwa kila aina inatofautiana sana na aina nyingine ya maziwa mara nyingi sana huwa tofauti na maziwa ya binadamu. Kama sheria,maziwa ya wanyama wa mamalia wanaonyonyesha mara kwa mara (ikiwa ni pamoja na watoto wa binadamu) ni ya kiwango cha chini, au huwa majimaji zaidi, kuliko maziwa ya wanyama ambao watoto wao hunyonya kwa kiwango kidogo. Maziwa ya binadamu inaonekana kuwa nyepesi na tamu kuliko maziwa ya ng'ombe. Maziwa ya ng'ombe haina vitamini E vya kutosha, [[chuma]] au asidi za mafuta muhimu ambayo inaweza kufanya watoto wanaopewa maziwa ya ng'ombe kuwa na upungufu wa damu. maziwa ya ng'ombe pia ina kwa wingi [[protini]] [[Natiri|sodiamu]] na [[Kali|potasiamu]] ambayo inaweza kuweka mnachuja juu ya mafigo ya mtoto anayekomaa. Kwa kuongeza, protini na mafuta katika maziwa ya ng'ombe huwa ni ngumu kwa mtoto kufungua na kunyonya kuliko wale wanaonyonyeshwa maziwa ya mama.<ref> MedlinePlus Ensiklopidia ya Udaktari: [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002448.htm maziwa ya ng'ombe kwa watoto wachanga na watoto]</ref> maziwa iliyo geuka kuwa mvuke inaweza kuwa rahisi zaidi kwa kufungua kutokana na usindikaji wa protini lakini bado yana lishe duni. idadi muhimu ya watoto wadogo huwa na mzio kwa moja au zaidi ya vipengele vya maziwa ya ng'ombe, mara nyingi zaidi ni protini zilizomo katika maziwa ya ng'ombe. Matatizo haya yanaweza pia kuathiri formula ya watoto formula inayotokana na maziwa ya ng'ombe. == Matumizi mbadala ya maziwa == Madai kwamba matumizi ya maziwa ni ya manufaa kwa binadamu -watu wazima ni suala ambalo halijatatuliwa kwa sababu sehemu zake nyingi hupitia kuyeyushwa katika tumbo la watu wazima, ikiwa ni pamoja na kingamwili na protini nyingine. Mbali na kutoa chakula muhimu kwa watoto maziwa ya mama, yaani, maziwa inayotolewa kwa matiti, ina idadi mahsusi ya matumizi ya kithamani, hasa matumizi kama dawa, kwa watoto na watu wazima. Imekuwa ikitumika kidawa kwa maelfu ya miaka.<ref>Newsvine.com. ''Maziwa ya wema wa binadamu matumizi ya maziwa ya matiti'' http://daniel-slack.newsvine.com/_news/2009/04/26/2733785-the-milk-of-human-kindness-uses-for-human-breast-milk {{Wayback|url=http://daniel-slack.newsvine.com/_news/2009/04/26/2733785-the-milk-of-human-kindness-uses-for-human-breast-milk |date=20110714174710 }}</ref> Tabia ya aniti bakteria na uponyaji wa maziwa ya mama mara nyingi hupuuzwa, hata kwa akina mama wanaonyonyesha wenyewe.<ref>Bella Online: '''' Matumizi ya dawa za maziwa ya matiti http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art41924.asp {{Wayback|url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art41924.asp |date=20210110142107 }}</ref> Maziwa ya mama, kama yatakamuliwa na kuhifadhiwa vizuri, ni suluhisho tasa na yanaweza kutumika kwa njia za aina mbalimbali ili kukuza uponyaji na kusafisha majeraha. Maziwa ya matiti ina kingamwili{za nguvu na antitokisini ambazo watu wengi wanaamini hukuza uponyaji na afya bora kwa ujumla. Hata hivyo, maziwa haya hukosa uwezo wa kinga dhidi ya magonjwa kama mama anayenyonyesha ameambukizwa na aina ya maradhi ya kuambukiza kama vile HIV na magonjwa mbalimbali ya bakteria kama kunndi Bsterepokokasi, kwani maziwa ya matitit yanaweza kusambaza magonjwa haya kwa watoto na watu wengine.<ref>New England Journal of Medicine ''maziwa ya matiti &amp; Hatari ya CMV 1980'' http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/citation/302/19/1073 {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/citation/302/19/1073 |date=20190912001517 }}</ref> maziwa ya matiti imetumika kama dawa nyumbani kwa maradhi madogo, kama vile kiwambo, kuumwa na wadudu na miiba, ugonjwa wa ngozi wa kuwasiliana, na majeraha ya kuambukizwa, majeraha ya kuchoma. maziwa ya matiti pia imetumiwa kwa matumizi mengine kuongeza mfumo wa kinga wa watu wajonjwa ambao wana gasitoroentriritisi [[homa]], [[homa ya baridi]], [[niumonia]] n.k. kwa sababu ya sifa zake za kukinga maradhi. Hata hivyo, maziwa yasiwahi kuonwa au kufasiriwa kama "tiba kamilifu." Baadhi ya wataalamu wa matibabu wanaamini kwamba maziwa yanaweza Sukutua apopotosisi katika aina fulani za seli za kansa, hata hivyo, utafiti na ushahidi zaidi unahitajika katika sehemu hii ya matibabu ya kansa.<ref>WFAA.com. ''Maziwa ya matiti yatumiwa kutibu Wagonjwa wa saratani '' http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/tv/stories/wfaa080215_lj_breastmilk.c618de8d.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.wfaa.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/tv/stories/wfaa080215_lj_breastmilk.c618de8d.html |date=20091004094030 }}</ref> Miongoni mwa watu wachache, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''mwenyeji wa mkahawa Hans Lochen wa [[Uswisi]], wametumia maziwa ya matiti ya binadamu, au angalau kutetea matumizi yake, badala ya maziwa ya ng'ombe katika bidhaa za [[maziwa]] na [[mapishi ya]] chakula<ref>New York Daily News: ''Mpango wa mkahawa wa kupika kwa kutumia maziwa ya matiti'' http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2008/09/18/2008-09-18_restaurant_drops_plan_to_cook_with_breas.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2008/09/18/2008-09-18_restaurant_drops_plan_to_cook_with_breas.html |date=20110805032411 }} ''Maziwa matiti''</ref>''. Tammy Frissell-Deppe, mshauri wa familia alishughulikia uchunguza maalum katika uzazi wa kupendana, alichapisha kitabu, jina ''A Breastfeeding Mother's Secret Recipes,'' kikitoa mkusanyiko mrefu wa maelezo ya resipe za vyakula na vinywaji vilivyo na maziwa ya binadamu.<ref> Tammy Frissell-Deppe. ''Resipe za siri za mama anayenyonyesha: Resipe za maziwa ya matiti,Chakula cha kujiburudisha cha watoto na milo ya haraka!.'' Dracut, MA: Jed Publishing, 2002</ref> shirika la haki za wanyama linalojulikana kama {1PETA{/1} liliibua swala tata lililoleta upinzani wakati lilitoa wito kwa kampuni ya maziwa ya ng'ombe badala ya kutumia maziwa ya ng'ombe kutengeza bidhaa ya barafu ya krimi watumie maziwa ya binadamu kama njia ya kuzuia dhuluma dhidi ya mifugo.<ref>PETA.org: ''titi ni bora kabisa!'' ''PETA anauliza Ben &amp; Jerry kuacha maziwa ya ng'ombe na badala yake kuyachukua maziwa ya binadamu'' http://www.peta.org/mc/NewsItem.asp?id=11993 {{Wayback|url=http://www.peta.org/mc/NewsItem.asp?id=11993 |date=20100621011717 }}</ref><ref> WPTZ.com: ''PETA yaomba Ben &amp; Jerry wa Kutumia maziwa ya Binadamu'' </ref> Maziwa ya binadamu haitolewi na kusambazwa kikampuni au kibiashara, kwa sababu matumizi ya maziwa ya binadamu kama chakula cha maziwa au kingo mapishi ni jambo linalozingatiwa kama la ajabu na kuonekana kama jambo duni miongoni mwa [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi duniani, wengi hawakubaliani na mazoezi ya namna hii, kwani haijawahi kukubalika sana kihistoria <ref> Jelliffe, Derrick B., na EF Jelliffe Patrice. ''Maziwa ya binadamu katika Dunia ya kisasa.'' Oxford na New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.</ref>. Hali hii ya kukosekana kwa kukubali kimsingi ni kutokana na maadili ya kijamii na nguvu za maadili ya dini. Hatua za kuunda sabuni kutokana na maziwa ya matitu pia zimefanywa, wale ambao wanatumia sabuni hiyo hudai kwamba ufanisi wake kama chombo cha kusafisha ni mkubwa kuliko, au sawa, na ile ya ssabuni za jadi.<ref> wakunga wa jadi: {1sabuni ya maziwa ya Mama{/1} http://traditionalmidwife.com/mothersmilksoap.html</ref> == Kupitishwa kwa dutu zisizohitajika == Mbali na hatari ya dutu kupelekwa kutoka kwa mama kwenda kwa mtoto kupitia maziwa ya matiti, kunyonyesha kuna faida zaidi kuliko formula za mtoto mchanga, na, ila wachache, shirika la WHO linapendekeza kunyonyesha pekee kwa miezi 6 ya kwanza ya maisha.<ref name="WHO">{{cite conference | author=Secretariat, World Health Organization | title = Infant and Young Child Nutrition: Global strategy for infant and young child feeding | publisher = World Health Organization | date= 24 Novemba 2001 | url = http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB109/eeb10912.pdf | format=PDF | id = WHO Executive Board 109th Session provisional agenda item 3.8 (EB109/12) | accessdate = }}</ref> Seli za kotoa kuzalisha maziwa ndizo hukubali madawa kupenya kwa urahisi wakati wa wiki ya kwanza baada ya kuzaa./0} breastfeedingbasics.org. <ref Name=breastfeedingbasics>[http://www.breastfeedingbasics.org/cgi-bin/deliver.cgi/content/Drugs/pre_pass.html - tovuti kwa ajili ya wazazi iliyotengenezwa na madaktari wa watoto kunyonyesha na Madawa ya kulevya: Je, dawa hupita kufikia maziwa ya matiti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.breastfeedingbasics.org/cgi-bin/deliver.cgi/content/Drugs/pre_pass.html |date=20130720121258 }}? Tolewa tarehe 19 Juni 2009</ref> Sifa za madawa ambazo huongeza taka katika maziwa ni pamoja na:<ref name="breastfeedingbasics"/> #si utegili unaoufunga protini #isiyo na chumvi #masi iliyo na uzito mdogo #umumunyifu wa Lipidi kuliko umumunyifu wa maji #alkali dhaifu kuliko asidi dhaifu Dawa huhamishwa kutoka utegili wa damu hadi seli za daktali kufikia maziwa kupitia njia ya kueneza au usafiri hai. njia ya mwisho huweza kusababisha ukolezi wa juu wa dawa ya kulevya katika maziwa zaidi kuliko ya Utegili wa mama.<ref name="breastfeedingbasics"/> Kiasi cha madawa mengi ya kulevya katika maziwa ni kisichozidi 2% ya jumla ya dozi iliyomezwa.<ref name="breastfeedingbasics"/> === Dawa === Dawa ambazo zimezingatiwa salama kulinda yaliyomo katika maziwa ni: *Aspirini <ref name=kidsgrowth>[http://www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/articledetail.cfm?id=471 kidsgrowth.org Madawa ya kulevya na dutu nyingine katika maziwa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/articledetail.cfm?id=471 |date=20200514011652 }} tolewa tarehe 19 Juni 2009</ref> *Acetaminofeni<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Antibiotiki nyingi<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> isipokuwa zile za kawaida kama vile fuluoroquinolonesi (km siproflozasini,, moxiflozasini, na dawa zingine zinazofanana zinazotumiwa kutibu magonjwa mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na yale ya njia ya mkojo na njia ya upumuaji) njia, madawa ya salfa (km salfamethozizole), tetracsaklini (km minocsaklini, doksisiklinie), na chloramophenikoli *Antihistamini<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> (mzio na maandalizi ya baridi) bado, ushauriano na mtoa huduma ya afya ni busara kwa mwanamke anayenyonyesha kabla ya kuanza kutumia dawa yoyote.<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> Baadhi ya dawa zinazohitaji tahadhari ni: *dawa za kuharisha<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *madawa ya pumu yaliyo na theofiline<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *madawa ya Sedativu (kwa mfano, Valiumu na phenobaribitali)<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> Pombe na kafeini ni salama kama zitachukuliwa kwa kiasi kidogo.<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> Nikotini, kwa upande mwingine, hupitishwa kwa mtoto kupitia maziwa ya matiti na inaweza kusababisha matatizo makubwa ya kimatibabu.<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> Dawa ambazo ni hatari kwa mtoto mchanga anayenyonyeshwa, na ni lazima ziepukwe kama inawezekana, ni: *Atropini<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Madawa ya hiperithoyoroidismu<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *madawa ya kutibu kansa kemotherapi<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Tetrasikini s<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *kiloramefekoli/0}<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Iodide<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Resepini<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *madawa ya kulevya *[[Lithi]]amu<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *maandalizi ya radiokitivi<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *maandalizi ya ergoti<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> Kama haiwezekani kuepukika au kupewa mbadala kwa sababu za kimatibabu, kunyonyesha lazima kukomeshwe kwa muda mfupi.<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> Matumizi ya muda mrefu ya dawa zifuatazo lazima kufanywe tu chini ya usimamizi wa moja kwa moja wa daktari: *Steroidi<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *madawa ya kupanga uzazi yenye homoni<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Sedativu <ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Diuretiki<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> *Anticonvulasanti<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> === Vichafuzi Mazingira === Vichafuzi mazingira vinavyopatikana katika maziwa kwa kawaida huwa havina madhara, na lazima kuzingatiwa tu wakati hali ya kiwango cha mazingira ni cha juu. kwa kuongeza kumekuwa na kupungua kwa viwango vya mazingira, hii imesababisha upungufu wa viwango vya maziwa. Vichafuzi ambavyo huzingatiwa zaidi ni dawa za kuua vidudu, zebaki kikaboni na ledi. DDT na dieldrini haiepukiki, pia inaweza kuonekana katika formula za watoto wachanga.<ref name="kidsgrowth"/> Dawa za kuua vidudu na nyingine zenye dutu sumu bioakumulati, yaani viumbe juu juu ya [[Mtando chakula|mnyororo wa chakula]] huzifadhi zaidi katika mafuta yao ya mwili. Hili ni suala hasa kwa mnyama Inuit ambaye chakula chake tangu jadi kimekuwa ni nyama. Masomo yanaendelea kuangalia madhara ya bifenili iliyo na kilorini nyingi na vichafuzi kikaboni katika mwili, maziwa ya mama ya mnyama Inuit yana idadi ya kiajabu ya kompoundi sumu.<ref> ''Silent Snow: The sumu Slow ya Arctic'' na Marla Cone, Grove Press.</ref> == Matumizi yasiyo ya kawaida == Katika ulimwengu wa kale, wakati mwingine maziwa yalikuwa yanakunywa na [[madhehebu]] ya uzazi, na [[sherehe]] nyingine za [[Dini|kidini]]. [[Mfalme]] wa [[Hispania]] [[Alfonso XIII]] alitembelea mkoa wa [[Las Hurdes]] katika mwaka wa 1922 ili kuonyesha umuhimu wa cheo hicho. Mfalme na wasindikizaji wake waliishi katika mahema ya kijeshi yaliyopandwa karibu na mji wa Casares de las Hurdes. Katika ziara ya mfalme kisa cha ajabu kilifanyika: mkuu wa kijiji, alikuwa na wasiwasi kwamba mfalme alikuwa na wasiwasi kwamba mfalme alikuwa anakunywa tu kahawa nyeusi (matokeo ya wasaidizi wa mfalme kutoamini ubora wa maziwa ya kawaida kulingana na hali ya usafi katika kijiji hicho) walimpelekea kijagi kidogo cha maziwa huku wakisema, ''"mfalme mtukufu kuwa na uhakika kwamba maziwa haya ni ya kuaminika kabisa kabisa,"'' <ref> ''"Le aseguro a Su Majestad que Esta leche es de toda confianza"'' </ref> ambayo yalikuwa ni maziwa ya matiti kutoka kwa kutoka mke wake ambaye alikuwa amajifungua hivi karibuni. Mfalme alikuwa na ufahamu wa ukweli huu tu ''baada ya'' kunywa Café con ''leche yake.'' <ref> ziara ya kwanza ya kifalme hadi Las Hurdes</ref> Utafiti ya awali yanaonyesha kwamba maziwa yanaweza kusukutua apoptosisi0} katika aina fulani za seli za kansa.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Hallgren O, Aits S, Brest P, Gustafsson L, Mossberg AK, Wullt B, Svanborg C| title=Apoptosis and tumor cell death in response to HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells| year=2008| journal=Adv Exp Med Biol.| volume=606| pages=217–40| pmid=18183931| doi=10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_8}}</ref> Watu wazima na matatizo ya GI na wapokeaji wa sehemu za mwili wanaweza pia kufaidika na nguvu ya kukinga majomjwa maziwa ya matiti ya binadamu. Katika [[Costa Rica]], kumekuwa na majaribio ya kuzalisha [[jibini]] na mtomoko kutoka kwa maziwa ya binadamu limeshughulikiwa kama njia mbadala ya kupunguza kunyonyesha mtoto.<ref name="Nacion">[http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/junio/17/aldea1131695.html ''Clínica busca cómo hacer queso de leche materna'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2007/junio/17/aldea1131695.html |date=20090810165602 }} , Nación, 17 Juni 2007</ref> Mwenyeji wa mkahawa mwenye utata huko Uswisi ameunda menu, msingi wake ukiwa ni vyakula vilivyopikwa ndani ya maziwa ya matiti ya binadamu.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2976181/Swiss-restaurant-to-serve-meals-cooked-with-human-breast-milk.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Swiss restaurant to serve meals cooked with human breast milk A Swiss gastronomist has stirred a controversy in the tranquil Alpine republic after announcing that he will serve meals cooked with human breast milk. | date=2008-09-17 | accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.breastmilkfeeding.com/ Mwongozo kamili kwa ajili ya kunyonyesha na bidhaa za kunyonyesha] * [http://www.askdrsears.com/html/2/T021600.asp ''Ulinganisho wa Maziwa ya Binadamu na formula'' ] * [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm Kituo cha Chuo Kikuu cha Umoja wa Mataifa - vipengele vya maziwa ya binadamu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm |date=20101023071139 }} - ikiwa ni pamoja na kulinganisha maziwa ya ng'ombe na ya binadamu * [http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/milkstorage.html ligi ya La Leche] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/milkstorage.html |date=20130925131243 }}maelezo ya uhifadhi wa Maziwa ya Binadamu. * [http://www.aap.org/healthtopics/breastfeeding.cfm mada za afya ya Watoto: kunyonyesha] * [http://www.seattlechildrens.org/child_health_safety/resources/health/nutrition_fitness/nutrition.asp maelezo ya lishe ya mtoto] {{Wayback|url=http://www.seattlechildrens.org/child_health_safety/resources/health/nutrition_fitness/nutrition.asp |date=20060708071504 }} kutoka hospiatali ya watoto ya Seatle [[na hospitali]] ya jimbo * [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/04/09/MNGLKI6FTA1.DTL&amp;hw=breast+milk&amp;sn=001&amp;sc=1000 akina mama walipa zaidi kwa maziwa ya akina mama wengine Janine DeFao, San Francisco Mambo ya nyakati, Aprili 9, 2006.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/04/09/MNGLKI6FTA1.DTL&hw=breast+milk&sn=001&sc=1000 |date=20120512062446 }} Makala juu ya soko la maziwa ya binadamu. * [http://www.breastfeedingchild.com/breastfeeding-nutrition.html lishe ya kunyonyesha ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.breastfeedingchild.com/breastfeeding-nutrition.html |date=20100811042308 }} * [http://www.poshmums.com/breastfeeding/medela-personal-fit-breastshields.htm ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.poshmums.com/breastfeeding/medela-personal-fit-breastshields.htm |date=20101119113855 }} kama unakamua, pampu ya matiti yako si lazima ilete uwishwi au kuwasha vizingiti matiti: vibadala vipo ili viweze kuchukua aina tofauti za chuchu [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:Uzazi]] 5x6gn7lo1j0cuj2zpq3ilkj8qc4pdrn 0 55732 1601384 1564466 2026-09-25T16:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Deep vein thrombosis | Image =Deep vein thrombosis of the right leg.jpg| Caption = A deep vein thrombosis of the right leg. Note the swelling and redness.| DiseasesDB = 3498 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|80|2|i|80}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|453.40}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000156| eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2785 | MeshID = D020246 | }} '''Thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa''' (ambayo pia inajulikana kama '''mviliondani wa vena''' na kwa kawaida hufupishwa kama '''DVT''' kwa lugha ya Kiingereza) ni uundaji wa donge la damu ("mvilio wa damu") katika mshipa wa ndani. Hii ni aina ya uvimbe unaotokana na mvilio (kuvimba kwa mshipa na uundaji wa damu iliyoganda). Thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa kwa kawaida huathiri mishipa ya mguu (kama vile mshipa wa fupa la paja au vena ya poplitili) au mishipa ya kina cha fupanyonga. Mara kwa mara mishipa ya mkono huathiriwa (ikitokea ghafla, hali hii hujulikana kama ugonjwa wa Paget-Schrötter). DVT inaweza kutokea bila dalili, lakini katika matukio mengi, viungo vilivyoathiriwa huwa ni uchungu, huvimba, huwa nyekundu, zenye joto na mishipa ya juu juu na wakati mwingine hujaa damu. Matatizo makubwa zaidi ya DVT ni kuwa damu iliyoganda inaweza kutoka mahali pake na kusafiri hadi kwenye mapafu, hali inayojulikana kama uzibaji wa ateri ya mapafu (PE). DVT uhitaji matibabu ya dharura. Wakati inapotokea katika viungo vya upande wa chini wa mwili, kuna uwezekano wa 3% wa PE kumuua mgonjwa.<ref>{{cite web | author = by Alexander G.G. Turpie, MD | date = last modified Machi 2008 | title = Deep Venous Thrombosis - The Merck's Manuals Online Medical Library | url = http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec07/ch081/ch081b.html?qt=dvt&alt=sh#sec07-ch081-ch081b-1775 | accessdate = 2010-11-30 | archivedate = 2012-09-15 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6Agg4YPFO?url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec07/ch081/ch081b.html?qt=dvt#sec07-ch081-ch081b-1775 }}</ref> Tatizo la DVT likiendelea kwa muda huleta hali ya baada ya thrombosi, ambayo inaweza kujitokeza kama [[Tambazi|uvimbegiligili]], maumivu au usumbufu na matatizo ya ngozi. Kulingana na triadi ya Virchow, thrombosi ya vena hutokea kwa njia tatu: kupunguka kwa kiwango cha mtiririko wa damu, uharibifu wa ukuta wa mshipa wa damu na kuongezeka kwa mwelekeo wa kuganda kwa damu (ugandajiwa kupita kiasi wa damu). Hali kadhaa za kiafya zinaweza kusababisha DVT, kama vile mgadamizo wa vena, kiwewe cha mwili, kansa, maambukizi, baadhi ya magonjwa ya kuvimba na hali maalum kama vile [[Kiharusi|kiharusi]], kusita kwa moyo au ugonjwa wa nefrosi. Kuna mambo kadhaa yanayoweza kuongeza uwezekano wa mtu kupata DVT, ikiwa ni pamoja na upasuaji, kulazwa hospitalini, kusimamishwa (kwa mfano wakati maganda ya mfupa yanapotumika, au kusafiri kwa ndege kwa masaa mengi, kunakosababisha dalili za ugonjwa wa daraja la gharama ya chini), kuvuta sigara, [[Kunona|unene wa kupindukia]], umri, madawa fulani (kama vile estrojini au erythropoietini) na mielekeo ya asili ya kuganda kwa damu inayojulikana kama ugonjwa wa kuvilia (kwa mfano, kwa waenezaji wa kipengele V Leiden). Wanawake wana hatari zaidi wakati wa ujauzito na katika kipindi cha baada ya kuzaa. Uchunguzi maarufu zaidi katika utambuzi wa DVT ni upimaji damu unaoitwa D-dimers na picha za tiba za dopla za vena zilizoathiriwa. Wakati mwingine, upimaji zaidi unahitajika ili kupata chanzo cha DVT. Katika hali fulani, jitihada zinaweza kufanywa ili kuvunja damu iliyoganda (kwa kutumia vikolezo vya kuvunja madonge ya damu). Ili kuzuia kuongezeka zaidi na uundaji wa vidonge vya damu vinavyoleta hatari ya kupata mgando damuni unaoelekezwa mapafuni, matumizi ya madawa dhidi ya kuganda (vikolezo vya damu) yanashauriwa (na kama haiwezekani, chujio la mshipa wa kupeleka damu kwenye moyo linaweza kutumika). Uzuiaji wa DVT unashauriwa kwa wagonjwa wengi wanaotibiwa na kulazwa kwa kutumia kinza-mgando damu, soksi za mgadamizo zilizotiwa alama za vipimo (ambazo pia zinajulikana kama soksi za kuzuia mvilio) au vifaa vya kugandamiza uundaji wa mara kwa mara wa madonge ya damu (IPC). ==Ishara na dalili== Kunaweza kuwa hakuna dalili inayoweza kuhusishwa na mahali pa DVT, lakini dalili rasmi za DVT ni pamoja na maumivu, kuvimba na uwekundu wa mguu na kupanuka kwa mishipa iliyo katika sehemu ya juu. Hadi 25% ya wagonjwa wote waliolazwa, kuna uwezekano kuwa wana aina ''fulani'' ya DVT, ambayo mara nyingi huwa haitambuliki kimatibabu (isipokuwa pale ambapo kuzibwa kwa ateri ya mapafu hutokea). Kuna mbinu nyingi zinazoweza kutumika wakati wa kuangaliwa mwili ili kuongeza uwezekano wa kutambua DVT, kama vile kupima mzingo wa kiungo kilicho upembeni kilichooathiriwa katika sehemu maalum (ili kuionyesha [[Tambazi|uvimbegiligili)]], kwa kugusa njia ya vena, ambayo mara nyingi ni laini. Uchunguzi wa mwili hauwezi kutegemewa kwa kuwa hauhusishi utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa. Katika legi ya maziwa, mguu hukwajuka na huwa na baridi kidogo na kuwa wenye kipigo cha ateri kilichopunguka kutokana na mkazoghafla. Jambo hili kwa kawaida hutokana na uzuiaji mkali wa vena za uchengelele na za vena za fupa la paja kutokana na DVT. Katika kuvimba mishipa ya damu, kuna uzuiaji mkali na karibu wa kiujumla wa utiririkaji nje wa ncha nzima, ikiwa ni pamoja na vena za uchengelele na za fupa la paja. Mguu kwa kawaida huwa na uchungu, wenye sainosi (buluu kutoka na ukosefu wa oksijeni) na [[Tambazi|yenye odema]] (iliyojaa maji maji). Gangrini ya vena pia ianweza kujitokeza baadaye. Ni muhimu kuhusisha uwezekano wa kuzibwa kwa ateri ya mapafu ihusishwe katika historia, na hii inaweza kutoa kibali cha kufanya uchunguzi zaidi ''(tazama'' kuzibwa kwa ateri ya mapafu). Historia inapaswa kufanywa kwa makini kwa kuzingatia ''sababu za hatari'' (tazama hapo chini), ikiwa ni pamoja na matumizi ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vyenye estrojini, tukio la karibuni la kusafiri kwa ndege kwa masaa mengi, matumizi ya madawa ya ndani ya mshipa na historia ya uavyaji ghafla (ambao ni kipengele cha matatizo kadhaa ambayo pia yanaweza kusababisha thrombosi). Katika kisa cha kusafiri kwa ndege kwa masaa mengi, uchunguzi wa hivi karibuni umeonyesha kuwa hatari ya kupata DVT ni mkubwa zaidi kwa wasafiri wanaovuta sigara, walio wanene kupindukia, au ambao wanatumia tembe za kupanga uzazi<ref> Firkin, F na Nandurkar, H (2009). "Flying and thromboembolism". ''Australian Prescriber,'' 32:148-50. Inapatikana http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/32/6/148/50/</ref>. Historia ya familia inaweza kutambua vipengele vya kurithiwa katika ukuaji wa DVT. Takriban asilimia 35 ya wagonjwa wa DVT wana angalau ugonjwa mmoja uliorithiwa wa kuvilia, ikiwa ni pamoja na upungufu katika vipengele vya kuzuia ugandaji protini C protini S, antithrombini, au ubadilikaji wa kipengele V na jeni za prothrombini.<ref name="pmid16304352">{{cite journal |author=Rosendall FR.|title=Venous Thrombosis: the role of genes, environment, and behavior.|journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |year=2005 |pages=1–12|pmid=16304352 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.1 |volume=2005}}</ref> ==Chanzo== {{Main|Thrombosis}} Triadi ya Virchow ni kikundi chenye vipengele vitatu vinavyojulikana kuwa vinaathiri ugandaji wa damu: kiwango cha utiririkaji, uzito wa damu hiyo, na sifa za ukuta wa mshipa. Virchow alibainisha kuwa thrombosi ya kina zaidi ya mshipa ilitokea zaidi katika mguu wa kushoto kuliko kwenye mguu wa kulia na akapendekeza mgadamizo wa mshipa wa kawaida wa uchengelele wa kushoto na ateri kuu ya kawaida ya chango ya kulia kama sababu ya msingi (tazama ugonjwa wa Mei-Thurner).<ref>[8] ^ Ueber Virchow R. die Erweiterung kleinerer Gefäfse. Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1851;3:427-62.</ref> Vipengele vya kawaida ya hatari ni upasuaji wa karibuni au kulazwa hospitalini.<ref name="pmid17646600">{{cite journal |author=Spencer FA, Lessard D, Emery C, Reed G, Goldberg RJ |title=Venous thromboembolism in the outpatient setting |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=167 |issue=14 |pages=1471–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17646600 |doi=10.1001/archinte.167.14.1471 |pmc=2762787}}</ref> 40% ya wagonjwa hawa hawakupokea tiba ya heparini ya kuzuia maradhi. Vipengele vingine vya hatari ni pamoja na umri wa makamo, unene wa kupindukia, maambukizi, kutosonga, matumizi ya aina unganishi ya vidonge vya upangaji uzazi vitumiavyo homoni vyenye estrojini, matumizi ya tumbaku na usafiri kwa ndege ("dalili za ugonjwa wa daraja la gharama ya chini", mchanganyiko wa kutoweza kusonga na kuishiwa kiasi kwa maji mwilini) ni baadhi ya vyanzo vinavyojulikana zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Tsai A, Cushman M, Rosamond W, Heckbert S, Polak J, Folsom A | title = Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology | journal = Arch Intern Med | volume = 162 | issue = 10 | pages = 1182–9 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12020191 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1182}}</ref>Thrombofilia (mwelekeo wa kujitokeza kwa thrombosi) mara nyingi hujionyesha kupitia thrombosi zinazojirudiarudia. Inatambulika kwamba kwa kawaida, thrombi hujitokeza kwanza katika mishipa ya nyuma ya mguu, na "kukua" kufuatia mwelekeo wa mtiririko wa mshipa. DVT zinatambulika kama kuwa juu au chini ya mshipa wa poplitili. DVT iliyoenea sana zinaweza kuenea hadi kwenye vena za chango au mshipa wa kupeleka damu kwenye moyo. Hatari ya kuzibwa kwa ateri ya mapafu ni kubwa zaidi pale ambapo pana donge nyingi zaidi za damu. ==Uaguzi== [[File:Iliac vein deep vein thrombosis.JPEG|thumb|Skani ya tomografia ya tumbo kupitia kompyuta inayoonyesha thrombosi ya mshipa wa kawaida wa iliaki. Mshale unaonyesha kasoro ya kujazwa kwenye mshipa defect kujaza mshipa unaoonekana kupitia wa visualized kutumia kifaa cha kuboresha picha za eksirei.]] Kiwango bora zaidi ni ''venografia ya ndani ya vena,'' ambayo inahusisha kuudunga sindano mshipa wa pembeni wa kiungo kilichoathiriwa kwa kutumia kikolezo cha kutofautisa na kuchukua eksirei, ili kudhihirisha kama ugavi kwenye vena umezibwa. Kutokana na ushambulizi wake, uchunguzi huu hufanywa kwa nadra sana. ===Uchunguzi wa mwili=== # Uchunguzi wa Homan: Usongezaji wa vidole vya mguu husababisha maumivu katika sehemu ya nyuma ya mguu. # Ishara ya Pratt: Kufinya msuli wa nyuma ya mguu kunaibua maumivu. Hata hivyo, ishara hizi za matibabu hazifanyi vizuri na hazihusishwi katika sheria za utabiri wa kimatibabu zinazoweka pamoja matokeo bora zaidi ili kutambua DVT.<ref name="pmid16403932">{{cite journal |author=Wells PS, Owen C, Doucette S, Fergusson D, Tran H |title=Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-01-11_295_2/page/198 |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=2 |pages=199–207 |year=2006 |pmid=16403932 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.2.199}}</ref> ===Kuhesabu uwezekano=== Katika mwaka wa 2006, Scarvelis na Wells walikagua seti ya kanuni za utabiri wa kimatibabu kwa DVT,<ref>{{cite journal | author = Scarvelis D, Wells P | title = Diagnosis and treatment of deep-vein thrombosis | journal = CMAJ | volume = 175 | issue = 9 | pages = 1087–92 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17060659. [http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/175/9/1087 Free Full Text] | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.060366 | pmc = 1609160 }}</ref> punde tu baada ya seti ya kanuni za matibabu zilizokubaliwa na wengi kuhusu kuzibwa kwa ateri ya mapafu.<ref>[17] ^ Neff MJ. ACEP alitolesha sera za matibabu kuhusu uchunguzi na udhibiti wa simamizi wa kuziba kwa ateri ya mapafu. ''American Family Physician.'' 2003, '''68''' (4): 759 -?. Inapatikana: [http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030815/practice.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030815/practice.html |date=20070926230609 }} http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030815/practice.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030815/practice.html |date=20070926230609 }}. Ilifikiwa tarehe: 8 Desemba 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Wells P, Anderson D, Rodger M, Ginsberg J, Kearon C, Gent M, Turpie A, Bormanis J, Weitz J, Chamberlain M, Bowie D, Barnes D, Hirsh J | title = Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer | journal = Thromb Haemost | volume = 83 | issue = 3 | pages = 416–20 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10744147}}</ref> '''Hesabu au vigezo vya Wells:''' (Welekeo -2 hadi 8) # Matibabu ya saratni yanayoendelea (matibabu katika muda wa miezi 6 iliyopita au ya kupunguza) - pointi 1 # Kuvimba kwa msuli wa nyuma ya mguu > sentimita 3 ikilinganishwa na msuli mwingine wa nyuma ya mguu (kipimo kilkuwa sentimita 10 chini ya muundi wenye vinundu) - pointi 1 # Mishipa ya juu juu iliyo sambamba (isiyo ya kuvimba) - pointi 1 # Mashimo yenye ugiligili (yenye uhusiano na mguu wenye dalili pekee) - pointi 1 # Kuvimba kwa mguu mzima - pointi 1 # Maumivu katika eneo maalum katika usambazaji wa mfumo wa kina wa vena- pointi 1 # Kupooza, paresi, au kuwekewa plasta inayozuia kusongeza viungo vya upande wa chini wa mwili hivi karibuni- pointi 1 # Kulazwa kitandani hivi karibuni> siku 3, au upasuaji mkuu unaohitaji ganzi au anestezia katika muda wa wiki 4 zilizopita- pointi 1 # Rekodi za awali za DVT- pointi 1. # Utambuzi mbadala angalau wenye uwezekano sawa-Ondoa pointi 2 '''Ufafanuzi:''' : Matokeo ya pointi 2 au zaidi-kuna uwezekano mkuu wa kuwa na thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa. Fikiria kupiga picha ya mishipa ya mguu huo. :: Matokeo ya chini ya pointi 2 - hakuna uwezekano wa kuugua ugonjwa wa thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa. Fikiria upimaji damu kama vile uchunguzi wa d-dimer ili kutupilia mbali zaidi uwezekano wa kukuwa kwa thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa. ===Vipimo vya damu=== ====D-dimer==== {{Main|d-dimer}} Katika hali ya uwezekano wa chini, zoezi la sasa ni kuanza uchunguzi kwa kupima viwango vya D-dimer. Bidhaa hii yenye fibrini za uvunjaji zilizounganishwa ni dalili kuwa thrombosi inajitokeza, na kwamba donge la damu linayeyushwa na plazmini. Kiwango cha chini cha D-dimer kinafaa kuibua utambuaji wa magonjwa mengine (kama vile kivimbemaji cha Baker kilichopasuka, ikiwa mgonjwa ana uwezekano wa chini sana wa kliniki wa DVT).<ref name="pmid14507948">{{cite journal |author=Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, ''et al.'' |title=Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2003-09-25_349_13/page/1226 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=349 |issue=13 |pages=1227–35 |year=2003 |pmid=14507948 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa023153}}</ref><ref name="pmid12755550">{{cite journal |author=Bates SM, Kearon C, Crowther M, ''et al.'' |title=A diagnostic strategy involving a quantitative latex D-dimer assay reliably excludes deep venous thrombosis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2003-05-20_138_10/page/n54 |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=138 |issue=10 |pages=787–94 |year=2003 |pmid=12755550 |doi=}}</ref> ====Vipimo vingine vya damu==== Vipimo vingine vinavyofanywa kwa kawaida katika hatua hii ni{{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2007}} : * hesabu kamili ya damu * Uchunguzi wa kimsingi wa Ugandaji: PT (ukaguzi wa uwezo wa kuganda kwa damu), APTT (sekunde ambazo damu inachukua ili kuganda), Fibrinojeni * vimeng'enya vya ini * utendakazi wa mafigo na elektrolaiti ===Upigaji picha wa mishipa ya miguu=== Plethismografia ya impedansi, uchunguzivijisauti wa Doppler, upigaji picha wa mishipa ya miguu kupitia picha za tiba za mgandamizo, pamoja na vipimo mara mbili (ili kutambua mtiririko wa damu), unaweza kuonyesha donge la damu na kiwango chake cha kuenea (yaani ikiwa ni chini au juu ya goti). Kutokana na unyeti, kuwa maalum na ufuatishaji wa uchunguzivijisauti mara mbili, unatumiwa badala ya venografia kama uchunguzi unaotumiwa zaidi kuutathmini ugonjwa huo. Uchunguzi huu unahusisha picha ya modi ya B pamoja na uchambuzi wa utiririkaji wa Doppler. Ni nyeti na maalum zaidi kwa ajili ya kuchunguza thrombi za kupakana(katika mishipa ya poplitili na ya fupa la paja), lakini ni ya chini zaidi kwa thrombi ya distali (katika mishipa ya msuli wa nyuma ya mguu).<ref name="agabegi2nd">{{cite book |author=Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. |title=Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) |url=https://archive.org/details/stepuptomedicine0000agab |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-7817-7153-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> ==Kuzuia== Miongozo ya kawaida ya uuguzi katika Chuo cha Madaktari wa kifua cha Marekani (ACCP) hutoa mapendekezo kuhusu tiba ya kuzuia maradhi 7ya DVT kati ya wagonjwa waliolazwa<ref name="pmid15383478">{{cite journal |author=Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, ''et al.'' |title=Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy |journal=Chest |volume=126 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=338S–400S |year=2004 |month=Septemba |pmid=15383478 |doi=10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.338S |url=}}</ref>. ===Wagonjwa wa kawaida waliolaza=== Kuhusu matibabu ya wagonjwa wa kawaida, miongozo inasema, "Kwa wagonjwa wenye magonjwa makali ambao wamelazwa hospitalini na shinikizo la moyo la msongamano au ugonjwa hatari unaoathiri kupumua, au wasiokubaliwa kutoka kitandani na wana hatari moja au zaidi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kansa hai,VTE (Tromboemboli ya vena) ya awali, sepsisi, ugonjwa wa mfumo wa vena, au ugonjwa wa kuvimba kwa bowel uchengelele, tunapendekeza tiba ya kuzuia maradhi ya kipimo cha chini ya heparini-LDUH (Daraja la 1A) au LMWH (Daraja la 1A)<ref name="pmid15383478"></ref>." Enoksaparini au heparini ambayo haijagawanywa inaweza kutumika.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Twice vs three times daily heparin dosing for thromboembolism prophylaxis in the general medical population: A metaanalysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2007-02_131_2/page/507|author=King CS, Holley AB, Jackson JL, Shorr AF, Moores LK|journal=Chest|year=2007|volume=131|issue=2|pages=507&ndash;16|pmid=17296655|doi=10.1378/chest.06-1861}}</ref> LMWH (Heparini yenye uzito wa chini wa molekuli) inaweza kuwa bora zaidi kuliko heparini ambayo haijagawanywa (UFH). UFH ikitumiwa, U 5, 000 mara 3 kila siku inaweza kuwa na ufanisi zaidi.<ref name="pmid17646601">{{cite journal |author=Wein L, Wein S, Haas SJ, Shaw J, Krum H |title=Pharmacological Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Hospitalized Medical Patients: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal= Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=167 |issue=14 |pages=1476–1486 |year=2007 |pmid=17646601 |doi=10.1001/archinte.167.14.1476}}</ref> Tangu miongozo ya ACCP ichapishwe, nyongeza ya uchunguzi uliodhibitiwa na uliochaguliwa bila mpangilio wowote<ref name="pmid16431185">{{cite journal |author=Lederle FA, Sacks JM, Fiore L, ''et al.'' |title=The prophylaxis of medical patients for thromboembolism pilot study |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=54–9 |year=2006 |month=Januari |pmid=16431185 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.049 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2006-01_119_1/page/54}}</ref> na uchambuzi wa matokeo<ref name="pmid17310052">{{cite journal |author=Dentali F, Douketis JD, Gianni M, Lim W, Crowther MA |title=Meta-analysis: anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=146 |issue=4 |pages=278–88 |year=2007 |month=Februari |pmid=17310052 |doi= |url=http://annals.org/cgi/content/full/146/4/278}}</ref> unaojumuisha majaribio hayo yamechapishwa. Uchambuzi huo wa matokeo ulihitimisha kuwa "tiba ya kuzuia ugandaji ina ufanisi katika kuzuia dalili za kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio wakati wa mchakato wa kuzuia ugandaji kwa wagonjwa mahututi waliolazwa hospitalini. Utafiti zaidi unahitajika ili kujua hatari za kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio kati ya wagonjwa hawa baada ya kusimamishwa kwa profilaksi." Kuhusu ni wagonjwa wapi walio hatarini, tafiti nyongi za uchambuzi wa matokeo zilikuwa za wagonjwa waliowekwa katika kategoria ya III hadi IV ya kusita kwa moyo na shirika la New York Heart Association Functional Classification (NYHA). Kuhusu wagonjwa wenye kiwango cha chini cha hatari ya DVT, jaribio hili hapa juu<ref name="pmid16431185"></ref> na jaribio lingine la awali<ref name="pmid8637340">{{cite journal |author=Gärdlund B |title=Randomised, controlled trial of low-dose heparin for prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism in patients with infectious diseases. The Heparin Prophylaxis Study Group |journal=Lancet |volume=347 |issue=9012 |pages=1357–61 |year=1996 |month=Mei |pmid=8637340 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91009-0|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1996-05-18_347_9012/page/n17}}</ref> ni muhimu lakini hazidhibitishi lolote. Wagonjwa wanaofanyiwa dialisisi sugu ya mafigo wanaweza kuwa na hatari zaidi ya kufungika kwa mshipa kwa sababu ya mvilio<ref name="pmid11979344">{{cite journal |author=Tveit DP, Hypolite IO, Hshieh P, ''et al.'' |title=Chronic dialysis patients have high risk for pulmonary embolism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-kidney-diseases_2002-05_39_5/page/1011 |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1011–7 |year=2002 |pmid=11979344|doi=10.1053/ajkd.2002.32774}}</ref>, lakini majaribio yaliyodhibitiwa na kuchaguliwa bila mpango maalumu hayajazungumzia faida hatari ya profilaksisi. ===Wagonjwa wa upasuaji=== Kwa wagonjwa waliopitia upasuaji, Heparini zenye uzito wa chini wa molekiuli (LMWH) hutolewa kwao mara kwa mara ili kuzuia thrombosi. LMWH kwa sasa inaweza tu kutolewa chini ya ngozi kwa kudungwa sindano. Profilaksi kwa wanawake wajawazito wenye historia ya thrombosi inaweza kutolewa tu kwa njia ya sindano za LMWH au huenda zisihitajike ikiwa sababu za hatari ni za muda mfupi. Matembezi ya mapema na ya mara kwa mara (kutembea) ni matibabu yanayotangulia kinza-mgando damu na bado yanatambulika na kutumika leo. Kutembea husisimua pampu ya misuli ya mwili, na kuongeza kasi ya mishipa hivyo kuzuia stasis kuzuia stasisi. Vifaa vya IPC vimethibitishwa kutoa kinga kwa wagonjwa wa kulazwa au wanokaa wenye hatari kuu au wenye maagizo dhidi ya heparini. Mashine za IPC hutumia vibofu vya hewa vinavyofungwa kwenye paja na/ au kung'ata mguu na / au msuli wa nyuma ya mguu. Vibofu hivo hujaza na kutoa hewa, na hivyo kufinya misuli na kuongeza kasi ya damu kwa kiwango cha hadi 500%. Mashine za IPC zimedhibitishwa kuwa madhubuti kwa wagonjwa wa upasuaji wa magoti na mapaja (watu wenye hatari ya juu ya hadi 80% bila matibabu ya kumkinga mgonjwa) dhidi ya DVT na PE (kuziba kwa ateri ya mapafu). Vinginevyo, kati ya miligramu 150 na 300 ya aspirini zinaweza kuchukuliwa. ===Ujauzito=== {{Main|Hypercoagulability in pregnancy}} Hatari ya kupata thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa huongezeka wkati wa ujauzito kutokana na utaratibu wa uzoefu wa kimwili wa kuongezeka kwa ugandaji wa kupindukia kwa kuzuia kutoka damu baada ya kujifungua.<ref name="gresele"></ref> Hata hivyo, ikichanganywa na hali za msingi za kuganda kupindukia, hatari ya kupata thrombosi au mgando damuni inaweza kuwa kubwa.<ref name="gresele">[47] ^ Ukurasa wa 264 kwa: {{cite book |author=Gresele, Paolo |title=Platelets in hematologic and cardiovascular disorders: a clinical handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/plateletsinhemat0000unse |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-521-88115-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Ingawa makubaliano ya kijumla kati ya madaktari ni kuwa usalama wa mama ni muhimu kuliko ule wa kijusi kiachokua, mabadiliko katika utaratibu wa ukingaji mgando wakati wa ujauzito unaweza kuwa kufanywa ili kupunguza hatari kwa kijusi kinachokua huku viwango vya matibabu dhidi ya mgando vikiendelezwa kwa mama. Shida kuu na kuzuia mgando katika ujauzito ni kuwa wafarini, kinza mgando inayotumiwa zaidi kwa visa sugu, inajulikana kuwa na athari za kusababisha ulemavu katika kijusi ikitumiwa katika kipindi cha awali cha ujauzito.<ref name="Sathienkijkanchai-2005">{{cite journal | author=Sathienkijkanchai A, Wasant P. | title=Fetal warfarin syndrome. | journal=J Med Assoc Thai | year=2005 | volume=88 | issue=Suppl 8 | pages=S246–50 | pmid=16856447}}</ref><ref name="Schaefer-2006">{{cite journal | author=Schaefer C, Hannemann D, Meister R, Eléfant E, Paulus W, Vial T, Reuvers M, Robert-Gnansia E, Arnon J, De Santis M, Clementi M, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Dolivo A, Merlob P. | title=Vitamin K antagonists and pregnancy outcome. A multi-centre prospective study. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year=2006 | volume=95 | issue=6 | pages=949–57 | pmid=16732373 | doi=10.1160/TH06-02-0108}}</ref> ===Wasafiri=== {{Main|Traveller's thrombosis}} Kuna ushahidi wa kimatibabu unaoonyesha kwamba kuvaa soksi au soksi ndefu za mgandamizo wakati wa kusafiri pia hupunguza matukio ya thrombosi kwa watu wanaosafiri kwa ndege kwa masaa mengi. Utafiti bila kufuata mpangilio maalum katika mwaka wa 2001 ulilinganisha makundi mawili ya abiria waliokuwa wanasfiri kwa ndege kwa masaa mengi, kundi moja lilivaa soksi za mgandamizo na kundi lingine halikuvaa soksi hizo. Abiria wote walikaguliwa na kupimwa damu ili kuangalia uwepo wa DVT. Matokeo yalionyesha kwamba DVT isiyo na dalili ilitokea katika 10% ya abiria ambao hawakuvaa soksi za mgando. Kundi lililovaa soksi za mgando halikuwa na DVT. Waandishi walihitimisha kuwa kuvaa soksi nyumbufu za mgando kunapunguza matukio ya DVT kati ya abiria wanaosafiri kwa ndege kwa masaa mengi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scurr JH, Machin SJ, Bailey-King S, Mackie IJ, McDonald S, Smith PD |title=Frequency and prevention of symptomless deep-vein thrombosis in long-haul flights: a randomised trial |journal=Lancet |volume=357 |issue=9267 |pages=1485–9 |year=2001 |month=Mei |pmid=11377600 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04645-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2001-05-12_357_9267/page/n31}}</ref>. ==Udhibiti== ===Kulazwa hospitalini=== Matibabu nyumbani ni chaguo kulingana na uchambuzi mmoja wa matokeo uliofanywa na Ushirikiano wa Cochrane.<ref name="pmid17636714">{{cite journal |author=Othieno R, Abu Affan M, Okpo E |title=Home versus in-patient treatment for deep vein thrombosis |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD003076 |year=2007 |pmid=17636714 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003076.pub2}}</ref> Kulaza mgonjwa hospitalini kunafaa kufikiriwa kwa wagonjwa wenye zaidi ya sababu mbili kati ya sababu zifuatazo za hatari kwa kuwa wagonjwa hawa wanaweza kuwa na hatari zaidi ya kupata matatizo wakati wa matibabu<ref name="pmid16926081">{{cite journal |author=Trujillo-Santos J, Herrera S, Page MA, ''et al.'' |title=Predicting adverse outcome in outpatients with acute deep vein thrombosis. findings from the RIETE Registry |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-vascular-surgery_2006-10_44_4/page/789 |journal=J. Vasc. Surg. |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=789–93 |year=2006 |pmid=16926081 |doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2006.06.032}}</ref>: * DVT ya pande mbili * ugonjwa wa figo * uzito wa chini wa mwili (<70 kg/154 lbs) * kupoteza uwezo wa kusonga hivi karibuni * kusita kwa moyo cha kiwango sugu * saratani ===Kinza mgando=== {{Main|Anticoagulation}} Kinza mgando ndiyo tiba ya kawaida ya DVT. Kwa ujumla, wagonjwa huanza matibabu ya heparini kwa muda mfupi (yaani, chini ya wiki moja) huku wakianza matibabu ya kati ya miezi 3 hadi 6 ya warfarin (au vizuizi husika vya vitamini K). Heparini yenye uzito wa chini wa molekiuli (LMWH) unapendelewa zaidi,<ref name="pmid17261857">{{cite journal |author=Snow V, Qaseem A, Barry P, ''et al.'' |title=Management of venous thromboembolism: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=146 |issue=3 |pages=204–10 |year=2007 |pmid=17261857 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/146/3/204}}</ref> ingawa heparini ambayo haijagawanywa hupewa kwa wagonjwa walio na ukataaji kwa LMWH (kwa mfano, mafigo kushindwa kufanya kazi au uhitaji wa haraka wa upasuaji). Katika wagonjwa wneye ''DVT inayorudi mara kwa mara'' (mbili au zaidi), kinza mgando kwa ujumla hutumika "kwa maisha." Cochrane Collaboration umechambua matokeo ya hatari na faida za matumizi ya muda mrefu ya kinza mgando.<ref name="pmid16437432">{{cite journal |author=Hutten BA, Prins MH |title=Duration of treatment with vitamin K antagonists in symptomatic venous thromboembolism |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD001367 |year=2006 |pmid=16437432 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001367.pub2}}</ref> Mara tu thrombosisi inapotibiwa na vikolezo vya kukondesha RBC (seli nyekundu za damu), eneo lilioathirika lina nafasi nzuri ya kurudi kwa idadi yake ya kawaida. Hata hivyo, vikolezo vya kukondesha havipunguzi uwezekano wa uzibaji wa ateri ya mapafu wala ile ya koronari. Kwa hivyo, ingawa eneo lilioathiriwa na thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa (yaani miguu) linaweza kusita kuganda, uzibaji wa ateri ya mapafu bado unawezekana. Kiwango kisicho cha kawaida cha D-dimer mwishoni mwa matibabu kinaweza kuashiria haja ya kiendelea na matibabu kati ya wagonjwa wenye thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa ya kwanza ambayo haijachochewa.<ref name="pmid17065639">{{cite journal |author=Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, ''et al.'' |title=D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-10-26_355_17/page/1780 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=17 |pages=1780–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17065639 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa054444}}</ref> Licha ya ukweli kwamba hakuna anayepingana na jambo hili, kwa kuzingatia uchambuzi wa matokeo uliofanywa na Ushirikiano wa Cochrane ambapo walipata jaribio mmoja tu lisilo na utaratibu maalum la kinza mgando dhidi ya kipozaungo katika matibabu ya VTE (Tromboemboli ya vena) ambapo hapakuwa na tofauti kubwa kati ya yote mawili.<ref name="pmid16437461">{{cite journal| author=Cundiff DK, Manyemba J, Pezzullo JC| title=Anticoagulants versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatories or placebo for treatment of venous thromboembolism. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2006 | volume= | issue= 1 | pages= CD003746 | pmid=16437461 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003746.pub2 }}</ref> Mapendekezo ya sasa kwa matibabu ya awali ya DVT sugu ni pamoja na kuongezwa kwa kipinga vitamini K (VKA) pamoja na LMWH au UFH katika siku ya kwanza ya matibabu.<ref name="Büller2004">{{cite journal |author=Harry R. Büller, Giancarlo Agnelli, Russel D. Hull, Thomas M. Hyers, Martin H. Prins, and Gary E. Raskob |title=Antithrombotic Therapy for Venous Thromboembolic Disease: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy |journal=Chest |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=401S–428S |date=Septemba 2004 |doi=10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.401S |pmid=15383479 |url=http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/126/3_suppl/401S.full |accessdate=12 Agosti 2010 |archive-date=2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914200755/http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/126/3_suppl/401S.full |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Heparini inaweza kukomeshwa wakati ambapo uwiano wa kimataifa wa kawaida (INR) ni imara na kubwa zaidi ya 2.0. Katika muda na nguvu ya matibabu dhidi ya DVT sugu ya mguu, mapendekezo ni pamoja na yafuatayo: * kwa wagonjwa wenye sehemu ya kwanza ya DVT, inayofuata sababu za hatari ya mpito (inayoweza kutibiwa), matibabu ya muda mrefu kwa kutumia VKA kwa miezi 3. * kwa wagonjwa wenye sehemu ya kwanza ya DVT yenye asili isiyojulikana, matibabu kwa kutumia VKA kwa angalau miezi 6 adi 12. Kipimo cha dawa cha VKA kinabadilishwa ili kudumisha INR katika safu ya 2.0 hadi 3.0. * kwa uzuiaji wa dalili za baada ya thrombosi, matumizi ya soksi nyumbufu yanapendekezwa. ===Thrombolaisi (uyeyushaji wa madonge ya damu)=== {{Main|Thrombolysis}} Thrombolaisi kwa ujumla umehifadhiwa kwa madonge mengi ya damu, kwa mfano thrombosi ya utumbo na paja. Ingawa uchambuzi wa matokeo ya majaribio yasiyofuata utaratibu maalum yaliyodhibitiwa ya Ushirikiano wa Cochrane yanaonyesha matokeo bora zaidi ya thrombolaisi,<ref name="pmid15495034">{{cite journal |author=Watson L, Armon M |title=Thrombolysis for acute deep vein thrombosis |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue= 4|pages=CD002783 |year= 2004|pmid=15495034 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002783.pub2}}</ref> huenda kukawa na ongezeko la matatizo makuu ya kutokwa damu. Mnamo Julai 2008, Chuo cha Madaktari wa Kifua cha Marekani (ACCP) kilichapisha miongozo mipya ya matibabu yeye misingi ya ushahidi kwa kutibu ugonjwa wa ugandaji wa damu katika vena (VTE) ambao kwa mara ya kwanza walipendekeza matumizi ya thrombolaisi isiyohusisha upasuaji kwa kutibu baadhi ya matukio sugu ya DVT. Mwongozo kamili wa ACCP VTE wa mwaka wa 2008 unaweza kupakuliwa bila malipo kutoka: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180323232520/http://www.thenewguidelines.org/ TheNewGuidelines.org] ===Thrombektomia=== Thrombasi zinaweza kuondolewa kwa kutumia chombo cha kimakanika cha thrombectomia. Matumizi ya zaidi ya tiba moja kwa kutumia chombo cha kimakanika cha thrombektomia kwa kutoa madawa ya kuyeyusha damu katika sehemu maalumu yamepewa kipaumbele hivi karibuni kama dawa ya kutibu DVT. ===Soksi za kubana=== Soksi nyumbufu za kubana zinafaa kutumiwa mara kwa mara "katika muda wa mwezi 1 wa utambuzi wa DVT inayopakana na kuendelea kwa angalau mwaka 1 baada ya utambuzi."<ref name="pmid17261857"></ref> Kuanzia kuzitumia kabla ya wiki moja kupita kunaweza kuleta matokeo bora zaidi.<ref name="pmid15313740">{{cite journal |author=Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, ''et al.'' |title=Below-knee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2004-08-17_141_4/page/n48 |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=249–56 |year=2004 |pmid=15313740 |doi=}}</ref> Katika majaribio yote, soksi hizo zilikuwa na ''nguvu zaidi kuliko soksi za kawaida za mgando'' na ziliunda ama milimita 20 hadi 30 kwa Hg au 30 hadi 40 mm kwa Hg. Majaribio mengi yalitumia soksi zinazofika kwenye goti. Uchambuzi wa matokeo ya majaribio yaliyodhibitiwa na kuteuliwa bila mpangilio wowote na Cochrane Collaboration ulionyesha kupunguka kwa matukio ya dalili za baada ya thrombosi.<ref name="pmid14974060">{{cite journal |author=Kolbach D, Sandbrink M, Hamulyak K, Neumann H, Prins M |title=Non-pharmaceutical measures for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue= 1|pages=CD004174 |year= 2003|pmid=14974060 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004174.pub2}}</ref> Idadi inayohitajika kutibu ni ya juu kiasi, kati ya wagonjwa 4 hadi 5 wanaohitaji kuwa wametibiwa ili kuzuiz tukio moja la dalili za baada ya thrombosi.<ref name="pmid17003920">{{cite journal |author=Kakkos S, Daskalopoulou S, Daskalopoulos M, Nicolaides A, Geroulakos G |title=Review on the value of graduated elastic compression stockings after deep vein thrombosis |journal=Thromb Haemost |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=441–5 |year=2006 |pmid=17003920}}</ref> ===Chujio la mshipa wa kupeleka damu kwenye moyo=== {{Main|Inferior vena cava filter}} Chujio la mshipa wa kupeleka damu kwenye moyo hupunguza kuziba kwa ateri ya mapafu<ref name="pmid9459643">{{cite journal |author=Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, Laporte S, Faivre R, Charbonnier B, Barral F, Huet Y, Simonneau G |title=A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1998-02-12_338_7/page/n48 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=338 |issue=7 |pages=409–15 |year=1998 |pmid=9459643 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199802123380701}}</ref> na ni chaguo kwa wagonjwa wenye ukataaji wa matibabu dhidi ya ugandaji (kwa mfano, vujabongo) au wagonjwa nadra ambao wana kumbukumbu kadhaa za PE (kuziba kwa ateri ya mapafu) wakati wanapopata matibabu dhidi ya ugandaji. Chujio la mshipa wa kupeleka damu kwenye moyo (ambao pia unajulikana kama ''chujio la Greenfield)'' linaweza kuzuia kuziba kwa ateri ya mapafu katika mguu wenye damu iliyoganda. Hata hivyo, chujio hizi zenyewe zina uwezo wa kusababisha thrombosi,<ref name="pmid16009794">{{cite journal |author= |title=Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2005-07-19_112_3/page/n141|journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=416–22 |year=2005 |pmid=16009794|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512834 |last1= Prepic Study |first1= Group}}</ref> chujio za IVC zinachukuliwa kama hatua ya muda ya kuzuia uzibaji kwa ateri ya mapafu unaoweza kusababisha kifo.<ref name="pmid17636834">{{cite journal |author=Young T, Aukes J, Hughes R, Tang H |title=Vena caval filters for the prevention of pulmonary embolism |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD006212 |year=2007 |pmid=17636834 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006212.pub2}}</ref> ==Ubashiri== Dalili za baadaye za thrombosi hutokea katika 15% ya wagonjwa wenye thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa (DVT). Hujitokeza kwa oedema ya mguu, maumivu, mbano wa usiku, uchechemeaji wa vena, rangi ya ngozi, uvimbe-ngozi na vidonda (kwa kawaida kwenye sehemu ya kati ya upande wa chini wa mguu). ==Epidemiolojia== DVT hutokea kwa takribani mtu mmoja kwa kila watu 1,000 kwa mwaka. Inakadiriwa kuwa takribani Wamarekani 350,000 hadi 600,000 kila mwaka huugua kutokana na DVT na kuziba kwa ateri ya mapafu na angalau vifo 100,000 huenda zina uhusiano wa moja kwa moja au usio wa moja kwa moja na magonjwa hayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/deepvein/calltoaction/call-to-action-on-dvt-2008.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-13 |archivedate=2012-02-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226224405/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/deepvein/calltoaction/call-to-action-on-dvt-2008.pdf }}</ref> DVT ni nadra kati ya watoto. Takribani mtu 1 kati ya watu 100,000 wenye umri chini ya miaka 18 hupata thrombosi ya kina cha mshipa, pengine kutokana na kiwango cha juu cha mipigo ya moyo kwa dakika, hali ya maisha yenye mazoezi mengi ikilinganishwa na watu wazima, na uambatani chache zaidi (kwa mfano donda ndugu). Kwa wanawake wajawazito, ina matukio ya 0.5 hadi 7 kwa kila mimba 1,000, na sababu ya pili kuu zaidi ya vifo vya wajawazito katika nchi zilizoendelea baada ya kutokwa na damu.<ref name="uppsala">[89] ^ Ugonjwa wa ugandaji wa damu katika vena (VTE) - Mwongozo wa matibabu katika majimbo ya C. Bengt Wahlström, idara ya matibabu ya Dharura, Hospitali ya kielimu ya Uppsala. Januari 2008</ref> ==Tazama pia== * Venogramu (matibabu) ==Marejeo (Kwa lugha ya Kingereza)== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.NATFonline.org Baraza la Thrombosi la Marekani Kaskazini: Wagonjwa na Wataalamu wa Kiafya wanaofanya kazi pamoja ili kuboresha uzuiaji, utambuzi na matibabu ya thrombosi na magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa.] * [http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/133/6_suppl Chuo cha Marekani cha Madaktari wa kifua 2008 Miongozo yenye misingi ya ushahidi Hospitali ushahidi wa kiafya kwa Magonjwa ya ugandaji wa damu katika vena (VTE)] * [http://www.isth.org/ Jumuiya ya Kimataifa kuhusu Thrombosi na Hemostasi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isth.org/ |date=20150512092608 }} * [http://www.dvt-awareness.co.uk/ Kampeni zinazoendelea za kubadilisha madaktari na taratibu za hospitali za kiskoti kuhusu DVT] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dvt-awareness.co.uk/ |date=20081222124350 }} * [http://www.debakeydepartmentofsurgery.org/home/content.cfm?proc_name=Deep+Vein+Thrombosis&amp;content_id=272 Habari kwa wagonjwa kuhusu DVT] * [http://www.alightervein.com A Lighter Vein.com - Uzuiaji wa DVT na sokisi za mgandamizo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alightervein.com/ |date=20130523052243 }} [[Category:damu]] [[Category:Magonjwa ya mishipa]] bnwghf5vto1ea5lrzl1iixwz55ubver 0 55752 1601446 1527929 2026-09-25T19:10:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Upigaji picha za kimatibabu''' ni mbinu na mchakato unaotumika kuunda picha ya mwili wa binadamu (au sehemu na utendaji kazi wake) kwa madhumuni ya kikliniki (taratibu za kimatibabu zinazojaribu kuonyesha, kutambua au kuchunguza ugonjwa) au sayansi ya matibabu (ikiwa ni pamoja na masomo ya [[anatomia]] na [[fiziolojia]]). Ingawa upigaji picha wa viungo na tishu zilizotolewa unaweza kufanya kwa sababu za kimatibabu, taratibu kama hizo kwa kawaida haziitwi upigaji picha za kimatibabu, bali ni sehemu ya patholojia. Kama somo/taaluma na katika maana yake pana, ni sehemu ya upigaji picha za kibiolojia na inashirikisha upigaji picha za eksirei (kwa maana pana), dawa za nyuklia, sayansi za eksirei za kufanya uchunguzi, endoskopia, thamografia (ya kimatibabu), picha na mikroskopia za kimatibabu (km kwa uchunguzi wa binadamu wa kipatholojia) . Mbinu za upimaji na kurekodi ambazo kimsingi hazijaundwa kuzalisha picha, kama vile elektroensefalografia (EEG), magnetoensefalografia (MEG), Elektrokadiografia (EKG) na zingine, lakini ambazo huzalisha data inayoweza kuwakilishwa kama [[ramani]] (yaani vyenye habari za mahali), zinaweza kuonekana kama aina za upigaji picha za kimatibabu. == Muhtasari == Katika muktadha wa kikliniki, upigaji picha za kimatibabu kwa ujumla hulinganishwa na matibabu kwa njia ya eksirei au "upigaji picha za kikliniki" na daktari aliye na wajibu wa kutafsiri (na wakati mwingine kupata // kuzipiga) picha hizo ni mtaalamu wa picha za eksirei. Picha za eksirei za utambuzi huonyesha vipengele changamano vya upigaji picha za kimatibabu na hasa upatikanaji wa picha za kimatibabu. ''Mtaalamu wa eksirei'' au ''mtaalamu wa teknolojia ya eksirei'' kwa kawaida huwajibika kupiga picha za kimatibabu zinazosaidia katika utambuzi, ingawa baadhi ya maingilio kati ya kieksirei huwa yanayotekelezwa na mtaalamu wa ekserei. Wakati upigaji picha za eksirei ni tathmini ya mwili, dawa za nyuklia hutoa tathmini ya utendaji kazi. Kama taaluma ya uchunguzi wa kisayansi, upigaji picha za kimatibabu ni sehemu ya taaluma ya uhandisi wa kimatibabu, fizikia ya kimatibabu au ile ya tiba kulingana na muktadha wake: Utafiti na uendelezaji katika eneo la vyombo, upatikanaji wa picha (kwa mfano upigaji picha za eksirei), uumbaji na upimaji kwa kawaida hufanywa katika uhandisi wa kimatibabu, fizikia ya kimatibabu na sayansi ya kompyuta; utafiti katika matumizi na tafsiri ya picha za kimatibabu kwa kawaida hufanywa katika fani ya upigaji picha za eksirei na sehemu ya taaluma ya matibabu inayohusiana na hali ya matibabu au eneo la sayansi ya matibabu (sayansi ya nyuro, taaluma ya tiba ya magonjwa ya moyo, taaluma ya tiba ya magonjwa ya akili, [[Elimunafsia|saikolojia]], n.k.) linalochunguzwa. Nyingi za mbinu zilizotengenezwa kwa ajili ya upigaji picha za kimatibabu pia huwa na matumizi ya [[Sekta ya viwanda|kisanyansi]] na [[Sayansi|kiviwanda.]] Upigaji picha za kimatibabu mara nyingi huonekana kurejelea mbinu ambazo huzalisha picha za sehemu za ndani za mwili bila kuingizwa ndani. Katika maana hii finyu, upigaji picha za kimatibabu unaweza kuonekana kama ufumbuzi wa matatizo ya kinyume ya [[Hisabati|kihisabati]]. Hii ina maana kuwa kisababishi (tabia za tishu hai) huonekana kutokana na athari (ishara iliyoonekana). Katika matumizi ya ultrasonografia kipimaji huwa ni mawimbi na mwangwi ya shinikizo ya ultrasoni // sauti isiyosikika na sikio la binadamu ndani ya tishu ambayo huonyesha muundo wa ndani. Katika matumizi ya upigaji picha za eksirei kwa mvurumisho, kipimaji ni mnururisho wa eksirei ambao hufyonzwa kwa viwango tofauti katika tishu za aina mbalimbali kama vile mifupa, misuli na mafuta. Neno zisizopenyeza linatumika kutokana na ukweli kwamba mbinu zifuatazo za upigaji picha za kimatibabu huwa haziingii ndani ya ngozi. Lakini katika kiwango cha sumakuumeme na mnururisho, mbinu hizi huwa ni zinaingia. Kutoka na fotoni zenye nishati ya juu katika Tomografia ya Eksirei inayofanywa kwa Kompyuta, hadi kwenye koili za 2 + Tesla za kifaa cha MRI, mbinu hizi hubadilisha athari ya kimwili na kikemikali za mwili ili kupata data. == Teknolojia ya upigaji picha== ===Radiografia=== kuna aina mbili za picha za kiradiografia zinazotumika katika upigaji picha za kimatibabu; radiografia ya mvurumisho na fluroskopia. Mbinu hiyo ya mwisho husaidia katika uongozi wa upasuaji wa ndani na katheta. Mbinu hizi za 2D bado zinaendelea kutumiwa licha ya kuwepo kwa tomografia ya 3D kutokana na gharama ya chini, mchanganuo wa juu, na kulingana na matumizi, vipimo vya chini vya mnururisho. Mbinu hii ya upigaji picha hutumia boriti kubwa ya eksirei ili kupiga picha na ndio mbinu ya kwanza ya upigaji picha inapatikana katika taaluma ya kisasa ya tiba. * ''Fluoroskopia'' hutoa picha halisi za miundo ya ndani ya mwili kwa namna sawa na radiografia, lakini hutumia kipimo sawa cha eksirei, kilicho katika kiwango cha chini. Vyombo vinavyohitilafiana, kama vile bariamu, iodini, na hewa hutumika kuonyesha viungo vya ndani wakati vinafanya kazi. Fluoroscopia pia kutumika katika taratibu zinaongozwa kwa picha wakati maoni ya mara kwa mara katika utaratibu yanahitajika. Kipokezi picha kinahitajika ili kubadilisha mnururisho katika picha na baada ya kupitishwa kwenye sehemu inayolengwa. Hapo awali kipokezi kilichotumika kilikuwa ni skrini ya kufloresi, ambacho kilibadilishana na Amplifaya ya Picha (IA) ambayo ilikuwa ni tyubu kubwa na tupu ambayo ilikuwa na sehemu ya mwisho ya kupokea iliyokuwa imefunikwa na kesiamu iodidi, na kioo kwenye mwisho ulioelekeana. Hatimaye kioo kilibadilishana na kamera ya TV. * ''Radiografu za mvurumisho,'' zinazojulikana zaidi kama eksirei, mara nyingi hutumiwa kuamua aina na kiwango cha mvunjiko na pia katika kuchunguza mabadiliko ya kipatholojia katika mapafu. Zikitumiwa pamoja na vyombo vinavyohitilafiana na ambavyo havipitishi mnururisho, kama vile [[Bari|bariamu]], zinaweza pia kutumika kuonyesha umbo la tumbo na matumbo - kufanya hivi kunaweza saidia kutambua vidonda vya tumbo au aina fulani ya [[kansa]] ya koloni. ===Upigaji Picha kwa Mwangwi wa Sumaku === [[File:Brain Mri nevit.svg|thumb|Kiwakilisho cha MRI ya ubongo]] Kifaa cha mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha (skana ya MRI), au skana ya "mwangwi wa nyuklia wa sumaku wa upigaji picha (NMR)" kama ilivyojulikana hapo awali, hutumia sumaku zenye nguvu kukingamiza na kusisimua nyuklei ya [[hidrojeni]] ([[Protoni|protoni moja)]] katika molekuli za maji katika tishu za binadamu, na kuzalisha dalili inayoweza kutambulika ambayo imesimbwa kwenye anga, na kusababisha picha za mwili. MRI hutumia maeneo matatu ya sumakuumeme: eneo kali sana (kulingana na amri ya vipande vya teslasi) na tuli la sumaku ili kukingamiza nyuklei ya hidrojeni, liitwalo eneo tuli, (ma)eneo dhaifu lenye muda unaotofautiana (kulingana na amri ya kHz 1) la kusimba angani, liitwalo eneo la gradienti, na eneo lenye marudio dhaifu ya radio (RF) la uendeshaji wa nyuklei ya hidrojeni ili kuzalisha dalili zinazoweza kupimika, zinazokusanywa kupitia antena ya RF. Sawa na CT, tangu jadi MRI hutengeneza picha yenye pande mbili ya "kipande" chembamba cha mwili na hivyo basi huchukuliwa kuwa mbinu ya upigaji picha wa kitomografia. Vyombo vya kisasa vya MRI vinaweza kuzalisha picha katika mfumo wa bloku za 3D, ambazo zinawezachukuliwa kama ujumlishaji wa dhana ya kipande kimoja na kitomografiki. Tofauti na CT, MRI haiusishi matumizi ya mnururisho wa kuweka ioni na kwa hiyo haihusiani na hatari sawa za afya. Kwa mfano, kwa sababu MRI imekuwa ikitumika tangu mapema miaka ya 1980, hakuna athari za kudumu zinazojulikana zinazotokana na kuwekwa kwa maeneo tuli na yenye nguvu (hii ni mada ya mjadala fulani; tazama 'Usalama' katika MRI) na kwa hivyo hakuna kikomo na idadi ya kaguzi ambazo mtu anaweza kufanyiwa, kinyume na eksirei na CT. Hata hivyo, kuna hatari zilizotambuliwa vyema za afya zinazohusishwa na upashajijoto wa tishu unaosababishwa na kuwekwa wazi // kufunuliwa kwa eneo la RF na uwepo wa vifaa vilivyowekwa mwilini, kama vile vifaa vya kurekebisha mpigo wa moyo. Hatari hizi hudhibitiwa kwa madhubuti kama sehemu ya mpango wa kifaaa na itikadi za kukagua zinazotumiwa. Kwa sababu CT na MRI ni huathiriwa na tabia tofauti za tishu, muonekano wa picha zilipatikana kwa kutumia mbinu hizi mbili hutofautiana dhahiri. Katika CT, ni lazima eksirei zizuiwe kwa kutumia aina ya tishu nzito ili kutengeneza picha, kwa hivyo ubora wa picha wakati wa kuangalia tishu laini utakuwa duni. Katika MRI, wakati kiini chochote kilicho na msokoto halisi wa kiini kinaweza kutumika, protoni ya atomu ya hidrojeni ndiyo iliyotumiwa sana kufikia sasa, hasa katika mazingira ya kliniki, kwa sababu huenea kila mahali na kurudisha dalili kubwa. Kiini hiki, kilicho kwenye molekuli ya maji, huruhusu utofautishaji bora zaidi wa tishu laini unaoweza kufikiwa kwa MRI. ===Dawa za kinyuklia=== Dawa za kinyuklia hujumuisha picha za utambuzi na matibabu ya ugonjwa, na pia zinaweza kujulikana kama dawa za kimolekuli au upigaji picha na utabibu wa kimolekuli<ref>[http://www.snm.org Society Nuclear medicine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.snm.org/ |date=20130814105551 }}</ref>. Dawa za kinyuklia hutumia tabia fulani za isotopu na chembe zenye nishati zinazotolewa kutoka kwa vifaa vinavyonururisha ili kutambua au kutibu magonjwa mablimbali. Tofauti na dhana ya kawaida ya radiolojia ya kianatomu, dawa za kinyuklia huwezesha utathmini wa fiziolojia. Njia hii ya tathmini za kimatibabu inayozingatia utendaji kazi ina matumizi muhimu katika vijitaaluma vingi, hasa onkolojia, nyurolojia, na kadiolojia. ''Gamma kamera'' hutumika katika mfano skintigrafia, SPECT na PET ili kuchunguza maeneo ya shughuli za kibiolojia ambayo yanaweza kuhusishwa na ugonjwa. Mgonjwa hupewa [[Isotopi]] zilizo na maisha mafupi, kama vile I¹²³. Mara nyingi isotopu kufyonzwa kwa mapendeleo na tishu zinazofanya kazi kibiolojia katika mwili, na zinaweza kutumika kutambua vivimbe au sehemu zilizovunjika katika mfupa. Picha hupatikana baada ya fotoni zilizowekwa sambamba zimepatwa na chembechembe ambayo hutoa ishara ya mwangaza, ambayo kisha hukuzwa na kubadilishwa kuwa data ya kuhesabu. * ''Skintigrafia'' ("skinti") ni aina ya uchunguzi wa kiutambuzi ambapo radioisotopu kuwekwa ndani ya mwili, kwa mfano kupitia kwa mishipa au kwa kumezwa. Kisha, kamera ya gamma hupiga na kuunda picha zenye pande mbili <ref> [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scintigraphy thefreedictionary.com - scintigraphy] Akinukuu: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, 2007 na Saunders, Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007; McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies</ref> kutoka kwa mnururisho unaotolewa na radiofamasutikali. Kwa mfano, technetium-labeled isoniazid (INH) na ethambutol (EMB) imetumika kupiga picha za utambuzi wa mapema wa kifua kikuu <ref> Singh, Namrata Singh. Clinical Evaluation of Radiolabeled Drugs for Tubercular Imaging. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing (2010). ISBN-13: 978-3838378381</ref> . * ''SPECT'' ni mbinu ya kitomografia ya 3D // pande tatu ambayo hutumia data ya kamera ya gamma kutoka michomozo mingi na inaweza kutengenezwa tena katika hatua mbalimbali. Kamera ya gamma yenye vichwa viwili // pande mbili vya kugundua ikiunganishwa na skana ya CT, ambayo hutoa data ya utendaji kazi ya SPECT ya eneo maalum, inaitwa kamera ya SPECT / CT, na imeonyesha huduma katika kuendeleza fani ya upigaji picha wa kimolekuli.Katika mbinu nyingine za upigaji picha wa kimatibabu, nishati hupitishwa kwenye mwili na majibu au matokeo husoma kwa vigunduzi. Katika upigaji picha wa SPECT, mgonjwa hudungwa na radioisotopu, sana sana thaliamu 201TI, Teknetiamu 99mTC, Iodini 123I, na Galiamu 68Ga<ref name="Dhawan P 2003"> Dhawan P, A. (2003). Medical Imaging Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience Publication</ref>. Miale ya gamma yenye kunururisha hutolewa kupitia kwa mwili wakati utaratibu wa kawaida wa kuoza kwa isotopu hizo unafanyika. Uzalishaji wa miale ya gamma kuonekana na vigunduzi ambavyo huuzunguka mwili. Kimsingi jambo hili lina maanisha kwamba binadamu kwa sasa ndiye chanzo cha unururishaji, kuliko vifaa vya upigaji picha za kimatibabu kama vile eksirei, CT, au Ultrasaundi. * ''Tomografia inayohusisha utolewaji wa positroni'' (PET) hutumia utambuzi wa kubahatisha ili kuonyesha // kupiga picha taratibu za utendaji kazi. Isotopu inayotoa positroni na ambayo haina maisha marefu, kama vile F ^18, huingizwa kwenye kitu chenye kaboni kama vile glukosi, hivyo kujenga F18-fluorodeoksiglukosi, ambayo inaweza kutumika kama kialamishaji cha matumizi ya metaboli. Picha ya usambazaji wa shughuli katika mwili zinaweza kuonyesha tishu zinazokua kwa haraka, kama uvimbe, metastasisi, au ugonjwa. Picha za PET zinaweza kutazamwa kwa kulinganishwa na skani za kitomografia zilizofanywa kwa kompyuta ili kuamua uhusiano wa kianatomia. Skana za kisasa huchanganya PET na CT, au hata MRI, ili kuboresha ujenzi wa picha unaohusika na upigaji picha wa positroni. Utaratibu huu hufanyiwa kwenye vifaa sawa bila ya kumsongesha mgonjwa kutoka kwa mhimili. Matokeo mahuluti ya maelezo ya utendaji kazi na kianatomia ni chombo muhimu katika utambuzi na udhibiti wa mgonjwa usiohusisha upenyezaji kwenye mwili. ===Upigaji picha kwa mbinu inayotumia sauti na mwangaza=== Upigaji picha kwa mbinu inayotumia sauti na mwangaza ni namna ya upigaji picha mahuluti wa kimatibabu iliyobuniwa hivi karibuni inayotegemea athari ya sauti na mwangaza. Mbinu hii huchanganya manufaa ya tofauti za ufyonzaji kwa macho na azimio la sauti ndogo isiyosikika kwa masikio ya binadamu kwenye anga ili kupata picha za ndani (macho) katika diffusive au quasi-diffusive serikali. Tafiti za hivi karibuni zimeonyesha kuwa upigaji picha kwa mbinu inayotumia sauti na mwangaza unaweza kutumiwa katika vivo (utafutaji wa ndani ya mwili) wa ufuatiliaji wa uvimbe wa anjiojenesisi, ramani ya uwekaji oksijeni katika damu, picha ya jinsi ubongo unavyofanya kazi, na ugunduzi wa melanoma ya ngozi, n.k. === Thamografia ya matiti === Thamografia ya upigaji picha kwa kutumia miale isiyoonekana ya kidijiti inazingatia kanuni kwamba shughuli za kimetaboli na mzunguko kwenye mishipa katika tishu zilizokaribu kuathiriwa na kansa na eneo linalozunguka kansa ya matiti inayoendelea kukua karibu kila wakati huwa juu kuliko ilivyo katika tishu ya kawaida ya matiti. Vivimbe vya kansa huhitaji ugavi wa madini unaoendelea daima kuongezeka na hivyo kuongeza mzunguko katika seli zake kwa kushika mishipa ya damu iliyofunguka, kufungua mishipa isiyofanya kazi, na kuunda//kutengeneza mishipa mipya (neoanjiojenesisi). Mara nyingi utaratibu huu husababisha kuongezeka kwa joto katika eneo hilo la matiti. Upigaji picha kwa kutumia miale isiyoonekana ya kidijiti hutumia kamera za kimatibabu zisizoonekana kwa macho na zenye uwezo wa kuonyehs mabadiliko madogo madogo na kompyuta za kisasa ili kuchunguza, kuchambua na kuzalisha picha za utambuzi za mchanganuo wa hali ya juu, za tofauti hizo za joto. Kwa sababu ya kuathirika na DII, tofauti hizi za joto zinaweza kuwa kati ya dalili zinazojitokeza mapema za [[saratani]] ya matiti na / au hali ya matiti kabla ya kuathiriwa na kansa<ref> http://www.breastthermography.com/breast_thermography_mf.htm</ref> . === Tomografia === Tomografia ni njia ya kupiga picha ya ubapa mmoja, au kipande, cha kitu na kusababisha // kutoa tomogramu. Kuna aina kadhaa za tomografia: * Tomografia ya mstari: Hii ndiyo aina msingi kabisa ya tomografia. Tyubu ya eksirei husongeshwa kutoka sehemu "A" hadi "B" juu ya mgonjwa, wakati kishikilia kanda (au "Bucky") kinasonga wakati uo huo chini ya mgonjwa kutoka sehemu "B" hadi "A." Egemeo, huwekwa kwenye eneo lengwa. Kwa namna hii, sehemu zilizo juu na chini ya ubapa lengwa hutiwa ukungu, kama sehemu ya nyuma inavyotiwa ukungu wakati wa kuelekeza kamera wakati wa kufunua//kuanika. Mbinu hii kuwa haitumiki tena na ilibadilishana na tomografia ya kukokotoa // kuhesabu. * Tomografia ya aina nyingi: Hii ilikuwa aina changamano ya tomografia. Kwa mbinu hii, harakati kadhaa za kijiometri zilipangwa, kama vile hiposikloidiki, mviringo, umbo 8, na eliptikali. Mifumo ya Kimatibabu ya Philips (Philips Medical Systems) ilizalishwa kifaa kimmoja kama hicho kilichoitwa 'Politomu.' Kitengo hiki kiliendelea kutumika hadi katika miaka ya 1990, kwani picha kilichozitoa za fiziolojia ndogo na ngumu, kama vile sikio la ndani, bado zilikuwa vigumu kuonwa kwa CT kwa wakati huo. Kadri mchanganuo wa CT ulivyoendelea kuwa bora, utaratibu huu ulichukuliwa na CT. * Zonografia: Hii ni lahaja ya tomografia ya mstari, ambapo safu finyu ya msongo hutumiwa. Aina hii bado hutumika katika baadhi ya vituo ili kuonyesha figo wakati urogramu ya ndani ya mishipa (IVU). * Othopantomografia (OPT au OPG): Hii ndiyo aina ya tomografia inayotumika sana katika uchunguzi. Aina hii hutumia harakati // msongo tata ili kuruhusu uchunguzi wa kiradiografu wa utaya, kama ulikuwa mfupa bapa. Mara nyingi aina hii inajulikana kama "Panoreksi", lakini jambo hili si sahihi, kwani neno hilo ni alama ya kibiashara ya kampuni fulani. * Tomografia ya Kukokotoa // Hesabu (CT), au Tomografia ya Kokokotoa ya Mhimili (CAT: Uchanganuzi wa CT, unaojulikana pia kama uchanganuzi wa CAT), ni tomografia iliyosokotwa (aina ya hivi karibuni), ambayo hapo awali ilitoa picha za 2D za miundo katika sehemu nyembamba ya mwili. Huwa inatumia eksirei. Ina kiwango cha juu cha mnururisho unaoweka ayoni kuliko radiografia ya makadirio; uchanganuzi unaorudiwa ni lazima upunguzwe ili kuepuka athari za afya. CT imejengwa kwa kanuni sawa na makadirio ya eksirei lakini katika kesi hii (ya CT), mgonjwa hufungiwa katika mzunguko wa vigunduzi ulio na vigunduzi 500-1000 vilivyo na mvuto<ref name="Dhawan P 2003"></ref> . Hii ni jeometri ya skena ya CT ya eksirei ya kizazi cha nne. Hapo awali katika skena za vizazi vya zamani, boriti ya eksirei ilikuwa imeambatanishwa na chanzo kilichotafsiri na kigunduzi. ===Picha za tiba=== Ultrasonografia ya kimatibabu hutumia mawimbi sauti ya broadbandi ya hali ya juu katika safu ya megahatzi ambayo hujitokeza//huonyeshwa kwenye tishu kwa digrii//aina tofauti ili kuzalisha picha (hadi 3D). Kwa kawaida jambo hili huhusishwa na kuonyesha picha za kijusi katika wanawake wajawazito. Hata hivyo, matumizi ya picha za tiba ni mpana zaidi. Matumizi mengine muhimu ni pamoja na kuonyesha picha za viungo vya tumbo, moyo, matiti, misuli, kano, na mishipa. Ingawa inaweza kutoa maelezo machache ya kianatomu ikilinganishwa na mbinu kama vile CT au MRI, ina faida kadhaa ambazo huifanya kuwa bora katika hali mbalimbali, hasa kwamba inachunguza utendaji kazi wa miundo//sehemu zinazosonga katika muda halisi, huwa huitoi mnururisho unaoweka ayoni, na ina madoa ambayo yanaweza kutumika katika elastografia. Picha za tiba pia hutumika kama chombo maarufu cha utafiti cha kukusanya data ghafi, ambayo inaweza kupatikana kwa njia ya eneo la utafiti wa upigaji picha za tiba linalojitokeza katika sehemu mbalimbali na, kwa madhumuni ya ubainishaji wa tishu na utekelezaji wa mbinu mpya za uchakataji picha. Dhana za upigaji picha za tiba unatofautiana na mbinu zingine za upigaji picha za kimatibabu kwa kuwa inaendeshwa na upitishaji na upokeaji wa mawimbi ya sauti. Mawimbi sauti ya kasi ya juu hutumwa kwenye tishu na kulingana na muundo wa tishu tofauti; ishara itapunguzwa na kurudishwa katika vipindi tofauti. Njia ya mawimbi sauti yaliyorudishwa katika mfumo wenye rusu nyingi inaweza kufafanuliwa kwa mchango wa karibu wa sauti (wimbi sauti la picha za tiba) na vizigeu wiano vilivyorudishwa na kutumwa vya miundo yenye uhusiano.<ref name="Dhawan P 2003"></ref>. Ni mbinu salama kutumia na haionekani kusababisha madhara yoyote mabaya, ingawa maelezo kuhusu jambo hili si mengi // ni machache. Pia si ghali sana na hufanywa kwa haraka. Skena za kupiga picha za tiba zinaweza kupelekwa kwa wagonjwa walioathiriwa sana katika vitengo vya wagonjwa walio katika hali mahututi, hivyo kuepuka hatari inayosababishwa wakati wa kumpeleka mgonjwa kwa idara ya radiolojia. Picha halisi inayopatikana inaweza kutumika kuongoza taratibu za utoaji maji na biopsi. uwezekano wa Doppler kwenye skena za kisasa huruhusu mzunguko wa damu katika mishipa kutathminiwa. == Mada za Upigaji Picha za Kimatibabu == ===Kuongeza matumizi ya utaratibu wa upigaji picha=== Kiwango cha data inayopatikana katika uchanganuzi mmoja wa MR au CT ni kikubwa sana. Baadhi ya data ambayo wataalamu wa radiolojia hutupa inaweza kuwaokolewa wagonjwa wakati na pesa, na wakati uo huo kupunguza mfichuo wao kwa mionzi na hatari ya matatizo ya taratibu invaderande. <ref> Freiherr G. [http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872 Waste not, want not: Getting the most from imaging procedures. ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/news/display/article/113619/1541872 |date=20120402200739 }}. ''Diagnostic Imaging.'' 19 Machi 2010.</ref> ===Uumbaji wa picha zenya aina tatu za ukubwa=== Hivi karibuni, mbinu zimeundwa ili kuwezesha programu za uchanganuzi wa CT, MRI na picha za tiba kumzalishia daktari picha zenye aina tatu za ukubwa. <ref name="ref3"> Udupa, JK na Herman, GT, 3D Imaging in Medicine, 2 Edition, CRC Press, 2000</ref> Hapo awali, changanuzi za MRI na CT zinazalisha picha tuli za 2D kwenye filamu. Ili kuzalisha picha za 3D, changanuzi nyingi hufanya, kisha zinaunganishwa na kompyuta ili kutoa umbo la 3D, ambalo linaweza kutengenezwa na daktari. Picha za tiba za 3D huzalishwa kwa kutumia mbinu ambayo inakaribia kufanana na hiyo. Katika utambuzi wa ugonjwa wa viskera ya tumbo, picha za tiba hasa huweza kuonyesha njia inayopitiwa na nyongo, njia ya mkojo na viungo vya uzazi vya mwanamke (ovari, neli ya uzazi).Kwa mfano, utambuzi wa jiwe la nyongo kwa upanuzi wa kineli na jiwe za kawaida za nyongo katika kineli cha kawaida cha nyongo. Kwa uwezo wa kuonyesha miundo muhimu kwa undani zaidi, mbinu za picha za 3D ni rasilimali muhimu kwa ajili ya utambuzi na matibabu kupitia upasuaji ya magonjwa mengi. Ilikuwa ni rasilimali msingi katika jaribio maarufu, ingawa halikufaulu, la madaktari wa Singaporean kutenganisha mapacha kutoka nchi ya Iran Ladan na Laleh Bijani katika mwaka wa 2003. Hapo awali vifaa vya 3D vilitumika katika shughuli kama hiyo na kusababisha mafanikio makubwa. Mbinu nyingine zilizopendekezwa au kutengenezwa ni pamoja na: * Tomografia ya macho ya utawanyaji * Elastografia * Tomografia ya kusongesha karibu kwa kutumia umeme * Upigaji picha kwa kutumia Optoakustiki * Ofthamolojia ** Picha ya A ** Picha ya B ** Tomografia ya konea ** Tomografia ya kuambatanisha macho ** Ofthamoskopia ya leza ya kuchanganua Baadhi ya mbinu hizi bado ziko katika hatua ya utafiti na bado hazijatumika katika shughuli za kawaida za kliniki. ===Ubanaji wa picha za kimatibabu=== Mbinu za upigaji picha za kimatibabu huzalisha kiasi kikubwa sana cha data, hasa kutoka mbinu za CT, MRI na PET. Kutokana na hayo, uhifadhi na mawasiliano ya data za picha za kielektroniki haziwezekani bila matumizi ya ubanaji. JPEG 2000 ni hali ya kawaida ya DICOM ya ubanaji wa picha wa hali-ya-sanaa kwa ajili ya uhifadhi na usambazaji wa picha za kimatibabu. Gharama na uwezekano wa kupata seti kubwa za data ya picha katika vipimo vya chini au mbalimbali vya upanabendi zimeshughulikiwa zaidi kwa matumizi ya kiwangi kingine cha DICOM, kiitwacho JPIP, ili kuwezesha upeperushaji/onyeshaji mzuri wa data ya picha ya JPEG 2000 iliyobanwa. === Picha zisizo za kiutambuzi === Upigaji picha za nyuro pia umetumika katika hali za kufanya majaribio ili kuwaruhusu watu (hasa watu wenye ulemavu) kudhibiti vyombo vya nje, na kufanya kazi kama kiunganishikati cha ubongo na kompyuta. === Kuhifadhi na kurekodi === Kifaa cha kupiga picha za kimatibabu, ambacho kwa msingi hutumiwa katika upigaji picha za tiba, kinahitajika katika matumizi ya uhifadhi na upigaji picha za kimatibabu zinazochukuliwa kutoka mbali sana. Katika matukio mengi, kifaa cha 'frame grabber' hutumika ili kupata ishara ya video kutoka kwa kifaa cha kimatibabu na kutuma kwa kompyuta ili ifanyiwe uchakataji na kushughulikiwa zaidi. <ref> [http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16 Treating Medical Ailments in Real Time] {{Wayback|url=http://www.epiphan.com/solutions_new/?arid=16 |date=20110214130420 }}</ref> === Programu maalum zinazotumika katika uchambuzi wa picha ya kimatibabu === Aina kadhaa za programu hizi zinapatikana ili kutumiwa katika uchambuzi wa picha za kimatibabu: * Aphelion * ImageJ * 3D Slicer * ITK * OsiriX * GemIdent * MicroDicom * FreeSurfer === Matumizi katika majaribio ya kikliniki ya madawa === Upigaji picha za kimatibabu umekuwa chombo muhimu katika majaribio ya kliniki kwani huwa unawezesha utambuzi wa haraka wa magonjwa kupitia uonyeshaji na tathmini za kiidadi. Jaribio la kawaida la kikliniki hupitia awamu nyingi na linaweza kuchukua hadi miaka nane. Matokeo ya kikliniki hutumiwa kuamua kama tiba inayohusika ni salama na inafanya kazi. Mgonjwa anapofikia mwisho, yeye kwa jumla hutengwa kutokana na mahusiano zaidi ya kimajaribio. Majaribio yanayotegemea matokeo ya kikliniki pekee hugharimu pesa nyingi kwani huwa yanachukua muda mrefu na huwa yanahitaji wagonjwa wengi. Tofauti na matokeo ya kikliniki, matokeo mbadala yameonyeshwa kupunguza wakati unaohitajika kuthibitisha kama dawa ina manufaa ya kikliniki. vitia alama kwenye picha vya kibiolojia (dalili ambayo hupimwa kupitia mbinu maalum ya upigaji picha, ambayo hutumiwa kama kiashiria cha majibu ya madawa kwa tiba) na matokeo mbadala vimeonyesha kuwezesha matumizi ya makundi madogo, hivyo kupata matokeo ya haraka na yenye takwimu thabiti. <ref name="hajnal"> Hajnal, JV, Hawkes, DJ, &amp; Hill, DL ((2001). Medical Image Registration. CRC Press.</ref> Upigaji picha huweza kuonyesha mabadiliko madogo ambayo huonyesha maendeleo ya matibabu ambayo yanawezakosa kuonyeshanwa na mbinu za kidhahania na za kijadi. Mapendeleo ya kijadi hupunguzwa kwani matokeo hutathmini bila mawasiliano yoyote ya moja kwa moja na mgonjwa. Kwa mfano, upimaji wa upunguaji wa uvimbe ni matokeo mbadala ambayo hutumika sana katika tathmini ya majibu ya uvimbe halisi. Jambo hili huruhusu tathmini ya haraka na isiyo na mapendeleo ya madhara ya dawa za kupigana na kansa. Katika kutathmini kiwango cha ugonjwa wa Alzheimer, matumizi ya vipimo vya kitabia na kitambuzi bado yameenea. Picha za MRI za ubongo wote zinaweza kwa usahihi onyesha kiwango cha hipokampo atrofi wakati picha za PET zinaweza kupima shughuli za kimetaboli za ubongo kwa kupima umetaboliki wa glukosi wa kieneo. <ref name="hajnal"></ref> Jaribio lililo na msingi kwenye picha kwa kawaida lina sehemu tatu: # Itifaki ya upigaji picha halisi. Itifaki ni muhtasari ambao husawazisha (kama inavyowezekana kiutendaji) jinsi picha zinapatikana kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali (PET, SPECT, CT, MRI). Huwea inaelezea mambo maalum kuhusu jinsi picha zinavyofaa kuhifadhiwa, kuchakatwa na kutathminiwa. # Kituo cha picha kilicho na jukumu la kukusanya picha, kufanya udhibiti wa ubora na kutoa vifaa vya uhifadhi, usambazaji na uchambuzi wa data. Ni jambo muhimu kwa picha zinazopigwa katika nyakati mbalimbali kuonyeshwa kwa muundo sanifu ili kudumisha uaminikaji wa tathmini. Baadhi ya mashirika ya utafiti yanayoshughulikia mikataba ya upigaji picha hutoa, hadi mwisho, huduma za upigaji picha za kimatibabu, kutoka upangaji itifaki na udhibiti wa tovuti hadi kwa uhakikisho wa ubora wa data na uchambuzi wa picha. # Vituo vya kikliniki ambavyo hutafuta wagonjwa ili kupata picha za kutuma kwenye kituo cha upigaji picha. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book|title=Digital Image Processing: An Algorithmic Introduction using Java|url=https://archive.org/details/digitalimageproc0000burg|editor1-first=Wilhelm|editor1-last=Burger|editor2-first=Mark James|editor2-last=Burge|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|year=2008|series=Texts in Computer Science series|issn=1868-0941|doi=10.1007/978-1-84628-968-2|isbn=978-1-84628-379-6}} * {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Diagnostic Imaging|editor-last=Baert|editor-first=Albert L.|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]|location=[[Berlin]]|year=2008|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-35280-8|isbn=978-3-540-35278-5}} * Tony F. Jackie Chan na Shen (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080117220948/http://jackieneoshen.googlepages.com/ImagingNewEra.html ''Image Processing and Analysis - Variational, PDE, Wavelet, and Stochastic Methods.'']. SIAM * Terry Yoo (Mhariri) (2004), ''Insight into Images.'' * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Robb | first = RA | year = 1999 | title = Biomedical Imaging, Visualization, and Analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/biomedicalimagin0000robb | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc | isbn = 0471283533 }} * {{cite journal|journal=Journal of Digital Imaging |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|issn=0897-1889}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Medical imaging}} * {{dmoz|Health/Medicine/Imaging/|Medical imaging}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024195025/http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/index.html Medical Image Database] Free Indexed Online Images [[Category:tiba]] p8dfj2jb2iwrlg3uaabsf8n84qy1827 0 55914 1601088 1580258 2026-09-25T13:16:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601088 wikitext text/x-wiki ^{Kwa ugonjwa tofauti, ambao majina huchanganywa wakati mwingine, angalia [[homa ya manjano]]}. {{lugha}} {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |Name = Homa wa Ini (Hepatitis) |Image = Alcoholic_hepatitis.jpg |Caption = [[Alcoholic liver disease|Alcoholic hepatitis]] evident by fatty change, cell [[necrosis]], [[Mallory bodies]] |ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|75|9|k|70}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|573.3}} |DiseasesDB = 20061 |MedlinePlus = |eMedicineSubj = |eMedicineTopic = |MeshID = D006505 }} '''Homa ya ini''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''[[:en:hepatitis|hepatitis]]''<ref>Wakati mwingine jina "[[homa ya manjano]]" au "homanyongo" hutumiwa kwa ugonjwa huu lakini hili ni jina la ugonjwa tofauti unaoitwa kwa Kiingereza "yellow fever"</ref>) ni [[uvimbe]] wa [[ini]] inayohusishwa na [[seli]] kuvimba [[kiini]] katika [[tishu]] ya ini. Hali hii inaweza kujiponyesha au kuendelea kuwa fibrosisi ([[kovu]]) na [[ugonjwa sugu]] wa ini. Homa ya ini inaweza kujitokeza kwa kiasi tu au kutokuwa na bila [[dalili]] yoyote, lakini mara nyingi huleta homa, kukosa [[hamu ya kula]] na kunyong'onyea kwa [[mwili]]. Homa ya ini ni ''kali'' wakati inapodumu chini ya miezi [[sita]] na ''sugu'' wakati unapozidi miezi sita. Ugonjwa huo unasababishwa mara nyingi na [[virusi]]. Lakini inatokea pia baada ya ini kupata madhara kutokana na [[sumu]] mbalimbali, hasa [[pombe]], [[dawa]] fulani na [[mimea]]), [[maambukizi]] mengine na magonjwa ya [[kingamwili]]. Kwa wakati mwingine inaweza kumpata mtu B au C kutokana na kuwa na uzito mkubwa [ya kurithi] pia baada ya kuugua italeta upungufu ya uzito. Kwa wanawake ni zaidi. Wakati mwingine haiambukizi watoto. Ila ni hatari kwa watoto na ni vyema wakapata chanjo. Haitibiki kwa dawa bali mara nyingine imeisha yenyewe tu. Baadhi ya wagonjwa wamepata hiyo shida bila kwisha kutokana na mashauri mabaya ya dawa za kidaktari, na kupelekea ugonjwa kuwa mbaya zaidi. ==Ishara na dalili== ===Kali=== [[Dalili]] za kwanza ni zile za mafua ambazo ni sawa na dalili za maambukizo yoyote ya virusi kama vile unyonge, na kuumwa misuli na viungo, [[homa]], [[kichefuchefu]] au [[kutapika]], kuendesha na maumivu ya kichwa. Dalili maalum, ambazo zinaweza kuwa katika homa ya ini kali yenye chanzo chochote, ni [[Anorexia|kupoteza hamu ya chakula]], chuki ya kuvuta sigara kati ya wavutaji sigara, mkojo mweusi, macho na ngozi kuwa manjano na usumbufu wa tumbo. Matokeo ya kimwili kwa kawaida ni madogo, licha ya homa ya ini katika thuluthi, uvimbe wepesi wa ini kwa asilimia kumi. Baadhi huwa na dalili za limfadenopathia (upanuzi wa tezi) kati ya asilimia tano au kukua kwa [[wengu]]. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ryder S, Beckingham I |title=ABC of diseases of liver, pancreas, and biliary system: Acute hepatitis |journal=BMJ |volume=322 |issue=7279 |pages=151–153 |year=2001 |pmid=11159575 |doi=10.1136/bmj.322.7279.151 |pmc=1119417}}</ref> Hepatitis kali inakuwa sana na dalili katika watu wa umri mdogo. Dalili zaweza kutokea baada ya kupata afueni siku ya saba hadi siku kumi, kwa jumla ugonjwa hudumu wiki mbili hadi sita. <ref name="bain">Bain VG na M. Ma, papo hapo virusi Hepatitis, Sura ya 14, [http://www.gastroresource.com/GITextbook/en/Chapter14/14-4.htm ''Kanuni ya Kwanza ya gastroenterology (en online Nakala kitabu)'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gastroresource.com/GITextbook/en/Chapter14/14-4.htm |date=20091028150816 }}</ref> Idadi ndogo ya watu wenye homa ya ini kali huendelea kuwa na ushinde wa ini ambapo ini hushindwa kutoa viungo hatari kwenye mwili [ambayo husababisha utatanishi na kukosa fahamu kutokana na kuharibika ubongo wa ini] na kutoa protini za damu (ambayo husababisha [[uvimbe wa pembeni]] na kutoa na damu). Hii inaweza kutishia uhai na mara kwa mara inahitaji kuhamisha ini. === Sugu === Homa ya ini sugu mara nyingi husababisha dalili sizizo maalum kama vile unyonge, uchovu na udhaifu, na mara nyingi haisababishi dalili zozote. kwa kawaida zinazoainishwa katika kipimo cha damukifanyikacho kuchunguza dalili maalum tukio la homa ya ini huonyesha kuzidi kuharibika kwa ini. uchunguzi wa kimwili huonyesha kunenepa kwa ini <ref name="MerckHome">{{MerckHome|10|137|c||Chronic hepatitis}}</ref> Uharibifu mkubwa na kovu kwa ini (yaani cirrhosis) husababisha kupoteza uzito, na urahisi wa kukwaruzwa na kutoka damu ovyo, uvimbe wa pembeni (uvimbe wa miguu) na kujaa maji katika mwina wa tumbo. Hatimaye, ugonjwa sugu wa ini unaweza kusababisha matatizo mbalimbali:vena ya umio (mishipa wazi katika ukuta wa umio ambayo inaweza kusababisha kutoka kwa kwa damu kunakohatarisha maisha) kuharibika ubongo wa ini (kuchanganyikiwa na kukosa fahamu) na ugonjwa wa hepatorenali (figo kutofanya kazi). [[Chunusi]], [[hedhi]] isiyo ya kawaida, kovu ya mapafu, kuvimba tezi ya [[kikoromeo]] na ya [[figo]] ziko katika [[wanawake]] walio na Homa ya ini ya kingamwili nafsi. <ref name="MerckHome"></ref> == Sababu == === Kali === * Virusi vya ini: ** Homa ya Ini A kupitia E **Malengelenge katika sehemu mbalimbali mwilini **virusi vya uvimbe wa seli **Epstein-Barr **Homa ya manjano **adenoviruses * maambukizi yasiyo ya virusi **toxoplasma **Leptospira **homa ya Q <ref>{{cite book |author=Parveen, M.D. Kumar (Editor), Michael, M.d. Clark (Editor) |title=Clinical Medicine: with STUDENT CONSULT Access |url=https://archive.org/details/kumarclarkclinic0000unse_a8s5 |publisher=W.B. Saunders Company |location=Philadelphia, PA |year= 2005|pages= |isbn=0-7020-2763-4 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> **homa ya madoadoa ya rocky mountain <ref>Scott Musa, MD, papo hapo Hepatitis sababu, [http://www.fpnotebook.com/GI70.htm ''Family mazoezi notebook.com'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fpnotebook.com/GI70.htm |date=20070607204633 }}</ref> * Pombe * Sumu: Sumu ya [[uyoga]], tetrakloridi kaboni, asafetida * Dawa: Paracetamol, amoxycillin, antituberculosis madawa, minocycline na nyingine nyingi (tazama tena orodha hapo chini). * Ischemic hepatitis upungufu wa mzunguko wa damu * Ujauzito * Hali ya kingamwilinafsi, kwa mfano, utaratibu Lupasi Erithematosusi ya mfuno (SLE) * Magonjwa ya metaboliki, kwa mfano, ugonjwa wa Wilson === Sugu === * Virusi vya homa ya ini: Homa ya ini B pamoja na au bila homa ya ini D, homa ya ini c (hakuna homa ya manjano A na E hazisababishi homa ya manjano sugu) * kingamwilinafsi ** Homa ya manjano inayosababishwa na kingamwilinafsi * Pombe * Dawa ** Methyldopa ** nitrofurantoini ** isoniazidi - dawa itumikayo kutibu kifua kikuu ** ketokonazoli * steatohepatitis isiyosababishwa na pombe * urithi ** maradhi ya konea kijani ** upungufu wa alfa 1-antitrypsin * homa ini inayosababishwa na nyongo ya kimsingi, kolangitis ngumu ya msingi mara kwa mara huigiza homa ya ini sugu <ref name="bain"></ref> === Homa ya ini inayosababishwa na pombe === Ethano, hasa kwenye pombe, ni sababu kubwa ya Homa ya manjano. Kawaida homa ya manjano inayosababishwa na pombe hutokea baada ya muda wa matumizi ya pombeyanapozidi Homa ya manjano iletwayo na pombe huwa na dalili kadha wa kadha, ambazo ni pamoja na; kuhisi vibaya, uvimbe wa ini,maji katika tumbo, na kuongezeka kwa kimo kwa vipimo vya damu vya ini. homa ya manjano iletwayo na pombe hutofautiana kutoka ya kadili yenye vipimo vya ini vilivyooengezeka hadi ini kuvimba sana kuzidi kwa homa manjano kuongezeka kwa muda wa damu kuganda na [[kushindwa kwa ini]]. Kuugua kesi ya kuendelea na aidha obtundation (dulled fahamu) au mchanganyiko wa bilirubin ngazi nyanyuliwa na prothrombin wakati wa muda mrefu, kiwango cha vifo vya katika makundi yote ni 50% ndani ya siku 30 za mwanzo. Homa ya manjano inayoletwa na pombe ni tofauti na ugonjwa sugu wa ini inaosababishwa na matumizi ya pombe muda mrefu. Homa ya manjano inayoletwa na pombe inaweza kutokea kwa wagonjwa wa ini kwa ulevi sugu na ugonjwa sugu wa ini sababu ya pombe. Homa ya manjano inayoletwa na pombe yenyewe haisababishi ugonjwa sugu wa ini, lakini ugonjwa sugu wa ini ni wa kawaida zaidi kwa wagonjwa wa matumizi ya pombe kwa muda mrefu. Wagonjwa ambao hunywa pombe kupita kiasi mara nyingi zaidi kuliko wengine pia hupatikana kwa kuwa na homa ya manjano ya C. Mchanganyiko wa homa ya manjano ya C na matumizi ya pombe huchochea kusitawi kwa ugonjwa sugu wa ini. === Dawa zinazosababisha === Idadi kubwa ya dawa inaweza kusababisha homa ya ini: <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/dc/caz/infc/hepa/hepres.jsp | title = Hepatitis as a result of chemicals and drugs | accessdate = 2006-07-01 | work = HealthAtoZ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060623141402/http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/dc/caz/infc/hepa/hepres.jsp | archivedate = 2006-06-23 }}</ref> * Agomelatine (tibamfadhaiko) * Allopurinol * Amitriptailini (tibamfadhaiko) * Amiodarone (kinza-kasi mpigo wa moyo) * Atomoxetine <ref>{{cite journal |author=Lim JR, Faught PR, Chalasani NP, Molleston JP |title=Severe liver injury after initiating therapy with atomoxetine in two children |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=831–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16769398 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.01.035 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pediatrics_2006-06_148_6/page/831}}</ref> *Azathioprini <ref>{{cite journal | author = Bastida G, Nos P, Aguas M, Beltrán B, Rubín A, Dasí F, Ponce J | title = Incidence, risk factors and clinical course of thiopurine-induced liver injury in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | journal = Aliment Pharmacol Ther | volume = 22 | issue = 9 | pages = 775–82 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16225485 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02636.x }}</ref> * Halothane (aina maalumu ya gesi ya kitiaganzi) * Dawa za kuzuia mimba * Ibuprofeni na indomethasini (NSAID s) * Isoniazidi (INH), rifampicin, na pyrazinamide [[Kifua kikuu|(kifua kikuu]] kiua vijasumu[[Antibaotiki|maalum]] s) * Ketokonazoli (kizuia vimelea) * Loratadaini (kimaliza kemikali za mzio) * Methotrexate {ukandamizaji kingamaradhi){/1} * Methyldopa kipunguza shinikizo la damu) * Minocycline (Tetrasaiklini kiua vijasumu) * Nifedipini (kipunguza shinikizo la damu) * Nitrofurantoini [[Antibaotiki|(kiua vijisumu)]] * Paracetamol (asetaminofeni nchini [[Marekani]]) zinaweza kusababisha homa ya manjano wakati zinazidisha kiasi cha dawa kinachohitajika. Ukali wa uharibifu wa ini unaweza kuwa mdogo na utawala wa haraka wa acetylcysteine. * Fenitoini na asidi ya valproik (antiepileptiks) * Troglitazone (antidiabetic, iliyotolewa mwaka wa 2000 kwa kusababisha athari homa ya manjano) * Zidovudine ( za kurefusha maisha yaani, dhidi ya virusi vya ukimwi) * Baadhi ya mimea na virutubisho lishe <ref name="pmid11151906">{{cite journal |author=Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH |title=Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-gastroenterology_2000-12_95_12/page/3634 |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=3634–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11151906| doi = 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03386.x}}</ref> Kozi ya [[kliniki]] ya dawa zinazosababisha homa ya manjano zinatofautiana sana, kulingana na dawa na tabia ya [[mgonjwa]] kukabiliana na dawa. Kwa mfano, halothane homa ya manjano inaweza tofautiana kutoka changa hadi ya kuua na pia homa ya manjano ya INH. [[Homoni]] za [[uzazi wa mpango]] zinaweza kusababisha mabadiliko ya kimuundo katika ini. Amiodarone homa ya manjano inaweza kosa matibabu sababu ya muda mrefu nusu- maisha ya dawa (hadi 60 siku) ina maana kwamba hakuna njia bora ya kuzuia yatokanayo na dawa. Statini s inaweza kusababisha mwinuko wa vipimo vya damuya uamilifu wa ini na kawaida bila kuonyesha msingi wa homa ya manjano. Mwisho, kugeuka kwa binadamu ni kuwa dawa yeyote inaweza kuwa sababu ya homa ya manjano. === Sumu nyingine === Sumu nyingine zinazoweza kusababisha homa ya ini ni: * Amatoxin-inakuwa na [[uyoga wa sumu]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kifunikio ya Kifo ''(Uyoga wenye faloids),'' Malaika Unaoangamiza ''(Uyoga wa sumu-ocreata),'' na aina fulani ya spishi za''Galerina.'' A sehemu moja ya [[uyoga]] inaweza tosha kusababisha mauti (10 mg au chini ya α amanitini). * Nyeupe[[Posferi|fosforasi]], ni sumu ya viwanda na kemikali ya vita. * Kaboni tetrakloridi ("tetra", wakala kavu ya kusafisha ), klorofomu, na trikloroethilini, zote klorini hidrokaboni, husababisha steatohepatitis (homa ya manjano na mafuta ya ini). * Cylindrospermopsin, sumu kutoka kwasainobacteria ''Cylindrospermopis raciborskii'' na nyingine sainobacteria. === Ischemic hepatitis === Hepatitis Ischemic husababishwa na mzunguko ilipungua kwa seli ya ini. Kawaida hii ni kutokana na shinikizo la damu ulipungua au mshtuko, na hivyo kusababisha sawa na muda wa "mshtuko ini". Wagonjwa na hepatitis ischemic kawaida mgonjwa sana kutokana na sababu msingi wa mshtuko. Mara chache, hepatitis ischemic husababishwa na matatizo ya mitaa na vyombo vya damu [[oksijeni]] kuwa ugavi wa ini (kama vile thrombosis, au clotting ya hepatic artery ambayo sehemu vifaa [[Damu|vya damu]] na chembechembe ini). Kupima damu ya mtu na hepatitis ischemic itaonyesha high ngazi sana ya Enzymes transaminase (AST na Alt), ambayo inaweza kisichozidi 1000 U / L. The kimo katika vipimo vya damu haya ni kawaida muda mfupi (kudumu siku 7-10). Ni nadra kwamba ini litaathiriwa na hepatitis ischemic. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Ini]] [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] m8oqsac3insmupj3k8y1x4jvvmpv2hk 0 56275 1601019 1417038 2026-09-25T13:08:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_J_Schäfer,_1859b.jpg|thumb|Arthur Schopenhauer]] '''Arthur Schopenhauer''' ([[22 Februari]] [[1788]] - [[21 Septemba]] [[1860]]) alikuwa [[mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Ujerumani]]. Anajulikana kwa kazi yake ya mwaka 1818 Dunia kama Willi na Uwakilishi (kupanuliwa mwaka wa 1844), ambako anafafanua ulimwengu wa matukio kuwa uzao wa dhamira ya kimetafizikia ambayo ni kipofu na isiyotosheka. Kutoka kwa dhana vukavu bara la uzoefu (Transendental idealism) ya [[Immanuel Kant]], Schopenhauer alibuni mfumo wa kimetafizikia na wa kimaadili ambao haukuwa na Mungu ambao umeelezewa kuwa mfano wa falsafa za uhasi wa maisha (philosophical pessimism). Alikataa falsafa za rika lake za dhana kwamba ulimwengu ulitegemea michakato ya kikakili kwa kuwepo kwake; dhana zilizotawala falsafa za Ujerumani Karne hiYo (German Idealism). Schopenhauer alikuwa miongoni mwa wasomi wa kwanza katika falsafa  ya Magharibi kushiriki na kuthibitisha mambo muhimu ya falsafa ya Mashariki (kwa mfano, utawa, ulimwengu-kama-kuonekana), baada ya kufikia hitimisho sawa kama matokeo ya kazi yake ya falsafa.   Ingawa kasi yake haikupata umaarufu wa kutajika wakati alikuWa hai, Schopenhauer amekuWa na ushawishi mkubwa baada ya kifo chake kupitia kazi zake katika nyanja kadhaa, zikiwemo falsafa, fasihi na sayansi. Maandishi yake juu ya esthete, maadili na saikolojia ilikua na ushawishi wa mkubwa kwa wasomi na wasanii wengi wa karne za 19 na 20. Wale wamemtaja nikama Friedrich Nietzsche, [[Richard Wagner]], Leo Tolstoy, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Otto Rank, Gustav Mahler, Joseph Campbell, Albert Einstein, Carl Jung, Thomas Mann, Emile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, Guy de Maupassant, [[Jorge Luis Borges]] na Samuel Beckett. = Fikira = == Falsafa ya "Willi" == Lengo muhimu la Schopenhauer Lilikuwa uchunguzi wake wa motisha ya mtu binafsi. Kabla ya Schopenhauer, Hegel alikua amemaarufisha dhana ya '''''Zeitgeist''''', dhana kwamba jamii ikona fahamu unganifu ya pamoja ambayo inayosafiri kwa njia teule, na inatawala vitendo vya wanachama wake. Schopenhauer, msomaji wa Kant na Hegel Wote, alikashifu dhana zao za mantiki chanya (Logical optimism) na imani kwamba maadili ya mtu binafsi inaweza kuongozwa na jamii au sababu tupu. Schopenhauer alishikilia imani kuwa binadamu alipata motisha kwa msingi ya uchu na dhamira zao wenyewe au Wille zum Leben ( "willi wa kuishi"), ambayo yote ya wanadamu huelekezwa. Willi, kwa mujibu wa Schopenhauer, ni kile Kant alichoita "kitu-ndani-yenyewe". Kwa Schopenhauer, tamaa ya kibinadamu haikuwa na maana, haijulikani, haielewi, na, kwa upanuzi, hivyo hatua zote zakibinadamu zinaambulia patupu. Einstein alifalisi maoni haya kama ifuatavyo: "Mtu anaweza kufanya kile anachotaka, lakini hawezi willi kile anachotaka." Kwa maana hii, alizizingatia kanuni ya Fichte yaulimwengu akili-tegemezi: "Dunia ni kwa raia." Dhana hii umewasilishwa jinsi kwamba, hutumika moja kwa moja kwa kubuni mtazamo wa kimaadili, hii ni kinyume na Descartes na Berkeley waliozingatia masuala ya kiepistemologia pekee yake. Kwa mujibu wa Schopenhauer, Willi ni nguvu kipofu ambayo inatawala,sit u matendo ya watu binasfi, ihali maumbile yote ulimwenguni – na ni uovu ambao unapasawa kumalizwa na majukumu ya wanadamu: utawa na usafi wa moyo [40]. Ametambuliwa na kati moja ya mistari ya ufunguzi maarufu zaidi katika falsafa: "Dunia ni uwakilishi wangu." Friedrich Nietzsche aliathiriwa sana na wazo hili la Willi, ingawa hatimaye aliukataa. == Sanaa na esthete == Kwa mujibu wa Schopenhauer, tamaa ya binadamu, "willi", na uchu husababisha mateso au maumivu. Njia ya muda mfupi ya kuepuka maumivu haya ni wa utafakari wakiusthete (kwa njia inayofanana na "''Usablimashaji''" wa Zapffe). Utafakari huu wakiusthete unaruhusu mtu kuepuka maumivu-hata hivyo kwa muda mfupi-kwa sababu hukomboa mtu kutokana kuona dunia kama tu mawasilisho. Badala yake, mtu husita kuangalia dunia kama kitu cha maonyesho  (kama raia chini ya katiba ya Kanuni za Misingi Yakutosha, wakati, nafasi na usababishi) ambapo mtu hupata kutengwanishwa; bali mtu anapata kunganishwa na  anakua mmoja na maonyesho: ''"mtu hataweza tena kutenganisha mtazamaji kutoka kwa mtazamo"'' (''Dunia kama Willi, na Uwakilishi,'' '''sehemu ya 34'''). Kutokana na kuzamishwa huku, mtu haijioni tena kibinafsi kama anayekabiliwa na mateso duniani kwa sababu ya uchu wake badala yake, anakua “''raia wa ujuzi''”  kwa mtazamo ambao ni “''safi, huru kutoka Willi, na wakati''”( '''kifungu cha 34''') ambapo kiini, "mawazo", ya dunia huonyeshwa. Sanaa ni dhana-tumizi zinazofuta huu utafakari mfupi wakiusthete ambapo inajaribu kuonyesha mtu amezamishwa ndani ya malimwengu, na hivyo hujaribu kuonyesha kiini / mawazo safi ya ulimwengu. Muziki, kwa mujibu wa Schopenhauer, ulikuwa ni aina safi kabisa ya sanaa Kwa sababu ilikuwa inaonyesha taswira ya  Willi wenyewe bila kuenekana kama raia chini ya Kanuni ya Misingi za Kutosha, hivyo kama kitu kimoja. Kulingana na Daniel Albright, "Schopenhauer alifikiri kwamba muziki ndiyo pekee ya sanaa ambayo haikunakili mawazo, badala yake ililchukua mfumo wa willi wenyewe." Alizingatia muziki kama huru kutoka wakati, lugha yakiulimwengu inayojulikana kila mahali, ambayo inaweza kuchanjia mataifa yote na uchangamfu, ikiwa imechukua mafuatano ya sauti maarufu. == Maadili == Nadharia ya maadili ya Schopenhauer ilipendekeza kwamba kuwa ni  huruma tu ambayo inaweza kuendesha vitendo vya maadili. Kwa mujibu wa Schopenhauer, huruma peke yake ndio zuri katika kitu cha matendo, yaani, hawawezi kuongozwa na tumaini la matumizi yakibinafsi au hisia ya wajibu. Wanadamu pia wanaweza kuongozwa na ubinafsi, ufisadi na chuki. Vitendo vya ubinafsi na ufisadi ni zile ambazo huongozwa na masilahi binafsi, tamaa ya taanasa au kujinufaisha. Schopenhauer aliamini mengi ya matendo yetu ni ya darasa hili. Matendo ya chuki ni tofauti na matendo ya kibinafsi. Kama ilivyo katika matendo ya huruma, haya haijalenga matumizi au manufaa ya mtu kibinafsi. Lengo la matendo haya ni kusababisha uharibifu kwa wengine, bila kujipatia faida binafsi. Aliamini, kama Swami Vivekananda katika umoja wa wote na nafsi na pia aliamini kwamba ubinafsi ndio asili ya maumivu na migogoro, kwamba kupunguza ubinafsi ndio inaunda mipaka ya kanuni za maadili. === Adhabu === Kwa mujibu wa Schopenhauer, Wakati sisi hufanya uamuzi, "Sisi hudhani kwamba kama ni sharti uamuzi huo ulitanguliwa na jambo fulani ambapo ulipata kuibuka kutoka, na ni ile tunaitaita ‘msingi’ au ‘sababu’, au kwa usahihi zaidi ‘nia’, ya hatua iliyotekelezwa.”  Uchaguzi haufanyiki kwa uhuru. Matendo yetu hayawezi banduka na yameshapangwa mapema kwani "kila binadamu, hata kila kilicho hai, baada ya nia imeonekana, lazima apate kufanya hatua ambayo ni ya kipekee kwa mujibu wa tabia yake aliyozaliwa nayo na taratibu zisizobadilika." Hatua ya fulani dhahiri lazima ipate kutokea wakati ambapo nia maalum inaathiri tabia ya mtu ambayo amepewa na haibadiliki. Serikali, Schopenhauer alidai, huadhibu wahalifu kuzuia uhalifu wa baadaye. Inafanya hivyo kwa Kuweka "kando na kila nia inaweyozekana ya kufanya uhalifu nia ya nguvu zaidi ya kutoifanya, katika adhabu isiyoepukika. Kwa hiyo, kanuni ya jinai ni kama rejista kamili iwezekanavyo ya nia-pinganifu ya vitendo vyote jinai zinazoweza fikirika..” ... sheria na utimilifu wake, yaani adhabu, huelekezwa kimsingi kwa siku zijazo, si kwa siku za nyuma. Hii inatofautiana adhabu kwa kulipiza kisasi, kwani kulipiza kisasi kunahamasishwa na kilichotokea, na hivyo kwa siku za nyuma kama vile. Marejeleo yote ya kujibu mashambulizi kwa kusababisha maumivu fulani kwa wengine bila kuzingatia kokote kwa siku za usoni ni kulipisha kisasi, na haiwezi kua na lengo zaidi bali ile faraja kwa yale maumivu mtu amevumilia kwa kuona mateso yeye amemsababishia mwenzake. Kitu kama hicho ni uovu na ukatili, na haiwezi kuhalalishwa kimaadili .....  Nia ya adhabu.. ni kuepusha kutoka kwa uhalifu… Nia na azimio ya siku za usoni ndio inatenganisha adhabu na kulipisha kisasi, na kuadhibu ikona hii maana wakati tu inaitwa ili kutimiza sheria fulani.  Ni kwa njia hii tu ndio itaweza kutumika kwa namna isoyoepukika au kukosoleka kwa kesi zote za usoni; na hivyo inapea sheria nguvu ya kukomesha.. Je! Adhabu ya kifo inapaswa kuhalalishwa? “Ili kulinda maisha ya raia,”Schopenhauer alijibu, “adhabu ya kifo lazima zihitajike”. “Muaji, ambaye amehukumiwa kifo kwa mujibu wa sheria lazima atumike kama chombo, na haki kabisa. Ilikuzingatia usalama wa umma, ambao ndio wajibu mkuu wa serikali, na umepata kutishiwa na mtu huyu; kwa kikweli umepuuliziwa kama hukumu haijatekelezwa. Muuaji, maisha yake, utu wake, lazima awe chombo cha kutekeleza sheria, na hivyo rejesha usalama wa umma.” Schopenhauer alikataana na wale waliotaka adhabu ya kifo itupiliwe mbali. “Wale ambao wanaopendekeza ikomeshwe wanapaswa kupewa jibu:’ Kwanza toa mauaji kwa dunia, na kisha adhabu ya kifo itafuata” Watu, kulingana na Schopenhauer, hawawezi kuimarishwa. Wanaweza kushawawishika tu na nia zenye nguzu zinazoshinda nia za uhalifu. Schopenhauer analitangaza kwamba “ubadilishaji wa maadili kwa kikweli haiwezekani kabisa, ila tu zuia njia kwa tendo..” Alisema kwamba mafunzo haya hayakuwa na asili nayeye. Hapo mbeleni ilionekana kwa maandishi ya Plato, Seneca, Hobbes, Pufendorf, na Anselm Feuerbach. Schopenhauer alitangaza ya kwamba maadishi haya yalichafuliwa na makosa yaliyofuata na kwa hivyo ilikua na haja ya ufafanuzi. {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schopenhauer, Arthur}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1788]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1860]] [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ujerumani]] b0siwmrwzkpbemanwx72icu2xet3a6p 0 56564 1601502 1255692 2026-09-25T19:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Giovanni di Paolo The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine of Siena.jpg|thumb|''[[Ndoa ya Fumbo]] ya Mt. [[Katerina wa Siena]]'' ilivyochorwa na [[Giovanni di Paolo]], [[1460]] hivi, ([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York]], [[Marekani]]). Katerina ni kati ya matunda bora ya [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Dominiko]].]] '''Utawa wa Tatu''' ni muundo wa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali wanaotaka kuishi [[utawa|kitawa]] bila ya kujiunga moja kwa moja na shirika fulani, lakini wakifuata [[karama]] yake, kama unavyoeleza kwa [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] la Kilatini, kanuni 303. Utawa mkubwa zaidi ni ule wa [[Wafransisko]], ambao unaitwa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]] na kugawanyika kati ya wale wanaoishi katika mazingira ya kawaida (Wasekulari) na wale walioanzisha mashirika yenye [[nadhiri]] (Waregulari). ==Historia== Tangu mwanzo [[Kanisa]] liliona kufanya [[dhambi]] na [[toba]] si jambo la binafsi tu, bali linaathiri wengine pia. Ndiyo sababu liliwadai waamini [[malipizi]] ili kuwapa [[msamaha]] wa [[Mungu]], na waliopaswa kuyafanya waliandikishwa katika orodha rasmi ya [[Watubu]] (Ordo Poenitentium). Kitubio cha siri kiliposhika nafasi ya utaratibu huo, wengi walijiamulia kufanya malipizi ya hadhara hata kwa dhambi za wengine wakajulikana kama Watubu. Toba ni neno la msingi katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Maana yake asili ni kujitoa kabisa kwa Mungu na kuishi kadiri ya [[Injili]], lakini Wakristo wa [[karne za kati]] waliona inadai sana huzuni na fidia kwa dhambi za binafsi na za [[ulimwengu]]. Mtubu, akiwa peke yake au pamoja na wengine, alitarajiwa kuacha kazi zilizotazamwa ni kinyume cha Injili (k.mf. [[biashara]] na [[uaskari]]), kujitenga na jamii ili kufungamana zaidi na Mungu kwa maisha ya [[sala]] na [[tafakuri]], kuhiji, kufunga, kujinyima, kutoa [[sadaka]] na kujitesa kwa [[wokovu]] wake na wa wote. Wengi kati yao walikuwa wanawake, hasa wa koo bora, kama mama wa [[Klara wa Asizi]]. [[Tapo la toba]] liliwahusu walei, ambao baadhi yao wakawa baadaye watawa na hata makleri, tunavyoona kati ya [[Wahumiliati]] waliostawi kidogo tu kabla ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Wakati huo walei walihesabiwa kama ngazi ya chini (ya tatu) baada ya makleri na watawa. Uenezi wa Watubu ukasababisha wapewe na [[sheria]] hadhi ya pekee, kwa kuwahesabu kama kundi maalumu kati ya walei na watawa, na kuwapa [[haki]] na [[fadhili]] kadhaa za watawa. Watubu walikuwa walei, lakini wa pekee kutokana na azimio lao (propositum) lililowadai zaidi katika mengi. Kwanza walikuwa wanashika [[usafi kamili]], lakini kuanzia karne XII baadhi yao wenye [[ndoa]] waliahidi tu kujinyima ndoa ya pili (wakifiwa) na hata [[tendo la ndoa]] siku za kufunga chakula na za kupokea [[sakramenti]]. Mambo ya namna hiyo yanasomwa katika maisha ya Fransisko, kwa jinsi alivyoathiriwa na roho hiyo. Ndiyo sababu alipozungumzia maisha yake mapya alitumia neno “toba”, na jina asili la kundi lake lilikuwa “Watubu wa Asizi”. Baadaye ukubwa wa [[karama]] yake ulimfanya ajitokeze kama kiongozi wa tapo hilo, kwa kuwa namna yake ya kuelewa Injili iliathiri Watubu wengi walioanza kumfuata. [[Thoma wa Celano]] aliandika (1229) kwamba, “kwa [[uvuvio]] wa Mungu, watu wengi, maarufu kwa wadogo, makleri kwa walei, walimkaribia mtakatifu Fransisko wakijitolea kuishi chini ya uongozi wake na ualimu wake. Hao wote aliwashirikisha maji tele ya [[neema]] za mbinguni ambayo yalibubujika toka rohoni mwake na kustawisha maua ya [[maadili]] katika shamba la mioyo yao. Wanaume kwa wanawake walifuata mifano yake, [[kanuni]] yake na mafundisho yake; hivyo tunapaswa kumtangaza kwa haki mtendaji asiye na kifani wa hali mpya ya Kanisa na wa ushindi wa majeshi matatu ya wateule. Aliwapa wote mwongozo wa maisha na kadiri ya hali ya kila mmoja alielekeza kwa [[unyofu]] njia ya wokovu”. Hayo yalianza kutokea muda mfupi baada ya kukubaliwa na [[Papa Inosenti III]] (1198-1216), alipohubiri huko na huko (1211). Kesi ya pekee ni ile ya kijiji cha [[Greccio]], aliposhangaa kuona kilivyojaa Watubu wengi kuliko wale wa miji mikubwa. “Mara nyingi, ndugu walipoimba [[Masifu]] ya Jioni, kama walivyofanya sehemu nyingine nyingi, watu wa kijiji hicho, wakubwa kwa wadogo, walitoka nje ya nyumba zao na kusimama barabarani na kuwaitikia ndugu kwa sauti kubwa, Asifiwe [[Bwana]] Mungu wetu!” ([[Simulizi la Perugia]]). Tangu zamani baadhi ya walei walikusanyika kuishi kando ya [[monasteri]] ili kufaidika nazo kiroho na ki[[uchumi]]. Baadhi yao waliweza kujifunga kwa namna mbalimbali waishi kwa [[useja]], au kwa [[uadilifu]], au kwa [[utiifu]] au kwa kufuata kanuni maalumu. Ikawa vilevile kwa [[Wakanoni]], aina mpya za watawa. Mageuzi ya jamii yalipozidi kuvuta watu mijini ili wafanye [[kazi]] tofauti na [[kilimo]], walei wengi waliona [[Mashirika ya Ombaomba]] yanalingana zaidi na mahitaji yao ya kiroho, wakayafuata kama Watubu. Bila ya kuacha kazi zao mpya wala ndoa wakaanza kuvaa nguo ya kitawa ya shirika husika (walau joho), nyeusi kwa [[Wadominiko]], ya kijivu kwa [[Wafransisko]]. Hata kabla Fransisko hajafa, walikuwepo Watubu, hasa wanawake, walioamua kuishi pamoja ili kushika vizuri zaidi azimio lao; k.mf. mwaka 1213 kulikuwa na jumuia ya kike huko [[Padua]]. Fransisko, akiwajibika kwa watu hao, aliwaandikia aina ya kanuni katika [[Barua kwa Waamini]] (1215), alimojumlisha mahubiri yake kwa waliotamani kushika toba nyumbani kwao. Katika toleo la pili la barua hiyo (1221) akaongeza mawaidha na miongozo akitanguliza dibaji iliyo nzito ki[[teolojia]] na kiroho. Chini ya Inosenti III, na zaidi chini ya [[Papa Honori III]] (1216-1227), hasa kwa juhudi za [[Kardinali]] Ugolino, Kanisa lilikusudia kulipa tapo la toba [[umoja]] na muundo fulani, pamoja na kulikinga dhidi ya [[uzushi]]. Hivyo lilitunga kanuni maalumu (1221) kwa kuchota mengi katika [[Azimio la Wahumiliati]] lililokubaliwa mwaka 1201. Kanuni hiyo mpya iliitwa [[Kumbukumbu ya Azimio]] (Memoriale Propositi) ikarekebishwa 1228. Hiyo ni sheria hasa yenye namba 39. Ya kwanza inahusu uduni wa mavazi; halafu kuna katazo la kuhudhuria karamu, tamasha na michezo; agizo la [[kufunga chakula]] mara moja au mbili kwa wiki; la kusali Masifu kama makleri au [[Baba Yetu]] kadhaa; la kupokea [[ekaristi]] kwenye [[Noeli]], [[Pasaka]] na [[Pentekoste]]; la kulipa [[zaka]]; la kutotumia [[silaha]] na kutokula [[kiapo]] kwa kawaida; la kufanya [[familia]] nzima iishi Kikristo; la kukutana mara moja kwa mwezi kwa [[Misa]], mafundisho na mchango kwa ndugu na wengineo wenye shida; la mtumishi kutembelea ndugu wagonjwa kila wiki; la kushiriki [[mazishi]] ya ndugu na kuwaombea; la kuandika [[wasia]] mapema ili kuzuia ugomvi; la kupatana kidugu; la kuungama kila mwezi. Kati ya masharti ya kumpokea ndugu mpya, lipo la kutokuwa na madeni, [[uadui]] na uzushi; pia [[mwanamke]] awe na ruhusa ya [[mume]]. Baada ya mwaka wa jaribio, anayefaa aweke ahadi kwa maisha yote asiweze kuacha jamaa tena isipokuwa kwa kuingia shirikani. Pia kuna taratibu za kusamehe na za kufukuza ndugu. Hatimaye kuna maelezo ya kuwa kuvunja kanuni si dhambi, ingawa kunastahili [[adhabu]]. Kwa jumla hakuna mambo ya pekee ya Kifransisko. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14637b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Third Orders] & [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14520b.htm Tertiaries] * [http://www.nafra-sfo.org/ National Fraternity of the Secular Franciscan Order in the U.S.A.] * [http://www.3op.org/ Third Order of St. Dominic] {{Wayback|url=http://www.3op.org/ |date=20110211172812 }} * [http://www.trinitarians.org/about/laity.html Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity] {{Wayback|url=http://www.trinitarians.org/about/laity.html |date=20110727034105 }} * [http://www.servite.org/secserv.htm Secular Order of the Servants of Mary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.servite.org/secserv.htm |date=20101115080039 }} (Secular Servites) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926210033/http://www.osanet.org/include/tplsectionpage.asp?keysec=WHO&key=FAMILY%2F international Augustinian Order's website] * [http://206.223.178.54/canada/MarylakeShrine/Secular/Secular.htm/ site of Secular Augustinians in Canada] {{Wayback|url=http://206.223.178.54/canada/MarylakeShrine/Secular/Secular.htm/ |date=20110529223407 }} * [http://www.augustinianrecollects.org/sar.html Secular Augustinian Recollects] {{Wayback|url=http://www.augustinianrecollects.org/sar.html |date=20110719080440 }} * [http://www.trinitari.org/Inglese/L%27ordine/Documenti%20-%20Progetto%20di%20vita%20del%20Laicato%20Trinitario.html Secular Trinitarian Way -Third Order of the Holy Trinity] {{Wayback|url=http://www.trinitari.org/Inglese/L%27ordine/Documenti%20-%20Progetto%20di%20vita%20del%20Laicato%20Trinitario.html |date=20100605011510 }} [[Category:Mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Sheria za Kanisa]] ghwqwkhntwmgngiu0873q6rwjeq16v8 0 57103 1601560 1577437 2026-09-26T03:56:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor |jina = Aishwarya Rai |picha = Aishwarya Rai Cannes 2017.jpg |maelezo ya picha = Aishwarya kwenye sherehe ya ''2017 Cannes Film Festival'' |jina la kuzaliwa = Caryn Elaine Johnson |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|11|1}} |mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] |kazi yake = Mwigizaji |miaka ya kazi = 1981–mpaka sasa |ndoa = {{marriage|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]|2007}} }} '''Aishwarya Rai''' ([[jina]] lake kamili: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan; amezaliwa [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], [[1 Novemba]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]], [[Miss India]] 1994 na [[mwigizaji]] maarufu wa [[Bollywood]] kutoka [[Uhindi]]. ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Filamu ! scope="col" | Mwaka ! scope="col" | Lugha ! scope="col" | Aliigiza kama ! scope="col" | Mtayarishaji ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Maelezo ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Marejeo |- ! scope="row" | ''Iruvar'' |1997 | Tamil | Pushpavalli/Kalpana{{ref|1|[I]}} |Mani Ratnam | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Hunter2013">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Hunter|first=Nick| title = Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvDo91Nb8mAC&pg=PA15| date = 7 Novemba 2013|publisher=Raintree|isbn=978-1-4062-4032-0|page=15}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya'' | 1997 | Hindi | Ashi Kapoor |Rahul Rawail | |style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200420 |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808230020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200420 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Jeans'' | 1998 | Tamil | Madhumitha/Vaishnavi{{ref|2|[II]}} |S. Shankar | Aliteuliwa{{mdash}}Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Srinivasan, V |publisher=Rediff.com | title = Of Jeans and bottom lines|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/21jean.htm | date = 21 Machi 1998|accessdate=3 May 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201659/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/21jean.htm |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Aa Ab Laut Chalen'' | 1999 | Hindi | Pooja Walia | Rishi Kapoor | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200424 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428032214/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200424 |archivedate=28 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' | 1999 | Hindi | Nandini | Sanjay Leela Bhansali | Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65166 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808230527/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65166 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Ravoyi Chandamama'' | 1999 | Telugu | Unnamed |Jayanth C. Paranjee | Alikuwa kwenye nyimbo ya "Love to Live" |style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Rejea habari| title = Hansika strikes a big deal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Hansika-strikes-a-big-deal/articleshow/4234539.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | date = 7 Machi 2009|accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831210527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Hansika-strikes-a-big-deal/articleshow/4234539.cms |archivedate=31 August 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Taal'' | 1999 | Hindi | Mansi |Subhash Ghai | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Taal (1999)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201769 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808233911/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201769 |archivedate= 8 August 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml| title = Filmfare Awards by year: 1999 Nominations|accessdate=8 June 2015|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119072600/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml|archivedate=19 November 2000}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Mela'' | 2000 | Hindi | Champakali |Dharmesh Darshan | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Mela (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539917 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101657/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539917 |archivedate= 7 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Kandukondain Kandukondain'' | 2000 | Tamil | Meenakshi | Rajiv Menon | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="DowHanson2012">{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Dow|first1=Gillian |last2=Hanson|first2=Clare | title = Uses of Austen: Jane's Afterlives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h09clwxlHXUC&pg=PA184| date = 18 Septemba 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-31946-2|page=184}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Josh'' | 2000 | Hindi | Shirley Dias | Mansoor Khan | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Josh (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538516 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901023557/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538516 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' | 2000 | Hindi | Preeti Vyas |Satish Kaushik | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201758 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201758 |archivedate= 1 July 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref name="ff00">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml| title = Annual Filmfare Awards 2000: The Nominations|accessdate=8 June 2015|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331150942/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/annual/2000/nominations.shtml|archivedate=31 March 2001}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Dhai Akshar Prem Ke'' | 2000 | Hindi | Sahiba Grewal |Raj Kanwar | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54492 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54492 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Mohabbatein'' | 2000 | Hindi | Megha Shankar | Aditya Chopra | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="ff00"/><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Mohabbatein (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57069 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172354/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57069 |archivedate=18 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Albela'' | 2001 | Hindi | Sonia Heinz | Deepak Sareen | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Albela (2001)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538760 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831200819/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538760 |archivedate=31 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam'' |2002 | Hindi | Suman |K. S. Adhiyaman | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922061216/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |archivedate=22 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''23 March 1931: Shaheed'' |2002 | Hindi | |Guddu Dhanoa | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = 23 March 1931 Shaheed (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/514668 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901112542/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/514668 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Devdas'' | 2002 | Hindi | Parvati "Paro" Chakraborty |Sanjay Leela Bhansali | Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Devdas (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539146 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172233/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539146 |archivedate=18 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Shakti: The Power'' | 2002 | Hindi | Mwenyewe |Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi | Alikuwa kwenye nyimbo ya "Ishq Kamina" |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Shakti&nbsp;— The Power (2002)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172311/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587 |archivedate=18 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Chokher Bali'' |2003 | Bengali | Binodini |Rituparno Ghosh | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117921521/ | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | first=Derek | last=Elley | title = Chokher Bali: A Passion Play| date = 12 Agosti 2003|accessdate=12 August 2003}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Dil Ka Rishta'' | 2003 | Hindi | Tia Sharma |Naresh Malhotra | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Dil Ka Rishta (2003)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201712 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043732/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201712 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Kuch Naa Kaho'' |2003 | Hindi | Namrata Shrivastav |Rohan Sippy | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Kuch Naa Kaho (2003)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201861 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020912/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201861 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Khakee'' | 2004 | Hindi | Mahalakshmi |Rajkumar Santoshi | |style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Khakhee (2004)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54532 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901192602/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54532 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na'' |2004 | Hindi | Diya Malhotra | Samir Karnik | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Kyun! Ho Gaya Na (2004)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201845 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014330/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201845 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Bride & Prejudice'' |2004 | English | Lalita Bakshi |Gurinder Chadha | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Ponzanesi2014">{{Rejea kitabu|last= Ponzanesi|first=Sandra| title = The Postcolonial Cultural Industry: Icons, Markets, Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JR2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134| date = 14 Mei 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-27259-1|pages=133–134}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Raincoat'' |2004 | Hindi | Neerja |Rituparno Ghosh | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Raincoat (2004)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201622 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902181627/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201622 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articlelist/1032059.cms | title = 50th Filmfare Awards: Actresses Nominated|accessdate=15 April 2016 |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301065059/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articlelist/1032059.cms |archivedate=1 March 2005}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Shabd'' |2005 | Hindi | Antara Vashist/Tammana{{ref|2|[II]}} |Leena Yadav | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Shabd (2005)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54582 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901205217/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54582 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''The Mistress of Spices'' |2005 | English | Tilo |Paul Mayeda Berges | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Mannur2009">{{Rejea kitabu|last= Mannur|first=Anita| title = Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLbG-5tWKlEC&pg=PA88| date = 19 Novemba 2009|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0079-6|page=88}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Bunty Aur Babli'' |2005 | Hindi |Unnamed |Shaad Ali | Alikuwa kwenye nyimbo ya "[[Kajra Re]]" |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Bunty Aur Babli (2005)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65070 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65070 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Umrao Jaan'' |2006 | Hindi | Umrao Jaan |J.P. Dutta | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Umrao Jaan (2006)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538451 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213021001/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538451 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Dhoom 2'' |2006 | Hindi | Sunehri |Sanjay Gadhvi |Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Dhoom 2 (2006)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509011 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043908/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509011 |archivedate= 2 September 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref name="awards">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/6767/index.html| title = Aishwarya Rai: Awards & nominations|accessdate=23 July 2010|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422045357/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/6767/index.html|archivedate=22 April 2009 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Guru'' |2007 | Hindi | Sujata Desai |Mani Ratnam |Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="awards"/><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Guru (2007)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539430 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020937/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539430 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Provoked'' |2007 | Kiingereza | Kiranjit Ahluwalia |Jag Mundhra | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Provoked (2007)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/provoked_a_true_story/ |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812172106/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/provoked_a_true_story/ |archivedate=12 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''The Last Legion'' |2007 | Kiingereza | Mira |Doug Lefler | |style="text-align: center;"| |- ! scope="row" | ''Jodhaa Akbar'' |2008 | Hindi | Mariam-uz-Zamani |Ashutosh Gowariker | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Jodhaa Akbar (2008)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58410 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901131603/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58410 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = 54th Idea Filmfare Awards 2008 nominations|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations/85584-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN | date = 18 Februari 2009|accessdate=2 March 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407113131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations/85584-8.html |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219193410/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/54th-idea-filmfare-awards-2008-nominations/85584-8.html }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Sarkar Raj'' |2008 | Hindi | Anita Rajan |Ram Gopal Varma | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Sarkar Raj (2008)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508446 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020956/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508446 |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''The Pink Panther 2'' |2009 | Kiingereza | Sonia Solandres |Harald Zwart | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Pink Panther 2 (2009)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pink_panther_2/ |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723153417/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pink_panther_2/ |archivedate=23 July 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Raavan'' |2010 | Hindi | Ragini Sharma |Mani Ratnam | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Raavan (2010)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507455 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205024426/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507455 |archivedate= 5 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Raavanan'' |2010 | Tamil | Ragini Subramaniam |Mani Ratnam | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Rangan2012">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj | title = Conversations with Mani Ratnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_d9XHAUFB8C&pg=PT515 | date = 15 Oktoba 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-690-6 |page=515 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217211751/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_d9XHAUFB8C |archivedate=17 February 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Enthiran'' |2010 | Tamil | Sana |Shankar | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Robot (Enthiran in Hindi) (2010)|url=https://www.amazon.com/Robot-Enthiran-Hindi-Rajnikanth/dp/B006O2NQRM |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521053035/http://www.amazon.com/Robot-Enthiran-Hindi-Rajnikanth/dp/B006O2NQRM |archivedate=21 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Action Replayy'' |2010 | Hindi | Mala |Vipul Amrutlal Shah | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Action Replayy (2010)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525426 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901115108/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525426 |archivedate= 1 September 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Guzaarish'' |2010 | Hindi | Sofia D'Souza |Sanjay Leela Bhansali | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Guzaarish (2010)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/515927 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=29 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831101135/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/515927 |archivedate=31 August 2014 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Nominations for 56th Idea Filmfare Awards 2010|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/ |publisher=Bollywood Hungama | date = 14 Januari 2011|accessdate=2 March 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012817/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/ |archivedate=14 November 2013 |df= }}</ref><br/> |- ! scope="row" | ''Jazbaa'' |2015 | Hindi | Anuradha Verma |Sanjay Gupta | |style="text-align: center;"| |- ! scope="row" | ''Sarbjit'' |2016 | Hindi | Dalbir Kaur |Omung Kumar | Aliteuliwa—Filmfare Award for Best Actress |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/response-to-my-look-in-sarbjit-encouraging-aishwarya-rai-bachchan/#sthash.vzZgOg37.dpuf | title = Response to my look in Sarbjit encouraging: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|work=The Indian Express | date = 22 Desemba 2015|accessdate=8 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124191007/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/response-to-my-look-in-sarbjit-encouraging-aishwarya-rai-bachchan/ |archivedate=24 January 2016 |df= }}</ref><br/><ref>{{Rejea habari| title = 62nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |work=Filmfare | date = 9 Januari 2017|accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122217/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |archivedate=13 January 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' |2016 | Hindi | Saba Taliyar Khan |Karan Johar | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-starts-shooting-for-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-vienna/#sthash.e57WRWxF.dpuf | title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan starts shooting for ‘Ae Dil Hai Mushkil’ with Ranbir Kapoor in Vienna|work=The Indian Express | date = 19 Oktoba 2015|accessdate=8 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224001219/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-starts-shooting-for-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-vienna/ |archivedate=24 February 2016 |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''Fanney Khan'' |2018 | Hindi | Baby Singh | Atul Manjrekar | |style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fanney-khan-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-aishwarya-rai-stand-out-in-comedy-bogged-down-by-melodrama-4882701.html| title = Fanney Khan movie review: Rajkummar Rao, Aishwarya Rai stand out in comedy bogged down by melodrama|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|publisher=Firstpost| date = 3 Agosti 2018||accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> <!--Do not include future events. Only content that has a source indicating Rai has done the work or has started filming the project. See [[WP:CRYSTAL]].--> |} ==Tuzo== ===Tuzo za kutoka India=== * 1994 – Miss India World * 2000 – Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nASRRQ-ugQc| title = Miss Aishwarya rai Receiving Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress from Mr Suresh Prabhu|publisher=''youtube''}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rvcj.com/18-bollywood-actresses-won-smita-patil-memorial-award-till-now/| title = 18 Bollywood Actresses Who Have Won Smita Patil Memorial Award Till Now| date = 2016-09-17}}</ref> * 2002 – ''The Times of India'' ilimtuza Aishwarya Rai kwenye "100 Most Beautiful Indian Women in the Past Century". * 2002 – Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence in Field of Entertainment.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/shahrukh-aishwarya-and-kajol-get-rajiv-gandhi-awards_54596.html| title = Shahrukh, Aishwarya and Kajol get Rajiv Gandhi Awards|website=zeenews.india.com| date = 19 Agosti 2002}}</ref> * 2003 – V. Shantaram Awards – Best Actress kwa ajili ya uigizaji wake kwenye [[filamu]] ya ''Devdas''<ref name="indiatimes2003">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Devdas-bags-eight-V-Shantaram-awards/articleshow/44673564.cms| title = Devdas bags eight V Shantaram awards|publisher=''India Times''| date = 2003-04-27}}</ref> * 2004 – GR8! Women Award for Contribution to Cinema(Special Laurel).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=305|title=GR8! WOMEN ACHIEVERS 2004|publisher=''gr8mag''|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2023-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918053425/https://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=305|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2007 – Femina "Most Powerful Indian Woman".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://celebs-place.com/photos/aishwarya-rai/pic-448718.html|title=AISHWARYA RAI PICTURE #448718|website=''celebs-place.com''|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2023-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918190246/https://celebs-place.com/photos/aishwarya-rai/pic-448718.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2008 – ALichaguliwa na ''Verve'' "Most Powerful Women" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.verveonline.com/62/people/powerwomen.shtml | title = People &#124; Verve’s 50 Power Women 2008|publisher=Verveonline.com | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref> * 2009 – V. Shantaram Awards – Best Actress kwenye filamu ya ''Jodhaa Akbar''<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tzp-wins-v-shantaram-award-for-best-film/story-K2EJqidXHMm9qYktYzx0hM.html| title = TZP wins V Shantaram award for Best Film|website=www.hindustantimes.com| date = 28 Januari 2009}}</ref> * 2009 – Padma Shri, kutoka kwa serikali ya India, kwa ajili ya uigizaji wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/my-family-is-happy-for-aishwarya-big-b/415391/| title = My family is happy for Aishwarya: Big B - Indian Express|website=www.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aishwarya-Akshay-among-Padma-award-receivers/articleshow/4340068.cms| title = Aishwarya, Akshay among Padma award receivers|publisher=''timesofindia''| date = 31 Machi 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/09/mar/31-big-b-proud-of-bahu-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-030911.asp| title = Big B proud of Bahu Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|publisher=''glamsham''| date = 31 Machi 2019|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907163931/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/09/mar/31-big-b-proud-of-bahu-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-030911.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/ash-and-akshay-get-padma-shri-43148-2009-03-31| title = Ash and Akshay get Padma Shri|publisher=''indiatoday''}}</ref> * 2009 – Verve "Most Influential Indian Woman".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bollyupdates.com/aishwarya-rai-verve-india-june-2009/| title = Aishwarya Rai-Verve India(Jun 2009)|publisher=bollyupdates.com| date = 9 Jun 2009|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140730/https://www.bollyupdates.com/aishwarya-rai-verve-india-june-2009/}}</ref> * 2009 – Alituzwa kama "The Most Powerful Female Actor in India". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aishwarya-most-powerful-female-actor-india| title = Aishwarya is "The Most Powerful Female Actor in India"!|publisher=''pinkvilla''| date = 21 Aprili 2009|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2019-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225001325/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/aishwarya-most-powerful-female-actor-india}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/aishwarya-rai-tops-power-list-in-india-313775.html| title = Aishwarya Rai tops power list in India|publisher= ''news18''| date = 15 Aprili 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-tops-the-power-list-as-the-most-powerful-female-actor-in-india_100179670.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan tops the Power List as The Most Powerful Female actor in India|publisher=''thaindian''| date = 14 Aprili 2009|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2019-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226090257/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-tops-the-power-list-as-the-most-powerful-female-actor-in-india_100179670.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-tops-the-power-list-as-the-most-powerful-female-actor-in-india/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Tops the Power List as The Most Powerful Female Actor in India|publisher=''movietalkies''| date = 14 Aprili 2009}}</ref> * 2009 – Filmfare "Most Beautiful People".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2014/aishwarya-rai-magazine-covers/articlecontent-pf49989-142384.html| title = The Hottest Magazine Covers Of Aishwarya Rai|publisher=''filmibeat.com''| date = 2 Jun 2014}}</ref> * 2010 – ''India Today'' Women Award for Global Achievement.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://indiatoday.in/womansummit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=34&id=2679&sectionid=1&Itemid=1&secid= | title = Woman Summit|publisher=Indiatoday.in | date = 2009-09-27|accessdate=2011-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162415/http://indiatoday.in/womansummit/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=34&id=2679&sectionid=1&Itemid=1&secid= |archivedate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> * 2010 – GR8! Women Award for Social services and international recognition.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://womenonown.wordpress.com/2010/03/03/kelvinator-gr8-women-awards-by-indian-television-academy/| title = Kelvinator Gr8! Women Awards by Indian Television Academy|publisher=''womenonown.wordpress.com'' | date = 3 Machi 2010}}</ref> * 2010 – Teacher's Achievement Award .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-aishwarya-shabana-and-boman-win-teachers-achievement-awards/| title = Ranbir, Aishwarya, Shabana and Boman win Teacher’s Achievement Awards|publisher=''Bollywoodhungama.com'' | date = 22 Novemba 2010}}</ref> * 2011 – Femina "India's Most Beautiful Woman".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-scan-femina-magazine| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's scan from Femina magazine|publisher=''Pinkvilla''| date = 30 Januari 2011|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143926/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-scan-femina-magazine}}</ref> * 2011 – ''FICCI Frames Excellence Awards – Decade of Global Achievement''.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/11/mar/26-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-wins-top-honours-at-ficci-frames-031101.asp| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan wins top honours at FICCI FRAMES|publisher=''glamsham''| date = 26 Machi 2011|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140620/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/11/mar/26-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-wins-top-honours-at-ficci-frames-031101.asp}}</ref> * 2011 – ''FICCI Frames Award of a Decade of Global Achievement''<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hugh-jackman-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bag-top-honours-at-ficci-frames-awards-1524568| title = Hugh Jackman, Aishwarya Rai-Bachchan bag top honours at FICCI Frames Awards|publisher=''dnaindia.com''| date = 26 Machi 2011}}</ref> * 2011 – Alituzwa na Mbunge B. S. Yeddyurappa kwenye sherehe ya Vishwa Kannada Sammelana kwa uigizaji wake. * 2012 – Alikuwa #2 kwenye "5 Indian Women Who Became Role Models Of Empowerment" pamoja na [[Mother Teresa]], [[Kalpana Chawla]], [[Indra Nooyi]] na [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.naaree.com/indian-women-role-models-empowerment/|title=5 Indian Women Who Became Role Models Of Empowerment|website=naaree.com|date=20 Septemba 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918053409/https://www.naaree.com/indian-women-role-models-empowerment/|archivedate=2023-09-18|accessdate=2019-03-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2013 – ''Giant Award - Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/5516/ | title = Aishwarya Rai honoured at Giants Awards &#124; Latest Celebrity Features|publisher=Bollywood Hungama | date = 2013-09-18|accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Aishwarya-Rai-honoured-at-Giants-Awards/articleshow/22745135.cms | work=The Times Of India | title = Aishwarya Rai honoured at Giants Awards| date = 2013-09-19}}</ref> * 2013 –"Most Popular Actress"(Nambari #1) kwenye ''Filmfare]] 100 years of cinema''. * 2013 – Alikuwa #2 kwenye "Top 5 Global Icon" in ''Filmfare]] 100 years of cinema''. * 2014 – ''Asiavision Awards - Icon Of [[India]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-awards-2014-aishwarya-rai-dhanush-kajol-mammootty-manju-warrier-be-honoured-612940| title = Asiavision Awards 2014: Aishwarya Rai, Dhanush, Kajol, Mammootty, Manju Warrier to be Honoured [Winners List]|first=Nicy|last=V.P|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20141116/article/311169980/1057| title = Asiavision Awards honours Indian film actors|publisher=''khaleejtimes.com''| date = 16 Novemba 2014|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2020-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815195817/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20141116/article/311169980/1057}}</ref> * 2014 – ''The Times Of India's Forever Desirable woman''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aishwarya-Kareena-enter-Times-Forever-Desirable-list/articleshow/35729176.cms| title = Aishwarya, Kareena enter Times ‘Forever Desirable’ list|publisher=''timesofindia''}}</ref> * 2015 – ''Hello! "India's Most Beautiful"''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-named-indias-most-beautiful-by-hello-india-magazine/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan named India’s Most Beautiful by Hello! India magazine!|website=''bollywoodlife.com''| date = 1 Agosti 2015}}</ref> * 2016 – ''Outlook Business Outstanding Women Awards'' - Outstanding Celebrity Woman of the Year.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.abplive.in/movies/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bags-outstanding-celebrity-woman-of-the-year-award-428104| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan bags Outstanding Celebrity Woman of the Year award|first=|last=ANI|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623110532/http://www.abplive.in/movies/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-bags-outstanding-celebrity-woman-of-the-year-award-428104}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mexicostar.com/index.php/sid/248362147| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan bags Outstanding Celebrity Woman of the Year award|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009170832/http://www.mexicostar.com/index.php/sid/248362147|archivedate=2016-10-09}}</ref> * 2016 – ''Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin – Global Indian of the Year Award'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/352880/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-looks-lovely-she-accepts-her-global-indian-award#2| title = Watch! Aishwarya Looks Lovely As She Accepts Her 'Global Indian' Award|website=www.pinkvilla.com|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2021-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930163844/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/352880/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-looks-lovely-she-accepts-her-global-indian-award#2}}</ref> * 2016 – Gauravvanta Gujarati Award * 2017 – ''Femina "Most Beautiful Indian Woman"''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/aishwarya-stars-is-on-feminas-latest-cover-35559.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan graces Femina’s latest cover|publisher=''Femina''| date = 23 Januari 2017}}</ref> * 2017 – ''Dadasaheb Phalke Award - Best Actress'' kwenye filamu ya ''Sarbjit'' <ref name="india1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://zeenews.india.com/people/hema-malini-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-shoojit-sircar-bag-dadasaheb-awards-1998393.html| title = Hema Malini, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Shoojit Sircar bag Dadasaheb awards| date = 22 Aprili 2017|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-sarbjit-see-pics-4623430/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for Sarbjit, see pics|publisher=''indianexpress''| date = 22 Aprili 2017}}</ref> * 2018 – 20 January 2018, Aishwarya Rai alituzwa na [[Rais]] wa India Ram Nath Kovind.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-looks-breathtakingly-wow-spotted-at-rashtrapati-bhawan-see-pictures/articlecontent-pf237575-271149.html| title = UNSTOPPABLE! Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Looks BREATHTAKINGLY WOW; Spotted At Rashtrapati Bhawan [PICS]| date = 21 Januari 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/424500-Aishwarya-Rai-receive-First-Ladies-Award-president-Kovind| title = Aishwarya Rai receives First Ladies Award by president Kovind| date = 22 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-receives-first-ladies-award-in-delhi-see-pics-1802717| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Receives First Ladies Award In Delhi. See Pics|publisher=''NDTV''| date = 21 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/aishwaray-rai-bachchan-first-lasdies-awards-fanney-khan-sabyasachi-saree/190986| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan receives First Ladies Award In Delhi|publisher=''Times Now''| date = 21 Januari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-gets-honoured-by-the-president-receives-the-first-ladies-award-in-delhi-338122.html|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Gets Honoured By The President, Receives The First Ladies Award In Delhi|publisher=''India Times''|date=21 Januari 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2023-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918053411/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-gets-honoured-by-the-president-receives-the-first-ladies-award-in-delhi-338122.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-received-first-lady-award-in-designer-sabyasachi-saree/#rai-bachchans-pick-for-the-evening-an-ivory-and-gold-sabyasachi-sari| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan receives a prestigious award in a must-see sari|publisher=''VOGUE''| date = 22 Januari 2018}}</ref> *2018 – Aprili 2018, Aishwarya Rai alipewa tuzo ya "Woman of Substance".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-woman-substance-title-bunts-community/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with the Woman of Substance title by the Bunts’ Community|publisher=''Bollywood Hungama''| date = 8 Aprili 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-with-the-title-of-woman-of-substance-in-pune-27528.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with the title of Woman of Substance in Pune|publisher=''[[Filmfare]]''| date = 8 Aprili 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-honoured-with-the-woman-of-substance-title-5129924/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan honoured with the Woman of Substance title|publisher=''Indian Express''| date = 9 Aprili 2018}}</ref> * 2018 – ''Femina "India's Most Beautful Woman 2018"'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-on-feminas-cover-81749.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan looks stunning on Femina’s cover|publisher=''Femina''| date = 14 Machi 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.fridaymoviez.com/news/femina-magazine-terms-ash-as-indias-most-beautiful-women-2018| title = FEMINA MAGAZINE TERMS ASH AS 'INDIA'S MOST BEAUTIFUL WOMEN 2018'|publisher=''fridaymoviez''| date = 15 Machi 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2019-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409023705/http://www.fridaymoviez.com/news/femina-magazine-terms-ash-as-indias-most-beautiful-women-2018}}</ref> ===Tuzo za kutoka nje ya India=== * Mnamo 1991, Rai alishinda tuzo ya ''International Ford Supermodel Contest'' alipokuwa na miaka 17.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://au.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/169_aishwarya_rai.html | title = Aishwarya Rai - AskMen|publisher=Au.askmen.com | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174826/http://au.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/169_aishwarya_rai.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all |archivedate=2014-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174826/http://au.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/169_aishwarya_rai.html }}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai alikuwa mshindi wa [[Miss World 1994]].<ref name="pageantopolis1994">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pageantopolis.com/international/world_1994.htm | title = 1994|publisher=Pageontopolis |accessdate=21 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903002531/http://www.pageantopolis.com/international/world_1994.htm |archivedate=3 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHM6w3kPf8| title = Aishwarya Rai- Miss World 1994 (Full Performance)|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai ni ''Longines Ambassador of Elegance'' tangu 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.longines.com.au/universe/ambassadors| title = Longines Ambassadors of Elegance|website=www.longines.com.au}}</ref> * Alipata tuzo ya ''Most Beautiful Miss World of All Times'' – alipata alama 9.911, mnamo 2000.<ref name="Koimoi.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/why-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-the-biggest-female-star-of-india-koimoi-readers-view/ | title = Why Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Is The Biggest Female Star Of India? – Koimoi Reader’s View|publisher=Koimoi.com | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27}}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai alitajwa kama "The Queen of Cannes" kwenye ''Cannes Film Festival''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.boldsky.com/fashion/trends/timeline-aishwarya-will-be-the-queen-cannes-always-122258.html| title = Timeline: Aishwarya Will Be The Queen Of Cannes, Always! |publisher=boldsky.com| date = 11 Mei 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/gossip/celeb-buzz/aishwarya-the-queen-of-cannes-2603-1.html| title = Aishwarya: The Queen of Cannes|publisher=''femina''| date = 21 Mei 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/photo/aishwarya-rai-the-queen-of-cannes-1495431794.html| title = Aishwarya Rai: The Queen of Cannes|work=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.wearis.co/aishwarya-rai-showed-everyone-that-she-is-the-queen-of-cannes/| title = Aishwarya Rai Is Officially The Queen Of Cannes| date = 23 Mei 2017|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310075709/http://www.wearis.co/aishwarya-rai-showed-everyone-that-she-is-the-queen-of-cannes/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url = https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/the-queen-of-cannes-aishwarya-rai-has-arrived-she-already-owned-it-with-her-first-two-looks-322017.html| title = The Queen Of Cannes, Aishwarya Rai Has Arrived & She Already Owned It With Her First Two Looks| date = 19 Mei 2017| accessdate = 2019-03-28| archive-date = 2022-06-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624234228/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/the-queen-of-cannes-aishwarya-rai-has-arrived-she-already-owned-it-with-her-first-two-looks-322017.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/bollywood/feature/a648802/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-from-bollywood-royalty-to-queen-of-cannes/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: From Bollywood royalty to queen of Cannes|publisher=''digitalspy''| date = 22 Mei 2015}}</ref> In 2002, her film * Mnamo Aprili 2003, alikuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza wa kutoka India kupewa tuzo la ''L'Oréal Paris International Brand Ambassador''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ballyooo/3307044817/in/photostream/| title = LOREAL!! Aishwarya Rai Bachchan became a global brand ambassador}}</ref> * Alipigiwa kura ya ''Hello Magazine World's Most Attractive Woman'' mnamo 2003.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/aishwarya-is-most-attractive-woman/204/| title = Aishwarya is 'most attractive woman'|work=bollywoodmantra| date = 17 Januari 2004|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140446/https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/aishwarya-is-most-attractive-woman/204/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20040202-aishwarya-rai-voted-most-attractive-woman-of-year-2003-790738-2004-02-02| title = Aishwarya Rai voted most attractive woman of 2003 by British magazine Hello|publisher=''indiatoday''| date = 2 Februari 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/specials/women03/pagina_1_1.html|title=THE MOST ATTRACTIVE WOMAN OF 2003|work=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615235926/https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/specials/women03/pagina_1_1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Aishwarya Rai alikuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza wa kutoka India kupewa tuzo ya ''Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People In The World'' (The 2004 TIME 100).<ref name="autogenerated2004">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1970858_1970890_1971356,00.html| title = Aishwarya Rai - The 2004 TIME 100 - TIME|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date = 26 Aprili 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html| title = Complete List - The 2004 TIME 100 - TIME|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ash-amongst-Times-Most-Influential/articleshow/1084305.cms| title = Ash amongst Time's Most Influential|publisher=''timesofindia''| date = 21 Aprili 2005}}</ref> * Alikuwa kwenye ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' mnamo 2004. * Aishwarya Rai won the Global Foreign Artiste Debutantes to Mainstream Media Award in 2004 and honoured in the awards brochure for having excelled in more than one field either through film, music, fashion, or any other combined field. She also honoured as the [[South Asians|Highest Profile South Asians Achiever]] in global media.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aishwarya-rai-shares-global-media-award-telugufont-news-10594.html|title=Aishwarya Rai shares global media award|website=indiaglitz.com|date=17 Septemba 2004|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2022-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819212450/https://www.indiaglitz.com/aishwarya-rai-shares-global-media-award-telugufont-news-10594.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mnamo 2008, Aishwarya alituzwa na stesheni ya ''E!: Entertainment Television sexiest on their Sexiest Body Parts list''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-EntertainmentSectionPage-Bollwood/Aishwarya-Rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/Article1-346621.aspx | title = Aishwarya Rai’s eyes voted the ‘sexiest’|publisher=Hindustan Times | date = 2008-10-23|accessdate=2014-02-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110011552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/aishwarya-rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/article1-346621.aspx |archivedate=2013-11-10 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110011552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/aishwarya-rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/article1-346621.aspx }}</ref> * Mnamo 2012, alipokea tuzo ya ''Ordre des Arts et des Lettres'' kutoka kwa serikali ya [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|work=hindustantimes.com |location=India |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Why-Aaradhya-cried-on-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-s-39th-birthday/Article1-953808.aspx | title = Why Aaradhya cried on Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's 39th birthday|accessdate=2 November 2012 | date = 2 Novemba 2012|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102141750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Why-Aaradhya-cried-on-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan-s-39th-birthday/Article1-953808.aspx |archivedate=2 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> Earlier she refused it because her father was suffering from a serious illness, and she wanted her whole family to attend the award ceremony.<ref>{{Rejea habari|work=The Times of India |location=India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/Ash_wont_accept_award_without_Dad/articleshow/4059637.cms| title = Ash won't accept award without Dad|accessdate=12 February 2009| date = 2 Februari 2009}}</ref> * Alikuwa #60 kwenye ''Most Desired Woman List by [[Askmen.com]]'', mnamo 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Joshi |first=Tushar |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/jan/230109-Eva-Mendes-Angelina-Jolie-Megan-Fox-Aishwarya-Rai-Katrina-Kaif-Bollywood-New-York.htm | title = Aishwarya slips on most desirable list, Katrina makes a debut|publisher=Mid-day.com | date = 2009-01-23|accessdate=2011-04-22}}</ref> * Mnamo 2009, Rai alichaguliwa kama ''Global Goodwill Ambassador of Smile Train''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aishwarya-appointed--smile-train--ambassador/535870/| title = Aishwarya appointed 'Smile Train' ambassador|work=The Indian Express|location=India|accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.smiletrainindia.org/about-smile-train/celebrity-support.php | title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan appeals for Smile Train|publisher=SmileTrainIndia |archivedate=4 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404023423/http://www.smiletrainindia.org/about-smile-train/celebrity-support.php |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> In March 2018, Aishwarya Rai and Smile Train celebrated free cleft surgeries treatment of 5,00,000 children.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://bollywoodgaram.com/134290/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-celebrates-500000-cleft-surgeries-smile-train-event/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan celebrates 5,00,000 free cleft surgeries at Smile Train event| date = 7 Machi 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-celebrates-500000-free-cleft-surgeries-at-smile-train-india-event.html| title = Aishwarya Rai celebrates 5,00,000 free cleft surgeries at Smile Train India event|publisher=deccanchronicle.com| date = 7 Machi 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152943/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-celebrates-500000-free-cleft-surgeries-at-smile-train-india-event.html}}</ref> * Mnamo 2010, alikuwa #63 kwenye orodha ya ''Most Desired Woman List by [[Askmen.com]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.askmen.com/specials/2010_top_99/aishwarya-rai-63.html | title = Aishwarya Rai Top 99 Women of 2010|publisher=AskMen | date = 2011-04-05|accessdate=2011-04-22}}</ref> * Kwa mara ya pili, alikuwa kwenye orodha ya ''Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World'', mnamo 2010.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1984685,00.html| title = The 2010 TIME 100|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''}}</ref> * ALikuwa kwenye orodha ya ''Most beautiful Miss World of All Times'' kwa mara ya pili, mnamo 2010.<ref name="ezinemark1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://leisure.ezinemark.com/aishwarya-rai-most-beautiful-miss-world-ever-77366fab5c08.html| title = Aishwarya Rai: Most Beautiful Miss World Ever|accessdate=2019-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414172448/http://leisure.ezinemark.com/aishwarya-rai-most-beautiful-miss-world-ever-77366fab5c08.html|archivedate=2018-04-14}}</ref> * Mnamo Juni 13, 2010, Aishwarya Rai na mumewe Abhishek Bachchan walichaguliwa na E! News Asia kwenye tuzo la ''Most Powerful Celebrity Couple in Asia''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Video: E! News Report: Asia’s Most Powerful Couple In Asia|url=http://www.aishwarya-spice.com/video-e-news-asias-most-powerful-couples/| date = 13 Juni 2010|work=Aishwarya-Spice.com|accessdate=3 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029163520/http://www.aishwarya-spice.com/video-e-news-asias-most-powerful-couples|archive-date=29 October 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all|archivedate=2010-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029163520/http://www.aishwarya-spice.com/video-e-news-asias-most-powerful-couples}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = E! News report: #1 Powerful Couple in Asia-Aishwarya and Abhishek|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/abhishek-bachchan/e-news-report-1-powerful-couple-asiaaishwarya-and-abhishek| date = 13 Juni 2010|work=PinkVilla.com|accessdate=3 September 2010|archivedate=2020-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217162507/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/abhishek-bachchan/e-news-report-1-powerful-couple-asiaaishwarya-and-abhishek}}</ref> * Mnamo Disemba 2012, E!News walimtuza Aiswarya na mumewe [[Abhishek Bachchan]] kwenye orodha ya ''World's Sexiest Couples''. * Mnamo 2012, Aishwarya Rai alichaguliwa kama ''International Goodwill Ambassador for UNAIDS''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/being-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-82226.html| title = Being Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|publisher=[[Femina (India)|femina]]| date = 16 Machi 2018}}</ref> * Mnamo 2014, Aishwarya Rai alikuwa nambari ya nne kwenye orodha ya "World's Most Beautiful Women".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aishwarya-rai-voted-fourth-most-beautiful-woman/article5640059.ece | title = Aishwarya Rai voted fourth most beautiful woman|publisher= ''thehindu''| date = 31 Januari 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-most-beautiful-woman-hollywood-buzz-bollywood-179268-2014-02-01| title = Aishwarya Rai voted fourth most beautiful woman in poll|publisher=''indiatoday''| date = 1 Februari 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.masala.com/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-the-fourth-most-beautiful-woman-in-the-world-155502.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is the Fourth Most Beautiful Woman in the World|publisher=''masala''| date = 2 Februari 2014}}</ref> * Mnamo Septemba 2018,Aishwarya Rai alikuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza kutuzwa tuzo la ''Meryl Streep Award for Excellence at the first Women in Film and Television''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/aishwarya-rai-receive-women-film-indias-meryl-streep-award-excellence-1139400| title = Aishwarya Rai to Receive Women in Film India's Meryl Streep Award for Excellence (Exclusive)|work=Hollywood Reporter| date = 6 Septemba 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-to-be-honoured-with-meryl-streep-award-for-excellence/| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan To Be Honoured With Meryl Streep Award For Excellence!|publisher=''koimoi''| date = 7 Septemba 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-gets-honoured-with-the-meryl-streep-award-30270.html| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan gets honoured with the Meryl Streep Award|publisher=''filmfare''| date = 9 Septemba 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://jinnions.com/meryl-streep-sends-special-congratulations-aishwary-rai-bachchan/| title = Meryl Streep sends her special congratulations to Aishwarya Rai Bachchan| date = 11 Septemba 2018|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915140252/http://jinnions.com/meryl-streep-sends-special-congratulations-aishwary-rai-bachchan/}}</ref> ===Miss World=== '''Mshindi''' * 1994 – ''Miss World 1994''. * 1994 – ''Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty − Asia and Oceania''.<ref name="pageantopolis1994"/> * 1994 – ''Miss Photogenic''.<ref name="elanecdotario.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.elanecdotario.com/2004/nov/18/nov18ai.html | title = El anecdotario|publisher=El anecdotario | date = |accessdate=2014-02-27|archivedate=2014-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404220727/http://www.elanecdotario.com/2004/nov/18/nov18ai.html }}</ref> * 2000 – ''Most Beautiful Miss World of All Times''<ref name="Koimoi.com"/> * 2014 – ''Most Successful Miss World of All Times''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/miss-world-2014-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-felicitated-for-her-commitment-to-beauty-with-a-purpose/ | title = Miss World 2014: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan felicitated for being most successful Miss World|author=| date = 15 Desemba 2014|website=indianexpress |publisher=ieEntertainment |access-date=5 April 2017 |quote=Described as embodiment of beauty with purpose, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is also seen as the most successful Miss World}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-most-successful-miss-world-ever/ss-BBgXycR| title = Aishwarya Rai: most successful Miss World ever|publisher=''msn.com''}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-is-the-most-successful-miss-world/20141215.htm| title = Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is the 'most successful' Miss World|publisher=''Rediff''| date = 15 Desemba 2014}}</ref> * 2014 – ''Lifetime Beauty With a Purpose Award''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/beauty-purpose-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-felicitated-miss-world-2014-1849915.html| title = Beauty with a purpose: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan felicitated at Miss World 2014|publisher=''firstpost''| date = 15 Desemba 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/aishwarya-rai-honoured-at-miss-world-abhishek-aaradhya-by-her-side-2014-12-15-1.573408| title = Aishwarya Rai honoured at Miss World; Abhishek, Aaradhya by her side|publisher=''Emirates''| date = 15 Desemba 2014}}</ref> ===Miss India=== '''Mshindi''' * 1994 – Miss India World * 1994 – Miss Photogenic * 1994 – Miss Perfect Ten * 1994 – Miss Catwalk * 1994 – Miss Popular * 1994 – Miss Miraculous ===Filmfare Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2000 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' * 2003 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Devdas'' '''Aliteuliwa''' * 1998 – Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil – ''Jeans'' * 2000 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Taal'' * 2001 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' * 2001 – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – ''Mohabbatein'' * 2005 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Raincoat'' * 2007 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Dhoom 2'' * 2008 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Guru'' * 2009 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Jodhaa Akbar'' * 2011 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Guzaarish'' * 2017 – Filmfare Best Actress Award – ''Sarbjit'' ===Screen Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 1998 – Screen Award for Best Female Debut – ''Aur Pyar Ho Gaya''<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html | title = Aishwarya-Forever [Dot&#93; Com|publisher=Aishwarya-forever.com | date = |accessdate=2011-04-22|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707122306/http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html |archivedate=2011-07-07 |df= }}</ref> * 1998 – Star Screen Awards|Screen Awards - Discovery of the year * 2000 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com"/> * 2003 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Devdas'' (pamoja na [[Shahrukh Khan]])<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com"/> * 2003 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Devdas''<ref name="aishwarya-forever.com"/> * 2009 – Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice) – ''Jodhaa Akbar''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/15/4732/index.html | title = Winners of Nokia 15th Annual Star Screen Awards 2008|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2009-01-15|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424222056/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/15/4732/index.html |archivedate=2011-04-24 |df= }}</ref> * 2011 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Guzaarish'' (pamoja na [[Hrithik Roshan]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://epaper.screenindia.com/index.php/2-Screen-/14-20-jan2011#page:13:zoom:1 | title = Screen, 14–20, jan2011 :DigitalEdition|publisher=Epaper.screenindia.com | date = |accessdate=2011-04-22|archivedate=2011-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022349/http://epaper.screenindia.com/index.php/2-Screen-/14-20-jan2011#page:13:zoom:1 }}</ref> '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2000 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Taal'' * 2001 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' * 2001 – Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress – ''Mohabbatien'' * 2005 – Screen Award for Best Actress – '' Raincoat'' * 2007 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Dhoom 2''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=Tanya Palta 27 December 2006 |url=http://www.ourbollywood.com/2006/12/13th_annual_star_screen_awards.html | title = 13th Annual Star Screen Awards Nominations Announced!|publisher=Ourbollywood.com | date = 2006-12-27|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105001001/http://www.ourbollywood.com/2006/12/13th_annual_star_screen_awards.html |archivedate=5 January 2007 |df= }}</ref> * 2007 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Dhoom 2'' (pamoja na [[Hrithik Roshan]]) * 2008 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Guru''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html | title = Nominees for 14th Annual Screen Awards|publisher=Indiafm.com | date = 2008-01-02|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620061736/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html |archivedate=2008-06-20 |df= }}</ref> * 2009 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Jodhaa Akbar''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-70583.html | title = Nominations for the 15th Star Screen Awards 2008 .:. newkerala.com Online News|publisher=Newkerala.com | date = 2009-01-14|accessdate=2011-04-22}}</ref> * 2009 – Screen Award for Jodi No. 1 – ''Jodha Akbar'' (pamoja na [[Hrithik Roshan]]) * 2011 – Screen Award for Best Actress – ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/03/6978/index.html | title = Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2011-01-03|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106134638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/03/6978/index.html |archivedate=2011-01-06 |df= }}</ref> * 2016 – Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice) – ''Jazbaa''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://starscreenawards.hotstar.com/ | title = Archived copy|accessdate=2016-01-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112051712/http://starscreenawards.hotstar.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-12 |df= }}</ref> *2017 – Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress – ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' ===Zee Cine Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2000 – Lux Face of the Year * 2000 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwa ajili ya filamu ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html | title = at|publisher=Aishwarya-forever.com | date = |accessdate=2011-04-22|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707122306/http://www.aishwarya-forever.com/profile/awards.html |archivedate=2011-07-07 |df= }}</ref> * 2003 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Devdas''<ref name="sifymax.com">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sifymax.com/zca/flashback/ | title = Archived copy|accessdate=2007-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702155235/http://sifymax.com/zca/flashback/ |archivedate=2007-07-02 |df= }}</ref> * 2003 – Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards – True Indian Beauty Award<ref name="sifymax.com"/> * 2005 – Zee Cine Critics Award - Best Actress – ''Raincoat''<ref name="ReferenceA"/> * 2011 – Zee Cine Critics Award - Best Actress – ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html | title = Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2011-01-14|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022195528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |archivedate=2011-10-22 |df= |=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022195528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html }}</ref> '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2000 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Taal'' * 2001 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai'' * 2005 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Raincoat'' * 2007 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Umrao Jaan'' * 2008 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Guru'' * 2011 – Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female kwenye ''Guzaarish'' ===Stardust Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2015 – Stardust Power-packed Performer of the Year – ''Jazbaa'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-among-winners-at-stardust-awards/article_43b51b86-a83f-11e5-bb11-b737213d0063.html| title = Amitabh Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Among Winners at Stardust Awards|first=India West|last=Staff|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2018-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827023733/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-among-winners-at-stardust-awards/article_43b51b86-a83f-11e5-bb11-b737213d0063.html}}</ref> * 2016 – Stardust Editor's Choice Most Iconic Performance of the Year – ''Sarbjit'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/stardust-awards-2016-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-chopra-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-win-big/| title = Stardust Awards 2016 FULL winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan win BIG|first=Aarti|last=Iyengar|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-star-dust-awards-2016-5485155-PHO.html| title = Check out Who Dazzled at the Red Carpet and Walked Away with the Trophies at the Year’s Star Dust Awards!| date = 19 Desemba 2016|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162816/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-star-dust-awards-2016-5485155-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Nominated''' * 2005 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Raincoat'' * 2008 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Guru'' * 2009 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Sarkar Raj'' * 2009 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Jodha Akbar'' * 2011 – Stardust Star of the Year Award – Female kwenye filamu ya ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/22/7034/index.html | title = Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011|publisher=Bollywoodhungama.com | date = 2011-01-22|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417010351/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/22/7034/index.html |archivedate=2011-04-17 |df= }}</ref> * 2016 – Stardust Best Supporting Actress Award – ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' * 2016 – Stardust Performer of the year (Female) – ''Sarbjit'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-stardust-awards-2016/| title = Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama| date = 19 Desemba 2016|publisher=}}</ref> ===BIG Star Entertainment Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2010 – BIG Star – Film Actor (Female) of the Decade<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/65993.aspx | title = Aishwarya Rai Sexes Up for Big Star Entertainment Awards|publisher=Sawfnews.com | date = 2010-12-21|accessdate=2011-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012907/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/65993.aspx |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}</ref> '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2010 – BIG Star – Most Entertaining Film Actor (Female) kwenye filamu ya ''Guzaarish''<ref>{{Rejea habari| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-bags-5-Big-Star-Entertainment-Awards/articleshow/7143575.cms | title = Dabangg bags 5 Big Star Entertainment Awards| work=The Times Of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225002604/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-bags-5-Big-Star-Entertainment-Awards/articleshow/7143575.cms |archivedate=25 December 2010}}</ref> * 2015 – BIG Star – Most Entertaining Actor in an Action Role - Male/Female kwenye filamu ya ''Jazbaa'' ===Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards=== '''Aliteuliwa''' * 2005 - Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Breakthrough Performance kwa ajili ya filamu ya ''Bride and Prejudice.'' ===International Film Festival and Awards of Australia=== '''Mshindi''' * 2017 – IFFAA Best Actress Award - ''Sarbjit'' ===Vogue Beauty Awards=== '''Mshindi''' * 2011 – Vogue Beauty Awards – ''Global Beauty Icon award.''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2011/07/31/madhuri-dixit-and-anushka-sharma-bag-vogue-beauty-awards/| title = Madhuri Dixit and Anushka Sharma Bag Vogue Beauty Awards|publisher=''missmalini.com''| date = 31 Julai 2011}}</ref> * 2017 – Vogue Beauty Awards – ''Most Beautiful Global Indian Icon of the decade'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-of-vogue-beauty-awards-2017/| title = Here's The Complete List Of Winners Of Vogue Beauty Awards 2017| date = 3 Agosti 2017|publisher=}}</ref> * 2017 – Vogue Women Of The Year Awards – ''Influencer of the Decade''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vogue-women-of-the-year-aishwarya-becomes-influencer-of-the-decade-imagegallery-bollywood-rjzkfodabahbc.html| title = Vogue Women of the Year: Aishwarya becomes influencer of the decade|publisher=|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2017-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925102818/http://www.sify.com/movies/vogue-women-of-the-year-aishwarya-becomes-influencer-of-the-decade-imagegallery-bollywood-rjzkfodabahbc.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Aishwarya}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uhindi]] mcr3rlgaw2j725phtpilwx6uofry6ia 0 57259 1601541 1299053 2026-09-26T01:08:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Zachary Levi | picha = Zachary Levi - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg | ukubwa wa picha = 250px | maelezo ya picha = Zachary Levi, Julai 2014. | jina la kuzaliwa = Zachary Levi Pugh | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1980|09|29|df=yes}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], Marekani | kazi yake = Mwigizaji, mwimbaji, mwongozaji | miaka ya kazi = 2002–hadi sasa | tovuti = http://www.thenerdmachine.com/ }} '''Zachary Levi Pugh''' (amezaliwa tar. [[29 Septemba]] [[1980]]), anafahamika kwa jina lake maarufu kama '''Zachary Levi''', ni mwigizaji wa vipindi vya televisheni, mwongozaji, na mwimbaji kutoka nchini Marekani. Anafahamika zaidi kwa nyusika zake za Kipp Steadman kwenye ''[[Less than Perfect]]'', [[Chuck Bartowski]] kwenye ''[[Chuck]]'', na Flynn Rider kwenye ''[[Tangled]]''. == Maisha ya awali == Levi, mtoto wa kati baina ya dada zake wawili waliomtangulia kuzaliwa, alizaliwa mjini [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], na Bi. Susy na Darrell Pugh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zachary-levi/bio/191119 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328180153/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zachary-levi/bio/191119/ |archivedate=2019-03-28 |accessdate=2011-05-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Levi ana asili ya Kiwelisi-Kimarekani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Super Nerd Is Out to Save the World |work=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/arts/television/30wyat.html?ei=5088&en=ea760dfd1c5f7e97&ex=1348804800&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all |accessdate=21 Agosti 2010 | first=Edward | last=Wyatt | date=30 Septemba 2007}}</ref>Akiwa mtoto, famili yake imehama mahali chungumzima nchini humo kabla ya kufanya makazi yao ya mwisho huko mjini [[Ventura, California]], ambapo Levi alijiunga katika shule ya Buena High School kwa muda wa miaka minne.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Anytime with Bob Kushell feat. Zach Levi |series=[[Anytime with Bob Kushell]] |airdate=5 Februari 2009 |season=1 |number=8}}</ref> Ameanza kuigiza katika tamthilia akiwa na umri wa miaka 6, akicheza nyusika kuu katika matayarisho ya kikanda kama vile ''Grease'', ''The Outsiders'', ''Oliver'', ''The Wizard of Oz'' na ''Big River'' katika Simi Valley Cultural Arts Center. == Kazi == [[File:ZacharyLeviCCJuly09.jpg|thumb|right|Levi anaipigia debe kipindi cha televisheni cha ''Chuck'' kwenye San Diego Comic-Con mnamo mwezi wa Julai 2009]] Kwa mara ya kwanza alionekana kwenye filamu ya televisheni ya [[FX Networks|FX]], ''Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie.'' Amecheza kama Kipp Steadman kwenye ucheshi wa [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] ''[[Less Than Perfect]]''. Pia amecheza uhusika kama kipenzi cha Jane kwenye filamu ya TV ya [[Charisma Carpenter]], [[See Jane Date]].'' Ambayo inasambazwa na ABC. Levi alichaguliwa kuwa kiongozi kwenye kipengele cha kwanza cha cha ABC kilichoitwa ''Three'' kwa ajili ya msimu wa 2004/2005 wa televisheni. Ilitungwa na Andrew Reich akiwa na Ted Cohen, na ilibidi alishiriane na [[James Van Der Beek]], [[Jama Williamson]], na [[Jacob Pitts]], lakini kwa bahati mbaya kipindi hicho hakikuchaguliwa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lisotta|first=Christopher|date=16 Mei 2005 |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Upfront Navigator |work=Television Week |volume=24|issue=20|pages=32–37}}</ref> Levi alisaidia msaada wa kifedha katika albamu ya [[Kendall Payne]] ya ''Grown'' baada ya kubwagwa na studio yake aliokuwa akifanya nayo kazi, [[Capitol Records]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Carlozo |first=Louis R. |date=4 Aprili 2006 |title=Grown |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_christian-century_2006-04-04_123_7/page/55 |work=Christian Century|volume=123 |issue=7 |page=55}}</ref> Ametua akiwa muhusika mkuu kwenye mfululizo wa TV wa ''[[Chuck]]'', mfululizo ambao kwa sasa upo katika msimu wa nne. Levi na mwigizaji mwenzake katika Chuck, [[Yvonne Strahovski]], walibahatika kuchaguliwa katika kategoria ya Best Action Actor na Actress Choice TV Series kwa [[Teen Choice Awards]] 2010 ambapo wote walishinda na kuzawadiwa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stransky|first=Tanner|title=2010 Teen Choice Awards winners announced|url=http://news-briefs.ew.com/2010/08/09/teen-choice-awards-winners-201/|accessdate=8 Machi 2011|newspaper=EW|date=9 Agosti 2010}}</ref> Katika majira ya joto ya mwaka wa 2008, Levi alitajwa katika orodha ya jarida la '''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''' ya Top Thirty People Under Thirty.<ref>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Markovitz |coauthors=Tanner Stransky |title=30 Under 30: The Actors |work=Entertainment Weekly |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20166944_20166999_20180615_21,00.html |date=3 Machi 2008 |accessdate=10 Machi 2009 |archivedate=2014-04-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012954/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20166944_20166999_20180615_21,00.html }}</ref> Baadaye akaja kuonekana katika filamu ya ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]'' katika uhusika mkuu akiwa kama binamu wa kina Chipmunks Toby Seville.<ref>Corliss, Richard (11 Januari 2010), "ALVIN AND THE CHIPMUNKS: THE SQUEAKQUEL".''Time''. '''175''' (1):51</ref> Pia amecheza na [[Mandy Moore]] kwenye filamu ya katuni ya Disney-2010 ''[[Tangled]]'', ambayo inatokana na ngano mashuhuri ya [[Rapunzel]]. Amecheza sauti ya Flynn Rider, jambazi aliyekuta mkimbizi katika mnara wa Rapunzel. Levi ametia maelezo katika filamu ya mwaka wa 2011 ''Under the Boardwalk: The Monopoly Story'', makala ya tv inayohusu mchezo wa Monopoly.<ref name=Under_The_Boardwalk>{{cite news|last=Wright|first=Anders|title=Rolling the dice|url=http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/article-8798-rolling-the-dice.html|accessdate=25 Machi 2011|newspaper=San Diego City Beat|date=2 Machi 2011|archivedate=2012-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313195419/http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/article-8798-rolling-the-dice.html}}</ref> ===Muziki=== ==Maisha binafsi== == Filmografia == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mwaka ! Filamu/Vipindi vya Televisheni ! Nyusika ! Maelezo |- | 2002 | ''[[Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie]]'' | Adam | |- | 2002–06 | ''[[Less Than Perfect]]'' | Kipp Steadman | (TV series) |- | rowspan= 2| 2003 | ''[[See Jane Date]]'' | Grant Asher | (TV Movie) |- | ''[[The Division]]'' | Todd in "The Box" (sehemu #4.16) na "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here" (sehemu #4.19) | (TV Series) |- | 2004 | ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'' | Bellman in "Opening Night" (sehemu #4.10) | |- | 2005 | ''[[Reel Guerrillas]]'' | Evon Schwarz | |- | 2006 | ''[[Big Momma's House 2]]'' | Kevin | |- | rowspan=2 | 2007 | ''Spiral'' | Berkeley | |- | ''[[Ctrl Z]]'' | Ben Pillar | |- | 2007–present | ''[[Chuck]]'' | [[Chuck Bartowski]] | (TV series) |- | rowspan=4 | 2008 | ''Wieners'' | Ben | |- | ''[[The Tiffany Problem]]'' | Zac | |- | ''[[An American Carol]]'' | Lab Tech #1 | |- | ''[[Shades of Ray]]'' | Ray Rehman | |- | rowspan=2 | 2009 | ''Stuntmen'' | Troy Ratowski | |- | ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]'' | Toby Seville | |- | rowspan= 3| 2010 | ''[[Byron Phillips: Found]]'' | Byron Phillips | |- | ''Tangled'' | Eugene Fitzherbert (Flynn Rider) | (Voice) |- | ''[[Under the Boardwalk: The MONOPOLY Story]]'' | Mwadithiaji | (Sauti) |- | rowspan= 2| 2011 | ''[[Tower Heist]]'' | Robin "Clyde" Hopkins | Filming |- | ''Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chip-Wrecked'' | Toby Seville | |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Commons category|Zachary Levi}} * {{Official|http://www.zacharylevi.com}} * {{IMDb name|1157048}} * {{Amg name|340257}} * {{TV Guide person |zachary-levi/191119}} * {{Tv.com person |id=130757}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Levi, Zachary}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lqqgnjvfmdpajcwyo90unvi2habpjjs 0 62693 1601070 1325442 2026-09-25T13:14:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ingeborg Schwenzer''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 25 Oktoba 1951 jijini [[Stuttgart]], [[Ujerumani]]) ni msomi wa [[sheria]] wa kijerumani na [[profesa]] wa sheria za ulinganifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Basel, [[:en:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. == Maelezo Binafsi (Curriculum Vitae) == Ingeborg Schwenzer alisomea sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg i. Br. na Chuo Kikuu cha Université de Genève kati ya mwaka 1970 na mwaka 1975. Kuanzia mwaka 1973 hadi 1975 alifanya kazi kama mwanafunzi msaidizi katika Taasisi ya sheria za utawala katika Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg i. Br. Mwaka 1975 , Schwenzer alifaulu mtihani wa Erste juristische Staatsprüfung (First State Exam in Law) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg na kushika nafasi ya tatu (3) kati ya watahiniwa 209. Kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi 1976, Schwenzer alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Carifornia, Berkeley na kutunukiwa shahada ya uzamili katika sheria yenye heshima. Kuanzia mwaka 1977 hadi 1981, Schwenzer alikuwa mtafiti msaidizi wa Peter Schlechtriem katika Taasisi ya Sheria za kimataifa na ulinganifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg. Mwaka 1978 alitunukiwa shahada ya uzamili ( Dr. iur. utr.) kwenye andiko lake ''Die Freizeichnung des Verkäufers von der Sachmängelhaftung im amerikanischen und deutschen Recht'' (The seller’s limitation of liability for defective goods under American and German law). Andiko lake lilipata tuzo ya Herrnstadt kwa kuwa andiko bora kwa mwaka 1978. Kuanzia mwaka 1978 hadi 1980, Schwenzer alifanya mafunzo ya sheria kwa vitendo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg i. Br. na kufaulu mtihani wa Zweite juristische Staatsprüfung (Second State Exam in Law) ambapo alishika nafasi ya kwanza kati ya watahiniwa 334. Kati ya mwaka 1980 na mwaka 1987, Schwenzer alikuwa msaidizi profesa na mhadhiri wa sheria za biashara katika Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftsakademie (Academy of Administration and Commerce) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg i. Br. Mwaka 1986, Schwenzer aliteuliwa kuwa mhadhiri kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Philipps-Universität Marburg. Mwaka 1987, andiko la Schwenzer lenye kichwa ''Vom Status zur Realbeziehung – Familienrecht im Wandel'' (From status to actual relation – family law in the flux) lilikubaliwa na Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg na kutunukiwa ''venia legend'' kwenye sheria za masuala binafsi, sheria za biashara, sheria za kimataifa na sheria za ulinganifu. Baadaye alikuwa profesa mbadala wa kwenye sheria za masuala binafsi, sheria za biashara, sheria za kimataifa, sheria za ulinganifu na sheria za kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Konstanz. Baadaye aliombwa na Chuo Kikuu cha Köln kuwa profesa wa sheria za masula binafsi na hapohapo akaombwa na Chuo Kikuu cha Mainz kuwa profesa wa sheria za masuala binafsi, sheria za kimataifa na sheria za ulinganifu. Alikubaliana na maombi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Mainz na kuteuliwa kuwa profesa mwezi Desemba 1987. Mwaka 1989, Schwenzer alipewa cheo cha uprofesa kwenye kiti cha sheria za masuala binafsi katika chuo Kikuu cha Basel. Baadaye alipewa nafasi na Chuo Kikuu cha Kiev kuwa profesa wa sheria za masuala binafsi za Ujerumani na Jumuiya ya Ulaya na pia aliombwa Chuo Kikuu cha Humboidt,Berlin (1995) kuwa profesa wa sheria za masuala binafsi. Maombi yote aliyakataa. Kwa mwaka 2107, alistaafu kutoka chuo kikuu cha Basel. Tangu mwaka 2010 hadi mwaka 2016, Schwenzer anafanya kazi ya ziada kama profesa kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha City [[Hong Kong]] tangu mwaka 2010 hadi 2016 na chuo kikuu cha Griffith, Australia, tangu mwaka 2013 hadi 2016. Tangu mwaka 2014 Schwenzer wa (SiLS) - Swiss International Law School Kwa miaka mingi, Schwenzer alikuwa profesa mwalikwa kwenye taasisi mbalimbali: 1994 – 2002 katika Europainstitut, Basel, Switzerland; mwaka 2008 katika Chuo kikuu cha Paris Val-de-Marne, France; mwaka 2009 katika Chuo Kikuu cha Victoria Wellington, [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]]; mwaka  2010 katika Chuo Kikuu cha  Loyola Chicago, USA; mwaka 2011 katika Chuo Kikuu cha  Buea, Cameroon; na pia mwaka 2011 katika Chuo Kikuu cha İstanbul Bilgi, Turkey 2012 katika chuo kikuu cha Ankara,Turkey, pia Katika mwaka 2012 chuo kikuu cha Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná,Brazil, Katika mwaka 2013 chuo kikuu cha Universitetet i Oslo, Norway ; mwaka 2014 katika chuo kikuu cha Griffith, Australia; mwaka 2015 katika chuo kikuu cha Dar el-Hekma, Jeddah, [[Saudia|Saudi Arabia]]. == Maeneo anayopendelea kufanyia Utafiti == Katika utafiti wake, Schwenzer anapendelea anaangalia zaidi kwenye sheria za uwajibikaji, sheria za biashara na sheria za familia. Aidha, anapendelea masuala ya usuluhishi. === Sheria za mauzo ulimwenguni === Mradi wa sheria za mauzo ulimwenguni unahusu ulinganifu wa sheria za mauzo na sheria za mikataba. ==== Sheria za mauzo ulimwenguni na Sheria za mikataba ==== Kiini cha mradi huu ni kijitabu kinachoitwa ''Global Sales and Contract Law (GSCL)''<ref>http://lccn.loc.gov/2011939853</ref>, ambacho Schwenzer aliandika kwa kushirikiana na [[:en:Pascal_Hachem|Pascal Hachem]] na [[:en:Christopher_Kee|Christopher Kee]]. Kijitabu hiki kinalinganisha sheria zinazosimamia mauzo na mikataba katika zaidi ya nchi 60. Waandishi wa kitabu hiki walitumia maandiko ya shahada za uzamivu za [[:en:Mohamed_Hafez|Mohamed Hafez]] (Uarabuni na Mashariki ya Kati), [[:en:Natia_Lapiashvili|Natia Lapiashvili]] (Ulaya Mashariki na Asia ya Kati), Edgardo Muñoz (Amerika ya Kilatini), [[:en:Jean-Alain_Penda_Matipe|Jean Alain Penda Matipe]] (Kusini ya Jangwa la Sahara), na [[:en:Sophia_Juan_Yang|Sophia Juan Yang]] (Asia ya Kusini Mashariki).Kila andiko lilihusu ulinganifu wa mfumo wa sheria wa aina moja ya na zilisimamiwa na Schwenzer. ==== Maoni kwenye jarida la CISG ==== Schwenzer anahariri jarida linaloongoza kutoa maoni juu ya the [[:en:CISG|UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)]]. Jarida hili lilichapishwa kwenye lugha ya Kijerumani (Toleo la 6 mwaka 2013)<ref>http://d-nb.info/989417662</ref>, Kiingeleza (Toleo la 4 mwaka 2016)<ref>http://d-nb.info/999239821</ref>, ^[3]Kispaniola (mwaka 2011)<ref>http://www.worldcat.org/title/schlechtriem-schwenzer-comentario-sobre-la-convencion-de-las-naciones-unidas-sobre-los-contratos-de-compraventa-internacional-de-mercaderias/oclc/754653801&referer=brief_results</ref>. Kireno (2014), Kituriki (2015), kifaransa, kichina, kirusi na matoleo zaidi zinaendelea. ==== CISG-online.ch ==== Mpaka kustaafu kwake kwa mawaka 2017 Schwenzer anaendesha mtandao wenye taarifa za kina kuhusu kesi muhimu kuhusu CISG. Mtandao huu umeenea kwenye nchi zinazoongea lugha<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsaleslaw.org/index.cfm?pageID=704|title=Overview - Global Sales Law Project - Deutsch - A Comparison of the CISG, International and Nationals Sales Laws|publisher=Globalsaleslaw.org|date=|accessdate=2013-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000615/http://www.globalsaleslaw.org/index.cfm?pageID=704|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> ya kijerumani. Mtandao huu ulianzishwa mwaka 1995 na Peter Schlechtriem katika Chuo Kikuu cha Freiburg i. Br. Tangu mwaka 2002 ilikuwa unasimamiwa  na Schwenzer katika Chuo Kikuu cha Basel tangu mwaka 1995 hadi mwaka 2015. ==== Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot ==== Tangu kuanza kwa mashindano ya usuluhishi ya [[:en:Willem_C._Vis_Moot|Willem C. Vis Moot]] mwaka 1994, Schwenzer amekuwa akishiriki kwenye nafasi ya msuluhishi katika mashindano haya ambayo hufanyika Vienna kila mwaka na ambayo ni mashindano makubwa ya aina hii duniani. Tangu mwaka 2004 ameshiriki pia kama msuluhishi kwenye mashindano ya [[:en:Willem_C._Vis_Moot#Vis_Moot_.28East.29.2C_Hong_Kong|Willem C. Vis East Moot]] yanayofanyikia Hong Kong. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1995 amekuwa anaandaa timu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Basel kwenye mashindano ya Vis. === Model Family Code === Kwenye mwaka 2006, Schwenzer aliaandaa rasimu ya kuunganisha sheria za familia, inayoitwa the Model Family Code<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d-nb.info/981245560|title=Model Family Code : Form a global perspective / Ingeborg Schwenzer|language=de|publisher=//d-nb.info|date=|accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref>, kwa kushirikiana na [[:en:Mariel_Dimsey|Mariel Dimsey]]. Ulinganifu wa kina kwenye sheria za familia za Ulaya, Amerika na Oceania ndio ulioweka msingi wa kuandaa Model Family Code. Faida ya Model Family Code na sheria za kifamilia za nchi zingine ni kwamba inajumuisha mambo muhimu katika sheria za kifamilia. Aidha, Model Family Code inaruhusu kuzingatia masuala ya utamaduni katika sheria za kifamilia. === SiLS-Swiss International Law School === Schewenzer ni Mkuu wa [https://www.swissintlawschool.org/ Swiss International Law School (SiLS)] {{Wayback|url=https://www.swissintlawschool.org/ |date=20170222053056 }}, binafsi mtandao msingi shule ya sheria sadaka mpango LL.M == Machapisho muhimu na Uhariri == Kwa mujibu wa orodha ya machapisho ya  Schwenzer iliyotolewa (kama ya Februari 2017)<ref>[https://www.ingeborgschwenzer.com/publications Publications Ingeborg Schwenzer]</ref>, Schwenzer ametoa machapisho binafsi 17, ama haridi zaidi ya vitabu 40, na kuandikwa makala zaidi ya 200 na michango ya fafanuzi. Kwa orodha ya kina ya uanachama: https://www.ingeborgschwenzer.com/publications == Uanachama katika jumuiya mbalimbali == ·        Tangu mwaka 2016 mwanzilishi mwanachama wa kiengo cha chuo cha utatuzi wakimataifa. ·        Tangu mwaka 2015 mwanachama wa taasisi yasheria ya kimarekani. ·        Tangu mwaka 2014 Bodi ya Wakurugenzi wa Chuo cha Kimataifa cha Sheria ya biashara na matumizi vya mwanachama. ·        Tangu mwaka 2013 mwanachama wa bodi ya jamii sheria ya kimataifa ya ujeremani. ·        Tangu 2011 mwenyekiti wa baraza la ushami wa CISGC (Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods) Advisory Council. ·        Tangu mwaka 2011 mwanachama wa chama cha sheria ya kimataifa, tawi la Swiss. ·        Tangu mwaka 2010 mwanachama wa chuo cha sheria ya ulaya ·        Tangu mwaka 2010 mwanachama wa Baraza la Taasisi ya Usuluhishi Mashirika ya Kimataifa ya kielimu ·        2004-2012 Naibu Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Ujerumani ya chama ya wanasheria ·        Tangu mwaka 2001 Mwanachama wa Kundi Mtaalam wa Tume ya Sheria za familia Ulaya ·        Tangu mwaka 2000 mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kimataifa cha Sheria ya kulinganisha ·        1999-2005 mwanachama wa Bodi ya Chama cha wahadhiri katika Sheria binafsi (Zivilrechtslehrervereinigung) ·        1993-2006 mwanachama wa wa bodi la Taasisi ya Sheria ya kulinganisha Swiss == Tuzo == * Mwaka 2011 alipata tuzo ya “Law Career Achievement Award” ya Chama cha Waarabu kwenye Sheria za biashara na bahari. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.swissintlawschool.org/ www.swissintlawschool.org] {{Wayback|url=https://www.swissintlawschool.org/ |date=20170222053056 }}  *[https://www.ingeborgschwenzer.com/ www.ingeborgschwenzer.com] ----[[# msoanchor 1|[WU1]]]Text pulled from the English version  {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwenzer, Ingeborg}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Ujerumani]] 0anayqav2vyhhtxwji96qy1cxv2qhtj 0 62698 1601539 1529774 2026-09-26T00:49:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs --> | Jina = You Raise Me Up | Caption = | Aina = | Msanii = [[Secret Garden (duo)|Secret Garden]] | alt Artist = | Album = [[Once in a Red Moon]] | Ilitolewa = | Iliachiwa = 26 Machi 2002 | track_no = 2 | Ilirekodiwa = | Aina = [[Inspirational music|Inspirational]] | Urefu = 5:04 | Mwandishi = [[Brendan Graham]] (lyricist)<br>[[Rolf Løvland]] (composer) | Composer = | Studio = | Mtayarishaji = [[Decca Records|Decca]] | Chart position = | Tracks = | prev = Awakening | prev_no = 1 | next = Silent Wings | next_no = 3 | Misc = }} "'''You Raise Me Up'''" ni wimbo maarufu wa kutia moyo. Wimbo huu uliandikwa na [[Secret Garden (duo)|Secret Garden]]'s [[Rolf Løvland]] na mashairi yaliandikwa na [[Brendan Graham]], ambaye huyu alikua ni mwandishi maarufu wa nyimbo kutoka [[Jamuhuri ya Island]]. WImbo huu hadi sasa umekwisha kurudiwa zaidi ya mara 125 .<ref>http://www.peermusic.com/peermusic/index.cfm/artist-writer/artist-details/?artist_id=351 {{Wayback|url=http://www.peermusic.com/peermusic/index.cfm/artist-writer/artist-details/?artist_id=351 |date=20110927144052 }}, paragraph 5</ref> Wimbo huu kwa asili uliandikwa kama wimbo wa kuimbwa kwa vyombo pekee na ulikua ukijulikana kama ''Silent Story'', na mahadhi ya wimbo huu yanaelekeana na yale ya tamaduni za Kiairish, hasa wakati wa kuanza kwa kiitikio. Løvland alimwendea mwandishi wa vitabu vya hadithi na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka nchini Irish [[Brendan Graham]] kuandika mashairi kwa ajili ya sauti zake za vyombo, hii ikiwa ni baada kusoma kitabu chake cha hadithi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.secretgarden.no/lowband/sight_sound/music_redmoon_linernotes_youraisemeup.html |title=Lyrics by Secret Garden<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2011-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417072027/http://www.secretgarden.no/lowband/sight_sound/music_redmoon_linernotes_youraisemeup.html |archivedate=2014-04-17 }}</ref> Wimbo huu ulitolewa kwa mara ya kwanza katika albamu ya Garden ya mwaka 2001 iliyokwenda kwa jila la ''[[Once in a Red Moon]]'' ikiwa na waimbaji kama vile [[Brian Kennedy (singer)|Brian Kennedy]], na kufanikiwa kupata mauzo mazuri nchini Ireland na [[Norway]]. Hapo awali, Brian Kennedy alitakiwa kufuatana na Secret Garden katika ziara yao ya mwaka 2002, lakini aliguua na hivyo kushindwa kuhudhuria. Na badala yake, nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na mwimbaji mwingine wa nchini Norway, aliyejulikana kwa jina la [[Jan Werner Danielsen]], ambaye baadae pia alikuja kurekodi wimbo huo na Secret Garden lakini haukuwahi kutoka ==Kurudiwa== Mwimbaji wa nchini Uingereza [[Becky Taylor]] aliurudia wimbo huu katika albamu yake ya pili iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''Shine'' iliitoka mnano 1 Julai 2003. Baadae pia, wimbo huu ulirekodiwa na [[Daniel O'Donnell (Irish singer)|Daniel O'Donnell]] mwaka 2003, na ulifanya vizuri nchini Ireland na [[Uingereza]]. Pia mwimbaji Tenor [[Javier Fontana]] alifanikiwa kurekodi wimbo huu. Baadae mwaka 2003, [[David Foster]] aliamua kuutengeneza tena wimbo huu ikiwa ni baada ya kupewa taarifa na mtayarishaji wa nyimbo aliyefahamika kwa jina la Frank Petrone wa [[Peermusic]] Alifanikiwa kutengeneza wimbo huo ambao ulionekana kufanya vizuri nchini Marekani na kufanikiwa kushika nafasi ya juu katika chati ya muziki ya ''Billboard'' na kufanikiwa kushika nafasi hiyo kwa wiki sita mfululizo Wimbo wa ''You Raise Me UP'' umekua ni wimbo uliofana vizuri zaidi kutoka kwa kundi la [[Westlife]], hii ikiwa ni katika albamu yao ya tano iliyofahamika kwa jina la ''[[Face to Face (Westlife album)|Face To Face]]''. Wimbo huu ulifanikiwa kishika nafasi ya kwanza katika orodha ya nyimbo bora zaidi nchini Uingereza kwa mwaka 2005, na kuufanya kuwa wimbo wa kumi na tatu kutoka katika kundi hili kuweza kufika katika nafasi ya kwanza. Halikadhalika, wimbo huu umefanikiwa kuuza zaidi ya nakala 540,000 nchini Uingereza hadi sasa .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/charts/official-uk-countdowns/westlife-official-top-20 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629230034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/charts/official-uk-countdowns/westlife-official-top-20 |archivedate=2012-06-29 |accessdate=2011-12-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Umaarufu== Kaitika mwaka [[2004]], wimbo huu ulikuwa ukipigwa zaidi ya mara 500,000 katika radio mbalimbali nchini Marekani. Baadae katika miaka ya 2005, wimbo huu ulikua umekwisha imbwa katika aina zaidi ya 80 tofauti tofauti, hii ikiwa ni kwa nchini Marekani peke yake. Wimbo huu ulishawai kutuliwa katika mashindano mbalimbali ya nyimbo za dini katika Wimbo bora wa mwaka. Tarehe 3 Desemba 2010, wimbo huu uliokua ukiimbwa na Josh Groban, uliimbwa mwishoni mwa michuano ya mpira ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan]]. Wimbo huu uliweza kuibua hisia, ambapo uliimbwa wakati wachezaji wakiwa wameshikana mikono ikiwa juu, na mwisho kocha wa timu ya mpira alionekana akifuta machozi kabla ya kutoa nasaha za mwisho ==Toleo la Westlife== {{Infobox single | Jina = You Raise Me Up | Cover = | Msanii = [[Westlife]] | Kutoka Album = Face To Face | Ulitoka = 24 Oktoba 2005 | Muundo = CD Single | Ulirekodiwa = [[Rokstone Studios]], [[London]] [[2004]] | Urefu = 4:01 | Aina = [[Pop (music)|Pop]] | Mtayarishaji = Steve Mac | Label = [[Sony BMG]] | SIngo ya mwisho = "[[Obvious (Westlife song)|Obvious]]"<br>(2004) | Singo ya sasa = "'''You Raise Me Up'''"<br>(2005) | Singo ya baadae = "[[When You Tell Me That You Love Me]]"<br>(2005) | Misc = }} ===Orodha ya nyimbo=== * '''United Kingdom''' ; CD1 # "You Raise Me Up" – 4:00 # "World Of Our Own" <small>(Acoustic Version)</small> – 3:30 ; CD2 # "You Raise Me Up" – 4:00 # "Flying Without Wings" <small>(Acoustic Version)</small> – 3:30 # "My Love" <small>(Acoustic Version)</small> – 3:48 * '''Australia''' # "You Raise Me Up" - 4:00 # "You Raise Me Up" (Chameleon Remix) - 3:17 # "You Raise Me Up" (Reactor Remix) - 3:29 ===Chati=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !Chart (2005) !Peak<br />position |- |Australian Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |Austrian Singles Chart |align="center"|59 |- |Dutch Singles Chart |align="center"|47 |- |German Singles Chart |align="center"|11 |- |Irish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |Norwegian Singles Chart |align="center"|3 |- |Swedish Singles Chart |align="center"|7 |- |Swiss Singles Chart |align="center"|18 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |} ===Chati ya mwisho wa mwaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|End of year chart (2005) !align="center"|Position |- |Irish Singles Chart |align="center"|1 |- |UK Singles Chart |align="center"|9 |- !align="left"|End of year chart (2006) !align="center"|Position |- |Australian Singles Chart |align="center"|14<ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/ARIACharts-EndofYearCharts-Top100Singles2006.htm</ref> |- |} {{Westlife}} {{Westlife singles}} {{Josh Groban}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 2001]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Westlife]] t8e9g4tp41331k7g60499xgumiemflt 0 62701 1601089 1243722 2026-09-25T13:16:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | jina = Marcel Pagnol | image = Marcel Pagnol 1931.jpg | caption = 240px-Marcel Pagnol 1931.jpg | siku_aliyozaliwa = {{Birth date|1895|2|28|df=y}} | sehemu_alizoliwa = [[Aubagne]], [[France]] | siku_alifariki = {{Death date and age|1974|04|18|1895|2|28|df=y}} | alipofia = [[Paris]], [[France]] | kazi = Author <br> Playwright <br> Film Director </br> | uraia = [[French people|French]] | notableworks = ''[[Marius]]''<br> ''[[Jean de Florette]]''<br> ''[[Manon des sources]]''<br> ''[[La Gloire de mon père]]''<br> ''[[Le Château de ma mère]]''</br> | website = http://www.marcel-pagnol.com/ }} '''Marcel Pagnol''' (kwa Kifaransa hutamkwa ({{IPA-fr|maʁsɛl paɲɔl}}; 28 Februari 1895 – 18 Aprili 1974) alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu, mwandishi wa tamthilia na mtunzi wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Mnamo mwaka 1964, alikua mtunzi wa filamu wa kwanza kuchagulia kujiunga na [[Académie Française]]. ==Wasifu== Pagnol alizaliwa tarehe 28 Februari 1895 sehemu iitwa [[Aubagne]], iliyoko kusini mwa Ufaransa. Akiwa mtoto mkubwa kati ya watoto wa mwalimu aliyefahamika kwa jina la Joseph Pagnol {{ref|reference_name_A|A}} and seamstress Augustine Lansot.{{ref|reference_name_B|B}}<ref name = "CastansChrono">Castans (1987), pp. 363–368</ref> Marcel Pagnol alikua katika mji wa Marseille akiwa na wadogo zake Paul, Rene na dada yake mdogo aliyefahamika kwa jina la Gernaine. === Akiwa shuleni === Karika hali ya mshangao, hasa kwa baba yake, Pagnol, aliweza kufahamu kusoma akiwa katika umri mdogo. .{{citation needed|date=Novemba 2010}} . Hata hivyo mama yake hakumruhusu kushika kitabu hadi alipofikisha umri wa miaka sita, akiogopa kupatwa na ugonjwa wa akili. Mnamo mwezi wa saba mwaka 1904, familia yake alikua katika maadhimisho ya sherehe zilizofahamika kama ''Bastide Neuve'' <ref name = "CastansChrono"/> – iliyofanyika katika kijiji kimoja cha [[La Treille]] – katika sikukuu za majira ya joto, ambapo watu wengi huyatumia wakiwa katika milima ya Aubagne na Marseille.<ref>Castans (1987), p. 22.</ref> . Akiwa karibia na umri ule ule, afya ya Augustine ambayo haikuwahi kutengemaa, ilianza kuwa mbaya kwa mara nyingine, na hatimaye tarehe 16 Juni 1910, alipata maambukizi ya kifua na baadae kufariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 36. <ref>Castans (1987), pp. 27, 32.</ref> Joseph alioa kwa mara nyingine mwaka 1912. <ref name = "CastansChrono"/> . Mwaka 1913, akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, Marcel alifaulu katika mitihani yake ya filosofia na hatimaye akajiunga na chuo kikuu cha Aix-en-Provice na kuchukua masomo ya maandiko. Wakati [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] vilipoibuka, aliitwa kwenda kufanya kazi lakini baadae aliachiwa kuondoka kutoka na hali yake kutokua nzuri. Tarehe 2 Machi 1916, alimuoa Simone Colin katika eneo la Marseille na mwezi Novemba alifanikiwa kuhitimu katika mafunzo ya [[Kiingereza]].<ref name = "CastansChrono"/> na kuwa mwalimu wa kiingeza katika shule mbalimbali katika eneo lao hasa katika eneo la [[lycée]] lililopo Marseille.<ref name = "CastansChrono"/> === Paris: Mwalimu na Mwandishi wa tamthiliya=== Mwaka 1922, alihamia katika jiji la [[Paris]] ambapo alikua akifundisha kiingereza hadi mwaka 1927 ,<ref name = "CastansChrono"/> ambao aliamua kujitolea maisha yake kwa ajili ya kuandika michezo ya kuigiza au tamthilia. Katika kipindi hili alikua akifanya kazi na kundi dogo la waandishi, ambapo baadae alishirikiana na mmoja wao aliyefahamika kwa jina la [[Paul Nivoix]] ambapo waliandika tamthilia ya ''Merchants of Glory'' ambayo iliweza kuzalishwa mwaka 1924. <ref name = "CastansChrono"/> . Baadae aliamua kuondoka katika mji wa Paris na kurejea katika eneo alilozaliwa ambapo aliendelea kutunfa tamthilia mbalimbal ikiwamo ile ya ''[[Marius]]'' ambayo baadae ilikuja kuwa filamu yake ya kwanza iliyotoka mwaka 1921 Akiwa yupo mbali na Simone Collin (mkewe wa pili) japokuwa ilikuwa si kwa talaka hadi 1941, alianzisha uhusiano na mchezaji muziki wa kiingereza aliyefahamika kama Kitty Murphy, na kupata mtoto mmoja aluyeitwa Jacques Pagnol, aliyezaliwa tarehe 24 Septermber 1930.<ref name = "CastansChrono"/> (Jacques later became his father's assistant and subsequently a cameraman for [[France 3|France 3 Marseille]].) === Utunzi wa filamu === Mnamo mwaka 1926, akiwa katika matembezi katika jiji la [[London]], Pagnol alitembelea moja kati ya nyumba za sinema na kufanikiwa kuona sinema iliyokua na umaarufu sana na hivyo aliamua kutoa muda wake mwingi katika utunzi wa filamu. Hapo, aliwasiliana na studio za Paramount Picture na kupendekeza kuwa kitabu chake cha tamthilia kilichofahamika kama ''Marius'' kiweza kufanywa katika filamu. Baadae filamu ilitengenezwa, ikaongozwa na [[Alexander Korda]] na kutoka tarehe 10 Oktoba 1931. Ilifanikiwa kuwa moja kati ya filamu za kifaransa zilizopata umaarufu mkubwa sana. Miaka iliyofuatia aliendelea kutengeneza filamu nyingi zake binafsi huku yeye alichukua nafasi mbalimbali katika utengenezaji wake kama vile, mbongozaji picha, mwandishi wa mazungumzo au mkalimani. === Mwandishi wa vitabu vya hadithi === Mwaka 1945, Pagnol alioa kwa mara nyingine, mwigiziaji [[Jacquline Bouvier]] <ref name = "CastansChrono"/> ambapo walipata watoto wawili pamoja, Frederic aliyezaliwa mwaka 1946, na Estelle aliyazaliwa mwaka 1949. Estelle alifariki akiwa na miaka miwili, Pagnol aliumia na kuamia kuhama katika eneo hilo na kurudi Paris. Aliendelea kuandika tamthilia, lakini hazikuweza kufanya vizuri katika masoko na hivyo kuamua kuanza kuandika vitabu vya wasifu. Pagnol alifariki dunia Paris, Aprik 18, 1974.<ref name = "CastansChrono"/> na amezikwa katika makaburi ya Marseille pamoja na mama, baba, kaka na mke wake. == Tuzo == * 1939: Best foreign film for HARVEST - [[New York Film Critics Circle Awards]] * 1940: Best foreign film for ''The Baker's Wife'' - New York Film Critics Circle Awards * 1950: Best foreign film for ''Jofroi'' - New York Film Critics Circle Awards ==Wasifu== * ''Merchants of Glory'' (1925, theatre play) * ''Jazz'' (1926, theatre play) * ''Topaze'' (1930, theatre play) * ''Marius'' (1929, theatre play) * ''Fanny'' (1932, theatre play) * ''[[César (play)|César]]'' (1936, theatre play) * ''[[La Gloire de mon père]] and [[Le château de ma mère]]'' (1957, [[autobiography|autobiographies]]) * ''[[Le Temps des secrets]]'' (1959, autobiography) * ''[[L'Eau des collines]]'' (''[[Jean de Florette]]'' and ''[[Manon des Sources (film)|Manon des Sources]]'') (1964, novels) * ''[[Le Temps des amours]]'' (1977, autobiography) * ''[[Le Secret du masque de fer]]'' (1965, essay) ==Filamu (kama mwandishi, mwongozaji na mzalishaji== * ''[[Marius (film)|Marius]]'' (1931) * ''[[Fanny (1932 film)|Fanny]]'' (1932) * ''Jofroi'' (1933) * ''[[Angele (film)|Angèle]]'' (1934) * ''Merlusse'' (1935) * ''Cigalon'' (1935) * ''[[Topaze (1936 film)|Topaze]]'' (1936), first version * ''[[César (film)|César]]'' (1936) * ''[[Regain (film)|Regain]]'' (1937) * ''[[Le Schpountz]]'' (1938) * ''[[The Baker's Wife (film)|La Femme du boulanger]]'' (1938) * ''[[La Fille du puisatier]]'' (1940) * ''[[La Prière aux étoiles]]'' (1941, unfinished) * ''[[Naïs]]'' (1945) * ''[[La Belle meunière]]'' (1948, in colour) * ''[[Topaze (1951 film)|Topaze]]'' (1951, starring [[Fernandel]]), second version * ''[[Manon des Sources (1952 film)|Manon des Sources]]'' (1952) (based on his novel "L'eau des collines"<ref>{{imdb title|0044883|Manon des Sources (1952 film)}}</ref>, later remade in 1986 in two parts as ''[[Jean de Florette]]'' and ''[[Manon des Sources (1986 film)|Manon des Sources]]'') * ''[[Letters From My Windmill|Les Lettres de mon moulin]]'' (1954). ==Marejeo== <div class="references-small"> :*{{note|reference_name_A|A}} Born 25 Oktoba 1869. Died 8 Novemba 1951, age 82. :*{{note|reference_name_B|B}} Born 11 Septemba 1873. Died 16 Juni 1910, age 36. </div> {{Marejeo}} * Castans, Raymond (1987). ''Marcel Pagnol''. Éditions Jean-Claude Lattès. ISBN 9782709 606226 ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Marcel Pagnol}} * {{fr icon}} {{En icon}} [http://en.marcel-pagnol.com/ Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://en.marcel-pagnol.com/ |date=20080516155113 }} * {{imdb name|name=Marcel Pagnol|id=0656528}} {{s-start}} {{s-bef | before=[[Charles Maurice Donnay|Maurice Donnay]] }} {{s-ttl | title=[[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 25|Seat 25]]<br>[[Académie française]] | years=1946–74 }} {{s-aft | after=[[Jean Bernard (physician)|Jean Bernard]] }} {{end}} {{Persondata | name = Pagnol, Marcel | alternative names = | short description = | date of birth = 28 Februari 1895 | place of birth = [[Aubagne]], [[France]] | date of death = 18 Aprili 1974 | place of death = [[Paris]], [[France]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pagnol, Marcel}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1895]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1974]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Ufaransa]] a5wod1y6ykxkc92ioh9hdhxbl4p4ihb 0 64456 1601837 1205491 2026-09-26T11:43:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601837 wikitext text/x-wiki CCR ni kifupisho cha Commission on Civil Rights yaani Tume ya Haki za Kijamii. ==Marejeo== '''Vitabu''' * [[Gabriel J. Chin]] ed., [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=589431 ''U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Reports on Asian Pacific Americans''] (2005) ISBN 978-0837731056 * Gabriel J. Chin ed., [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=630002 ''U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Reports on the Police''] (2005) ISBN 978-0837731049 * Gabriel J. Chin & Lori Wagner eds., [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=268118 ''U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Reports on Voting''] (2005) ISBN 978-0837731032 '''Magazeti''' * ''The Rise and Fall of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,'' 22 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 447 (1987) ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.usccr.gov/ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314041403/http://www.crossroadstofreedom.org/basic.search?searchType=basic&searchWord=commission%2F Memphis Civil Rights Digital Archive's Collection of Transcripts from hearing on Civil Rights in 1962] *[http://www.law.umaryland.edu/Marshall/usccr/index.asp Historical Publications of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, a project of the University of Maryland School of Law, Thurgood Marshall Law Library] {{Wayback|url=http://www.law.umaryland.edu/Marshall/usccr/index.asp |date=20080517173549 }} *[http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/legislativehistory032005.pdf Legislative History of the Commission] {{Wayback|url=http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/legislativehistory032005.pdf |date=20080530130415 }} *[http://openregs.com/agencies/view/183/commission_on_civil_rights Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the United States Commission on Civil Rights] {{Wayback|url=http://openregs.com/agencies/view/183/commission_on_civil_rights |date=20120226210147 }} {{fupi}} [[Category:Marekani]] [[Category:Haki za binadamu]] n8uscxcw1ae1bth6iwu9wmfpx7bjrzn 0 68587 1601063 1395283 2026-09-25T13:13:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 |Jina = {{PAGENAME}} |Img = Eddie gr (7).JPG |Background = solo_singer |Amezaliwa = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1980|10|15|df=yes}} |Kazi yake = Mwimbaji, Mtunzi, Muigizaji, Muongozaji na mtengeneza Filamu |Miaka ya kazi = |Ameshirikiana na = }} '''Edgar Leonard Luhende Ngelela''' (amezaliwa [[Morogoro]], [[Tanzania]], tarehe [[15 Oktoba]] [[1980]]<ref>[http://m-llenx.blogspot.com/ Edger Ngelela kwenye blogu yake]</ref>) ni msanii katika masuala ya [[muziki]], [[uchoraji]], [[uigizaji]], uongozaji wa michezo ya jukwaa na ya [[Televisheni|runinga]] na utengenezaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ikiwa na pamoja na kucheza maigizo [[bubu]], muziki, kuchora, kubuni na kutengeneza filamu ametumia [[elimu]] yake katika kufundisha sehemu mbalimbali kama [[Chuo kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] na TFTC. Mwaka [[2013]] Ngelela [[alitengeneza]] [[filamu]] fupi iitwayo ''Anguko'' ambayo ilishiriki katika matamasha mbalimbali ya filamu. Haya ni pamoja na [http://www.ziff.or.tz/ Tamasha la majahazi Zanzibar,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |date=20190321183805 }} [http://www.ziff.or.tz/ (The Zanzibar International film festival; ZIFF)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/ |date=20190321183805 }},na [http://www.arushaafricanfilmfestival.com/ Arusha Afirican film festival (AAFF)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arushaafricanfilmfestival.com/ |date=20131017051707 }}. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === Edgar Ngelela alizaliwa katika [[hospitali]] ya Mkoa wa [[Morogoro]]. Akiwa mtoto wa hayati Felix Ngelela Luhende na mama Hildegald Lyimo Luhende, wazazi wake walihamia Mkoani [[Shinyanga]] akiwa bado mdogo. Huko walizaliwa wadogo zake: Nicholaus Ngelela Luhende na Benedict Ngelela (Bennysofar). Alianza kusoma elimu ya [[awali]] maarufu kama vidudu, kabla ya kuanza darasa la kwanza mwaka 1987 katika shule ya msingi Mwenge, lakini mwaka huohuo alihamia katika shule ya kimataifa iliyoko mkoani [[Arusha]] inayoitwa Mtakatifu Constantine, ambako aliendelea hadi darasa la tatu, na baadaye kutokana na hali ya hewa [[mkoani]] humo, ilimshinda Edgar kiafya. Hivyo, familia yake iliamua kumwamishia katika shule ya msingi ya Nyakahoja iliyoko mkoani [[Mwanza]], ambapo ndipo alipomalizia elimu yake ya msingi. Baada ya kumaliza darasa la saba, aliendelea na masomo yake ya sekondari ya awali katika shule ya Lububu katika wilaya ya Nzega [[mkoani]] [[Tabora]], ambapo alisoma kwa muda wa miezi minne kutokana na sababu mbalimbali hakuweza kuendelea na masomo kwani alisoma miezi minne tu, kati ya miezi kumi na mbili aliyotakiwa kusoma. Mwaka uliofutia, yaani mwaka 1996, alihamishiwa nchini [[Kenya]] ambapo kutokana na utaratibu wa elimu ya nchini [[Kenya]] alitakiwa kufanya maandalizi kabla ya kujiunga na kidato cha kwanza kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja na mwaka 1997, alianza kidato cha kwanza katika shule ya wavulana ya Isebania iliyoko kama kilometa mbili kutoka katika mpaka wa [[Sirari]] katika [[wilaya]] ya [[Kurya]] hadi mwaka 2000, ambapo alimaliza kidato cha nne katika shule hiyo. Katika sanaa Ngelela alionekana kuwa na kipaji kikubwa jambo ambalo lilichangia kupata ruhusa kwa wazazi wake kwenda kusomea [[sanaa]] katika Taasisi ya Sanaa na Utamaduni [[Bagamoyo]] (TASUBA) ambapo alichukuwa stashahada yake ya sanaa. Baadaye Ngelela alijiunga na [[Chuo kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] ambapo alichukua [[Shahada]] yake ya kwanza na shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa za maonesho na sanaa za ufundi. ===Chuo=== Huku akiwa anatuma maombi katika vyuo mbalimbali hatimaye alipata nafasi katika chuo cha [[sanaa]] Bagamoyo nchini [[Tanzania]] ambapo alikuwa akichukua stashahada ya sanaa kwa muda wa miaka mitatu, na baada ya kuhitimu masomo yake ya sanaa chuoni hapo alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] ambapo alikuwa akichukua shahada ya Sanaa ya Maonesho na Sanaa ya Ufundi (Bachelor of Arts in Fine and Performing Arts) ambapo mwaka 2008, alitunukiwa shahada yake ya kwanza katika masuala ya sanaa za maonesho na sanaa za ufundi. Baada ya kumaliza elimu yake katika chuo kuku cha Dar es Salaam na kupata shahada yake, alianza kuchua shahada ya uzamili katika masuala hayo hayo ya sanaa, masomo aliyohitimu mwaka 2010. ====Bagamoyo==== Edgar alianza kusoma masomo yake ya sanaa katika chuo cha sanaa Bagamoyo mwaka 2001, akiwa na wimbo wake mmoja alioutunga tangu akiwa shule ya sekondari, lakini akiwa chuoni hapo, Edgar alipata wazo la kutunga wimbo wake mwingine katika lugha ya Kiswahili ambapo mwaka huo huo alitunga wimbo wake wa Kiswahili uliojulikana kama ''Mpweke'' kutokana na kuwa mpweke katika sanaa kutokana na familia yake kushindwa kumkubali kama msanii. ==Upigaji gitaa== Mwezi wa kumi mwaka 2001, Edgar alianza rasmi mafunzo ya kupiga gitaa na hadi kufikia mwezi wa kumi na mbili akiwa tayari ameshatunga wimbo wake wa mpweke alianza kutunga na kuimba kwa kutumia gitaa, ambapo alikuwa bado akiimba kama msanii mdogo. Akiwa hapo chuoni, alipata nafasi ya kukutana na wasanii wakongwe kama vile, Vitalis Maembe, ambaye ni msanii aliye rekodi nyimbo nyingi za asili, John Sombi ambaye naye ni msanii katika nyimbo za asili na amesharekodi nyimbo mbalimbali. Chuo cha Bagamoyo kiliamua kutunga nyimbo mbalimbali katika album ambapo Edgar alishiriki kama mpiga gitaa katika nyimbo mbalimbali kama vile, Sumu ya teja, na masamva za wasanii wa Bagamoyo. Huku akiwa ndio anamalizia mwaka wake wa kwanza. ===Baada ya Bagamoyo=== Baada ya kumaliza chuo cha sanaa Bagamo, Edgar alirudi nyumbani na baadae kidogo alipata nafasi ya kwenda kufanya onesho nchini Uingereza katika sanaa ya maigizo na nyimbo, katika eneo la North Landon ukumbi Azure karibu na uwanja wa Wembley. Baada ya kurudi kutoka Uingereza, Edgar alipata nafasi ya kurekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza katika studio ya Zamunda na ndio aliporekodi wimbo wa Sema Ndio, hii ikiwa ni mwaka 2005. wimbo ambao bado haukumaliziwa na kuachwa kama demo. Hii ilitokana na ushauri wa [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki|mtayarishaji]] wa nyimbo hiyo kuwa ibaki studio kwa muda kidogo ikisubiria wakati wake. Baadae alianza masomo ya chuo kikuu, na mwaka 2006, alikutana rafiki yake anayeitwa Edson Tibaijuka na kuanzisha kundi linaloitwa E2E ambapo lilidumu kwa muda wa mwaka mzima, ambapo Edson aliliimarisha kundi lake la awali la Da'voice na kwa kushirikiana na Edgar na kufanya kundi la watu hilo kuwa na watu wanne. Huku Edgar akiwa na ujuzi wa kupiga [[gitaa]], aliendelea kupiga gitaa katika nyimbo mbalimbali. Kabla ya kuamua kurekodi nyimbo zake, walirekodi wimbo akiwa na kundi la Da'voices, na kurekodi nyimbo kama 'Promise' na 'Inaniuma' ambazo katika nyimbo hizo Edgar alipiga gitaa. Mwaka 2009, mwezi wa kumi, ndipo walipoanza kutafuta kurekodi wimbo wao wenyewe kama kundi la Dar Voices, ambao wamaeshirikina na msanii mweingine anaitwa Chiss Mc, katika wimbo naona ambao Edgar aliimba na kupiga gitaa. Mpaka sasa kama Da'voice wamerekodi nyimbo mbalimbali. == Sanaa == Edgar alianza kufanya sanaa tangu akiwa mdogo sana, kabla hata hajaanza kusoma shule yoyote, lakini baada ya kuanza shule ya msingi, Edgar aliendelea na shughuli za uchoraji pamoja na muziki huku akiwa ansoma, jambo ammbalo familia yake haikulipenda kwa kuhisi kuwa alikuwa hatumii muda wake kusoma. Akiwa shuleni katika shule ya Msingi Nyakahoja akiwa darasa la nne alianza kuigiza na hapo ndipo walianza kumpenda na kumpa nafasi mbalimbali za kuingiza hasa uigizaji mkuu kutokana na kuonekana kuwa na kipaji cha sanaa. Alipomaliza elimu yake ya msingi, Edgar alizawadiwa cheti cha uchoraji, miziki na uigizaji, kutokana kuonesha kuwa na kipaji Baada ya kumaliza elimu ya msingi, Edgar hakuishia hapo kwani alipoanza [[kidato]] cha kwanza katika sekondari ya Isebabia nchini [[Kenya]] alichaguliwa kuwa kiongozi katika maswala ya Burudani mbalimbali, na pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa klabu za sanaa mbalimbali hapo shuleni. Wakati akiwa binafsi anaendelea kuimba na kuchora. Mara nyingi alikuwa akiimba nyimbo za wanamuziki wengine. Baada ya kufika kidato cha pili, Edgar aliamua kutunga wimbo wake mwenyewe wa kwanza ambao ulikuwa katika lugha ya kiingereza ulioitwa so many reasons, ambao haukupata nafasi ya kurekodiwa na badala yake alikuwa akiimba katika matamasha mbalimbali ya kishule. Ngelela alianza kuigiza akiwa mdogo sana. Kipaji chake kilionekana zaidi akiwa shule ya msingi. Hakuishia hapo, kipaji chake kilijitokeza zaidi tena akiwa bagamogo pale alipoonekana kuwa mmoja wa waigizaji wazuri wa maigizo bubu (Mime). Mwaka 2005 yeye na mwenzie aitwaye Catherine Mponda ambao wote walifanya vizuri sana katika masomo yao ya sanaa walipata nafasi ya kushirikiana na waalimu watano wa TaSUBa kwenda [[Uingereza]] ([[London]]) kufanya onesho la jukwaa lililojulikana kwa jina la 'Umoja' katika jumba la Azure lililoko jirani na uwanja wa Wembley ulioko uingereza kaskazini (North London). === Muziki === Muziki umekuwa moja ya sanaa ambazo Edgar Ngelela amekuwa akizipenda. Alianza kwa kuimba katika miaka yake ya shule ya msingi lakini kwa muda mrefu alikuwa akiimba nyimbo za watu. Mwaka 1999 aliandika nyimbo yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa 'Sababu nyingi' (So many reasons) lakini pamoja na nyimbo mbili zilizofuatia hakuwahi kuzirekodi. Mwaka 2001 akiwa TaSUBa alitunga [[wimbo]] wake wa kwanza wa kiswahili uliyoitwa 'Mpweke'. Hapa aliongeza juhudi katika kujifunza upigaji wa gitaa. Muda si mrefu alifanikiwa kuimba na kuzipiga nyimbo zake kwenye gitaa. Kwa nafasi aliyokuwa nayo TaSUBa Ngelela alipata nafasi ya kukutana na wasanii wakongwe kama Vitalis Maembe; msanii aliyerekodi nyimbo nyingi zenye mahadhi ya kiasili na zenye ujumbe mzito. Ngelela ameshirikishwa na Vitalis Maembe kama mpiga solo gitaa kwenye wimbo wa ''Sumu ya teja'' na mpiga bass gitaa kwenye wimbo wa John Sombi ulioitwa ''Masamva''. Mwaka 2005 akiwa amemaliza TaSUBa Ngelela alirekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza ulioitwa ''Sema ndiyo'' ambao haukumaliziwa kufanyika kutokana na matatizo ya kiufundi. Mwaka 2006 akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam alikutana rafiki yake anayeitwa Edson Tibaijuka na kuanzisha kundi la E2E. Mwaka mmoja baadaye kundi lilibadili jina na kuitwa Da'voice jina ambalo lilikuwa na historia yake. Likiwa na watu watatu yaani pamoja na Seki B Edgar mwaka 2008 walifanikiwa kurekodi nyimbo nyingi kama ''Promise, Mpweke'' na ''Take you tonight'' === Sanaa nyingine === Zaidi ya Uigizaji, Uongozaji na muziki Ngelela pia ni mchoraji, mhariri wa picha na mpiga picha wa filamu na video. ====Uchoraji==== Edgar kwa sasa anatengeneza kitabu cha katuni kinachoitwa Marcus, ambapo kinahusisha hadithi za katuni, pia ametafsiri kitabu cha Muheshimiwa mstahiki bwana Maneno ambapo hadi hivi sasa bado anashughulika na wataalamu mbalimbali wa michezo ya kuigiza kama vile Bwana Edwin Semzaba ili kuusahihisha kama mchezo wa kuigiza. ====Uigizaji==== Katika sanaa za waigizaji naye ni miongoni mwa watu wachacha katika Tanzania wenye uwezo wa kufanya maigizo bubu (mime), na amefundishwa na Bwana Nkwabi Nhangasamala aliyepata ujuzi huo nchini Ujerumani. ====Sanaa ya picha==== Akiwa kidato cha tatu Kaka yake Edgar alirudi kutoka Urusi akiwa na kifaa cha kupigia picha au kamera na kumpa Edgar ambapo ndipo Edgar alipovutiwa masuala ya kupiga picha na kuanza kujifunza kupiga picha huku akipiga picha katika sherehe mbalimbali. ==Kazi za kujitegemea== Anatarajia Kutengeneza nyimbo za kutosha katika aina mbalimbali za tamaduni, zinazojulikana kama mix culture, na kutoa nyimbo mbalimbali, mazingira ya nyimbo ambazo zimechanganya tamaduni mbalimbali na kushirikiana na wasanii mbalimbali. ===Diskografia=== * '''So many reasons'''- 2001 * '''Mpweke''' - 2001 * '''Sumu ya teja'''- 2001 * '''Inaniuma''' 2009 Tofauti na nyimbo, Edgar pia anatarajia kutengeza picha katika nyimbo mbalimbali huku akiwa tayari ameshatengezeza video katika nyimbo mbalimbali. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Official|http://m-llenx.blogspot.com}} {{en}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngelela, Edgar}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Tanzania]] t7qnalrasgp213fix36q218089qenux 0 69428 1601064 1444323 2026-09-25T13:13:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601064 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Flamengo-RJ_(BRA).png|thumb|Nembo ya timu ya flamengo]] {{fupi}} '''Clube de Regatas do Flamengo''' ni klabu ya kandanda yenye makao yake katika [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Rio de Janeiro]] nchini [[Brazil]]. Flamengo hii ilianzishwa 1 Septemba 1895,na ni moja kati ya timu kubwa nchini brazil yenye mashabiki wengi karibu [[milioni]] 39 kutokana na mafanikio ya yake. Kiasili klabu ya flamengo huvaa jezi zenye rangi nyekundu na nyeusi,bukta nyeupe na soksi nyeusi. Na pia hutumia uwanja wa maracana kama uwanja wa nyumbani wenye uwezo wa kubeba karibu watu 78,800 na ni uwanja mkubwa kuliko viwanja vyote nchini brazil. Kwa sasa flamengo inatumia uwanja wake mdogo kwa kipindi cha mpito unaoitwa Ilha Do Urubu. Moja ya kitu muhimu ambacho klabu ya flamengo wanajivunia licha kuchukua makombe mengi ni moja ya timu kati ya tano ambazo hazijawahi kushuka daraja,ni pamoja na Santos, Sao Paolo, Chapecoense, Cruzeiro Na Flamengo yenyewe. Wapinzani Wakubwa Wa Timu Ya Flamengo Ni Fluminese, Botafogo na [[Vasco da Gama|Vasco Da Gama]]. [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Brazil]] 16m0r5khnygdyumc3n0ahj2hoa3gwy3 0 69857 1601046 1600230 2026-09-25T13:11:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Infobox disease | Name = Multiple sclerosis | Image = MS Demyelinisation CD68 10xv2.jpg | Caption = Demyelination by MS. The [[CD68]] colored tissue shows several [[macrophage]]s in the area of the lesion. Original scale 1:100 | DiseasesDB = 8412 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|35||g|35}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|340}} | OMIM = 126200 | MedlinePlus = 000737 | eMedicineSubj = neuro | eMedicineTopic = 228 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|oph|179}} {{eMedicine2|emerg|321}} {{eMedicine2|pmr|82}}{{eMedicine2|radio|461}} | MeshID = D009103 | GeneReviewsNBK = NBK1316 | GeneReviewsName = Overview }} '''Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''multiple sclerosis'') ambayo pia hujulikana kama '''sklerosisi iliyosambaa''' au '''enkefalomielitisi diseminata''', ni [[ugonjwa]] wa [[inflamesheni|kuvimba]] ambapo [[mielini|vihami]] za [[nyuroni|seli za neva]] kwenye [[ubongo]] na [[uti wa mgongo]] huharibiwa. Kuharibiwa huku hukatiza [[mawasiliano]] baina ya sehemu za [[mfumo wa neva]], na kusababisha [[ishara]] na [[dalili]] anuwai,<ref name="pmid18970977">{{cite journal |author=Compston A, Coles A |title=Multiple sclerosis |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9648 |pages=1502–17 |year=2008|month=October |pmid=18970977 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-25-31-2008_372_9648/page/1502}}</ref><ref name="pmid11955556"/> pamoja na za kimwili, [[ulemavu wa akili]], <ref name="pmid11955556"/> na wakati mwingine [[magonjwa ya akili]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bradley's neurology in clinical practice.|url=https://archive.org/details/bradleysneurolog00unse|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1-4377-0434-4|edition=6th ed.|author=Murray ED, Buttner EA, Price BH|editor=Daroff R, Fenichel G, Jankovic J, Mazziotta J|chapter=Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice}}</ref> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi huwa na aina kadhaa zenye dalili mpya zinazotokea katika [[maambukizi]] yasiyoshughulikiwa (aina zinazojirudia) au zinazojijenga kwa muda (aina zinazoendelea).<ref name="pmid8780061"/> Baina ya maambukizi, dalili zinaweza kupotea kabisa; hata hivyo, matatizo ya kudumu ya nyurolojia hutokea mara kwa mara, hasa ugonjwa unapozidi. <ref name="pmid8780061"/> <!--Kisababishi, pathofiziolojia na utambuzi --> Ingawa kisababishi si bayana, kinakisiwa kuwa uharibifu kwa [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] au matatizo ya [[seli]] zinazotoa [[mielini]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nakahara|first=J|coauthors=Maeda, M; Aiso, S; Suzuki, N|title=Current concepts in multiple sclerosis: autoimmunity versus oligodendrogliopathy.|journal=Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology|date=2012 Feb|volume=42|issue=1|pages=26–34|pmid=22189514}}</ref> Visababishi vilivyopendekezwa ni visababishi vya [[jenetikia|kijenetikia]] na kimazingira kama vile [[maambukizi]].<ref name="pmid11955556"/><ref name="pmid17444504"/> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hutambuliwa kulingana na ishara na dalili zinazojitokeza na matokeo ya uchunguzi zaidi wa kitiba. <!--Matibabu, prognosisi --> Hakuna tiba kamili ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi. Tiba hujaribu kuboresha matokeo baada ya maambukizi na kuzuia maambukizi mapya.<ref name="pmid11955556"/> Tiba zinazotumika kutibu sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi, ingawa ni bora kiasi, zinaweza kuwa na madhara ambayo yasistahimilike. Watu wengi hutafuta matibabu mbadala licha ya ukosefu wa ushahidi. Matokeo ya muda mrefu ni magumu kutabirika; bali matokeo bora huonekana kwa wanawake, wanaopata ugonjwa huo mapema maishani, ambao ugonjwa hurejea na waliopata maambukizi machache hapo awali. <ref name="pmid8017890"/> [[Matarajio ya kuishi]] ni miaka 5 hadi 10 pungufu kuliko watu wasioathiriwa.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kufikia mwaka wa 2008, kati ya watu milioni 2 na 2.5 ulimwenguni wameathiriwa huku viwango vikitofautiana pakubwa katika sehemu za dunia na miongoni mwa watu mbalimbali.<ref name=Atlas2008/> Ugonjwa huo huanza kati ya miaka 20 na 50 na hutokea kwa wanawake mara mbili kuliko kwa wanaume.<ref name=Milo2010/> Jina “sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi” linamaanisha makovu (kwa [[Kigiriki]] "sklero" ni sawa wa [[ugumu]]) hasa katika [[mata nyeupe]] ya ubongo na uti wa mgongo. <ref name="Charcot1"/> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ilielezwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika mwaka wa 1868 na [[Jean-Martin Charcot]]. <ref name="Charcot1"/> Tiba mpya na mbinu za utambuzi zinaendelea kubuniwa. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Ishara na Dalili== [[File:Symptoms of multiple sclerosis.svg|thumb|left|Dalili kuu za sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi]] Mtu anayeugua sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi anaweza kuwa na dalili au ishara yoyote ya [[nyurolojia]]; pamoja na mfumo wa neva wa otonomiki, matatizo ya kuona, kutembea na kuhisi kuonekana sasa.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Dalili maalum hutambulika kwa sehemu yenye vidonda katika mfumo wa neva na huenda zikawa [[hiposthesia|ukosefu wa hisi]] au [[paresthesia|mabadiliko ya hisi]] kama vile minyweo, mwasho au kufa ganzi, udhaifu wa misuli, [[klonasi|rifleksi dhahiri sana]], [[ukakamavu wa misuli]], au ugumu katika kusonga; ugumu katika kupatanisha usawa ([[ataksia]]); [[disathria|matatizo ya kunena]] au [[disfajia|kumeza]], matatizo ya kuona ([[nistagmasi]], [[uvimbe katika neva ya macho]]<ref name="pmid36179757">{{Rejea jarida |last=Petzold |first=Axel |last2=Fraser |first2=Clare L. |last3=Abegg |first3=Mathias |date=2022 |title=Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10156457/ |journal=The Lancet Neurology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=12 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9 |pmid=36179757}}</ref> au [[diplopia|kuona kitu kimoja kana kwamba ni viwili]]), kuhisi [[uchovu]], [[maumivu]] makali sugu, na matatizo ya kibofu na utumbo, miongoni mwa mengine.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Matatizo ya ugumu wa kufikiria na ya hisia [[dipresheni ya kiafya|dipresheni]] au hisi zisizo thabiti pia hutokea sana.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> [[Tukio la Uhthoff]], kukithiri kwa dalili kutokana na kutangamana na kiwango cha juu cha joto na [[Ishara ya Lhermitte]] hisi ya kielektriki inayohisika kuelekea chini kwenye mgongo shingo linapokunjwa hasa ni sifa bainifu za sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kipimo kikuu cha ulemavu na ukali ni [[kipimo cha hali ya ulemavu ulioenea]], na vipimo vingine kama vile sehemu amilifu za sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi vinavyotumika sana katika utafiti.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kurtzke JF |title=Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1983-11_33_11/page/1444 |journal=Neurology |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1444–52 |year=1983 |pmid=6685237|doi=10.1212/WNL.33.11.1444 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10467378">{{cite journal |author=Amato MP, Ponziani G |title=Quantification of impairment in MS: discussion of the scales in use |journal=Mult. Scler.|volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=216–9 |year=1999 |month=August |pmid=10467378 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12356200">{{cite journal |author=Rudick RA, Cutter G, Reingold S |title=The multiple sclerosis functional composite: a new clinical outcome measure for multiple sclerosis trials|journal=Mult. Scler. |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=359–65 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12356200 |doi=|url=}}</ref> Hali hii huanza katika asilimia 85 ya visa kama sindromu isiyoshughulikiwa kiafya kwa siku kadhaa huku asilimia 45 wakiwa na matatizo ya mota na hisi, asilimia 20 wakiwa na uvimbe kwenye neva za macho, na asilimia 10 wakiwa na dalili zinazohusiana na [[shina la ubongo]] kutotekeleza majukumu yake ipasavyo, ilhali asilimia 25 inayobaki ni visa vilivyo na zaidi ya tatizo moja kwa yaliyotajwa awal.<ref name=Tsang2011/> Mkondo wa dalili hutokea katika mipangilio miwili mikuu mwanzoni; kama matukio mabaya ya ghafla yanayodumu siku hadi miezi michache (huitwa [[kurejelewa na ugonjwa]], kuongezeka kwa ukali, maumivu makali ya ghafla, maambukizi au wekundu) na kufuatwa na afueni (asilimia 85 ya visa) au kama kukithiri polepole kwa muda bila vipindi vya afueni (asilimia 10-15 ya visa). <ref name=Milo2010/> Mchanganyiko wa mipangilio hii miwili unaweza pia kutokea <ref name="pmid8780061">{{cite journal|author=[[Fred D. Lublin|Lublin FD]], Reingold SC; National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis |title=Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1996-04_46_4/page/907 |journal=Neurology |volume=46|issue=4|pages=907–11|year=1996|month=April|pmid=8780061|doi=10.1212/WNL.46.4.907}}</ref> au watu wanaweza kuanza kwa kutoweka na kurejea kwa ugonjwa ambao huendelea baadaye. <ref name=Milo2010/> Kurejea kwa ugonjwa kwa hakutabiriki, hivyo basi hutokea bila ishara. <ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kuongezeka kwa ukali wa ugonjwa hutokea kinadra zaidi ya mara mbili kwa mwaka. <ref name="pmid18970977"/> Hata hivyo, kurejea kwingine kwa ugonjwa hutangulizwa kwa vichokonozi vya kawaida na kutokea mara kwa mara zaidi wakati wa majira ya kuchipua na majira ya joto.<ref name="pmid16804331">{{cite journal|author=Tataru N, Vidal C, Decavel P, Berger E, Rumbach L|title=Limited impact of the summer heat wave in France (2003) on hospital admissions and relapses for multiple sclerosis |journal=Neuroepidemiology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=28–32 |year=2006|pmid=16804331|doi=10.1159/000094233}}</ref> Vile vile, maambukizi ya virusi kama vile [[mafua]], [[influenza]] au [[gastronteritisi]] huongeza hatari. <ref name="pmid18970977"/>[[Fadhaiko]] pia linaweza kuchokonoa shambulizi. <ref name="pmid17439878">{{cite journal |author=Heesen C, Mohr DC, Huitinga I,''et al.''|title=Stress regulation in multiple sclerosis: current issues and concepts |journal=Mult. Scler. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=143–8 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17439878|doi=10.1177/1352458506070772}}</ref> Ujauzito hupunguza hatari ya kurejea kwa ugonjwa; hata hivyo, katika miezi ya kwanza baada ya kuzaa hatari huongezeka. <ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kwa ujumla, ujauzito hauonekani kusababisha ulemavu wa muda mrefu. <ref name="pmid18970977"/> Matukio mengi hayajaonekana kuathiri viwango vya kurejea kwa ugonjwa yakiwemo chanjo, unyonyeshaji, <ref name="pmid18970977"/> majeraha ya kimwili,<ref name="pmid11205361">{{cite journal |author=Martinelli V |title=Trauma, stress and multiple sclerosis |journal=Neurol. Sci. |volume=21 |issue=4 Suppl 2 |pages=S849–52 |year=2000 |pmid=11205361 |doi=10.1007/s100720070024 |url=http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/10072/bibs/00214%20Suppl%202/0021S849.htm |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101133811/http://link.springer.com/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> na tukio la Uhthoff.<ref name="pmid16804331"/> ==Visababishi== Kisababishi cha Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hakijulikani; hata hivyo, inaaminika kutokana na mchanganyiko wa masuala ya kimazingira, kama vile ajenti zinazoambukiza, na jenetikia.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Nadharia zinajaribu kukusanya data bila mafanikio. Ingawa kuna visababishi kadhaa vya hatari vya kimazingira na baadhi vinaweza kubadilishwa kwa kiasi, utafiti zaidi unahitajika ili kubaini iwapo kuondolewa kwa hivyo kunaweza kuzuia sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid15556803"/> ===Jiografia=== Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hutokea sana kwa watu wanaoishi mbali na [[ikweta]], ingawa si wote. <ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid18606967"/> Wasiohusishwa ni jamii zilizo na hatari ya chini zilizo mbali na ikweta kama vile [[Wasami]], [[Waindio]], [[Wautteriti]] wa [[Kanada]], [[Wamaori]] wa [[New Zealand]],<ref name="pmid12127652">{{cite journal |author=Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Rosati G |title=The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis |journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=182–91|year=2002 |month=July|pmid=12127652|doi=|url=}}</ref> na [[Wainuti]] wa Canada,<ref name=Milo2010/> na vile vile jamii zilizo na hatari kubwa karibu na ikweta kama vile [[Wasadini]],<ref name=Milo2010/> [[Wapalestina]] na [[Wapasi]].<ref name="pmid12127652"/> Kisababishi cha mtindo huo wa kijiografia si dhahiri.<ref name=Milo2010/> Ingawa mwinamo wa athari ya ugonjwa huu wa kaskazini-kusini unapungua,<ref name="pmid18606967"/> bado upo.<ref name=Milo2010/> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hutokea sana katika sehemu zilizo na watu wa kaskazini mwa Ulaya<ref name="pmid18970977"/> na tofauti za kijiografia zinaweza kuonyesha kuenea kwa watu hao wenye hatari zaidi ulimwenguni.<ref name=Milo2010/> Upungufu katika kutangamana na mwanga wa jua unaopelekea upungufu katika utengenezaji wa [[vitamini D]] pia umeainishwa kama kisababishi.<ref name="pmid17492755"/><ref name="pmid20494325">{{cite journal|author=Ascherio A, Munger KL, Simon KC |title=Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis|journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=599–612 |year=2010 |month=June|pmid=20494325|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70086-7 }}</ref> Uhusiano kati ya majira ya kuzaliwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hukubaliana na wazo hili, kwani ni watu wachache tu waliozaliwa kaskazini mwa ikweta Novemba wanaoathiriwa baadaye maishani ikilinganishwa na waliozaliwa Mei.<ref name="pmid19897699">{{cite journal |author=Kulie T, Groff A, Redmer J, Hounshell J, Schrager S|title=Vitamin D: an evidence-based review |journal=J Am Board Fam Med|volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=698–706 |year=2009|pmid=19897699|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2009.06.090037|url=}}</ref> Visababishi vya kimazingira vinaweza kuhusika utotoni, kwani tafiti kadhaa zimeonyesha kuwa watu wanaohamia eneo jingine ulimwenguni kabla ya umri wa miaka 15 hupata hatari ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ya eneo hilo jipya. Hata hivyo, ikiwa uhamiaji huo utafanyika baada ya miaka 15, mtu huyo hubakia na hatari ya nchi yake ya kuzaliwa.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid15556803"/> Kuna ushahidi kuwa hatari ya kuhama bado inaweza kuwaathiri walio na umri wa zaidi ya miaka 15.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> ===Jenetikia=== [[File:HLA.svg|thumb|Eneo HLA la kromosomu 6&nbsp;. Mabadilikio katika eneo hili huongeza uwezekano wa kupata sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.]] Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi haizingatiwi kama ugonjwa wa [[kurithiwa]]; hata hivyo, tofauti za kijenetikia zimeonekana kuongeza hatari.<ref name="pmid14747002">{{cite journal|author=Dyment DA, Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD |title=Genetics of multiple sclerosis |journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=3|issue=92|pages=104–10|year=2004|month=February|pmid=14747002|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00663-X}}</ref> Uwezekano wa kupatwa ni mkubwa kwa jamaa wa mtu aliyeathiriwa, huku hatari zaidi ikiwa kwa walio na uhusiano wa karibu sana naye kijamii.<ref name="pmid11955556"/> Kwa [[pacha wanaofanana]], wote huathiriwa kwa takriban asilimia 30 ya wakati, takriban asilimia 5 kwa pacha wasiofanana na asilimia 2.5 ya ndugu huathiriwa ingawa kwa asilimia ndogo kwa ndugu wa kambo.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid11955556"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hassan-Smith|first=G|coauthors=Douglas, MR|title=Epidemiology and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.|journal=British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)|date=2011 Oct|volume=72|issue=10|pages=M146-51|pmid=22041658}}</ref> Iwapo wazazi wote wameathiriwa, hatari kwa watoto wao ni mara 10 zaidi ya watu kwa jumla.<ref name=Milo2010/> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi pia hutokea sana kwa baadhi ya jamii kuliko nyingine.<ref name="pmid11603614">{{cite journal|author=Rosati G|title=The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update|journal=Neurol. Sci.|volume=22|issue=2|pages=117–39|year=2001|month=April|pmid=11603614|doi=10.1007/s100720170011}}</ref> [[Jeni]] maalum ambazo zimehusishwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ni tofauti katika mfumo wa [[antijeni ya binadamu ya leukositi]] (ABL) —kikundi cha jeni kwenye [[kromosomu]] [[Kromosomu ya 6 (ya binadamu)|6]] zinazotumika kama [[kilinganishi kikuu changamani]] (KKC).<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Habari kuwa mabadiliko kwenye eneo la antijeni ya binadamu ya leukositi yanahusiana na wepesi wa kuathiriwa imejulikana kwa zaidi ya miaka thelathini,<ref name="pmid21247752">{{cite journal|author=Baranzini SE |title=Revealing the genetic basis of multiple sclerosis: are we there yet?|journal=Curr. Opin. Jeni. Dev. |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=317–24 |year=2011 |month=June|pmid=21247752|pmc=3105160 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2010.12.006 |url=}}</ref> na vile vile, eneo hili limehusishwa na kuibuka kwa magonjwa ya kinga nafsia kama vile[[aina ya I ya kisukari]] na [[lupasi erithematosusi ya mfumo]].<ref name="pmid21247752"/>Matokeo dhabiti sana ni uhusiano kati ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi na [[aleli]] za KKC zinazofafanuliwa kama ABL-DR15|DR15]] na [[KKC-DQ6|DQ6]].<ref name="pmid18970977"/>Lokasi zingine zinaonyesha athari ya kikinga kama vile [[ABL-C554]] na [[ABL-DRB1]]*11.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kwa ujumla, imekadiriwa kuwa mabadiliko ya ABL huchangia kati ya asilimia 20 na 60 ya [[maelekezo ya kijenetiki]].<ref name="pmid21247752"/> Mbinu za kisasa za kijenetiki ([[Utafiti wa uhusiano wa jenomu nzima|Tafiti za uhusiano wa jenomu nzima]]) umetambua angalau jeni zingine kumi na mbili nje ya ABL [[Lokasi (jenetiki)|Lokasi]] zinazoongeza uwezekano kutokea kwa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi kwa kiasi.<ref name="pmid21247752"/> ===Ajenti zinazoambukiza=== [[Mikrobu]] nyingi zimependekezwa kama visababishi vya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi lakini hakuna iliyothibitishwa.<ref name="pmid11955556"/>Kuhama kutoka eneo moja hadi lingine katika umri mdogo huathiri uwezekano wa mtu wa kupata hatari ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid17444504"/>Maelezo ya haya yanaweza kuwa kwamba aina fulani ya maambukizi yanayosababishwa na mikrobu iliyoenea zaidi kuliko iliyo nadra inahusiana na ugonjwa huo.<ref name="pmid17444504"/> Mbinu zilizopendekezwa ni [[nadharia tete ya usafi]] na nadharia tete ya kuenea. Nadharia tete ya usafi hudai kuwa kutangamana na ajenti fulani za maambukizi mapema maishani hukinga, kwani ugonjwa huu huwa matokeo ya kutangamana na ajenti hizi baadaye. <ref name="pmid18970977"/> Nadharia tete ya kuenea hudai kuwa ugonjwa huu hutokana na ajenti ya maambukizi inayopatikana sana katika maeneo ambapo sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ipo kwa wingi na ambapo kwa watu wengi husababisha maambukizi endelevu bila dalili. Uondolewaji wa mielini hutokea katika visa vichache tu na baada ya miaka mingi.<ref name="pmid17444504"/><ref name="pmid8269393"/> Nadharia tete ya usafi imepigiwa upato sana kuliko nadharia tete ya kuenea.<ref name="pmid17444504"/> Ushahidi wa virusi kama kisababishi ni kuwepo kwa [[kanda za oligokloni]] kwenye ubongo na kiowevu cha ubongo na uti wa mgongo kwa watu wengi walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi, uhusiano wa virusi kadhaa na uondolewaji wa mielini [[uvimbe wa ubongo na uti wa mgongo]] kwa binadamu, na uondolewaji wa mielini kwa wanyama unaotokana na maambukizi fulani ya virusi.<ref name="pmid15721830">{{cite journal|author=Gilden DH|title=Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis|journal=[[The Lancet Neurology]]|volume=4|issue=3|pages=195–202|year=2005|month=March|pmid=15721830|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01017-3}}</ref> [[Virusi vya hepesi ya binadamu]] ni kikundi cha virusi kinachoweza kusababisha. Watu ambao hawajawahi kuambukizwa na virusi vya [[Epstein-Barr]] wamo katika hatari ndogo ya kupata sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ilhali walioambukizwa wakiwa vijana wamo katika hatari kubwa kuliko waliopata wakiwa wadogo.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid17444504"/> Ingawa wengine huchukulia kuwa hii huenda kinyume na nadharia tete ya usafi, hasa kwa kuwa pengine wasioambukizwa wamekuzwa katika mazingira safi,<ref name="pmid17444504"/> wengine wanaamini kuwa hakuna utata kwa sababu ni kutangamana kwa kwanza na virusi visababishi baadaye maishani kunakosababisha ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Magonjwa mengine ambayo yanaweza kuhusishwa ni [[ukambi]], [[matumbwitumbwi]] na [[rubela]].<ref name="pmid18970977"/> ===Nyingine=== [[Uvutaji tumbaku]] umebainishwa kuwa kisababishi huru cha hatari cha sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid17492755"/> [[Mfadhaiko (wa kibiolojia)|Mfadhaiko]] unaweza kuwa kisababishi cha hatari ingawa ushahidi ni mchache mno.<ref name="pmid15556803"/> Uhusiano na kutangamana kitaaluma na [[toksini]] —hasa [[viyeyushi]]— umetathminiwa lakini hakuna mapatano dhahiri yaliyoafikiwa.<ref name="pmid15556803"/> [[Chanjo]] zilitafitiwa kama visababishi; hata hivyo, nyingi ya tafiti hazionyeshi uhusiano.<ref name="pmid15556803"/> Visababishi vingine kadhaa vya hatari vinavyoweza kutokea kama vile ulaji wa [[Lishe (chakula)|lishe]] na [[homoni]] vimeangaziwa, hata hivyo, ushahidi wa uhusiano wavyo na ugonjwa ni "mdogo na usioridhisha".<ref name="pmid17492755"/> [[Jongo]]hutokea kwa kiwango kidogo kuliko inavyotarajiwa na viwango vya chini vya [[asidi ya mkojo]] vimepatikana kwa watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi. Hii imepelekea nandharia kuwa asidi ya mkojo ni kinga, ingawa umuhimu wake kamili bado haujulikani.<ref name="pmid18219824">{{cite journal |author=Spitsin S, Koprowski H |title=Role of uric acid in multiple sclerosis |journal=Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=318 |issue= |pages=325–42 |year=2008|pmid=18219824|doi= |url=}}</ref> ==Pathofiziolojia== Sifa tatu kuu bainifu za sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ni kutokea kwa vidonda katika [[mfumo mkuu wa neva]] (pia huitwa baka), inflamesheni, na uharibifu wa [[mielini]] za nuroni. Hali hizi hutangamana kwa namna changamani na ambayo haijaeleweka kikamilifu kupelekea kuharibika kwa tishu ya neva na hatimaye ishara na dalili za ugonjwa kuonekana.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Mbali na hayo, sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi inaaminika kuwa tatizo la [[Magonjwa ya inflamesheni yatokanayo na kingamwili |yatokanayo na kingamwili]] linalotokana na uhusiano baina ya jenetiki ya mtu na visababishi visivyojulikana vya kimazingira.<ref name="pmid11955556"/> Uharibifu, hasa kwa kiasi, unaaminika kutokana na mfumo wa kingamwili wa mtu huyo kuathiri mfumo wa neva.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> ===Vidonda=== [[Image:MS Demyelinisation KB 10x.jpg|thumb|Kuondolewa kwa mielini kutokana na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi. Katika mbinu ya Klüver-Barrera ya utiaji rangi kwenye mielini, uondoaji wa rangi kwenye eneo lenye vidonda unaweza kuwa bora (Kipimo asilia 1:100).]] Jina ''sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi'' linarejelea kovu (sklera – zinazojulikana kama tauni au vidonda) zinazotokea kwenye mfumo wa neva. Vidonda hivi huathiri hasa [[mata nyeupe]] kwenye [[neva ya optiki]], [[shina la ubongo]], [[ganglioni msingi]] na [[uti wa mgongo]], au mifumo ya mata nyeupe iliyo karibu na [[mfumo wa ventrikali|ventrikali]] wa kando.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Jukumu la seli za mata nyeupe ni kupitisha ishara baina ya maeneo ya [[mata ya kijivu]], ambapo hufasiriwa, na kisha kwa mwili wote. [[Mfumo wa neva wa pembeni]] huhusika kinadra.<ref name="pmid11955556">{{cite journal|author=Compston A, Coles A|title=Multiple sclerosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-04-06_359_9313/page/n61|journal=Lancet|volume=359|issue=9313|pages=1221–31|year=2002|month=April|pmid=11955556|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08220-X}}</ref> Hasa, sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi huhusisha upotezaji wa [[oligodendrosaiti]], seli zinazojenga na kudumisha rusu yenye mafuta—inayojulikana kama [[mielini]]—ambayo husaidia nuroni kubeba [[Ishara za kielektriki|zenye uwezo wa kutenda]] (zenye uwezo wa kutenda).<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Haya husababisha ukondefu au upotezaji kabisa wa mielini, na kuharibika kwa [[aksoni]] za nuroni ugonjwa unapoendelea. Mielini ikipotea nuroni haiwezi kupitisha ishara za kielektriki ifaavyo.<ref name="pmid11955556"/> Mchakato wa ukarabati uitwao [[urejeshaji wa mielini]], hufanyika katika awamu za kwanza za ugonjwa, lakini oligodendrosaiti hushindwa kujenga tena kikamilifu kifuko cha mielini cha seli.<ref name="pmid17531860">{{cite journal |author=Chari DM |title=Remyelination in multiple sclerosis|journal=Int. Rev. Neurobiol. |volume=79 |issue= |pages=589–620 |year=2007|pmid=17531860|doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(07)79026-8 |url=}}</ref>Maambukizi ya mara kwa mara hukandamiza uwezekano bora wa urejeshaji wa mielini, hadi waa mithili ya kovu lijijenge kwenye aksoni iliyoharibiwa.<ref name="pmid17531860"/>Kovu hizi ndizo chanzo cha dalili na wakati wa maambukizi [[upigaji picha wa mwangwi wa sumaku]] huonyesha zaidi ya mawaa kumi mapya.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Hii inaweza kuashiria kuwa kuna vidonda kadhaa hapo chini ambavyo ubongo unaweza kukarabati wenyewe bila kutoa athari zinazoonekana.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Mchakato mwingine unaohusika katika utengezaji wa vidonda [[astrositosisi|kuongezeka kwa idadi ya astrositi]] isiyo ya kawaida itokanayo na uharibikaji wa nuroni zilizo karibu.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> [[Pathofisiolojia ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi#Mitindo ya uondolewaji wa mielini| mitindo ya vidonda]] imeelezwa.<ref name="pmid17351524">{{cite journal |author=Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF |title=The pathology of MS: new insights and potential clinical applications |journal=Neurologist|volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=45–56 |year=2007 |month=March|pmid=17351524|doi=10.1097/01.nrl.0000253065.31662.37 }}</ref> ===Inflamesheni=== Kando na uondolewaji wa mielini, ishara nyingine ya ugonjwa huu ni [[inflamesheni]]. Sawa na maelezo ya [[elimu ya kingamaradhi]], mchakato wa inflamesheni husababishwa na [[Seli T]], ambazo ni aina ya [[limfositi]] zinazotekeleza jukumu muhimu katika ukingaji wa mwili.<ref name="pmid11955556"/> Seli T huingia ubongoni kupitia matatizo katika [[kizuizi cha damu na ubongo]]. Seli T hutambua mielini kama kitu kigeni na kuishambulia, ndiposa seli hizi huitwa "limfosaiti zenye mjibizo nafsia".<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Maambukizi ya mielini huanzisha mchakato wa inflamesheni ambao huchochea seli zingine za kinga na utoaji wa vitu mumunyifu kama vile [[sitokini]] na [[antibodi]]. Kuharibika zaidi kwa kizuizi cha damu na ubongo kisha husababisha athari zingine za uharibifu kama vile [[edema|kuvimba]], uamilishaji wa [[makrofeji]] na uamilishaji zaidi wa sitokini na protini zingine haribifu.<ref name="pmid11955556"/> Inflamesheni inaweza kupunguza upitishaji wa ishara baina ya nuroni kwa angalau njia tatu.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Vitu mumunyifu vilivyotolewa vinaweza kuzifanya nuroni zisizoambukizwa zisiweze kupitisha ishara baina yazo. Vitu hivi vinaweza kusababisha au kuzidisha uondolewaji wa mielini, au kusababisha kuvunjika kabisa kwa aksoni.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> [[Kizuizi cha damu na ubongo]] ni sehemu ya mfumo wa [[kapilari]] unaozuia seli T kuingia katika mfumo mkuu wa neva.<!-- <ref name="pmid11955556"/> --> Huenda seli hizi zikapenya na kuingia baada ya maambukizi ya virusi au bakteria.<!-- <ref name="pmid11955556"/> --> Baada ya kujikarabati, hasa baada ya maambukizi kupona, huenda seli T zikabaki ndani ya ubongo.<ref name="pmid11955556"/> ==Utambuzi== [[File:Monthly multiple sclerosis anim cropped no text.gif|thumb|Katuni ikionyesha usambaaji wa vidonda kwenye ubongo kwa wakati na nafasi jinsi inavyoonyeshwa na utafiti wa upigaji picha wa mwangwi wa sumaku wa kila mwezi katika mwaka.]] Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hutambuliwa kulingana na ishara na dalili zinazojitokeza, zikiungwa mkono na [[upigaji picha wa kitiba]] na uchunguzi wa maabarani.<ref name=Tsang2011/> Inaweza kuwa vigumu kuthibitisha, hasa mapema kwa sababu ishara na dalili zinaweza kuwa sawa na za matatizo mengine ya kiafya.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid11794488">{{cite journal |author=Trojano M, Paolicelli D |title=The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: classification and clinical features of relapsing and progressive neurological syndromes |journal=Neurol. Sci. |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S98–102 |year=2001 |month=November |pmid=11794488 |doi=10.1007/s100720100044 |url=http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/10072/bibs/122%20Suppl%202000/122%20Suppl%2020S98.htm |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020114314/http://rd.springer.com/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Vigezo vya McDonald]], ambavyo huangazia ushahidi wa kiafya, maabara na rediolojia kuhusu vidonda kwa wakati na maeneo tofauti ndiyo mbinu inayotumiwa sana ya utambuzi,<ref name=Atlasi2008/> huku [[vigezo vya Schumacher |Schumacher]] na [[vigezo vya Poser]] vikiwa hasa na umuhimu wa kihistoria.<ref name="pmid15177763">{{cite journal|author=Poser CM, Brinar VV|title=Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: an historical review |journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg|volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=147–58 |year=2004|month=June |pmid=15177763|doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.02.004}}</ref> Ingawa vigezo vilivyo hapo juu vinaruhusu utambuzi usioathiri ngozi, wengine wanadai kuwa ushahidi bora wa pekee ni [[otopsi]] au biopsi ambapo vidonda vinavyoashiria sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hutambulika.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid11456302">{{cite journal|author=McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, ''et al.'' |title=Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2001-07_50_1/page/121 |journal=Ann. Neurol.|volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=121–7 |year=2001 |month=July |pmid=11456302|doi=10.1002/ana.1032}}</ref><ref name="pmid16283615">{{cite journal|author=Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G, ''et al.''|title=Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "kigezo cha McDonald"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2005-12_58_6/page/840|journal=Ann. Neurol.|volume=58|issue=6 |pages=840–6 |year=2005 |month=December|pmid=16283615|doi=10.1002/ana.20703}}</ref> Data za kiafya pekee zinaweza kutosha kwa utambuzi wa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi iwapo mtu amekuwa na matukio tofauti ya dalili za kinurolojia zinazoashiria ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid11456302"/> Kwa wanaotafuta matibabu baada ya kuambukizwa mara moja tu, uchunguzi mwingine unahitajika kwa utambuzi. Vifaa vya utambuzi vinavyotumika sana ni [[upigaji picha wa nuroni]], uchambuzi wa [[kiowevu cha uti wa mgongo na ubongo]] na [[evoked potential]]. [[Upigaji picha wa mwangwi wa sumaku]] wa ubongo na uti wa mgongo unaweza kuonyesha maeneo ambapo mieleni iliondolewa (vidonda au waa). [[Gadoliniamu]] inaweza kuingizwa kupitia [[ndani ya mshipa]] kama [[ajenti tofauti]] ili kuonyesha mawaa, na kwa kuondolewa kuonyesha kuwepo kwa vidonda vya kitambo visivyohusiana na dalili wakati wa utathmini huu.<ref name="pmid11456302"/><ref name="pmid18256986">{{cite journal|author=Rashid W, Miller DH|title=Recent advances in neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis|journal=Semin Neurol|volume=28|issue=1|pages=46–55|year=2008|month=February|pmid=18256986|doi=10.1055/s-2007-1019127}}</ref> Uchunguzi wa [[kiowevu cha ubongo na uti wa mgongo]] kinachotolewa kwa [[sindano ya uti wa mgongo]] unaweza kutoa ushahidi wa [[inflamesheni]] sugu katika mfumo mkuu wa neva. Kiowevu cha uti wa mgongo huchunguzwa kutambua [[kanda za oligokloni]] za imunoglobulini G kwenye[[elektroforesi]], ambazo ni viashiria vya inflamesheni inayopatikana katika asilimia 75-85 ya watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid11456302"/><ref name="pmid16945427">{{cite journal|author=Link H, Huang YM|title=Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid: an update on methodology and clinical usefulness|journal=J. Neuroimmunol.|volume=180|issue=1–2|pages=17–28|year=2006|month=November|pmid=16945427|doi=10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.006 }}</ref> Mfumo wa neva katika sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi unaweza kuonyesha mwitikio duni kwa kuchochewa kwa [[neva ya optiki]] na [[nuroni za hisi|neva za hisi]] kutokana na uondolewaji wa mielini kwenye njia hizi. Miitiko hii ya ubongo inaweza kuchunguzwa kwa kutumia [[uwezekano unaoletwa na kuona|wa kuona]] na [[uwezekano unaoletwa]] na hisia.<ref name="pmid10802774">{{cite journal |author=Gronseth GS, Ashman EJ |title=Practice parameter: the usefulness of evoked potentials in identifying clinically silent lesions in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |journal=Neurology |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=1720–5 |year=2000|month=May |pmid=10802774 |doi=10.1212/WNL.54.9.1720|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2000-05-09_54_9/page/1720}}</ref> ===Mienendo ya kiafya=== [[Image:Ms progression types.svg|thumb|300px|uendeleaji wa aina ndogo za sklerosisi ya sehemu]] Aina ndogo au mitindo kadhaa ya uendeleaji, imeelezwa. Aina ndogo hutumia mwenendo uliopita wa ugonjwa kujaribu [[kutabiri]] mwenendo ujao. Ni muhimu, si kwa prognosi, bali pia kwa uamuzi wa matibabu. Katika mwaka wa 1996 [[Shirika la Kitaifa la Sklerosisi ya Sehemu nyingi]] nchini Marekani lilieleza mienendo minne ya kiafya:<ref name="pmid8780061"/> # inayotoweka na kurejea, # endelevu ya baadaye, # ya kwanza endelevu, na # endelevu inayorejea. Aina ndogo ya vipindi inayotoweka na kurejea inajulikana kwa vipindi vya kuugua visivyotabirika vikifuatwa na vipindi vitulivu vya miezi hadi miaka ya ([[kutoweka kwa ugonjwa (kiafya)|kutoweka kwa ugonjwa]]) bila ishara mpya za kuwepo kwa ugonjwa. Upungufu unaotokea wakati wa maambukizi unaweza kumaliza au kuacha [[sekwela|matatizo]], ya pili ikitokea katika takriban asilimia 40 ya maambukizi na kutokea sana kulingana na urefu wa muda ambao mtu huyo ataishi na ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name=Tsang2011/> Hii inaeleza mwenendo wa kwanza wa asilimia 80 ya walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Upungufu unapomalizika kila mara kati ya maambukizi, hii mara nyingine hujulikana kama ''Sklerosisi hafifu ya sehemu'',<ref name="pmid18219812">{{cite journal |author=Pittock SJ, Rodriguez M|title=Benign multiple sclerosis: a distinct clinical entity with therapeutic implications|journal=Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=318 |issue= |pages=1–17 |year=2008 |pmid=18219812|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-73677-6_1 |url=}}</ref> ingawa watu bado watapata kiwango fulani cha ulemavu katika kipindi cha muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kwa upande mwingine, jina ''[[sklerosisi malignanti ya sehemu nyingi]]'' hutumiwa kueleza watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi wanaofikia kiwango kikubwa cha ulemavu katika kipindi kifupi cha muda.<ref>{{cite book|last=Feinstein|first=A|title=The clinical neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis|url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalneuropsy0000fein_u2q5|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=052185234X|page=[https://archive.org/details/clinicalneuropsy0000fein_u2q5/page/20 20]|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Aina ndogo ya vipindi inayopungua na kuongezeka huanza kwa [[sindromu iliyotengwa kiafya]]. Katika sindromu iliyotengwa kiafya, mtu hupata maambukizi yanayoashiria [[uondolewaji wa mielini]], bali hayatimizi vigezo vya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid15847841">{{cite journal|author=Miller D, Barkhof F, Montalban X, Thompson A, Filippi M|title=Clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, part I: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis|journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=4|issue=5|pages=281–8|year=2005|month=May|pmid=15847841|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70071-5}}</ref>Asilimia 30 hadi 70 ya watu walio na sindromu iliyotengwa kiafya hupata sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi baadaye.<ref name="pmid15847841"/> [[File:Nerve.nida.jpg|thumb|kushoto|Aksoni ya neva pamoja na kifuko cha mielini]] Aina ndogo endelevu ya baadaye ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hutokea kwa takriban asilimia 65 ya walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ya vipindi inayotoweka na kurejea, ambao hatimaye hupata upungufu endelevu wa nurolojia kati ya maambukizi makali bila vipindi dhahiri vya kutoweka kwa dalili.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid8780061"/> Huenda akaugua tena mara kwa mara na kupata nafuu kidogo.<ref name="pmid8780061"/> Muda wa kawaida sana kati ya kuanza kwa ugonjwa na ubadilikaji kutoka vipindi vya kutoweka na kurejea hadi sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi endelevu ya baadaye ni miaka 19&nbsp;.<ref name="pmid16545751">{{cite journal|author=Rovaris M, Confavreux C, Furlan R, Kappos L, Comi G, Filippi M|title=Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future challenges|journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=5|issue=4|pages=343–54|year=2006|month=April|pmid=16545751|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70410-0}}</ref> Aina ndogo endelevu ya kwanza hutokea kwa takriban asilimia 10-20 ya watu, bila upunguaji baada ya dalili za kwanza.<ref name="pmid17884680">{{cite journal|author=Miller DH, Leary SM|title=Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis|journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=6|issue=10|pages=903–12|year=2007|month=October|pmid=17884680|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70243-0}}</ref><ref name=Tsang2011/> Hujitokeza kwa uendelevu wa ulemavu tangia mwanzo, bila, au na upunguaji mdogo wa mara chache na upataji nafuu.<ref name="pmid8780061"/> Umri wa kawaida wa mwanzo wa aina ndogo ya kwanza endelevu ni zaidi ya ule wa aina ndogo ya vipindi inayotoweka na kurejea. Ni sawa na umri inapoanza aina ndogo ya pili endelevu katika sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi inayotoweka na kurejea, karibu umri wa miaka 40. <ref name="pmid18970977"/> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi endelevu inayorejea ni kwa watu ambao tangu mwanzo wamekuwa na upungufu wa nurolojia bali pia wana maambukizi zaidi juu yake. Hii ndiyo aina ndogo isiyotokea sana kwa zote.<ref name="pmid8780061"/> [[Magonjwa ya kuvimba yanayoondoa mielini yenye chanzo kisichojulika|Aina za kawaida za sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi]] yameelezwa; nayo ni [[Ugonjwa wa Devic]], [[Sklerosisi ya ukatikati mmoja ya Balo]], [[Sklerosisi inayosambaa ya mielinoklastiki|Sklerosisi inayosambaa ya Schilder]] na [[Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ya Marburg]]. Kuna mjadala kuhusu iwapo ni aina za sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi au ni magonjwa tofauti.<ref name="pmid15727225">{{cite journal|author=Stadelmann C, Brück W |title=Lessons from the neuropathology of atypical forms of multiple sclerosis |journal=Neurol. Sci. |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=S319–22 |volume=25 |year=2004 |month=November|pmid=15727225|doi=10.1007/s10072-004-0333-1 }}</ref> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hujitokeza tofauti kwa watoto, ikichukua muda zaidi kufika kiwango cha uendelevu.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Hata hivyo, wao bado hufikia kiwango hicho katika umri mdogo kiwastani kuliko watu wazima.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> ==Udhibiti== Ingawa hakuna tiba inayojulikana ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi, baadhi ya matibabu yamethibitisha kusaidia. Malengo makuu ya matibabu ni kurejesha hali ya kawaida baada ya maambukizi, kuzuia maambukizi mapya na kuzuia ulemavu. Jinsi ilivyo katika matibabu yoyote ya kiafya, tiba zinazotumika kwa udhibiti wa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi zina [[madhara mabaya (ya kiafya)|madhara mabaya]]. [[Dawa mbadala|Tiba mbadala]] zinatafutwa na watu fulani licha ya uhaba wa ushahidi wa kutosha. ===Maambukizi makali=== Wakati wa maambukizi yenye dalili, kutolewa kwa vipimo vikubwa vya [[matibabu ya ndani ya mishipa| kotikosteroidi]][[za ndani ya mishipa]]kama vile [[methylprednisolone]] ndiyo tiba ya kawaida,<ref name="pmid18970977"/>pamoja na kotikosteroidi za kinywani zinazoonekana kuwa na ubora na usalama sawa.<ref>{{cite cochrane|last=Burton|first=JM|coauthors=O'Connor, PW; Hohol, M; Beyene, J|title=Oral versus intravenous steroids for treatment of relapses in multiple sclerosis.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2012 Dec 12|issue=12|review=CD006921|pmid=23235634}}</ref> Ingawa kwa jumla ni bora kwa kupunguza ukali wa dalili kwa muda mfupi, matibabu ya kotikosteroidi hayaonekani kuleta mabadiliko bora kwa uponaji wa muda mrefu.<ref name="RCOP_acute">{{cite book|first=The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions|title=Multiple sclerosis : national clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care|year=2004|publisher=Royal College of Physicians|location=London|isbn=1-86016-182-0|pages=54–57|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK48919/pdf/TOC.pdf|accessdate=6 February 2013|format=pdf|pmid=21290636}}</ref> Athari za maambukizi makali yasiotibika kwa kotikosteroidi zinaweza kutibiwa kwa [[kufyonza plazma]].<ref name="pmid18970977"/> ===Tiba zinazobadilisha ugonjwa=== ====Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi inayopungua na kuongezeka==== Tiba nane zinazobadilisha ugonjwa zimeidhinishwa na mashirika ya udhibiti kwa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi inayotoweka na kurejea zikiwemo: [[interferon beta-1a]], [[interferon beta-1b]], [[glatiramer acetate]], [[mitoxantrone]], [[natalizumab]], [[fingolimod]],<ref name=He2012/> [[teriflunomide]]<ref name=Aubagio>{{cite press release|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm319277.htm|title=FDA approves new multiple sclerosis treatment Aubagio|publisher=USFDA|date=2012-09-12|accessdate=2013-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913084145/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm319277.htm|archivedate=2012-09-13}}</ref> na [[dimethyl fumarate]].<ref name=fumarate>{{cite press release|url=http://www.biogenidec.com/press_release_details.aspx?ID=5981&ReqId=1801165|title=Biogen Idec’s TECFIDERA™ (Dimethyl Fumarate) Approved in US as a First-Line Oral Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis|publisher=Biogen Idec|date=2013-03-27|accessdate=2013-06-04|archivedate=2013-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512021453/http://www.biogenidec.com/press_release_details.aspx?ID=5981&ReqId=1801165|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Ubora wa bei ya tiba hizi kufikia mwaka wa 2012 haujulikani.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Manouchehrinia|first=A|coauthors=Constantinescu, CS|title=Cost-effectiveness of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis.|journal=Current neurology and neuroscience reports|date=2012 Oct|volume=12|issue=5|pages=592–600|pmid=22782520}}</ref> Katika sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi inayotoweka na kurejea, dawa hizi ni bora kwa kiasi katika kupunguza idadi ya maambukizi.<ref name=He2012>{{cite journal|last=He|first=D|coauthors=Xu, Z; Dong, S; Zhang, H; Zhou, H; Wang, L; Zhang, S|title=Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2012 Dec 12|volume=12|pages=CD009882|pmid=23235682|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009882.pub2|editor1-last=Zhou|editor1-first=Hongyu}}</ref> Interferons na glatiramer acetate ni tiba za awamu ya kwanza<ref name=Tsang2011>{{cite journal|last=Tsang|first=BK|coauthors=Macdonell, R|title=Multiple sclerosis- diagnosis, management and prognosis.|journal=Australian family physician|date=2011 Dec|volume=40|issue=12|pages=948–55|pmid=22146321}}</ref> na ni karibu sawa, kwani zote hupunguza kurejea kwa ugonjwa kwa takriban asilimia 30.<ref name=Hassan2011>{{cite journal|last=Hassan-Smith|first=G|coauthors=Douglas, MR|title=Management and prognosis of multiple sclerosis.|journal=British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)|date=2011 Nov|volume=72|issue=11|pages=M174-6|pmid=22082979}}</ref> Matibabu ya muda mrefu yaliyoanzishwa mapema ni salama na huboresha matokeo.<ref name="pmid21205679">{{cite journal|author=Freedman MS |title=Long-term follow-up of clinical trials of multiple sclerosis therapies|journal=Neurology |volume=76 |issue=1 Suppl 1 |pages=S26–34|year=2011|month=January |pmid=21205679|doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e318205051d |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22284996">{{cite journal|author=Qizilbash N, Mendez I,Sanchez-de la Rosa R |title=Benefit-risk analysis of glatiramer acetate for relapsing-remitting and clinically isolated syndrome multiple sclerosis|journal=Clin Ther|volume=34|issue=1 |pages=159–176.e5 |year=2012 |month=January|pmid=22284996|doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.12.006|url=}}</ref> Natalizumab hupunguza kiwango cha kurejea zaidi ya tiba za awamu ya kwanza; hata hivyo, kutokana na athari mbaya inazosababisha, imetengwa kama tiba ya awamu ya pili kwa wasiopata nafuu kwa tiba zingine<ref name=Tsang2011/> au walio na ugonjwa mkali.<ref name=Hassan2011/> Mitoxantrone, ambayo matumizi yake yamekandamizwa kwa athari kali mbaya, imetengwa kama ya awamu ya tatu kwa wasiopata nafuu kwa matibabu mengine.<ref name=Tsang2011/> Kutibu sindromu isiyoshughulikiwa kiafya kwa [[interferon]] hupunguza uwezekano wa kuendelea hadi katika kiwango cha sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ya kiafya.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid21205678">{{cite journal |author=Bates D |title=Treatment effects of immunomodulatory therapies at different stages of multiple sclerosis in short-term trials|journal=Neurology |volume=76 |issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=S14–25 |year=2011 |month=January |pmid=21205678|doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182050388 |url=}}</ref> Ubora wa interferons na glatiramer acetate kwa watoto umekadiriwa kuwa takriban sawa na ilivyo kwa watu wazima.<ref name="pmid22642799">{{cite journal|author=Johnston J, So TY|title=First-line disease-modifying therapies in paediatric multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive overview|journal=Drugs |volume=72 |issue=9 |pages=1195–211 |year=2012|month=June|pmid=22642799|doi=10.2165/11634010-000000000-00000 |url=}}</ref> Jukumu la baadhi ya tiba mpya kama vile fingolimod, teriflunomide, na dimethyl fumarate kufikia mwaka wa 2011 bado halijajulikana kikamilifu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Killestein J, Rudick RA, Polman CH |title=Oral treatment for multiple sclerosis |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1026–34 |year=2011 |month=November|pmid=22014437 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70228-9 |url=}}</ref> ====Sklerosisi endelevu ya sehemu nyingi ==== Hakuna tiba inayoonekana kuweza kubadilisha mwelekeo wa sklerosisi endelevu ya kwanza ya sehemu nyingi<ref name=Tsang2011/> na kufikia mwaka wa 2011 ni dawa moja tu, mitoxantrone, iliyokuwa imeidhinishwa kwa sklerosisi endelevu ya baadaye ya sehemu nyingi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kellerman, Rick D.; Edward N. Hanley Jr MD |title=Conn's Current Therapy 2012:. Expert Consult - Online and Print |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2011 |pages=627|isbn=1-4557-0738-4 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pyKjGU5JdqQC&pg=PT662}}</ref> Wakati huu ushahidi wa kujaribia huunga mkono mitoxantrone kupunguza kwa kiasi kuendelea kwa ugonjwa huu na kupunguza viwango vya kurejea kwa miaka miwili.<ref name=CochMit2013>{{cite journal|last=Martinelli Boneschi|first=F|coauthors=Vacchi, L; Rovaris, M; Capra, R; Comi, G|title=Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2013 May 31|volume=5|pages=CD002127|pmid=23728638}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Marriott|first=JJ|coauthors=Miyasaki, JM; Gronseth, G; O'Connor, PW; Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of, Neurology|title=Evidence Report: The efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone (Novantrone) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2010-05-04_74_18/page/1463|journal=Neurology|date=2010 May 4|volume=74|issue=18|pages=1463–70|pmid=20439849}}</ref> ====Athari mbaya==== [[File:Copaxone Injection Site Reaction.JPG|thumb|Eneo lenye mwasho baada ya sindano ya glatiramer acetate.]] Tiba zinazobadilisha ugonjwa huu zina athari kadhaa mbaya. Mojawapo ya athari zinazotokea sana ni mwasho kwenye sehemu iliyodungwa sindano ya glatiramer acetate na interferons (hadi asilimia 90 kwa sindano za chini ya ngozi na asilimia 33 kwa sindano za ndani ya misuli).<ref name=Balak2012>{{cite journal|last=Balak|first=DM|coauthors=Hengstman, GJ; Çakmak, A; Thio, HB|title=Cutaneous adverse events associated with disease-modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.|journal=Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)|date=2012 Dec|volume=18|issue=12|pages=1705–17|pmid=22371220}}</ref> Baada ya muda, kibonyeo kinachoonekana kwenye sehemu iliyodungwa sindano kutokana na kuharibiwa kwa tishu za mafuta ziitwazo [[lipoatrofia]], kinaweza kutokea.<ref name=Balak2012/> Interferons zinaweza kuleta [[dalili kama za mafua]];<ref name="pmid17131933">{{cite journal|author=Sládková T, Kostolanský F |title=The role of cytokines in the immune response to influenza A virus infection |journal=Acta Virol. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=151–62 |year=2006 |pmid=17131933}}</ref> watu wengine wanaotumia glatiramer hukumbwa na athari za baada ya kudungwa sindano ambazo ni wekundu usoni, kubana kwa kifua, mpapatiko wa moyo, kukosa pumzi, na wasiwasi, ambazo hudumu chini ya dakika thelathini.<ref name="pmid14974077">{{cite journal |author=Munari L, Lovati R, Boiko A|editor1-last=Munari |editor1-first=Luca M. |title=Therapy with glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |issue=1 |pages=CD004678 |year=2004|pmid=14974077 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004678}}</ref> Dalili zingine hatari sana ingawa zisizotokea sana ni[[hepatotoksisiti|uharibifu wa ini]] kutokana na interferons,<ref name="pmid15592724">{{cite journal|author=Tremlett H, Oger J |title=Hepatic injury, liver monitoring and the beta-interferons for multiple sclerosis |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=251 |issue=11 |pages=1297–303 |year=2004 |month=November|pmid=15592724 |doi=10.1007/s00415-004-0619-5 }}</ref> [[utendakazi mbaya wa sistoli]] (asilimia 12), [[utasa]], na [[leukemia kali ya mieloidi]] (asilimia 0.8) kutokana na mitoxantrone,<ref name=CochMit2013/><ref name="pmid19882365">{{cite journal |author=Comi G |title=Treatment of multiple sclerosis: role of natalizumab |journal=Neurol. Sci. |volume=Suppl 2 |issue= S2|pages=S155–8 |series=30|year=2009|month=October |pmid=19882365 |doi=10.1007/s10072-009-0147-2 }}</ref> na [[lukoensefalopathia endelevu ya utazamouwingi]] kutokeakea kutokana na natalizumab (hutokea kwa mtu 1 kati ya kila watu mia 600 waliotibiwa).<ref name=Tsang2011/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hunt|first=D|coauthors=Giovannoni, G|title=Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: a practical approach to risk profiling and monitoring.|journal=Practical neurology|date=2012 Feb|volume=12|issue=1|pages=25–35|pmid=22258169}}</ref> Fingolimod inaweza kupelekea [[hipatensheni]] na [[bradikadia]], [[edema ya makula]], kiwango cha juu cha enzaimu za ini [[limfopenia|upungufu wa seli za limfositi]].<ref name="pmid22014437">{{cite journal|author=Killestein J, Rudick RA, Polman CH |title=Oral treatment for multiple sclerosis |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1026–34 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=22014437|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70228-9 |url=}}</ref> Ushahidi wa kujaribia unaunga mkono ubora wa muda mfupi wa teriflunomide, huku ikiwa na madhara kama: maumivu ya kichwa, uchovu, kichefuchefu, kupoteza nywele, na maumivu kwa miguu na mikono.<ref name=He2012/> Pia kumekuwa na ripoti za ini kutofanya kazi na lukoensefalopathia endelevu ya utazamouwingi kutokana na matumizi yake, na ni [[Teratologia|hatari kwa ukuaji wa fetasi]].<ref name="pmid22014437"/> Mengi ya madhara yanayotokea sana ya dimethyl fumarate ni wekundu usoni na matatizo ya tumbo na utumbo mdogo.<ref name=fumarate/><ref name="pmid22014437"/> Ingawa dimethyl fumarate ingeweza kusababisha [[nutropenia|upungungu wa kiwango cha seli nyeupe za damu]] hakukuwa na visa vya maambukizi nyemelezi vilivyoripotiwa wakati wa majaribio.<ref name=fumarateNDA>{{cite web |title=NDA 204063 - FDA Approved Labeling Text|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/204063lbl.pdf |date=27 March 2013|accessdate=5 April 2013 |publisher=US Food and Drug Agency }}<br>{{cite web |title=NDA Approval|date=27 March 2013|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2013/204063Orig1s000ltr.pdf |accessdate=5 April 2013 |publisher=US Food and Drug Agency }}</ref><ref name="pmid22224673"/> ===Dalili husika=== Tiba na [[ukarabati wa mfumo wa neva]] yameonekana kuboresha dalili zingine ingawa hakuna inayobadilisha mwelekeo wa ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid16168933">{{cite journal |author=Kesselring J, Beer S|title=Symptomatic therapy and neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis |journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=643–52 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16168933|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70193-9 |url=}}</ref> Dalili zingine kama vile kibofu kisicho thabiti na mkazoghafla huitika vizuri kwa tiba ilhali zingine hubaki zilivyo.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kwa matatizo ya nurolojia, mtazamo [[wa nyanja mbalimbali]] ni muhimu kwa kuendeleza ubora wa maisha; hata hivyo, ni vigumu kueleza bayana 'kikundi halisi' kwa sababu huduma nyingi tofauti za afya zinaweza kuhitajika wakati tofauti.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Programu za nyanja mbalimbali za kukarabati huongeza shughuli na kuhusika kwa watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi bali haziathiri kiwango cha kudhoofika.<ref name="pmid17443610">{{cite journal |author=Khan F, Turner-Stokes L, Ng L, Kilpatrick T|editor1-last=Khan |editor1-first=Fary |title=Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for adults with multiple sclerosis |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD006036 |year=2007 |pmid=17443610|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006036.pub2 }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo sana wa ufaafu wa jumla wa kila fani ya matibabu,<ref name="pmid15859525">{{cite journal |author=Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, Leemrijse CJ, van den Ende CH |title=Evidence of the efficacy of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reviews |journal=Clinical rehabilitation|volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=247–54 |year=2005 |pmid=15859525 |doi=10.1191/0269215505cr870oa}}</ref><ref name="pmid15859525"/><ref name="pmid12917976">{{cite journal |author=Steultjens EM, Dekker J, Bouter LM, Cardol M, Van de Nes JC, Van den Ende CH |title=Occupational therapy for multiple sclerosis|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD003608 |year=2003|pmid=12917976 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003608 |editor1-last=Steultjens |editor1-first=Esther EMJ}}</ref> ingawa kuna ushahidi bora kuwa mitazamo mahususi kama vile mazoezi,<ref name="pmid17482708">{{cite journal |author=Gallien P, Nicolas B, Robineau S, Pétrilli S, Houedakor J, Durufle A |title=Physical training and multiple sclerosis |journal=Ann Readapt Med Phys |volume=50|issue=6 |pages=373–6, 369–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17482708|doi=10.1016/j.annrmp.2007.04.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Rietberg MB, Brooks D, Uitdehaag BMJ, Kwakkel G |title=Exercise therapy for multiple sclerosis |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |pages=CD003980 |year=2005 |pmid=15674920 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003980.pub2|editor1-last=Kwakkel |editor1-first=Gert}}</ref> na matibabu ya saikolojia, hasa [[tiba tambuzi ya mienendo|mitazamo tambuzi ya mienendo]] hufaa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas PW, Thomas S, Hillier C, Galvin K, Baker R|title=Psychological interventions for matibabu ya sclerosis|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |pages=CD004431 |year=2006|pmid=16437487|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004431.pub2 |editor1-last=Thomas |editor1-first=Peter W}}</ref> ===Tiba mbadala=== Zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi wanaweza kutumia [[tiba ya kutimizana na mbadala]], ingawa asilimia hubadilika kulingana na jinsi tiba mbadala zinavyofafanuliwa.<ref name="pmid16420779">{{cite journal|author=Huntley A |title=A review of the evidence for efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines in MS |journal=Int MS J |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5–12, 4 |year=2006 |month=January|pmid=16420779 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Ushahidi wa ufaafu wa matibabu kama haya kwa hali nyingi ni duni au haupo.<ref name="pmid16420779"/><ref name="pmid19222053">{{cite journal |author=Olsen SA|title=A review of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by people with multiple sclerosis|journal=Occup Ther Int |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=57–70 |year=2009 |pm definitiveid=19222053 |doi=10.1002/oti.266}}</ref><ref>Ingawa kuna ushahidi wa kujaribia kuwa vitamini D inaweza kusaidia, ushahidi wa kuthibitisha hautoshi.<refni >{{cite journal|last=Jagannath|first=VA|coauthors=Fedorowicz, Z; Asokan, GV; Robak, EW; Whamond, L|title=Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010 Dec 8|issue=12|pages=CD008422|pmid=21154396}}</ref> Matibabu ya faida isiyothibitishwa yanayotumiwa na watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ni: virutubishi vya ziada kwenye lishe na mazoezi kwa ajili ya kuleta afya,<ref name="pmid16420779"/><ref name="pmid17253500">{{cite journal |author=Farinotti M, Simi S, Di Pietrantonj C, ''et al.'' |editor1-last=Farinotti |editor1-first=Mariangela |title=Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |issue=1|pages=CD004192 |year=2007 |pmid=17253500 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004192.pub2}}</ref><ref name="pmid21965673">{{cite journal |author=Grigorian A, Araujo L, Naidu NN, Place DJ, Choudhury B, Demetriou M. |title=N-acetylglucosamine inhibits T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 17 (Th17) cell responses and treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. |journal=J Biol Chem |year=2011 |month=September|pmid=21965673 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M111.277814. Epub 2011 Sep 29. |url=}}</ref> [[mbinu za kupunguza mikazo ya mwili]] kama vile [[yoga]],<ref name="pmid16420779"/> [[miti shamba]] (ikiwemo [[tiba ya bangi]]),<ref name="pmid16420779"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Chong MS, Wolff K, Wise K, Tanton C, Winstock A, Silber E |title=Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis |journal=Mult. Scler. |volume=12|issue=5 |pages=646–51 |year=2006 |pmid=17086912 |doi=10.1177/1352458506070947}}</ref> [[tiba ya oksijeni ya haipabariki]],<ref name="pmid14974004">{{cite journal |author=Bennett M, Heard R|editor1-last=Bennett |editor1-first=Michael H |title=Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for multiple sclerosis|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |issue=1 |pages=CD003057 |year=2004|pmid=14974004 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003057.pub2}}</ref> [[tiba ya heliminthiki|kujiambukiza minyoo ya safura]], [[refleksolojia]] na [[akupancha]].<ref name="pmid16420779"/><ref>{{cite news | first=Tim| last=Adams | title=Gut instinct: the miracle of the parasitic hookworm |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/may/23/parasitic-hookworm-jasper-lawrence-tim-adams |newspaper=The Observer | date=23 May 2010 }}</ref> Kulingana na sifa bainifu za wanaotumia, mara nyingi ni wanawake ambao wamekuwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi kwa muda mrefu, na hukumbwa na ulemavu na viwango vya chini vya kuridhishwa kwa huduma za kawaida za afya.<refname="pmid16420779"/> ==Prognosisi== [[File:Multiple sclerosis world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|[[Mwaka wa maisha yaliyorekebika kwa ulemavu]] kwa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi kwa kila wakaazi 100,000&nbsp; katika mwaka wa 2004 {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|<13}} {{legend|#fff200|13–16}} {{legend|#ffdc00|16–19}} {{legend|#ffc600|19–22}} {{legend|#ffb000|22–25}} {{legend|#ff9a00|25–28}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|28–31}} {{legend|#ff6e00|31–34}} {{legend|#ff5800|34–37}} {{legend|#ff4200|37–40}} {{legend|#ff2c00|40–43}} {{legend|#cb0000|>43}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Mwelekeo unaotarajiwa baadaye wa ugonjwa huu hulingana na aina ndogo ya ugonjwa huu; jinsia ya mtu, umri, na dalili za kwanza; na kiwango cha [[ulemavu]] alio nao mtu huyo.<ref name="pmid8017890">{{cite journal|author=Weinshenker BG|title=Natural history of multiple sclerosis|journal=Ann. Neurol.|volume=36|issue=Suppl|pages=S6–11|year=1994|pmid=8017890|doi=10.1002/ana.410360704}}</ref> Kwa jinsia ya kike, aina ndogo inayotoweka na kurejea, dalili za nuritisi ya optiki au hisi mwanzoni maambukizi katika miaka ya kwanza na hasa mapema mwanzoni, huhusishwa na mwelekeo bora.<ref name="pmid8017890"/><ref name="pmid3495637">{{cite journal|author=Phadke JG|title=Survival pattern and cause of death in patients with multiple sclerosis: results from an epidemiological survey in north east Scotland |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=523–31 |year=1987 |month=May |pmid=3495637 |pmc=1031962|doi=10.1136/jnnp.50.5.523}}</ref> Muda wa wastani wa kutarajiwa kuishi ni miaka 30 tangu mwanzo, ambao ni miaka 5 hadi 10 chini ya muda wa watu wasioathiriwa.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Takriban asilimia 40 ya watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi hufikia muongo wa saba wa maisha.<ref name="pmid3495637"/> Hata hivyo, thuluthi mbili za vifo huhusiana moja kwa moja na athari za ugonjwa huu<ref name="pmid18970977"/> [[Kujiua]] hutokea sana, huku maambukizi na matatizo mengine yakiwa hatari hasa kwa walio na ulemavu mkubwa. <ref name="pmid18970977"/> Ingawa watu wengi hupoteza uwezo wa kutembea kabla ya kufariki, asilimia 90 wana uwezo wa kutembea bila kusaidiwa kufikia miaka 10 tangu mwanzo, na asilimia 75 kufikia miaka 15.<ref name="pmid3495637"/><ref name="pmid11321195">{{cite journal|author=Myhr KM, Riise T, Vedeler C, ''et al''|title=Disability and prognosis in multiple sclerosis: demographic and clinical variables important for the ability to walk and awarding of disability pension|journal=Mult. Scler.|volume=7|issue=1|pages=59–65|year=2001|month=February|pmid=11321195}}</ref> ==Epidemolojia== Idadi ya watu walio na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi kufikia mwaka wa 2010 ni millioni 2-2.5&nbsp; (takriban watu 30 kwa kila 100,000) duniani, na viwango tofauti katika sehemu tofauti.<ref name=Atlas2008>{{cite book |author=World Health Organization |title=Atlas: Multiple Sclerosis Resources in the World 2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |year=2008 |pages=15-16 |isbn=92-4-156375-3 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563758_eng.pdf |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215703/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563758_eng.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Milo2010>{{cite journal |author=Milo R, Kahana E |title=Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=A387–94 |year=2010|month=March |pmid=19932200 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.010 |url=}}</ref> Imekadiriwa kuwa ulisababisha vifo 18,000 mwaka huo.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Dec 15|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095-128|pmid=23245604}}</ref> Katika Afrika viwango ni chini ya 0.5 kwa kila 100,000, ilihali ni 2.8 kwa kila 100,000 Kusini Mashariki mwa Asia, 8.3 kwa kila 100,000 katika mabara ya Amerika, na 80 kwa kila 100,000 Uropa.<ref name=Atlas2008/> Kwa watu wengine walio kwenye bonde la Kaskazini mwa Uropa, viwango huzidi 200 kwa kila 100,000 .<ref name=Milo2010/> Idadi ya visa vipya vinavyotokea kila mwaka ni takriban 2.5 kwa kila 100,000.<ref name=Atlas2008/> Viwango vya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi vinaonekana vinavyoongezaka, hata hivyo, hii inaweza kuelezwa kwa urahisi kwa utambuzi bora<ref name=Milo2010/> Utafiti juu ya mitindo ya watu na ya kijiografia umeenea sana.<ref name="pmid8269393">{{cite journal|author=Kurtzke JF|title=Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev.|volume=6|issue=4|pages=382–427|year=1993|month=October|pmid=8269393|pmc=358295|url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8269393|doi=10.1128/CMR.6.4.382|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2012-12-05|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073955/http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8269393|dead-url=yes}}</ref> na umepelekea nadharia kadhaa kuhusu kisababishi.<ref name="pmid17444504">{{cite journal|author=Ascherio A, Munger KL|title=Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part&nbsp;I: the role of infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2007-04_61_4/page/288|journal=Ann. Neurol.|volume=61|issue=4|pages=288–99|year=2007|month=April|pmid=17444504|doi=10.1002/ana.21117}}</ref><ref name="pmid15556803">{{cite journal |author=Marrie RA|title=Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology|journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=3|issue=12|pages=709–18|year=2004|month=December|pmid=15556803|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00933-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid17492755">{{cite journal|author=Ascherio A, Munger KL|title=Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part&nbsp;II: Noninfectious factors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_2007-06_61_6/page/504|journal=Ann. Neurol.|volume=61|issue=6|pages=504–13|year=2007|month=June|pmid=17492755|doi=10.1002/ana.21141}}</ref> Sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi kikawaida hutokea kwa watu wazima mwishoni mwa miaka yao ya ishirini au mwanzoni mwa miaka yao ya thelathini bali ni nadra ianze utotoni na baada ya umri wa miaka 50.<ref name=Atlas2008/><ref name=Milo2010/> Aina ndogo ya kwanza endelevu hutokea sana kwa watu walio katika miaka ya hamsini.<ref name="pmid17884680"/> Sawa na magonjwa mengi ya kinga nafsia, ugonjwa huu hutokea sana kwa wanawake na huenda mkondo huu unaongezeka.<ref name="pmid18970977"/><ref name="pmid18606967">{{cite journal|author=Alonso A, Hernán MA|title=Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2008-07-08_71_2/page/128|journal=Neurology|volume=71|issue=2|pages=129–35|year=2008|month=July|pmid=18606967|doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000316802.35974.34}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2008, kote duniani, ni takriban mara mbili zaidi kwa wanawake kuliko kwa wanaume.<ref name=Atlas2008/> Kwa watoto hutokea sana kwa wa kike kuliko wa kiume,<ref name="pmid18970977"/> ilhali kwa watu walio na zaidi ya miaka hamsini, huwaathiri wanaume na wanawake karibu sawa.<ref name="pmid17884680"/> ==Historia== ===Ugunduzi wa kitiba=== [[Mnurolojia]] wa Kifaransa [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] (1825–1893) ndiye aliyekuwa mtu wa kwanza kutambua sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi kama ugonjwa tofauti katika mwaka wa 1868.<ref name="pmid3066846"/> Akiweka pamoja ripoti za awali na kuongeza ugunduzi wake binafsi wa kiafya na patholojia, Charcot aliita ugonjwa huu ''sklerosisi na mawaa''. Ishara tatu za sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ambazo kwa sasa zijulikana kama [[seti ya 1 ya Charcot]] ni [[nistagmasi]], [[mtetemo wa hiari]], na [[usemi wa kitelegrafia]] (kunena haraka), ingawa hizi hazitokei kwa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi pekee. Charcot pia alichunguza mabadiliko ya ufahamu, akiwataja wagonjwa wake kama walio na "udhaifu unaooneka wa kukumbuku" na "utungaji dhana wa polepole".<ref name="Charcot1">{{cite journal |author=Clanet M |title=Jean-Martin Charcot. 1825 to 1893 |journal=Int MS J |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=59–61 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18782501 |url=http://www.msforum.net/Site/ViewPDF/ViewPDF.aspx?ArticleID=E80DC748-5048-4BD2-9393-18BCAE0A1514&doctype=Article |format=PDF |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2019-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210130/http://www.msforum.net/Site/ViewPDF/ViewPDF.aspx?ArticleID=E80DC748-5048-4BD2-9393-18BCAE0A1514&doctype=Article |dead-url=yes }}<br />* {{cite journal|author=Charcot, J. |year=1868 |title=Histologie de la sclerose en plaques |journal=Gazette des hopitaux, Paris |volume=41 |pages=554–5 }}</ref> Kabla ya Charcot, [[Robert Carswell (mpatholojia)|Robert Carswell]] (1793–1857), profesa wa Uingereza wa[[patholojia]], na [[Jean Cruveilhier]] (1791–1873), profesa wa Kifaransa wa anatomia ya pathologia, walikuwa wameeleza na kufafanua habari nyingi za kiafya za ugonjwa huu, bali hawakuutambua kama ugonjwa tofauti.<ref name="pmid3066846">{{cite journal|author=Compston A|title=The 150th anniversary of the first depiction of the lesions of multiple sclerosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1988-10_51_10/page/1249|journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1249–52|year=1988|month=October|pmid=3066846|pmc=1032909|doi=10.1136/jnnp.51.10.1249}}</ref> Hasa, Carswell alieleza majeraha aliyopata kama "lesheni ya uti wa mgongo isiyo kifani iliyoandamana na atrofi"<ref name="pmid18970977"/> Kwa hadubini, mpatholojia wa Uswizi [[Georg Eduard Rindfleisch]] mwaka wa (1836–1908) alitambua katika mwaka wa 1863 kuwa lesheni zinazohusiana na inflamesheni zilikuwa zimeenea katika mishipa ya damu.<ref name="pmid10603616">{{cite journal |author=Lassmann H |title=Pathologia ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi na mabadiliko yake|journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=354 |issue=1390 |pages=1635–40 |year=1999|month=October |pmid=10603616 |pmc=1692680 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0508 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lassmann H |date=July 2005 |title=Multiple sclerosis pathology: evolution of pathogenetic concepts |journal=[[Brain Pathology]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=217–22|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00523.x |pmid=16196388 }}</ref> Katika karne ya 20 nadharia kuhusu kisababishi na pathojenesisi zilitolewa na matibabu bora yakaanza kutolewa katika mwaka wa 1990.<ref name="pmid18970977"/> ===Visa vya kihistoria=== [[Picha:Animal locomotion. Plate 541 (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb|left|Utafiti wa picha wa mwendo wa mgonjwa wa kike wa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi aliye na ugumu wa kutembea iliyotengenezwa na [[Muybridge]] katika mwaka wa 1887.]] Kuna maelezo kadhaa ya kihistoria ya watu walioshi kabla au muda mfupi baada ya ugonjwa huu walioelezwa na Charcot na huenda walikuwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi. Mwanamke aitwaye Halldora aliyeishi [[Iceland]] karibu mwaka wa 12000 alipoteza uwezo wake wa kuona na kutembea kwa ghafla lakini baada ya kuwaomba watakatifu, aliweza kupata tena uwezo wake wa kuona na kutembea. [[Mtakatifu Lidwina]] wa [[Schiedam]] (mwaka wa 1380–1433), aliyekuwa [[mtawa wa kike]] [[wa uholanzi|Mholanzi]] anaweza kuwa mmoja wa watu waliojulika bayana kuwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi. Tangu umri wa miaka 16 hadi kifo chake akiwa na umri wa miaka 53, alikuwa na vipindi vya maumivu, udhaifu wa miguu na kupoteza uwezo wa kuona&mdash;dalili zinazoashiria sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid390966">{{cite journal|author=Medaer R|title=Does the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th century?|journal=Acta Neurol. Scand.|volume=60|issue=3|pages=189–92|year=1979|month=September|pmid=390966|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1979.tb08970.x}}</ref> Visa vyote viwili vimepelekea pendekezo la nadharia tete ya "jeni ya Viking" kwa uenezaji wa ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid16479124">{{cite journal|author=Holmøy T|title=A Norse contribution to the history of neurological diseases |journal=Eur. Neurol.|volume=55|issue=1|pages=57–8|year=2006|pmid=16479124|doi=10.1159/000091431}}</ref> [[Augustus d'Este|Augustus Frederick d'Este]] (1794–1848), mwanawe [[Mwana wa mfalme Augustus Frederick, Mwana mfalme mtawala wa Sussex]] na [[Binti Augusta Murray]] na mjukuwe [[George&nbsp; wa III wa Uingereza]], bila shaka walikuwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi. D'Este aliacha shajara yenye maelezo kwa kina juu ya jinsi alivyoishi na ugonjwa huu kwa 22. Shajara yake ilianza mwaka wa 1822 na ikaisha mwaka wa 1846 ingawa ulifichika hadi mwaka wa 1948. Dalili zake zilianza akiwa na umri wa miaka 28 kwa kupoteza uwezo wa kuona kwa ghafula kwa muda mfupi ([[kutoweza kuona kwa macho yote kwa wakati mmoja kwa muda mfupi]]) baada ya mazishi ya rafiki yake. Katika mwelekeo wa ugonjwa wake, alikumbwa na udhaifu wa miguu, uzito wa mikono, ganzi, kizunguzungu, matatizo ya kibofu na [[matatizo ya mdiso]]. Katika mwaka wa 1844, alianza kutumia kiti cha magurudumu. Licha ya ugonjwa wake, bado alikuwa na tumaini maishani.<ref>{{cite book|last= Firth|first=D|title= The Case of August D`Esté |year=1948|publisher=Cambridge Univer alisity Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref name="pmid16103678">{{cite journal|author=Pearce JM |title=Historical descriptions of multiple sclerosis|journal=Eur. Neurol.|volume=54|issue=1|pages=49–53|year=2005|pmid=16103678|doi=10.1159/000087387}}</ref> Maelezo mengine ya jadi ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi yaliyokusanywa na mwandishi wa shajara wa Uingereza [[W. N. P. Barbellion]], [[nom-de-plume]] ya Bruce Frederick Cummings (1889–1919), aliyehifadhi nakala ya kina ya utambuzi na matatizo yake.<ref name="pmid16103678"/> Shajara yake ilichapishwa mwaka wa 1919 kama ''[[Jarida la mwanamume mwenye masikitiko]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last= Barbellion|first= Wilhelm Nero Pilate|title= The Journal of a Disappointed Man |url= https://archive.org/details/journaladisappo01wellgoog|year=1919|publisher=George H. Doran|location=New York|isbn= 0-7012-1906-8}}</ref> ==Utafiti== ===Tiba=== [[Image:Alemtuzumab Fab 1CE1.png|thumb|muundo wa kikemekali wa [[alemtuzumab]]]] Kuna utafiti unaoendelea unaotafuta tiba bora, inayofaa, na yenye kustahimilika kwa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi inayotoweka na kurejea; kubuni tiba za aina ndogo endelevu; mbinu za [[kukinga nuro]]; na matibabu bora ya dalili. <ref name="pmid19597083">{{cite journal |author=Cohen JA |title=matibabu inayoibuka ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi. |journal=Arch. Neurol.|volume=66 |issue=7|pages=821–8 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19597083 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2009.104 |url=}}</ref> Katika miaka ya 2000 na 2010 kumeidhinishwa dawa kadhaa za kumeza zinazotarajiwa kupata umaarufu na utumiaji wa mara kwa mara.<ref name="pmid21425270">{{cite journal |author=Miller AE|title=Multiple sclerosis: where will we be in 2020? |journal=Mt. Sinai J. Med. |volume=78 |issue=2|pages=268–79 |year=2011 |pmid=21425270 |doi=10.1002/msj.20242 |url=}}</ref> Dawa zaidi za kumeza zinaendelea kufanyiwa utafiti, mojawapo ikiwa [[laquinimod]], iliyotangazwa Agosti 2012 na iko katika awamu ya III ya majaribio baada ya matokeo tofauti katika awamu za awali.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jeffrey|first=susan|title=CONCERTO: A Third Phase 3 Trial for Laquinimod in MS|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768902|accessdate=21 May 2013|newspaper=Medscape Medical News|date=09 Aug 2012}}</ref> Vivyo hivyo, tafiti zilizolenga kuendeleza utendakazi na utumiaji rahisi wa tiba zilizoko unaendelea. Hii ni pamoja na utumiaji wa dawa mpya kama vile [[PEGylation|PEGylated]] ambayo ni aina ya interferon-β-1a, ambayo inatarajiwa itatolewa kwa vipimo vidogo na iwe na matokeo sawa.<ref name="pmid22201341">{{cite journal |author=Kieseier BC, Calabresi PA|title=PEGylation of interferon-β-1a: a promising strategy in multiple sclerosis |journal=CNS Drugs|volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=205–14 |year=2012 |month=March |pmid=22201341|doi=10.2165/11596970-000000000-00000 |url=}}</ref><ref name=PEG>{{cite press release|url=http://www.biogenidec.com/press_release_details.aspx?ID=5981&ReqId=1777510|title=Biogen Idec Announces Positive Top-Line Results from Phase 3 Study of Peginterferon Beta-1a in Multiple Sclerosis|publisher=Biogen Idec|date=2013-01-24|accessdate=2013-05-21|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220459/http://www.biogenidec.com/press_release_details.aspx?ID=5981&ReqId=1777510|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Ombi la kuidhinisha''peginterferon beta-1a'' linatarajiwa katika mwaka wa 2013.<ref name=PEG/> [[Antibodi za monoklonali]] pia zimevutia sana. [[Alemtuzumab]], [[daclizumab]] na antibodi za monoklonali za [[CD20]] kama vile [[rituximab]], [[ocrelizumab]] na [[ofatumumab]] zote zimeonyesha manufaa kiasi na zitafitiwa kama tiba zinazoweza kutumiwa.<ref name="pmid22224673">{{cite journal|author=Saidha S, Eckstein C, Calabresi PA|title=New and emerging disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. NBBBSci. |volume=1247|issue= |pages=117–37 |year=2012|month=January |pmid=22224673 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06272.x |url=}}</ref> Matumizi yazo pia yameambatana na athari mbaya zinazoweza kuwa hatari, hasa maambukizi nyemelezi.<ref name="pmid21425270"/> Kinachohusiana na chunguzi hizi ni kutokea kwa kipimo cha antibody za [[virusi vya JC]] kinachoweza kusaidia kutambua aliye katika hatari kubwa zaidi ya kupata lukoensefalopathia endelevu ya utazamouwingi akitumia natalizumab.<ref name="pmid21425270"/> Ingawa antibodi za monoklonali zinaweza kuwa na jukumu katika matibabu ya ugonjwa huu siku zijazo, inaaminika kuwa litakuwa dogo kutokana na hatari zinazohusiana nazo.<ref name="pmid21425270"/> Mkakati mwingine wa utafiti ni kutathmini [[matibabu ya mchanganyiko|ubora wa mchanganyo]] wa dawa mbili au zaidi.<ref name="pmid21111490">{{cite journal |author=Milo R, Panitch H |title=mchanganyiko wa matibabu ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi|journal=J. Neuroimmunol. |volume=231 |issue=1-2 |pages=23–31 |year=2011|month=February |pmid=21111490|doi=10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.021 |url=}}</ref> Sababu kuu ya kutumia tiba kadhaa katika sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi ni kuwa matibabu yanayohusishwa hulenga taratibu tofauti na kwa hivyo huenda zisiweze kutumika bora zikiwa pekee.<ref name="pmid21111490"/> [[Utendaji kazi kwa ushirikiano#Utendaji kazi kwa ushirikiano wa Dawa|Utendaji kazi kwa ushirikiano]], ambapo dawa moja huongeza athari ya nyingine pia inawezekana, lakini pia kunaweza kuwa na ukandamizaji kama vile dawa moja kuzuia utenda kazi wa nyingine au kuzidisha madhara.<ref name="pmid21111490"/> Kumekuwa na majaribio kadhaa ya matibabu ya mchanganyiko na bado hakuna yaliyoonyesha matokeo ya kuridhisha kuweza kuzingatiwa kama tiba ifaayo ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid21111490"/> Utafiti juu ya kinga ya neva na tiba za kubadilisha, kama vile [[tiba ya shina la seli]], ingawa la muhimu zaidi ni kushughulikia mwanzoni.<ref name="pmid23039386">{{cite journal |author=Luessi F, Siffrin V, Zipp F |title=Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: novel treatment strategies|journal=Expert Rev Neurother |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=1061–76; quiz 1077 |year=2012 |month=September|pmid=23039386|doi=10.1586/ern.12.59|url=http://www.expert-reviews.com/doi/full/10.1586/ern.12.59}}</ref> Vilevile, hakuna tiba bora kwa aina endelevu za ugonjwa huu. Nyingi za dawa mpya zaidi pamoja na zile zinazoendelea kutengenezwa huenda zikatathminiwa kama tiba za sklerosisi endelevu ya kwanza ya sehemu nyingi.<ref name="pmid21425270"/> ===Biyoishara za ugonjwa huu=== [[File:Journal.pone.0057573.g005 cropped.png|thumb|left|kushoto|[[mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha]] picha ya ubongo iliyotolewa kwa kutumia''Gradient-echo phase sequence'' ikionyesha kuwepo kwa ayoni katika lesheni kwenye mata nyeupe (ndani ya kisanduku cha kijani kibichi katikati mwa picha;iliyodhihirishwa na kuonyeshwa kwa mshale mwekundu pembeni mwa kushoto upande wa juu).<ref name="pmid23516409">{{cite journal |author=Mehta V, Pei W, Yang G, ''et al.'' |title=Iron is a sensitive biomarker for inflammation in multiple sclerosis lesions |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3|pages=e57573 |year=2013 |pmid=23516409 |pmc=3597727 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057573 |url=}}</ref>]] Ijapokuwa njia za utambuzi hazitarajiwi kubadilika hivi karibuni jitihada za kubuni [[biyoishara]] zinazosaidia katika utambuzi na ubashiri wa kuendelea kwa ugonjwa zinaendelea.<ref name="pmid21425270"/> Mbinu mpya za utambuzi ambazo zinachunguzwa ni utumiaji wa [[antibodi|antibodi]] kinza-mielini, na tafiti zinazohusisha seramu na[[kiowevu cha ubongo na uti wa mgongo]], bali hakuna uliotoa matokeo ya kutegemewa.<ref name="pmid19712003">{{cite journal |author=Harris VK, Sadiq SA|title=Disease biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: potential for use in therapeutic decision making|journal=Mol Diagn Ther |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=225–44 |year=2009 |pmid=19712003|doi=10.2165/11313470-000000000-00000}}</ref> Kwa sasa hakuna uchunguzi wa maabara unaoweza kutabiri prognosisi. Mitazamo kadhaa inayoonyesha matumaini imependekezwa ikiwemo:[[interleukin-6]], [[oksidi ya naitrojeni]] na [[sinthesi ya oksidi ya nitrojeni]], [[osteopontini]], na [[fetuin]]-A.<ref name="pmid19712003"/> Kwa kuwa kuendelea kwa ugonjwa huu hutokana na kuharibika kwa nuroni, majukumu ya protini zinazoonyesha kupoteza tishu ya neva kama vile [[filamenti za neva]], [[Protini ya tau|tau]] na [[N-acetylaspartate]] zinafanyiwa uchunguzi.<ref name="pmid19712003"/> Athari zingine ni kutafuta biyoishara zinazotofautisha kati ya watakaopata nafuu kutokana na tiba hizi na wasiopata nafuu.<ref name="pmid19712003"/> Kuboresha mbinu za [[kupiga picha za neva]] kama vile [[picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama]] au [[mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha]] huwa na tumaini la utambuzi bora na utabiri wa prognosisi, ingawa athari ya maendeleo kama haya katika shughuli za kawaida za kitiba inaweza kuchukua miongo kadhaa.<ref name="pmid21425270"/> Kuhusu mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha, kuna mbinu kadhaa ambazo zishaonyesha umuhimu wazo katika Nyanja za utafiti na zinaweza kuanzishwa katika shughuli za kitabibu kama vile utaratibu wa kujipindua mara mbili kwa mpwito wa ateri, [[uhamisho wa utiaji sumaku]], [[Msambao wa dutu_mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha#Mtawanyiko wa dutu_tensa_upigaji picha|tensa ya msambao]], na [[mwangwi wa sumaku wa upigaji picha tendaji]].<ref name="pmid22159052">{{cite journal |author=Filippi M, Rocca MA, De Stefano N, ''et al.''|title=Magnetic resonance techniques in multiple sclerosis: the present and the future |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1514–20 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22159052|doi=10.1001/archneurol.2011.914 |url=}}</ref> Mbinu hizi ni mahususi zaidi kwa ugonjwa huu kuliko zilizoko, lakini bado hazina itifaki halisi za kupata na hata maadili sanifu hayajabuniwa.<ref name="pmid22159052"/> Kuna mbinu zingine zinazoendelea kubuniwa zinazohusisha ajenti tofauti zinazoweza kupima viwango vya [[makrofeji]] za ukingoni, inflamesheni, au kuathirika kwa utendaji kazi wa nuroni,<ref name="pmid22159052"/> na mbinu zinazopima kuwepo kwa ayoni inayoweza kusaidia kutambua jukumu la dalili hii katika sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi, au la pefusheni ya ubongo.<ref name="pmid22159052"/>Vilevile, [[vifuatiliaji vinururishi]] vipya vya picha za kompyuta za miale ya gama vinaweza kutumika kama viashiria vya michakato iliyotatizwa kama vile inflamesheni ya ubongo, patholojia ya koteksi, [[apoptosisi]], au utengenezaji tena wa mielini.<ref name="pmid20636368">{{cite journal |author=Kiferle L, Politis M, Muraro PA, Piccini P |title=Positron emission tomography imaging in multiple sclerosis-current status and future applications |journal=Eur. J. Neurol. |volume=18|issue=2 |pages=226–31 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=20636368 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03154.x|url=}}</ref> ===Uhaba sugu wa damu ya vena kwenye ubongo na uti wa mgongo. === Katika mwaka wa 2008, daktari mpasuaji wa mishipa [[Paolo Zamboni]] alipendekeza kuwa sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi huhusisha kupungua kwa ukubwa wa mishipa inayoondoa damu ubongoni, hali iitwayo [[Uhaba sugu wa damu ya vena kwenye ubongo na uti wa mgongo]]. Aligundua uhaba sugu wa damu ya vena kwenye ubongo na uti wa mgongo kwa wagonjwa wote waliokuwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi katika utafiti wake, akafanya upasuaji, kisha baadaye katika vyombo vya habari akauita “utaratibu wa ukombozi” kurekebisha na akadai kuwa asilimia 73 ya wahusika walipata nafuu.<ref name="pmid19060024">{{Rejea jarida |author=Zamboni P, Galeotti R, Menegatti E, ''et al.''|title=Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=392–9 |date=April 2009|pmid=19060024|pmc=2647682 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2008.157164 |url=http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/80/4/392}}</ref> Nadharia hii ilipokea umaarufu na kuzingatiwa sana katika vyombo vya habari na kwa waliokuwa na sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi, hasa nchini Canada.<ref name="pmid23402260">{{cite journal |author=Pullman D, Zarzeczny A, Picard A |title=Media, politics and science policy: MS and evidence from the CCSVI Trenches |journal=BMC Med Ethics |volume=14|issue= |pages=6 |year=2013 |pmid=23402260 |pmc=3575396 |doi=10.1186/1472-6939-14-6 |url=}}</ref> Tetezi zimeibuka kuhusu utafiti wa Zamboni kwa sababu dawa iliyotumika haikuwa fiche kwake pamoja na wahusika wala haingeweza kutumiwa kama marejeleo, naa nadharia zake kuhusu kisababishi hasa cha ugonjwa huu hazikuthibitishwa na data inayojulikana.<ref name="pmid20398855">{{cite journal |author=Qiu J |title=Venous abnormalities and multiple sclerosis: another breakthrough claim? |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=464–5 |year=2010|month=May |pmid=20398855 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70098-3 }}</ref> Pia, huenda utafiti zaidi haujapata uhusiano sawa au ulipata uhusiano usioridhisha,<ref name="pmid21161309">{{cite journal |author=Ghezzi A, Comi G, Federico A |title=Chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and multiple sclerosis |journal=Neurol. Sci. |volume=32 |issue=1|pages=17–21 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21161309 |doi=10.1007/s10072-010-0458-3 }}</ref> na kwa hivyo kuibua upinzani mkali kwa nadharia tete yake.<ref name="Dorne">{{Rejea jarida|author=Dorne H, Zaidat OO, Fiorella D, Hirsch J, Prestigiacomo C, Albuquerque F, Tarr RW.|title=Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and the doubtful promise of an endovascular treatment for multiple sclerosis|journal=J NeuroIntervent Surg |volume=2|issue=4|pages=309–311|date=October 2010|pmid=21990639|doi=10.1136/jnis.2010.003947 }}</ref> “Utaratibu wa ukombozi” umekosolewa kwa kusababisha matatizo makali na vifo bila faida zinazoonekana.<ref name="pmid20398855"/> Kwa hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 2013 haujapendekezwa kwa matibabu ya sklerosisi ya sehemu nyingi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baracchini C, Atzori M, Gallo P |title=CCSVI and MS: no meaning, no fact |journal=Neurol. Sci. |volume=34 |issue=3|pages=269–79 |year=2013 |month=March |pmid=22569567 |doi=10.1007/s10072-012-1101-2 |url=}}</ref> Utafiti zaidi unaochunguza nadharia tete ya uhaba sugu wa damu ya vena kwenye ubongo na uti wa mgongo unafanywa.<ref name="a1">{{cite journal|last=van Zuuren|first=EJ|coauthors=Fedorowicz, Z; Pucci, E; Jagannath, VA; Robak, EW|title=Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in multiple sclerosis patients.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2012 Dec 12|volume=12|pages=CD009903|pmid=23235683}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Sklerosisi ya kimiotrofia ya pembezoni]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Kusoma zaidi== * {{cite journal |author=Langgartner M, Langgartner I, Drlicek M |title=The patient's journey: multiple sclerosis |journal=BMJ |volume=330 |issue=7496 |pages=885–8 |year=2005 |month=April|doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7496.885|url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7496/885}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Demyelinating_Diseases/Multiple_Sclerosis/}} * [http://www.atlasofms.org/ Database for analysis and comparison of global data on the epidemiology of MS] [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] m3rxgua6b9scjzg54ylfuxbk7rar2zb 0 70148 1601362 1578121 2026-09-25T15:34:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Tatizo la Kutotulia | Image= Primary Laos2.jpg | Caption= Watoto wenye tatizo la kutotulia wanaona vigumu zaidi kutimiza kazi za shuleni. | DiseasesDB = 6158 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|90||f|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|314.00}}, {{ICD9|314.01}} | OMIM = 143465 | MedlinePlus = 001551 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 3103 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|177}} | MeshID = D001289 }} <!--Ishara na dalili --> '''Tatizo la Kutotulia''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''attention deficit hyperactivity disorder'') ni [[tatizo la akili]]<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> linalohusu [[ukuaji wa nyuro]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Sroubek|first=A|coauthors=Kelly, M; Li, X|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience bulletin|date=2013 Feb|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|pmid=23299717|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6}}</ref><ref name=Caroline2010/> ambapo kuna utovu wa [[umakinifu]] na [[usukumizi|kutenda kwa usukumizi]] ambavyo si mwafaka kwa [[umri]] wa [[mtu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Childress|first=AC|coauthors=Berry, SA|title=Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents|journal=Drugs|date=2012 Feb 12|volume=72|issue=3|pages=309–25|pmid=22316347|doi=10.2165/11599580-000000000-00000}}</ref> Ili utambuzi ufanywe, ni sharti [[dalili]] hizo ziwe zimeanza [[mtoto]] akiwa kati ya miaka sita na kumi na mbili na zidhihirike kwa zaidi ya miezi sita.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Symptoms and Diagnosis|publisher=[[National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities]]|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|date=December 12, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Lake2011/> Kukosa kumakinika hufanya matokeo kuwa duni kwa watu wanaokwenda [[shule]]. <!--Utambuzi na epidemolojia --> Licha ya hali hii kuwa tatizo la akili lililotafitiwa na kutambuliwa mara nyingi katika [[watoto]] na [[vijana]], kisababishi chake katika visa vingi hakijajulikana. Tatizo hili huwaathiri takriban [[asilimia]] 6 hadi 7 ya watoto wanaotambulika kupitia kigezo cha [[DSM-IV]]<ref name="pmid22976615"/> na asilimia 1 hadi 2 wanaotambulika kupitia kigezo cha [[ICD-10]].<ref name=Cowen2012/> Viwango vya visa huwa sawa katika nchi zote na hutegemea sana namna ya utambuzi.<ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=edited by Ming Tsuang, Mauricio Tohen, Peter B.|title=Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=9780470977408|page=450|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&pg=PA450|edition=3rd|date=2011-03-25}}</ref> TKUU hutokea takriban mara tatu au zaidi katika [[wavulana]] kuliko [[wasichana]].<ref name="pmid19393378">{{cite journal |author=Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H |title=[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]|language=French |journal=Encephale |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=107–14|year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19393378|doi=10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Singh I 2008 957–64">{{Rejea jarida|author=Singh I |title=Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=957–64 |year=2008|month=December|pmid=19020513 |doi=10.1038/nrn2514}}</ref> Karibu asilimia 30 - 50 ya watu wanaotambulika kuwa na tatizo hili wakiwa [[watoto wachanga|wachanga]] huendelea kuwa na dalili hizi katika [[utu uzima]]<ref name="Balint2008" /> na asilimia 2 - 5 ya watu wazima wana hali hii.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> Hali hii inaweza kuwa ngumu kutofautishwa na matatizo mengine sawia na yale yenye kupepesuka kwa kawaida.<ref name=Lake2011>{{cite book|last=Lake|first=Mina K. Dulcan, MaryBeth|title=Concise guide to child and adolescent psychiatry|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub.|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781585624164|year=2011|page=34|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&pg=PA34|edition=4th}}</ref> <!--Udhibiti na prognosisi --> Udhibiti wa tatizo hilo mara nyingi huhusisha mchanganyiko wa [[ushauri nasaha]], mabadiliko ya [[maisha]] na matibabu ya kutumia [[dawa]]. Dawa hupendekezwa kama tiba ya kwanza katika watoto wenye dalili kali na zinaweza kutumika katika wenye dalili za wastani wasiorekebika baada ya kushauriwa.<ref name = NICE2008/>{{Rp|p.317|date=November 2012}} Athari za muda mrefu za dawa hizo hazijulikani na matibabu haya hayapendekezwi katika watoto wasiofikia umri wa kwenda shule. Vijana na watu wazima huelekea kukuza [[stadi za kuhimila]] zinazochukua nafasi ya udhaifu wao.<ref name="psychiatrymmc.com">{{Rejea jarida |last=Gentile |first=Julie |year= 2004|title=Adult ADHD: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and medication management |journal=Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=24–30 |id= |pmc=2957278|pmid=20963192|last2=Atiq|first2=R|last3=Gillig|first3=PM}}</ref> <!--Jamii na utamaduni --> Tatizo hilo na utambuzi na matibabu yake limeonekana kuwa na utata kwanzia miaka ya 1970.<ref name="Parrillo 2008 63">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems |last=Parrillo |first=Vincent |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-4165-5 |page=63 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC&pg=PA63&dq=percent+who+consider+ADHD+controversial |accessdate=2009-05-02 |authorlink=Vincent N. Parrillo}}</ref> Utata huu umewahusisha matabibu, walimu, viongozi, wazazi na watangazaji. Mada za utata hujumuisha visababishi vya tatizo hili na utumizi wa vichangamsho kama matibabu.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Rejea jarida|author=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J |title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children |journal=Harv Rev Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=151–66 |year=2008 |pmid=18569037 |doi=10.1080/10673220802167782|url=}}</ref><ref name="Cohen, Donald J.; Cicchetti, Dante 2006">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Cohen, Donald J.; Cicchetti, Dante |title=Developmental psychopathology |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester |year=2006 |isbn=0-471-23737-X |oclc= }}</ref> Wahudumu wengi wa afya hukubali kwamba hilo ni tatizo halisi linalozua mjadala katika jamii ya kisayansi, hasa kuhusu jinsi linavyotambuliwa na kutibiwa.<ref name="Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E 2004 615–8">{{Rejea jarida |author=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E |title=When the child with ADHD grows up |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=615–8 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15373378 |url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Online">{{cite book|author=Silver, Larry B |title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |edition=3rd |year=2004 |isbn=1-58562-131-5 |page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=gjojY1WoIOIC&pg=PA4&lpg=PP7&output=html 4–7] }}</ref><ref name="Schonwald A, Lechner E 2006 189–95">{{Rejea jarida|author=Schonwald A, Lechner E |title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=189–95 |year=2006|month=April |pmid=16601502 |doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70 }}</ref>{{TOC limit|limit=3}} ==Ishara na dalili== Mara nyingi kutomakinika, kupepesuka (kutotulia kwa watu wazima), tabia ya kuzua vurugu na usukumizi wa ghafla hupatikana katika TKUU.<ref name=ICSI2012>{{cite journal|last=Dobie|first=C|title=Diagnosis and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary care for school-age children and adolescents|year=2012|pages=79|url=http://guidelines.gov/content.aspx?f=rss&id=36812|publisher=Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement|journal=|access-date=2014-01-09|archive-date=2013-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301124247/http://guidelines.gov/content.aspx?f=rss&id=36812|dead-url=yes|https://web.archive.org/web/20130301124247/http://guidelines.gov/content.aspx?f=rss&id=36812|=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301124247/http://guidelines.gov/content.aspx?f=rss&id=36812}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html |title=Facts About ADHD |publisher=NCBDDD |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |accessdate=2012-11-13 }}</ref> Kutatizika katika masomo hutokea mara nyingi sawia na matatizo ya kimahusiano.<ref name=ICSI2012/> Dalili zinaweza kuwa ngumu kufasili kwa sababu ya ugumu wa kutambua mwanzo wa viwango vya kawaida vya kutomakinika, kupepesuka na mwisho wa usukumizi na viwango muhimu vinavyohitaji usaidizi.<ref name =Ramsay25>{{cite book|author=Ramsay, J. Russell |title=Cognitive behavioral therapy for adult ADHD|url=https://archive.org/details/cognitivebehavio00rams |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=0-415-95501-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cognitivebehavio00rams/page/25 25]}}</ref>{{Rp|p.26}} Ili hali hii kutambulika, ni sharti dalili hizi zidhihirike katika mandhari mawili tofauti kwa miezi sita au zaidi na katika kiwango kilicho juu ya kile cha watoto wengine wa umri sawa.<ref name=DSM-IV-TR/>TKUU linaweza kuainishwa katika aina tatu kulingana na dalili zinazojidhihirisha—[[Tatizo la kupepesuka lenye ukosefu wa umakinifu linalozidisha kutomakinika|linalozidisha kutomakinika]], la kupepesuka na usukumizi, au aina changamani ikiwa vigezo vya aina zote mbili zifikiwa.<ref name = Ramsay25/>{{Rp|p.4}} Mtu asiyemakinika anaweza kuonyesha baadhi ya/au dalili hizi zote:<ref name="NIMH1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/complete-index.shtml |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |author=National Institute of Mental Health |authorlink=National Institute of Mental Health |year=2008 |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] |location=United States }}</ref> * Kuvurugika mawazo kwa urahisi, kutotambua habari za kina, kusahau na kubadili shughuli kutoka moja hadi nyingine mara nyingi. * Ugumu wa kuzingatia shughuli moja * Kuchoshwa na kazi baada ya muda mfupi isipokuwa pale mtu anapofanya kazi inayomvutia * Ugumu wa kumakinika katika kupanga na kukamilisha kazi fulani au kujifunza jambo jipya * Tatizo la kukamilisha au kuwasilisha kazi ya ziada, mara nyingi kutokana na kupoteza vifaa (kwa mfano penseli, vitu vya kuchezea, kazi ya ziada) vinavyohitajika kukamilisha kazi au shughuli hizi. * Haonekani kusikiza anapoongeleshwa * Kuzubaa, kuchanganyikiwa kwa urahisi na kutembea polepole * Ugumu wa kuchakata habari haraka na kwa usahihi kama watu wengine * Ugumu wa kufuata maagizo Mtu mwenye tatizo la kupepesuka anaweza kuonyesha baadhi ya/au dalili hizi zote:<ref name="NIMH1"/> * Kuhangaika na kufurukuta anapoketi * Kuzungumza bila kukoma * Kukimbia huku na kule, kugusa au kuchezea kitu chochote au kila kitu anachokiona * Ugumu wa kuketi kwa utulivu wakati wa maakuli, shuleni, akifanya kazi ya ziada na wakati wa kusimuliwa hadithi * Kuwa mbioni kila mara * Ugumu wa kufanya kazi au shughuli zinazohitaji unyamavu. Mtu mwenye usukumizi anaweza kuonyesha baadhi ya/au dalili hizi zote:<ref name="NIMH1"/> * Kukosa subira * Kuropoka maoni yasiyo mwafaka, kudhihirisha hisia kwa uwazi na kufanya mambo bila kuzingatia matokeo yake * Ugumu wa kusubiri vitu wanavyotaka au kusubiri zamu yao katika mchezo * Mara nyingi hukatiza mazungumzo au shughuli za wengine. Mara nyingi watu wenye TKUU wana ugumu katika [[stadi za kijamii]], kama vile kuchangamana, kuanzisha na kudumisha mahusiano. Takriban nusu ya watoto na vijana wenye TKUU hukataliwa na wenzao ikilinganishwa na asilimia 10–15 ya wale wasio na hali hii. Kufundisha stadi za kijamii, mabadiliko ya kitabia na matibabu yanaweza kuwa na athari chache zenye manufaa. Kipengele muhimu kabisa katika kupunguza [[uhalifu]], kutofaulu shuleni na [[tatizo la utumizi wa dawa za kulevya]] ni kufanya urafiki na watu wasiojihusisha na uhalifu.<ref name="pmid20490677">{{cite journal |author=Mikami AY |title=The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–98 |year=2010 |month=June |pmid=20490677 |pmc=2921569 |doi=10.1007/s10567-010-0067-y }}</ref> Watoto wenye TKUU mara nyingi huwa na ugumu wa kudhibiti hasira <ref>http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/adhd-anger-management-directory</ref> sawa na[[mwandiko]] mbaya<ref name="Racine-2008">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Racine | first1 = MB. | last2 = Majnemer | first2 = A. | last3 = Shevell | first3 = M. | last4 = Snider | first4 = L. | title = Handwriting performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | journal = J Child Neurol | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 399–406 | month = Apr | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1177/0883073807309244 | pmid = 18401033 }}</ref> kuchelewa kwa[[Patholojia ya lugha na kuzungumza|kuzungumza, lugha]] na kuendeleza mwendo.<ref name=ICD10/><ref name="Bellani-2011">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Bellani | first1 = M. | last2 = Moretti | first2 = A. | last3 = Perlini | first3 = C. | last4 = Brambilla | first4 = P. | title = Language disturbances in ADHD | journal = Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 311–5 | month = Dec | year = 2011 | pmid = 22201208 | doi = 10.1017/S2045796011000527 }}</ref> Ingawa hali hii husababisha athari nyingi, hasa katika jamii ya kisasa, watoto wengi wenye TKUU humakinika kwa muda mrefu wanapofanya shughuli zinazowavutia.<ref name="pmid22851461"/> ===Matatizo yanayohusiana na hali hii=== TKUU katika watoto hutokea yakiambatana na matatizo mengine kwa takriban 67%.<ref name="pmid22851461">{{cite journal |author=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J |title=[The school child with ADHD] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=467–73 |year=2012 |month=August |pmid=22851461 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316 }}</ref> Baadhi ya hali zinazohusiana na hali hii mara nyingi hujumuisha: *[[Tatizo la Ukaidi wa Kiupinzani]] na [[tatizo la kimaadili]], hali zinazotokea pamoja zikiambatana na TKUU kwa takriban 50% na 20% ya visa mtawalia.<ref name="pmid19940426">{{cite journal |author=McBurnett K, Pfiffner LJ |title=Treatment of aggressive ADHD in children and adolescents: conceptualization and treatment of comorbid behavior disorders |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=158–65 |year=2009 |month=November |pmid=19940426 |doi=10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2084 |url=}}</ref> Hali hizi hutambulika kwa tabia za kupambana na jamii kama vile usumbufu, uchokozi, [[vipindi vya hasira]] za kila mara, ulaghai, udanganyifu na wizi.<ref name=UTP2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=behavior/8293#5 |author = Krull, K.R. |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children |format= Subscription required |accessdate=2008-09-12 |publisher=Uptodate |date=5 December 2007 }}</ref> Takriban nusu ya watu wanaopepesuka na wana tatizo la ukaidi wa kiupinzani au tatizo la kitabia hupata [[tatizo la nafsia ya kutochangamana na jamii]] katika utu uzima.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 19428109 | doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.004 | volume=32 | issue=4 | title=Continuity of aggressive antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood: The question of phenotype definition | year=2009 | author=Hofvander B, Ossowski D, Lundström S, Anckarsäter H | journal=Int J Law Psychiatry | pages=224–34}}</ref> Upigaji picha ubongo umedhihirisha kwamba tatizo nafsia na TKUU ni hali tofauti.<ref name="pmid21094938">{{cite journal |author=Rubia K |title="Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=69 |issue=12 |pages=e69–87 |year=2011 |month=June |pmid=21094938 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023 }}</ref> * Tatizo la kimsingi la [[Uangalifu (saikolojia)|uangalifu]], linaloashiriwa na viwango vya chini vya umakinifu na uzingatifu, na pia ugumu wa kutolala. Watoto hawa huelekea kuhangaika, kupiga miayo na kujinyoosha na kuonekana kupepesuka sana ili kumakinika.<ref name="UTP2008" /> * [[Matatizo ya hisia]] (hasa [[tatizo la hisia mseto]] na [[tatizo kuu la kufadhaisha]]). Wavulana wanaotambulika na aina changamani ya TKUU wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kupata tatizo la kihisia.<ref name="Wilens-2010">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Wilens | first1 = TE. | last2 = Spencer | first2 = TJ. | title = Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to adulthood | journal = Postgrad Med | volume = 122 | issue = 5 | pages = 97–109 | month = Sep | year = 2010 | doi = 10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2206 | pmid = 20861593 | pmc = 3724232 }}</ref> Watu wazima wenye TKUU mara nyingi huwa na tatizo la hisia mseto linalohitaji kadirio la taratibu ili kutambua na kutibu hali zote mbili.<ref name="pmid21717696">{{cite journal |author=Baud P, Perroud N, Aubry JM |title=[Bipolar disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: differential diagnosis or comorbidity] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Suisse |volume=7 |issue=297 |pages=1219–22 |year=2011 |month=June |pmid=21717696 }}</ref> * [[Matatizo ya wasiwasi]] yametambulika kutokea mara nyingi katika watu wenye TKUU.<ref name="Wilens-2010"/> * [[Tatizo la tamaa isiyoweza kudhibitika]] linaweza kutokea pamoja na TKUU na sifa zake nyingi huwa sawa.<ref name="UTP2008" /> * [[Matatizo ya utumizi wa dawa za kulevya]]. Vijana na watu wazima wenye TKUU wana hatari zaidi ya kutumia dawa za kulevya na mara nyingi huwa ni [[unywaji pombe|pombe]] au [[bangi (dawa) |bangi]]. Sababu ya hali hii inaweza kutokana na njia ya kuzawadiwa ya ubongo wa mtu mwenye TKUU iliyogeuzwa.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> Hali hii hufanya tathmini na matibabu ya TKUU kuwa magumu zaidi, huku matatizo ya hatari ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya yakitibiwa kwanza kwa sababu ya hatari zake kuu.<ref name = NICE2008/>{{Rp|p.38|date=November 2012}}<ref name="Wilens-2011">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Wilens | first1 = TE. | last2 = Morrison | first2 = NR. | title = The intersection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 280–5 | month = Jul | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328345c956 | pmid = 21483267 | pmc = 3435098 }}</ref> *[[Sindromu ya miguu isiyotulia]] imetambulika mara nyingi katika watu wenye TKUU na mara nyingi husababishwa na [[anemia ya ukosefu wa ayoni]].<ref name="pmid21365608">{{cite journal |author=Merino-Andreu M |title=Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad y síndrome de piernas inquietas en niños|trans_title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless legs syndrome in children |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Neurol |volume=52 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S85–95 |year=2011 |month=March |pmid=21365608 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20620105">{{cite journal |author=Picchietti MA, Picchietti DL |title=Advances in pediatric restless legs syndrome: Iron, genetics, diagnosis and treatment |journal=Sleep Med. |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=643–51 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20620105 |doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2009.11.014 |url=}}</ref> Hata hivyo, miguu isiyotulia inaweza kuwa kipengele cha TKUU hivyo huhitaji ukadiriaji wa makini ili kutofautisha matatizo haya mawili.<ref name="pmid18656214">{{cite journal |author=Karroum E, Konofal E, Arnulf I |title=[Restless-legs syndrome] |language=French |journal=Rev. Neurol. (Paris) |volume=164 |issue=8–9 |pages=701–21 |year=2008 |pmid=18656214 |doi=10.1016/j.neurol.2008.06.006 |url=}}</ref> *[[Ugumu wa kulala]] na TKUU mara nyingi hutokea pamoja. Matatizo haya pia yanaweza kuwa athari za dawa zinazotumika kutibu watoto wenye TKUU. Katika watoto wenye TKUU, [[insomnia]] ni tatizo linalotokea mara nyingi zaidi na matibabu ya kitabia ndiyo matibabu yanayopendekezwa.<ref name="pmid21600348">{{cite journal |author=Corkum P, Davidson F, Macpherson M |title=A framework for the assessment and treatment of sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2011-06_58_3/page/667 |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=667–83 |year=2011 |month=June |pmid=21600348 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.004 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20451036">{{cite journal |author=Tsai MH, Huang YS |title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders in children |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=615–32 |year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20451036 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2010.03.008 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2010-05_94_3/page/615}}</ref> Ugumu wa kupata usingizi hupatikana mara nyingi katika watu wenye TKUU, lakini mara nyingi wao hulala unono na huwa na ugumu wa kuamka.<ref name="Brown-2008"/> [[Melatonini]] mara nyingine hutumika wakati wa kulala katika watoto wanaokosa usingizi.<ref name="pmid20028959">{{cite journal |author=Bendz LM, Scates AC |title=Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2010-01_44_1/page/185 |journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=185–91 |year=2010 |month=January |pmid=20028959 |doi=10.1345/aph.1M365 }}</ref> Kuna uhusiano kati ya [[Enuresisi ya usiku|kukojoa kitandani bila kukoma]],<ref name="pmid19096296">{{cite journal |author=Shreeram S, He JP, Kalaydjian A, Brothers S, Merikangas KR |title=Prevalence of enuresis and its association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among United States children: results from a nationally representative study |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19096296 |pmc=2794242 |doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e318190045c |url=}}</ref> [[kuchelewa kwa uwezo wa kuzungumza]]<ref name="pmid19713073">{{cite journal|author=Hagberg BS, Miniscalco C, Gillberg C |title=Clinic attenders with autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cognitive profile at school age and its relationship to preschool indicators of language delay |journal=Res Dev Disabil |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=2010 |pmid=19713073 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2009.07.012 }}</ref> na [[tatizo la kuambatanisha ukuaji]], huku takriban nusu ya watu wenye tatizo la kuambatanisha ukuaji wakipata TKUU.<ref name="pmid22186361">{{cite journal |author=Fliers EA, Franke B, Buitelaar JK |title=[Motor problems in children with ADHD receive too little attention in clinical practice] |language=Dutch; Flemish |journal=Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd |volume=155 |issue=50 |pages=A3559 |year=2011 |pmid=22186361 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ==Kisababishi== Kisababishi cha visa vingi vya TKUU hakijulikani: hata hivyo, TKUU linaaminika kuhusishwa na mwingiliano wa [[kijenetiki|kijenetiki]] na vipengele vya kimazingira.<ref name=Gordon2009>{{cite book|last=Millichap|first=J. Gordon|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook a Physician's Guide to ADHD|year=2010|publisher=Springer Science|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781441913975|page=26|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=KAlq0CDcbaoC&pg=PA26|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="pmid22963644">{{cite journal |author=Thapar A, Cooper M, Eyre O, Langley K |title=What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD? |journal=J Child Psychol Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=22963644 |pmc=3572580|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02611.x |url=}}</ref> Visa vingine huhusishwa na maambukizi ya awali au jeraha kwenye ubongo.<ref name=Gordon2009/> ===Jenetikia=== [[Utafiti pacha|Tafiti pacha]] zinaashiria kuwa tatizo hili mara nyingi hurithiwa kutoka kwa wazazi huku [[jenetikia]] ikisababisha takriban asilimia 75 ya visa hivi.<ref name=NICE2008/><ref name="Neale-2010">{{Rejea jarida |displayauthors=9 |last1=Neale |first1=BM |last2=Medland |first2=SE|last3=Ripke |first3=S |last4=Asherson |first4=P |last5=Franke |first5=B. |last6=Lesch |first6=KP |last7=Faraone|first7=SV |last8=Nguyen |first8=TT |last9=Schäfer |first9=H |title=Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |pmc=2928252 |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=49 |issue=9|pages=884–97 |month=Sep |year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.008 |pmid=20732625 |last10=Holmans |first10=Peter |last11=Daly |first11=M |last12=Steinhausen |first12=HC |last13=Freitag |first13=C |last14=Reif |first14=A |last15=Renner |first15=TJ |last16=Romanos |first16=M |last17=Romanos |first17=J |last18=Walitza |first18=S |last19=Warnke |first19=A |last20=Meyer |first20=J |last21=Palmason |first21=H |last22=Buitelaar |first22=J |last23=Vasquez |first23=AA |last24=Lambregts-Rommelse |first24=N |last25=Gill |first25=M |last26=Anney |first26=RJ |last27=Langely |first27=K |last28=O'Donovan |first28=M |last29=Williams |first29=N |last30=Owen |first30=M}}</ref><ref name="Burt-2009">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Burt | first1 = SA | title = Rethinking environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology: a meta-analysis of shared environmental influences | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_2009-07_135_4/page/608 | journal = Psychol Bull | volume = 135 | issue = 4 |pages = 608–37 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1037/a0015702 | pmid = 19586164 }}</ref> Vipengele vya kijenetiki pia vinaaminika kuhusika katika kutambua ikiwa TKUU huendelea kuwepo katika utu uzima au la.<ref name="pmid22105624">{{cite journal |author=Franke B, Faraone SV, Asherson P, ''et al.'' |title=The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review |journal=Mol. Psychiatry |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=960–87 |year=2012 |month=October |pmid=22105624 |pmc=3449233 |doi=10.1038/mp.2011.138 }}</ref> Kwa kawaida, jeni kadhaa huhusika, na idadi kubwa ya jeni hizi huathiri visafirishaji vya [[dopamini]].<ref name="Gizer-2009"/> Jeni hizi zinaweza kujumuisha: [[DAT1]], [[DRD4]], [[DRD5]], [[5HTT]], [[HTR1B]], [[SNAP25]], [[ADRA2A]], [[TPH2]], [[MAOA]], na [[Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase|dopamine beta hydroxylase]].<ref name="Gizer-2009">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Gizer | first1 = IR. | last2 = Ficks | first2 = C. | last3 = Waldman | first3 = ID. | title = Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 126 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–90 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x | pmid = 19506906 }}</ref> Aina ya jeni inayopatikana mara nyingi inayoitwa [[LPHN3]] hukisiwa kusababisha takriban asilimia 9 ya visa, na jeni hii ikiwepo, watu hutibiwa kwa vichangamsho.<ref name="pmid21432600">{{cite journal |author=Arcos-Burgos M, Muenke M |title=Toward a better understanding of ADHD: LPHN3 gene variants and the susceptibility to develop ADHD |journal=Atten Defic Hyperact Disord |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=139–47 |year=2010 |month=November |pmid=21432600 |pmc=3280610 |doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0030-2 |url=}}</ref>[[Uchaguzi asilia]] huenda ulipendelea sifa za TKUU kwa, aghalau mtu binafsi, huenda zilimpa mtu fursa ya kuishi, huku zikikosa manufaa zikichangamanishwa tu.<ref name="pmid20200842">{{cite journal |author=Cardo E, Nevot A, Redondo M, ''et al.'' |title=Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: ¿un patrón evolutivo? |trans_title=Attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: a pattern of evolution? |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Neurol |volume=50 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=S143–7 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20200842 }}</ref> Isitoshe, baadhi ya wanawake wanaweza kuvutiwa na wanaume wanaopenda kufanya mambo hatari hivyo kuongeza jeni zinazohatarisha mtu kwa TKUU katika [[kidimbwi cha jeni]].<ref name="pmid=16849269"/> Kwa vile hali hii hupatikana mara nyingi katika watoto wenye kina mama wenye wasiwasi au dhiki, wengine husema kuwa TKUU ni adaptesheni inayowasaidia watoto kukabili mazingira yenye dhiki au hatari huku wakiwa na, kwa mfano, usukumizi ulioongezeka au tabia ya kuchunguza.<ref name="pmid21250994">{{cite journal |author=Glover V |title=Annual Research Review: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective |journal=J Child Psychol Psychiatry |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=356–67 |year=2011 |month=April |pmid=21250994 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_2011-04_52_4/page/356}}</ref> Kupepesuka kunaweza kuwa na manufaa tukiangazia mtazamo wa kinadharia, katika hali zinazohusisha hatari, mashindano au tabia isiyoeleweka (yaani kutafuta maeneo mapya au kutafuta asili mpya ya vyakula). Katika hali hizi, TKUU inaweza kuwa na manufaa katika jamii huku ikiwa hatari kwa mtu binafsi.<ref name="pmid=16849269">{{Rejea jarida|author=Williams J, Taylor E |title=The evolution of hyperactivity, impulsivity and cognitive diversity |journal=J R Soc Interface |volume=3|issue=8 |pages=399–413 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16849269 |pmc=1578754 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2005.0102 }}</ref> Isitoshe, katika mazingira mengine, hali hii inaweza kumnufaisha mtu binafsi, kwa mfano mwitiko wa haraka kwa hatari au stadi kuu ya uwindaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | title = Behavioral neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its treatment | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aH2qWZRpcf0C&pg=PA132 | date = 13 January 2012 | publisher = Springer | location = New York | isbn = 978-3-642-24611-1 | pages = 132–134 }}</ref> ===Mazingira=== Vipengele vya kimazingira vinaaminika kuchangia kwa kiwango kidogo. Ulevi wakati wa ujauzito unaweza kusababisha [[tatizo la spektra ya kulewa kwa fetasi]] linaloweza kudhihirisha dalili sawa na TKUU.<ref name="Burger-2011">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Burger | first1 = PH | last2 = Goecke | first2 = TW | last3 = Fasching | first3 = PA | last4 = Moll | first4 = G | last5 = Heinrich | first5 = H | last6 = Beckmann | first6 = MW | last7 = Kornhuber | first7 = J | title = Einfluss des mütterlichen Alkoholkonsums während der Schwangerschaft auf die Entwicklung von ADHS beim Kind |trans_title=How does maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy affect the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome in the child |language=German | journal = Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr | volume = 79 | issue = 9 | pages = 500–6 | month = Sep | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1055/s-0031-1273360 | pmid = 21739408 }}</ref> Kuvuta moshi wa tumbaku katika ujauzito kunaweza kusababisha matatizo ya ukuaji wa mfumo mkuu wa neva na pia kuongeza hatari ya TKUU.<ref name="Abbott-2012">{{Rejea jarida |last1 = Abbott | first1 = LC | last2 = Winzer-Serhan | first2 = UH | title = Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models | journal = Crit Rev Toxicol | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 279–303 | month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.3109/10408444.2012.658506 | pmid = 22394313 }}</ref> Watoto wengi wanaovuta moshi wa tumbaku hawapati TKUU au huwa na dalili hafifu zisizofikia kizingiti cha utambuzi. Mseto wa uhatarisho wa kijenetiki na kunusia tumbaku kunaweza kueleza kwa nini baadhi ya watoto wanaohatarishwa katika ujauzito wanaweza kupata TKUU ilhali wengine hawapati.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Prenatal smoking exposure and dopaminergic genotypes interact to cause a severe ADHD subtype|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_2007-06-15_61_12/page/1320|author=Neuman RJ, Lobos E, Reich W, Henderson CA, Sun LW, Todd RD |journal=Biol Psychiatry|date=2007 Jun 15|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1320–8|pmid=17157268|laysummary=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070410190421.htm|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.049 }}</ref><!-- consider update from reviews PMID 22949579, PMID 22372737, PMID 21277451 --> Watoto waliohatarishwa kwa [[ledi]], hata kwa viwango vidogo, au [[bifenili zenye wingi wa klorini]] wanaweza kupata matatizo yanayofanana na TKUU hivyo tatizo hili kutambuliwa.<ref name="Eubig-2010">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Eubig | first1 = PA | last2 = Aguiar | first2 = A | last3 = Schantz | first3 = SL | title = Lead and PCBs as risk factors for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder | journal = Environ Health Perspect | volume = 118 | issue = 12 | pages = 1654–67 | month = Dec | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1289/ehp.0901852 | pmid = 20829149 | pmc = 3002184 }}</ref> Kuhatarishwa kwa viuwa wadudu vya [[oganofosfeti]] [[kloripirifosi]] na [[Fosfeti ya alkali | fosfeti ya dialkali]] inahusishwa na hatari zaidi; hata hivyo, ushahidi huu haujadhibitishwa.<ref name="de Cock-2012">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = de Cock | first1 = M | last2 = Maas | first2 = YG | last3 = Van De Bor | first3 = M | title = Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2012-08_101_8/page/811 |type=Review | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 101 | issue = 8 | pages = 811–8 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02693.x | pmid = 22458970 }}</ref> [[Uzito wa chini sana wa wakati wa kuzaliwa]], [[kuzaliwa kabla ya wakati]] na shida za mapema pia huongeza hatari<ref name="Thapar-2012">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Thapar | first1 = A. | last2 = Cooper | first2 = M. |last3 = Jefferies | first3 = R. | last4 = Stergiakouli | first4 = E. | title = What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | journal = Arch Dis Child | volume = 97 | issue = 3 | pages = 260–5 |month = Mar | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1136/archdischild-2011-300482 | pmid = 21903599 }}</ref> sawia na maambukizi katika ujauzito, wakati wa kuzaa na katika utotoni. Baadhi ya maambukizi haya yanajumuisha: virusi mbalimbali ([[ukambi]], [[tetekuwanga]], [[rubela]], [[enterovirusi 71]]) na maambukizi ya bakteria ya [[streptokokali]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |author=Millichap JG |title=Etiologic classification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Pediatrics |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=e358–65 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18245408 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-1332}}</ref> Angalau asilimia 30 ya watoto wenye [[majeraha ya ubongo]] hupata TKUU baadaye<ref name="Eme-2012">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Eme | first1 = R | title = ADHD: an integration with pediatric traumatic brain injury | journal = Expert Rev Neurother | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 475–83 |month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1586/ern.12.15 | pmid = 22449218 }}</ref> na takriban asilimia 5 ya visa husababishwa na majeraha ya ubongo.<ref name=Erk2009/> Watoto wachache wanaweza kuonyesha kuathiriwa na rangi za chakula na dawa za kuhifadhi.<ref name=Peds2012>{{cite journal |author=Millichap JG, Yee MM |title=The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=330–7 |year=2012 |month=February |pmid=22232312|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2199 |url=}}</ref> Kuna uwezekano kuwa baadhi ya rangi za chakula zinaweza kuwa kichocheo kwa watu wenye hatari ya kijenetiki. Uiengereza na Shirika la Uropa imeweka hatua za urekebishaji kutokana na madai haya.<ref name="Kleinman-2011">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Kleinman | first1 = RE | last2 = Brown | first2 = RT | last3 = Cutter | first3 = GR | last4 = Dupaul |first4 = GJ | last5 = Clydesdale | first5 = FM | title = A research model for investigating the effects of artificial food colorings on children with ADHD | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 127 | issue = 6 |pages = e1575–84 | month = Jun | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2009-2206 | pmid = 21576306 }}</ref> Sukari inayopendekezwa ya lishe, na kikoleza utamu cha [[aspartame]] huonekena kuwa na kiwango kidogo cha athari au kukosa athari; isipokuwa katika watoto wa chini ya miaka sita, ambapo huenda sukari ikaongeza kiwango cha kutomakinika.<ref name=Peds2012/> ===Jamii=== Utambuzi wa TKUU unaweza kuashiria kuathirika kwa utendaji wa familia au mfumo duni wa elimu wala si tatizo la kibinafsi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euro.who.int/document/MNH/ebrief14.pdf |format=PDF |title=Mental health of children and adolescents |date=12–15 January 2005 |accessdate=13 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024102724/http://www.euro.who.int/document/MNH/ebrief14.pdf |archivedate=2009-10-24 }}</ref> Visa vingine vinaweza kutambulika kwa matarajio ya juu ya kielimu; huku kuthibitishwa kwa hali hii kukitumiwa na wazazi katika baadhi ya nchi kupata msaada zaidi wa kifedha na kielimu kwa watoto wao.<ref name=Erk2009/> Watoto wachanga zaidi darasani wametambulika na uwezekano wa kuwa na TKUU hasa kwa sababu ya kuwa nyuma katika ukuaji wao ikilinganishwa na watoto wakubwa.<ref name="Elder-2010">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Elder | first1 = TE. |title = The importance of relative standards in ADHD diagnoses: evidence based on exact birth dates | journal = J Health Econ | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 641–56 | month = Sep | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.06.003 | pmid = 20638739 |pmc=2933294}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Parritz|first=Robin|title=Disorders of Childhood: Development and Psychopathology|year=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781285096063|page=151|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VAj2rPTN1j0C&pg=PA151}}</ref> Mtindo unaofanana na wa TKUU hutokea mara nyingi katika watoto waliopitia vurugu au dhuluma ya kiakili.<ref name = NICE2008/> Kulingana na [[Nadharia ya TKUU ya muundo wa jamii|nadharia ya muundo wa jamii]], jamii huamua mipaka kati ya tabia ya kawaida na isiyo ya kawaida. Watu katika jamii: ikijumuisha matabibu, wazazi na walimu huamua vigezo vitakavyotumika, na hivyo, idadi ya watu walioambukizwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Parens E, Johnston J |title=Facts, values, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): an update on the controversies |journal=Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=1 |year=2009 |pmid=19152690|pmc=2637252 |doi=10.1186/1753-2000-3-1 |url=}}</ref> Matokeo ya hali hii ni kigezo cha DSM IV hufikia viwango vya TKUU mara tatu hadi nne zaidi kuliko cha ICD 10.<ref name="Singh I 2008 957–64"/> [[Thomas Szasz]], muunga mkono wa nadharia hii, amesema kuwa TKUU "ilibuniwa na wala si kutambuliwa."<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Chriss, James J.|title=Social control: an introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/socialcontrolint0000chri|publisher=Polity |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/socialcontrolint0000chri/page/230 230] |isbn=0-7456-3858-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Szasz, Thomas Stephen |title=Pharmacracy: medicine and politics in America |url=https://archive.org/details/pharmacracymedic0000szas |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pharmacracymedic0000szas/page/212 212] |isbn=0-275-97196-1 }}</ref> ==Pathofisiolojia== ===Muundo wa ubongo=== [[File:Illu cerebrum lobes.jpg|thumb|Diagram of the human brain]] [[Pathofisiolojia]] ya TKUU si wazi kwani kuna maelezo mengi yanayobishana.<ref name=UTP2008/> Katika watoto wenye TKUU, kuna upungufu wa kijumla wa kiwango cha ubongo, pamoja na ongezeko sawa katika upungufu wa kiwango cha upande wa kushoto wa [[koteksi inayoitangulia sehemu ya mbele]].<ref name=Krain2006/> Njia za ubongo zinazounganisha koteksi iliyoitangulia sehemu ya mbele na [[striatamu]] pia hukisiwa kuhusika. Hii inadokeza kuwa kukosa umakinifu, kupepesuka na usukumizi unaweza kuashiria [[tatizo la ndewe ya mbele|kuathirika kwa ndewe ya mbele]], huku sehemu za ubongo kama vile [[serebelamu]] pia ikiathirika.<ref name=Krain2006>{{Rejea jarida |last1=Krain|first1=Amy |year=2006 |title=Brain development and ADHD |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=433–444 |id= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-psychology-review_2006-08_26_4/page/433|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005 |pmid=16480802 |last2=Castellanos |first2=AL |last3=Castellanos |first3=FX}}</ref> Mifumo ingine ya ubongo inayohusishwa na umakinifu pia imetambulika kuwa tofauti katika watu wenye TKUU na wasio nayo.<ref name="pmid22169776">{{cite journal |author=Castellanos FX, Proal E |title=Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model |journal=Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |year=2012 |month=January |pmid=22169776|pmc=3272832 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22983386">{{cite journal |author=Cortese S, Kelly C, Chabernaud C, ''et al.'' |title=Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=169 |issue=10 |pages=1038–55|year=2012 |month=October |pmid=22983386 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2012-10_169_10/page/1038}}</ref> ===Nyurotransmita=== Awali, ilifikiriwa kuwa idadi iliyoongezeka ya [[visafirishaji vya dopamini]] kwa watu wenye TKUU ilikuwa sehemu ya pathofisiolojia lakini inaonekana idadi hii ya juu ni kutokana na adaptesheni kwa mfiduo wa vichocheo.<ref name="pmid22294258">{{cite journal |author=Fusar-Poli P, Rubia K, Rossi G, Sartori G, Balottin U |title=Striatal dopamine transporter alterations in ADHD: pathophysiology or adaptation to psychostimulants? A meta-analysis |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=264–72 |year=2012 |month=March |pmid=22294258 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11060940 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2012-03_169_3/page/264}}</ref> Watu wenye TKUU wanaweza kuwa na kizingiti cha [[nadharia ya kiwango cha chini cha mwamsho|kiwango cha chini cha mwamsho]]. Watu hawa huifidia hali hii kwa ongezeko la [[Kichocheo (fiziolojia)|vichocheo]], inayosababisha kukatizwa kwa umakinifu na ongezeko la tabia ya kupepesuka. Sababu kuu ya tukio hili ni kasoro ya mwitikio wa [[mfumo wa dopamini]] kwenye kichocheo.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Sikström S, Söderlund G |title=Stimulus-dependent dopamine release in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Psychol Rev |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=1047–75 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17907872 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.1047 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/rev/114/4/1047}}</ref> Pia, kunaweza kuwa na kasoro katika njia zinazotoa [[adrenalini]], [[serotonini]] na [[kikolini]] au nikotini.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/><ref name="Cortese-2012">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Cortese | first1 = S. | title = The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know | journal = Eur J Paediatr Neurol | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 422–33 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009 | pmid = 22306277 }}</ref> ===Shughuli tendaji=== Nadharia moja inadai kuwa dalili hizi hutokana na ugumu katika [[shughuli za utendaji]].<ref name="Brown-2008">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Brown | first1 = TE. | title = ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice | journal = Curr Psychiatry Rep | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 407–11 | month = Oct | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7| pmid = 18803914 }}</ref> Shughuli za utendaji huhusu baadhi ya [[ufahamu|michakato ya kiakili]] inayohitajika kurekebisha na kudhibiti shughuli za kila siku za maisha.<ref name="Brown-2008"/> Baadhi ya kasoro hizi hujumuisha: matatizo ya stadi za kupanga, kutumia wakati vyema, [[kuahirisha]] kwingi, ugumu wa kumakinika, kasi ya kufikiria, kudhibiti hisia, kutumia kumbukumbu ya sasa na kuwa na kumbukumbu fupi.<ref name="Brown-2008"/> Kwa kawaida watu huwa na kumbukumbu ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Brown-2008"/> Vigezo vya ukosefu wa shughuli za utendaji hufikiwa katika asilimia 30- 50 ya watoto na vijana wenye TKUU.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=20406332 | title=Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: how do children with and without an executive function deficit differ? | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_2010-08_51_8/page/895 | author=Lambek R, Tannock R, Dalsgaard S, Trillingsgaard A, Damm D, Thomsen PH |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | year=2010 | volume=51 | issue=8 | pages=895–904 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02248.x}}</ref> Utafiti mmoja uligundua kuwa asilimia 80 ya watu wenye TKUU walikuwa na kasoro katika angalau mojawapo ya shughuli ya utendaji ikilinganishwa na asilimia 50 ya watu wasio na TKUU.<ref name="Nigg-2005">{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Nigg | first1 = JT. | last2 = Willcutt | first2 = EG. | last3 = Doyle | first3 = AE. | last4 = Sonuga-Barke | first4 = EJ. | title = Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? | format = PDF | url = http://pingpong.ki.se/public/pp/public_courses/course07292/published/0/resourceId/0/content/Nigg_etal_2005%20%28Thorell%29.pdf | journal = Biol Psychiatry | volume = 57 | issue = 11 | pages = 1224–30 | month = Jun | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025 | pmid = 15949992 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040108/http://pingpong.ki.se/public/pp/public_courses/course07292/published/0/resourceId/0/content/Nigg_etal_2005%20(Thorell).pdf | archivedate = 2013-10-14 | access-date = 2014-01-09 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kutokana na kiwango cha ubongo kukua na matakwa ya juu ya kudhibiti utendaji mtu anapozidi kukua, kasoro za TKUU zinaweza kutojionyesha kikamilifu hadi kufikia ujana au hata utu uzima wa mapema.<ref name="Brown-2008"/> ==Utambuzi== TKUU hutambuliwa kwa kadirio la ukuaji wa tabia za utotoni na za kiakili kwa mtu binafsi; ikijumuisha kutozingatia athari za dawa, matibabu na matatizo mengine ya kimatibabu au kisaikaitria kama maelezo ya dalili.<ref name = NICE2008/>{{Rp|p.19–27|date=March 2013}} Mara nyingi utambuzi huzingatia maoni kutoka kwa wazazi na walimu<ref name=Lake2011/> huku utambuzi mwingi ukianzishwa baada ya mwalimu kutoa madai haya.<ref name=Erk2009>{{cite book |author=Erkulwater, Jennifer L.; Dr Rick Mayes; Dr Catherine Bagwell; Dr Jennifer Erkulwater; Mayes, Rick; Bagwell, Catherine |title=Medicating children: ADHD and pediatric mental health |url=https://archive.org/details/medicatingchildr0000maye |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicatingchildr0000maye/page/4 4]–24 |isbn=0-674-03163-6}}</ref> Hii inaweza kuonekana kama kipeo cha mojawapo ya/au [[tabia za binadamu]] endelevu zinazopatikana katika watu wote.<ref name=NICE2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG72FullGuideline.pdf|format=PDF|title=CG72 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): full guideline |publisher=NHS|author=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence|authorlink=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence |date=24 September 2008 }}</ref>{{Rp|p.130|date=November 2012}} Utambuzi hauthibitishwi au kutupiliwa mbali ikiwa mtu atanufaika na matibabu au la.<ref name=Lake2011/> Kwa vile tafiti za picha za ubongo hazina matokeo imara miongoni mwa watu, picha hizi hutumika kufanya utafiti pekee wala si utambuzi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/diseasemodules/adhd/pathophysiology.jsp|title=MerckMedicus Modules: ADHD&nbsp;–Pathophysiology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501074844/http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/diseasemodules/adhd/pathophysiology.jsp|archivedate=2010-05-01|date=August 2002|accessdate=2014-01-09}}</ref> Mara nyingi vigezo vya [[DSM-IV]] hutumika Marekani ya Kaskazini kufanya utambuzi ilhali bara Uropa hutumia vigezo vya [[ICD-10]]. Utambuzi wa TKUU hutumia vigezo vya DSM-IV mara 3-4 kuliko vigezo vya ICD-10.<ref name="Singh I 2008 957–64"/> Tatizo hili huanishwa kama [[tatizo la kisaikaitria]]<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> la aina ya [[tatizo la ukuaji wa nyuro]].<ref name=Caroline2010>{{cite book|last=Caroline S.|first=Clauss-Ehlers|title=Encyclopedia of cross-cultural school psychology|year=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9780387717982|page=133|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133|edition=1st}}</ref> Isitoshe, tatizo hili pia huainishwa kama [[matatizo ya tabia ya vurugu|tatizo la tabia ya vurugu]] pamoja na [[tatizo la ukaidi wa kiupinzani]], [[tatizo la kitabia]] na [[tatizo la kutoafikiana na watu]].<ref name=autogenerated10>{{Rejea kitabu|author=Wiener, Jerry M., Editor |title=Textbook Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|publisher=American Psychiatric Association |location=Washington, DC |year=2003|isbn=1-58562-057-2 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EIgGKcp0SpkC }}</ref> Utambuzi hauashirii [[tatizo la kinyurolojia]].<ref name=NICE2008/> Inapendekezwa kuwa hali zinazohusishwa zichunguzwe, kama vile: hisia, mfadhaiko, tatizo la ukaidi wa kiupinzani na tatizo la mwenendo, aidha matatizo ya kujifunza na ya lugha. Matatizo zaidi yanayopaswa kuchunguzwa yanajumuisha: matatizo mengine ya ukuaji wa nyuro, [[mtetemo wa kineva]], na [[apnea ya usingizi]].<ref name="Wolraich-2011">{{cite journal|last=Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity|first=Disorder|coauthors=Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and, Management; Wolraich, M; Brown, L; Brown, RT; DuPaul, G; Earls, M; Feldman, HM; Ganiats, TG; Kaplanek, B; Meyer, B; Perrin, J; Pierce, K; Reiff, M; Stein, MT; Visser, S|title=ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.|journal=Pediatrics|date=2011 Nov|volume=128|issue=5|pages=1007–22|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2654|pmid=22003063|displayauthors=16}}</ref> ===Mwongozo wa Kiutambuzi na Kitakwimu=== Sawa na matatizo mengine ya akili, utambuzi rasmi hufanywa na mtu aliyehitimu kulingana na vigezo vilivyowekwa. Nchini Marekani, vigezo hivi vimewekwa na [[Muungano wa Kisaikiatria wa Marekani]] katika [[Mwongozo wa Kiutambuzi na Kitakwimu wa Matatizo ya Kiakili]]. Kulingana na kigezo cha DSM, kuna aina tatu za TKUU:<ref name=CDC/><ref name=DSM-IV-TR>{{cite book |author= |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstati00amer|publisher=American Psychiatric Association |location=Washington, DC|year=2000|pages=|isbn=0-89042-025-4 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> # [[TKUU yenye hali kuu ya kutomakinika|TKUU yenye hali kuu ya kutomakinika]] Aina hii hidhihirika kwa dalili zinazojumuisha kuzubaa kwa urahisi, kusahau, kuduwaa, kukosa mpangilio, umakinifu duni na ugumu wa kukamilisha kazi.<ref name=CDC/> Mara nyingi watu huita tatizo hili "tatizo la ukosefu wa umakinifu". Hata hivyo, neno hili halijakubalika kirasmi kwanzia kusahihishwa kwa DSM mwaka wa 1994. # Aina ya TKUU yenye hali kuu ya kupepesuka na usukumizi hudhihirika kwa wasiwasi mwingi na kutotulia, kupepesuka, ugumu wa kusubiri na kutulia kitini, tabia za kitoto; tabia za vurugu pia zinaweza kuwepo.<ref name=CDC/> # Aina changamani ya TKUU ni mchanganyiko wa aina hizi mbili.<ref name=CDC/> Uainishaji huu hutegemea kuwepo kwa angalau dalili 6 kati ya 9 za muda mrefu (zinazudumu kwa angalau miezi 6) za kukosa umakinifu, kupepesuka na usukumizi au zote mbili.<ref name="pmid23755024">{{cite journal |author=Steinau S |title=Diagnostic Criteria in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Changes in DSM 5 |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue= |pages=49|year=2013 |pmid=23755024 |pmc=3667245 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00049 |url=}}</ref> Ili kuzingatiwa, dalili hizi sharti zidhihirike kufikia umri wa miaka 6 hadi 12, na ziwepo katika zaidi ya muktadha mmoja (kwa mfano nyumbani na shuleni au kazini).<ref name=DSM-IV-TR/> Dalili hizi si sharti ziwe mwafaka kwa mtoto wa umri huo<ref name=CDC/><ref name="pmid21991721">{{cite journal |author=Berger I|title=Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: much ado about something|url=http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/40/20032.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J.|volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=571–4 |year=2011 |month=September |pmid=21991721 |doi= }}</ref> na kuwepo kwa ushahidi kuwa dalili hizi husababisha matatizo ya kijamii, shule au kazi.<ref name="pmid23755024"/> Watoto wengi wenye TKUU huwa na aina changamani. Watoto wenye aina ya kutomakinika wana kiwango kidogo cha uwezekano wa kuigiza au ugumu wa kuhusiana na watoto wengine. Watoto hawa wanaweza kuketi bila kuzungumza ilhali hawamakiniki, hivyo kupelekea ugumu wa kuzingatiwa.<ref name=DSM-IV-TR/> ===Uainishaji wa Kimataifa wa Magonjwa=== Katika toleo la kumi la ''[[Uainishaji wa Kimataifa wa Kitakwimu wa Magonjwa na Matatizo ya Afya Yanayohusiana]]'' ishara za TKUU zimetajwa kuwa "[[Hipakinesisi|matatizo ya hipakinetiki]]". [[Tatizo la kitabia]] (linalofasiliwa kama ICD-10)<ref name=ICD10>{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F90 |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=World Health Organisation }}</ref> likiwepo, hali hii hujulikana kama ''tatizo la mwenendo la hipakinetiki''. Katika hali zingine, tatizo hili huainishwa kama ''kukatizwa kwa shughuli na umakinifu'', ''matatizo mengine ya hipakinetiki'' au ''matatizo ya hipakinetiki yasiyo bayana''. Tatizo la pili kwa wakati mwingine huitwa, ''sindromu ya hipakinetiki''.<ref name=ICD10/> ===Watu wazima=== Watu wazima wenye TKUU hutambuliwa kutumia kigezo sawa, ikijumuisha kuwa dalili zao sharti ziwe zilidhihirika kufikia umri wa miaka 6 hadi 12. Kuwauliza wazazi au walezi maswali ya jinsi tabia na ukuaji wa utotoni huwa sehemu ya ukadiriaji; historia ya TKUU katika familia pia huongeza uzito utambuzi.<ref name="Kooij-2010">{{Rejea jarida |last1=Kooij |first1=SJ. |last2=Bejerot |first2=S. |last3=Blackwell |first3=A. |last4=Caci |first4=H. |last5=Casas-Brugué |first5=M. |last6=Carpentier |first6=PJ. |last7=Edvinsson |first7=D. |last8=Fayyad |first8=J. |last9=Foeken |first9=K. |title=European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=10 |pages=67 |year=2010 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-10-67 |pmid=20815868 |displayauthors=9 |pmc = 2942810 |last10=Fitzgerald |first10=M |last11=Gaillac |first11=V |last12=Ginsberg |first12=Y |last13=Henry |first13=C |last14=Krause |first14=J |last15=Lensing |first15=MB |last16=Manor |first16=I |last17=Niederhofer |first17=H |last18=Nunes-Filipe |first18=C |last19=Ohlmeier |first19=MD |last20=Oswald |first20=P |last21=Pallanti |first21=S |last22=Pehlivanidis |first22=A |last23=Ramos-Quiroga |first23=JA |last24=Rastam |first24=M |last25=Ryffel-Rawak |first25=D |last26=Stes |first26=S |last27=Asherson |first27=P}}</ref> Ingawa dalili kuu za TKUU ni sawa katika watoto na watu wazima, dalili hizi mara nyingi hudhihirika kwa njia tofauti katika watu wazima kuliko watoto. Kwa mfano, hali ya kupepesuka inayoonekana katika watoto inaweza kudhihirika kama kukosa utulivu na shughuli isiyokoma ya kiakili katika watu wazima.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> ===Utambuzi mbadala=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:40em; border:solid 1px #999999; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |- ! colspan="4" style="background-color: #CCEEEE;" | Dalili za TKUU zinazoweza kuhusishwa na matatizo mengine<ref name="BBDADHD">{{Rejea jarida |author1 = Consumer Reports |author1-link = Consumer Reports |author2 = Drug Effectiveness Review Project |author2-link =Drug Effectiveness Review Project|date =March 2012 |title = Evaluating Prescription Drugs Used to Treat: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price |publisher = Consumer Reports |work = Best Buy Drugs |page = 2 |url =http://www.consumerreports.org/health/resources/pdf/best-buy-drugs/ADHDFinal.pdf |accessdate = 12 April 2013 |postscript =. }}</ref> |- ![[Mfadhaiko (hisia)|Mfadhaiko]] ![[Tatizo la wasiwasi]] ![[Wazimu]] |- | *Hisia za [[kukosa (hisia)|kukosa]], kukosa matumaini, [[kutojithamini]], au kukosa furaha *Kupoteza hamu ya mambo yanayomvutia mtu, shughuli za kawaida, mapenzi,au kazi *[[Uchovu (kimatibabu)|Uchovu]] *[[Kukosa usingizi|Usingizi mdogo sana]], [[disomnia|usingizi mbaya]], au [[hipasomnia|kulala sana]] *Ugumu wa [[kudhibiti umakinifu|umakinifu]] *Mabadiliko ya [[hamu ya chakula]] *[[Kukasirika]] *Kiwango cha chini cha kuhimili [[Dhiki (kisaikolojia)|dhiki]] *[[mawazo ya kujiua|Fikira za kujiua]] *Maumivu yasiyo na kisababishi | *[[Wasiwasi]] au hisia ya wasiwasi isiyokoma *Kukasirika *Ugumu wa kutulia *Kumakinika zaidi *Kuchoka haraka *Kiwango cha chini cha kuhimili dhiki *Ugumu wa kuwa mwangalifu | *[[Wingi wa furaha|Furaha nyingi]] *[[Kupepesuka]] *[[Mawazo mengi]] *[[Uchokozi]] *Kuzungumza sana *[[Kujidhania makuu yasitokuwepo]] *Hitaji lililopunguka la usingizi *Tabia za kijamii zisizo mwafaka *Ugumu wa kumakinika |} Dalili za TKUU kama vile kiwango cha chini cha hisia na mtazamo duni wa mtu binafsi, mabadiliko ya hisia na kukasirika zinaweza kukanganywa na [[disthimia]], [[siklothimia]] au [[tatizo la hisia mseto]] pamoja na [[tatizo la nafsi la hisia dhaifu]].<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> Baadhi ya dalili zinazotokana na matatizo wa kihisia, tatizo la kutohusiana na watu, ulemavu wa ukuaji au ulemavu wa akili au athari za matumizi ya dawa za kulevya kama vile ulevi na kujitenga zinaweza kuingiliana na baadhi ya zile za TKUU. Matatizo haya wakati mwingine yanaweza kutokea pamoja na TKUU. Hali za kimatibabu zinazoweza kusababisha dalili za aina ya TKUU zinajumuisha: [[uthiroidi]], [[matatizo ya tukutiko]], [[kiwango cha kusumisha cha ledi]], [[upungufu wa uwezo wa kusikia]], [[ugonjwa wa ini]], [[apnea ya usingizi]], [[miingiliano ya dawa]], na [[jeraha la kichwa]].<ref name="Art.218" /> Matatizo ya usingizi ya kimsingi yanaweza kuthuru umakinifu na mtindo na dalili za TKUU zinaweza kuathiri usingizi.<ref name=Owens2008>{{Rejea jarida|author=Owens JA |title=Sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=439–44 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18803919 |doi=10.1007/s11920-008-0070-x}}</ref> Hivyo, inapendekezwa kuwa watoto wenye TKUU wakadiriwe kila mara kuhusu matatizo ya usingizi.<ref name=Owens2005 /><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Walters AS, Silvestri R, Zucconi M, Chandrashekariah R, Konofal E |title=Review of the possible relationship and hypothetical links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the simple sleep related movement disorders, parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=591–600 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19110891 |pmc=2603539}}</ref> Usingizi mwingi katika watoto unaweza kusababisha dalili za kimsingi kama vile kupiga miayo na kusugua macho, usukumizi, kupepesuka, uchokozi, mabadiliko ya hisia na kutomakinika.<ref name=Owens2005>{{Rejea jarida|author=Owens JA |title=The ADHD and sleep conundrum: a review |journal=Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=312–22 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16100507 |doi=10.1097/00004703-200508000-00011}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last= Hirshkowitz |first= Max |editor= Yudofsky, Stuart C. and Robert E. Hales, editors |others= |title= Essentials of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= Google Books preview includes entire chapter 10 |edition= 4 |year= 2004 |publisher= American Psychiatric Publishing |location= Arlington, Virginia, USA |isbn= 978-1-58562-005-0 |oclc= |id= |pages=315–40 |chapter=Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Sleep and Sleep Disorders |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=XKhu7yb3QtsC&pg=PA315 |quote= }}</ref> [[Apnea tata ya usingizi]] pia inaweza kusababisha dalili za aina ya TKUU.<ref name="pmid22670023">{{cite journal |author=Lal C, Strange C, Bachman D |title=Neurocognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2012-06_141_6/page/1601 |journal=Chest |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1601–10 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22670023 |doi=10.1378/chest.11-2214 }}</ref> ==Udhibiti== Udhibiti wa TKUU kwa kawaida huhusisha [[saikotherapi|kushauriwa]] au matibabu pekee au changamani. Huku matibabu yakiboresha matokeo ya muda mrefu, matokeo hasi hayawezi kuepukika kabisa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shaw|first=M|coauthors=Hodgkins, P; Caci, H; Young, S; Kahle, J; Woods, AG; Arnold, LE|title=A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment|journal=BMC medicine|date=2012 Sep 4|volume=10|pages=99|pmid=22947230|doi=10.1186/1741-7015-10-99|pmc=3520745}}</ref> Matibabu yanayotumika hujumuisha vichangamsho, atomoxetine, [[vichangamsho vya alpha vya adrenalini]] na wakati mwingine dawa za kutuliza mfadhaiko.<ref name="Wilens-2010"/> Dawa hizi zina kiwango kidogo cha athari kwa takriban asilimia 80 ya watu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Chapter07.pdf|work=Canadian ADHD Alliance|accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> Kubadilisha lishe pia kunaweza kuwa na manufaa<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nigg|first=JT|coauthors=Lewis, K; Edinger, T; Falk, M|title=Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_2012-01_51_1/page/n101|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|date=2012 Jan|volume=51|issue=1|pages=86–97.e8|pmid=22176942|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.015}}</ref> huku ushahidi pia ukionyesha manufaa ya [[asidi huru ya shahamu]] na kiwango kidogo cha kuhatarishwa kwa rangi ya chakula.<ref name=Sonu2013>{{cite journal|last=Sonuga-Barke|first=EJ|title=Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2013-03_170_3/page/275|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|date=2013 Mar 1|volume=170|issue=3|pages=275–89|pmid=23360949|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991|first2=D|first3=S|first4=D|first5=M|first6=M|first7=J|first8=M|first9=S|first10=M|first11=RW|first12=E|first13=A|first14=T|first15=J|first16=D|first17=C|first18=E|first19=M|first20=IC|first21=J|first22=Group}}</ref> Ushahidi huu hauonyeshi ikiwa kuondoa vyakula vingine katika lishe kuna athari yoyote.<ref name=Sonu2013/> ===Jamii-nafsi=== Kuna ushahidi imara kuhusu matumizi ya [[therapi ya kitabia|therapi za kitabia]] katika TKUU<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Fabiano GA, Pelham WE, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Chronis-Tuscano A, O'Connor BC |title=A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-psychology-review_2009-03_29_2/page/129 |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=129–40 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19131150 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001}}</ref> na hupendekezwa kama matibabu ya kwanza kwa watu wenye dalili chache au hawajafika umri wa kwenda shuleni.<ref name=Clinics09>{{cite journal |author=Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V |title=Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist |journal=Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=39–56 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19248915 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.001 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-03_32_1/page/39}}</ref> Matibabu ya kisaikolojia yanayotumika huhusisha: juhudi za[[elimu nafsia]], [[therapi ya kitabia]], [[therapi ya ufahamu wa kitabia]], [[saikotherapi baina ya watu]], [[therapi ya familia]], mikakati inayohusiana na elimu, kufunza stadi za kijamii, kufunza wazazi kuhusu udhibiti,<ref name=NICE2008/> na [[mwitikio wa nyuro]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arns|first=M|coauthors=de Ridder, S, Strehl, U, Breteler, M, Coenen, A|title=Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis|journal=Clinical EEG and neuroscience : official journal of the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ENCS)|date=July 2009|volume=40|issue=3|pages=180–9|pmid=19715181|doi=10.1177/155005940904000311}}</ref> Elimu ya wazazi imetambulika kuwa na manufaa ya muda mfupi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Pliszka S |title=Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=894–921 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17581453 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724 |author2=AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues}}</ref> Kuna kiwango kidogo cha utafiti wa hali ya juu kuhusu ubora wa therapi ya familia dhidi ya TKUU, ingawa ushahidi uliopo unaonyesha kuwa therapi hii ni sawa katika utunzaji wa kijamii na bora kuliko dawa za kipoza ungo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bjornstad G, Montgomery P |title=Family therapy for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD005042 |year=2005 |pmid=15846741 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005042.pub2 |url=http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005042.html |editor1-last=Bjornstad |editor1-first=Gretchen J |archive-date=2011-10-14 |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014233627/http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005042.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[Orodha ya mashirika ya tatizo la kupepesuka lenye ukosefu wa |makundi maalum ya kusaidia TKUU]] zinatumika kama asili ya habari na zinaweza kusaidia familia kuhimili TKUU.<ref>{{cite book|last=Turkington|first=Carol|title=The Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438127033|page=47|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=6hbKkynRxPYC&pg=PA47}}</ref> ===Matibabu=== [[File:Ritalin.jpg|thumb|[[methylphenidate]] (Ritalin) 10 mg tablets]] Matibabu kwa kutumia [[vichocheo]] ndiyo hupendekezwa katika matibabu ya dawa.<ref name=CNS09>{{cite journal |author=Wigal SB |title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=23 Suppl 1 |pages=21–31 |year=2009 |pmid=19621975 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004 |url=}}</ref> Kuna baadhi ya dawa zisizo za vichocheo kama vile [[atomoxetine]], zinazoweza kutumika kama matibabu mbadala.<ref name=CNS09/> Hakuna utafiti bora unaolinganisha matibabu haya, hivyo hakuna ushahidi kuhusu athari kwenye matokeo ya masomo na mitindo ya kijamii.<ref name="pmid22420008">{{cite journal |author=McDonagh MS, Peterson K, Thakurta S, Low A |title=Drug Class Review: Pharmacologic Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |publisher=United States Library of Medicine |month=December |year=2011 |pmid=22420008 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK84419}}</ref> Matibabu ya dawa hayapendekezwi katika watoto wa chini ya umri wa kwenda shuleni kwani athari zake za muda mrefu katika umri huu hazijulikani.<ref name = NICE2008 /><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Greenhill LL, Posner K, Vaughan BS, Kratochvil CJ |title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children |journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=347–66, ix |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18295150 |doi=10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.004}}</ref> Athari za muda mrefu za vichocheo hazijulikani na utafiti mmoja tu ndio umetambua manufaa yake, utafiti wa pili ukikosa kutambua manufaa huku wa tatu ukitambua ushahidi wa madhara.<ref name="pmid21519262">{{cite journal |author=Hazell P |title=The challenges to demonstrating long-term effects of psychostimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=286–90 |year=2011 |month=July |pmid=21519262 |doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834742db |url=}}</ref> Atomoxetine inaweza kupendekezwa kwa watu walio katika hatari ya kutumia matibabu ya vichocheo vibaya kwa sababu haiwezi kutumika vibaya.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> [[Mwongozo]] kuhusu wakati wa kutumia matibabu ya dawa hutofautiana katika nchi, huku [[Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Ubora wa Utambuzi]] ya Uingereza, ikipendekeza matumizi yake katika hali kali, nayo miongozo mingi ya Marekani ikipendekeza matumizi yake kwa takriban hali zote.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|work=Canadian ADHD Alliance|accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> Vichocheo na atomoxetine huwa na athari, ingawa kwa kawaida huwa ziko salama kuzitumia. <ref name=CNS09/> Vichocheo vinaweza kusababisha [[saikosisi]] au [[mania]]; ingawa hali hizi hazitokei mara nyingi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mosholder|first=AD|coauthors=Gelperin, K, Hammad, TA, Phelan, K, Johann-Liang, R|title=Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs in children|journal=Pediatrics|date=February 2009|volume=123|issue=2|pages=611–6|pmid=19171629|doi=10.1542/peds.2008-0185}}</ref> Ufuatiliaji wa kila mara unapendekezwa kwa watu walio chini ya matibabu ya muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid20571380">{{cite journal|author=Kraemer M, Uekermann J, Wiltfang J, Kis B |title=Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: report of 3 new cases and review of the literature |journal=Clin Neuropharmacol |volume=33|issue=4 |pages=204–6 |year=2010 |month=July |pmid=20571380 |doi=10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181e29174 }}</ref> Therapi ya vichocheo inapaswa kuachishwa baada ya muda ili kukadiria ikiwa kuna haja ya kuendeleza matibabu.<ref name="pmid21530185">{{cite journal |author=van de Loo-Neus GH, Rommelse N, Buitelaar JK |title=To stop or not to stop? How long should medication treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder be extended? |journal=Eur Neuropsychopharmacol |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=584–99 |year=2011 |month=August |pmid=21530185 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.03.008 |url=}}</ref> Matibabu ya vichocheo yana uwezekano wa kutumika vibaya na kupelekea [[kutegemea dawa|kutegemea]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47127/|title=Black box warnings of ADHD drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration|year=2009|author=Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine}}</ref> huku watu wenye TKUU wakiwa na hatari ya [[matumizi mabaya ya dawa]], matumizi ya vichocheo kwa jumla huonekana kupunguza hatari au kuwa bila hatari yoyote.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> Usalama wa matibabu haya katika ujauzito haujulikani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |author=Ashton H, Gallagher P, Moore B |title=The adult psychiatrist's dilemma: psychostimulant use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=602–10 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16478756 |doi=10.1177/0269881106061710 |url=http://jop.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/602 |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-date=2009-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815063002/http://jop.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/602 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Ukosefu wa zinki|Ukosefu wa zinki]] umehusishwa na dalili za kukosa umakinifu. Pia kuna ushahidi kuwa nyongeza ya zinki inaweza kuwanufaisha watoto wenye TKUU walio na viwango vya chini vya zinki.<ref name="pmid22232312">{{cite journal |author=Millichap JG, Yee MM |title=The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=330–7 |year=2012 |month=February |pmid=22232312 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2199 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/2/330.long}}</ref> Ayoni, magnesi na aidini pia zinaweza kuwa na athari dhidi ya dalili za TKUU.<ref name="pmid22928358">{{cite journal |author=Konikowska K, Regulska-Ilow B, Rózańska D |title=The influence of components of diet on the symptoms of ADHD in children |journal=Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=127–34 |year=2012 |pmid=22928358 }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi wa manufaa wastani ya nyongeza ya omega 3.<ref name="pmid21961774">{{cite journal |author=Bloch MH, Qawasmi A |title=Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=991–1000 |year=2011 |month=October |pmid=21961774 |pmc=3625948 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008 |url=}}</ref> ==Prognosisi== Ufuatiliaji wa miaka minane katika watoto waliotambuliwa kuwa na TKUU (aina changamani) uligundua kuwa watoto hawa huwa na matatizo mara nyingi katika ujana iwapo watapata matibabu au la.<ref name=Molina2009>{{Rejea jarida|author=Molina BS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, et al |title=The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=484–500 |year=2009 |month=May |pmid=19318991|pmc=3063150 |doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23d0}}</ref> Barani Marekani, chini ya asilimia 5 ya watu wenye TKUU hupata shahada ya chuo kikuu,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Cimera | first1 = Robert E. | title = Making ADHD a gift : teaching Superman how to fly | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fLILuifHvmMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | year = 2002 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, Md. | isbn = 978-0-8108-4318-9 | page = 116 }}</ref> ikilinganishwa na asilimia 28 ya idadi jumla wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi.<ref name="us_census_2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/education/004214.html|title=College Degree Nearly Doubles Annual Earnings, Census Bureau Reports|accessdate=2 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330044033/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/education/004214.html|archivedate=2005-03-30}}</ref> Idadi ya watoto wanaofikia kigezo cha TKUU hushuka hadi nusu katika miaka mitatu kufuatia utambuzi. Hali hii hutokea pasi kutegemea matibabu yanayotumika.<ref name="Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM 2007 989–1002">{{Rejea jarida|author=Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Swanson JM |title=3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=989–1002 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17667478 |doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e3180686d48}}</ref><ref name=TI2008>{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.ubc.ca/letter69 |title=What is the evidence for using CNS stimulants to treat ADHD in children? &#124; Therapeutics Initiative |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906205955/http://www.ti.ubc.ca/letter69 |archivedate=2010-09-06 |accessdate=2014-01-09 }}</ref> TKUU huendelea kuwepo katika utu uzima katika takriban asilimia 30 hadi 50 ya visa.<ref name=Balint2008>{{Rejea jarida|author=Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I |title=[Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review] |language=Hungarian |journal=Psychiatr Hung |volume=23|issue=5 |pages=324–35 |year=2008 |pmid=19129549 |url=}}</ref> Waathiriwa wana uwezekano wa kukuza mbinu za kuhimili wanapokomaa, hivyo kufidia dalili zao za awali.<ref name="psychiatrymmc.com"/> ==Epidemolojia== TKUU inakadiriwa kuthuru takriban asilimia 6 hadi 7 ya watu wa umri wa miaka 18 na chini wanapotambuliwa kupitia kigezo cha DSM-IV.<ref name="pmid22976615">{{cite journal |author=Willcutt EG |title=The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review |journal=Neurotherapeutics |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=490–9 |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22976615 |doi=10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8 |pmc=3441936 }}</ref> Viwango vya kikundi hiki hukadiriwa kuwa kati ya asilimia 1 hadi 2 wanapotambuliwa kupitia kigezo cha ICD-10 .<ref name=Cowen2012>{{cite book|last=Cowen|first=Philip|title=Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191626753|page=546|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Y1DtSGq-LnoC&pg=PT546|edition=6th}}</ref> Watoto wa Marekani Kaskazini hutambulika kuwa na kiasi cha juu cha TKUU kuliko wa barani Afrika na Mashariki ya Kati - hata hivyo, hali hii inaaminika kutokana na mbinu tofauti za utambuzi zinazotumika katika maeneo tofauti ulimwenguni wala sio kutokana na tofauti ya viwango vya hali hii.<ref name="Polanczyk">{{Rejea jarida|author=Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA |title=The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2007-06_164_6/page/942 |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=942–8 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17541055 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942}}</ref> Ikiwa mbinu sawa za utambuzi zitatumika, viwango hivi huenda vikawa sawa katika nchi hizi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=edited by Ming Tsuang, Mauricio Tohen, Peter B.|title=Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=9780470977408|page=450|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fOc4pdXe43EC&pg=PA450|edition=3rd}}</ref> TKUU hutambulika takriban mara tatu zaidi katika wavulana kuliko wasichana.<ref name="pmid19393378"/><ref name="Singh I 2008 957–64"/> Tofauti hii katika jinsia inaweza kuashiria tofauti katika hatari ya kuathirika au kuwa jinsia ya kike ina ugumu wa kutambulika kuwa kuliko jinsia ya kiume.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Staller J, Faraone SV |title=Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls: epidemiology and management |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=107–23 |year=2006 |pmid=16478287 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200620020-00003}}</ref> Viwango vya utambuzi na matibabu vimeongezeka kule Uingereza na Marekani kwanzia miaka ya 1970. Kimsingi, hii inaaminika kutokana na mabadiliko ya jinsi hali hii inavyotambuliwa<ref name=CDCTime2013/> na jinsi watu ilivyo tayari kuitibu kwa dawa wala si kuzingatia ukweli wa badiliko katika kuwepo kwa hali hii.<ref name=Cowen2012/> Inaaminika kuwa mabadiliko katika kigezo cha utambuzi mwaka wa 2013 na kuanzishwa kwa DSM&nbsp;V kutaongeza asilimia ya watu wenye TKUU hasa katika watu wazima.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dalsgaard|first=S|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)|journal=European child & adolescent psychiatry|date=2013 Feb|volume=22 Suppl 1|pages=S43–8|pmid=23202886|doi=10.1007/s00787-012-0360-z}}</ref> ==Historia== Kwa muda mrefu, kupepesuka kumekuwa sehemu ya hali ya binadamu. Bwana [[Alexander Crichton]] anaeleza kuhusu "akili isiyotulia" katika kitabu chake ''An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement'' (Unchunguzi wa asili na chanzo cha ukosefu wa mpangilio wa kiakili)kilichoandikwa mwaka wa 1798.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2001 |month=May |title=An early description of ADHD (inattentive subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and 'Mental restlessness' (1798) |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=66–73 |journal=[[Child and Adolescent Mental Health]] |doi=10.1111/1475-3588.00324 |author=Palmer ED, Finger S }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Crichton |first1=Andrew |title=An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/An_inquiry_into_the_nature_and_origin_of.html?id=OMAtAAAAYAAJ |year=1798 |publisher=AMS Press |location=United Kingdom |isbn=9780404082123 |page=271 }}</ref> TKUU ilielezwa bayana kwa mara ya kwanza na [[George Still]] mwaka wa 1902.<ref name=CDCTime2013>{{cite web|title=ADHD Throughout the Years|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/documents/timeline.pdf|publisher=Center For Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> Neno linalotumika kuelezea hali hii limebadilika kutoka wakati hadi mwingine ikiwa ni pamoja na: "tatizo la kiwango kidogo la ubongo" katika DSM-I (1952), "athari za utotoni za haipakinetiki" katika DSM-II (1968), tatizo la ukosefu wa umakinifu katika DSM-III (1980)" lenye kupepesuka au bila kupepesuka".<ref name=CDCTime2013/> Mwaka wa 1987, tatizo hili lilibadilishwa kuwa TKUU katika DSM-III-R, nayo DSM-IV mwaka wa 1994 iligawa utambuzi katika aina tatu: aina ya TKUU ya kukosa umakinifu, aina ya TKUU ya kupepesuka na usukumizi na aina changamani ya TKUU.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Millichap |first1=J. Gordon |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CTWLzYgQWqEC&pg=PA2 |type= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=2010 |month=April |publisher=Springer Verlag Gmbh |isbn=978-1-4419-1409-5 |pages=2–3 |chapter=1. Definition and History of ADHD }}</ref> Maneno mengine hujumuisha "uharibifu wa kiwango cha chini wa ubongo" yaliyotumika miaka ya 1930.<ref>{{cite book|last=Weiss|first=Margaret|title=ADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis, and Treatment|year=2010|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9781421401317|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bcyI7dvawzMC&pg=PT72}}</ref> Matumizi ya vichocheo kutibu TKUU yalielezwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1937.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Patrick KS, Straughn AB, Perkins JS, González MA |title=Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19051222 |pmc=2629554 |doi=10.1002/hup.992}}</ref> Katika miaka ya 1930, mchanganyiko wa [[amphetamine]][[Benzedrine]] ndizo dawa za kwanza zilizopendekezwa kutumika nchini Marekani. Methylphenidate ilianzishwa katika miaka ya 1950 na dextroamphetamine katika miaka ya 1970.<ref name=CDCTime2013/> ==Jamii na utamaduni== ===Utata=== TKUU na utambuzi wake ni maarufu kwa utata kwanzia miaka ya 1970.<ref name="Parrillo 2008 63"/><ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Foreman, DM |title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: legal and ethical aspects |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-disease-in-childhood_2006-02_91_2/page/192 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=192–4 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16428370 |pmc=2082674 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.064576}}</ref> Utata huu umewajumuisha matabibu, walimu, viongozi, wazazi na vyombo vya habari. Misimamo kuhusu TKUU hutofautiana kutoka imani kwamba hali hii ni mwisho wa kiwango cha kawaida cha tabia<ref name = NICE2008/>{{Rp|p.23|date=March 2013}}<ref name="Faraone 2005">{{cite journal |author = Faraone, Stephen V | year = 2005 | title = The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder | journal = Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 1–10 | pmid = 15756510 |doi=10.1007/s00787-005-0429-z }}</ref> hadi kuchukuliwa kuwa inatokana na hali iliyopo ya jenetiki. Maeneo mengine yenye utata hujumuisha kutumia matibabu ya vichocheo, hasa matumizi katika watoto,<ref name="autogenerated3"/><ref name="Cohen, Donald J.; Cicchetti, Dante 2006"/><ref name=Cormier2008/> pamoja na mbinu za utambuzi na uwezekano wa utambuzi zaidi.<ref name=Cormier2008>{{cite journal |author=Cormier E |title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and update |journal=J Pediatr Nurs |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=345–57 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18804015 |doi=10.1016/j.pedn.2008.01.003|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0882-5963(08)00005-5}}</ref> Huku [[Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Ubora wa Utambuzi]], ikitambua utata uliopo, inaeleza kuwa matibabu yaliyopo na mbinu za utambuzi zinategemea mitazamo iliyopo ya maelezo ya kitaaluma.<ref name = NICE2008/>{{Rp|p.133|date=November 2012}} Viwango vinavyotofautiana vya utambuzi baina ya nchi, majimbo, tabaka na kabila ya baadhi ya watu ikiwa vipengele vya kuzingatia. Watu wengine huamini kuwa dalili za TKUU huchangia katika utambuzi.<ref name="Elder-2010"/> Wapo wanasosiolojia wanaochukulia TKUU kuwa mfano wa [[kutabibusha]] kwa [[Ukaidi (sosiolojia)|tabia ya kikaidi]], au kwa maneno mengine, kufanya mabadiliko kwa tatizo lisilo la kimatibabu la matokeo ya shuleni kuwa tatizo la kimatibabu.<ref name="Parrillo 2008 63"/><ref name=Erk2009/> Wahudumu wengi wa afya hukubali TKUU kama tatizo halisi; angalau kwa idadi ndogo ya watu wenye dalili kali.<ref name=Erk2009/> Mjadala kati ya wahudumu wa afya mara nyingi huwa kuhusu utambuzi na matibabu kwa idadi kubwa ya watu wenye dalili zisizo kali sana.<ref name="Online"/><ref name="Schonwald A, Lechner E 2006 189–95"/><ref name=Erk2009/> {{Kufikia mwaka wa|2009}}, asilimia nane ya wachezaji wa Marekani wa [[Ligi Kuu ya Besiboli]] walitambuliwa kuwa na TKUU, hivyo kufanya tatizo hili kuwa katika idadi kubwa ya watu Marekani. Ongezeko hili lililingana na marufuku ya Ligi ya mwaka wa 2006 kwa [[vichocheo]] ambayo ina madai kuwa baadhi ya wachezaji wanaiga dalili za TKUU ili kuepuka marufuku hii katika matumizi ya vichocheo kwenye mchezo huu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2208429/|title=Doping Deficit Disorder. Need performance-enhancing drugs? Claim ADHD|first=William|last=Saletan|publisher=Slate|date=12 January 2009|accessdate=2009-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521114505/http://www.slate.com/id/2208429/|archivedate=2009-05-21|deadurl=no}}</ref> ===Maoni ya vyombo vya habari=== Baadhi ya watu mashuhuri wametoa maoni tatanishi kuhusu TKUU. [[Tom Cruise]] ameyataja matibabu ya [[Ritalin]] na [[Adderall]] kama "dawa za vichochoroni". Ushma S. Neill alikosoa mtazamo huu akisema kuwa vipimo vya vichocheo vinavyotumika katika matibabu ya TKUU havisababishi mazoea ya kitabia na kuwa kuna ushahidi mdogo wa upungufu wa hatari ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa baadaye maishani katika watoto wanaotibiwa kwa vichocheo.<ref name="pmid16075033">{{cite journal|author=Neill US |title=Tom Cruise is dangerous and irresponsible |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_2005-08_115_8/page/1964 |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=115 |issue=8|pages=1964–5 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16075033 |pmc=1180571 |doi=10.1172/JCI26200 }}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, [[Susan Greenfield]] alitangaza kwenye umma mwaka wa 2007 katika [[Baraza la Malodi]] kuhusu hitaji la maelezo ya kina katika ongezeko ghafla la utambuzi wa TKUU nchini Uingereza na visababishi vyake. Maoni yake yalifuata programu ya [[Panorama (mfululizo wa televisheni)|BBC Panorama]] iliyoangazia utafiti uliopendekeza kuwa matibabu ya dawa si bora kuliko aina zingine za therapi katika muda mrefu.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7093944.stm |title=Peer calls for ADHD care review |publisher=BBC News |date=14 November 2007 |accessdate=2012-01-29}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2010 [[Dhamana ya BBC]] ilikosoa programu ya BBC Panorama ya mwaka wa 2007 kwa kufanya muhtasari utafiti na kuonyesha "ukosefu wa kuboreka kwa mtindo wa watoto baada ya kupata matibabu ya TKUU kwa miaka mitatu" ilhali "utafiti huu ulitambua kuwa matibabu yaliboresha waathiriwa baada ya muda" ingawa manufaa ya matibabu ya muda mrefu yalitamvulika "kutokuwa bora kuliko katika watoto waliotibiwa kwa therapi ya tabia."<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC must broadcast apology over inaccurate Panorama programme |author=Singh A |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/7307972/BBC-must-broadcast-apology-over-inaccurate-Panorama-programme.html |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=25 February 2010 |accessdate=2012-01-29}}</ref> ==Idadi maalum ya watu== ===Watu wazima=== Asilimia 2 - 5 ya watu wazima wana TKUU.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> Karibu 2/3 ya watoto wenye TKUU huendelea kupata hali hii katika utu uzima. Katika watu wote wanaoendelea kudhihirisha dalili, takriban asilimia 25 hupata tatizo kamili na asilimia 75 hupona 'kwa kiwano fulani.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> Watu wengi wazima hawatibiwi.<ref name="pmid21494335">{{cite journal |author=Culpepper, L, Mattingly G |title=Challenges in identifying and managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults in the primary care setting: a review of the literature |journal=Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages= PCC.10r00951|year=2010 |pmid=21494335 |pmc=3067998 |doi=10.4088/PCC.10r00951pur |url=}}</ref> Wengi wao huwa na maisha yasiyo na mpangilio na hutumia pombe na dawa zisizoagizwa na wahudumu kama mbinu za kujikimu.<ref name="Art.218" /> Matatizo mengine hujumuisha matatizo ya mahusiano, kazi na viwango vya juu vya shughuli za kigaidi.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> Matatizo ya afya ya kiakili yanayohusishwa hujumuisha: mfadhaiko, [[tatizo la wasiwasi]] na[[ulemavu wa kujifunza|ulemavu wa kujifunza]].<ref name="Art.218">{{Rejea jarida|title=Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management |publisher=Psychiatrymmc.com |volume=3 |issue=8 |last=Gentile |first=Julie |pmc=2957278|pmid=20963192 |year=2006 |month=August |pages=25–30|last2=Atiq|first2=R|last3=Gillig|first3=PM|journal=Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township))}}</ref>Baadhi ya dalili za TKUU katika watu wazima hutofautiana na dalili zinazodhihirika katika watoto. Huku watoto wenye TKUU wakiweza kupanda na kukimbia kwingi, watu wazima wanaweza kuhisi ugumu wa kutulia, au kuzungumza sana wanapohusiana na wengine. Watu wazima wanaweza kuanzisha mahusiano kwa ghafla, kuonyesha tabia ya kutafuta uchangamfu na kukasirika haraka. Tabia ya kutawaliwa kama vile [[matumizi ya dawa za kulevya]] na kucheza kamari hufanyika mara nyingi. Vigezo vya DSM-IV vimekosolewa kwa kutokuwa mwafaka kwa watu wazima; kwani watu wanaoonyesha dalili tofauti wanaweza kudai kuwa walipita kiwango cha utambuzi.<ref name="Kooij-2010"/> ===Watoto wenye kiwango cha juu cha akili=== Utambuzi wa TKUU na umuhimu wa athari zake katika watoto wenye [[kiwango cha juu cha akili]] una utata.<!-- <ref name=Ant2008/> --> Tafiti nyingi zimepata ulemavu sawa wa kiwango cha akili huku kiasi kikubwa cha watu wakiwa na matokeo sawa na kuwa na matatizo ya kijamii.<!-- <ref name=Ant2008/> --> Isitoshe, zaidi ya nusu ya watu wenye kipimo cha juu cha akili na TKUU hupata [[tatizo kuu la kufadhaisha]] au [[tatizo la ukaidi wa kiupinzani]] katika wakati fulani maishani mwao. [[Tatizo la wasiwasi jumla]], [[tatizo la wasiwasi wa kutenganishwa]] na [[uwoga wa kijamii]] pia hutokea mara nyingi. Kuna ushahidi kuwa watu wenye kiwango cha juu cha akili na TKUU wana kiwango cha chini cha hatari ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya na [[mtindo wa kutoafikiana na jamii]] ikilinganishwa na watoto wenye kipimo cha chini na wastani cha akili na TKUU.<!-- <ref name=Ant2008/> --> Kipimo cha ujuzi wa watoto na vijana wenye kipimo cha juu cha akili kinaweza kupimika kimakosa katika tathmini la kimsingi hivyo wanahitaji kupimwa kwa kina zaidi.<ref name=Ant2008>{{cite journal |author=Antshel, KM |title=Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of a high intellectual quotient/giftedness |journal=Dev Disabil Res Rev |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=293–9 |year=2008 |pmid=19072757 |doi=10.1002/ddrr.34 }}</ref> ==Utafiti== [[Picha za shughuli za umeme wa ubongo]], ambazo ni aina ya [[umeme wa kawaida wa ubongo]] huchunguzwa ili kusaidia katika utambuzi wa TKUU.<ref name=San2013>{{cite journal|last=Sand|first=T|coauthors=Breivik, N; Herigstad, A|title=[Assessment of ADHD with EEG].|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke|date=2013 Feb 5|volume=133|issue=3|pages=312–6|pmid=23381169|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0224}}</ref> Kwa sababu hii, umuhimu wake si bayana.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Millichap|first=JG|coauthors=Millichap, JJ; Stack, CV|title=Utility of the electroencephalogram in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.|journal=Clinical EEG and neuroscience : official journal of the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ENCS)|date=2011 Jul|volume=42|issue=3|pages=180–4|pmid=21870470}}</ref> Kuna madai kuwa hii si njia mahususi ya kupima TKUU.<ref name=San2013/> Nchini Marekani, [[Mamalaka ya Vyakula na Dawa]] imeidhinisha mambo wa kuthibitisha hili.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA permits marketing of first brain wave test to help assess children and teens for ADHD|url=http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm360811.htm|author=FDA|date=July 15, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093434/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm360811.htm|archivedate=2013-09-25|accessdate=2014-01-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wiktionary|ADHD|ADHD-PI|ADHD-C|ADHD-PH/I}} *{{dmoz|Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/ADD_and_ADHD/}} *[http://www.nimh.nih.gov/topics/topic-page-adhd.shtml National Institute of Mental Health on ADHD] *{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/ADHDFullGuideline.pdf |format=PDF |title=CG72 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): full guideline |accessdate=2009-01-08 |publisher=NHS |date=9 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331095410/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/ADHDFullGuideline.pdf |archivedate=2010-03-31 }} *[http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/c7ad5e032528c34c4c2566690076db9b/4e1c3cddf420bcaecc256a8e007f12d9/$FILE/ADHDGuidelines.pdf New Zealand MOH Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder] {{Wayback|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/c7ad5e032528c34c4c2566690076db9b/4e1c3cddf420bcaecc256a8e007f12d9/$FILE/ADHDGuidelines.pdf |date=20111215210953 }} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] pjdj99rt657wnd5zby232n7tywnllk4 0 72247 1601520 1481947 2026-09-25T22:46:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601520 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AFM on azusa street.jpg|thumb|300px|"Apostolic Faith Mission" kwenye Azusa Street inahesabiwa kuwa chanzo cha tapo la Kipentekoste.]] [[File:Laying on of hands.jpg|thumb|170 x 100px|right|Waumini wa [[Pentecostal Church of God]] huko [[Lejunior]], [[Kentucky]], [[Marekani]] wakimuombea [[msichana]] mwaka [[1946]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Wapentekoste''' ni jina linalojumuisha [[Wakristo]] wanaofuata '''tapo la Kipentekoste''' linalolenga kuleta upyaisho katika [[Kanisa]] kwa kutia maanani tukio la [[sikukuu]] ya [[Pentekoste]] ya mwaka uleule wa [[kifo]] na [[ufufuko wa Yesu]].<ref name=survey>"Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals", [http://pewforum.org/Christian/Evangelical-Protestant-Churches/Spirit-and-Power.aspx Executive Summary] {{Wayback|url=http://pewforum.org/Christian/Evangelical-Protestant-Churches/Spirit-and-Power.aspx |date=20130730072213 }}. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life.</ref> Tapo hilo linaungana na [[Waprotestanti]] wengine katika kushikilia [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] tu na kwa njia yake kumkiri [[Yesu]] kuwa [[Bwana]] na kumpokea kama [[mwokozi]], lakini pia linasisitiza [[mang'amuzi]] binafsi ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]] katika [[maisha]] ya muumini kama yalivyotokea mwanzoni kadiri ya [[Matendo ya Mitume]] ili kuwezeshwa kuishi Kikristo kweli kwa upako wa Roho. Kwa kuwa wanajitangaza "wameokoka", yaani wameachana na [[dhambi]], kwa [[Kiswahili]] wanaitwa pia "Walokole". Tangu tapo hilo lilipoanza mwaka [[1907]] huko [[Marekani]], Wapentekoste wameshakuwa zaidi ya [[milioni]] 279, mbali ya Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] ya zamani walioathiriwa nalo ambao wanaitwa mara nyingi [[Wakarismatiki]] na ambao idadi yao inalingana na hiyo. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== *Arrington, French L. "The Indwelling, Baptism, and Infilling with the Holy Spirit: A Differentiation of Terms". ''Pneuma: the Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies'' 3, no. 1 (Fall 1981):1-10. *Blumhofer, Edith L. ''Pentecost in My Soul:Explorations in the Meaning of Pentecostal Experience in the Early Assemblies of God''. Springfield, Missouri:Gospel Publishing House, 1989. ISBN 0-88243-646-5. *Blumhofer, Edith L. ''The Assemblies of God:A Chapter in the Story of America Pentecostalism'', Volume 1—To 1941. Springfield, Missouri:Gospel Publishing House, 1989.ISBN 0-88243-457-8. *Blumhofer, Edith L. [http://books.google.com/?id=tKuTIfCPeJwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Restoring+the+Faith&cd=1#v=onepage&q ''Restoring the Faith: The Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American Culture'']. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-252-06281-0. *Burgess, Stanley M., and Eduard M. van der Maas, eds. ''[[The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements]]''. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002. *Dayton, Donald W. "Theological Roots of Pentecostalism". ''Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies'' 2, no. 1 (Fall 1980): 3-21. *Duffield, Guy P. and Nathaniel M. Van Cleave. ''Foundations of Pentecostal Theology''. Los Angeles: Foursquare Media, 2008 (originally published 1983). ISBN 978-1-59979-3368. *Evans, Mark. ''Open Up the Doors: Music in the Modern Church''. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd., 2006. ISBN 978-1-84553187-4. *Ewin, Wilson. ''The Spirit of Pentecostal-Charismatic Unity''. Nashua, N.H.: Bible Baptist Church, [199-]. ''N.B''.: Discussion of the charismatic movement's Catholic and non-Catholic increase in coöperation and at attempts for unity. Without ISBN *Gee, Donald. ''Concerning Spiritual Gifts''. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House. ISBN 0-88243-486-1. *Graves, Jr., Wilfred. ''In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person''. Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image Publishers, Inc., 2011. ISBN 978-0-7684-3794-2. *Horton, Stanley M., ed. ''Systematic Theology'', rev. ed. Springfield, Missouri: Logion Press/Gospel Publishing House, 1994. ISBN 978-0882438559. *Horton, Stanley M. ''What the Bible Says about the Holy Spirit'', rev. ed. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, 2005. ISBN 0-88243-359-8. *Knox, Ronald. ''Enthusiasm: a Chapter in the History of Religion, with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries''. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1950. viii, 622 p.''*Macchia, Frank D. "God Present in a Confused Situation: The Mixed Influence of the Charismatic Movement on Classical Pentecostalism in the United States". ''Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies'' 18, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 33-54. *Macchia, Frank D. ''Baptized in the Spirit: A Global Pentecostal Theology''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2006. ISBN 978-0-310-25236-8. *McGee, Gary B. "'Latter Rain' Falling in the East: Early-Twentieth-Century Pentecostalism in India and the Debate over Speaking in Tongues". ''Church History'' 68, no. 3 (September 1999): 648-665. *Menzies, William W. "The Reformed Roots of Pentecostalism". ''PentecoStudies'' 6, no. 2 (2007): 78-99. *Patterson, Eric, and Edmund Rybarczyk, eds. [http://books.google.com/?id=ZOSjBO-vVZQC&printsec=frontcover&q ''The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States'']. New York: Lexington Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7391-2102-3. *Poloma, Margaret M. ''The Assemblies of God at the Crossroads: Charisma and Institutional Dilemmas''. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press, 1989. ISBN 0-87049-607-7. *Poloma, Margaret M. and John C. Green. ''The Assemblies of God: Godly Love and the Revitalization of American Pentecostalism''. New York: New York University Press, 2010. *Robeck, Jr., Cecil M. "Written Prophecies: A Question of Authority". ''Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies'' 2, no. 1 (Fall 1980): 26-45. *Robeck, Cecil M. "An Emerging Magisterium? The Case of the Assemblies of God". ''Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies'' 25, no. 2 (Fall 2003): 164-215. *Robeck, Jr., Cecil M. ''The Azusa Street Mission and Revival: The Birth of the Global Pentecostal Movement''. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 2006. *Synan, Vinson. "Pentecostalism: Varieties and Contributions". ''Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies'' 9 (Fall 1987): 31-49. *Synan, Vinson. ''The Holiness–Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8028-4103-2. *Wacker, Grant. ''Heaven Below: Earlier Pentecostals and American Culture.'' Harvard University Press. 2001. ==Marejeo mengine== *Alexander, Paul. [http://www.cascadiapublishinghouse.com/ptw/ptw.htm ''Peace to War: Shifting Allegiances in the Assemblies of God'']. Telford, Pennsylvania: Cascadia Publishing/Herald Press, 2009. *Alexander, Paul. [http://www.josseybass.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470183969.html ''Signs and Wonders: Why Pentecostalism is the World's Fastest Growing Faith'']. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass, 2009. *Brewster, P.S. ''Pentecostal Doctrine''. Grenehurst Press, United Kingdom, May 1976. ISBN 978-0905857008. *Clement, Arthur J. ''Pentecost or Pretense?: an Examination of the Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements''. Milwaukee, Wis.: Northwestern Publishing House, 1981. 255, [1] p. ISBN 0-8100-0118-7 *Clifton, Shane Jack. [http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp78.25092005/02wholex.pdf "An Analysis of the Developing Ecclesiology of the Assemblies of God in Australia"] {{Wayback|url=http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp78.25092005/02wholex.pdf |date=20091112031940 }}. PhD thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2005. *Cruz, Samuel. ''Masked Africanisms: Puerto Rican Pentecostalism''. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2005. ISBN 0-7575-2181-9. *[[Walter Hollenweger|Hollenweger, Walter]]. ''The Pentecostals: The Charismatic Movement in the Churches''. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1972. 255,[1] p. ISBN 0-8066-1210-X. *Hollenweger, Walter. ''Pentecostalism : Origins and Developments Worldwide''. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1997. ISBN 0-943575-36-2. *Lewis, Meharry H. ''Mary Lena Lewis Tate: Vision!, A Biography of the Founder and History of the Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth, Inc''. Nashville, Tennessee: The New and Living Way Publishing Company, 2005. ISBN 0-910003-08-4. *Malcomson, Keith. [http://www.pentecostalpioneers.org/catalog.html ''Pentecostal Pioneers Remembered: British and Irish Pioneers of Pentecost''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pentecostalpioneers.org/catalog.html |date=20140815030734 }}. 2008. *Mendiola, Kelly Willis. [http://worldcat.org/oclc/53825039&referer=brief_results OCLC 56818195 ''The Hand of a Woman: Four Holiness-Pentecostal Evangelists and American Culture, 1840–1930''] {{Wayback|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/53825039%26referer%3Dbrief_results |date=20090617175257 }}. PhD thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 2002. *Miller, Donald E. and Tetsunao Yamamori. ''Global Pentecostalism: The New Face of Christian Social Engagement''. Berkeley, California: [[University of California Press]], 2007. *Olowe, Abi Olowe. ''Great Revivals, Great Revivalist – Joseph Ayo Babalola''. Omega Publishers, 2007. *Robins, R. G. [http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/American/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTE2NTkxMw== ''A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/American/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTE2NTkxMw== |date=20121120102738 }}. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2004. *Robins, R. G. [http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?id=52819 ''Pentecostalism in America''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?id=52819 |date=20140808044809 }}. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, 2010. *Steel, Matthew. "Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers". MSc dissertation, [[University of Wales]], 2005. *Wacker, Grant. ''Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. *Woodberry, Robert. [http://www.prec.com "Pentecostalism and Economic Development"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prec.com/ |date=20211203071139 }}, in ''Markets, Morals and Religion'', ed. Jonathan B. Imber, 157–177. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2008. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} * [http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1998/issue58/ The Rise of Pentecostalism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1998/issue58/ |date=20140811095513 }}", ''[[Christian History (magazine)|Christian History]]'' 58 (1998) special issue. As of 1998, two special issues of this magazine had addressed Pentecostalism's roots: "[http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1989/issue23 Spiritual Awakenings in North America] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1989/issue23 |date=20140811095507 }}" (issue 23, 1989) and "[http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue45 Camp Meetings & Circuit Riders: Frontier Revivals] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue45 |date=20140811095510 }}" (issue 45, 1995) * [http://www.glopent.net/ The European Research Network on Global Pentecostalism] Multi-user academic website providing reliable information about Pentecostalism and networking current interdisciplinary research, hosts a dedicated web search engine for Pentecostal studies * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090006/https://ifphc.org/ Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center] One of the largest collections of materials documenting the global Pentecostal movement, including searchable databases of periodicals, photographs, and other items *[http://reocities.com/Athens/acropolis/4824/penthist.htm Pentecostal History] {{Wayback|url=http://reocities.com/Athens/acropolis/4824/penthist.htm |date=20130728155103 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo| ]] [[Jamii:Uprotestanti]] iyzoopvkbcislba5q2ai7h8xui3q0kj 0 76912 1601447 1527933 2026-09-25T19:13:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Recycle001.svg|thumb|173px|Alama ya kimataifa kwa urejelezaji]] [[Picha:Mülltonnen diverse.JPG|300px|thumbnail|Kutenganisha takataka kwa ajili ya urejelezaji nchini Ujerumani (vyombo kwa karatasi, plastiki, mabaki ya chakula na mengineyo yanapaswa kutumiwa na kila nyumba; sehemu za kukusanya vyupa na nguo ziko katika mtaa)]] '''Urejelezaji''' ''([[ing.]] recycling)'' ni mbinu ya kutibu [[takataka]] ambayo wa kawaida haiwezi kutumiwa kwa shabaha ya kuokoa malighafi zilizopo ndani ya takataka na kuirejeleza kwa matumizi ya kiuchumi. Urejelezaji unahifadhi mazingira kwa kupunguza kiasi cha sumu zinazosambaa hewani na katika maji, unapunguza gharama za vitu kwa kutunza thamani iliyobaki katika takataka. ==Mifano== Kwa mfano<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/smm/wastewise/pubs/commonmats.pdf |title=Common Recyclable Materials |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424084201/http://www.epa.gov/smm/wastewise/pubs/commonmats.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-24 |accessdate=2015-05-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[chupa]] kilichotumiwa na hata kuvunjika bado ni kioo na kioo hiki kinaweza kuyeyushwa upya kuwa kutengeneza chupa tena *[[karatasi]] za magazeti au vitabu zinaweza kutibiwa kuwa karatasi mpya * vifaa vyote vya [[metali]] kama motokaa vilivyoharibika vinaweza kutumiwa kutengeneza chuma na feleji. * takataka ya vyakula au majani inatibiwa kuwa mbolea mwenye thamani kwa kilimo au bustani * nguo zilizoharibika zinaweza kukatwa na kutumiwa kwa kutengeneza uzi mpya. ==Historia== Katika historia watu waliwahi kutumia takataka na vitu vilivyochakaa tangu zamani. *Kwa mfano takataka ogania kama mawi ya wanyama au watu ilitumiwa kama samadi na mbolea kwenye kilimo tangu miaka mielfu. * matumizi ya vifaa vya metali kwa kuviyeyusha na kuunda vitu vipya yalijulikana pia. * karatasi mwanzoni ilitengenezwa kwa kutumia nguo zilizochakaa Lakini mabadiliko ya maisha katika miji ya [[zama za viwanda]] na utajiri uliongezeka ulileta kutokea kwa takataka ya mchanganyiko kwa kiasi kikubwa. Mchanganyiko wa takataka ni vigumu kutenganishwa ili sehemu zake zitumiwe upya. Kwa hiyo katika jamii za zama za viwanda takataka iliongezeka kupita kiasi na suluhisho ilikuwa kuchimba mashimo makubwa au kupakiza takataka kama vilima bandia na kufunika yote kwa ardhi. Lakini baada ya muda wa miaka 20-30 ilionekana ya kwamba mikusanyiko hii ya takataka ilikuwa atari maana kiasi cha kemikali ndani yake kilongezeka: beteri ziizotupwa, kopo za rangi au vyombo vya madawa ya kusafishia nyumba na kadhalika. Katika mchakato wa kuoza kemikali ndani ya takataka hiyo zilianza [[mmemenyuko wa kikemia]] kati yao na kusababisha gesi za sumu kutokea au sumu kutirikika hadi maji chini ya ardhi na hivyo kusumisha akiba ya maji kwa umma. Hapa ilikuwa sababu moja kwa kutea kwa harakati ya kiekolojia. ==Kutenganisha takataka == Siku hizi katika nchi zote zilizoendelea imeeleweka ya kwamba ni hatari na kuleta hasara kama takataka yote inatupwa mahali pamoja na kufunikwa tu. Inaeleweka pia ya kwamba ndani ya takataka kuna thamani kubwa ya kiuchumi. Kwa hiyo nchi nyini duniani zimeanzisha taratibu za kutengaisha takataka na kuikusanya kila aina ya takataka kwa namna ya pekee.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cpmfg.com/2012/04/11/the-best-recycling-programs-in-the-us-around-the-world-infographic/ |title=The Best Recycling Programs in the US & Around The World |accessdate=2015-05-24 |archivedate=2015-05-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512093851/http://www.cpmfg.com/2012/04/11/the-best-recycling-programs-in-the-us-around-the-world-infographic/ }}</ref> Ilikuwa kazi ngumu ya kubadilisha kawaida za watu kuhusu takataka na nchi mbalimbali zimefanyikiwa kwa viwango tofauti. Kwa jumla nchi nyingi zinatumia mbinu ya kupandisha gharama za kukusanya takataka isiyotenganishwa (yaani kodi za manisipaa kwa kazi hii) pamoja na usimamiimkali na adhabu kwa watu wanaotupa takataka hovyo. Katika nchi zilizoendelea kila nyumba inapaswa kuwa na ndoo za takataka zinazokusanywa na manisipaa kwa kutofautisha karatasi, takataka ogania na mengine. Katika vituo vikubwa vya kutenganisha takataka metali na plastiki zinatenganishwa, chupa kutambuliwa na kuchukuliwa na mashine na kadhalika. Juhudi hizi zimewezesha nchi nyingi kupungaza sana kiasi cha takataka inayopaswa kutupwa na kufunikwa tu.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/9249262 The truth abot recycling (The Economist Jun 7th 2007)]</ref> Sheria zinadai ya kwamba takataka zenye kemikali (kama rangi, mabaki ya madawa) inapaswa kukusanywa pekee kwa shabaha ya kuiharibu kabisa katika majiko ya joto kali nila kutoa sumu kwenye mazingira. == Tanbihi == <references/> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.trt.net.tr/swahili/dunia/2015/03/23/kurejeleza-191266 Kurejeleza] * [http://www.livestrong.com/article/186969-examples-of-waste-recycling/ Eamples of waste recycling (USA)] {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] 10e259nxra1strvcf908nl543twgtvo 0 87523 1601238 1386007 2026-09-25T14:08:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Petrus Ramus Tabula Artium 1576.jpg|thumb|Mtaala wa kwanza kuchapwa ([[1576]]).]] '''Mtaala''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]]; kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''curriculum'') ni mpangilio wa mambo ambayo [[mwanafunzi]] anatarajiwa kusaidiwa kujua hatua kwa hatua. Mtaala unaweza kuelezea hata [[ushirikiano]] unaotarajiwa kati ya [[mwalimu]] na [[wanafunzi]] wake ili kufikia shabaha za [[shule]] au [[chuo]]. Nchi nyingi zina mitaala iliyopangwa kikamilifu kwa ngazi zote za [[elimu]]. Baadhi ya mitaala inamuachia mwalimu nafasi kubwa zaidi ya kuona mwenyewe la kufundisha kadiri ya mahitaji ya wanafunzi wake. Ofisi ya Kimataifa ya Elimu chini ya [[UNESCO]] ndiyo yenye [[jukumu]] hasa la kupitia mitaala na utekelezaji wake [[duniani]] kote. ==Mtaala na falsafa ya nchi== Mitaala ni jumla ya mipango na uzoefu ulioratibiwa kwa ajili ya mafunzo ya aina fulani yenye malengo maalumu kwa wanafunzi. Mipango hiyo inaweza kuwa ni mambo, matendo na uzoefu wa aina yoyote ile ambayo wanafunzi wanapata chini ya uongozi na usimamizi wa shule. Hutegemea falsafa ya nchi na siasa inayoiongoza. Mfano: nchini [[Tanzania]] falsafa ya nchi ni: [[Ujamaa]] na [[Kujitegemea]] (kutokana na siasa iliyokuwa ikiongoza chini ya [[Mwalimu]] [[Julius K. Nyerere]]. Falsafa ya elimu ni: [[Elimu ya Kujitegemea]] (inatokana na falsafa ya nchi). Madhumuni/Malengo Makuu ya Elimu nchini yameanishwa katika Sera ya Elimu ya Taifa na katika mihtasari ya masomokwa kila ngazi (Awali, Msingi, Sekondari na Elimu ya Juu) Bila mwongozo wa falsafa ya nchi na madhumuni ya elimu kitaifa wakuza mitaala watakosa mwelekeo maalumu wa ukuzaji mitaala. Hivyo ina hatari ya kufanya mtaala uwe mkusanyiko wa mambo yasiyokuwa na mwelekeo maalumu kitaifa. Madhara yake ni watumiaji kukosa mwelekeo na msimamo maalumu unaolingana na mwelekeo wa kitaifa. ==Sifa za mtaala== * Kwa kawaida mtaala huzingatia taaluma (maarifa) ufundishaji (matendo) na kujifunza (uzoefu) katika kiwango au ngazi fulani ya elimu. * Pia mtaala lazima uonyeshe walengwa wa mtaala (aina ya wanafunzi watakaotumia mtaala huo), kwa mfano chekechea, watoto wa shule za msingi na sekondari na walemavu * Muda utakaotumika kufundisha mtaala huo, kwa mfano miaka miwili saba na minne mitatu mitano n.k) * Sifa za walimu watakaofundisha mtaala huo mfano walimu wenye daraja A stashahada na shahada. * Vifaa vitakavyotumika kufundishia walengwa na njia na mbinu zitakazotumika kupima maendeleo ya wanafunzi na ubora wa mtaala. Kwa hiyo mtaala ni jumla ya mpango uliondaliwa kwa ajili ya kufundishia na kujifunza kwa lengo la kuwapatia walegwa maarifa ,stadi na mielekeo mbalimbali. Nguzo kuu ya mtaala ni muhtasari ambayo hutumika katika kutekeleza mtaala huo. Muhtasari: Ni mkusanyiko wa mada zinazokusudiwa ili kukamilisha kiwango fulani cha elimu, kazi au mafunzo maalumu.Katika shughuri za wakuza ukuzaji mitaala, wakuza mitaala wanapaswa kuongozwa na malengo makuu ya elimu yanayowekwa kitaifa. ==Umuhimu wa kuwa na mtaala== * Kudhibiti mfumo wa elimu * Kuongoza walimu katika ufundishaji ili wasitoke nje ya malengo makuu ya elimu na falsafa ya nchi * Kuwezesha kurekebisha na kuendeleza elimu * Kuweka malengo muhimu yaliyo kusudiwakufikia katika ufundishaji * Kuwa dira na mwongozo muhimu kwa walimu katika ufundishaji * Kutaja na kuelekeza nyenzo na vifaa vya kufundishia * Kuelekeza malengo makuu ya elimu katika jamii husika * Kuchukua taswira yote ya falsafa ya elimu ya nchi inayohusika. ==Matumizi ya mtaala== * Kusaidia walimu na wanafunzi kutambua malengo makuu yanayo kusudiwa kufikiwa katika utoaji wa elimu * Kufahamisha mwalimu na mwanafunzi kuhusu masomo au mada atakazo fundishwa ili kufikia malengo aliyojiwekea * Kumsaidia mwalimu kutambua na kuchagua njia za kufundishia zinazofaa ili aweze kufikia malengo aliyojiwekea * Kumsaidia mwalimu na mwanafunzi kuchagua na kufaragua vifaa vya kufundishia na kujifunzia mada mbalimbali * Kumwelekeza mwalimu kuhusu njia atakazopima maendeleo ya wanafunzi na ubora wa mtaala wenyewe. ==Aina za mitaala== # Mtaala rasmi # Mtaala usiyo rasmi # Mtaala ficho ===Mtaala rasmi=== Ni mkusanyo wa mambo yote anayopaswa kuyafanya na kuyafahamu mwanafunzi anapokuwa darasani. Au ni mtaala uliopangwa kwa madhumuni ya kumfundisha mwanafunzi katika mfumo rasmi wa elimu. ====Sifa za mtaala rasmi==== * Huainisha na kuweka wazi mambo, matendo na uzoefu wa aina yoyote ile ambayo mwanafunzi ataupata chini ya uongozi na usimamizi wa shule yaani taaluma ufundishaji na kujifunza katika kiwango fulani cha elimu * Huweka wazi aina ya walengwa * Huweka wazi malengo ya kufundisha mtaala * Huweka wazi mambo, matendo na uzoefu ambao mwanafunzi ataupata chini ya uongozi wa shule au chuo * Huweka bayana njia ambazo mwalimu atatumia kufundishia * Huweka bayana njia za kupima maendeleo ya mwanafunzi * Huonyesha vifaa vitakavyo tumika kufundishia mtaala * Huwa na muda maaalumu wa kutekelezwa ====Faida za mtaala rasmi==== * Kupunguza tofauti zinazoweza kutokea iwapo kila shule au jamii itajitungia mtaala wake * Kurahisisha kuandaa vifaa vya kujifunzia * Kurahisisha ufuatiliaji na upimaji wa maendeleo ya wanafunzi * Huweka bayana utaratibu wa kutahini na sifa za wale watakaofuzu baada ya kufundishwa na kutahiniwa kwa kuutumia mtaala husika. ====Mapungufu ya mtaala rasmi==== * Humfanya mwanafunzi ashindwe kufanya mambo yote yaliyo nje ya darasa kama vile ufugaji uvuvi, mila na desturi ya jamii yake. ===Mitaala isiyo rasmi=== Ni mtaala unaofundisha mambo yote anayopaswa kujifunza mtoto nje ya mtaala ulio rasmi katika maisha ya kawaida ya kujifunzia. Mara nyingine mtaala huu huitwa mtaala uliofichika. Mara nyingi mitaala hiyo huandaliwa kulingana na mahitaji ya jamii ya mwanafunzi na jamii husika kwa wakati ule. ====Sifa za mtaala usio rasmi==== * Hutokana na jamii au mazingira anayoishi mwanafunzi * Mada au mambo anayofundishwa zinalenga kumpatia mwanafunzi maarifa na stadi za kutatua matatizo aliyo nayo kwa wakari ule * Hukazia maarifa na stadi zinazo lenga kutatua matatizo yanayokabili jamii husika * Unaweza ukakoma mara matatizo yanapomalizika * Kwa kawaida haupangwi na kuratibiwa na njia kwa njia zilizo rasmi * Mwanafunzi anaweza kupata maarifa na stadi bila kuwa chini ya usimamizi wa shule au chuo. ====Mapungufu==== * Mwanafunzi hukosa ujuzi wa maarifa yaani mambo yote yanayofundishwa darasani katika mtaaala rasmi. ===Mtaala ficho=== Mtaala huu unajumuisha matendo yote yanayosaidia ujifunzaji usiokusudiwa au usioratibiwa. Kwa mfano ujifunzaji wa utii kwa mamlaka, kuwahi/kujali muda, usafiri nakadhalika. Yaani unajumuisha mambo yote ambayo hayaonekani kwenye muhtasari wa shule kama sehemu ya mtaala. ==Vipengele vya mtaala== Katika mtaala vipengele vilivyo muhimu ni vitano ambavyo hufanya kazi kwa ushirikiano na kwa kutegemeana: # Malengo ya mtaala # Maudhui # Njia za kufundishia # Zana # Tathmini Vipengele hivi vitano hufanya kazi kwa ushirikiano na kwa kutegemeana kama viungo vya mwili wa binadamu. Ni vigumu kuvitenganisha ila kwa faida ya kujifunza na kuelewa kwa undani, tutavitazama kimoja kimoja katika maelezo. ==Malengo ya mtaala== Malengo ni matokeo au matarajio yanayotarajiwa kupatikana kutokana na mpango/programu fulani. Mtaala wowote ule lazima uwe na malengo. Katika uwanja wa elimu, malengo ya mtaala ni mabadiliko ya tabia na mwenendo wyanayotarajiwa kupatikana kwa wanafunzi baada ya kupata programu fulani ya mafunzo. ===Umuhimu wa malengo ya mtaala=== Malengo kama kipengele cha msingi cha mtaala yana umuhimu mkubwa kwani: * Huwa ni msingi wa vipengele vingine vyote viine vya maudhui ya mtaala * Huwa ni msingi wa malengo katika ngazi/kiwango vyote vya elimu-elimu ya msingi, sekondari na vyuo * Huwa ni msingi wa shughuri za kazi za wakuza mitaala. Wakaguzi na walimu, wanafunzi na watawala wa elimu. ===Malengo ya jumla na malengo mahususi=== Malengo ya jumla ni matarajio au mabadiliko kitabia ambayo tunatarajia kuyaona kwa mtu ambae amepata elimu.Malengo ya jumla ni malengo na madhumuni ya elimu kitaifa yaliyokusudiwakutimizwa na program mbalimbaliza mafunzokatika viwango mbalimbali vya elimu. Kimsingi malengo haya yanatokana na sera ya elimu katika nchi husika. Baadhi ya malengo ya kitaifa ni * kuongoza kuendeleza na kukuza vitu na uwezo wa watanzania ili waweze kutumia rasilimali zilizopo kuleta maendeleo yao binafsi na kwa Taifa zima * Kukuza ari ya Watanzania ili wapende kuthamini utamaduni, mila na desturi za nchi * Kuendelezana kukuza ndani ya Watanzania moyo wa kujiamini na tabia ya kisayansi, uelewa wao na kuuheshimu. ====Sifa za malengo ya jumla==== * Huchukua muda mrefukukamilika. Mfano hadi mwisho wa programu * Siyorahisi kuyapima kwa sababu hayako wazi * Huchukua vitendo kama kujua, kufahamu n.k. ===Malengo mahususi=== Malengo mahususi ya mtaala hutokana na malengo ya jumla. Haya ni malengo yaliyokusudiwa kutimizwa na programu mbalimbali za mafunzo katika viwango mbalimbali vya elimu. Ni kutokana na malengo mahususi kila kiwango cha ngazi fulani ya elimu ndiyo yanapatikana mahususi yanayowaongoza walimu katika kuandaa maazimio yao wanayofundishia darasani. Maudhui haya ndio yawezayo kumuongoza mwalimu kutoa maarifa na stadi ambazo zinaweza kubadili tabia ya mwanafunzi ambayo inaweza kupimika. Kwa mfano tunapofundisha somo la Hisabati,tunatarajia kuona mabadiliko fulani katika tabia ya mtoto kutokana na kujifunza somo zima au mada fulani. Mabadiliko hayo yanaweza yakawa maarifa,stadi au mwelekeo mwanafunzi anaouonyesha kutokana na kujifunza somo la Hisabati ambao hakuwa nao kabla ya kujifunza somo hilo. Tunaweza kugawa malengo mahususi katika Nyanja tatu ambazo ni * Utambuzi * Stadi * Mwelekeo ====Sifa za malengo mahususi==== * Ni malengo yaliowazi * Ni rahisi kupima kufanikiwa au kutofanikiwa kwake * Hutumia muda mfupi wa ukamilishaji wake * Huumia vitendo kama fafanua,taja,eleza n.k. ==Maudhui== Katika kuunda maudhui ya mtaala ni vizuri kuzingatia maswali kama vile: * Ni maarifa na stadi zipi zinafaa kwa kiwango kipi cha elimu * Ni tabia na mwenendo upi unaofaa kurithiwa. ===Misingi/vigezo vya kuchagua maudhui ya mtaala=== * Uthabiti: Uwezo wa maudhui katika kutimiza malengo ya masomo katika kiwango husika. * Umuhimu: Maudhui yanayopewa kipaumbele ni yale yanayolingana hali halisi ya mausha ya jamii, uchumi wan chi inayohusika. (Ni yale yenye umuhimu katika maisha ya walengwa). * Mvuto: Maudhui yafaayo ni yaleyenye kuvutia na yenye kuamsha ari ya mwanafunzi ya kupenda kufahamu maudhui hayo. * Kufundishika: Maudhui yawe na uwezo wa kufunzika/kufundishika yaani yaendane na uwezo wa walengwa. * Njia na mbinu: Maudhui yazingatie mbinu na njia za kujifunzia na kufundishia * Muda na idadi ya maada: Maudhui yazingatie muda wa program husika. Maudhui yanapoandaliwa huwakatika mfumo wamada kubwa na mada ndogo, kulingana na mfululizo huu unatakiwa uwe unaanzia na mada rahisina kuendelea hadi zile ngumu. Mpangilio wa aina hiyo ni muhimu kwani huhusishaujifunzaji na ufundishaji kulingana na umri wa wanafunzi. ==Njia na mbinu== Ili kuweza kufanikisha tando zima la ufundishaji katika kufanikisha maudhui na malengo ya somo mwalimu hutumia vitendo mbalimbali vijulikanavyo kama njia. Na njia peke yake haiwezikufanikisha somo lazima isaidiwe na mbinu. Mbinu ni stadi maalumu inayobainisha ni jinsi gani ya kufundishia/kujifunzia itakvyowezeshwa katika tendo la kufundisha na kujifunza. Njia ni namna mwalimu anavyowasilisha mada katika mchakato mzima wa kufundisha. Kuna njia mbili zinazoweza kutumika katika swala zima la kujifunzia na kujifunza: # Njia shirikishi # Njia isiyo shirikishi ===Misingi ya kuchagua njia/mbinu=== * Maudhui: Hali ya somo lenyewe na maarifa ambayo mwanafunzi wanafunzi wanatakiwa wayapate hivyo maudhui yanatakiwa yafundishike. * Hali ya mwanafunzi: Umri wa mwanafunzi, kukomaa na kutokomaa kiakili, mazingira yao hivyo njia/mbinu ziendane na hali za walengwa. * Malengo: Nini malengo ya wanafunzi wanatakiwa kufanikisha nini katika maisha yao? Njia/mbiu lazima zifanikishe malengo yaliokusudiwa. * Mwalimu: Uwezo mwalimu katika kutumia nji/mbinu ujuzi na utaalamu wake. ==Vifaa vya mtaala== Mtaala una vifaa vyake maalumu ambavyo vinatakiwa vitumike kwa usahihi ili kutekeleza mtaala kwa ufanisi. Vifaa hivyo ni: * Muhtasari * Vitabu vya kiada * Vitabu vya ziada * Kiongozi cha mwalimu * Kitabu cha mwalimu na rejea ===Muhtasari=== Muhtasari ni mwongozo unaotaja kwa kifupi tu mambo yote yanayotakiwa yafundishwe katika mwaka mzima katika darasa fukani au kwa miaka kadhaa kwa kila darasa kwa mmpangilio maalumu. ====Muundo wa muhtasari==== Muhtasari una sehemu kuu mbili: # Utangulizi: Hii ni sehemu ambayohuelekeza sababu za kuwepo kwa muhtasari huo, muundo wake, malengo ya elimu katika kiwango husika na malengo ya kufundisha somo hilo katika kiwango hicho. # Majedwali ya kutumia kufundishia: Hii ni sehemu ambayo huwa na maudhui ya somo husika yanayotakiwa kufundishwa kila mwaka. Majedwali ya kufundishia yana vipengele vikuu vilivyopangwa katika safukama ifuatavyo. ====Vipengele vya muhtasari==== # Mada kuu na mada ndogo # Lengo la kufundishia mada hiyo # Mapendekezo ya njia za kufundishia na kujifunzia # Vifaa /zana za kujifunzia na kufundishia ====Matumizi ya muhtasari==== * Kumwongoza mwalimu kuandaa maazimio ya kazi na maandalio ya masomo * Kuongoza waandishi wa kitabu cha kiada ,kiongozi cha mwalimu na vitabu vya rejea * Kuelekeza njia zifaazo katika kufundisha na kujifunzia * Kuandalia mwongozo wa upimaji wa maendeleo ya wanafunzi kwa mwaka au kwa kipindi cha miaka kadhaa * Kutathmini mtaala baada ya kipindi maalumu cha matumizi ya muhtasari huo. ===Kitabu cha kiada=== Ni kitabu ambacho kinafafanua mada zote za muhtasari kwa ukamilifu. Kitabu hiki ndicho kinachobeba maudhui ya somo kwa ukamilifu.Mfano vitabu malimbali vya masomo vilivyomo mashuleni. ====Sifa za kitabu cha kiada==== * Kiwe chenye lugha rahisi inayo eleweka kulingana na kiwango cha mwanafunzi * Kiwe na mada zinazopangwa kwa mtiririko wenye mantiki kuanzia mada kuanzia mada rahisi hadi zile ngumu * Kiwe na maandishi yanayosomeka kwa urahisi ya kuvutia * Kiwe na maelekezo na mazoezi yanayomshirikisha mwanafunzi katika kujifunza * Kiwe kinaendana na muhtasari pamoja na kiongozi cha mwalimu. ====Matumizi ya kitabu cha kiada==== Mwalimu hukitumia kwa kuelekeza maarifa. Hutumiwa na mwanafunzi pia kwa kujikumbushia na kufanya marudio. ====Uchambuzi wa kitabu cha kiada==== Vitabu vingi vya kiada vimeandaliwa katika mitindo tofautitofauti, hivyo ni jukumu la mwalimu w somo pengine akishirikiana na wanafunzi kuchagua kitabu kinachofaa. Ili kuweza kufanya uamuzi wa kitabu kinachofaa huna budi kuchambua kwa kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo: Kwa kiasi gani mada zote za muhtasari zimefafanuliwa kwa ufanisi pamoja na kuzingatia sifa za kitabu cha kiada. ===Kiongozi cha mwalimu=== Hiki ni kitabu kinachompa mwalimu maelekezo ya mada ya kufundisha, jinsi ya kuifundisha, maudhui gani yafundishwe na kutumia vifaa au zana gani. Pia kinaitwa kitabu cha mwongozo kwa mwalimu. ====Sifa za kiongozi cha mwalimu==== * Kiwe na utangulizi ambao unaelekeza mambo makuu na muhimu yatakayo zingatiwa katika ufundishaji. Mfano mgawanyo wa muda katika kufundisha mada mbalimbali. Mada kuu zitakazofundishwa. * Malengo mahsusi ya kufundisha kila mada * Mapendekezo ya njia na mbinu za kufundishia * Mazoezi ya kulingana na mada zilizoko katika kitabu cha kiada * Jinsi ya kupima ujifunzaji wa wanafunzi * Majibu ya mazoezi na na maswali yaliyomo katika kitabu cha kiada * Mapendekezo ya vitabu vya rejea vitakavyosaidia kutoa maarifa ya ziada kuhusu mada husika. ====Umuhimu wa kitabu cha mwalimu==== * Humweleza mwalimu jambo la kufanya la kufanya humpa dira au mwelekeo wa ufundishaji * Humsaidia mwalimu kujijengea moyo wa kujiamini na hasa kama si mzoefu wa ufundishaji wa somo hilo * Humsaidia mwalimu katika kuandaa somo * Humpa mwalimu maudhui na mifano ya ziada kuzidi kuzidi kumpanua mawazo na upeo. ====Dhana ya kitabu cha mwalimu==== * Ni kitabu kinachotoa maelezo ya kina kuhusu ufundishaji wa somo fulani * Kinaelezaa jinsi ya kutenda katika hatua zote tangua uandaaji wa somo, ufundishaji hadi upimaji * Ni mwongozo ambao unammpa mwalimu ujuzi wa ufundishaji. ====Sifa za kitabu cha mwalimu==== * Kina vitendo vyote ambavyo mwalimu hupaswa kutenda katika hatua za ufundishaji * Kinaeleza jinsi ya kutekeleza kazi ya ufundishaji hatua kwa hatua * Huweza kutumiwa na mwanafunzi pia * Hutoa ufafanuzi wa mada kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi ili kupanua mawazo ya mwalimu na kumuimarisha zaidi kitaaluma. ====Tofauti kati ya kitabu cha mwalimu na kiongozi cha mwalimu==== * Kitabu cha mwalimu humwelekeza hatua za kufuata katika kufundisha somo au kufanya jaribio fulani. Kiongozi cha mwalimu hupendekeza njia na mbinu mbalimbali za kufundisha somo. * Kitabu cha mwalimu huweza kutumiwa na mwanafunzi na mwalimu. Kiongozi cha mwalimu hutumiwa na mwalimu tu. * Kitabu cha mwalimu huhusika zaidi na mchakato au hatua za utendaji, kam vile utafitijaribio. Kiongozi cha mwalimu huhusika na jinsi ya kufundisha mada za masomo.kwa kawaida hutumika pamoja na kitabu cha kiada. ==Vyanzo vya mitaala== Ni muhimu kujua vyanzo vya mtaala ili kuhakikisha vinahusishwa na kuzingatiwa wakati wa kuandaa mtaala. Vyanzo hivyo ni pamoja na * Jamii * Siasa ya nchi * Wanafunzi * Wazazi * Walimu * Waajiri * Wataalamu mbalimbali. ==Marejeo== * TET (1994), Ukuzaji mitaala na Kunasihi.KIUTA (DSM) Wizara ya elimu na Utamaduni(2005).mpango wa mafunzo ya walimu kazini Daraja la IIIC/B-A: Moduli ya soma la Mitaala. Wizara ya elimu na Utamaduni. * TET (2013), Moduli ya kujifunzia somo la ualimu. Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania (DSM). Retrieved on February 05,2014 from Http:www.luwingu.wordpress.com/Mitaala. {{mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Elimu]] afr8tgi9fp6b3cmwhaxz219nz4uy2d9 0 88988 1601536 1480922 2026-09-26T00:26:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GiannaBerettaMolla.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Picha]] yake halisi.]] '''Gianna Beretta Molla''' ([[Magenta]], [[Lombardia]], [[Italia]], [[4 Oktoba]] [[1922]] – [[Monza]], [[28 Aprili]] [[1962]]) alikuwa [[daktari]] [[bingwa]] wa [[maradhi ya watoto]]. [[Mke]] wa Pietro Molla, alipokuwa [[mjamzito]] kwa mara ya [[nne]], alipatikana na [[ugonjwa]] ambao [[tiba]] yake ilitaka [[mimba]] yake ife asije akafa mwenyewe. Ingawa alijua vizuri hilo, alikataa tiba kamili ili [[mtoto]] aweze kuzaliwa <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/51200</ref>. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[24 Aprili]] [[1994]] na [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[16 Mei]] [[2004]] mbele ya [[mume]] na watoto wake wote. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe ya [[kifo]] chake<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] ==Maandishi yake== * Molla, Gianna Beretta, ''Love Letters to My Husband'', Guerriero, Elio, ed., Pauline Books, 2002. ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.saintpetershcs.com/giannacenter/ The National Gianna Center for Women's Health and Fertility] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintpetershcs.com/giannacenter/ |date=20130907164822 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091227234705/http://www.stgianna.net/ St Gianna Physician's Guild] *[http://www.saintgianna.org/ Saint Gianna website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintgianna.org/ |date=20150327055808 }} *[http://stgiannashrine.org/ Saint Gianna Shrine website] *[http://images.evangelizo.org/images/santibeati/G/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla_Q.jpg St. Gianna Beretta Molla] {{Wayback|url=http://images.evangelizo.org/images/santibeati/G/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla/Santa_Gianna_Beretta_Molla_Q.jpg |date=20120425020540 }} *[http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/saint-gianna-beretta-molla/ Life of St Gianna] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/saint-gianna-beretta-molla/ |date=20130826025840 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Molla, Gianna Beretta}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1962]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]] luwnedwavnl7quab0w6e2d2ebwl1auh 0 88991 1601518 1306733 2026-09-25T22:25:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:20050921circoncisionB.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Tohara ya Yesu]] ilivyoonyeshwa kwa kuchonga [[marumaru]], [[kanisa kuu]] la [[Chartres]], [[Ufaransa]].]] '''Wakristo wa Kiyahudi''' walikuwa [[Wayahudi]] waliomuamini [[Yesu]] kuwa ndiye [[Masiya]] ([[Kristo]]) aliyetabiriwa katika [[dini]] yao.<ref name ="Freeddman">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:Ue3Yk90iSAoC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bzAAU7CfJ6emygHKoYHABQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Jewish%20Christian&f=false| title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible| authors= David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers| publisher = Amsterdam University Press| pages = 709|year = 2000| accessdate= 15 February 2014}}</ref> Mwanzoni [[Kanisa]] la wafuasi wa Yesu liliundwa na watu wa namna hiyo karibu peke yao, lakini kadiri miaka ya [[karne ya 1]] ilivyozidi kwenda, waamini kutoka [[taifa|mataifa]] mengine waliongezeka hadi kuwazidi hao wenye asili ya Kiyahudi. Hatimaye Wakristo wa Kiyahudi walionekana kundi dogo la watu waliozidi kuzingatia mno mambo ya [[Agano la Kale]], tofauti na Wakristo wenzao<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7LfL6E50ZWgC&pg=PA21&dq=%22who+were+the+Jewish+christians+%22+%22law+of+moses%22&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22who%20were%20the%20Jewish%20christians%20%22%20%22law%20of%20moses%22&f=false Keith Akers, ''The lost religion of Jesus: simple living and nonviolence in early Christianity'', Lantern Books, 2000] p. 21</ref><ref>Wylen, Stephen M., ''The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction'', Paulist Press (1995), ISBN 0-8091-3610-4, Pp 190-192.; Dunn, James D.G., ''Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), ISBN 0-8028-4498-7, Pp 33–34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, ''The Romans: From Village to Empire'', Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 0-19-511875-8, p. 426.;</ref>; kwa mfano: [[tohara]], [[Sabato]] na [[ibada]] za [[Sinagogi|sinagogini]]<ref name ="Freeddman"/><ref>Theological dictionary of the New Testament 1972 p568 Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Gerhard Friedrich "When the Jewish Christians whom James sent from Jerusalem arrived at Antioch, Cephas withdrew from table-fellowship with the Gentile Christians:"</ref><ref>Cynthia White ''The emergence of Christianity'' 2007 p36 "In these early days of the church in Jerusalem there was a growing antagonism between the Greek-speaking Hellenized Jewish Christians and the Aramaic-speaking Jewish Christians"</ref>.<ref>Michele Murray ''Playing a Jewish game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the first and Second Centuries CE'', Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion - 2004 p97 "Justin is obviously frustrated by continued law observance by Gentile Christians; to impede the spread of the phenomenon, he declares that he does not approve of Jewish Christians who attempt to influence Gentile Christians "to be.. "</ref> Tofauti kati yao na Wayahudi wengine ilikuwa tu [[imani]] kuhusu Yesu.<ref>McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). ISBN 1-4051-0899-1. Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|circumcised]], they could not be [[Salvation|saved]] (Acts 15:1)."</ref> Baadhi yao walisisitiza umuhimu wa [[desturi]] za Kiyahudi kiasi cha kudai hata Wakristo wenye asili ya mataifa wazifuate<ref name=Damick2011>{{citation |last1=Damick |first1=Fr. Andrew Stephen |title=Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy |publisher=Ancient Faith Publishing |location=Chesterton, IN |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-936270-13-2 |p=20 }}</ref>, lakini [[Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu]] ([[Mdo]] 15:6-35) uliamua tofauti<ref name=Damick2011 />, wakaendelea kumpinga [[Mtume Paulo]] na kuvuruga kazi yake ya [[uinjilishaji]] wa mataifa. Wakristo wa Kiyahudi walidhoofisha sana na [[Vita vya Wayahudi]] kwa ajili ya kujikomboa ([[66]]-[[135]]), na maangamizi ya [[Hekalu la Yerusalemu]] ([[70]]) pamoja na [[itikadi kali]] ambayo iliongoza Uyahudi baadaye na kufukuza Wakristo wote kutoka sinagogini. Hatimaye hata Kanisa la Yerusalemu lilibaki [[mikono|mikononi]] mwa Wakristo wasio Wayahudi kwa asili. Pamoja na hayo, mwelekeo wa kutaka Wakristo wafuate masharti mengi au hata yote ya [[Torati]] umeendelea hadi leo katika [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali.<ref name=Damick2011 /> ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | last = | first = | chapter = Jewish Christians | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Eerdman%27s+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+gospel+of+the+hebrews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NwX9UOXiGse_kQXblICACw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Jewish%20Christian&f=false | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Bromiley | first = Geoffrey W | title = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D | year = 1979 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bromiley+dictionary+apocrypha+gospel+hebrews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fUH6UO62O4ulkQXOj4DIAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Cameron | first = Ron | title = The Other Gospels: Non-Canonical Gospel Texts | year = 1982 | publisher = Westminster John Knox | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oVJsLiQitO4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cameron+The+Gospel+of+the+Hebrews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xMX4ULOGOc29kQX1uYCIDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Duling | first = Dennis C | chapter = The Gospel of Matthew | editor-last = Aune | editor-first = David E | title = Blackwell companion to the New Testament | year = 2010 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament#v=snippet&q=Matthew%20Jewish%20Christian&f=false | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Ehrman | first = Bart D. | title = Lost Scriptures | year = 2003 | publisher = OUP | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yWbdFTEUcG0C&pg=PA15&dq=Gospel+According+to+the+Hebrews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nPL5UMmQAo68kAXH8ICABQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the&f=false | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Hastings | first = James | title = A Dictionary Of The Bible: Supplement -- Articles | year = 2004 | publisher = Minerva Group | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Rxt3f6fbHGgC&dq=James+Hastings+A+Dictionary+Of+The+Bible+Gospel+Hebrews&source=gbs_navlinks_s | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Howard | first = George | chapter = Hebrews, Gospel According to the | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA570&dq=Eerdmans+Hebrews&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VCn-UJ-XBo-KkgXZ04HQDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Hebrews&f=false | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Lapham | first = Fred | title = An Introduction to the New Testament Apocrypha | year = 2003 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XRvHDfs1vyEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+Apocrypha+Lapham&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LQ76UOe8AoeikAWG_ICgCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last1 = Schneemelcher | first1 = Wilhelm | others = Translated by Robert McLachlan Wilson | title = New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings | year = 1991 | publisher = Westminster John Knox | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Schneemelcher,+Wilhelm.+English+translation+%281991%29+New+Testament+Apocrypha,+Vol.+1&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2gr6UOS3KsW0kAWMmIGACA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA | ref = harv }} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://netzarifaith.org/ Netzari Faith] *[http://www.torah.tv/ Simchat Torah Beit Midrash:- Jewish Christians] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191209024142/http://jewishstudies.eteacherbiblical.com/ Jewish Studies for Christians] *[http://www.sa-hebroots.com Scripture & Torah Study Resources] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sa-hebroots.com/ |date=20190905063934 }} *[[Walter Bauer]]'s [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer_a1.htm ORTHODOXY AND HERESY Appendix 1: On the Problem of Jewish Christianity] {{Wayback|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer_a1.htm |date=20060901091308 }} *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/wrestling.html Frontline: ''From Jesus to Christ'': The First Christians: Wrestling with their Jewish Heritage] at [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/chrysostom-jews6.html Medieval Sourcebook: Saint John Chrysostom (c.347-407) : Eight Homilies Against the Jews] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/chrysostom-jews6.html |date=20140814172736 }} at [[Fordham University]] *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=489&letter=C&search=Christianity#1631 Jewish Encyclopedia: Christianity in its relation to Judaism: Early Christianity a Jewish Sect] *[http://www.mcu.edu/papers/mess_jud.htm ''The Ascendance of Messianic Judaism in the Context of Hebrew Christianity''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mcu.edu/papers/mess_jud.htm |date=20101001231935 }} by William Greene, Ph.D. *[http://www.ebionim.org/history.shtml Historical references to the original (pre-Pauline) Jesus movement] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ebionim.org/history.shtml |date=20090514055619 }} *[http://caspari.com/page.php?content=programs/reviews/jewish_believers_in_jesus O.Skarsaune, R.Hvalvik, ed.: ''Jewish Believers in Jesus: The Early (5) Centuries''] {{Wayback|url=http://caspari.com/page.php?content=programs%2Freviews%2Fjewish_believers_in_jesus |date=20110813053731 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Historia ya Ukristo| ]] [[Category:Teolojia]] cdrtc5ub04g92y7axwm7s7oojg3tp1e 0 90909 1601404 1510163 2026-09-25T17:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601404 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Trichomonas_Giemsa_DPDx.JPG|thumb|'''Trichomonas vaginalis''']] '''Trikomonasi''' ni mojawapo kati ya [[maradhi ya zinaa]] na husababishwa na [[maambukizi]] ya [[protozoa]] anayefahamika kwa [[jina la kisayansi]] ''Trichomonas vaginalis''. ==Dalili== [[Ugonjwa]] huo husababisha mwasho na karaha katika [[uke]] (kwa [[wanawake]]) na katika mfereji wa [[mkojo]] (kwa [[wanaume]]). Hayo yanaweza yakatokea siku 5-28 baada ya kupatwa, lakini wanawake 70[[%]] na wanaume 50% hawaoni [[dalili]] wanapopatwa. Ingawa ni hivyo, wanaweza kueneza ugonjwa wakifanya mapenzi kwa njia yoyote. Kinaganaga zaidi: * Kwa wanawake: kuwashwa moto ukeni wakati wa kukojoa, kutokwa na uchafu wenye [[harufu]] kama ya [[samaki]], kuwashwa sehemu za uke, kuvimba kwa mashavu ya via vya uzazi, njia ya uke kuonekana [[nyekundu]] na kuvimba, hatimaye [[maumivu]] makali wakati wa kukojoa na wa kujamiiana. * Kwa wanaume: kutoka uchafu kwenye [[Mboo|uume]], kuwashwa sehemu za uume, kuchubuka sehemu za siri, hatimaye maumivu makali wakati wa kukojoa na wa kujamiiana. ==Uenezi== Imekadiriwa kuwa [[Wamarekani]] [[milioni]] [[tano]] huambukizwa trikomonasi kila [[mwaka]]. Kimataifa mwaka [[2015]] waliopatwa na [[ugonjwa]] huo walikuwa 122 milioni, wanawake wakiwa wengi kuliko wanaume. ==Tiba== Trikomonasi huweza kutibiwa kwa urahisi na [[antibiotiki]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.cdc.gov/std/Trichomonas/STDFact-Trichomoniasis.htm Trichomoniasis at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027111937/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/vaginitis.htm Vaginitis/Vaginal infection fact sheet from the National Institute of Allergies and Infections]. The first version of this article was taken from this [[public domain]] resource. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080522111746/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/17599-1.asp eMedicine Health Trichomoniasis] {{mbegu-tiba}} [[Jamii:Maradhi ya zinaa]] [[Jamii:Vidusia]] b8wm3x7sid0r092drf3t6th1y8o6jkn 0 92499 1601009 1362553 2026-09-25T12:47:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601009 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tel samsung gal prime (1).JPG|thumb|Simujanja inayotumika kusoma Wikipedia.]] [[File:Samsung Foldable Smartphone.jpg|thumb|Simujanja za [[Samsung]].]] [[File:HTC Desire Z overview.jpg|right|thumb|Simu ya kiganjani ya [[HTC Corporation|HTC]] Desire Z, ikiwa na kioo kikubwa cha kugusa ikionesha baobonye ya [[QWERTY]].]] '''Simujanja''' ni aina ya [[simu ya mkononi|rununu]] ambayo inafanya mambo mengi kuliko [[simu]] nyingine ya kawaida.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/gadgetreviews/smartphone-vs-feature-phone-arms-race-heats-up-which-did-you-buy/6836 |title=Smartphone vs. feature phone arms race heats up; which did you buy? |author=Andrew Nusca |date=20 August 2009 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] }}</ref> Zinafanya [[kazi]] kama [[kompyuta|tarakilishi]], lakini hiki ni chombo kinachobebeka na kidogo cha kutosha katika [[mkono]] wa mtumiaji. Matumizi yake ni pamoja na: * Kutuma na kupokea [[barua pepe]], [[Huduma ya ujumbe mfupi|matini mafupi]], [[picha]] na jumbe za media kadhaa * Kuorodhesha [[mawasiliano]] * Vifanyizi vya [[kikokotoo]], [[fedha]], [[king'ora]], n.k. * Kuvinjari [[intaneti]] kwa kutumia [[kivinjari cha simu]] * Kucheza [[michezo]] mbalimbali * Bluetooth * GPS * Wi-Fi Kwa sababu simujanja ni kama tarakilishi ndogo, zinaweza kuendeshwa kwa kutumia mifumo ya uendeshaji kama vile [[iOS|Apple iOS]] na [[Android]] - itategemea na mahitaji ya chombo chenyewe. Lakini vilevile wengine wanatumia [[Windows Phone]] au [[BlackBerry|BlackBerry OS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=Smartphone&i=51537,00.asp|title=Smartphone definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia|work=[[PC Magazine]]|accessdate=13 May 2010|archivedate=2007-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116075203/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0%2C2542%2Ct%3DSmartphone%26i%3D51537%2C00.asp}}</ref> == Historia == [[File:IBM Simon Personal Communicator.png|thumb|upright|[[IBM Simon]] (1994)<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch The Incredible 70-Year Evolution Of The Cell Phone|url=http://smartphones.wonderhowto.com/inspiration/from-backpack-transceiver-smartphone-visual-history-mobile-phone-0127134/|work=Wonder How To|publisher=|accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>]] Simu ya kwanza kuuzwa ambayo inaweza kuitwa simujanja iliitwa "Angler": ilitengenezwa na [[Frank J. Canova|Frank Canova]] [[mwaka]] [[1992]] wakati akifanya kazi [[IBM]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphones |last=Sager |first=Ira |date=June 29, 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |accessdate=June 30, 2012 |quote=Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034025/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |archivedate=2012-07-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=schneidawind>{{cite news |last=Schneidawind |first=John |title=Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue unveiling |date=November 23, 1992 |newspaper=USA Today |page=2B}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite web |last1=Connelly |first1=Charlotte |title=World's first 'smartphone' celebrates 20 years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28802053|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=August 16, 2014}}</ref> Toleo lililoimarishwa zaidi liliuzwa mwaka [[1994]] na kampuni ya [[BellSouth]] kwa jina la [[IBM Simon|Simon Personal Communicator]]. Pamoja na kupia na kupokea simu, simu hii iliweza pia kutuma [[nukushi]] na barua pepe. Simu hii ilikuwa na [[ramani]], [[kalenda]], [[kitabu]] cha [[namba]] za simu, [[saa]], n.k.<ref>[http://www.spinfold.com/first-touchscreen-phone/ History of first touchscreen smartphone] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501230834/http://www.spinfold.com/first-touchscreen-phone/ |date=May 1, 2016 }} Spinfold.com</ref> Neno "simujanja" halikutumika hadi mwaka mmoja baada ya kutolewa kwa simu hiyo. ==Tazama pia== * [[Simu ya mkononi]] * [[Android]] * [[Windows Phone]] * [[BlackBerry]] * [[Symbian]] * [[iOS]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Simu]] 8zjkzuku99ahcjmfj39o8yguudh0543 0 94406 1601422 1334972 2026-09-25T18:17:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Swahili_people_from_ruguru_land.jpg|thumbnail|right|200pax|[[Waluguru]] ni jamii ya wazungumzaji wazuri wa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania pamoja na lugha yao asili, [[Kiluguru]].]] '''Kiswahili''' ni [[lugha]] ambayo ilikuwa ikitumiwa na wakazi wa maeneo ya [[pwani]] ya [[Afrika Mashariki]] hata kabla ya [[ukoloni]]. Lugha hii ilitumika katika kufanyia mawasiliano na ilitumika kuwaunganisha watu kwa kuwa waliweza kuelewana na kuongea kwa mshikamano wa watu wengi. ==Uenezi wa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania== Lugha ya Kiswahili iliweza kukua sana na kuenea katika nchi ya [[Tanzania]] kuliko [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]] kutokana na sababu zifuatazo. Kuteuliwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kuwa [[lugha ya taifa]]: baada ya kupata uhuru [[mwalimu]] [[Julius Kambarage Nyerere]] aliteua lugha ya Kiswahili itumike kama lugha kuu. Hii ilipelekea sana kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili Tanzania kuliko nchi za Kenya na Uganda pamoja na kuanzisha vyama mbalimbali kama [[BAKITA]], [[BAMITA]] na vingine ambavyo vilisaidia kukua kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kwa kuongeza [[misamiati]] ambayo ilifanya lugha ya Kiswahili kuendelea kukua. [[Vyombo vya habari]] kama vile [[televisheni]], [[redio]] na hata [[magazeti]] ambavyo vilizungumza na kuchapisha majalada mbalimbali kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili. Kutumika kwa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kufundishia: lugha ya Kiswahili ilitumika kufundishia katika [[shule za msingi]] mpaka [[Vyuo|vyuoni]] kwa hiyo hili lilipelekea kuelea na kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili Tanzania kuliko Kenya na Uganda. ==Kukua na kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili Tanzania kinaganaga zaidi== Baada ya [[uhuru]] kuna mambo mengi yaliyosaidia kukua na kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili Tanzania; miongoni mwa mambo hayo ni: ===Kuteuliwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kuwa lugha ya taifa=== Mwaka [[1967]] [[serikali]] iliteua Kiswahili. Hatua hii imesaidia kukua kwa Kiswahili kwa njia mbalimbali kama vile: *kutumika katika shughuli zote za kiofisi *kuundwa kwa vyombo mbalimbali vya ukuzaji wa Kiswahili *kutumika katika shughuli zote za [[mawasiliano]] *kutumika katika kutolewa kwa [[elimu]] ===Kuundwa kwa vyombo mbalimbali vya kukuza na kueneza lugha ya Kiswahili=== Baada ya uhuru serikali iliunda vyombo katika kukuza na kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili: vyombo hivyo ni [[TUKI]], [[BAKITA]], [[TAKILUKI]] na kadhalika. Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili (TUKI); taasisi hii ilianzishwa tangu wakati wa mkoloni mnamo mwaka [[1954]]. Kamati hii ikabadilishwa jina ikawa inajulikana kama Kamati ya Kiswahili ya Afrika Mashariki. Ulipofika mwaka [[1964]] kamati ikaingizwa katika [[chuo kikuu kishiriki]] cha Dar es Salaam chini ya [[chuo kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki]] ikawa inajulikana kama chuo cha uchunguzi wa lugha ya Kiswahili. Aidha mnamo mwaka 1970 kilipoanzishwa [[chuo kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] kwa sheria ya bunge chuo hiki kilikuwa mojawapo ya asasi ya utafiti ya chuo hicho kikajulikana kama Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili. Mnamo mwaka 2009 taasisi hiyo ilibadilishiwa jina baada ya kuungana na idara ya Kiswahili chuo kikuu cha Dar es Salaam na kujulikana kwa jina la Taasisi za Taaluma za Kiswahili ([[TATAKI]]) ikawa imejiongezea dhima nyingine ya kufundisha taaluma mbalimbali za Kiswahili. Dhima hizo ni: *kufanya utafiti wa kuiendeleza na kuikuza lugha ya Kiswahili *kuendeleza [[uchapishaji]] wa [[jarida]] la Kiswahili *kutoa machapisho mengine yatakayoonekana kuwa na manufaa *kukusanya taarifa zote za sasa zilizopo [[ulimwenguni]] *kufanya miradi ya [[utafiti]] ya muda mrefu *kutafsiri maandishi yafanyayo katika Kiswahili ===Vyombo vya habari=== Tangu kupata uhuru hadi hivi sasa kumekuwepo na ongezeko kubwa la vyombo vya habari nchini. Vyombo hivi ni kama: *[[magazeti]]: kuna magazeti mengi yanayochapishwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili; mfano wa magazeti hayo ni Uhuru, Mzalendo, Mwananchi, Nipashe, Mtanzania na kadhalika. Magazeti yanayochapishwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili yamekuza Kiswahili kwa njia kuu mbili: **mfumo wake wa kuchapisha habari kwa kutumia Kiswahili **kuwa na safu maalumu zinazohusiana na taaluma ya Kiswahili, mathalani [[uhakiki]] wa [[vitabu]], [[mashairi]] na [[hadithi]]. Kutokana na kusoma magazeti hayo watu wengi wameweza kukijua Kiswahili kuliko hapo awali *[[redio]] na [[televisheni]]; kumekuwa na ongezeko kubwa la vituo vya redio na televisheni baada ya uhuru. Kwa upande wa redio baadhi ya vituo hivyo ni TBC taifa, Redio one, Redio Free Afrika, Sauti ya Tanzania Zanzibari na kwa televisheni kuna ITV na vinginevyo. ====Uenezi wa Kiswahili na magazeti==== * Daima - Tanzania, Zanzibar * Taifa Leo * Un Nuur * Jamvi ya Habari * Mwananchi * Habari Leo * Majira * Nipashe * Raia * Moja * Mwanahalisi * Upendo * Uhuru * Michezo * Maendeleo ==Katika nchi nyingine== [[Kenya]] imetangaza Kiswahili kuwa lugha ya taifa lakini inaendelea kutumia Kiingereza katika shughuli za serikali. Watu wa ma[[tabaka]] ya juu mara nyingi hupendelea kutumia Kiingereza wakiona ni lugha bora. Lakini tangu [[1986]] wanafunzi wote wanatakiwa kujifunza Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari. Tatizo mojawapo ni kuwepo wa makabila makubwa kama [[Wakikuyu]] au [[Waluo]] wenye wasemaji wengi sana katika eneo moja, hali isiyosaidia kujifunza lugha tofauti. Pia kaskazini na magharibi mwa Kenya wenyeji wengi si wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu nao hawaoni Kiswahili ni lugha rahisi. [[Uganda]] inatumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya [[polisi]] na [[jeshi]], hali ambayo haikuongeza [[upendo]] wa Waganda kwa lugha kutokana na [[historia]] ya Uganda ya kuwa na [[vita]] na serikali za kijeshi. Lakini kinasikika pia kama lugha ya biashara masokoni. Pamoja na kwamba Waganda walikichukulia Kiswahili kama lugha ya kitumwa lakini pia lugha hii ilionekana kuwa na [[ustaarabu]] wa Kiarabu zaidi, yaani [[Uislamu]]. Lugha ya Kiswahili ilitumika katika kueneza [[dini]] hiyo. Mashariki mwa Kongo Kiswahili kimeenea sana: ni moja kati ya lugha nne za kitaifa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Kwenye [[visiwa]] vya [[Ngazija]] (Comoros) kuna lahaja mbalimbali za Kiswahili zinazotumika na wananchi. ==Tazama pia== * [[Asili ya Kiswahili]] * [[Historia ya Kiswahili]] ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180605174759/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=17&menu=004%2F UCLA report on Swahili] *John Ogwana (2001) [http://www.inst.at/trans/11Nr/ogwana11.htm Swahili Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Factors of Its Development and Expansion] *[http://www.glcom.com/hassan/dictionary/swahili_dictionary.html List of Swahili Dictionaries] {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Kiswahili]] 7a64bal6ihywlbxkf9yh3m47vn2hmlg 0 97314 1601235 1318201 2026-09-25T14:08:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grand Theft Auto III''' ni mchezo uliotengenezwa na [[DMA Design]] na kuchapishwa na [[Rockstar Games]]. Ulitolewa mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[2001]] kwa [[PlayStation 2]], [[Mei]] [[2002]] kwa ajili ya [[Microsoft Windows]], na [[Oktoba]] [[2003]] kwa [[Xbox]]. Toleo jipya la mchezo huu lilifunguliwa mwaka [[2011]], kwa miaka ya [[kumi]] ya [[mchezo]]. Ni kichwa cha tano katika mfululizo wa [[Grand Theft Auto]]. == Maelezo ya mchezo == Wakati akiiba katika [[benki]] ya [[Jiji]] la [[Uhuru]], mhalifu [[Claude]] alipigwa risasi na kusalitiwa na mpenzi wake na msaidizi Catalina (Cynthia Farrell).Claude hakufa lakini alikamatwa na kuhukumiwa miaka [[kumi]] jela. Wakati akipelekwa gerezani, Claude na mfungwa mwenzake 8-Ball ([[Guru]]) gari ya [[polisi]] waliyokuwa wamepandishwa ilishambuliwa kwa bomu kutoka kwa watu wa [[kolombia]]. Baadaye 8-Ball alimtambulisha Claude katika familia ya uhalifu ya Leon Mafia; Luigi Goterelli ([[Joe Pantoliano]]), Don Salvatore Leone ([[Frank Vincent]]), Capo Toni Cipriani ([[Michael Madsen]]) na mwana wa Don Joey Leone ([[Michael Rapaport]]). Wakati wa kazi kwa ajili ya familia, Claude alijikuta akipigana na Wakolombia, walioongozwa na Catalina na mtu wa Kolombia, SPANK. Baada ya kuharibu [[meli]] ya Wakolombian, Salvatore alituma Claude kwenda kuchukua gari, lakini mke wa zawadi wa Salvatore Maria ([[Debi Mazar]]). Claude alianza kufanya kazi kwa Yakuza. Hii ilifuta uhusiano wa Claude na familia ya Leone, ambao sasa wanakabiliana naye. Kazi ya Claude imesababisha kujiunga na vyanzo vingine vya uhalifu, kama vile upelelezi wa polisi wa Ray Machowski ([[Robert Loggia]]), adui wa Cartel. Claude baadaye alimwokoa kutoka katika mambo ya ndani na [[CIA]] kwa kumsaidia kukimbilia Jiji la makamu. Claude pia hukutana na vyombo vya habari vya mogul Donald Love ([[Kyle MacLachlan]]). Kwa jitihada za kuanza vita kati ya Yakuza na Cartel kwa bei ya chini ya mali isiyohamishika, Claude na Love waliandaa kifo cha ndugu wa Asuka Kenji Kasen ([[Les Mau]]). Baadaye, Love ulimuomba Claude kumwokoa mzee aliyetekwa na Cartel. == Maendeleo == Timu ya maendeleo ya ''Grand Theft Auto III'' ilijumuisha watu 23 katika [[DMA Design]] huko [[Edinburgh]], ambao walifanya kazi kwa karibu na mchapishaji wa [[Rockstar games]] huko [[New York City]]. Mapema mwaka wa [[2001]], timu hiyo iliunda mji, magari, na silaha. Mzalishaji [[Leslie Benzies]] alielezea Grand Theft Auto III kama "mchezo wa ufanisi wa uhalifu". Wakati wa kuufungua mchezo katika [[Microsoft Windows]], timu hiyo iliujaribu kwenye Toleo la [[PlayStation 2]] ili kuhakikisha [[ubora]]. {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] dcr5lec1xojuu986xe3q87e097y8fj1 0 98339 1601065 1525995 2026-09-25T13:14:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki''' ni mpango wa kila [[mwaka]] wa [[watoto]] wa kimataifa unaotekelezwa na PJSC Gazprom. Lengo la programu ni kukuza [[maadili]] ya [[vijana]] na kuwa na shauku ya kujenga [[afya]] kupitia [[soka]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.sportindustry.biz/news/football-friendship-project-returns</nowiki></ref>. Katika mfumo wa programu hii, [[wachezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wenye [[umri]] wa miaka 12 kutoka nchi mbalimbali<ref>inserbia.info/today/2014/04/gazproms-football-for-friendship-2014</ref> hushiriki katika jukwaa la watoto la kimataifa, Kombe la Dunia katika "Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki", Siku ya Kimataifa ya Soka na Urafiki<ref>www.newswire.ca/en/story/1505319/europe-and-asia-to-meet-within-football-for-friendship-international-children-s-social-project-of-gazprom</ref>. Programu inawezeshwa na FIFA, UEFA, UN, Kamati za Olimpiki na Paralympic, serikali na vyama vya soka vya nchi mbalimbali, Wafadhili wa Kimataifa, taasis  za umma, vilabu vya soka vinavyoongoza ulimwenguni<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/reviews/futbol-dlya-druzhby-2018-obyavleny-imena-uchastnikov-programmy-ot-rossii-1401229/|title="Футбол для дружбы" 2018: объявлены имена участников программы от России!|date=2018-04-25|work=www.sport-express.ru|accessdate=2019-04-16}}</ref>. Mratibu wa kimataifa wa programu hii ni Shirika la mawasiliano la AGT (Urusi).<ref>www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/young-football-players-from-24-countries-of-europe-and-asia-meet-at-third-international-childrens-football-for-friendship-forum-506472841.html</ref> == Historia == === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2013 === Jukwaa la kwanza la kimataifa la Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki la watoto lilifanyika tarehe 25 Mei 2013, huko London. Watoto 670 kutoka nchi 8 walishiriki: kutoka Bulgaria, Uingereza, Hungaria, Ujerumani, Ugiriki, Urusi, Serbia na Slovenia. Urusi iliwakilishwa na timu 11 za mpira wa miguu kutoka majiji 11 ambayo yataandaa mechi za Kombe la Dunia la FIFA mwaka 2018. Timu za watoto za  Zenit, Chelsea, Schalke 04, vilabu vya Crvena Zvezda, washindi wa siku ya michezo ya watoto wa Gazprom na washindi wa tamasha ya Fakel pia walishiriki kwenye jukwaa hilo.<ref><nowiki>https://archive.today/20150515191023/http:/fcbusiness.co.uk/news/article/newsitem=2379/title=franz+beckenbauer+kicks+off+gazprom%92s+%91football+for+friendship%92+campaign</nowiki></ref> Wakati wa jukwaa, watoto walizungumza na wenzao kutoka nchi nyingine na wanasoka maarufu na pia walihudhuria fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa wa Ulaya mwaka 2012/2013 katika uwanja wa Wembley.<ref>www.ntv.ru/sport/627113</ref> Matokeo ya jukwaa ilikuwa barua ya wazi ambayo watoto waliunda viwango vinane vya programu: urafiki, usawa, haki, afya, amani, uaminifu, ushindi na mila. Baadaye barua hiyo ilipelekwa kwa wakuu wa UEFA, FIFA na IOC<ref><nowiki>https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/marketing/sponsorship/partners/gazprom.html</nowiki></ref>. Mwezi Septemba 2013, wakati wa mkutano na Vladimir Putin na Vitaly Mutko, Sepp Blatter alithibitisha kupokea barua na kusema kuwa alikuwa tayari kuisaidia programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki.<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20150522173321/http:/www.epochtimes.de/service/vladimir-putin-und-fifa-praesident-joseph-s-blatte-bei-football-for-friendship-222</nowiki></ref> === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2014 === Kipindi cha pili cha programu ya Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki kilifanyika Lisbon tarehe 23-25 Mei, 2014 na kushirikisha vijana zaidi ya 450 kutoka nchi 16: Belarus, Bulgaria, Uingereza, Hungaria, Ujerumani, Italia, Uholanzi, Poland, Ureno, Urusi, Serbia, Slovenia, Uturuki, Ukraine, Ufaransa na Kroatia. Wachezaji vijana walishiriki katika jukwaa la kimataifa la Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki, mashindano ya soka la mtaani na walihudhuria fainali ya Ligi ya Mabingwa wa Barani Ulaya mwaka 2013/2014.<ref name=":0">www.euronews.com/2014/05/27/football-for-friendship-teaching-values-through-football</ref> Mshindi wa mashindano ya Kimataifa ya Soka la Mtaani mwaka 2014 ilikuwa timu ya Benfica (Ureno). <ref name=":0" /> Matokeo ya msimu wa pili wa programu ulikuwa uchaguzi wa kiongozi wa harakati za Soka kwa Urafiki. Alikuwa Felipe Suarez kutoka Ureno. Mwezi Juni 2014, kama kiongozi wa harakati, aliyatembelea mashindano ya kimataifa ya tisa ya soka la vijana ili kumbukumba  Yuri Andreyevich Morozov.<ref name=":4">www.lazionews.eu/settore-giovanile/oltre-450-ragazzi-riuniti-da-gazprom-in-occasione-del-secondo-forum-internazionale-football-for-friendship/</ref> === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2015 === Msimu wa tatu wa programu wa kimataifa wa Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki ulifanyika Juni 2015 huko Berlin. Washiriki vijana kutoka bara la Asia - timu za soka za watoto kutoka Japan, China na Kazakhstan - walishiriki katika programu hiyo kwa mara ya kwanza. Kwa ujumla, timu za vijana kutoka vilabu vya mpira wa miguu 24 kutoka nchi 24 zilishiriki katika msimu wa tatu.<ref>www.noodls.com/viewNoodl/28582380/oao-gazprom/young-football-players-from-24-countries-of-europe-and-asia-</ref> Wachezaji vijana walizungumza na wenzao kutoka nchi nyingine na nyota wa soka duniani, ikiwa ni pamoja na balozi wa kimataifa wa programu, Franz Beckenbauer na pia kushiriki katika mashindano ya kimataifa ya soka la mtaani miogoni mwa timu za watoto. Mshindi wa mashindano ya Kimataifa ya Soka mwaka 2015 ilikuwa timu ya watoto ya Rapid (Austria).<ref name=":1">www.noodls.com/viewNoodl/28582380/oao-gazprom/young-football-players-from-24-countries-of-europe-and-asia-</ref> Matukio ya msimu wa tatu wa Soka kwa Urafiki yaliandikwa na waandishi wa habari wapatao 200 kutoka kwenye machapisho yanayoongoza duniani na waandishi wa habari 24 wa Ulaya na Asia, ambao walikuwa wanachama wa Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Habari cha Watoto.<ref name=":1" /> Mwisho wa 2015 ilikuwa sherehe ya kutoa tuzo ya Kombe la tunu Tisa, ambalo lilinyakuliwa na klabu ya soka ya Barcelona (Hispania). Mshindi alichaguliwa na watoto ambao, mwishoni mwa jukwaa, walishiriki katika tukio la dunia la kupiga kura lililofanyika katika nchi zote 24 zilizoshiriki.<ref name=":1" /> Mwishoni mwa Jukwaa, washiriki wote walifuatilia utamaduni wa kuhudhuria fainali ya Mabinwa Barani Ulaya 2014/2015 katika uwanja wa Olimpiki huko Berlin.<ref>www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/young-football-players-from-24-countries-of-europe-and-asia-meet-at-third-international-childrens-football-for-friendship-forum-506472841.html</ref> === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2016 === Mwanzo wa Programu ya Kijamii ya Watoto ya Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki mwaka 2016 ilitolewa kama sehemu ya mkutano wa waandishi wa habari mtandaoni kupitia Hangout, uliofanyika Machi 24 huko Munich uliohudhuriwa na balozi wa kimataifa wa programu ya Franz Beckenbauer.<ref>www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/franz-beckenbauer-reveals-hes-barcelona-7695610</ref> Katika msimu wa nne wa programu, timu mpya 8 za watoto kutoka Azerbaijan, Algeria, Armenia, Argentina, Brazili, Vietnam, Kyrgyzstan na Syria zilijiunga, kwa hiyo jumla ya nchi zinazoshiriki kufika 32.<ref>www.sgb-sports.com/index.php/fourth-gazprom-football-for-friendship-project-launches/</ref> Tarehe 5 Aprili, 2016 zilipigwa kura kwa ajili ya kombe la kipekee, Kombe la Tunu Tisa lilianza. Mashabiki kutoka duniani kote walishiriki katika kuchagua mshindi, lakini uamuzi wa mwisho ulifanywa na washiriki wa programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki kwa kupiga kura. Kombe lilinyakuliwa na kilabu cha mpira wa miguu cha Bayern (Munich). Washiriki katika Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki walibainisha shughuli za kilabu ili kusaidia watoto wenye mahitaji maalum, pamoja na mipango ya kutoa matibabu kwa watoto katika nchi mbalimbali na kuwasaidia wale wanaohitaji.<ref name=":2">rbth.com/sport/2016/06/01/gazprom-brings-soccer-crazy-kids-to-milan-for-uefa-champions-league-final_599353</ref> Jukwaa la nne la kimataifa la watoto wa Soka kwa ajli ya Urafiki na mchezo wa mwisho wa mashindano ya kimataifa ya soka la watoto wa mtaani yalifanyika Mei 27-28, 2016 huko Milan.  Mshindi wa mashindano ilikuwa timu ya Maribor kutoka Slovenia. Mwishoni mwa Jukwaa, washiriki walifuata utamaduni wa kuhudhuria fainali ya  Ligi ya Mabingwa Ulaya. Matukio ya Jukwa yaliandikwa na waandishi wa habari zaidi ya 200 kutoka vyombo vya habari vinavyoongoza duniani, pamoja na Kituo cha Habari cha Kimataifa cha Watoto, kilichojumuisha waandishi wa habari  vijana kutoka nchi zinazoshiriki.<ref>www.beyondsport.org/articles/fourth-international-football-for-friendship-forum-brings-together-young-footballers-from-three-continents/</ref> Wachezaji vijana kutoka klabu ya Syria ya Al-Wahda walishiriki katika msimu wa nne wa Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki, ambayo ilikuwa haijawahi kutokea. Kuingizwa kwa timu ya Syria kati ya washiriki wa programu na ziara ya watoto wa Syria katika jukwaa huko Milan ilikuwa hatua muhimu kukabiliana na kutengwa kwa binadamu wa nchini hiyo. Bodi ya uhariri wa michezo ya Kiarabu ya kituo cha kimataifa cha televisheni Russia Today, kwa msaada wa Shirikisho la Soka la Siria, lirekodi filamu ya makala "Siku tatu bila vita" kuhusu watoto walioshiriki katika mradi huo. Tarehe 14 Septemba 2016, zaidi ya watu 7,000 walitembelea tamasha ya filamu huko Damascus.<ref>www.euronews.com/2016/05/31/football-for-friendship-syrian-youth-team-make-tournament-debut-in-milan</ref> === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2017 === Viwango vya mradi wa kimataifa wa kijamii wa watoto wa Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki mwaka 2017 ulifanyika St. Petersburg (Urusi) na matukio ya mwisho yalifanyika hapa taree 26 Juni hadi 3 Julai.<ref>www.windsorstar.com/business/cnw/release.html?rkey=20170316C8720&filter=5613</ref> Mwaka 2017, idadi ya nchi zinazoshiriki iliongezeka kutoka 32 hadi 64. Kwa mara ya kwanza, programu ya Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki ilihudhuriwa na watoto kutoka Meksiko na Marekani. Hivyo, mradi huo uliunganisha wachezaji vijana wa mabara manne - Afrika, Ulaya-Asia, Amerika ya Kaskazini na Amerika ya Kusini.<ref>finance.dailyherald.com/dailyherald/news/read/33918303/Fifth_Season_of_Gazprom's_Football_for_Friendship_International_Children's_Project_Launched</ref> Katika msimu wa tano programu hiyo ilitekelezwa kwa kuzingatia dhana mpya: mchezaji mmoja mdogo kutoka kila nchi alichaguliwa kuiwakilisha nchi hiyo. Vijana waliungana katika Timu nane za Urafiki za Kimataifa, zilizoundwa na wavulana na wasichana wenye miaka 12, ikiwa ni pamoja na wale wenye ulemavu.<ref><nowiki>https://www.merrilledge.com/research/story?stryKey=600-201703161740PR_NEWS_USPRX____enUK201703165338-1</nowiki></ref> Wakati wa droo ya wazi, muundo wa timu wa nchi na nafasi za mchezo kwa wawakilishi wa nchi zinazohusika uliamua. Droo ilifanyika kwenye mkutano wa mtandaoni. Katika uongozi wa timu nane za Timu za Urafiki walikuwa makocha vijana: Rene Lampert (Slovenia), Stefan Maksimovich (Serbia), Brandon Shabani (Uingereza), Charlie Sui (China), Anatoly Chentuloyev (Urusi), Bogdan Krolevetsky (Urusi), Anton Ivanov (Urusi), Emma Henschen (Uholanzi). Liliya Matsumoto (Japani), mwakilishi wa kituo cha kimataifa cha wanahabari cha Soka kwa Urafiki, pia alishiriki katika droo.<ref name=":3">www.newswit.com/.gen/2017-03-17/bafb838790ea60129b53d1add5e4ee99/</ref> Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia wa Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2017 ilikuwa timu ya "Orange", ambayo ilikuwa na kocha kijana na wachezaji wa soka vijana kutoka nchi tisa: Rene Lampert (Slovenia), Hong Jun Marvin Tue (Singapore), Paul Puig I Montana (Hispania) ), Gabriel Mendoza (Bolivia), Ravan Kazimov (Azerbaijan), Khrisimir Stanimirov Stanchev (Bulgaria), Ivan Agustin Casco (Argentina), Roman Horak (Jamhuri ya Cheki), Hamzah Yusuf Nuri Alhavvat (Libya). Jukwaa la kimataifa la watoto la Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki liliudhuriwa na Viktor Zubkov (mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wakurugenzi wa PJSC Gazprom)<ref><nowiki>https://www.24sata.hr/sport/nogomet-za-prijateljstvo-novi-ciljevi-uz-djecu-iz-64-drzave-531487</nowiki> </ref>, Fatma Samura (katibu mkuu wa FIFA), Philippe Le Flock (mkurugenzi mkuu wa FIFA), Giulio Baptista (Mchezaji wa soka wa Brazil), Ivan Zamorano (mshambuliaji wa Chile), Alexander Kerzhakov (mchezaji wa Urusi) na wageni wengine, ambao walihimiza kukuza maadili ya binadamu muhimu miongoni mwa vijana<ref>www.euronews.com/2017/07/06/football-brings-kids-together</ref>. Mwaka 2017, mradi huo uliwashirikisha watu zaidi ya 600,000, na zaidi ya watoto 1,000 na watu wazima kutoka nchi 64 walihudhuria matukio ya mwisho huko St. Petersburg.<ref>stomp.straitstimes.com/singapore-seen/12-year-old-sporean-messi-wins-global-football-contest-in-russia</ref> === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2018 === Mwaka 2018, iliamuliwa kwamba Msimu wa Sita wa Programu ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki ulifanyika kuanzia Februari 15 hadi Juni 15. Tukio la kutamatisha shughuli hizo lilifanyika Moscow muda mfupi kabla ya Kombe la Dunia 2018. Washiriki wa Programu hii ni pamoja na wanasoka na wanahabari vijana wanaowakilisha nchi na kanda 211 duniani. Kuanza rasmi kwa Programu ya mwaka 2018 ilifanyika kwa Droo ya Wazi iliyokuwa mubashara ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki, ambapo timu 32 za kimataifa za mpira wa miguu – Timu za Urafiki<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rbth.com/sport/2015/05/15/children_from_24_countries_celebrate_day_of_football_and_friendship_46087.html|title=Children from 24 countries celebrate Day of Football and Friendship|author=RBTH|date=2015-05-15|language=en-US|work=www.rbth.com|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> – ziliundwa. Kwa kuhusisha na harakati za mazingira, Timu za Mpira wa Miguu za Kimataifa za Urafiki za 2018 zilipewa majina ya aina ya wanyama adimu na walio hatarini. Pia, ndani ya mfumo wa harakati za mazingira, Kampeni ya Kimataifa ya Happy Buzz Day kuhamasisha jumuiya ya kimataifa kusaidia asasi zinazojishughulisha na kuokoa viumbe vilivyo hatarini ilizinduliwa Mei 30, 2018. Hifadhi za taifa na mbuga za akiba za Urusi, Marekani, Nepal na Uingereza<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.gazprom-football.com/ru/f4f18/news/detail/178.htm|title=Газпром Футбол F4F News-Detail|work=www.gazprom-football.com|accessdate=2019-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411153123/https://www.gazprom-football.com/ru/f4f18/news/detail/178.htm|archivedate=2019-04-11}}</ref> zilijiunga na Kampeni. Aidha, wakati wa shughuli za mwisho za Programu ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki mjini Moscow, washiriki walisafiri kwa mabasi rafiki kwa mazingira yanayotumia gesi ya asili<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.gazprom-football.com/ru/f4f18/news/detail/215.htm|title=Газпром Футбол F4F News-Detail|work=www.gazprom-football.com|accessdate=2019-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411153126/https://www.gazprom-football.com/ru/f4f18/news/detail/215.htm|archivedate=2019-04-11}}</ref>. Timu 32 za Kimataifa za Urafiki zilishiriki katika Mashindano ya Kimataifa ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki ya 2018. Kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia ya Programu hii, mechi ya mwisho ilitangazwa na mtangazaji kijana kutoka Syria, Yazan Taha [87] na kuchezeshwa na Mwamuzi Kijana wa Urusi, Bogdan Batalin<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sovsport.ru/lifestyle/1058343-ih-podruzhil-futbol|title=Их подружил футбол|language=ru|work=Советский спорт|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. Mshindi wa Mashindano ya Kimataifa ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki ya 2018 ilikuwa timu ya "Sokwe" inayojumuisha Wachezaji Vijana kutoka Dominika, St. Kitts na Nevis, Malawi, Colombia, Benin na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Vladislav Poliakov<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/news/yunyy-trener-iz-rossii-stal-chempionom-mira-po-futbolu-dlya-druzhby-1420530/|title=Юный тренер из России стал чемпионом мира по "Футболу для дружбы"|date=2018-06-13|work=www.sport-express.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>, Mshiriki Kijana wa Saransk, Urusi, alikuwa kocha wa timu. Tukio la mwisho la Msimu wa Sita wa Programu hii likawa Jukwaa la Mpira wa Miguu la Kimataifa la Watoto kwa ajili ya Urafiki la 2019, lililofanyika Juni 13 katika Kituo cha Mambo ya Bahari na Biolojia ya bahari "Moskvarium". Lilihudhuliwa na Viktor Zubkov (Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi wa Kampuni ya Gazprom), Olga Golodets (Naibu Mwenyekiti wa Serikali ya Shirikisho la Urusi), Iker Casillas (Mchezaji wa Uhispania, ahodha wa zamani wa timu ya taifa), Aleksandr Kerzhakov (mchezaji wa Kirusi, mwalimu wa timu ya vijana ya Urusi), vile vile wawakilishi wa balozi 54 duniani kote na wageni wengine<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/reviews/more-schastya-druzhby-i-futbola-1428124/|title=Море счастья, дружбы и футбола!|date=2018-06-29|work=www.sport-express.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. Wakati Jukwaa, Wachezaji bora Vijana wa Msimu wa Sita walizawadiwa: Deo Kalenga Mwenze kutoka Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (mshambuliaji bora), Yamiru Ouru kutoka Benin (kiugo bora), Ivan Volynkin kutoka Wales (kipa bora) na Gustavo Cintra Rocha kutoka Brazil (MVP)<ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sovsport.ru/lifestyle/1059219-shikarnyj-futbol-krepkaja-druzhba|title=Шикарный футбол, крепкая дружба!|language=ru|work=Советский спорт|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. Sakali Ascension kutoka Aruba alikuwa Mwandishi wa Habari Kijana wa  2018 wa Programu ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki, alishughulikia blogu ambayo ilikuwa inahamasisha vijana wa Oceania kuwa na ufahamu zaidi wa mazingira<ref name=":5" />. Pia jukwaa liliandaa uwasilishaji wa kitabu na muda wa kuweka sahihi kutakofanywa na mshiriki wa Msimu uliopita, Ananya Kamboj<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/reviews/more-schastya-druzhby-i-futbola-1428124/|title=Море счастья, дружбы и футбола!|date=2018-06-29|work=www.sport-express.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> kutoka India. Ananya aliandika kitabu "My journey from Mohali to St. Petersburg" baada ya Msimu wa Tano wa Mpira wa Miguu kwa ajili ya Urafiki wa 2017, akielezea uzoefuwake kama Mwanahabari Kijana. Hapo aliandika kuhusu Kanuni Tisa za Programu, ambazo zinasaidia kuubadilisha ulimwengu kwa nia njema. Juni 14, baada ya Jukwaa la Kimataifa la Mpira wa Miguu wa Watoto kwa Ajili ya Urafiki la 2018, Wachezaji na Wanahabari Vijana walishiriki katika sherehe za ufunguzi wa Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 2018 nchini Urusi. Katika uwanja wa "Luzhniki", watoto kwa taadhima walipeperusha bendera za nchi na kanda zote 211 zilizoshiriki katika Programu za mwaka huo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://rsport.ria.ru/20180615/1138055010.html|title=Юные послы "Футбола для дружбы" приняли участие в церемонии открытия ЧМ-2018|date=20180615T2036+0300Z|language=ru|work=Спорт РИА Новости|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. Baada ya hapo, Vijana Washiriki wa Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki walitazama mchezo wa ufunguzi kati ya timu ya Urusi na Saudi Arabia. Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi Vladimir Putin alimualika Balozi Kijana wa Urusi wa Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki Albert Zinnatov kwenye jukwaa maalum ili kuangalia mechi ya ufunguzi pamoja. Pale kijana alipata fursa ya kuzugumza na  Mshindi wa Kombe la Dunia kutoka Brazil Roberto Carlos na mchezaji wa soka wa Kihispaniola Iker Casillas<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/news/yunyy-posol-futbola-dlya-druzhby-vstretilsya-s-prezidentom-rossii-na-chm-v-moskve-1424143/|title=Юный посол "Футбола для дружбы" встретился с президентом России на ЧМ в Москве|date=2018-06-21|work=www.sport-express.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. Zaidi ya watoto na vijana 1500 kutoka nchi na kanda 211 walikuwa washiriki wa tukio la mwisho lililofanyika Moscow. Kwa ujumla, zaidi ya matukio 180 yaliyoshirikisha vijana zaidi ya 240,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sport-express.ru/football/gazprom/news/uchastniki-futbola-dlya-druzhby-iz-211-stran-i-regionov-pribyli-v-moskvu-1419265/|title=Участники "Футбола для дружбы" из 211 стран и регионов прибыли в Москву|date=2018-06-09|work=www.sport-express.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> yaliratibiwa katika Msimu wa Sita katika kanda mbalimbali duniani. Mwaka 2018, wawakilishi wa Mamlaka waliunga mkono mradi huo. Olga Golodets alisoma hotuba ya ukaribisho kutoka kwa Rais wa Urusi Vladimir Putin kwa washiriki na wageni wa Jukwaa la Kimataifa la Watoto<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://government.ru/gov/persons/183/telegrams/32841/|title=Участникам и гостям Международного детского форума «Футбол для дружбы»|language=ru|work=government.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. Mwenyekiti wa Serikali ya Shirikisho la Urusi Dmitry Medvedev alituma ujumbe wa ukaribisho kwa njia ya telegram kwa washiriki na wageni wa Jukwaa la sita la Kimataifa la Watoto la Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki<ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mid.ru/press_service/spokesman/briefings/-/asset_publisher/D2wHaWMCU6Od/content/id/3231268|title=Брифинг официального представителя МИД России М.В.Захаровой, Москва, 23 мая 2018 года|language=ru-RU|work=www.mid.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. Wakati wa mkutano Mei 23, Mwakilishi Rasmi wa MIA ya Urusi Maria Zakharova alieleza kwamba jumuiya ya kimataifa inaitambua Programu ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki ya siku hizi kama sehemu muhimu ya masuala ya kibinadamu ya sera ya kimataifa ya kijamii ya Urusi<ref name=":6" />. FIFA iliungamkono kiasili Programu ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki. Shirika lilibaini kwamba idadi kamili ya washiriki na wageni wa matukio ya mwisho yaliyofanyika Moscow ilifika watu 5000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/211-countries-and-regions-took-part-in-the-sixth-international-football-for-frie|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ - News - 211 countries and regions take part in the Sixth International Football for Friendship Children’s Forum - FIFA.com|author=FIFA.com|language=en-GB|work=www.fifa.com|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2019 === Ufunguzi wa msimu was saba wa Programu ya Kijamii ya Watoto ya Kimataifa «Soka kwa Urafiki» umefanyika Machi 18 mwaka 2019, matukio ya fainali ya programu hiyo zilifanyika huko Madrid kuanzia Mei 28 hadi Juni 2.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Daily Times Leader|url=http://business.dailytimesleader.com/dailytimesleader/news/read/37931695/Football_for_Friendship_Launches_Its_Seventh_Season|work=business.dailytimesleader.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|archive-date=2020-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219130508/http://business.dailytimesleader.com/dailytimesleader/news/read/37931695/Football_for_Friendship_Launches_Its_Seventh_Season|url-status=dead}}</ref> Siku ya Kimataifa ya Soka na Urafiki Aprili 25 iliadhimishwa katika nchi zaidi ya 50 za Ulaya, Asia, Afrika, Amerika ya Kaskazini na Kusini. Ushirika wa Soka wa Urusi (RFS) pia ulishiriki katika sherehe hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=International Day of Football and Friendship Celebrated in Schools Around the World|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/international-day-of-football-and-friendship-celebrated-in-schools-around-the-world-300837486.html|work=www.prnewswire.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en|author=Gazprom Football for Friendship}}</ref> Tarehe Mei 30 huko Madrid jukwaa la kimataifa la Programu ya Kijamii ya Watoto linalotekelezwa na PJSC Gazprom «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» mwaka 2019. Jukwaa hilo liliunganisha wataalamu kutoka ulimwenguni kote yaani makocha ya soka, madaktari wa timu za kitoto, nyota wengi wa kimataifa, wanahabari wa vyombo vya habari bora vya kimataifa, wajumbe wa shule za mpira na mashirikisho ya mpira za kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Int'l Football for Friendship Forum 2019 in Madrid Unites Kids' Soccer Experts From Around the Globe|url=https://sputniknews.com/agency_news/201905301075473427-forum-children-experts/|work=sputniknews.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Tarehe Mei 31 huko Madrid matayarisho ya kimataifa sana yamefanyika. Kisha «Soko kwa ajili ya Urafiki» imepata cheti rasmi cha GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS®.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Most nationalities in a football (soccer) training session|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/547224-most-nationalities-in-a-football-soccer-training-session|work=Guinness World Records|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakati wa msimu wa saba, waandishi  wachanga wa habari 32 kutoka Ulaya, Afrika, Asia, Amerika ya Kaskazini na Kusini waliunda muundo wa kituo cha waandishi wa habari cha watoto wa kimataifa cha «Soko kwa ajili ya Urafiki», ambao uliangazia matukio ya fainali ya programu hiyo na kushiriki katika utayarishaji wa makala pamoja na vyombo vya kimataifa na kitaifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football for Friendship Young Participants became correspondents of international media|url=https://tass.com/press-releases/1061492|work=TASS|accessdate=2020-12-24}}</ref> Washiriki wa msimu wa saba walikabidhi Kombe la Thamani Tisa (tuzo ya programu ya kijamii ya watoto ya kimataifa «Soko kwa ajili ya Urafiki») kwa Klabu ya Soka ya Liverpool kama timu inayohusika zaidi kijamii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=End of Seventh Season of Football for Friendship in Madrid|url=https://sputniknews.com/society/201906041075611076-football-friendship-madrid/|work=sputniknews.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Tarehe Juni 1, tukio kuu la msimu wa saba, mechi ya fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki, lilifanyika kwenye uwanja wa UEFA Pitch huko Madrid. Kulingana na matokeo yake, timu ya Nyoka ya Antiguan ilicheza na Tasmanian Devil na magoli ya 1:1 kwa wakati wa kawaida, na kisha kushinda kwa mikwaju ya penati na kupata tuzo kuu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football for Friendship: Sportsmanship has no borders|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/06/football-for-friendship-international-programme-for-kids-breaks-records-and-teaches-sports|work=euronews|date=2019-06-06|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> === Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki 2020 === Mwaka 2020 matukio ya fainali ya msimu wa nane wa «Soko kwa ajili ya Urafiki» yamefanyika online kwenye jukwaa la kidigitali kuanzia Novemba 27 hadi Desemba 9 mwaka 2020. Washiriki zaidi ya 10 000 kutoka nchi 100 walijiunga na matukio makuu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gazprom Football For Friendship International Children’s Programme {{!}} F4F|url=https://footballforfriendship.com/|work=footballforfriendship.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Kwa msimu wa nane wa programu hiyo, simulator ya soka mtandaoni «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» kwa wachezaji wengi ilitengenezwa, kwa msingi ambao Mashindano ya Soka ya Kimataifa ya 2020 yalifanyika. Mchezo unapatikana kwa kupakuliwa ulimwenguni kote tangu Desemba 10, 2020 - Siku ya Soka Duniani. Watumiaji wana nafasi ya kushiriki kwenye mechi kulingana na sheria za «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki», kuungana katika timu za kimataifa. Mchezo wa wachezaji wengi unategemea maadili ya msingi ya programu, kama vile urafiki, amani na usawa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=New 'Football for Friendship' Simulator to be Released on World Football Day|url=https://sputniknews.com/sport/202011051081023614-new-football-simulator-football-for-friendship-to-be-released-on-world-football-day/|work=sputniknews.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Novemba 27 kinyang'anyiro cha hadhira cha Mashindano ya ulimwengu mkondoni «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» 2020 kimefanyika<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gazprom Football: Newsdetail|url=https://www.gazprom-football.com/football-for-friendship/news/newsdetail/children-from-over-100-countries-to-take-part-in-football-for-friendship-eworld-championship|work=Gazprom Football|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=de|archivedate=2020-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219130914/https://www.gazprom-football.com/football-for-friendship/news/newsdetail/children-from-over-100-countries-to-take-part-in-football-for-friendship-eworld-championship}}</ref> Kuanzia Novemba 28 hadi Desemba 6 kambi la kimataifa la urafiki mkondoni na mipango ya elimu ya kibinadamu na michezo kwa watoto limefanyika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Friendship Camp {{!}} F4F|url=https://footballforfriendship.com/friendship-camp|work=footballforfriendship.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Kuanzia Novemba 30 hadi Desemba 4 vikao vya jukwaa la kimataifa mkondoni «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» vilifanyika, ambapo miradi katika ukuzaji wa michezo ya watoto iliwasilishwa. Juri la wataalam lilithamini uwasilishaji wa miradi kwa tuzo ya kimataifa «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki»<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shortlist {{!}} F4F|url=https://footballforfriendship.com/experts-forum/live-broadcast|work=footballforfriendship.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Desemba 7-8 Ubingwa wa mtandaoni wa kimataifa wa «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» umefanyika. Mwaka huu, ubingwa ulifanyika kwenye jukwaa la kidigitali, kwa hivyo simulator ya mpira «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» kwa wachezaji wengi ilitengenezwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Championship {{!}} F4F|url=https://footballforfriendship.com/world-championship|work=footballforfriendship.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Desemba 9 fainali kubwa ya «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» imefanyika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Live Broadcast: Grand Final {{!}} F4F|url=https://footballforfriendship.com/live-broadcast-grand-final|work=footballforfriendship.com|accessdate=2020-12-24|language=en}}</ref> Mfululizo wa webinars kwa watoto kutoka nchi nyingi kutokana na miaka 75 ya Umoja wa Mataifa ulifanyika wakati wa msimu huu wa nane.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=F4F Ambassadors and FC Schalke 04 discussed the role of football in our future celebrating #UN75 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZhV_4u6xDk&feature=youtu.be|work=www.youtube.com|accessdate=2020-12-24}}</ref> Wakati wa msimu huu wa nane wa programu hii pamoja na  freestylers wa mpira kutoka duniani kote show ya kila wiki «Uwanja upo ndipo nipo» imezinduliwa. Katika kila kipindi freestylers waliwafundisha wachanga kufanya mazoezi, na mwishoni mwa kila vipindi kila mashindano yalitangazwa kwa utendaji bora wa zoezi. Show ilimalizika na darasa la ulimwengu la mkondoni, ambalo programu ya «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki» ukawa mshindi wa Rekodi ya Dunia ya Guinness kwa mara ya pili kwa idadi ya washiriki waliohusika (Desemba 6 mwaka 2020).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=STADIUM IS WHERE I AM {{!}} Easy Learning V-Move With Freestyle Blogger - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JM9IwE6-4PY&list=PLY-bMt3fklqN7YC2hfMoeG3lWeM7qgvka|work=www.youtube.com|accessdate=2020-12-24}}</ref> Wahariri wa Habari Njema – show ya kila wiki lililozinduliwa na waandishi wa habari wachanga wa «Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki», ambapo watoto walipashana habari njema kutoka ulimwenguni kote na watazamaji<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Good News Show From Young Journalists To Cheer You Up - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyiGvGvbN6w&list=PLY-bMt3fklqPBspUL7WTe-B3Ie9xIi3HG|work=www.youtube.com|accessdate=2020-12-24}}</ref> == Michuano ya Dunia ya Soka kwa Urafiki == Mashindano ya soka ya kimataifa ya watoto yanafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki. Timu zinazoshiliki  katika michuano - Timu za Urafiki - huundwa wakati wa Droo ya Wazi. Timu hizo zimeandaliwa kwa kufuata kanuni za Soka kwa Urafiki: wanariadha wa mataifa tofauti, jinsia na utimamu wa mwili hucheza katika timu moja.<ref>rbth.com/sport/2014/05/30/big_soccer_for_little_europeans_37075.html</ref> == Jukwaa la Kimataifa la Watoto la  Soka kwa Urafiki == Katika Jukwaa la Kimataifa la Watoto la Soka kwa Urafiki, washiriki vijana  mradi hujadili na watu wazima juu ya kukuza na kuvistawisha viwango vya programu duniani kote. Wakati wa Jukwaa, watoto hukutana na kuzungumza na wenzao kutoka nchi nyingine, wanasoka maarufu, waandishi wa habari na watu mashuhuri, na pia kuwa mabalozi vijana ambao baadaye huendeleza  maadili mame kwa wenzao.<ref>www.fifa.com/confederationscup/news/y=2017/m=8/news=confed-cup-hosts-friendship-forum-2902692.html</ref> == Kituo cha Waandishi wa Kimataifa cha Watoto == Kipengele maalum cha programu ya Soka kwa  Urafiki ni Kituo chake cha Kimataifa cha Waandishi wa Habari cha Watoto. Kwa mara ya kwanza kiliandaliwa chini ya programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki mwaka 2014<ref>www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/news/local/crawley-girl-13-who-dreams-to-play-football-for-england-meets-world-cup-legend-1-6112060</ref>. Waandishi wa habari vijana katika kituo cha waandishi wa habari huandika  matukio ya programu kwaa nchi zao<ref>www.itsroundanditswhite.co.uk/2014/04/15/football-for-friendship-are-on-the-hunt-for-talented-young-journalists/</ref>: huandaa habari kwa vyombo vya habari vya kitaifa na kimataifa, kushiriki katika kuundwa  vifaa kwa ajili ya kituo cha Televisheni cha Soka kwa Urafiki, gaziti la watoto la Urafiki kwa Urafiki na kituo rasmi cha redio cha programu<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20140708202936/http:/www.vanluyken.nl/artikel/37-nederlands-voetbaltalent-scoort-tijdens-football-for-friendship-beste-jonge-journalist-uit-nederland-interviewt-franz-beckenbauer-</nowiki></ref>. Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Waandishi wa Habari cha  Watoto kinaunganisha washindi wa mashindano ya kitaifa ya Waandishi wa Habari Vijana<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111738/http:/www.getbucks.co.uk/news/local-news/12-year-old-bucks-boy-best-young-9095138</nowiki></ref>, wanablogu vijana, wapiga picha na waandishi. Waandishi wa habari vijana wa kituo cha waandishi wa habari hutoa maoni yao kutoka ndani ya programu, kutekeleza muundo "watoto kuhusu watoto".<ref>www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mission-xi-million-picks-chandigarh-girl-ananya-kamboj/689736/</ref> == Siku ya Kimataifa ya Soka na Urafiki == Chini ya programu ya Soka kwa  Urafiki, Siku ya Kimataifa ya Soka kwa  Urafiki husherekewa tarehe 25 Aprili<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20150522194216/http:/theindependent.sg/blog/2015/04/27/kids-from-24-countries-in-europe-and-asia-are-celebrating-international-day-of-football-and-friendship/</nowiki></ref>. Katika mapumziko haya iliadhimishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 2014 katika nchi 16<ref>rbth.com/sport/2015/05/15/children_from_24_countries_celebrate_day_of_football_and_friendship_46087.html</ref>. Katika siku hii, mechi za kirafiki, mobs flash, mbio ndefu, madarasa ya sanaa, maonyesho ya televisheni, vikao vya mafunzo ya wazi, nk. hufanyika. Watu zaidi ya 50,000 hushiriki katika maadhimisho hayo.<ref><nowiki>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/26/said-and-done-blatter-putin-david-cameron</nowiki></ref> Mwaka 2015, Siku ya Soka na Urafiki iliadhimishwa katika nchi 24<ref>rbth.com/multimedia/2015/05/12/the-international-day-of-football-and-friendship_95713?crid=325359</ref>. Wakati wa tamasha hilo, kulikuwa na mechi za soka za kirafiki na matukio mengine. Ujerumani, wanasoka wa Schalke 04 walitoa mafunzo ya wazi<ref>instagify.com/media/979016253229007447_641360799</ref>, Serbia iliandaa maonyesho ya televisheni, Ukraine - mechi kati ya timu watoto ya  Volyn FC na watoto waliosajiliwa katika kituo cha mji wa Lutsk cha huduma za kijamii kwa familia, watoto na vijana.<ref>business-center.amchamchina.org/news/?dir=17&doc=201504262030PR_NEWS_ASPR_____EN90314&andorquestion=OR&&ok=1&passDir=0</ref> Urusi, Siku ya Soka na Urafiki iliadhimishwa Aprili 25 katika katika majiji 11. Mechi za soka za kirafiki zilifanyika Vladivostok, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul, St. Petersburg na Saransk, kukumbuka viwango muhimu ya programu. Krasnoyarsk, Sochi na Rostov-on-Don, Urafiki wa Kupokezana ulifanyika kwa ushiriki wa wakimbiza mwenge kutoka  kwenye Kupokezana Mwenge wa Olimpiki  2014. Moscow, kwa msaada wa Shirikisho la Michezo la Blind, Mashindano ya Fursa Sawa yaliandaliwa. Tarehe 5 Mei, Siku ya Soka na Urafiki iliadhimishwa huko Nizhny Novgorod na Kazan.<ref name=":0" /> Mwaka 2016, Siku ya Soka na Urafiki iliadhimishwa katika nchi 32. Urusi, iliadhimishwa katika miji tisa: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Birobidzhan, Irkutsk, Krasnodar, Nizhny Novgorod na Rostov-on-Don. Nizhny Novgorod aliandaa mechi ya kirafiki kwa wanasoka vijana kutoka Volga FC, na wachezaji watu wazima kutoka klabu hiyo walifanya mazoezi na mafunzo kwa watoto. Katika mechi ya kirafiki huko Novosibirsk, watoto wenye ulemavu walishiriki katika - timu ya mkoa wa Novosibirsk Yermak-Sibir.<ref name=":2" /> Mwaka 2017, Siku ya Soka na Urafiki iliadhimishwa katika nchi 64. Wachezaji mashuhuri, ikiwa ni pamoja na mlinzi wa Serbian Branislav Ivanovich na mshambuliaji wa Kiholanzi Dirk Kuyt, walishiriki katika matukio duniani kote. Nchini Ugiriki, tukio lilihudhuriwa na Theodoras Zagorakis, mshindi wa michuano ya soka ya Ulaya 2004 na timu yake ya taifa. Nchini Urusi, Zenit FC ilihudhuria kipengele cha mafunzo maalum ya Zakhar Badyuk, Balozi mdogo wa programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki mwaka 2017. Katika mafunzo, kipa wa Zenit FC, Yury Lodygin alitoa alama za  juu kuelezea uwezo wa Zakhar na kumwelezea siri za ukipa.<ref name=":3" /> == Kanuni tisa za Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki == Wakati wa Jukwaa la Kwanza la Kimataifa la Watoto lililofanyika Mei 25, 2013, Mabalozi Vijana kutoka Uingereza, Ujerumani, Serbia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ugiriki na Urusi waliheshimu kanuni nane za kwanza za Programu - urafiki, usawa, haki, afya, amani, ibada, ushindi, na mila – na waliziwasilisha katika Barua ya Wazi. Barua ilitumwa kwa Wakuu wa Mashirika ya Michezo ya Kimataifa: Shirikisho la Mpira Wa Miguu Duniani (FIFA), Umoja wa Vyama vya Soka Ulaya (UEFA) na Kamati ya Olimpiki ya Kimataifa. Septemba 2013, Joseph Blatter wakati akifanya mkutano na Vladimir Putin na Vitalii Mutko alithibitisha kupokea Barua hiyo na kukubali kwamba yuko teyari kuaidia Mpira wa Miguu kwa Ajili ya Urafiki<ref name=":4" />. Mwaka 2015, washiriki kutoka China, Japan na Kazakhstan walijiunga na Programu ya Mpira wa Miguu kwa ajili ya Urafiki na kisha walipendekeza kuongezwa kanuni ya tisa – sifa njema<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.joblenobl.ru/news/287-v-ramkakh-programmy-futbol-dlya-druzhby-uchrezhden-kubok-devyati-tsennostej|title=В рамках программы «Футбол для дружбы» учрежден Кубок «Девяти ценностей»|author=Super User|language=ru-ru|work=www.joblenobl.ru|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>. == Kombe la Viwango Tisa == Kombe la Viwango Tisa ni tuzo ya Programu ya Kimataifa ya Watoto ya ya Kijamii ya Soka kwa Urafiki. Kila mwaka Kombe linatuzwa kwa kujitolea zaidi kwa maadili ya mradi: urafiki, usawa, haki, afya, amani, uaminifu, ushindi, mila na heshima. Mashabiki kutoka duniani kote hushiriki katika kuchagua mshindi, lakini uamuzi wa mwisho hufanywa na washiriki wa programu ya Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki kwa kupiga kura. Vilabu vya soka ambavyo ni wamiliki wa Kombe la Viwango Tisa: Barcelona (2015), Bayern Munich (2016), Al Wahda (Tuzo maalum), Real Madrid (2017).<ref>www.euronews.com/2017/07/17/f4f-nine-values-cup-2017-goes-to-real-madrid</ref> == Bangili ya Urafiki == Shughuli zote za mpango wa Soka kwa ajili ya Urafiki huanza kwa  kubadilishana bangili za urafiki, ikiwa ni ishara ya usawa na maisha ya afya. Bangili ina mistari miwili ya rangi ya bluu na kijani na inaweza kuvaliwa na mtu yeyote ambaye anashirikisha wengine viwango vya mpango. Kwa mujibu wa Franz Beckenbauer "Ishara ya harakati ni bangili ya rangi mbili, ni rahisi na inayoeleweka kama viwango vya asili vya programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki. Washiriki vijana katika programu wamefunga Bangili za Urafiki kwenye miono ya wachezaji maarufu na watu mashuhuli<ref>www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/worldcup2014/article-2642473/Vitor-Baia-tips-Portugal-special-World-Cup-Cristiano-Ronaldo-shines-backs-old-boss-Jose-Mourinho-Chelsea.html</ref>, ikiwa ni pamoja na: Dick Advocaat<ref>www.deweekkrant.nl/artikel/2014/mei/27/double_dutchie_dirk_proper_uit_elst_een_voetbal</ref>, Anatoly Timoshchuk<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20141223203736/http:/bigpicture.ru/?p=516227</nowiki></ref> na Luis Netu, Franz Beckenbauer<ref>www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/11270319.Interview_sends_Megan_Mackey_to_Champions_League_final/</ref>, Luis Fernandev, Didier Drogba, Max Meyer, Fatma Samura, Leon Gorecka, Domenico Krishito, Michel Salgado, Alexander Kerzhakov, Dimas Pirros, Miodrag Bozovic, Adelina Sotnikova, Yuri Kamenets.   == Shughuli za washiriki kati ya misimu == Vijana wa soka kutoka kwenye programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki hushiriki katika matukio mbalimbali nje ya msimu rasmi. Mwezi Mei 2013, wachezaji kutoka klabu ya mpira wa miguu ya Maribor (Slovenia) walicheza mechi ya kirafiki na watoto wa Cambodian<ref>sport.rbc.ru/article/172216/</ref>. Tarehe 14, Septemba, 2014 katika mji wa Sochi, washiriki wa Urusi katika programu walizungumza na Vladimir Putin wakati wa mkutano wa Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi na Rais wa FIFA Sepp Blatter<ref>en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/19222</ref>. Juni 2014, Rais wa Ufaransa, Francois Hollande aliialika timu ya Taverni, ambaye ni mwanachama wa programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki, kwenye Elysee Palace kutazama mechi ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA ya 2014 kati ya Ufaransa na Nigeria<ref>www.leparisien.fr/politique/mondial-2014-hollande-invite-deux-clubs-amateurs-a-l-elysee-pour-france-nigeria-28-06-2014-3960541.php</ref>. Mwezi Aprili 2016, Yuri Vashchuk, balozi wa programu ya Soka kwa Urafiki wa mwaka 2015, alikutana na mtu mwenye nguvu zaidi wa Belarus, Kirill Shimko, na mwanaoka kijan kutoka BATE FC kubadilishana uzoefu wao wa kushiriki katika mradi huo. Yuri Vashchuk alimpa Kirill Shimko Bangili ya Urafiki wa mfano, na hivyo kumkabidhi kitufu cha kutangaza kauli mbiu za mradi: urafiki, haki, maisha ya afya.   ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Michezo]] 9k7zadab183yvxt4nrygvulnrs75bzu 0 100706 1601285 1034363 2026-09-25T14:13:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Sergio_Busquets_(Spanien_-_Nationalmannschaft_20091118).jpg|thumb|Sergio Busquets akiwa na timu yake ya taifa ya Hispania]] '''Sergio Busquets Burgos''' (alizaliwa [[16 Julai]] [[1988]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo mkabaji]] kwenye [[timu]] ya [[Barcelona F.C.]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Hispania. Busquets aliwasili katika timu ya kwanza Barcelona [[Julai]] [[2006]], na hatimaye alichiza kwa muda mfupi,Alipofika tu Barcelona aliitwa akacheze [[FIFA|kombe la dunia]] katika timu yake ya taifa ya Hispania. [[Picha:2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_105.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Sergio Busquets na kocha wake luis enrique Barcelona]] Busquets iliisaidia Hispania kushinda Kombe la Dunia [[2010]] na mashindano ya [[Euro 2012]]. Pia aliwakilisha taifa kwenye makombe mawili ya Dunia na [[Euro 2016]]. == Mtindo wa kucheza == Busquets kawaida hutumiwa kama kiungo wa kati au kushoto, ingawa pia anaweza kucheza kama [[mlinzi]] wa kati.Busquets ni mchezaji anayefanya kazi kwa [[bidii]],pia ni mchezaji ambaye anajihamini,ana [[akili]] ya mchezo na mwenye uwezo wa kuusoma mchezo jinsi ulivyo. Kwa sababu ya maono yake,[[udhibiti]] wa [[mpira]], [[uwezo]] wa kimwili, [[ujuzi]] wa kiufundi na uwezo wa kupitisha pasi kwenye watu wengi,Busquets pamoja na wachezaji wenzake wa sasa na wa zamani, kama vile [[Iniesta]], [[Xavi]] na [[Ivan Rakitić]],wamefanya jukumu muhimu sana katika timu yao ya FC Barcelona. {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] 8c54p1a8rujl3sv1trha0t23blfkuhn 0 103726 1601389 1195965 2026-09-25T16:52:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Germany_lifts_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg|thumb|Ujerumani ikichukua Kombe la dunia mwaka 2014]] '''Timu ya soka ya taifa ya Ujerumani''' ni [[timu]] ya [[soka]] au [[mpira wa miguu]] ambayo imewakilisha [[Ujerumani]] katika mashindano ya kimataifa tangu [[mwaka]] [[1908]]. [[Picha:Joachim_Löw_2017.jpg|left|thumb|283x283px|Joachim Löw, Meneja wa timu ya taifa ya Ujerumani]] [[Picha:Deutsche_Fußballnationalmannschaft_2011-06-03_(01).jpg|thumb|Kikosi cha Ujerumani]] Timu hii inaongozwa na [[Chama cha Soka cha Ujerumani]], kilianzishwa rasmi mwaka [[1900]]. Mwishoni mwa [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka [[2014]], Ujerumani ilipata kiwango cha juu zaidi cha Elo cha timu yoyote ya soka ya kitaifa katika historia na pointi [[2205]]. Ujerumani pia ni [[taifa]] pekee la [[Ulaya]] ambalo lilishinda Kombe la Dunia la FIFA katika [[Amerika]]. [[Meneja]] wa timu ya taifa ya Ujerumani ni [[Joachim Löw]]. [[Picha:Olympicstadium2.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Uwanja wa [[olimpiki]] unaomilikiwa na Ujerumani-]] == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Germany national association football team|Germany national football team}} * [https://www.dfb.de/en/national-teams/the-mannschaft/ Official website] by [[German Football Association|DFB]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180623090255/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=ger/ Germany] at [[UEFA]] * [https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=ger/ Germany] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=ger/ |date=20180828030544 }} at [[FIFA]] * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesd/duit-intres.html Matches results] by [[RSSSF]] * [http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/duit-recintlp.html Most capped players] by [[RSSSF]] * [http://eu-football.info/_matches.php?id=86 Reports for all official matches] by eu-football [[Jamii:Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda]] 589p0lkn7ef9z6u2x8vtcyaxptjzpwu 0 104173 1601020 1041467 2026-09-25T13:09:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Didier Deschamps.jpg|thumb|right|Deschamps mwaka 2000.]] '''Didier Claude Deschamps''' (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[15 Oktoba]] [[1968]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] aliyecheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa [[Ufaransa]] ambaye amekuwa [[meneja]] wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya Ufaransa tangu mwaka [[2012]]. Alicheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa [[klabu]] kadhaa, nchini Ufaransa, [[Italia]], [[Uingereza]] na [[Hispania]], kama vile [[Marseille]], [[Juventus]], [[Chelsea]] na [[Valencia]]. Deschamps aliisaidia Ufaransa na alishambulia mara 103 na kushiriki katika michuano ya UEFA ya Ulaya na Kombe la Dunia, akiwa na taifa lake alishinda katika [[Kombe la Dunia]] mara moja mwaka 1998 na Euro mwaka 2000. {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] ro9k3q9ayppwwyt9tvua1jcykovnr75 0 104670 1601435 1514739 2026-09-25T18:46:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irene Sanga''' ni mmojawapo kati ya [[wasanii]] wa [[muziki]] nchini [[Tanzania]] aliyefahamika kwa [[utunzi]] wa [[wimbo]] wake uiitwao "Salamu kwa Mjomba" uliyoimbwa na [[Mrisho Mpoto]]<ref>https://globalpublishers.co.tz/irene-sanga-si</ref> ==Maisha yake ya sanaa== Amekuwa na vipaji mbalimbali katika sanaa kama uchezaji, uandishi, uimbaji, mwandishi wa maishairi na msimuliaji wa hadithi .Amewahi kutengeneza [[filamu]] ambayo inaeleza asili ya mlima unayopatika Mkoa wa [[Morogoro (mji)|Morogoro]], mlima huo unaitwa Kolelo hivyo basi aliipatia jina ya hiyo filamu kama Kolelo. Pia anakipaji cha uandishi ameandika kipindi maalumu cha watoto katika runinga kiitwacho kilimani Sesame pia katika uandishi wa filamu kuna filamu iitwayo Chaguo ambayo ndiye yeye aliyeiandika: ilikuwa inahusu kuchagua mpenzi mmoja katika mahusiano kwa kujikinga katika maambukizo ya virusi vya ugonjwa wa [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]]. == Mafunzo== Amekuwa akihudhuria mafunzo ya [[muziki]] ndani na nje ya [[Tanzania]] kama ''KIFF (KENYA)’’ na ''ZIFF (ZANZIBAR)’’<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ziff.or.tz/2013/06/14/workshop-participants-selected/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-09-09 |archivedate=2018-06-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620080651/http://www.ziff.or.tz/2013/06/14/workshop-participants-selected/ }}</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:Wasanii wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Tanzania]] itmsih8s0z2ttohrk3h4vfk0ljuj9uw 0 105015 1601120 1236267 2026-09-25T13:19:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:2019-06-11 Marco Reus (cropped).jpg|thumb|Marco Reus]] '''Marco Reus''' (alizaliwa [[31 Mei]] [[1989]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of Players: Germany |publisher=FIFA |page=12 |date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611000407/https://www.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |archive-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/122356/marco-reus |title=Marco Reus: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> ) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Ujerumani]] ambaye anachezea [[klabu]] ya [[Borussia Dortmund]], ambapo yeye ni [[nahodha]] wa klabu, na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Ujerumani. Yeye anajulikana kwa ushujaa, kasi na mbinu zake. Reus alitumia kazi yake ya ujana huko Borussia Dortmund, kabla ya kuondoka kwa [[Rot Weiss Ahlen]]. Amechezea klabu tatu katika kazi ya soka, hasa hasa-na kwa ushawishi mkubwa-huko [[Borussia Dortmund]] wa [[Bundesliga]].Reus anacheza kama mshambulizi wa kushoto wa klabu hiyo.Kutokana na uwezo wake wa kudhibiti mpira kwa miguu miwili. 2012 ulikuwa msimu wake wa mafanikio wakati, akifunga mabao 18. Reus alikubali kuhamia klabu yake ya nyumbani Borussia Dortmund mwishoni mwa msimu huo na chini ya mkataba wa BVB hadi [[2023]].Reus amevaa jezi namba 11 kwa Dortmund.Kwa Dortmund, Reus alishinda [[DFL-Supercup]] ya [[2013]] na Kombe la Ujerumani mwaka [[2017]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] d22csv3wedksnm3see8owvszogghnml 0 109475 1601240 1465624 2026-09-25T14:08:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wakipsigis''' ni [[jina]] la [[kabila]] dogo ambalo huhesabiwa katika kabila kuu la [[Wakalenjin]], ambao ni miongoni mwa [[Waniloti]] wa [[Nyanda za juu|Nyanda za Juu]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Wanachukua sehemu kubwa ya [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki|bonde la ufa]] nchini humo. Wanaishi hasa katika [[Kaunti za Kenya|kaunti]] za [[Kaunti ya Bomet|Bomet]], [[kaunti ya Kericho|Kericho]] na [[kaunti ya Nakuru|Nakuru]]. Hata hivyo kutokana na maendeleo ya jamii na uchumi wanapatikana sehemu mbalimbali nchini Kenya na hata nchi za nje. ==Lugha== Wao huongea [[lugha]] ya [[Kikipsigis]], mojawapo ya [[lugha za Kiniloti]]. [[Kikalenjin]] ni jamii kubwa inayounganisha [[lahaja]] mbalimbali, mojawapo ya lahaja hiyo ni Kipsigis. Watu wa lugha moja wanaweza kutengana na kwa hivyo lugha yao hubadilika. Hii ilitokea kwa Wakaleniin pia lakini utamaduni wao umebaki sawa na wao ni watu wamoja. ==Utamaduni== [[Utamaduni]] unahusu asili, mila na desturi za mavazi, vyakula, imani, na maisha ya jamii kwa jumla. Ni kipengele muhimu katika kulea lugha fulani, jamii nayo huipa lugha jina na eneo linalotumika. Utamaduni huonyesha shughuli za kila siku za jamii fulani. Hapa zitaelezwa harakati za Wakaleniin hadi walipo sasa. Jamii ya Kipsigis ni mojawapo ya jamii inayoshikilia utamaduni wao tisti. Mojawapo ya mila zao ni kutahiri watoto wa kiume watimiapo umri fulani. Mara nyingi kijana wa kiume ndio walikuwa wakitumika katika shughuli za vita. Hivyo, walipohitimu umri wa kubaleghe walifanyiwa sherehe za tohara. Sherehe hizi hufanywa hasa baada ya mavuno Ili watahiriwa wapate lishe bora. Shughuli nzima ilihusisha watu maalum. Ngariba aliitwa (Motiryot). Baada ya shughuli ya sherehe hizi vijana walipelekwa mafichoni ambapo walipewa mafunzo makali ya ndoa na utamaduni wa jamii. Pia Wakipsigis ni mojawapo ya jamii ambao walikeketa wasichana Kwa misingi kwamba wao watakuwa waaminifu na wake wema Kwa waume zao.Katika shughuli hii nzima wahusika walivishwa mavazi za kitamaduni kutoka kwa sehemu za mifugo vilivyofumwa Kwa ufundi.Kijadi, elimu miongoni mwa Wakipsigis ilitolewa wakati wa kutengwa kufuatia tohara. Vijana wa kiume na wa kike walifundishwa jinsi ya kuwa watu wazima wanaofanya kazi na wenye tija katika jamii. Siku hizi, vijana wa kiume na wa kike bado wametengwa baada ya kufundwa, lakini kwa muda mfupi (mwezi mmoja ikilinganishwa na miezi mitatu iliyopita). Muda wa likizo ya shule ya Desemba unaambatana na mazoezi ya unyago na utengano.Nguo za kitamaduni za wakipsigis zilijumuisha ngozi za wanyama wa kufugwa au wa porini. Pete zilikuwa za kawaida kwa jinsia zote hapo awali, ikiwa ni pamoja na mikunjo ya shaba nzito ambayo ilifanya sikio kunyoosha chini karibu na bega. Leo, mavazi ya Kimagharibi ya wakipsigis wengi, hata katika maeneo ya mashambani, si tofauti kabisa na ya watu wa miji ya karibu. Wanaume huvaa suruali na mashati, kwa kawaida na koti ya suti au koti la michezo. Wanawake huvaa sketi na blauzi, magauni, na/au khanga. Kipsigis ni Jamii ambao shughuli zao za kila siku ni ukulima na ufugaji hasa wa ngombe na wanyama wengine. Mazao ambazo walikuza ni ikiwemo mtama, mboga, maharagwe na mahindi. Kutokana na maendeleo ya kijamii wao hukuza mimea ya buashara kama vile Michai na Mikahawa. Chakula kikuu cha Kalenjin ni ugali. Hiki ni chakula kinachofanana na keki, cha wanga ambacho hutengenezwa kwa unga mweupe wa mahindi uliochanganywa na maji yanayochemka na kukorogwa kwa nguvu wakati wa kupika. Huliwa kwa mikono na mara nyingi hutolewa na mboga za kijani zilizopikwa kama vile kale. Hutolewa mara chache na nyama choma ya mbuzi, nyama ya ng’ombe au kuku. Kabla ya kuanzishwa na kuenea kwa mahindi katika siku za hivi karibuni, mtama na mtama (nafaka asilia za Kiafrika) zilikuwa nafaka kuu. Nafaka hizi zote zilikuwa, na bado zinatumika kutengeneza bia nene sana ambayo ina kiwango cha chini cha pombe. Kinywaji kingine maarufu ni mursik. Hii inajumuisha maziwa yote yaliyochachushwa ambayo yamehifadhiwa kwenye kibuyu maalum, kilichosafishwa kwa kutumia fimbo inayowaka. Matokeo yake ni kwamba maziwa yanaingizwa na vipande vidogo vya mkaa. Chakula cha mchana na chakula cha jioni ni milo kuu ya siku. Kiamsha kinywa kwa kawaida huwa na chai (yenye maziwa na sukari) na mabaki ya mlo wa usiku uliopita, au labda mkate wa dukani. Nyakati za chakula, pamoja na tabia ya kunywa chai, zilipitishwa kutoka wakati wa ukoloni wa Uingereza.Mbali na mkate, watu hununua mara kwa mara vyakula kama vile sukari, majani ya chai, mafuta ya kupikia, soda na vitu vingine ambavyo hawajitengenezi. Pia Kipsigis ni Jamii ambayo inajulikana sana Kwa riadha, wanasema uwezo huo unapatikana Kwa kuwa wao hunywa maziwa iliyolala(mursik). Wao hujishughuliaha pia na kazi za ujenzi.Wakipsigis wengi hujipatia riziki kwa kulima nafaka kama vile mtama na mtama (na mahindi ya hivi majuzi), na kufuga ng’ombe, mbuzi na kondoo. Kilimo na ufugaji wa wanyama huwa ni shughuli tofauti kwani ardhi ya malisho kwa kawaida iko mbali na mashamba. Katika jamii za Wakipsigis, sehemu kubwa ya kazi hiyo, imegawanywa kimapokeo kwa misingi ya jinsia. Wanaume wanatarajiwa kufanya kazi nzito ya kusafisha mashamba ambayo yatatumika kwa kupanda, pamoja na kupindua udongo. Wanawake huchukua sehemu kubwa ya kazi ya kilimo, ikiwa ni pamoja na kupanda, kupalilia, kuvuna (ingawa wanaume huwa na bidii), na usindikaji wa mazao. Wanawake pia wanatarajiwa kufanya takriban kazi zote za nyumbani zinazohusika katika kuendesha kaya. Wanaume wanadaiwa kujihusisha zaidi na kuchunga mifugo kuliko shughuli zingine. Hata hivyo, wakati wanaume wanajishughulisha na kazi ya kulipwa mbali na nyumbani, wanawake, watoto (hasa wavulana), na wazee wanatunza wanyama mara nyingi kama wanaume. Kipsigis huthamini sana utamaduni wao na hivyo Ili kuendeleza hiyo wao hawachelei katika shughuli nzima ya ndoa. Kijana wa kiume anapohitimu umri wa kujenga na kukimu familia na baada ya kupitia unyagoni huruhusiwa kuoa. Kijana wa kiume alipaswa kutafuta mchumba katika famili ambazo hawana uhusiano wa damu nao. Cha muhimu Kwa mke pia ilikuwa ni bidii na anayetoka katika familia yaani isiyohusishwa na uchawi. Baada ya kijana wa kiume kupata mke basi wazazi wake walipaswa kupelekwa posa na kutoa mahari, Kwa kawaida mahari ilikuwa ni mifugo na nafaka. Hata hivyo Kwa sasa mahari inaweza kuwa kima Cha pesa. Baada ya hapo sherehe za harusi hupangwa na baadaye bwana na bibi wanaanza Maisha yao rasmi.Kwa kawaida, baada ya ndoa mwanamume alimleta mke wake ili aishi naye katika, au karibu sana, na nyumba ya baba yake. Ndoa ya mwanamume mmoja kwa wake wengi (wake wengi) iliruhusiwa na inaruhusiwa, ingawa wanaume wengi hawawezi kumudu gharama za vyama hivyo kwa sababu ya mzigo wa kulipa mahari. Bila kujali aina ya ndoa, watoto walionekana kimila kuwa baraka kutoka kwa Mungu. Kutokana na hili, hadi hivi majuzi Kenya ilikuwa na kiwango cha juu zaidi cha ongezeko la watu duniani. Ndoa za mke mmoja (mume mmoja na mke mmoja) sasa zimeenea na familia za nyuklia (mwanamume, mwanamke, na watoto wao) zinazidi kuwa za kawaida. Isitoshe, vijana sasa wanaonyesha tamaa ya kuwa na watoto wachache watakapofunga ndoa. Hii ni kutokana na kuongezeka kwa gharama za kuwa na watoto wengi ambao sio tu lazima walishwe bali pia waelimishwe. Kwa kiwango fulani, wanawake wachanga pia wanabadilisha matarajio yao, wanataka kazi pamoja na kuwa mama.Watoto walipewa majina kulingana na wakati na majira ya kuzaliwa kwao. Mapokeo ya mdomo yalikuwa na bado ni muhimu sana kati ya Wakipsigis. Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa uandishi, ngano zilitumika kuwasilisha hisia za historia ya kitamaduni... Kifo ni kitu ambacho Kila mja lazima apitie. Ingawa kifo ina huzuni tele, Kila jamii Ina njia ya kuendeleza shughuli hii ya Maisha ya mwanadamu. Hapo zamani, ni watu tu waliokuwa wamezaa watoto wangezikwa baada ya kifo; wengine wangetolewa porini na kuachwa kuliwa na fisi. Leo, Wakalenjin wote wamezikwa, lakini sio kwenye kaburi. Watu wanarudishwa kwenye shamba lao, au shamba, kwa mazishi. Kwa kawaida hakuna alama ya kaburi, lakini wanafamilia, marafiki, na majirani wanajua mahali ambapo watu hupumzishwa.Ikiwa ni mke amefariki basi ilikuwa ni lazima azikwe katika familia ya bwana wake au Kwa shamba lake. Sherehe ya kumuaga aliyefariki zilifanywa na pia Mila Fulani zilifanywa Ili kukata uhusiano ya janga kama Hilo. Hata hivyo Kipsigis wanashikilia Mila ya kuwapa majina watoto wao Kwa wale waliofariki kitambo. Hii ni Kwa minajili ya kutosahau mwanajamii huyo. Utamaduni ni jambo la kimsingi katika kuwapo Kwa jamii. Inategemeana na kukamilishana. Utamaduni hutambulisha jamii Fulani na kuwapa mwelekeo wa Maisha ya Kila siku. Kila mwanajamii anapaswa kuwa kiungo muhimu ya kuhifadhi turathi zao. Hata hivyo zile tamaduni ambazo hazina mashiko katika jamii ya sasa unapaswa kuwekwa katika kaburi la sahau. ==Majina== Wanatumia majina kama 'chemosi' kumaanisha jitu, 'chamgei' na 'yomunee' kumaanisha habari? Mising' ni njema. 'Matiiman' ni usinisumbue, 'tugul' ni yote na vijana waliotahiriwa huitana 'botum' na 'bagule'. [[Msichana]] akiitwa Chelangat, cherono, chebet. [[Mvulana]] kiplangat, kiprono, kibet. Asilimia kubwa ya Wakipsigis hufuata [[dini za jadi]] huku wengine dini ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://kalenjin.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=category&amp;sectionid=9&amp;id=63&amp;Itemid=92 Kalenjin Online - Kipsigis] {{Makabila ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-utamaduni-KE}} [[Category:Makabila ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Bomet]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kericho]] [[Jamii:kaunti ya Nakuru]] lbnm643uy5fre21fsiy9jkhis9tuw7n 0 114874 1601436 1525662 2026-09-25T18:46:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kwa|Jumuiya|Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki | jina_asili = East Africa Federation ([[Kiingereza]]) </br> La fédération d'Afrique de l'Est ([[Kifaransa]]) | kauli_mbiu = | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Wimbo wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki" | bendera = | nembo = | ramani = EAF - no borders (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = <small><i>Eneo la Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki</i></small> | ukubwawapicha = 400px | mji_mkuu = [[Arusha]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Kinshasa]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiswahili]]</br>[[Kiingereza]]</br>[[Kifaransa]] | lugha2 = [[Kiswahili]] | kabila = | dini = | serikali = [[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]] la Rais | utaifa = Mafrika Mashariki | kiongozi1 = | cheo_kiongozi1 = | cheo_kiongozi2 = | kiongozi_jina2 = | kiongozi3 = | cheo_kiongozi3 = | bunge = EALA | tukio1 = Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki | tukio1_tarehe = 7 Julai 2000 | tukio2 = | tukio2_tarehe = | tukio3 = | tukio3_tarehe = | eneo_jumla = 5,449,717 km² | eneo_ardhi = | eneo_maji = | asilimia_maji = 3.83 | idadi_ya_watu = {{increase}} 343,328,958 | mwaka_watu = 2024 | cheo_idadi_ya_watu = 3 | msongamano = 63 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.113 Trilioni | pato_mwaka = 2024 | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $3,149 | plt = {{increase}} $360.21 Bilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $1,067 | hdi = {{increase}} 0.515 </br> {{chini}} | orodha_hdi = 171 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | gini = 41.05 | tovuti = [http://www.eac.int www.eac.int] | sarafu = Shilingi ya Afrika Mashariki | majira_saa =+2/+3 (EAT/CAT) | msimbo_simu = 39 | mtandao = | upande_wa_kuendeshea = Zote {{refn|group=note|Burundi, Congo DR, Rwanda, Somalia na Sudan Kusini huendesha gari upande wa kulia. Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda huendesha upande wa kushoto.}} | tanbihi = Pato la Taifa, HDI, na thamani nyingine zinapatikana kwa kuhesabu kwa kutumia wastani na jumla. }} '''Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki''' ni [[muungano]] wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] unaopendekezwa wa nchi saba wanachama wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC): [[Burundi]], [[Kenya]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sudan Kusini]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]]. Mpango huu unalenga kuunda taifa moja la [[shirikisho]] lenye mamlaka kamili, likiwa na serikali, katiba, na taasisi za pamoja. Jitihada hii inalenga kuimarisha ushirikiano wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], [[siasa|kisiasa]], na [[jamii|kijamii]] kati ya nchi hizo, kwa kujenga juu ya miundo iliyopo ya EAC kama vile umoja wa forodha na soko la pamoja. Iwapo shirikisho hili litaanzishwa, litakuwa nchi kubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] kwa ukubwa wa eneo na mojawapo ya nchi zenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu, ikiwa na jumla ya wakazi zaidi ya milioni 300. Shirikisho linalopendekezwa litakuwa na katiba moja, taasisi za kisiasa za kati, na huenda likaongozwa na rais mmoja pamoja na bunge la shirikisho. Wafuasi wa mpango huu wanadai kuwa linaweza kuleta uthabiti mkubwa wa kisiasa, ushirikiano wa rasilimali, usalama wa kikanda ulioimarika, na soko la pamoja lililopanuka, hivyo kufanya [[Afrika Mashariki]] kuwa na ushindani mkubwa katika jukwaa la kimataifa. Hata hivyo, kuna changamoto nyingi zinazolikabili shirikisho hili, ikiwa ni pamoja na tofauti za [[siasa|kisiasa]] kati ya nchi wanachama, viwango tofauti vya maendeleo ya kiuchumi, tofauti za lugha, na wasiwasi kuhusu uhuru wa kitaifa. Tofauti katika mitindo ya uongozi na migogoro ya ndani, hasa katika nchi wanachama wapya kama [[Sudan Kusini]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], pia zimekuwa kizingiti kwa mchakato wa kuungana haraka. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, hatua zimepigwa kuelekea kwenye muungano, ikiwemo utekelezaji wa umoja wa forodha na juhudi za kuanzisha sarafu ya pamoja. Mwaka 2023, rasimu ya katiba ya Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki iliripotiwa kuwa inakaguliwa, na mashauriano na wananchi pamoja na wadau yanaendelea. Ingawa hakuna ratiba rasmi iliyowekwa kwa ajili ya kuanzishwa kwa shirikisho hilo, bado linabaki kuwa lengo la muda mrefu kwa EAC. Iwapo litatekelezwa, Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki linaweza kuwa mojawapo ya nchi kubwa zaidi barani Afrika kwa idadi ya watu na ukubwa wa ardhi, na litakuwa na athari kubwa kwa siasa za bara na dunia kwa ujumla. <ref name=":0">"Uganda Sunday Vision (2004-11-28): One president for EA by 2010". Sundayvision.co.ug. 28 November 2004. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.</ref> Mwezi Septemba [[2018]] [[kamati]] iliundwa kuandika [[katiba]] ya Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Dream-of-a-United-States-of-East-Africa/4552908-4783896-glbl64/index.html|title=Ready for a United States of East Africa?|language=en|work=The East African|accessdate=2019-07-25}}</ref> [[Mwaka]] [[2023]] shirikisho hilo lilitariwa kuchukua nafasi ya [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] ya sasa lakini inaonekana si rahisi kuwahi hivyo, ingawa hatua nyingi zimeshachukuliwa.<ref name=":22">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.eac.int}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Rejea tovuti |title=EAC Leadership |url=https://www.eac.int/about-eac/leadership |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.eac.int}}</ref> Shida kubwa ni kwamba nchi hizo saba kwa kiasi tofauti zinaathiriwa na [[ufisadi]], [[Ukabila|ukabila]] kama si [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]].<ref name=":112">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Explore the Map |url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Hata hivyo, faida ya umoja inazisukuma kuungana.<ref name=":42">{{Rejea tovuti |title=President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/146-gender-community-development-civil-society/2262-president-uhuru-kenyatta-calls-for-greater-participation-of-youth-in-africa-in-political-and-economic-affairs |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.eac.int}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2012-05-15 |title=The African Executive {{!}} The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |accessdate=2019-07-25 |archivedate=2012-05-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751 }}</ref> ==Muhtasari== Likiwa na [[kilometa za mraba]] 4,812,618, Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki litakuwa nchi kubwa zaidi katika [[Afrika]] na ya saba katika [[dunia]] nzima. Kwa watu 281,050,447 katika mwaka [[2022]], litakuwa nchi kubwa zaidi katika Afrika na nchi ya nne katika dunia, baada ya [[China]], [[India]] na [[Marekani]]. Katika Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki, [[Kiswahili]] kitakuwa [[lugha rasmi]] na [[Arusha]] [[makao makuu]]. Mpango ni kuwa [[pesa]] ya Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki itakuwa Shilingi ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":0" /> Ripoti ya 2013 ilisema kwamba itakuwa pesa ya nchi tano za Afrika Mashariki kufikia [[2023]].<ref>{{Citation|title=East African trade bloc approves monetary union deal|date=2013-11-30|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-monetaryunion-idUSBRE9AT08O20131130|work=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> [[Pato la ndani]] au GDP linakisiwa kuwa [[dola za Marekani]] [[bilioni]] 602.584, ya thelathini na nne katika dunia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=89&pr.y=9&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512,668,914,672,612,946,614,137,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,135,321,716,243,456,248,722,469,942,253,718,642,724,643,576,939,936,644,961,819,813,172,199,132,733,646,184,648,524,915,361,134,362,652,364,174,732,328,366,258,734,656,144,654,146,336,463,263,528,268,923,532,738,944,578,176,537,534,742,536,866,429,369,433,744,178,186,436,925,136,869,343,746,158,926,439,466,916,112,664,111,826,298,542,927,967,846,443,299,917,582,544,474,941,754,446,698,666&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|work=www.imf.org|accessdate=2019-07-25}}</ref> == Demografia== === Idadi ya Watu === Mnamo,2023 Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki lina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 333.93 ambapo aslimia 31 wanaishi katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Sudan Kusini]] ndiyo iliyo na watu wachache sana ikiwa na watu takriban milioni 11.48 .Asilimia ya wakazi wanaoishi mijini ni 20 tu, lakini wanaongekeza kwa 4.71% kila mwaka {{Chati ya duara | caption= Nchi za Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki kulingana na Idadi ya watu | label1 = Kongo JK | value1 = 105.83 | color1=#36A | label2 = Tanzania | value2 = 66.62 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Kenya | value3 = 55.53 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Uganda | value4 = 48.86 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Somalia | value5 = 18.36 | color5=#928 | label6 = Rwanda | value6 = 13.95 | color6=#E33 | label8 = Burundi | value7 = 13.69 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Sudan Kusini | value8 = 11.48 | color8=#E79 }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Idadi ya Watu katika Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki''' ! Pangilio !! Nchi !! Idadi ya Watu (milioni) !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 105.83 || 31.69 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 66.62 || 19.95 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 55.34 || 16.57 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 48.66 || 14.57 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 18.36 || 5.50 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 13.95 || 4.18 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 13.69 || 4.10 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[South Sudan]] || 11.48 || 3.44 |} === Dini === [[Ukristo]] ndiyo dini kubwa katika Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki likiwa na wafuasi milioni 261.86 na asilimia 79% ya watu wa EAF, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo,JK]] ndio iliyo na wafuasi wengi takriban milioni 100 au asilimia 95.4 . [[Uislamu]] ina wafuasi takriban milioni 56.69 ambayo ni asilimia 16.98 ya watu wa Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki ikiongozwa na [[Somalia]] ambapo 99 ni waislamu. [[Dini za jadi]] ni asilimia 2.4% haswaa [[Sudan Kusini]] ambapo asilimia 35 ni wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]], [[Wasio na dini]] ni asilimia 1.75% {{Chati ya duara | caption=Mgawanyo wa Dini katika Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki | label1 = Ukristo | value1 = 261.86 | color1=#36A | label2 = Uislamu | value2 = 56.69 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Dini za Jadi | value3 = 8.00 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Wasio na Dini | value4 = 5.83 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Zingine | value5 = 1.53 | color5=#E33 }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Dini katika Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki''' ! Pangilio !! Nchi !! Ukristo (%) !! Uislamu (%) !! Dini za Jadi (%) !! Wasio na Dini (%) |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 85.9 || 4.3 || 2.1 || 6.2 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Congo, JK]] || 95.4 || 1.5 || 2.6 || 2.5 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 85.5 || 10.9 || 0.7 || 1.5 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 93.8 || 2.2 || – || 3.0 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || – || 99.8 || – || – |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 60.5 || 6.2 || 32.9 || – |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 63.1 || 34.1 || 1.2 || 1.5 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 81.7 || 13.2 || – || 0.2 |} ==Historia== Katika [[miaka ya 1960]], karibu na wakati wa [[uhuru]] wa [[Kenya]], [[Tanganyika]], [[Uganda]], na [[Zanzibar]] kutoka [[Uingereza]], [[viongozi]] wa [[siasa]] wa nchi nne walikuwa na nia ya kuunda shirikisho. Mwaka [[1960]], [[Rais]] [[Julius Nyerere]] alitaka kuahirisha uhuru wa [[Tanganyika|Tanganiyka]] ili nchi zote katika Afrika Mashariki kupata [[uhuru]] pamoja.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=East African Federation|date=2019-06-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_African_Federation&oldid=903231010|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> Katika mwezi Julai [[1963]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alimtembelea Rais wa Tanganyika Nyerere na Rais wa Uganda [[Milton Obote]].<ref name=":2" /> Walikutana katika mji wa [[Nairobi]]. Walizungumza kuhusu uwezekano wa kuunganisha nchi zote na Zanzibar pamoja ili kuwa na nchi kubwa. Walikubaliana kukamilisha kabla ya mwisho wa [[1963]]<ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951249|title=Kenyatta and the politics of Kenya.|last=Arnold, Guy.|first=|date=[1974]|publisher=Dent|year=|isbn=046007878X|location=London,|pages=173-174|oclc=951249}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37457867|title=African political leadership : Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere|last=Assensoh, A. B.|first=|date=1998|publisher=Krieger Pub. Co|year=|isbn=0894649116|location=Malabar, Fla.|pages=55|oclc=37457867}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Kyle|first=Keith|date=1997-12|title=The politics of the independence of Kenya|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619469708581458|journal=Contemporary British History|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=42–65|doi=10.1080/13619469708581458|issn=1361-9462}}</ref> na baada ya mkutano, kulikuwa na mazungumzo na mipango kuhusu kuanzisha shirikisho rasmi. Kwa upande wa Kenyatta, bado kulikuwa na wasiwasi kidogo kuhusu shirikisho walilokusudia. Mwaka [[1964]] ulifika na shirikisho halikuwa limezaliwa bado.<ref name=":3" /> Mwezi Mei 1964, Kenyatta alikataa kupokea azimio la kuanzisha shirikisho kwa haraka.<ref name=":3" /> Alisema kwa uwazi kuwa mazungumzo ya shirikisho yaliambatana na ujanjaujanja wa kuharakisha uhuru wa Kenya, lakini hata hivyo Nyerere alikataa madai ya Kenyatta.<ref name=":3" /> Karibu wakati huohuo, Obote alisema yeye hakupenda Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki kwa sababu alipendelea kuwe na umajumui wa Afrika. Alisema hivi kwa sababu ya upinzani toka nchini kwake, hasa eneo la [[Buganda]] ambalo lilikuwa linajitegemea na ambalo halikupenda Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki. Karibu na mwisho wa mwaka 1964, Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki lilifariki ingawa Zanzibar na Tanganyika ziliunda shirikisho linaloitwa Tanzania. == Uchumi == [[Pato la Taifa]] la Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki lilikuwa ni dola bilioni 360.21 na kuwa [[Uchumi]] wa 42. mkubwa duniani na wa tatu [[Afrika]]. [[Pato la Taifa kwa usawa wa nguvu ya ununuzi|Pato la Taifa PPP]] la EAF litakuwa Trilioni 1.113 na Kuwa uchumi wa 13 duniani. Pato la Taifa kwa Kila mtu la Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki litakuwa $1,607 kwa Hivyo duni ==Pendekezo la sasa== Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki lilizungumziwa tangu mwaka [[2010]] na lilikusudiwa kuanza kabla ya mwaka 2013.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751|title=The African Executive {{!}} The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth|date=2012-05-15|work=web.archive.org|accessdate=2019-07-25|archivedate=2012-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155243/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=751}}</ref> Katika mwaka 2010, Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ilianzisha [[soko]] kwa [[bidhaa]], [[huduma]], [[ajira]] na [[mtaji]] katika Afrika Mashariki, na malengo yalikuwa kuwa na [[fedha]] moja kufikia mwaka wa 2013 na Shirikisho kamili kufikia mwaka [[2015]].<ref name=":4" /> Sudan Kusini ilikubaliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki katika mwezi Machi [[2016]] na ilijiunga rasmi kama nchi ya sita katika mwezi Septemba 2016<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/business/South-Sudan-admitted-into-EAC/996-3100314-acaobi/index.html|title=South Sudan joins East African regional bloc|language=en|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2019-07-25}}</ref>. Kwa sasa Sudan Kusini inajenga bomba la mafuta litakaloungana na nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] na [[bandari]] ya [[Jibuti]] na [[pwani]] ya Kusini Mashariki mwa Kenya.<ref>"South Sudan Oil Transit to Resume, Lamu Project will continue". GroundReport. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.</ref> Bomba la mafuta katika Afrika Mashariki litatoa fursa kubwa kwa Sudan Kusini kuunganishwa na Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/2558-1849526-13ywkuc/index.html|title=EAC prepares to admit South Sudan|language=en|work=The East African|accessdate=2019-07-25|archivedate=2019-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927104851/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/2558-1849526-13ywkuc/index.html}}</ref> Tarehe 14 Oktoba 2013, viongozi wa Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda na Burundi walitembelea mji wa [[Kampala]] wakiwa na azma ya kuandika katiba ya Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441|title=Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=www.sudantribune.com|accessdate=2019-07-25|archivedate=2013-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022211259/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article48441}}</ref> Katika mwezi Desemba 2014, bidii ya kuanzisha Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki ilisogezwa hadi 2016 au baadaye.<ref>"East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation". 20 December 2014. Retrieved 4 May2015.</ref> Katika mwezi Desemba 2018, Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ilikubali kuunda kamati ya kuandika katiba ya Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":5" /> Kamati hiyo ilikutana kwa mashauriano ya siku tano nchini Burundi kutoka 14-18 Januari 2020, ambapo ilitangaza kwamba katiba itaandaliwa mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2021]]. Kufuatia idhini ya rasimu na majimbo sita ya EAC baada ya mwaka wa mashauriano, Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki lingeanzishwa mwaka [[2023]]. Njia ya kuelekea shirikisho kamili la kisiasa itajadiliwa kwa kina katika mikutano ya baadaye. Tarehe [[29 Machi]] [[2022]] Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ilikubaliwa kuwa nchi ya saba ya Jumuia hiyo. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Burundi]] [[Jamii:Kenya]] [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Uganda]] [[Jamii:Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nchi zilizopendekezwa]] ishjz6kkycwodrarypwys4sjw0dvnpa 0 115273 1601407 1527426 2026-09-25T17:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina =TryBishop |Img = |Img_size = |Img_capt = |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Jeremy Hicks |Amezaliwa = |Aina = [[Muziki wa hip hop|Hip hop]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]]-[[mtunzi wa nyimbo|mtunzi]], [[kurap|rapa]] |Ala = |Miaka ya kazi = |Studio = |Ameshirikiana na = [[T-Pain]], [[Young Jeezy]] |Tovuti = }} '''TryBishop''' au '''TRYBISHOP''' (jina halisi: '''Jeremy Hicks'''; alizaliwa [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], [[Marekani]], [[1988]]<ref name=RevertNation>{{cite web|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/trybishop|title=TryBishop artist biography|work=Reverb Nation|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>), ni [[msanii]] wa [[hip-hop]] na mtayarishaji kutoka [[Minnesota]], Marekani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/694mer/the-best-rap-tunes-of-the-week-grilled-cheeze-vol-6|title=The Best Rap Tunes of the Week: Grilled Cheeze, Vol. 6|work=Vice News|first=Skinny|last=Friedman|date=Jul 16, 2014|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> ==Kazi== Maslahi ya TryBishop katika muziki alianza wakati alikuwa na umri wa miaka 6. Maslahi yake katika muziki iliendelea kukua zaidi ya miaka kama alivyozalisha muziki wake na alifanya kazi na wasanii wengi maarufu wa hip-hop na R&B karibu na U.S.<ref name=RevertNation/> Kwa miaka mingi, TryBishop ametunga nyimbo mbalimbali na amejumuishwa na wasanii wengi.<ref name=RevertNation/> Amefanya kazi kwa karibu na wasanii wengi maarufu, hususan [[T-Pain]], [[Jeezy]], Dolla, 1500 au Nothin', Da Internz, na [[Curtis Williams]]. ==Uzalishaji== TryBishop ilitunga wimbo "Movin 'It" kwa Tech N9ne, Beatnick, Wrekonize, na K-Salaam,<ref name=Genius>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Beatnick-and-k-salaam-movin-it-lyrics|title=Movin' It (Beatnick & K-Salaam)|work=Genius|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.massappeal.com/beatnick-k-salaam-tech-n9ne-wrekonize-movin-it-premiere/|title=Beatnick, K-Salaam, Tech N9ne, Wrekonize: Movin' It premiere|access-date=2019-05-16|accessdate=2019-08-01|archivedate=2018-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229190552/http://archive.massappeal.com/beatnick-k-salaam-tech-n9ne-wrekonize-movin-it-premiere/|=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229190552/http://archive.massappeal.com/beatnick-k-salaam-tech-n9ne-wrekonize-movin-it-premiere/}}</ref> na pia ni mtayarishaji wa albamu "Ni Ngumu" na Da' T.R.U.T.H.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/its-complicated-mw0002914635/credits|title=It’s Complicated|work=AllMusic.com|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> Nyimbo nyingine zinazozalishwa na TryBishop zinajumuisha wimbo wa Big K.R.I.T.<ref name=Genius/> ==Vipengele== Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, TryBishop ilionekana katika wimbo na Christopher Dotson<ref name=Genius/>, na pia katika wimbo "Thing Now" na T-Pain. Zaidi ya hayo, TryBishop imewekwa katika nyimbo na wasanii maarufu Dolla na [[Jeezy]]. Try Bishop alishirikiswa katika wimbo wa Auburn "Ndege" mwaka 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Auburn-the-birds-lyrics|title=Auburn's “The Birds”|work=Genius|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> Pia alionyesha katika albamu na [[Curtis Williams]].<ref>{{IMDb name|0930323}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Jumuiya ya Jaribu ilikuwa imejumuishwa katika EP iliyoshirikiana na 1500 au Nothin', Childish Major, Da Internz, na Prem Midha.<ref name=StrangeMusic>{{cite web|url=https://www.strangemusicinc.com/2017/08/strange-music/tech-wrek-moving-it/|title=India Shawn & James Fauntleroy – Outer Limits [EP Stream]|work=Strange Music Inc|first=Joe|last=Walker|date=March 5, 2015|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> Hivi karibuni katika 2019, TryBishop ilionekana kwenye albamu ya Vernia na Erick Sermon.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/erick-sermon-drops-of-refreshing-hip-hop-project-vernia-new-mixtape.119051.html|title=Erick Sermon Drops Of Refreshing Hip Hop Project, "Vernia"|last=Marie|first=Erika|date=April 19, 2019|website=HotNewHipHop|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401113200/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/erick-sermon-drops-of-refreshing-hip-hop-project-vernia-new-mixtape.119051.html|archive-date=2022-04-01|dead-url=|access-date=April 19, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.51044/title.erick-sermon-recruits-raekwon-n-o-r-e-for-my-style-ahead-of-vernia-album|title=Erick Sermon Recruits Raekwon & N.O.R.E. For "My Style" Ahead Of "Vernia" Album|last=Ivey|first=Justin|date=April 16, 2019|website=[[HipHopDX]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417011359/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.51044/title.erick-sermon-recruits-raekwon-n-o-r-e-for-my-style-ahead-of-vernia-album|archive-date=2019-04-17|dead-url=|access-date=April 17, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/vernia/1459687706|title=Vernia by Erick Sermon|date=April 19, 2019|website=[[iTunes]]|language=en-us|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{T-Pain}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trybishop}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Hip hop]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] n9eeebxlmaxgomhjo5vgsditcjtaist 0 117971 1601311 1571127 2026-09-25T14:17:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Limpopo_watershed_topo.png|thumb|300x300px|[[Ramani]] ya [[Mto Limpopo]].]] '''Mto Marico''' au '''Madikwe''' ni [[mto]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kuna [[Bwawa|mabwawa]] mengi ndani ya [[bonde]] la mto huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm|title=Major dams in the Marico River|access-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm|archive-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm|archivedate=2012-04-17}}</ref> [[Groot Marico]] limeitwa kutokana na jina la mto Marico. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.marico.co.za/ |title=Marico - Africa at its best |accessdate=2019-10-10 |archive-date=2021-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220054851/http://www.marico.co.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mto unaungana kulia mwa kando zake na [[Crocodile River (West)|Crocodile River]] ambao hujulikana kama [[mto Limpopo]]. == Chanzo == [[Picha:Marico_Oog.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Eye of Marico, chanzo cha mto Marico.]] Mto unaanza mwanzoni kabisa katika [[Eye of Marico]], karibu na [[Rustenburg]] na [[Swartruggens]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)|Kaskazini-Magharibi]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] cha mto ni [[dolomitic]] shimo lillopo chini ya ardhi lenye maji masafi ambayo pia ni mazuri kwa michezo ya [[scuba diving]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |title=South Africa Information: Groot Marico |accessdate=2019-10-10 |archivedate=2017-02-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062129/http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html }}</ref> Hutiririka kaskazini kama Marico mkuu na mbali kwa chini hujulikana kama [[Klein Marico River]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/South+Africa/North-West/_990260_Klein-Maricorivier.html#local_map |title=Klein-Maricorivier, North-West, South Africa |accessdate=2019-10-10 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205642/http://travelingluck.com/Africa/South+Africa/North-West/_990260_Klein-Maricorivier.html#local_map |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa urefu wake hujulikana pia kama mto Madikwene, ila baada ya [[Sehubyane River]] (Sandsloot) huungana kushoto kwake na jina lake hubadilika kuwa mto Marico.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile (West) & Marico WMA 3]</ref> Mto huendelea kutiririka kuelekea kaskazini halafu hupinda kuelekea kaskazini mashariki na kuung mpaka kati ya  [[South Africa]] na [[Botswana]]. Kwa chini maji yanapotiririka,mto Crocodile huungana na mto Marico kwa upande wake wa kulia na jina la mkondo huo hubadilika na kuwa [[Limpopo River]]. About 5&nbsp;km short of the confluence the [[Notwane River]] huungana na mto Limpopo kwa upande wake wa kusini magharibi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm|title=Limpopo Drainage Network|access-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm|archive-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-10-10|archivedate=2014-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm}}</ref> == Mabwawa katika bonde la mto Marico == Mto Marico ni sehemu ya [[Crocodile (West) and Marico Water Management Area]]. Mabwawa katika bonde la mto ni: * [[Lambo la Molatedi]] * [[Lambo la Kromellenboog]] * [[Lambo la Marico-Bosveld]] * [[Lambo la Uitkyk]] * [[Lambo la Klein-Maricopoort]] * [[Lambo la Sehujwane]] * [[Lambo la Madikwe]] == Angalia pia == * [[Orodha ya mito ya Afrika Kusini]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Overview of the Crocodile (West)/Marico Water Management Area] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf |date=20180419184646 }} * [http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060008/http://www.safarimappers.com/area.aspx?lngareaid=37 Madikwe Game Reserve] * [http://www.madikweriverlodge.com/ Madikwe River Lodge] {{Wayback|url=http://www.madikweriverlodge.com/ |date=20111215154235 }} {{mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] tqmwx4x97uqb9yylpjrzefez20890t3 0 118188 1601116 1220207 2026-09-25T13:19:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu ya Tanzania''' ([[kifupi]]: '''OTTT'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics'') ni shirika rasmi la [[takwimu]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. '''Utangulizi:''' '''''1.0         Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu Kabla ya Uhuru Mpaka Kuwa Wakala wa Serikali''''' Shughuli za kitakwimu kabla ya Uhuru wa Tanganyika, zilifanyika kwa kutumia Sheria ya Takwimu Sura ya 443 ya Mwaka 1949 ''(Statistics Ordinance of 1949 – Chapter 443)''. Sheria hii ilikuwa inatumika katika nchi zilizotawaliwa na wakoloni za Afrika Mashariki ambazo ni Kenya, Uganda na Tanganyika. Makao Makuu ya Ofisi yalikuwa Nairobi, Kenya. Aidha, kupitia Sheria hiyo, Idara ya Takwimu ya Afrika Mashariki ilipewa mamlaka ya kuratibu mfumo na muundo wa takwimu za uchumi na jamii wa nchi zote tatu. Baada ya Uhuru wa Tanganyika mwaka 1961, Ofisi hii ilijulikana kama Idara Kuu ya Takwimu ''(Central Bureau of Statistics)'' ambayo Makao Makuu yalikuwa Dar es Salaam. Aidha, katika kipindi tajwa, Ofisi ilikuwa ikifanya kazi chini ya Sheria ya Takwimu, Sura ya 443 ya Mwaka 1961 ''(Statistics Ordinance Cap. 443 of 1961)''. Mnamo tarehe 26 Machi, 1999 jina la Ofisi hii lilibadilika kuwa Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu ''(National Bureau of Statistics-NBS)'' kutokana na kuzinduliwa kuwa Wakala wa Serikali ''(Executive Agency)'' kupitia Sheria ya Wakala wa Serikali Na. 30 ya Mwaka 1997.  NBS ina ofisi za mikoa katika mikoa yote ya Tanzania Bara. Mara baada ya kuwa Wakala wa Serikali, NBS ilikuwa chini ya  Ofisi ya Rais, Tume ya Mipango na iliendelea kufanya kazi na majukumu yake kwa Sheria ya Takwimu Sura ya 443 ya Mwaka 1961 ''(Statistics Ordinance Cap. 443 of 1961)'' hadi mwaka 2002, ilipofutwa kwa Sheria ya Takwimu Sura ya 351 ya Mwaka 2002. Kutokana na Sheria hiyo, NBS ilipewa majukumu ya kuendesha, kusimamia na kuratibu shughuli zote za takwimu rasmi Tanzania Bara na kwa suala la Sensa ya Watu na Makazi, Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu hushirikiana na Ofisi ya Mtakwimu Mkuu wa Serikali-Zanzibar. '''''1.1       Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu kama Taasisi Inayojitegemea''''' Kwa mujibu wa Sheria ya Takwimu Sura 351, Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu ni taasisi ya Serikali inayojitegemea. Ofisi hii ipo chini ya Wizara ya Fedha na Mipango. Kufuatia Makao Makuu ya Serikali kuhamishiwa rasmi Dodoma, Makao Makuu ya Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu yalihamia mkoani Dodoma mwezi Agosti, 2018. '''''1.2                  Dira''''' Dira ya NBS ni “kuwa kitovu cha takwimu rasmi Tanzania”. '''''1.3                  Dhamira''''' Dhamira ya NBS ni “Kutoa takwimu rasmi zilizo bora na huduma zinazokidhi mahitaji ya wadau wa kitaifa na kimataiafa kwa ajili ya kupanga mipango na kutoa maamuzi sahihi”. '''2.0       Majukumu ya Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu''' Kwa mujibu wa Sheria ya Takwimu, jukumu la msingi la Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu ni kuzalisha, kuratibu, kusimamia na kusambaza takwimu rasmi na kuwa mhifadhi/mtunzaji mkuu wa takwimu rasmi nchini. Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake ya kisheria, Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu inafanya kazi zifuatazo: '''''2.1    Kufanya Tafiti Mbalimbali za Kijamii na Kiuchumi'''''        Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu imeendelea kufanya tafiti mbalimbali ili kutoa viashiria vya kijamii na kiuchumi kwa ajili ya kutathmini utekelezaji mipango ya maendeleo ya kitaifa na kimataifa. Tafiti za Kijamii ni kama Utafiti wa Afya ya Mama na Uzazi (TDHS); Utafiti wa Viashiria vya Ukimwi na Malaria Tanzania na Utafiti wa Mapato na Matumizi ya Kaya Binafsi (HBS). Aidha, Tafiti za Kiuchumi ni pamoja na Sensa ya Viwanda, Utafiti wa Biashara na Ujenzi (''Integrated Business Survey)'', na Sensa ya Kilimo ''(Agricultural Censuses).'' '''''2.2    Kufanya Sensa ya Watu na Makazi kwa Kushirikiana na Ofisi ya Mtakwimu Mkuu wa Serikali, Zanzibar'''''        NBS hufanya Sensa ya Watu na Makazi kila baada ya miaka kumi kwa kushirikiana na Ofisi ya Mtakwimu Mkuu wa Serikali Zanzibar. Aidha, Sensa ya Watu na Makazi ijayo inatarajiwa kufanyika mwaka 2022. '''''2.3    Kutoa Takwimu za Msingi (Core Statistics)'''''        Pamoja na tafiti mbalimbali ambazo huwa zinafanyika, Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu hutoa Takwimu za Msingi katika maeneo muhimu ya uchumi kama ifuatavyo: '''(a)       Pato la Taifa'''         Takwimu za Pato la Taifa zinatolewa kila robo mwaka ''(Quarterly Gross Domestic Product – GDP)'' na kwa kila mwaka ''(Annual Gross Domestic Product)'' na Pato la Taifa Kimkoa ''(Regional Gross Domestic Product)''. '''(b)       Takwimu za Kilimo'''         Takwimu za Kilimo na Mifugo kama vile Sensa na Utafiti wa Kilimo ''(Agricultural Sample Surveys).'' '''(c)       Takwimu za Viwanda na Ujenzi'''         Takwimu za Uzalishaji Bidhaa Viwandani, na Takwimu za Fahirisi za Bei za Uzalishaji ''(Producer Price Index)'' ambazo hukusanywa kwa robo mwaka, Utafiti wa kila mwaka wa Uzalishaji wa Viwandani na Sensa ya Viwanda. '''(d)       Takwimu za kila mwaka za Biashara, Usafirishaji, Utalii na Uhamiaji ''(Trade, Transport, Tourism and Migration).''''' '''(e)       Mfumuko wa Bei'''         Mfumuko wa Bei kwa kila mwezi hutolewa kila tarehe 8 ya mwezi unaofuata ili kupima kasi ya mwenendo wa bei za bidhaa na huduma mbalimbali zinazotumika katika kaya binafsi.  '''(f)        Takwimu za Ajira''' Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu imeendelea kukusanya takwimu za ajira kwa kutumia vyanzo vifuatavyo:        i.  Utafiti wa Watu wenye Uwezo wa Kufanya kazi ''(Integrated Labour Force Survey)''. Utafiti huu umekuwa ukifanyika kila baada ya miaka mitano. ii.   Utafiti wa Ajira na Mapato ''(Employment and Earnings Survey)'' hufanyika katika sekta rasmi kwa mikoa yote Tanzania Bara. Utafiti huu umekuwa ukifanyika kila mwaka;   iii.    Utafiti wa Sekta Isiyo Rasmi '''(g)       ''Wasifu wa Kiuchumi na Kijamii wa Mikoa na Wilaya (Regional and District Social Economic Profiles)''''' Uandaaji wa taarifa hizi hufanywa na NBS kwa kushirikiana na Ofisi ya Rais, Tawala za Mikoa na Serikali za Mitaa (TAMISEMI). '''(h)       ''Takwimu za Mazingira na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi'''''{{fupi}} [[Jamii:Serikali ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Takwimu]] mmpau3f28p917jhwx2tw77zrorom2s2 0 118224 1601534 1574610 2026-09-26T00:17:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Yellowstone National Park|iucn_category=II|iucn_ref=<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://protectedplanet.net/yellowstone-national-park|title=Yellowstone in United States of America|website=protectedplanet.net|publisher=IUCN|access-date=December 31, 2018|accessdate=2019-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827123420/https://www.protectedplanet.net/yellowstone-national-park|archivedate=2019-08-27}}</ref>|photo=YellowstonefallJUN05.JPG|photo_caption=[[Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone]]|photo_width=250px|location=[[United States]] * Park County, Wyoming * Teton County, Wyoming * Gallatin County, Montana * Park County, Montana * Fremont County, Idaho |map= |map_caption= |relief=1|coordinates={{coords|44|36|N|110|30|W|region:US-WY|display=inline, title}}|established={{start date|1872|March|1}}|area_acre=2219791|area_ref=<ref name="acres">{{NPS area |year=2011 |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref>|visitation_num=4,115,000|visitation_year=2018|visitation_ref=<ref name="visits">{{NPS visitation |accessdate=March 11, 2019}}</ref>|governing_body=U.S. [[National Park Service]]|website={{Official website}}|embedded1={{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = Natural | designation1_criteria = vii, viii, ix, x | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28 28]<ref name=whs>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28 |title=Yellowstone National Park |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accessdate=March 24, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224234321/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28 |archivedate=February 24, 2017 }}</ref> | designation1_date = 1978 (2nd [[World Heritage Committee|session]]) | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|The Americas]] | designation1_free3name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]] | designation1_free3value = 1995–2003 }}}} [[Picha:Yellowstone_River_in_Hayden_Valley.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mto Yellowstone kwenye tambarare ]] '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Yellowstone''' ni [[mbuga]] ya kitaifa [[Marekani|nchini Marekani]]. Ilikuwa mbuga ya kwanza wa kitaifa kutangazwa [[duniani]]. <ref name="UNESCO-facts">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/28|title=UNESCO, Yellowstone National Park|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> [[Jina]] lilichukuliwa kutoka [[Mto Yellowstone]], ambao unapita katikati ya hifadhi. Yellowstone lilipokewa katika orodha ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] ya [[UNESCO]] [[mwaka]] [[1978]]. Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Yellowstone ni maarufu kwa [[geyser]] zake na [[chemchemi za moto]]. Hifadhi hiyo ina karibu [[nusu]] ya geyser zote duniani. <ref name="UNESCO-facts"/> Geyser maarufu inaitwa Old Faithful kwa sababu inachemka kwa umakini mkubwa kia baada ya dakika ama 65 au 91. Kuna [[wanyamapori]] aina za [[dubu]], [[mbwa mwitu]], [[baisani]] na [[Elki|elk]]<nowiki/>i. [[Watalii]] wengi hutembelea mbuga hiyo kila mwaka kuona geyser na wanyama huko. == Jiografia == Karibu [[asilimia]] 96 ya mbuga ziko katika [[Majimbo ya Marekani|jimbo]] la [[Wyoming]]. Asilimia tatu ziko [[Montana]] na asilimia moja tu huko [[Idaho]]. Eneo lake ni [[km2]] 9,100. . Miaka 640,000 iliyopita Yellowstone ilikuwa mahali pa [[volkeno]] kubwa. Volkeno hii ilisababishwa na " hotspot " katika [[koti]] ya [[Dunia]], ambako [[bamba la Amerika Kaskazini]] lilipita juu yake na kuyeyusha [[ganda la Dunia]] hapa. [[Mlipuko]] mkubwa wa volkeno ulirusha kilomita za mjazo 1,000 za miamba na [[lava]] [[Hewa|hewani]]. {{Convert|240|cumi}} ya [[mwamba]] na lava angani.<ref name="volcanic">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs100-03/|title=Tracking changes in Yellowstone's restless volcanic system|work=|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|date=2006-01-09|accessdate=2007-03-12}}</ref> [[Wataalamu]] wanategemea kutokea kwa mlipuko mwingine katika muda usio mbali sana.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Lowenstern|first=Jake|date=June 2005|title=Truth, fiction and everything in between at Yellowstone|url=http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/june05/feature_supervolcano.html|journal=Geotimes|publisher=American Geologic Institute|access-date=2007-03-12|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203211435/http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/june05/feature_supervolcano.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Picha:Antilocapra_americana.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px| Swala la Pronghorn hupatikana mahali pengi kwenye nyasi za mbuga. ]] === Baisoni === [[Picha:Bison_near_a_hot_spring_in_Yellowstone.JPG|left|thumb|225x225px| Baisoni hutafuta malisho karibu na chemchemi ya moto ]] Kati ya [[wanyama]] wakubwa mashuhuri wa Yeloowstone ni [[kundi]] la [[baisoni]]. Hao ng'ombe mwitu wakubwa walijaza [[nyika]] za [[Amerika ya kaskazini]] kwa [[idadi]] za mamilioni hadi [[karne ya 19]]. [[Mwaka]] [[1902]] wanyama 50 waliokuwa kati ya mwisho waliobaki walipelekwa Yellowstone. Mnamo mwaka [[2003]] idadi yao ilikuwa imeongezeka kufikia 4,000. == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} == Tovuti zingine == {{Commons category-inline|Yellowstone National Park}} * [http://www.nps.gov/yell/ Maeneo rasmi ya Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone] * [http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/tours/ Nyumba ya sanaa ya picha ya kina ya Yellowstone kwenye tovuti rasmi ya NPS.gov] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/history.html USGS: Historia ya volkeno ya uwanja wa Volkano wa Planoau] {{Wayback|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/history.html |date=20070318093739 }} * [http://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/LAHT/b1.html Maisha kwenye joto la juu]{{Wayback|url=http://bioinfo.bact.wisc.edu/themicrobialworld/LAHT/b1.html |date=20200324115759 }} - Utangulizi wa bakteria ya thermophilic ya Yellowstone. * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs100-03/ ''Kufuatilia Mabadiliko katika Mfumo wa Volkeno wa''] Sio wa Volkano usiovunjika, Uchunguzi wa Jiolojia wa Amerika, Karatasi ya Ukweli 100-03, 2004 * [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=00076914-0667-10AA-84B183414B7F0000 Jarida la Sayansi Amerika (Juni 2004 Suala) Masomo kutoka kwa Wolf] [[Jamii:Wyoming]] [[Jamii:Montana]] [[Jamii:Idaho]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] 6eq9wwkmdpq0e7p8aq29x8mes56nr4u 0 120613 1601241 1502371 2026-09-25T14:08:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' inahusu eneo ambalo leo linaunda [[Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu]]. ==Enzi ya Kabla ya Uislamu (Kabla ya Karne ya 7)== Eneo linalojulikana leo kama UAE limekuwa likikaliwa na binadamu kwa maelfu ya miaka (tangu 125,000 KK). Ushahidi wa [[historia|kihistoria]] unaonyesha makazi ya binadamu tangu kipindi cha ''Neolithic'', ambapo jamii zilihusiana na [[uvuvi]], kuvua shukaa, na [[biashara]]. Eneo hili lilikuwa sehemu ya njia za kale za biashara zinazounganisha [[Mesopotamia]], Bonde la [[Mto Indus]], na [[Rasi ya Uarabuni]]. Makazi ya pwani yalibadilishana shukaa, tarehe, na mifugo, huku maeneo ya ndani yakisaidia jamii za kabila la Bedouin. Maeneo ya muungano huo pamoja na [[Qatar]] na [[Bahrain]] yalikuwa nyumbani kwa [[Kabila|makabila]] madogo na [[chifu]] zao, ambapo maisha ya [[jamii|kijamii]] na [[siasa|kisiasa]] yalizunguka mchakato wa familia na miundo ya kabila.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mleiha, Late Pre-Islamic Center of a South-East Arabian Kingdom|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6643/|publisher=UNESCO|website=wwe.unesco.org|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> ==Enzi ya Uislamu na Emirati za Awali (Karne ya 7–18)== [[Uislamu]] ulifika katika eneo hili [[karne ya 7]], ukileta mabadiliko makubwa ya kijamii na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]]. Makabila ya hapa mara kwa mara yalikubali [[Uislamu]] na kuwa sehemu ya dunia ya [[Kiislamu]]. Kwa muda, eneo hili lilikuwa chini ya ushawishi wa nguvu mbalimbali za kikanda, zikiwemo [[khalifa]] wa [[Umayyad]] na [[Abbasid]], na baadaye mamlaka ya [[Uajemi]] na [[Omani]]. Maeneo ya pwani, hasa kando ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]], yalikua kituo cha biashara ya baharini, uvuvi, na uchimbaji shukaa. Kufikia [[karne ya 18]], falme ndogo huru kadhaa, ambazo baadaye zikaunda UAE, zilianzishwa kando ya pwani, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm Al Quwain]], [[Fujairah]], na [[Ras Al Khaimah]]. ==Ushawishi wa Kireno na Kibritania (Karne ya 16–19)== Kuanzia [[karne ya 16]], [[Wareno]] walijaribu kudhibiti biashara kando ya Ghuba ya Uajemi, ikiwa ni pamoja na bandari za eneo la UAE. Baadaye walibadilishwa na nguvu za kikanda, ikiwemo [[Oman]]. Kufikia [[karne ya 19]], [[Waingereza]] walipata ushawishi mkubwa kuhakikisha usalama wa njia za biashara na kuzuia uharamia wa baharini. Waingereza kati ya [[1820]] na [[1892]] walisaini mfululizo wa mikataba na sheikhs wa huko, walipoahidi kuachana na [[uharamia]] na kupokea [[ulinzi]] wa Uingereza. Ulinzi huo ulizuia [[uvamizi]] wa [[Saudia]] katika [[karne ya 20]] na kuzalisha ''Trucial States,'' ikitokana na mikataba ya amani ya baharini iliyosainiwa. Mikataba hiyo ilihakikisha utulivu kando ya pwani na kuweka msingi wa mfumo wa kisiasa wa UAE ya kisasa. ==Uhuru na Muungano (Karne ya 20)== Ugunduzi wa mafuta katikati ya [[karne ya 20]] uliibadilisha [[uchumi]] na jamii za ''Trucial States''. Uboreshaji wa haraka na maendeleo ya miundombinu ulifuatia, hasa [[Abu Dhabi]] na [[Dubai]]. Falme hizo zilikuwa [[nchi lindwa]] chini ya [[Uingereza]] hadi mwaka [[1971]], ambapo [[madola]] hayo madogo yalipata [[uhuru]]. Wakati [[Uingereza]] ilipotangaza kujiondoa Ghuba mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1960]], viongozi wa emirati walianza mazungumzo ya muungano wa [[siasa|kisiasa]]. Mnamo Desemba 2, 1971, emirati sita ([[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm Al Quwain]], na [[Fujairah]]) ziliunda Falme za Kiarabu, na [[Ras Al Khaimah]] kujiunga muda mfupi baadaye mwaka 1972. Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] alikuwa rais wa kwanza wa muungano, akiongoza nchi kupitia maendeleo ya haraka, uboreshaji, na kuanzishwa kwa taasisi za kitaifa. ==Enzi ya sasa (1971 hadi sasa)== Tangu kuundwa kwake, UAE imepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kiuchumi, kijamii, na kisiasa. Uchumi umepanuliwa zaidi ya mafuta hadi sekta kama [[utalii]], usafiri wa anga, fedha, mali isiyohamishika, na nishati mbadala. Miji kama [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]] na [[Abu Dhabi]] imekuwa vituo vya kimataifa vya biashara, utalii, na utamaduni. Nchi pia imejenga ushawishi mkubwa wa kikanda na kimataifa, ikishiriki katika [[diplomasia]], misaada ya kibinadamu, na biashara ya kimataifa. Leo, UAE inachanganya urithi wake wa kitamaduni na kisasa, ikigeuka kuwa moja ya nchi zenye ushawishi mkubwa katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100022694725.0x000011 The 1820 General Maritime Treaty] * [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525062356/http://www.poiresources.com/info/history-of-united-arab-emirates/ Timeline of the United Arab Emirates History from Bronze Age to present day] {{Asia topic|Historia ya}} {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Asia|F]] [[Jamii:Falme za Kiarabu]] k2mhtpme5jaeisq0l9xnhvdwc0gqjng 0 121227 1601437 1472473 2026-09-25T18:46:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox record label <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Music -->|Lugha|Ukao|jina=Ruby|picha=[[File:Ruby logo.svg|Ruby logo]]|image_bg=|shina la studio=namna :namna nyingi|imeanzishwa={{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1995|12|21|df=yes}}|mwanzilishi=Yukihiro Matsumoto|ilivyo sasa=Ilivutwa na: Ada, C++, CLU, Dylan, Eiffel, Lisp, Lua, Perl, Python, Smalltalk, Basic Ilivuta: Clojure, CoffeeScript, Crystal, D, Elixir, Groovy, Ioke, Julia, Mirah, Nu, Ring, Rust, Swift|Usambazaji=|aina za muziki=|nchi=|mahala=Yukihiro Matsumoto, et al.|tovuti=https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/}} '''Ruby''' ni [[lugha ya programu]] ya kiwango cha juu. Iliundwa na [[Yukihiro Matsumoto]] nchini [[Japani]] na ilianzishwa [[tarehe]] [[21 Desemba]] [[1995]], ikiwa na msisitizo wa urahisi, tija na usomaji wa msimbo. Lugha hii inachanganya dhana za lugha za Perl na Smalltalk, ikilenga kufanya programu ziandikwe kwa mtindo wa kimaumbile na wa kibinadamu.<ref>Flanagan, D. The Ruby Programming Language. O’Reilly Media, 2008</ref>. Iliundwa ili kurahisisha kujifunza [[lugha]] za [[programu]]. Leo tunatumia Ruby 2.7.0. Ilivutwa na [[Python (Lugha ya programu)|Python]]. == Historia == Ilianzishwa 21 Desemba 1995 nchini [[Japani]]. Kisha [[kitabu]] cha kwanza kilichapishwa nchini Japani [[mwaka]] wa [[1999]]; kiliitwa "''Lugha ya programu Ruby inaozingatiwa kuhusu kipengee'' (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby). == Sifa Kuu == Ruby ni lugha inayotafsiriwa moja kwa moja (interpreted language) na haina haja ya kuunganishwa kabla ya kutekelezwa. Inasaidia dhana za object-oriented programming, ambapo kila kitu kinaonekana kama kitu.<ref>Thomas, D. Programming Ruby: The Pragmatic Programmer’s Guide. Addison-Wesley, 2004</ref> Lugha hii pia ina urahisi wa kujumuishwa na lugha nyingine kama C na Java. == Mifumo ya Usanifu == Miongoni mwa mifumo maarufu iliyojengwa kwa Ruby ni [[Ruby on Rails]], iliyoanzishwa mwaka 2004 na David Heinemeier Hansson. Ruby on Rails imepata umaarufu mkubwa katika ujenzi wa tovuti kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kurahisisha maendeleo ya programu za wavuti.<ref>Tate, B. From Java to Ruby: Things Every Manager Should Know. Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2006</ref> == Matumizi == Ruby imetumika katika kuunda programu za wavuti, programu ndogo ndogo za usimamizi, na majukwaa ya kijamii. Urahisi wake umeifanya kuvutia watengenezaji wapya na wataalamu duniani kote.<ref>Cooper, P. Beginning Ruby: From Novice to Professional. Apress, 2017</ref> == Sintaksia == [[Sintaksia]] ya Ruby ni rahisi sana. Ilivutwa na sintaksia ya [[Pearl]], lugha ya programu nyingine. == Mifano ya Ruby == Programu kwa kuchapa « Jambo ulimwengu !».<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> $ irb irb(main):001:0> puts 'Jambo, Ulimwengu' Jambo, Ulimwengu </syntaxhighlight>Programu kwa kuchapa orodha ya maneno.<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> array = [1, 'hi', 3.14] array.each {|item| puts item } # prints: # 1 # 'hi' # 3.14 </syntaxhighlight> == Tanbihi == <references /> == Marejeo == {{Refbegin}} * {{citation|last1=Metz|first1=Sandi|title=Practical Object-Oriented Design in Ruby|date=September 5, 2012|url=http://www.informit.com/store/practical-object-oriented-design-in-ruby-an-agile-primer-9780321721334|page=272|edition=First|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|isbn=0-321-72133-0}} * {{citation|last1=McAnally|first1=Jeremy|title=Ruby in Practice|date=March 28, 2009|url=|page=360|edition=First|publisher=[[Manning Publications]]|isbn=1-933988-47-9|last2=Arkin|first2=Assaf}} * {{citation|last1=Thomas|first1=Dave|title=Programming Ruby 1.9: The Pragmatic Programmers' Guide|date=April 28, 2009|url=https://archive.org/details/programmingruby00dave/page/1000|page=[https://archive.org/details/programmingruby00dave/page/1000 1000]|edition=Third|publisher=[[Pragmatic Bookshelf]]|isbn=1-934356-08-5|last2=Fowler|first2=Chad|last3=Hunt|first3=Andy}} * {{citation|last1=Black|first1=David|title=The Well-Grounded Rubyist|date=June 4, 2009|url=|page=520|edition=First|publisher=[[Manning Publications]]|isbn=1-933988-65-7}} * {{citation|last1=Flanagan|first1=David|title=The Ruby Programming Language|date=January 25, 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/rubyprogrammingl00davi/page/446|page=[https://archive.org/details/rubyprogrammingl00davi/page/446 446]|edition=First|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|isbn=0-596-51617-7|last2=Matsumoto|first2=Yukihiro}} * {{citation|last1=Baird|first1=Kevin|title=Ruby by Example: Concepts and Code|date=June 8, 2007|url=http://nostarch.com/ruby.htm|page=326|edition=First|publisher=[[No Starch Press]]|isbn=1-59327-148-4}} * {{citation|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Michael|title=Learning Ruby|date=May 14, 2007|url=https://archive.org/details/learningruby0000fitz/page/255|page=[https://archive.org/details/learningruby0000fitz/page/255 255]|edition=First|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|isbn=0-596-52986-4}} * {{citation|last1=Cooper|first1=Peter|title=Beginning Ruby: From Novice to Professional|date=March 26, 2007|url=http://apress.com/book/view/9781590597668|page=664|edition=First|publisher=[[Apress]]|isbn=1-59059-766-4|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2010-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917181621/http://apress.com/book/view/9781590597668|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation|last1=Fulton|first1=Hal|title=The Ruby Way|date=November 4, 2006|url=http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0672328844|page=888|edition=Second|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|isbn=0-596-52369-6}} * {{citation|last1=Carlson|first1=Lucas|title=Ruby Cookbook|date=July 19, 2006|url=http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596523695/|page=906|edition=First|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|isbn=0-596-52369-6|last2=Richardson|first2=Leonard}} {{Refend}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] [[Jamii:Lugha za programu]] 3iru0p0n675n1noc4evcet53txkhavg 0 121685 1601030 1302600 2026-09-25T13:10:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:PDP-11-M7270.jpg|thumb|[[Bongo kuu (kompyuta)|Bongo kuu]] inayoitwa PDP-11-M7270.]] '''Maunzingumu''' (pia maunzi ngumu<ref>Maunzingumu ni pendekezo la Kiputiputi katika kamusi ya [[KSK]]; orodha za Microsoft na Kilinux za 2004/05 zilitumia "maunzi" pekee, ling. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120806015358/http://www.kilinux.udsm.ac.tz/kiblog/documents/glossary/sw_TZ_Extended_glossary.xls Kilinux Extended Glossary], tovuti ya Kilinux kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam (2009), kupitia archive.org</ref>; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''hardware''') ni sehemu za [[kompyuta]] zinazoshikika. Maunzingumu ni vifaa mbalimbali vinavyounda mashine ya kompyuta, navyo vimegawanyika katika sehemu kuu tatu: # vifaa vya kuingizia data (Input devices), # vifaa vya kutolea data (Output devices) na # vifaa katika tarakilishi ([[Kadi ya mtandao]], [[Kadi ya sauti]], [[Kiendeshi diski kuu|diski kuu]]). Maunzingumu haina kazi bila programu na data za [[maunzilaini]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == * Kiputuputi, Omari (2011). Kamusi Sanifu ya Kompyuta, Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, Toleo la Kwanza 2011, ISBN 978 9987 531 127 {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] 30ky5or1qgp13t8axsexwzsnj37hwdx 0 121941 1601177 1526788 2026-09-25T13:44:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name=Tanzania Breweries Limited | assets={{Increase}} bilioni TSh 738 <small>(March 2013)</small> | trading_name= | num_employees=1,742 | area_served= | mmiliki=[[AB InBev]] | tovuti=www.ab-inbev.com | equity={{Increase}} bilioni TSh487 <small>(March 2013)</small><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/dsefiles/tbl.pdf |title=Tanzania Breweries Limited Headline Results - March 31, 2013 |accessdate=2020-03-06 |archivedate=2014-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825065701/http://www.dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/dsefiles/tbl.pdf }}</ref> | mapato={{Increase}} bilioni TSh 176 <small>(March 2013)</small> | logo=Tanzania Breweries Limited Logo.jpg | revenue={{Increase}} [[Shillingi ya Tanzania|TSh]] Billioni 892 <small>(March 2013)</small> | products=[[Bia]], [[divai]] and [[pombe kali]] | industry=[[bia]], vinjwaji | key_people='''Cleopa Msuya''' <br/> Mwenyekiti <br/>'''Philip Redman''' <br/> Mkurugenzi | location=Buguruni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | foundation=1933 | type=Kampuni ya hisa | traded_as=TBL}} '''Tanzania Breweries Ltd''' ni [[kampuni]] nchini [[Tanzania]] inayohusika katika [[uzalishaji]], [[usambazaji]] na [[uuzaji]] wa [[bia]], [[pombe]] mbalimbali na [[vinywaji]] visivyo na [[kilevi]] nchini Tanzania. [[Makao makuu]] ya TBL yapo. Kampuni inaendesha viwanda vinne [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]], [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.crmz.com/Report/ReportPreview.asp?BusinessId=9495917|title=Commercial Credit Report for Tanzania Breweries Limited - Report Preview|work=www.crmz.com|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref> TBL imeorodheshwa kwenye [[Soko la Hisa la Dar-es-Salaam|Soko la Hisa]] la [[Soko la Hisa la Dar-es-Salaam|Dar es Salaam]]. [[Mmiliki]] wa kampuni ni SABMiller wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Historia == === 1930 - 1959 === Kampuni hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo 1933 kwa jina la Tanganyika Breweries wakati wa ukoloni wa [[Kiingereza]]. Ikanunuliwa kampuni ya '''Kenya Breweries Limited''' (KBL, Nairobi) mnamo 1935. Tangu 1936, makampuni yote mawili yaliunganishwa kuwa [[East African Breweries|East African Breweries Limited]] (EABL). === 1960 - 1989 === Mnamo mwaka wa 1964, jina la kampuni upande wa Tanzania lilibadilishwa kutoka kuwa '''Tanzania Breweries Limited''' kufuatia maungano wa kisiasa wa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]. Mwaka 1967 Serikali ya Tanzania ilianza kuekeza hapa ikanunua asilimia 45 za hisa. Baadaye serikali iliendelea kutaifisha kampuni yote na kuiendesha kama kampuni ya umma kulingana na msimamo wa [[Azimio la Arusha]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.saahiihii.com/storyPage.php?lang=LTH&page=ABOUT&section=PRODUCTION&story=1&businessNo=1217&action=card|title=History of TBL|work=SaaHiiHii|language=lt|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=2016-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921035035/http://www.saahiihii.com/storyPage.php?lang=LTH&page=ABOUT&section=PRODUCTION&story=1&businessNo=1217&action=card|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kutaifishwa mnamo 1967, TBL ilisimamiwa vibaya ikaendelea kuleta hasara kibiashara; [[ubora]] wa bia zake ulishuka pia ilishindwa kutengeneza [[bidhaa]] za kutosheleza soko la nchi. === 1990 - 1999 === Mnamo 1993 serikali ya Tanzania iliingia katika ubia na ushirikiano na South African Breweries International (sasa SABMiller) iliyokabidhiwa utawala wa TBL. SABl waliwekeza dolar za Kimarekani milioni 22.5 katika TBL na kupata hivyo kumiliki asiimia 50 za TBL. Utawala wa SABMiller ulifaulu kuondoa hitilafu ya awali na kuongeza uzalishaji wa bia mara tatu katika kipindi cha miaka mitatu iliyofuata. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ursus-breweries.ro/sabmiller-in-lume/istoric/?lng=2|title=UrsusBreweries|author=(www.e-afacere.ro)|first=E-afacere|work=ursus-breweries.ro|accessdate=2017-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904155023/http://ursus-breweries.ro/sabmiller-in-lume/istoric/?lng=2|archivedate=2017-09-04}}</ref> Kwenye Septemba 1998 TBL iliorodheshwa tena kwenye [[Soko la Hisa la Dar-es-Salaam|Soko la Hisa la Dar es Salaam]]. === 2000 - 2009 === Mnamo 2002, [[East African Breweries|EABL]] ya Kenya ilinunua asilimia 20 za hisa za TBL, na kusaini mikataba ya leseni na kampuni ya SABl ya Afrika Kusini. Pande mbili zilipatana kugawa soko la Afrika ya Mashariki kati yao; EABL ilikabidhi kiwanda cha bia cha Kibo kwa TBL, na SABl iliondoka katika soko la Kenya. Kufuatana na mapatano haya TBL ilishika asilimia 98% za soko la bia nchini Tanzania ifikapo mwaka 2004. <ref name=":0"/> === Tangu mwaka 2010 === Mnamo mwaka wa 2010, EABL iliiliondoka katika makubaliano haya na TBL, ikauza hisa zake na kununua hisa za asilimia 51 katika Serengeti Breweries, ambayo ni mtengenezaji wa bia mkubwa wa pili nchini Tanzania. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/tanzania-eabl-sabmiller-idUKL5E7LI4IL20111018 |title=EABL gets nod to sell stake in SABMiller's unit |accessdate=2020-03-06 |archivedate=2015-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133432/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/tanzania-eabl-sabmiller-idUKL5E7LI4IL20111018 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133432/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/tanzania-eabl-sabmiller-idUKL5E7LI4IL20111018 }}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2013, TBL ilinunua asilimia 60 za hisa za Darbrew Limited kwa TShs 8,816 Milioni na kupata udhibiti wa kampuni hiyo inayopika pombe za kienyeji. <ref name=":0"/> Mnamo Machi 31, 2013, TBL ilishika asilimia 74 za soko la vinywaji vya pombe nchini Tanzania. Iliuza viwango vikubwa vya bia nje kwa Nile Breweries Limited ya [[Uganda]], Crown Beverage Limited ya [[Kenya]] na Zambia Breweries Limited ya [[Zambia]], ambazo zote zinamilikiwa na SABMiller. <ref name=":0">[http://www.sabmiller.com/docs/default-source/investor-documents/reports/2013/financial-reports/annual-report-tzb-2013.pdf?sfvrsn=4 Tanzania Breweries Limited 2012/13 Annual Report]</ref> [[Picha:Kilimanjaro_Lager_beer.JPG|right|thumb| Chupa ya Kilimanjaro Lager ]] Mwaka 2016 SABMiller ilinunuliwa na kampuni la Marekani AB InBev (Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV)<ref name="Brown">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Lisa |date=11 October 2016 |title=A-B InBev finalizes $100B billion acquisition of SABMiller, creating world's largest beer company |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-megabrew-ab-inbev-sabmiller-merger-20161010-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>. == Makampuni yaliyo chini ya TBL == Kampuni yaliyo chini ya Tanzania Breweries Limited ni pamoja na: <ref name=":0"/> # '''Tanzania Breweries Limited''' - Inajihusisha na uzalishaji, usambazaji na uuzaji wa bia ya kimea, vinywaji vya kimea visivyo vya pombe na vinywaji vya pombe la matunda. # '''Kibo Breweries Limited''' - (inamilikiwa kwa %100) inasimamia mali kama mitambo, injini, magari na fenicha kwa makampuni yote ya kundi la TBL # '''Tanzania Distilleries Limited''' - (inamilikiwa kwa %65) - inazalisha pombe kali # '''Darbrew Limited''' - (inamilikiwa kwa %60) - inazalisha pombe zinazotengenezwa kwa namna ya kienyeji # '''Mountainside Farms Limited''' - (%4 za [[hisa]]) - inalima shayiri == Bidhaa == Kwa sasa TBL inauza aina 11 za vinywaji zikiwa pamoja na: # [[:en:Castle_Lager|Castle Lager]] # Castle Lite # Kilimanjaro Lager # Eagle # Balimi # Ndovu Special Malt # Safari Lager # CAstle Milk Stout # Grand Malta # Bia Bingwa # Safari Sparkling Water == Umiliki == Hisa za Tanzania Breweries Limited zinauzwa katika Soko la Hisa la Dar es Salaam, chini ya [[kifupi]]: '''TBL'''. Kufuatana na taarifa ya mwaka 2018 jumla ya hisa 295,056,063 za kampuni zilimilikiwa na wafuatao <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/TBL%202018%20ANNUAL%20REPORT.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-03-06 |archivedate=2021-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016122254/https://www.dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/TBL%202018%20ANNUAL%20REPORT.pdf }}</ref>: {| style="font-size:100%;" | width="100%" align="center" | '''Wanahisa wa Tanzania Breweries Limited''' |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" ! style="width:2em;" | Cheo ! Jina la Mmiliki ! Umiliki wa Asilimia |- | 1 | AB-InBev Africa BV (zamani SABMiller Africa BV) | 63,95 |- | 2 | Wanahisa wengine wa nje ya Tanzania | 20,86 |- | 3 | Wanahisa wa binafsi nchini Tanzania | 6,72 |- | 4 | Mfuko wa Mafao ya Shirika za Umma (PFF) | 4.2 |- | 5 | Mfuko wa Taifa wa Bima ya Afya (NHIF) | 1.65 |- | 6 | Dhamana ya Uwekezaji Tanzania (Unit Trust of Tanzania UTT) | 1.44 |- | 7 | Akiba ya Wafanyakazi wa Serikali za Mitaa (LAPF) | 0.95 |- | 8 | Shirika la Taifa la Hifadhi ya Jamii (NSSF) | 0.24 |- | | '''Jumla''' | '''100.00''' |- |} |} == Utawala == Tanzania Breweries Limited inasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi ya watu kumi na [[Cleopa Msuya]] anayehudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa kikundi hicho na Philip Redman kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu. <ref>[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/board.asp?privcapId=21989103 Company Overview of Tanzania Breweries Limited - Board Members]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.sabmiller.com/ Ukurasa wa SABMiller] * [http://www.eabl.com/ Ukurasa wa EABL] * [http://www.dse.co.tz/ Uuzaji wa Hisa wa Dar es salaam] [[Jamii:kampuni zilizoorodheshwa katika Soko la Hisa la Dar es Salaam]] l3rutla0j0ehnbuugh9nmkanzoj9ijt 1601350 1601177 2026-09-25T15:21:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name=Tanzania Breweries Limited | assets={{Increase}} bilioni TSh 738 <small>(March 2013)</small> | trading_name= | num_employees=1,742 | area_served= | mmiliki=[[AB InBev]] | tovuti=www.ab-inbev.com | equity={{Increase}} bilioni TSh487 <small>(March 2013)</small><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/dsefiles/tbl.pdf |title=Tanzania Breweries Limited Headline Results - March 31, 2013 |accessdate=2020-03-06 |archivedate=2014-08-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825065701/http://www.dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/dsefiles/tbl.pdf }}</ref> | mapato={{Increase}} bilioni TSh 176 <small>(March 2013)</small> | logo=Tanzania Breweries Limited Logo.jpg | revenue={{Increase}} [[Shillingi ya Tanzania|TSh]] Billioni 892 <small>(March 2013)</small> | products=[[Bia]], [[divai]] and [[pombe kali]] | industry=[[bia]], vinjwaji | key_people='''Cleopa Msuya''' <br/> Mwenyekiti <br/>'''Philip Redman''' <br/> Mkurugenzi | location=Buguruni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | foundation=1933 | type=Kampuni ya hisa | traded_as=TBL}} '''Tanzania Breweries Ltd''' ni [[kampuni]] nchini [[Tanzania]] inayohusika katika [[uzalishaji]], [[usambazaji]] na [[uuzaji]] wa [[bia]], [[pombe]] mbalimbali na [[vinywaji]] visivyo na [[kilevi]] nchini Tanzania. [[Makao makuu]] ya TBL yapo. Kampuni inaendesha viwanda vinne [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]], [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] na [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.crmz.com/Report/ReportPreview.asp?BusinessId=9495917|title=Commercial Credit Report for Tanzania Breweries Limited - Report Preview|work=www.crmz.com|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref> TBL imeorodheshwa kwenye [[Soko la Hisa la Dar-es-Salaam|Soko la Hisa]] la [[Soko la Hisa la Dar-es-Salaam|Dar es Salaam]]. [[Mmiliki]] wa kampuni ni SABMiller wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Historia == === 1930 - 1959 === Kampuni hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo 1933 kwa jina la Tanganyika Breweries wakati wa ukoloni wa [[Kiingereza]]. Ikanunuliwa kampuni ya '''Kenya Breweries Limited''' (KBL, Nairobi) mnamo 1935. Tangu 1936, makampuni yote mawili yaliunganishwa kuwa [[East African Breweries|East African Breweries Limited]] (EABL). === 1960 - 1989 === Mnamo mwaka wa 1964, jina la kampuni upande wa Tanzania lilibadilishwa kutoka kuwa '''Tanzania Breweries Limited''' kufuatia maungano wa kisiasa wa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]. Mwaka 1967 Serikali ya Tanzania ilianza kuekeza hapa ikanunua asilimia 45 za hisa. Baadaye serikali iliendelea kutaifisha kampuni yote na kuiendesha kama kampuni ya umma kulingana na msimamo wa [[Azimio la Arusha]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.saahiihii.com/storyPage.php?lang=LTH&page=ABOUT&section=PRODUCTION&story=1&businessNo=1217&action=card|title=History of TBL|work=SaaHiiHii|language=lt|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=2016-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921035035/http://www.saahiihii.com/storyPage.php?lang=LTH&page=ABOUT&section=PRODUCTION&story=1&businessNo=1217&action=card|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kutaifishwa mnamo 1967, TBL ilisimamiwa vibaya ikaendelea kuleta hasara kibiashara; [[ubora]] wa bia zake ulishuka pia ilishindwa kutengeneza [[bidhaa]] za kutosheleza soko la nchi. === 1990 - 1999 === Mnamo 1993 serikali ya Tanzania iliingia katika ubia na ushirikiano na South African Breweries International (sasa SABMiller) iliyokabidhiwa utawala wa TBL. SABl waliwekeza dolar za Kimarekani milioni 22.5 katika TBL na kupata hivyo kumiliki asiimia 50 za TBL. Utawala wa SABMiller ulifaulu kuondoa hitilafu ya awali na kuongeza uzalishaji wa bia mara tatu katika kipindi cha miaka mitatu iliyofuata. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ursus-breweries.ro/sabmiller-in-lume/istoric/?lng=2|title=UrsusBreweries|author=(www.e-afacere.ro)|first=E-afacere|work=ursus-breweries.ro|accessdate=2017-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904155023/http://ursus-breweries.ro/sabmiller-in-lume/istoric/?lng=2|archivedate=2017-09-04}}</ref> Kwenye Septemba 1998 TBL iliorodheshwa tena kwenye [[Soko la Hisa la Dar-es-Salaam|Soko la Hisa la Dar es Salaam]]. === 2000 - 2009 === Mnamo 2002, [[East African Breweries|EABL]] ya Kenya ilinunua asilimia 20 za hisa za TBL, na kusaini mikataba ya leseni na kampuni ya SABl ya Afrika Kusini. Pande mbili zilipatana kugawa soko la Afrika ya Mashariki kati yao; EABL ilikabidhi kiwanda cha bia cha Kibo kwa TBL, na SABl iliondoka katika soko la Kenya. Kufuatana na mapatano haya TBL ilishika asilimia 98% za soko la bia nchini Tanzania ifikapo mwaka 2004. <ref name=":0"/> === Tangu mwaka 2010 === Mnamo mwaka wa 2010, EABL iliiliondoka katika makubaliano haya na TBL, ikauza hisa zake na kununua hisa za asilimia 51 katika Serengeti Breweries, ambayo ni mtengenezaji wa bia mkubwa wa pili nchini Tanzania. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/tanzania-eabl-sabmiller-idUKL5E7LI4IL20111018 |title=EABL gets nod to sell stake in SABMiller's unit |accessdate=2020-03-06 |archivedate=2015-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133432/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/tanzania-eabl-sabmiller-idUKL5E7LI4IL20111018 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133432/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/tanzania-eabl-sabmiller-idUKL5E7LI4IL20111018 }}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2013, TBL ilinunua asilimia 60 za hisa za Darbrew Limited kwa TShs 8,816 Milioni na kupata udhibiti wa kampuni hiyo inayopika pombe za kienyeji. <ref name=":0"/> Mnamo Machi 31, 2013, TBL ilishika asilimia 74 za soko la vinywaji vya pombe nchini Tanzania. Iliuza viwango vikubwa vya bia nje kwa Nile Breweries Limited ya [[Uganda]], Crown Beverage Limited ya [[Kenya]] na Zambia Breweries Limited ya [[Zambia]], ambazo zote zinamilikiwa na SABMiller. <ref name=":0">[http://www.sabmiller.com/docs/default-source/investor-documents/reports/2013/financial-reports/annual-report-tzb-2013.pdf?sfvrsn=4 Tanzania Breweries Limited 2012/13 Annual Report]</ref> [[Picha:Kilimanjaro_Lager_beer.JPG|right|thumb| Chupa ya Kilimanjaro Lager ]] Mwaka 2016 SABMiller ilinunuliwa na kampuni la Marekani AB InBev (Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV)<ref name="Brown">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Lisa |date=11 October 2016 |title=A-B InBev finalizes $100B billion acquisition of SABMiller, creating world's largest beer company |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-megabrew-ab-inbev-sabmiller-merger-20161010-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |location=Chicago |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>. == Makampuni yaliyo chini ya TBL == Kampuni yaliyo chini ya Tanzania Breweries Limited ni pamoja na: <ref name=":0"/> # '''Tanzania Breweries Limited''' - Inajihusisha na uzalishaji, usambazaji na uuzaji wa bia ya kimea, vinywaji vya kimea visivyo vya pombe na vinywaji vya pombe la matunda. # '''Kibo Breweries Limited''' - (inamilikiwa kwa %100) inasimamia mali kama mitambo, injini, magari na fenicha kwa makampuni yote ya kundi la TBL # '''Tanzania Distilleries Limited''' - (inamilikiwa kwa %65) - inazalisha pombe kali # '''Darbrew Limited''' - (inamilikiwa kwa %60) - inazalisha pombe zinazotengenezwa kwa namna ya kienyeji # '''Mountainside Farms Limited''' - (%4 za [[hisa]]) - inalima shayiri == Bidhaa == Kwa sasa TBL inauza aina 11 za vinywaji zikiwa pamoja na: # [[:en:Castle_Lager|Castle Lager]] # Castle Lite # Kilimanjaro Lager # Eagle # Balimi # Ndovu Special Malt # Safari Lager # CAstle Milk Stout # Grand Malta # Bia Bingwa # Safari Sparkling Water == Umiliki == Hisa za Tanzania Breweries Limited zinauzwa katika Soko la Hisa la Dar es Salaam, chini ya [[kifupi]]: '''TBL'''. Kufuatana na taarifa ya mwaka 2018 jumla ya hisa 295,056,063 za kampuni zilimilikiwa na wafuatao <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/TBL%202018%20ANNUAL%20REPORT.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2020-03-06 |archivedate=2021-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016122254/https://www.dse.co.tz/sites/default/files/TBL%202018%20ANNUAL%20REPORT.pdf }}</ref>: {| style="font-size:100%;" | width="100%" align="center" | '''Wanahisa wa Tanzania Breweries Limited''' |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" ! style="width:2em;" | Cheo ! Jina la Mmiliki ! Umiliki wa Asilimia |- | 1 | AB-InBev Africa BV (zamani SABMiller Africa BV) | 63,95 |- | 2 | Wanahisa wengine wa nje ya Tanzania | 20,86 |- | 3 | Wanahisa wa binafsi nchini Tanzania | 6,72 |- | 4 | Mfuko wa Mafao ya Shirika za Umma (PFF) | 4.2 |- | 5 | Mfuko wa Taifa wa Bima ya Afya (NHIF) | 1.65 |- | 6 | Dhamana ya Uwekezaji Tanzania (Unit Trust of Tanzania UTT) | 1.44 |- | 7 | Akiba ya Wafanyakazi wa Serikali za Mitaa (LAPF) | 0.95 |- | 8 | Shirika la Taifa la Hifadhi ya Jamii (NSSF) | 0.24 |- | | '''Jumla''' | '''100.00''' |- |} |} == Utawala == Tanzania Breweries Limited inasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi ya watu kumi na [[Cleopa Msuya]] anayehudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa kikundi hicho na Philip Redman kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu. <ref>[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/board.asp?privcapId=21989103 Company Overview of Tanzania Breweries Limited - Board Members] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.sabmiller.com/ Ukurasa wa SABMiller] * [http://www.eabl.com/ Ukurasa wa EABL] * [http://www.dse.co.tz/ Uuzaji wa Hisa wa Dar es salaam] [[Jamii:kampuni zilizoorodheshwa katika Soko la Hisa la Dar es Salaam]] 9purzvpk4se3qh07f0tvon3ri6dn329 0 123789 1601580 1458726 2026-09-26T06:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jayantilal Keshavji''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Andy Chande'''; [[7 Mei]] [[1928]] – [[7 Aprili]] [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] mkubwa, mhisani na mwanachama wa chama cha [[Freemasons]] aliyeheshimika kama mtu aliyefanya mambo yenye kuleta matokeo makubwa katika nchi yake ya [[Tanzania]] pamoja na kuwa na mchango mkubwa katika [[maendeleo]] ya [[elimu]] na ya [[biashara]] na masoko.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Prominent-businessman-Andy-Chande-dies-at-88/1840340-3881192-format-xhtml-125tikkz/index.html|title=Prominent businessman Andy Chande dies at 88|date=2017-04-07|work=The Citizen|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref> ==Wasifu== Andy Chande alikuwa [[mwenyekiti]] wa [[bodi]] ya [[wakurugenzi]] wa [[shule]] ya [[Shaaban Robert Secondary School]] na [[rais]] wa chama cha ‘’Dar es Salaam Secondary Education Society’’. Pia alikuwa mdhamini wa heshima wa shule za jamii ya watu wenye [[asili]] ya [[Uhindi]] katika [[mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] Andy Chande amepokea [[tuzo]] mbalimbali: mwaka 1998 alipata tuzo kutoka Rotary International ilioitwa ‘’Service Above Self’’ na mwaka 2003 alipokea tuzo ya ‘’Hind Ratna’’ kutoka kwa [[Waziri Mkuu]] mstaafu wa [[India]] ikiwa ni tuzo ya heshima ya mtu wa mwaka asiyekuwa [[raia]] wa India. Tarehe [[10 Agosti]] [[2007]], [[kitabu]] chake ''A Knight in Africa” kilichotafsiriwa katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]] kama [[Shujaa Katika Afrika: Safari Kutoka Bukene]] kilizinduliwa na rais wa awamu ya nne nchini Tanzania, [[Jakaya Kikwete]] katika [[ukumbi]] wa shule ya Shaaban Robert Secondary School, huku marais na watu wengine waliohudhuria siku hiyo akiwemo: *Rais wa pili wa Tanzania, [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] *Rais wa tatu wa Tanzania, [[Benjamin Mkapa]] *Dr Andrew McAlister^{[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230602/http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/page.php?id=8106]} ==Tuzo== *Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, 2003 *Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, 2005 ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927170653/http://andychande.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=28%2F A Knight in Africa] {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1928|2017}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Tanzania]] 8fnlb8q903tdgtvxqearb647vpuwi1w 0 123885 1601516 1594174 2026-09-25T21:39:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601516 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hiv budding.jpg | haki | thumb |Namba virusi vya UKIMWI vinavyotoka katika [[seli]].]] '''Virusi vya UKIMWI'''; [[kifupi]]: '''VVU'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''HIV'', yaani "Human Immunodeficiency Virus") ni [[virusi]] vinavyoshambulia [[mwili]] wa [[binadamu]] kwa kuondoa nguvu zake za kupambana na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanayosababisha [[maradhi]]. [[UKIMWI]] ni [[ugonjwa]] wa [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] wa binadamu <ref name="pmid11396444">{{Rejea jarida|author=Sepkowitz KA|title=AIDS—the first 20 years|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=344|issue=23| pages=1764–72|year=2001|month=June|pmid=11396444|doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306}}</ref> ambao ni hatari sana katika [[maisha]] ya [[binadamu]] kwa kuwa husababisha [[kifo|vifo]]. Kwa mujibu wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]], kufikia mwaka [[2014]] ugonjwa huu umeua watu [[milioni]] 39, hasa kati ya wanaoishi [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] [[kusini kwa Sahara]]. Kwa [[mwaka]] [[2015]] pekee wamefariki watu milioni 1.2 na kati yao [[watoto]] wengi. UKIMWI umekuwa na madhara makubwa katika [[jamii]], kama ugonjwa wa mwili na kama chanzo cha [[Ubaguzi wa watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI|ubaguzi]]. Kuna sintofahamu kuhusu UKIMWI kama vile kwamba eti, unaweza kusambazwa kwa kugusana tu bila [[ngono]]. Ugonjwa huo pia unasababisha [[madhara ya kiuchumi]] ambayo ni makubwa, hasa kwa nchi maskini. UKIMWI hadi hivi sasa haina [[chanjo]] wala [[tiba]], lakini tunaweza kuuepuka ugonjwa huu kwa kuachana na ngono ambayo huweza kusababisha ugonjwa huo, pia tunaweza kujikinga nao kwa kuepuka kuchangia vifaa au vitu vyenye [[ncha]] kali. Kimsingi zaidi ni kwamba ugonjwa huo umetokana na kuenezwa hasa na [[maadili]] mabovu. Dhidi yake watu wanahitaji kuelewa tangu [[Utoto|utotoni]] na [[Ujana|ujanani]] maana ya [[jinsia]] na [[maisha]] kwa jumla, kwamba vinadai [[upendo]], [[nidhamu]] na [[uwajibikaji]], si kufuata [[tamaa]] tofautitofauti daima<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|title=Thirty years after AIDS discovery, appreciation growing for Catholic approach|publisher=Catholicnewsagency.com|date=June 5, 2011|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archive-date=2011-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912204558/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/thirty-years-after-aids-discovery-appreciation-growing-for-catholic-approach/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+catholicnewsagency%2Fdailynews+%28CNA+Daily+News%29|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Tarehe [[1 Desemba]] kila [[mwaka]] ni [[Siku ya Ukimwi duniani|siku ya UKIMWI duniani]]. ==Mfumo wa kingamwili na VVU== Kila mtu huwa na [[Mfumo wa kingamaradhi|mfumo wa kingamwili]] ndani yake. [[Seli]] za ulinzi zinazunguka mwilini na kutafuta [[vidubini]] vya nje vinavyoweza kuleta mvurugo na zinaviharibu. Kati ya seli hizi za [[ulinzi]] ni [[seli nyeupe za damu]] (lukosaiti) ambazo ni muhimu sana. Ukimwi unasababishwa na VVU. Kama virusi vyote, VVU vinaingia katika mwili kwa kusudi la kuzaa. Virusi haviwezi kuzaa peke yake: vinahitaji seli vinamoweza kuingia ndani yake na kutumia mfumo wa seli kwa kunakili [[DNA]] yake. Kwa kawaida virusi vinashambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili na kuharibika. Lakini VVU vina tabia mbili za pekee ambazo zinavifanya vvya hatari hasa: * vinafaulu mara nyingi kuepukana na seli za ulinzi mwilini * vinaingia hasahasa katika seli nyeupe za damu za aina "seli za T". VVU vikianza kuongezeka katika seli nyeupe ya damu vinadhoofisha na hatimaye kuharibu seli hii. Maana yake VVU vinashambulia moja kwa moja seli ambazo ni sehemu ya kingamwili na zinazohusika kukinga mwili. Kuenea kwa VVU mwilini kunapunguza idadi ya seli za ulinzi na hivyo kupunguza kiwango cha kingamwili. Baada ya kupungua kwa kingamwili vidubini vingine vinaendelea kufika mwilini lakini sasa vinaenea zaidi kwa sababu seli za ulinzi zimekuwa chache. Kila [[ambukizo]] linaendelea kwa muda mrefu zaidi na hivyo mwili kwa jumla unateswa kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Kadiri Ukimwi unavyoendelea vipindi vya magonjwa vinakuwa virefu zaidi na nguvu za mwili zinapunguapungua. Katika ngazi za mwisho [[idadi]] ya maambukizo inazidi uwezo wa mwili wa kupambana nayo na hapo mtu unakaribia kifo. ==Virusi vyenyewe== [[File:HI-virion-structure en.svg|thumb|alt= Muundo wa duara ulio na miundo ya rangi ya waridi inayochipuka kutoka kwake, na michoro kadhaa ndani ya duara hii ikionyesha vipengele tofauti vya virusi |Mchoro unaoonyesha muundo wa virusi vya VVU]] VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI. VVU ni [[retrovirusi]] ambavyo hasa huambukiza vipengele vya [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ya binadamu kama vile seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>T, [[makrofaji]] na [[seli za dendraiti]]. Virusi hivi huharibu seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T moja kwa moja au vinginevyo.<ref name=Alimonti>{{Rejea jarida |author=Alimonti JB, Ball TB, Fowke KR | title=Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS | journal=J. Gen. Virol. | year=2003 | pages=1649–1661 | volume=84 | issue=7 | pmid=12810858 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.19110-0}}</ref> VVU ni mshirika wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Lentivirus]]'',<ref name=ICTV61.0.6>{{cite web | author=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] | publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] | year=2002 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418135608/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61060000.htm | title=61.0.6. Lentivirus | accessdate=2012-06-25 | archivedate=2006-04-18 }}</ref> sehemu ya [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya [[Retroviridae]].<ref name=ICTV61.>{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |publisher=National Institutes of Health |year=2002 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |title=61. Retroviridae |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629180810/http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/61000000.htm |accessdate=2012-06-25 |archivedate=2006-06-29 }}</ref> Virusi vyote vya lenti huwa na sifa sawa za [[mofolojia (bayolojia)|kimofolojia]] na [[biolojia]]. Spishi nyingi za [[mamalia]] huambukizwa na virusi vya lenti, ambavyo haswa huwa ndivyo visababishi vya maradhi ya muda mrefu yaliyo na [[kipindi cha kupevuka]] kirefu.<ref name=Levy>{{cite journal | author=Lévy, J. A. | title=HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival | journal=AIDS | year=1993 | pages=1401–10| volume=7 | issue=11 | pmid=8280406 | doi=10.1097/00002030-199311000-00001}}</ref>Virusi vya lenti husambazwa kama [[virusi vya RNA]] chanya za uzi mmoja [[hisia]] zilizo ndani ya kigamba. Inapoingia ndani ya seli iliyolengwa, [[jenomu]] ya [[RNA]] ya virusi hugeuzwa (hubadilishwa kinakala) na kuwa [[DNA]] ya nyuzi mbili ambayo husafirishwa pamoja na jenomu ya virusi katika chembe ya virusi vile. DNA ya virusi inayoundika huingia katika kiini cha seli ambapo huchangamana na seli ya DNA kwa kutumia [[integresi]] iliyofasiliwa kama virusi, na pia vipengele husika vya kiini kikuu.<ref name="JASmith">{{cite journal | author= Smith, Johanna A.; Daniel, René (Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Human Virology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia)|title= Following the path of the virus: the exploitation of host DNA repair mechanisms by retroviruses |journal=ACS Chem Biol|volume=1|issue=4 |pages= 217–26 |year= 2006 |pmid= 17163676 |doi=10.1021/cb600131q |url= }}</ref> Vinapochangamana na DNA ya seli, virusi hivi vinaweza kuingia katika [[kipindi cha kupevuka|awamu fiche]], hivyo kuwezesha virusi hivi pamoja na seli inayovipokea kuepuka kutambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez|first=edited by Miguel Angel|title=RNA interference and viruses : current innovations and future trends|year=2010|publisher=Caister Academic Press|location=Norfolk|isbn=9781904455561|pages=73|url=</ref> Aina mbili [[Aina ndogo za VVU|za VVU]] zimetambulika: VVU-1 na VVU-2. VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III). Virusi hivi vina [[sumu kali]], vyenye [[uambukizaji|kuambukiza]],<ref>{{cite journal | title=Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal | last=Gilbert | first=PB |journal=Statistics in Medicine | date=28 February 2003| volume=22 |issue=4 | pages=573–593 | pmid=12590415 |doi=10.1002/sim.1342 | last2=McKeague | first2=IW | last3=Eisen | first3=G |last4=Mullins | first4=C | last5=Guéye-Ndiaye| first5=A | last6=Mboup | first6=S | last7=Kanki | first7=PJ |display-authors=1}}</ref> na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi. VVU-2 hupatikana zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]] kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa chini wa kuambukiza.<ref name="Reeves">{{cite journal | author=Reeves, J. D. and Doms, R. W | title=Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 | journal=J. Gen. Virol. |year=2002 | pages=1253–65 | volume=83 | issue=Pt 6 | pmid=12029140 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.18253-0}}</ref> [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|alt= Kifaa kikubwa cha duara cha rangi ya buluu, na kifaa chekundu kilichounganishwa nacho. Vifaa vyote viwili vina madoa ya kijani yaliyotapakaa juu yake.|[[Darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi|Mikrografu ya elektroni ya ukaguzi]] wa VVU-1, vya rangi ya kijani, vinavyochipuka kutoka kwa [[limfositi]] iliyokaguliwa.]] Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha [[kugawanyika kwa virusi]], hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni. Katika kipindi cha kwanza cha maambukizi, kiwango cha VVU kinaweza kufika milioni kadhaa za chembe za virusi kwa kila [[mililita]] ya damu.<ref name=Piatak>{{cite journal | author=Piatak, M., Jr, Saag, M. S., Yang, L. C., Clark, S. J., Kappes, J. C., Luk, K. C., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M. and Lifson, J.D. | title=High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR |journal=Science | year=1993 |pages=1749–1754 |volume=259 |issue=5102 | pmid=8096089 | doi=10.1126/science.8096089|bibcode = 1993Sci...259.1749P }}</ref> Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T zinazozunguka. [[Viremia]] kali mara nyingi huhusishwa na kuwezeshwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi|CD8⁺ seli za T]], ambazo huangamiza seli zilizoambukizwa VVU na kisha kuhusishwa na kuzalishwa kwa zindiko, au [[kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya]]. Mwitikio wa seli za CD8⁺ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4⁺ T vikirejea. Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8⁺ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.<ref name=Pantaleo1998>{{cite journal| author=Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, Cohen OJ, Daucher M, Graziosi C, Schnittman SS, Quinn TC, Shaw GM, Perrin L, Tambussi G, Lazzarin A, Sekaly RP, Soudeyns H, Corey L, Fauci AS. | title=The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. | year=1997 |pages=254–258 | volume=94 | issue=1 | pmid=8990195 | doi=10.1073/pnas.94.1.254|pmc=19306|bibcode = 1997PNAS...94..254P }}</ref> Pathofisiolojia ya UKIMWI ni tata.<ref name="pmid8040596">{{Rejea jarida| author=Guss DA| title=The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1| journal=J Emerg Med| volume=12| issue=3|pages=375–84| year=1994| pmid=8040596| doi=10.1016/0736-4679(94)90281-X}}</ref> Mwishowe, VVU husababisha UKIMWI kwa kuharibu [[seli T saidizi|CD4⁺seli za T]]. Hali hii hudhoofisha mfumo wa kingamwili hivyo kuwezesha [[mambukizi vamizi]]. Seli za T ni muhimu kwa mwitikio wa kingamwili, hivyo bila ya seli hizi, mwili hauwezi kukabiliana na maambukizi wala kuharibu seli za saratani. Utendakazi wa kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutofautiana katika awamu kali na za muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid16679064">{{Rejea jarida|author=Hel Z, McGhee JR, Mestecky J |title=HIV infection: first battle decides the war |journal=Trends Immunol. |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=274–81 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16679064|doi=10.1016/j.it.2006.04.007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-immunology_2006-06_27_6/page/274}}</ref> Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi]] huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T, ingawa [[apoptosi]] pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii. Katika awamu ya muda mrefu, matokeo ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili ukiandamana na udhaifu wa pole pole wa uwezo wa mfumo wa kingamwili kuzalisha seli mpya za T hukisiwa kuchangia kupungua kwa pole pole kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T. <ref>{{cite book|author=Arie J. Zuckerman et al. (eds)|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|page=905|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sC&pg=PA905|edition=6th}}</ref> Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.<ref name="pmid15365095">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Horowitz A, Hurley A, Hogan C, Boden D, Racz P, Markowitz M|title=Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4⁺ T cells from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=761–70 |year=2004 |month=September|pmid=15365095 |doi=10.1084/jem.20041196 |url= |pmc=2211967}}</ref> Sababu ya kiwango hiki kikubwa cha kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T ni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha seli za ute za CD4⁺ T huzalisha protini ya [[CCR5]] inayotumika na VVU kama [[kipokezi kishiriki]] ili kuweza kufikia seli hizo, ilhali kipande kidogo tu cha seli za CD4⁺ T katika mkondo wa damu hufanya hivyo.<ref name="pmid15365096">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, Price DA, Taylor JH, Beilman GJ, Nguyen PL, Khoruts A, Larson M, Haase AT, Douek DC |title=CD4⁺ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=200 |issue=6|pages=749–59 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15365096 |doi=10.1084/jem.20040874 |url= |pmc=2211962}}</ref> VVU hutafuta na kuharibu CCR5 inayotolesha seli za CD4⁺ T katika awamu kali ya maambukizi. <ref name=Julio2011>{{cite book|last=editor|first=Julio Aliberti,|title=Control of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Infectious Diseases.|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-0483-5|page=145|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TKMpo5aINVIC&pg=PA145|year=2011}}</ref> Mwitikio mkubwa wa kingamwili hatimaye huyadhibiti maambukizi hayo kisha kuanzisha awamu fiche ya kiutambuzi. Seli za CD4⁺ T katika tishu za ute husalia zikiwa zimeathiriwa sana. <ref name=Julio2011/> Ugawanyikaji endelevu wa VVU husababisha hali ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili, ambao hudumu katika awamu yote ya muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid18161758">{{Rejea jarida|author=Appay V, Sauce D |title=Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences|journal=J. Pathol. |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages=231–41 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18161758 |doi=10.1002/path.2276|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pathology_2008-01_214_2/page/231}}</ref> Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili, ambao hutambulika kwa ongezeko la uwezeshaji wa hali ya seli za kingamwili na kutoleshwa kwa [[saitokini]] inayosababisha inflemesheni, husababishwa na utendakazi wa [[zao la jeni]] na mwitikio wa kingamwili dhidi ya ugawanyikaji wa VVU unaoendelea. Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili pia huhusishwa na kuharibika kwa mfumo wa uchunguzi wa kingamwili wa kizuizi cha ute wa tumbo na utumbo, hali inayosababishwa na kuangamizwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T za ute katika awamu kali ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid17115046">{{Rejea jarida|author=Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, Kazzaz Z, Bornstein E, Lambotte O, Altmann D, Blazar BR, Rodriguez B, Teixeira-Johnson L, Landay A, Martin JN, Hecht FM, Picker LJ, Lederman MM, Deeks SG, Douek DC |title=Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1365–71 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17115046|doi=10.1038/nm1511 |url=}}</ref> Hivyo si kila mtu aliye na VVU ana UKIMWI. Wakati watu wanapata VVU, wanaweza kuwa na [[afya]] kwa miaka mpaka akakutwa na aina maalumu ya magonjwa na vipimo vya [[damu]] vikionyesha kuwa ina idadi ndogo sana ya [[seli nyeupe za damu]] ambazo ndizo zinazopambana na maambukizi. Kuna maradhi ambayo kwa kawaida ni ishara kwamba mtu ana UKIMWI kwa kuwa watu wenye afya njema hawapati magonjwa haya, kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga mwilini una nguvu ya kutosha ya kupigana na magonjwa hayo. Hivyo kupata ugonjwa wa aina hiyo ni ishara kwamba mfumo wa kinga umeharibika. Baadhi ya magonjwa hayo ni: * [[Sarkoma ya Kaposi]] - aina ya [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida huathiri [[ngozi]] (mara nyingi husababisha vi[[donda]] vyekundu au [[zambarau]], au ma[[jeraha]] juu ya ngozi). Wakati mwingine huathiri tu ngozi, bali pia mifumo mingine katika mwili. * [[Retinitis]] - [[virusi]] zinashambulia nyuma ya [[jicho]]. * [[Pneumocystis carinii]] ([[kifupi]] PCP) - aina ya [[pneumonia]], [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] ya [[mapafu]]. PCP ni maambukizi ya kawaida kwa wagonjwa wa UKIMWI. * [[Toxoplasmosis]] - ugonjwa unaosababishwa na [[vimelea]], ambao unaweza kusababisha matatizo katika mifumo ya [[ubongo]] na mingine katika mwili. * [[Kansa ya kizazi]] - ambayo huwa inaenea.irusi vyenyewe=== [[File:HI-virion-structure en.svg|thumb|alt= Muundo wa duara ulio na miundo ya rangi ya waridi inayochipuka kutoka kwake, na michoro kadhaa ndani ya duara hii ikionyesha vipengele tofauti vya virusi |Mchoro unaoonyesha muundo wa virusi vya VVU]] VVU ndivyo kisababishi cha mkusanyiko wa magonjwa yanayojulikana kijumla kama VVU/UKIMWI. VVU ni [[retrovirusi]] ambavyo hasa huambukiza vipengele vya [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] ya binadamu kama vile seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>T, [[makrofaji]] na [[seli za dendraiti]]. Virusi hivi huharibu seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T moja kwa moja au vinginevyo.<ref name=Alimonti/> VVU ni mshirika wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Lentivirus]]'',<ref name=ICTV61.0.6/> sehemu ya [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya [[Retroviridae]].<ref name=ICTV61./> Virusi vyote vya lenti huwa na sifa sawa za [[mofolojia (bayolojia)|kimofolojia]] na [[biolojia]]. Spishi nyingi za [[mamalia]] huambukizwa na virusi vya lenti, ambavyo haswa huwa ndivyo visababishi vya maradhi ya muda mrefu yaliyo na [[kipindi cha kupevuka]] kirefu.<ref name=Levy/>Virusi vya lenti husambazwa kama [[virusi vya RNA]] chanya za uzi mmoja [[hisia]] zilizo ndani ya kigamba. Inapoingia ndani ya seli iliyolengwa, [[jenomu]] ya [[RNA]] ya virusi hugeuzwa (hubadilishwa kinakala) na kuwa [[DNA]] ya nyuzi mbili ambayo husafirishwa pamoja na jenomu ya virusi katika chembe ya virusi vile. DNA ya virusi inayoundika huingia katika kiini cha seli ambapo huchangamana na seli ya DNA kwa kutumia [[integresi]] iliyofasiliwa kama virusi, na pia vipengele husika vya kiini kikuu.<ref name="JASmith"/> Vinapochangamana na DNA ya seli, virusi hivi vinaweza kuingia katika [[kipindi cha kupevuka|awamu fiche]], hivyo kuwezesha virusi hivi pamoja na seli inayovipokea kuepuka kutambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martínez|first=edited by Miguel Angel|title=RNA interference and viruses : current innovations and future trends|year=2010|publisher=Caister Academic Press|location=Norfolk|isbn=9781904455561|pages=73|url=</ref> Aina mbili [[Aina ndogo za VVU|za VVU]] zimetambulika: VVU-1 na VVU-2. VVU-1 ni virusi vilivyotambulika kwanza (na ambavyo mwanzoni vilijulikana pia kama LAV au HTLV-III). Virusi hivi vina [[sumu kali]], vyenye [[uambukizaji|kuambukiza]],<ref>{{cite journal | title=Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal | last=Gilbert | first=PB |journal=Statistics in Medicine | date=28 February 2003| volume=22 |issue=4 | pages=573–593 | pmid=12590415 |doi=10.1002/sim.1342 | last2=McKeague | first2=IW | last3=Eisen | first3=G |last4=Mullins | first4=C | last5=Guéye-Ndiaye| first5=A | last6=Mboup | first6=S | last7=Kanki | first7=PJ |display-authors=1}}</ref> na ndivyo visababishi vikuu vya visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha uambukizaji wa VVU-2 ikilinganishwa na VVU-1 huonyesha kuwa watu wachache zaidi walio katika hatari ya VVU-2 wataambukizwa kila wanapokumbana na virusi hivi. VVU-2 hupatikana zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]] kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa chini wa kuambukiza.<ref name="Reeves"/> [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|alt= Kifaa kikubwa cha duara cha rangi ya buluu, na kifaa chekundu kilichounganishwa nacho. Vifaa vyote viwili vina madoa ya kijani yaliyotapakaa juu yake.|[[Darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi|Mikrografu ya elektroni ya ukaguzi]] wa VVU-1, vya rangi ya kijani, vinavyochipuka kutoka kwa [[limfositi]] iliyokaguliwa.]] Baada ya virusi kuingia mwilini, kuna kipindi cha [[kugawanyika kwa virusi]], hali inayopelekea wingi wa virusi katika damu ya pembeni. Katika kipindi cha kwanza cha maambukizi, kiwango cha VVU kinaweza kufika milioni kadhaa za chembe za virusi kwa kila [[mililita]] ya damu.<ref name=Piatak/> Mwitikio huu huandamana na kiwango kikubwa cha kushuka kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T zinazozunguka. [[Viremia]] kali mara nyingi huhusishwa na kuwezeshwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi|CD8⁺ seli za T]], ambazo huangamiza seli zilizoambukizwa VVU na kisha kuhusishwa na kuzalishwa kwa zindiko, au [[kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya]]. Mwitikio wa seli za CD8⁺ T huchukuliwa kuwa muhimu katika kudhibiti viwango vya virusi, ambavyo hupanda na kushuka, huku viwango vya seli za CD4⁺ T vikirejea. Mwitikio bora wa seli za CD8⁺ T umehusishwa na kupungua kwa mwendo wa ugonjwa na pia prognosi bora zaidi, ingawa mwitikio huu hauondoi virusi.<ref name=Pantaleo1998/> Pathofisiolojia ya UKIMWI ni tata.<ref name="pmid8040596"/> Mwishowe, VVU husababisha UKIMWI kwa kuharibu [[seli T saidizi|CD4⁺seli za T]]. Hali hii hudhoofisha mfumo wa kingamwili hivyo kuwezesha [[mambukizi vamizi]]. Seli za T ni muhimu kwa mwitikio wa kingamwili, hivyo bila ya seli hizi, mwili hauwezi kukabiliana na maambukizi wala kuharibu seli za saratani. Utendakazi wa kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutofautiana katika awamu kali na za muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid16679064"/> Katika awamu kali, lisisi ya seli inayosababishwa na VVU, na pia kuangamizwa kwa [[seli za T angamizi]] huchangia katika kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T, ingawa [[apoptosi]] pia inaweza kuchangia hali hii. Katika awamu ya muda mrefu, matokeo ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili ukiandamana na udhaifu wa pole pole wa uwezo wa mfumo wa kingamwili kuzalisha seli mpya za T hukisiwa kuchangia kupungua kwa pole pole kwa idadi ya seli za CD4⁺ T. <ref>{{cite book|author=Arie J. Zuckerman et al. (eds)|title=Principles and practice of clinical virology|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-51799-4|page=905|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4il2mF7JG1sC&pg=PA905|edition=6th}}</ref> Ingawa dalili za udhaifu wa kingamwili kama ulivyo katika UKIMWI hazitokei kwa miaka mingi baada ya kuambukizwa, kiwango kikubwa cha kuharibika kwa seli za CD4⁺ T hutokea katika wiki za kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa, hasa katika ute wa utumbo, ambao huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha limfosaiti zote za mwili.<ref name="pmid15365095"/> Sababu ya kiwango hiki kikubwa cha kuharibiwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T ni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha seli za ute za CD4⁺ T huzalisha protini ya [[CCR5]] inayotumika na VVU kama [[kipokezi kishiriki]] ili kuweza kufikia seli hizo, ilhali kipande kidogo tu cha seli za CD4⁺ T katika mkondo wa damu hufanya hivyo.<ref name="pmid15365096"/> VVU hutafuta na kuharibu CCR5 inayotolesha seli za CD4⁺ T katika awamu kali ya maambukizi. <ref name=Julio2011/> Mwitikio mkubwa wa kingamwili hatimaye huyadhibiti maambukizi hayo kisha kuanzisha awamu fiche ya kiutambuzi. Seli za CD4⁺ T katika tishu za ute husalia zikiwa zimeathiriwa sana. <ref name=Julio2011/> Ugawanyikaji endelevu wa VVU husababisha hali ya uwezeshaji wa kijumla wa kingamwili, ambao hudumu katika awamu yote ya muda mrefu.<ref name="pmid18161758"/> Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili, ambao hutambulika kwa ongezeko la uwezeshaji wa hali ya seli za kingamwili na kutoleshwa kwa [[saitokini]] inayosababisha inflemesheni, husababishwa na utendakazi wa [[zao la jeni]] na mwitikio wa kingamwili dhidi ya ugawanyikaji wa VVU unaoendelea. Uwezeshaji wa kingamwili pia huhusishwa na kuharibika kwa mfumo wa uchunguzi wa kingamwili wa kizuizi cha ute wa tumbo na utumbo, hali inayosababishwa na kuangamizwa kwa seli za CD4⁺ T za ute katika awamu kali ya ugonjwa huu.<ref name="pmid17115046"/> Hivyo si kila mtu aliye na VVU ana UKIMWI. Wakati watu wanapata VVU, wanaweza kuwa na [[afya]] kwa miaka mpaka akakutwa na aina maalumu ya magonjwa na vipimo vya [[damu]] vikionyesha kuwa ina idadi ndogo sana ya [[seli nyeupe za damu]] ambazo ndizo zinazopambana na maambukizi. Kuna maradhi ambayo kwa kawaida ni ishara kwamba mtu ana UKIMWI kwa kuwa watu wenye afya njema hawapati magonjwa haya, kwa sababu mfumo wa kinga mwilini una nguvu ya kutosha ya kupigana na magonjwa hayo. Hivyo kupata ugonjwa wa aina hiyo ni ishara kwamba mfumo wa kinga umeharibika. Baadhi ya magonjwa hayo ni: * [[Sarkoma ya Kaposi]] - aina ya [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida huathiri [[ngozi]] (mara nyingi husababisha vi[[donda]] vyekundu au [[zambarau]], au ma[[jeraha]] juu ya ngozi). Wakati mwingine huathiri tu ngozi, bali pia mifumo mingine katika mwili. * [[Retinitis]] - [[virusi]] zinashambulia nyuma ya [[jicho]]. * [[Pneumocystis carinii]] ([[kifupi]] PCP) - aina ya [[pneumonia]], [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] ya [[mapafu]]. PCP ni maambukizi ya kawaida kwa wagonjwa wa UKIMWI. * [[Toxoplasmosis]] - ugonjwa unaosababishwa na [[vimelea]], ambao unaweza kusababisha matatizo katika mifumo ya [[ubongo]] na mingine katika mwili. * [[Kansa ya kizazi]] - ambayo huwa inaenea. == Lini na wapi VVU vilianza == UKIMWI huchukuliwa kama [[janga]] — yaani [[mlipuko wa ugonjwa]] katika eneo kubwa, na ambao ungali unaenea.<ref name=Kallings/> UKIMWI ulitambuliwa mara ya kwanza na Vituo vya Kuzuia na Kudhibiti Magonjwa huko Marekani mwaka [[1981]]<ref name=M169/>, ilhali kisababishi chake - VVU - kilitambuliwa mwanzoni mwa [[muongo]] huo nchini huko. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=Retrovirology|volume=3|page=72|year=2006|pmid=17054781|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url=http://www.retrovirology.com/content/3//72|pmc=1629027|archive-date=2020-05-02|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502072301/https://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matukio ya kwanza yalikuwa katika kikundi kidogo cha [[Uraibu|waraibu]] wa dawa za kudungia na [[wanaume]] [[shoga]] wasiokuwa na visababishi bayana vya udhaifu wa kingamwili na walioonyesha dalili za [[numonia]] ya ''[[Pneumocystis carinii]]'', maambukizi nyemelezi yanayotokea kwa nadra na maarufu katika watu wenye kingamwili dhaifu sana.<ref name=MMWR2>{{Rejea jarida| author=Gottlieb MS| title=Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. 1981| journal=Am J Public Health| volume=96| issue=6| pages=980–1; discussion 982–3| year=2006| pmid=16714472| url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| accessdate=March 31, 2009| pmc=1470612| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422042240/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm| archivedate=2009-04-22| deadurl=no}}</ref> Punde baadaye, idadi isiyotarajiwa ya mashoga wakapata [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]] (SK), [[saratani ya ngozi]] iliyokuwa nadra sana hapo awali.<ref name="pmid7287964">{{cite journal|author=Friedman-Kien AE|title=Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men|journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.|volume=5|issue=4|pages=468–71|year=1981|month=October|pmid=7287964|doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80010-2|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6116083">{{cite journal|author=Hymes KB|title=Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases|journal=Lancet|volume=2|issue=8247|pages=598–600|year=1981|month=September|pmid=6116083|doi=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1981-09-19_2_8247/page/598|author-separator=,|author2=Cheung T|author3=Greene JB|display-authors=3|last4=Prose|first4=NS|last5=Marcus|first5=A|last6=Ballard|first6=H|last7=William|first7=DC|last8=Laubenstein|first8=LJ}}</ref>Visa vingine vingi vya NPC na SK vilitokea huku vikitahadharisha Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa nchini Marekani, hivyo kikosi cha kiutendaji kikaundwa ili kuudhibiti mzuko huu.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007">{{cite journal | title=Reverse transcription of the HIV-1 pandemic | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_2007-12_21_14/page/3795 | last1=Basavapathruni |first1=A | last2=Anderson | first2=KS | journal=The FASEB Journal |year=2007 | month=December | volume=21 | issue=14 |pages=3795–3808 | doi=10.1096/fj.07-8697rev | pmid=17639073}}</ref> Katika siku za kwanza, kituo hicho hakikuwa na jina rasmi la ugonjwa huu, mara nyingi wakitumia majina ya magonjwa mengine yaliyohusishwa nao, kwa mfano, [[limfadenopathi]], jina ambalo baadaye wavumbuzi wa VVU waliviita virusi hivi.<ref name=MMWR1982a>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |title=Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001096.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=249–251 | volume=31| issue=19 | pmid=6808340 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Barre>{{Rejea jarida|author=Barré-Sinoussi F | title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/n103 | journal=Science | year=1983 | pages=868–871 | volume=220 | issue=4599 | pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 | bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B| author-separator=,| author2=Chermann JC| author3=Rey F|display-authors=3| last4=Nugeyre| first4=M.| last5=Chamaret| first5=S| last6=Gruest| first6=J| last7=Dauguet| first7=C|last8=Axler-Blin| first8=C| last9=Vezinet-Brun| first9=F }}</ref> Wavumbuzi pia walitumia “Sakoma ya Kaposi na Maambukizi nyemelezi”, jina lililokuwa la kikosi cha kiutendaji kilichoanzishwa mwaka wa 1981.<ref name=MMWR1982b>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001123.htm | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 |pages=353–354; 360–361 | volume=31 | issue=26 | pmid=6811853 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Wakati mmoja, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kiliunda msemo "ugonjwa wa 4H", kwani [[sindromu]] hii ilionekana kuwaathiri watu wa [[Haiti]], mashoga (homosexuals), wenye [[hemofilia]] na watumiaji wa [[heroini]].<ref name=SciRep470b>{{cite web| publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]| date=July 28, 2006| url=http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| title=Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances| accessdate=June 23, 2008| format=PDF| archivedate=2008-06-24| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf| =https://web.archive.org/web/20080624235131/http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/reprint/313/5786/470b.pdf}}</ref> Katika vyombo vikuu vya habari liliundwa neno "[[GRID]]" (lililosimamia "gay-related immune deficiency", yaani "ukosefu wa kinga uliohusishwa na mashoga".<ref name=Altman>{{Rejea habari |author=Altman LK |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html?scp=1&sq=New%20homosexual%20disorder%20worries%20officials&st=cse | title=New homosexual disorder worries health officials | work=The New York Times | date=May 11, 1982 | accessdate =August 31, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya kutambua kuwa VVU havikuwaathiri jamii ya mashoga pekee,<ref name=MMWR1982b/> ilibainika kuwa neno GRID lilikuwa likipotosha, hivyo neno UKIMWI likaanzishwa kwenye mkutano mnamo Julai 1982.<ref name=Kher>{{Rejea habari| author=Kher U| title=A Name for the Plague| work=Time| date=July 27, 1982| url=http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| accessdate=March 10, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015307/http://www.time.com/time/80days/820727.html| archivedate=2008-03-07| deadurl=no}}</ref> Kufikia Septemba 1982, Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilianza kuuita UKIMWI.<ref name=MMWR1982c>{{Rejea jarida | author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) | title=Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States| journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. | year=1982 | pages=507–508; 513–514 | volume=31 | issue=37 | pmid=6815471}}</ref> [[File:Robert Gallo.jpg|thumb|Alt=Mwanaume aliyevalia shati nyeupe na tai, huku akizingizirwa na wanawake watatu na vifaa vya maabara|Robert Gallo, mzinduzi mwenza wa VVU katika miaka ya kwanza ya 1980, akiwa pamoja na (kushoto kwenda kulia) Sandra Eva, Sandra Colombini, na Ersell Richardson.]] Mnamo 1983, vikundi viwili tofauti vya watafiti vilivyoongozwa na [[Robert Gallo]] na [[Luc Montagnier]] bila kutegemeana vilitangaza kuwa [[retrovirusi]] mpya ilikuwa ikiwaambukiza wagonjwa wa UKIMWI, hivyo wakachapisha matokeo yao katika [[jarida]] la ''[[Science (jarida)|Science]]''.<ref name=Gallo>{{cite journal | author=RC Gallo, PS Sarin, EP Gelmann, M Robert-Guroff, E Richardson, VS Kalyanaraman, D Mann, GD Sidhu, RE Stahl, S Zolla-Pazner, J Leibowitch, and M Popovic |journal=Science |title=Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-05-20_220_4599/page/865 |year=1983 | pages=865–867 | volume=220 | doi=10.1126/science.6601823 | pmid=6601823 | issue=4599|bibcode = 1983Sci...220..865G }}</ref><ref name=Montagnier >{{cite doi|10.1126/science.6189183}}</ref> Gallo alidai kuwa virusi vilivyokuwa vimetambuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kikundi chake kilikuwa sawa katika [[muundo wa virusi|umbo]] na [[virusi vya binadamu vya limfotrophia-T]]. Kikundi cha Gallo kiliviita virusi hivi HTLV-III. Wakati huohuo, kikundi cha Montagnier kilitambua virusi kutoka kwa mgonjwa aliyekuwa na [[uvimbe]] wa [[tezi za limfu]] kwenye [[shingo]] na [[asthenia|udhaifu wa mwili]] ambazo ni dalili mbili bainifu za UKIMWI. Huku wakikanusha ripoti ya kikundi cha Gallo, Montagnier na wenzake walionyesha kuwa viini vya [[protini]] vya virusi hivyo vilikuwa tofauti na HTLV-I kiukingamwili. Kikundi cha Montagnier kiliviita virusi walivyovitambua virusi vinavyohusishwa na limfadenopathi.<ref name="Basavapathruni_2007"/> Virusi hivi vilibainika kuwa sawa mwaka wa 1986 na kubadilishwa na kuitwa VVU.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldrich|first=ed. by Robert|title=Who's who in gay and lesbian history.|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415229746|pages=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9KA7_1s6w-QC&pg=PA154|coauthors=Wotherspoon, Garry}}</ref> Leo [[wanasayansi]] wengi wanaamini VVU-1 na VVU-2 vimetokana na [[jamii ya sokwe]] huko [[Afrika Magharibi]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] au mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], wakati virusi vya [[SIV]] kutoka kwa [[nyani]] au [[sokwe]] vilikwenda kwa binadamu.<ref name=Orgin2011>{{cite journal|last=Sharp|first=PM|coauthors=Hahn, BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine|date=2011 Sep|volume=1|issue=1|pages=a006841|pmid=22229120|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841|pmc=3234451}}</ref> VVU-1 vinaaminika kutoka kusini mwa [[Cameroon]] kupitia kugeuka kwa VSVU(cpz), (virusi vya sokwe vinavyosababisha ukosefu wa kinga mwilini) vinavyoambukiza sokwe wa mwituni (VVU-1 hutokana na mzuko wa magonjwa ya VSVUcpz katika [[nususpishi]] ya sokwe iitwayo ''[[Pan]] troglodytes troglodytes'').<ref name="pmid9989410">{{cite journal |author=Gao F |title=Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes |journal=Nature |volume=397 |issue=6718|pages=436–41 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=9989410|doi=10.1038/17130 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1999-02-04_397_6718/page/436|bibcode = 1999Natur.397..436G |author-separator=, |author2=Bailes E |author3=Robertson DL|display-authors=3 |last4=Chen|first4=Yalu |last5=Rodenburg |first5=Cynthia M. |last6=Michael |first6=Scott F.|last7=Cummins |first7=Larry B. |last8=Arthur |first8=Larry O. |last9=Peeters |first9=Martine }}</ref><ref name=Keele>{{cite journal | author=Keele, B. F., van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y. Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M. L., Bibollet-Ruche, F., Chen, Y., Wain, L. V., Liegois, F., Loul, S., Mpoudi Ngole, E., Bienvenue, Y., Delaporte, E., Brookfield, J. F. Y., Sharp, P. M., Shaw, G. M., Peeters, M., and Hahn, B. H. | title=Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic andNonpandemic HIV-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-07-28_313_5786/page/523 | journal=Science | date=28 July 2006| volume=313 | issue=5786 | pages=523–6 | doi = 10.1126/science.1126531 | pmc=2442710 | pmid=16728595|bibcode = 2006Sci...313..523K }}</ref> Virusi vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na VVU-2 ni VSVU(smm) ambavyo ni virusi vya [[mangabi mwenye masizi]] (''Cercocebus atys atys''), [[tumbili]] wa kale anayeishi Afrika Magharibi (kutoka [[kusini]] mwa [[Senegali]] hadi [[magharibi]] mwa [[Côte d'Ivoire]]).<ref name="Reeves" /> [[Tumbili wa kisasa]] kama vile [[tumbili wa Usiku|tumbili bundi]] wana ukinzani wa maambukizi ya [[VVU-1]] kwa sababu ya [[uunganishaji jeni|uunganishaji]] wa [[jeni]] [[mbili]] zinazokinzana na virusi.<ref name=Goodier>{{cite journal | author=Goodier, J., and Kazazian, H. | title=Retrotransposons Revisited: The Restraint and Rehabilitation of Parasites | url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2008-10-03_135_1/page/23 | journal=Cell |year=2008 | pages=23–35 | volume=135 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022 | pmid=18854152}}(subscription required)</ref> VVU-2 inadhaniwa kuruka kizuizi cha spishi katika angalau matukio matatu tofauti, hivyo kupelekea vikundi vitatu vya virusi hivi ambavyo ni M, N na O. <ref name=Kalish2005>{{cite journal |author=Kalish ML |title=Central African hunters exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1928–30 |year=2005 |pmid=16485481|doi=10.3201/eid1112.050394 |author-separator=, |author2=Wolfe ND |author3=Ndongmo CD |author4=McNicholl J|author5=Robbins KE |display-authors=5 |last6=Aidoo |first6=Michael |last7=Fonjungo |first7=Peter N. |last8=Alemnji|first8=George |last9=Zeh |first9=Clement |pmc=3367631}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi kuwa wanadamu wanaoshughulikia [[nyama za mwituni]] kwa kuwinda au kuziuza, kwa kawaida hupata VSVU.<ref name=Kalish2005/>Hata hivyo, virusi hivyo ni dhaifu na hukandamizwa na mfumo wa kingamwili baada ya wiki kadhaa za kuambukizwa. Inadhaniwa kuwa maambukizi kadhaa ya virusi hivyo kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine katika mfululizo wa haraka huhitajika ili vipate wakati unaotosha kubadilika na kuwa VVU.<ref name=Marx2001>{{cite journal |author=Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E |title=Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa |volume=356 |issue=1410 |pages=911–20 |year=2001 |pmid=11405938 |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |pmc=1088484 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0867 |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-09 |access-date=2020-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309105853/http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/356/1410/911.full.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kwa sababu ya kiwango chake kidogo cha kuambukiza kutoka kwa mtu hadi mwingine, virusi hivyo vinaweza tu kuenea katika wingi wa watu iwapo kuna njia moja au mbili za hatari ya kuambukizana ya kiwango cha juu. Njia hizi zinadhaniwa kutokuwepo barani Afrika kabla ya karne ya 20. Njia maalumu za hatari kubwa ya maambukizi zinazoruhusu virusi hivi kubadilika ili kuweza kuishi katika wanadamu na kuenea katika jamii yote hutegemea wakati uliopendekezwa wa kuvuka kutoka kwa mnyama hadi mwanadamu. Tafiti za kijeni za virusi hivi zinadokeza kuwa chanzo cha hivi karibuni zaidi cha VVU-1 ya kikundi M kilitokea mnamo 1910. <ref name=Worobey2008>{{cite journal|last1=Worobey |first1=Michael |last2=Gemmel |first2=Marlea |last3=Teuwen |first3=Dirk E. |last4=Haselkorn|first4=Tamara |last5=Kunstman |first5=Kevin |last6=Bunce |first6=Michael |last7=Muyembe |first7=Jean-Jacques|last8=Kabongo |first8=Jean-Marie M. |last9=Kalengayi |first9=Raphaël M. |title=Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960 |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7213 |pages=661–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18833279| doi=10.1038/nature07390|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v455/n7213/pdf/nature07390.pdf |bibcode = 2008Natur.455..661W }} (subscription required)</ref> Wanaotaja kipindi hicho maalumu huhusisha mzuko wa janga la VVU na kuibuka kwa [[ukoloni]] na ukuaji wa [[miji]] mikubwa ya kikoloni ya Afrika, huku ukisababisha mabadiliko ya jamii pamoja na kiwango kikubwa cha [[uasherati]], uenezi wa [[ukahaba]] na matukio mengi ya [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]] (kama vile [[kaswende]]) katika miji iliyochipuka.<ref name=Sousa2010>{{cite journal |last1=Sousa |first1=João Dinis de|last2=Müller |first2=Viktor |last3=Lemey |first3=Philippe |last4=Vandamme |first4=Anne-Mieke |last5=Vandamme|first5=Anne-Mieke |title=High GUD Incidence in the Early 20th Century Created a Particularly Permissive Time Window for the Origin and Initial Spread of Epidemic HIV Strains |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=e9936 |year=2010|pmid=20376191 |pmc=2848574|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009936|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009936|editor1-last=Martin |editor1-first=Darren P.}}</ref> Ingawa viwango vya uambukizaji wakati wa ngono ya kupitia [[uke]] viko chini katika hali ya kawaida, kuna ongezeko kubwa iwapo mmoja wa wapenzi hao ana [[ugonjwa wa zinaa]] unaosababisha vidonda vya [[viungo vya uzazi]]. Miji ya kikoloni ya [[Miaka ya 1900|miaka ya kwanza ya 1900]] ilijulikana kwa maambukizi ya viwango vya juu kutokana na ukahaba na [[vidonda vya viungo vya uzazi]], hivi kwamba, kufikia mwaka [[1928]], 45% ya [[wanawake]] wakazi wa mashariki mwa [[Kinshasa]] walidhaniwa kuwa makahaba. Kufikia mwaka [[1933]], takriban 15% ya wakazi wote wa mji huo walikuwa wameambukizwa aina mojawapo ya kaswende.<ref name=Sousa2010 /> Maoni mengine yanadokeza kuwa hatua zisizo salama za [[uuguzi]] barani Afrika katika miaka ya baada ya [[Vita vya pili vya dunia]], kama vile kutumia tena na tena [[sindano]] zisizosafishwa kuchanja [[umati]], [[antibayotiki]] na kampeni dhidi ya [[malaria]] ndizo njia za kwanza zilizoruhusu virusi hivyo kujibadilisha vikiwa ndani ya wanadamu kisha kuenea.<ref name=Marx2001 /><ref name=Chitnis2000>{{cite journal |last1=Chitnis |first1=Amit |last2=Rawls |first2=Diana |last3=Moore |first3=Jim|title=Origin of HIV Type 1 in Colonial French Equatorial Africa? |journal=AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses|volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10628811 |doi=10.1089/088922200309548}}(subscription required)</ref><ref name=McNeil>{{cite news |author=[[Donald G. McNeil, Jr.]] |coauthors= |title=Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html?_r=1&src=me&ref=general|quote=Dr. Marx believes that the crucial event was the introduction into Africa of millions of inexpensive, mass-produced syringes in the 1950s.&nbsp;... suspect that the growth of colonial cities is to blame. Before 1910, no Central African town had more than 10,000 people. But urban migration rose, increasing sexual contacts and leading to red-light districts.|work=[[New York Times]] |date=September 16, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-17 }}</ref> Visa vilivyonakiliwa vyema vya VVU katika mwanadamu ni vya mwaka [[1959]] katika eneo la nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]].<ref name=Zhu>{{cite journal|author=Zhu, T., Korber, B. T., Nahmias, A. J., Hooper, E., Sharp, P. M. and Ho, D. D.|title=An African HIV-1 Sequence from 1959 and Implications for the Origin of the epidemic|journal=Nature|year=1998|pages=594–7|volume=391|issue=6667|pmid=9468138|doi=10.1038/35400|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v391/n6667/full/391594a0.html|bibcode = 1998Natur.391..594Z }}</ref> Kuna uwezekano kuwa virusi hivyo vilikuwemo huko Marekani mwaka [[1966]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Kolata | first = Gina |title = Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times | publisher = The New York Times | date = 28 October 1987 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFD6173AF93BA15753C1A961948260&sec=health&pagewanted=all | accessdate = 11 February 2009}}</ref>lakini maambukizi mengi yanayotokea nje ya [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] yanaweza kufuatiliwa hadi kwa mtu mmoja aliyeambukizwa na VVU katika nchi ya [[Haiti]] na kisha kuyapeleka maambukizi hayo nchini Marekani takriban mwaka [[1969]].<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert">{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=M. Thomas P. |last2=Rambaut |first2=Andrew |last3=Wlasiuk |first3=Gabriela |last4=Spira |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Pitchenik |first5=Arthur E. |last6=Worobey |first6=Michael |title=The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond |journal=PNAS |date=November 20, 2007 |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18566–18570 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1073/pnas.0705329104 |pmid=17978186 |pmc=2141817 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418566G |access-date=2020-03-28 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144548/http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566.full.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Janga hili kisha lilienea kwa haraka katika vikundi vilivyo katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa (mwanzoni ilikuwa ni wanaume waliofanya ngono na wanaume). Kufikia mwaka [[1978]], maambukizi ya VVU-1 katika mashoga wenyeji wa [[New York]] na [[San Francisco]] yalikadiriwa kuwa 5%, kuonyesha kuwa maelfu ya watu nchini Marekani tayari walikuwa wameambukizwa.<ref name="Thomas_Gilbert" /> ==Uambukizaji== VVU husambaa hasa kupitia njia tatu kuu: [[ngono]] (ikiwa ni pamoja na [[ulawiti]] na hata [[ngono ya mdomoni]]), kuingiliana na viowevu vya mwili vilivyoambukizwa (hasa [[kuongezewa damu]] au kudungwa [[sindano]]) na [[usambazaji wima|kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto]] wakati wa [[ujauzito]], kuzaa au kunyonyesha<ref name=TransmissionM2007>{{cite book|last=Markowitz|first=edited by William N. Rom ; associate editor, Steven B.|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745|edition=4th}}</ref>Baadhi ya [[viowevu vya mwili]], kama vile [[mate]] na [[machozi]], havisambazi VVU.<ref name=CDCtransmission>{{cite web|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|year=2003|url=http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|title=HIV and Its Transmission|accessdate=May 23, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204141148/http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm|archivedate=2005-02-04}}</ref> === Kupitia ngono === Kufanya [[ngono zembe]] kumepelekea visa vingi zaidi vya maambukizi ya VVU kote ulimwenguni, huku mwingiliano baina ya watu wa [[jinsia]] tofauti ukichangia visa zaidi ya mwingiliano wa mashoga kote ulimwenguni (kwa sababu mashoga ni wachache zaidi).<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Hata hivyo, mtindo wa usambazaji hutofautiana pakubwa baina ya mataifa mbalimbali. Nchini Marekani, visa vingi zaidi vya usambazaji wa kingono vilitokea katika [[wanaume]] wanaofanya ngono na wanaume (kwa sababu huko ushoga umeenea zaidi)<ref name=TransmissionM2007/>huku idadi hii ikichangia 64% ya visa vyote vipya.<ref name=TransmissionCDC2012>{{cite web|title=HIV in the United States: An Overview|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/us_overview.htm|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=March 2012}}</ref> Kuhusu ngono zembe baina ya watu wa jinsia tofauti, makadirio ya hatari ya kusambazwa kwa VVU kwa kila kitendo cha ngono yanaonekana kuwa zaidi kwa mara 10 katika mataifa yasiyostawi kuliko mataifa yaliyostawi.<ref name=Boily2009/>Katika mataifa yasiyostawi, hatari ya usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 0.38% kwa kila kitendo, huku usambazaji wa mwanamume hadi mwanamke ukiwa 0.30%; makadirio mbadala katika mataifa yaliyostawi ni 0.04% kwa kila kitendo katika usambazaji wa mwanamke hadi mwanamume, na 0.08% kwa kila kitendo katika maambukizi ya mwanamume hadi mwanamke.<ref name=Boily2009/> Hatari ya kuambukizwa kutokana na ngono ya kinyeo (ulawiti) iko juu sana, ikikadiriwa kuwa 1.4{{ndash}}1.7% kwa kila kitendo (katika ngono ya watu wa jinsia moja na tofauti pia).<ref name=Boily2009/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Beyrer|first=C|coauthors=Baral, SD; van Griensven, F; Goodreau, SM; Chariyalertsak, S; Wirtz, AL; Brookmeyer, R|title=Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-28-august-3-2012_380_9839/page/367|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jul 28|volume=380|issue=9839|pages=367-77|pmid=22819660}}</ref> Ingawa hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia [[ngono ya mdomoni]] iko chini, bado ipo. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=M|coauthors=Vajdy, M|title=Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes|journal=Expert opinion on biological therapy|date=2010 Aug|volume=10|issue=8|pages=1181–95|pmid=20624114|doi=10.1517/14712598.2010.496776|pmc=2904634}}</ref>Hatari ya kila kitendo imekadiriwa kuwa 0{{ndash}}0.04% kwa ngono pokezi ya mdomoni.<ref name=Dosekun2010>{{cite journal|last=Dosekun|first=O|coauthors=Fox, J|title=An overview of the relative risks of different sexual behaviours on HIV transmission|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jul|volume=5|issue=4|pages=291–7|pmid=20543603|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a88a3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stürchler|first=Dieter A.|title=Exposure a guide to sources of infections|year=2006|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781555813765|pages=544|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=MWa5or3Xa9EC&pg=PA544}}</ref> kwa kuwa visa vichache vimeripotiwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Richard Pattman ... [et|title=Oxford handbook of genitourinary medicine, HIV, and sexual health|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199571666|pages=95|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Jm1H4EeULmYC&pg=PA95|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Katika miktadha inayohusisha [[ukahaba]] kote ulimwenguni, hatari ya maambukizi ya mwanamke hadi mwanamume imekadiriwa kuwa 2.4% kwa kila kitendo, huku maambukizi ya mwanamume kwa mwanamke yakiwa 0.08% kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=Boily2009>{{cite journal|author=Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, Alary M |title=Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=9|issue=2|pages=118–129|year=2009|month=February|pmid=19179227|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa huongezeka katika wingi wa [[magonjwa ya zinaa]]<ref name=CochraneSTI2012>{{cite journal|last=Ng|first=BE|coauthors=Butler, LM; Horvath, T; Rutherford, GW|title=Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-03-16|issue=3|pages=CD001220|pmid=21412869|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001220.pub3|editor1-last=Butler|editor1-first=Lisa M}}</ref> na [[vidonda vya uzazi]].<ref name=Boily2009/>Vidonda vya sehemu za uzazi vimekisiwa kuongeza hatari hadi mara tano. <ref name=Boily2009/> Maambukizi mengine ya zinaa, kama vile [[kisonono]], [[klamidia]], [[trikomoniasi]], [[vaginosi ya kibakteria]], huhusishwa na aghalabu ongezeko dogo la hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Dosekun2010/> [[Wingi wa virusi]] kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa ni suala kuu la hatari katika usambazaji wa kingono na pia wa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=J|title=Women and HIV: motherhood and more|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=58–65|pmid=22156896|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef514}}</ref> Katika miezi 2.5 ya kwanza baada ya kuambukizwa VVU, uwezo wa mtu kuambukiza ni mara 12 zaidi kwa sababu ya wingi wa virusi. <ref name=Dosekun2010/> Iwapo mtu yuko katika awamu za mwisho za VVU, viwango vya kuambukizana ni takriban mara 8 zaidi.<ref name=Boily2009/> [[Usadomasoki|Ngono shari]] inaweza kuwa suala linalochangia ongezeko la hatari ya kuambukizwa. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Klimas|first=N|coauthors=Koneru, AO; Fletcher, MA|title=Overview of HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychosomatic-medicine_2008-06_70_5/page/523|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|date=2008 Jun|volume=70|issue=5|pages=523–30|pmid=18541903|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817ae69f}}</ref> [[Ubakaji]] pia unaaminika kuongezeka hatari ya kusambaza VVU kwa sababu ni nadra [[kondomu]] kutumika, huwa na uwezekano wa kujeruhiwa ukeni au kinyeo, na pia kuna uwezekano wa magonjwa ya zinaa yanayoambatana na VVU. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Draughon|first=JE|coauthors=Sheridan, DJ|title=Nonoccupational post exposure prophylaxis following sexual assault in industrialized low-HIV-prevalence countries: a review|journal=Psychology, health & medicine|year=2012|volume=17|issue=2|pages=235–54|pmid=22372741|doi=10.1080/13548506.2011.579984}}</ref> ===Viowevu vya mwili === [[File:AIDS Poster If You're Dabbling in Drugs 1989.jpg|thumb|alt=Bango la rangi nyeusi na jipya la kijana wa Kiafrika akiwa na taulo kwenye mkono wa kushoto iliyo na maneno "Kucheza na madawa ni kucheza na maisha" juu yake|Bango la mwaka 1989 likisisitiza tishio la UKIMWI unaohusiana na kutumia madawa ya kulevya.]] Njia ya pili maarufu zaidi ya usambazaji wa VVU ni kupitia kwa [[damu]] na mazao yake.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Usambazaji wa kupitia damu unaweza kuwa kupitia sindano inayotumiwa na watu wengi wanapoongezwa viowevu mwilini, majeraha ya sindano, kuongezwa damu chafu au mazao ya damu, au kudungwa kwa vifaa visivyotakaswa. Hatari inayotokana na kutumia sindano baina ya watu wengi wakati wa [[kudungwa dawa]] ni kati ya 0.63-2.4% kwa kila kitendo, wastani wake ukiwa 0.8%<ref name=Risk2006>{{cite journal|last=Baggaley|first=RF|coauthors=Boily, MC; White, RG; Alary, M|title=Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2006-04-04|volume=20|issue=6|pages=805–12|pmid=16549963|doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d}}</ref> Hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kwa sindano iliyotumiwa na mtu aliyeambukizwa VVU hukadiriwa kuwa 0.3% (takriban mara 1 kwa 133) kwa kila kitendo, ilhali hatari inayofuatia [[tando za ute]] kuingiliana na damu iliyoambukizwa ni 0.09% (takriban 1 kwa 1000) kwa kila kitendo.<ref name=AFP2007>{{cite journal|last=Kripke|first=C|title=Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-08-01_76_3/page/375|journal=American family physician|date=2007-08-01|volume=76|issue=3|pages=375–6|pmid=17708137}}</ref> Nchini Marekani, watu wanaodungwa dawa ndani ya [[misuli]] walichangia 12% ya visa vyote vipya vya VVU mwaka wa 2009, <ref name=TransmissionCDC2012/> huku 80% ya watu katika sehemu fulani wanaodungwa dawa wakiwa wameambukizwa VVU. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/> [[Kuongezewa damu]] iliyoambukizwa huchangia maambukizi kwa takriban 93% ya visa vyote.<ref name=Risk2006/>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi, hatari ya kuambukizwa VVU kutokana na kuongezewa damu iko chini sana (chini ya 1 kwa 500,000) ambapo viwango vya juu vya kuchagua mtu atakayetoa damu na pia upimaji VVU hufanywa.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Kule Uingereza, hatari iliyoripotiwa ni 1 kwa milioni 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Will I need a blood transfusion?|work=NHS patient information|year=2011|url=http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/2011_Will_I_Need_English_v3.pdf|publisher=National Health Services|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika mataifa yenye mapato ya chini, [[nusu]] tu ya damu inayoongezwa huwa imepimwa vyema (kufikia mwaka wa 2008). <ref name=UN2011Seventy>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 60–70</ref>Inakadiriwa kuwa hadi 15% ya maambukizi ya VVU katika maeneo hayo hutokana na kuongeza damu au mazao ya damu yaliyoambukizwa, hii ikiwa ni asilimia 5 - 10 ya maambukizi ya ulimwengu mzima. <ref name=TransmissionM2007/><ref name=WHO070401>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2001 |url=http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html |title=Blood safety&nbsp;... for too few |accessdate=January 17, 2006 |archivedate=2005-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117092135/http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25.html }}</ref> Sindano za tiba zisizo salama huchangia pakubwa katika kueneza UKIMWI katika eneo la Kusini kwa Sahara. Mnamo 2007, kati ya 12% na 17% ya maambukizi katika eneo hilo yalichangiwa na matumizi ya sindano hizo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reid|first=SR|title=Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review|journal=Harm reduction journal|date=2009-08-28|volume=6|page=24|pmid=19715601|doi=10.1186/1477-7517-6-24|pmc=2741434}}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linakadiria hatari ya kuambukizwa kupitia sindano hizo barani Afrika kuwa 1.2%. Hatari kuu huhusishwa na taratibu vamizi, kusaidiwa kuzaa na utunzaji wa [[meno]] katika sehemu hii ya dunia. Watu wanaochanja au kuchanjwa [[chale]], [[chale za mwili]] na [[kutia kovu]] hudhaniwa kuwa katika hatari ya kuambukizwa, ingawa hakuna visa vilivyothibitishwa ambavyo vimenakiliwa.<ref name=CDCBasics2012>{{cite web|title=Basic Information about HIV and AIDS|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/|work=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|date=April 2012}}</ref> Haiwezekani [[mbu]] au wadudu wengine kusambaza VVU. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Einsects/aids.htm|title=Why Mosquitoes Cannot Transmit AIDS [HIV virus&#93;|publisher=Rci.rutgers.edu|date=|accessdate=2010-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm|archivedate=2014-03-29|=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183346/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~insects/aids.htm}}</ref> Mtu anaweza pia kupata VVU kwa kuchanga [[sindano]] na wenzake. Hii ina maana ya kutumia sindano ambayo haijawahi kusafishwa baada ya mtu mwingine kuitumia. Baadhi ya watu ambao, kinyume cha [[sheria]], huchukua madawa ya kulevya kama [[heroin]] na [[cocaine]] huchukua dawa hizo kwa sindano. Baadhi yao wanachanga sindano moja. Kama mmojawao ana virusi ya UKIMWI na anashirikisha sindano yake, anaweza kuambukiza HIV kwa watu wengine. === Mama hadi mtoto === VVU vinaweza kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto wakati wa ujauzito, kuzaa au kunyonyesha.<ref name=Mother2010/><ref name="fluids of transmission">{{cite web|url=http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/|title=Fluids of transmission|date=1 November 2011|work=AIDS.gov|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|accessdate=14 September 2012|archivedate=2013-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403053447/http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/fluids-of-transmission/}}</ref> Njia hii ni ya tatu kwa umaarufu wa kusambaza VVU kote duniani.<ref name=TransmissionM2007/> Bila matibabu, hatari ya kusambazwa wakati wa au baada ya kuzaliwa ni takriban 20%, na 35% kwa watoto wanaonyonya.<ref name=Mother2010/>Kufikia mwaka wa 2008, usambazaji wima ulichangia takriban 90% ya visa vya VVU katika watoto.<ref name=Mother2010/> Hatari ya kusambazwa kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto inaweza kupunguzwa hadi 1% kwa kutumia matibabu mwafaka.<ref name=Mother2010/> Matibabu ya kukinga hujumuisha mama kutumia dawa za kudhibiti virusi wakati wa ujauzito na kuzaa, kuchagua [[kuzaa kwa kupasuliwa]], kutonyonyesha na kumpa mtoto dawa za kudhibiti VVU.<ref name=MTC2007>{{cite journal|last=Thorne|first=C|coauthors=Newell, ML|title=HIV|journal=Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine|date=2007 Jun|volume=12|issue=3|pages=174–81|pmid=17321814|doi=10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.009}}</ref>Hata hivyo, idadi kubwa ya mbinu hizi hazipatikani katika mataifa yanayostawi.<ref name=MTC2007/> Iwapo damu itachafua [[chakula]] wakati wa mtoto kutafuna, itaongeza hatari ya kuambukiza.<ref name=CDCBasics2012/> ==Dalili== Mwanzoni, baada ya kuambukizwa, mtu anaweza kukumbwa na kipindi kifupi cha [[maradhi]] ya aina ya [[mafua]]. Kwa kawaida, hali hii hufuatwa na kipindi kirefu kisicho na [[dalili]]. Ugonjwa huu huendelea kutatiza [[kingamwili]] jinsi unavyozidi, hivyo kumfanya mtu kuwa katika hatari zaidi ya kupata [[maambukizi]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[maambukizi nyemelezi]], na [[kansa]] ambayo kwa kawaida hayawaathiri watu walio na kingamwili njema. Kuna awamu tatu kuu za maambukizi ya VVU: maambukizi makali, awamu fiche na UKIMWI.<ref name=M121>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 121.</ref><ref name=AIDS2010GOV>{{cite web|title=Stages of HIV|url=http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|work=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|accessdate=13 June 2012|date=Dec 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513062533/http://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/|archivedate=2012-05-13}}</ref> === Maambukizi makali === [[File:Symptoms of acute HIV infection.svg|thumb|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya VVU|275px|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya VVU]] Kipindi cha kwanza kufuatia maambukizi ya VVU huitwa VVU vikali, VVU vya kimsingi au dalili kali za kudhibiti virusi. <ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu wengi hupata [[maradhi ya mfano wa mafua]] au [[mononyukleosi ambukizi|maambukizi ya mfano wa mononukleosi]] wiki 2 - 4 baada ya kuambukizwa ilhali wengine hawana dalili zozote kuu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diseases and disorders.|year=2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=Tarrytown, NY|isbn=978-0-7614-7771-6|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=-HRJOElZch8C&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref name=M118/>Dalili hutokea katika asilimia 40-90 ya visa vyote na mara nyingi hujumuisha [[homa]], [[limfadenopathia|tezi kubwa na chungu za limfu]], [[faringitisi|inflamesheni ya koo]], [[upele]], maumivu ya kichwa, na/au vidonda vya kinywa na sehemu za uzazi.<ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=M118/>Upele huu, unaotokea katika asilimia 20 - 50 ya visa, hutokea katika kiwiliwili, na kwa kawaida huwa wa [[makiulopapula]].<ref name=Deut2010/> Baadhi ya watu pia hupata [[maambukizi nyemelezi]] katika awamu hii.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Dalili za tumboni na utumboni kama vile kichefuchefu, kutapika au [[kuharisha]] zinaweza kutokea, sawa na dalili za kinuroni za [[niuropathia ya pembeni]] au [[sindromu ya Guillain-Barre]].<ref name=M118/> Muda ya dalili hutofautiana, ingawa kwa kawaida huwa wiki 1 - 2.<ref name=M118/> Kufuatia sifa zake za kutokuwa dalili maalum, hizi mara nyingi haziwezi kutambulika kama dalili za maambukizi ya VVU. Hata visa vinavyotambuliwa na [[daktari]] wa [[familia]] au katika [[hospitali]] mara nyingi hutambulika vibaya kama baadhi ya visababishi vingi vya [[magonjwa ambukizi]] yaliyo na dalili zinazoingiliana. Kwa hivyo, inapendekezwa kuchunguza VVU katika watu wanaoonyesha homa isiyoelezeka ambao wanaweza kuwa na vipengele hatari vya kuambukizwa.<ref name=M118>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref> === Awamu fiche === Dalili za kwanza hufuatwa na awamu fiche (VVU visivyo na dalili au VVU vya muda mrefu).<ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Bila ya matibabu, awamu hii ya pili ya historia asilia ya maambukizi ya VVU inaweza kudumu kutoka miaka 3 <ref>{{cite book|last=Evian|first=Clive|title=Primary HIV/AIDS care: a practical guide for primary health care personnel in a clinical and supportive setting|year=2006|publisher=Jacana|location=Houghton [South Africa]|isbn=978-1-77009-198-6|page=29|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=WauaC7M0yGcC&pg=PA29|edition=Updated 4th}}</ref> hadi zaidi ya miaka 20;<ref>{{cite book|first=J. W. A. J. Reeders; P. C. Goodman (ed.). With contributions by J. Bedford|title=Radiology of AIDS|year=2001|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=978-3-540-66510-6|page=19|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=xmFBtyPGOQIC&pg=PA19}}</ref> (wastani wa miaka 8).<ref>{{cite book|last=Elliott|first=Tom|title=Lecture Notes: Medical Microbiology and Infection|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-37226-5|page=273|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=M4q3AyDQIUYC&pg=PA273}}</ref>Ingawa kwa kawaida mwanzoni kuna dalili chache, au hata zisiwemo, karibu mwishoni mwa awamu hii, watu wengi hupatwa na homa, kukonda, matatizo ya tumbo na utumbo, na maumivu ya misuli. <ref name=AIDS2010GOV/>Kati ya asilimia 50 na 70 ya wagonjwa pia hupata [[limfadenopathia]] ya mwili wote inayorejea, ambayo hudhihirika kwa uvimbe usio na kisababishi na usio chungu wa zaidi ya kikundi kimoja cha tezi za [[limfu]] (ila katika sehemu za uzazi) kwa zaidi ya miezi 3 hadi 6.<ref name=M121/> Ingawa watu wengi walioambukizwa [[VVU-1]] wana kiwango cha virusi kinachoweza kutambulika, na ambacho bila matibabu kitaendelea na kuwa UKIMWI, idadi ndogo (5%) huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP>([[seli saidizi za T]]) bila [[Udhibiti wa VVU/UKIMWI|matibabu ya kudhibiti virusi]] kwa zaidi ya miaka 5. <ref name=M118/><ref name=LT2010/>Watu hao huainishwa kama wadhibiti wa VVU au watu wasioendeleza kwa muda mrefu, ilhali wale ambao pia hudumisha kiwango cha chini au kisichotambulika cha virusi bila matibabu hujulikana kama "wadhibiti hodari" au "wagandamizaji hodari" <ref name=LT2010>{{cite journal|last=Blankson|first=JN|title=Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors|journal=Discovery medicine|date=2010 Mar|volume=9|issue=46|pages=261–6|pmid=20350494}}</ref>. === Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini=== [[File:Symptoms of AIDS.svg|thumb|275px|alt=Mchoro wa kiwiliwili cha binadamu kinachoonyesha dalili zinazotokea mara nyingi za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI|Dalili kuu za maambukizi makali ya UKIMWI.]] Ukosefu wa Kinga Mwilini (UKIMWI) hufasiliwa kwa msingi wa kiwango cha seli za CD4 <SUP>+</SUP> cha chini ya seli 200 kwa kila µL au kutokea kwa magonjwa maalumu yanayohusiana na maambukizi ya VVU. <ref name=M118/> Bila matibabu maalum, takriban nusu ya watu walioambukizwa VVU hupata UKIMWI katika muda wa miaka 10.<ref name=M118/>Hali zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi kudhihirisha uwepo wa UKIMWI ni [[numonia ya numosistisi]] (40%), [[kakeksi]] kwa muundo wa dalili dhoofishi za VVU (20%) na [[kandidiasi ya umio]].<ref name=M118/>Dalili nyingine ni pamoja na maambukizi ya [[njia ya pumzi]]<ref name=M118/>. [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] yanaweza kusababishwa na [[bakteria]], [[virusi]], [[kuvu]] na [[vimelea]] ambavyo kwa kawaida hudhibitiwa na mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=Holmes>{{Rejea jarida|author=Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA|title= Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-03-01_36_5/page/656|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis.|year=2003|pages=656–662|volume=36|issue=5|pmid=12594648|doi=10.1086/367655}}</ref>Maambukizi yanayotokea hutegemea, kwa upande mmoja, aina ya [[viumbehai]] vinavyopatikana kwa wingi katika [[mazingira]] ya mtu.<ref name=M118/>Maambukizi hayo yanaweza kudhuru karibu kila [[mfumo wa kibayolojia|mfumo wa viungo]].<ref name=Complications2011>{{cite journal|last=Chu|first=C|coauthors=Selwyn, PA|title=Complications of HIV infection: a systems-based approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-02-15_83_4/page/395|journal=American family physician|date=2011-02-15|volume=83|issue=4|pages=395–406|pmid=21322514}}</ref> Watu walio na UKIMWI wako katika hatari kuu zaidi ya kupata saratani nyingi zinazosababishwa na virusi, kama vile: [[Sakoma ya Kaposi]], [[limfoma ya Burkitt]], [[limfoma ya mfumo mkuu wa neva]] na [[saratani ya seviksi]].<ref name=Deut2010/>Sakoma ya Kaposi ndiyo saratani inayotokea mara nyingi, yaani katika asilimia 10 hadi 20 ya watu wenye VVU.<ref name=M169>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref>Saratani inayoifuata ni limfoma, ambayo imesababisha vifo vya karibu 16% ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, na ndiyo dalili ya kwanza ya UKIMWI katika asilimia 3 - 4 ya watu.<ref name=M169/>Saratani hizi mbili huhusishwa na [[virusi vya hepesi]] ya binadamu aina ya 8.<ref name=M169/>Saratani ya seviksi hutokea mara nyingi zaidi katika watu walio na UKIMWI kwa sababu ya jinsi inavyohusiana na [[virusi vya papiloma ya binadamu]].<ref name=M169/> Isitoshe, watu hao mara nyingi huwa na dalili za kimfumo, kama vile homa ya muda mrefu, [[jasho la usiku|jasho]] (hasa usiku), tezi za limfu zilizofura, ubaridi, udhaifu na [[kupoteza uzito]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDS|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm|work=MedlinePlus|publisher=A.D.A.M.|accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref>Kuharisha ni dalili nyingine inayotokea katika takriban 90% ya watu wenye UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sestak K |title=Chronic diarrhea and AIDS: insights into studies with non-human primates |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=199–205 |year=2005 |month=July |pmid=16022653 |doi= 10.2174/1570162054368084|url=}}</ref> ==Utambuzi== [[File:Hiv-timecourse.png|thumb|alt=Grafu iliyo na mistari miwili. Mstari wa buluu unapanda kuelekea kulia kisha kushuka kuelekea kushoto huku ukipanda kidogo katikati. Mstari wa pili mwekundu unapanda kutoka sufuri hadi juu sana, kisha kushuka hadi chini halafu kupanda pole pole hadi juu tena |300px| Grafu ya ujumla ya uhusiano wa nakala za VVU (wingi wa virusi) na viwango vya seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T katika wastani wa kipindi cha maambukizi yasiyotibiwa ya VVU.{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|CD4⁺ T Lymphocyte count (cells/mm³)}} {{legend-line|red solid 2px|HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma}}]] VVU hutambuliwa kupitia uchunguzi wa kimaabara kisha kuainishwa kiawamu kwa msingi wa uwepo wa dalili au ishara fulani.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Watu walio katika hatari kubwa ya kuambukizwa hupendekezwa kupimwa VVU, ikiwa ni pamoja na mtu yeyote aliye na ugonjwa wa zinaa<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika maeneo mengi ya ulimwengu, 1/3 ya watu wenye VVU hutambua kuwa wameambukizwa katika awamu za mwishoni mwa ugonjwa huu wakati UKIMWI au ukosefu mkuu wa kingamwili umekuwa wazi.<ref name=Deut2010/> === Uchunguzi wa VVU === Watu wengi walioambukizwa VVU huzalisha [[zindiko]] maalum (yaani [[uzalishaji zindiko mpya|kuzalisha zindiko mpya]]) katika wiki 3 hadi 12 tangu maambukizi ya kwanza. <ref name=M118/> Utambuzi wa VVU vya kimsingi hufanywa kabla ya kuzalishwa kwa zindiko mpya kwa kupima [[RNA]] ya VVU au [[antijeni ya P24 #vipimo vya antijeni|antijeni ya p24]].<ref name=M118/> Matokeo chanya yanayopatikana kwa kupima [[msururu wa athari za polima|MAP]] au zindiko huthibitishwa kwa zindiko au MAP tofauti.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Vipimo vya zindiko kwa watoto wa umri wa chini ya miezi 18&nbsp; kwa kawaida huwa kasoro kwa sababu ya uwepo endelevu wa [[Kingamwili Kimya ya Mama#Kingamwili kimya iliyopokezwa kiasilia|zindiko za mama]].<ref name=ChildDiag2010>{{cite journal|last=Kellerman|first=S|coauthors=Essajee, S|title=HIV testing for children in resource-limited settings: what are we waiting for?|journal=PLoS medicine|date=2010 Jul 20|volume=7|issue=7|pages=e1000285|pmid=20652012|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000285|pmc=2907270}}</ref> Kwa hivyo, maambukizi yanaweza kutambulika tu kwa vipimo vya MAP vya VVU, RNA au DNA, au kupitia kupima uwepo wa antijeni ya p24.<ref name=WHOCase2007/>Sehemu kubwa ya ulimwengu haina uwezo wa kupata vipimo bora vya MAP huku watu wa sehemu nyingi wakisubiri hadi dalili za watoto wao kuendelea au watoto hao kukua hadi kuwa na uwezo wa kupimwa kikamilifu.<ref name=ChildDiag2010/> Kufikia mwaka wa 2007-2009 katika eneo la Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara, kati ya asilimia 30-70 ya watu walikuwa wakifahamu hali yao ya VVU.<ref name=UN2011Eighty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 70–80</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, kati ya asilimia 4-42 ya watu hawa walipimwa. <ref name=UN2011Eighty/> Takwimu hizi zinaonyesha ongezeko kubwa kutoka miaka ya awali.<ref name=UN2011Eighty/> ===Uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU=== Mifumo miwili mikuu ya uainishaji hutumika kuainisha VVU na magonjwa husika kwa ajili ya [[uchunguzi wa magonjwa|uchunguzi]]: mfumo wa uainishaji wa magonjwa wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]],<ref name=WHOCase2007/> na [[mfumo wa VKM]] wa uainishaji wa maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name=CDCCase2008/> The [[Vituo vya Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa|VKM]] hutumika zaidi katika mataifa yaliyostawi. Kwa vile mfumo wa uainishaji wa SAD hauhitaji vipimo vya mahabara, mfumo huu ni mwafaka kwa mataifa yanayostawi ambayo kwa kawaida yana upungufu wa vifaa, ambapo unaweza pia kutumika kuongoza udhibiti wa kimatibabu. Ingawa mifumo hii miwili ni tofauti, yote huwezesha ulinganishaji kwa ajili ya malengo ya kitakwimu.<ref name=M121/><ref name=WHOCase2007/><ref name=CDCCase2008/> Shirika la Afya Duniani lilipendekeza ufasili wa UKIMWI mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1986.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Tangu hapo, ufasili wa Shirika hili umedurusiwa na kurefushwa mara kadhaa, toleo la hivi karibuni likiwa la mwaka wa 2007. <ref name=WHOCase2007>{{cite book|title=WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children.|pages=6–16|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.pdf|format=PDF|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-159562-9}}</ref> Mfumo wa SAD hutumia vikundi vifuatavyo: * Maambukizi ya kimsingi ya VVU: Yanaweza kuwa bila dalili au yakihusishwa na sindromu kali ya retrovirusi. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya I: Maambikizi ya VVU huwa [[bila dalili]] yakiwa na kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T (ambacho pia huitwa kiwango cha CD4) cha zaidi ya 500/uL.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Maambukizi haya yanaweza kujumuisha kuvimba kwa tezi za mwili wote.<ref name=WHOCase2007/> * Awamu ya II: Dalili ndogo zinaweza kuhusisha kiwango cha chini cha kudhihirika kwa [[tando za ute|za tando za ute]] na maambukizi yanayorejea ya [[sehemu ya juu ya njia ya pumzi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya III: Dalili kuu zinazoweza kujumuisha hali ya [[kuharisha]][[ya muda mrefu (kimatibabu)|ya muda mrefu]] isiyo na kisababishi maalum kwa zaidi ya mwezi mmoja, maambukizi makali ya bakteria ikiwa ni pamoja na tiibii ya mapafu na pia kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL. <ref name=WHOCase2007/> *Awamu ya IV ya UKIMWI: dalili kali zinazojumuisha [[toksoplasmosi]] ya ubongo, [[ukungu]] wa [[umio]], [[Vetebra ya trakea|trakea]], [[bronkasi| bronkasi]] au [[mapafu]] na [[sakoma ya Kaposi]]. Kiwango cha seli za CD4 cha chini ya 500/uL..<ref name=WHOCase2007/> Kituo cha Kukinga na Kudhibiti Magonjwa cha Marekani pia kilianzisha mfumo wa uainishaji wa VVU, kilichoudurusu mwaka wa 2008.<ref name=CDCCase2008>{{cite journal|last=Schneider|first=E|coauthors=Whitmore, S; Glynn, KM; Dominguez, K; Mitsch, A; McKenna, MT; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC)|title=Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years--United States, 2008|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control|date=2008-12-05|volume=57|issue=RR–10|pages=1–12|pmid=19052530}}</ref> Katika mfumo huu, maambukizi ya VVU yameainishwa kulingana na kiwango cha CD4 na dalili za kiutambuzi, <ref name=CDCCase2008/> nayo hueleza maambukizi kwa awamu tatu: *Awamu ya 1: Kiwango cha CD4 cha seli ≥ 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 2: Kiwango cha seli za CD4 200 hadi 500&nbsp;/uL na hakuna hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI *Awamu ya 3: Kiwango cha seli za CD4≤ 200&nbsp;cells/uL au hali zinazoashiria UKIMWI. *Tashwishi: iwapo habari iliyopo haitoshi kufanya uainishaji uliopo juu Kwa sababu za kiuchunguzi, utambuzi wa UKIMWI hubakia iwapo baada ya matibabu kiwango cha seli za CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T kitapanda zaidi ya 200 kwa kila µL ya damu au iwapo maradhi mengine yanayoashiria UKIMWI yataponywa.<ref name="M121"/> == Matibabu == Hakuna tiba au [[chanjo dhidi ya VVU|chanjo]]; hata hivyo, matibabu ya kudhibiti [[virusi]] yanaweza kupunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu na huenda yakapelekea [[urefu]] wa [[maisha]] kuwa karibu na kawaida. Ingawa [[matibabu]] ya kupunguza makali hupunguza hatari ya kifo na matatizo yanayotokana na ugonjwa huu, matibabu haya ni ya bei ghali, hivyo yanaweza kuhusishwa na madhara mbadala. Kuna dawa za kusaidia watu wenye UKIMWI. Hizi zinaitwa ''dawa za kurefusha maisha''. Dawa za kurefusha maisha haziwezi kutibu UKIMWI. Hii ina maana kwamba haziwezi kufanya virusi vyote kuondoka mwili wa mtu. Lakini zinaweza kuwasaidia watu kupambana na virusi vya UKIMWI kwa mifumo yao ya kinga kufanya kazi vizuri zaidi. Hivyo dawa za kurefusha maisha si tiba kabili kwa virusi ya UKIMWI. Watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI ambao huchukua dawa za kurefusha maisha wanaweza kuishi muda mrefu, bila kupata maradhi yanayothibitisha UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, virusi za HIV zisizouawa na dawa hizo hujifunza jinsi ya kupambana nazo na hivyo zinakuwa ''sugu'' kwa dawa hizo. Wakati mwingine VVU ni sugu kwa dawa moja, lakini dawa nyingine inaweza kutumika. Ili kupunguza uwezekano wa upinzani kutokea, watu wenye UKIMWI huchukua dawa zaidi ya moja kwa wakati mmoja. Wanaweza kuchukua madawa 2-4 kwa mara moja. Hii wakati mwingine inaitwa ''cocktail'' ya UKIMWI. Lakini baada ya muda mrefu, VVU kujifunza kuwa sugu kwa dawa nyingi. Hapo hakuna zaidi ya kuwatibu. Hivyo [[wanasayansi]] kuendelea kujaribu kupata dawa mpya ya kupambana na VVU. Dawa [[tano]] muhimu za wenye VVU ni: * D4T (stavudine) * 3TC (Lamivudine) * NVP (nevirapine) * AZT (zidovudine) * EFZ (efavirenz) Bila dawa hizo, kwa kawaida mtu mwenye VVU anaweza akaishi miaka 9-11. Utafiti wa kuboresha matibabu ya kisasa unajumuisha kupunguza madhara ya ziada ya dawa zilizopo, kurahisisha kanuni za kutumia dawa na kuboresha ubora na kuamua utaratibu bora wa kanuni ili kudhibiti ukinzani wa dawa. Hata hivyo, chanjo pekee ndiyo inayodhaniwa kuweza kusitisha janga hili. Hii ni kwa sababu chanjo ni ya bei nafuu, hivyo [[Taifa linalostawi|mataifa yanayostawi]] yanaweza kuimudu, na haitahitaji matibabu ya kila siku.<ref name=Ferrantelli>{{cite journal|author=Ferrantelli F, Cafaro A, Ensoli B |title=Nonstructural HIV proteins as targets for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine|journal=Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=543–56|year=2004|month=December|pmid=15560981 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.10.008}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya miaka 20 ya utafiti, imekuwa vigumu kupata chanjo dhidi ya VVU-1,<ref name=Ferrantelli/><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Karlsson Hedestam GB, Fouchier RA, Phogat S, Burton DR, Sodroski J, Wyatt RT |title=The challenges of eliciting neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 and to influenza virus |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=143–55 |year=2008|month=February |pmid=18197170 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1819}}</ref> hivyo tiba bado haijapatikana. === Upandikizaji seli kuu=== Mwaka wa 2007, Timothy Ray Brown,<ref name=ghivberlin>{{cite news|title=German HIV patient cured after stem cell transplant|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/german-hiv-patient-cured-after-stem-cell-transplant-15030473.html|accessdate=December 15, 2010|newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|date=December 15, 2010}}</ref> mwanaume wa umri wa miaka 40 aliyekuwa na VVU, pia anayejulikana kama "the Berlin Patient" alipewa huduma ya [[upandikizaji seli kuu za damu|pandikizo la seli kuu]] kama mojawapo ya matibabu ya [[lukemia sugu ya mieloidi]] (LSM).<ref name = Blood>{{cite journal|last=Allers|first=K|coauthors=Hütter, G; Hofmann, J; Loddenkemper, C; Rieger, K; Thiel, E; Schneider, T|title=Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation|journal=Blood|date=2011-03-10|volume=117|issue=10|pages=2791–9|pmid=21148083|doi=10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591}}</ref>Pandikizo la pili lilifanyika mwaka uliofuata baada ya kuugua tena. Mfadhili alichanguliwa sio tu kwa kuwa ana [[antijeni ya leukositi ya binadamu|upatanifu wa kijeni]] lakini pia kwa kuwa alikuwa na [[utangamano]] wa kubadilika kwa [[CCR5-Δ32]] ambayo huwezesha ukinzani dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name="Wall Street Journal 2008">{{cite news | author=Mark Schoofs | title=A Doctor, a Mutation and a Potential Cure for AIDS | url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122602394113507555.html | accessdate=2008-11-09|publisher=The Wall Street Journal| date=November 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Huetter2009>{{cite journal |author=Hütter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Ganepola A, Allers K, Schneider T, Hofmann J, Kücherer C, Blau O, Blau IW, Hofmann WK, Thiel E |title=Long-Term Control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 Stem-Cell Transplantation |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=692–698 |year=2009 |pmid=19213682 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0802905 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |archive-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213112056/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/7/692 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Baada ya miezi 20 bila matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU, iliripotiwa kuwa viwango vya VVU kwenye damu ya Brown [[uboho]] na matumbo vilikuwa chini ya kiwango cha kutambulika.<ref name=Huetter2009/>Virusi hivi vilibakia katika kiwango hicho kwa miaka mitatu baada ya upandikizo wa kwanza.<ref name=Blood/>Ingawa watafiti na baadhi ya wachambuzi wanasema kuwa matokeo haya ni tiba, wengine wao wanadokeza kuwa virusi hivi vinaweza kuwa vimejificha ndani ya tishu<ref name=NEJMLevy/>kama vile ubongo (unaotumika kama [[ufiche wa virusi|hifadhi]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nath|first=A|coauthors=Clements, JE|title=Eradication of HIV from the brain: reasons for pause|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2011-03-13|volume=25|issue=5|pages=577–80|pmid=21160414|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283437d2f}}(subscription required)</ref> Matibabu ya seli kuu yamebakia chini ya [[utafiti wa kiafya |kuchunguzwa]] kwa sababu ya asili yake ya [[ushahidi wa kinadharia|kinadharia]], ugonjwa wenywe na hatari ya kufa inayohusishwa na upandikizaji wa seli kuu na ugumu wa kupata wafadhili mwafaka.<ref name=NEJMLevy>{{cite journal |author=Levy JA |title=Not an HIV Cure, but Encouraging New Directions |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=7 |pages=724–725 |year=2009 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe0810248 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |pmid=19213687 |archive-date=2009-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215235206/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/7/724 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite pmid|21331536}}(subscription required)</ref> === Matibabu ya kuboresha kingamwili === Matibabu saidizi za kudhibiti uigaji wa virusi, [[matibabu ya kingamwili,|matibabu ya kingamwili]] zinazoweza kusaidia kuboresha mfumo wa kingamwili zilizochunguzwa awali, na juhudi zinazoendelea ni pamoja na [[Interleukin-2|IL-2]] na [[Interleukin-7|IL-7]].<ref name="Tincati-2009">{{cite journal|last=Tincati|first=C|coauthors=d'Arminio Monforte, A; Marchetti, G|title=Immunological mechanisms of interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment in HIV/AIDS disease|journal=Current molecular pharmacology|date=2009 Jan|volume=2|issue=1|pages=40–5|pmid=20021444|doi=10.2174/1874467210902010040}}</ref> Kutofaulu kwa chanjo kadhaa kukinga dhidi ya maambukizi ya VVU na kuendelea kwa UKIMWI kumepelekea mwelekeo mpya wa kuzingatia taratibu za kibayolojia zinazosababisha ufiche wa VVU. Kipindi kifupi cha matibabu ya kuunganisha dawa za kudhibiti VVU na dawa zinazolenga hifadhi fiche siku moja kinaweza kutokomeza maambukizi ya VVU.<ref name =Bowman>{{cite journal | author=Bowman MC, Archin NM, Margolis DM. | title=Pharmaceutical approaches to eradication of persistent HIV infection | journal=Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine |year=2009| volume=11 | issue=e6 | pmid=19208267 |doi=10.1017/S1462399409000970 | pages=e6 }}</ref>Watafiti wamegundua [[abusaimu]] inayoweza kuharibu eneo la kufungia protini ya [[gp120]] CD4. Protini hii hupatikana katika aina zote za VVU kwa sababu ndiyo ncha ambapo [[seli za B|limfosaiti za B]] hujishikisha kisha kuafikiana kwa mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Planque S, Nishiyama Y, Taguchi H, Salas M, Hanson C, Paul S |title=Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role and potential clinical utility |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=473–9 |year=2008 |month=June|pmid=18558365|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002 |url= |pmc=2527403}}</ref> == Njia za kujikinga na UKIMWI == [[Picha: Red Ribbon.svg|thumb|haki|Utepe mwekundu, ishara ya mapambano dhidi ya UKIMWI.]] [[File:AIDS Clinic, McLeod Ganj, 2010.jpg|thumb|alt=Onyesho la jumba la ghorofa mbili lililo na mabango kadhaa yanayohusiana na kuzuia UKIMWI |Matibabu ya UKIMWI, [[McLeod Ganj]], Himachel Pradesh, India, 2010]] Kuna njia nyingi za watu kupambana na [[janga]] hilo. Kuzuia maambukizi ya VVU, hasa kupitia [[kondomu]] na miradi ya kubadilishabadilisha sindano, ni mikakati mikuu inayotumika kudhibiti kuenea kwa ugonjwa huu. Lakini wengine wanahoji kwamba bila kubadili tabia, [[teknolojia]] peke yake haitaweza kushinda ugonjwa huo<ref>https://c-fam.org/friday_fax/global-south-revolts-against-western-sexual-agenda-at-world-health-assembly/?inf_contact_key=48abd2d5d654a153dbafe6d92d8d5d08842e902fbefb79ab9abae13bfcb46658</ref>. === Chanjo === Njia bora ya kuzuia VVU ni wazo la kuwa na [[chanjo]]. Wanasayansi wengi wanatafuta [[chanjo ya VVU]] ili kuokoa [[uhai]] wa mamilioni ya watu, lakini kufikia mwaka [[2012]], hakuna chanjo mwafaka dhidi ya VVU/UKIMWI.<ref>{{cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012|author=UNAIDS|accessdate=2020-03-28|archivedate=2012-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/}}</ref>Jaribio moja la chanjo ya [[RV 144]] iliyotolewa mwaka 2009 lilipelekea kupunguza hatari ya kuambukiza kwa takriban 30%, hivyo kuchochea matarajio ya jamii ya utafiti ya kutengeneza chanjo mwafaka zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reynell|first=L|coauthors=Trkola, A|title=HIV vaccines: an attainable goal?|journal=Swiss medical weekly|date=2012-03-02|volume=142|pages=w13535|pmid=22389197|doi=10.4414/smw.2012.13535}}</ref> Majaribio zaidi ya chanjo ya RV 144 yanaendelea.<ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General| title = HIV Vaccine Trial in Thai Adults| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = March 21, 2011| accessdate = June 28, 2011| url =http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00223080}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author = U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General|title = Follow up of Thai Adult Volunteers With Breakthrough HIV Infection After Participation in a Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial| publisher = ClinicalTrials.gov| date = June 2, 2010| url =http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00337181}}</ref> ===Kondomu=== Vitendo vya kijinsia ni njia kuu ya kupata VVU. Kama watu wanatumia [[kondomu]] wanapofanya mapenzi, kuna nafasi ndogo zaidi ya kuambukizana VVU, lakini [[ukweli]] kamili ni kwamba hakuna [[ngono salama]] kwa hakika. Matumizi ya [[kondomu]] ya kila mara hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizana UKIMWI kwa takriban 80% katika muda mrefu wa usoni.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crosby|first=R|coauthors=Bounse, S|title=Condom effectiveness: where are we now?|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=10–7|pmid=22348628|doi=10.1071/SH11036}}</ref> Iwapo mwenzi mmoja ameambukizwa, kutumia kondomu kila mara hupelekea viwango vya chini ya 1% kwa mwaka vya huyo mwingine kuambukizwa.<ref name=WHOCondoms>{{cite web| publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month=August |year=2003|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html | title=Condom Facts and Figures|accessdate=January 17, 2006 }}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo unaoonyesha kuwa [[kondomu za wanawake]] una kiwango sawa cha kinga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gallo|first=MF|coauthors=Kilbourne-Brook, M; Coffey, PS|title=A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection|journal=Sexual health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=1|pages=18–26|pmid=22348629|doi=10.1071/SH11037}}</ref> ===Dawa za ukeni=== Kutumia mafuta ya ukeni yanaliyo na [[tenofovir]] muda mfupi kabla ya ngono hukisiwa kupunguza viwango vya maambukizi kwa takriban 40% miongoni mwa wanawake wa Kiafrika.<ref name=VagGel2012>{{cite journal|last=Celum|first=C|coauthors=Baeten, JM|title=Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2012 Feb|volume=25|issue=1|pages=51–7|pmid=22156901|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef|pmc=3266126}}</ref> Kinyume na hili, matumizi ya [[spemisidi]] [[nonoxynol-9]] yanaweza kuongeza hatari ya kuambukizwa kwa sababu ya uwezo wake wa kuleta mwasho wa uke na [[rektamu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baptista|first=M|coauthors=Ramalho-Santos, J|title=Spermicides, microbicides and antiviral agents: recent advances in the development of novel multi-functional compounds|journal=Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry|date=2009-11-01|volume=9|issue=13|pages=1556–67|pmid=20205637|doi=10.2174/138955709790361548}}</ref> ===Tohara=== [[Tohara]] katika eneo la [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] "hupunguza uambukizaji wa VVU katika wanaume wanaohusiana na wanawake kimapenzi kwa kati ya 38% na 66% kwa muda wa miezi 24". <ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Muller, M; Deeks, JJ; Volmink, J|title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-04-15|issue=2|pages=CD003362|pmid=19370585|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Kwa msingi wa tafiti hizi, mashirika ya SAD na UNAIDS yalipendekeza tohara kama mbinu ya kuzuia uambukizaji VVU kutoka kwa mwanamke hadi mwanamume mwaka 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organization |date=Mar 28, 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html |accessdate=2020-03-28 |archivedate=2011-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140439/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr10/en/index.html }}</ref> Haijabainika wazi iwapo njia hii huzuia uambukizaji kutoka kwa mwanamume hadi mwanamke<ref>{{cite journal|last=Larke|first=N|title=Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nursing_2010-05-27_19_10/page/n11|journal=British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)|date=2010 May 27 – Jun 9|volume=19|issue=10|pages=629–34|pmid=20622758}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Eaton|first=L|coauthors=Kalichman, SC|title=Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infection|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2009 Nov|volume=6|issue=4|pages=187–93|pmid=19849961|doi=10.1007/s11904-009-0025-9}}(subscription required)</ref> na iwapo mbinu hii ina manufaa katika [[mataifa yaliyostawi]] na haijabainika miongoni mwa mashoga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=HH|coauthors=Li, PS, Goldstein, M|title=Male circumcision: Africa and beyond?|journal=Current opinion in urology|date=2010 Nov|volume=20|issue=6|pages=515–9|pmid=20844437|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Templeton|first=DJ|coauthors=Millett, GA, Grulich, AE|title=Male circumcision to reduce the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men|journal=Current opinion in infectious diseases|date=2010 Feb|volume=23|issue=1|pages=45–52|pmid=19935420|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e328334e54d}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Wiysonge | first1 = CS. | last2 = Kongnyuy | first2 = EJ. | last3 = Shey | first3 = M. | last4 = Muula | first4 = AS.|last5 = Navti | first5 = OB. | last6 = Akl | first6 = EA. | last7 = Lo | first7 = YR. | title = Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = | issue = 6 | pages = CD007496 | month = | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007496.pub2 | pmid = 21678366 | editor1-last = Wiysonge |editor1-first = Charles Shey }}</ref> Baadhi ya wataalamu wanahofia kuwa dhana ya kiwango cha chini cha hatari miongoni mwa wanaume waliotahiriwa inaweza kupelekea mienendo hatari zaidi, hivyo wanapinga faida ya mbinu hii katika kukinga.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Eaton LA, Kalichman S |title=Risk compensation in HIV prevention: implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies |journal=Curr HIV/AIDS Rep |volume=4 |issue=4|pages=165–72 |year=2007|month=December|pmid=18366947|pmc=2937204 |doi=10.1007/s11904-007-0024-7}}</ref> Wanawake waliofanyiwa [[ukeketaji]] wana hatari zaidi ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Utz-Billing I, Kentenich H|title=Female genital mutilation: an injury, physical and mental harm |journal=J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol|volume=29|issue=4 |pages=225–9|year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19065392 |doi=10.1080/01674820802547087 |url=}}</ref> ===Mawaidha na elimu=== Njia muhimu ya kuzuia VVU/UKIMWI ni [[elimu]] kwa kuwa hiyo inawezesha kuelewa maana ya [[jinsia]] na kukwepa sababu za maambukizi yake. Ni kwamba watu wanaweza kupata VVU kutokana na [[ngono]] na kutokana na [[damu]]. Watoto wanaweza pia kupata VVU kutoka kwa [[mama]] zao (wakati wa kukua ndani ya akina mama wajawazito na wakati wa kunyonya [[maziwa]] ya mama.) Kuna baadhi ya watu ambao hawataki watu wajue kuhusu kondomu na sindano safi, au hawataki wawe na kondomu au sindano safi. Hao wanaamini kuwa watu wakijua kuhusu kondomu na kuwa na kondomu watafanya ngono zaidi na hivyo kuzidisha maambukizi badala ya kuyapunguza kwa sababu kinga hiyo si madhubuti. Vilevile wanaamini kuwa watu wakiwa na sindano safi watatumia dawa za kulevya zaidi. Wengi wa wanaodhani hivyo ni pia kwa sababu ya [[dini]] zao kukataza [[uzinifu]] na [[ulevi]] kama tabia zinazoharibu binadamu binafsi na jamii kwa jumla. Hao huhimiza [[upendo]] na [[uaminifu]] katika [[ndoa]], [[usafi wa moyo]] na utunzaji wa afya. Miradi inayohimiza [[kujinyima ngono]] haijatambulika inaathiri vipi hatari ya kupata VVU.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Underhill K, Operario D, Montgomery P |title= Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages= CD005421|year=2008|pmid= 17943855|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005421/frame.html|editor1-last= Operario|editor1-first= Don}}</ref> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya [[elimu ya rika]] pia hautoshi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tolli|first=MV|title=Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies|journal=Health education research|date=2012-05-28|pmid=22641791|doi=10.1093/her/cys055}}</ref> [[Elimu ya ngono]] inayotolewa [[Shule|shuleni]] inaweza kupunguza mitindo hatari,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ljubojević|first=S|coauthors=Lipozenčić, J|title=Sexually transmitted infections and adolescence|journal=Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC|year=2010|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–10|pmid=21251451}}</ref> lakini inaweza pia kuchochea wanafunzi wakajaribu wenyewe ngono. [[Vijana]] wengi wanajihusisha katika vitendo hatari licha ya kufahamu kuhusu VVU/UKIMWI, huku wakipuuza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref name="Patel2008">{{Rejea jarida| author=Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, Shortliffe EH | title=Discerning patterns of human immunodeficiency virus risk in healthy young adults | journal=Am J Med | year=2008 | pages=758–764 |volume=121|issue=4 | pmid=18724961 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022 | pmc=2597652 }}</ref> ===Dawa kabla ya hatari=== Asilimia 96 ya watu walikingwa dhidi ya maambukizi iwapo wenzi wao walioambukizwa walipata mapema dawa za kudhibiti VVU<ref>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Pages/HPTN052.aspx "Treating HIV-infected People with Antiretrovirals Protects Partners from Infection"], NIH News, 2011 May</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Anglemyer|first=A|coauthors=Rutherford, GW; Baggaley, RC; Egger, M; Siegfried, N|title=Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-08-10|issue=8|pages=CD009153|pmid=21833973|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub2|editor1-last=Rutherford|editor1-first=George W}}</ref> Proflaksisi ya kabla ya hatari pamoja na kipimo cha kila siku cha dawa ya [[tenofovir]] (ikiwa na au bila [[emtricitabine]]) ni mwafaka kwa vikundi fulani, ikijumuisha: mashoga, wachumba wa wenye VVU na vijana wa Afrika wanaovutiwa na watu wa jinsia tofauti. <ref name=VagGel2012/> Hadhari za jumla katika mandhari ya utunzaji wa afya zinaaminika kufaulu kupunguza hatari ya VVU.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings|journal=MMWR|volume=36 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=1S–18S |year=1987|month=August|pmid=3112554|url=http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/PREVIEW/MMWRHTML/00023587.htm |author1= Centers for Disease Control (CDC)}}</ref> Matumizi ya dawa zinazodungwa mishipani ni kipengele muhimu cha hatari, hivyo mikakati ya [[kupunguza madhara]] kama vile [[miradi ya kubadilisha sindano]] na [[matibabu ya kubadilisha opioidi]] yanaonekana kufaulu kupunguza hatari.<ref name=Kurth2011>{{cite journal|last=Kurth|first=AE|coauthors=Celum, C; Baeten, JM; Vermund, SH; Wasserheit, JN|title=Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2011 Mar|volume=8|issue=1|pages=62–72|pmid=20941553|doi=10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3|pmc=3036787}}</ref> ===Dawa baada ya hatari=== Vipimo vya dawa za kudhibiti VVU zinazotolewa kati ya saa 48 hadi 72 baada ya hatari kwa damu yenye VVU au viowevu vya uzazi hujulikana kama proflaksisi ya baada ya hatari.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Matumizi ya dawa moja ya [[zidovudine]] hupunguza mara tano hatari ya kupata VVU kutokana na jeraha la sindano.<ref name=Prevention2012>{{cite journal |author= |title=HIV exposure through contact with body fluids |journal=Prescrire Int|volume=21 |issue=126 |pages=100–1, 103–5 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22515138 |doi= |url= |author1= [No authors listed]}}</ref> Matibabu hupendekezwa baada ya [[ubakaji]] iwapo mshukiwa anatambulika kuwa na VVU lakini yanakumbwa na utata iwapo hali yake haijulikani.<ref name=NEJM2011Sex>{{cite journal|last=Linden|first=JA|title=Clinical practice. Care of the adult patient after sexual assault|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-09-01_365_9/page/834|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2011-09-01|volume=365|issue=9|pages=834–41|pmid=21879901|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1102869}}</ref> Taratibu za matibabu ya sasa hutumia [[lopinavir/ritonavir]] na [[lamivudine/zidovudine]] au [[emtricitabine/tenofovir]] na yanaweza kupunguza hatari zaidi.<ref name=Prevention2012/> Kwa kawaida, muda wa matibabu huwa wiki nne <ref name=CochranePEP2007>{{cite journal|last=Young|first=TN|coauthors=Arens, FJ; Kennedy, GE; Laurie, JW; Rutherford, G|title=Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2007-01-24|issue=1|pages=CD002835|pmid=17253483|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3|editor1-last=Young|editor1-first=Taryn}}</ref>na mara nyingi huhusishwa na athari kali (zidovudine ikiwa na takriban 70% ya visa, ikijumuisha 24% kichefuchefu, 22% uchovu, 13% mafadhaiko na 9% maumivu ya kichwa.<ref name=AFP2007/> === Kuzuia maambukizi ya mama kwa mtoto === Hatua za kuzuia kusambaza VVU kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto zinaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa asilimia 92-99.<ref name=Mother2010>{{cite journal|last=Coutsoudis|first=A|coauthors=Kwaan, L; Thomson, M|title=Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=2010 Oct|volume=8|issue=10|pages=1163–75|pmid=20954881|doi=10.1586/eri.10.94}}</ref><ref name=Kurth2011/> Kimsingi, hatua hizi hujumuisha kutumia mwungano wa dawa za kudhibiti VVU katika ujauzito na baada ya kuzaa, na pia [[kunywesha kwa chupa]] badala ya [[kunyonyesha]].<ref name=Mother2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=van der Merwe, L; Brocklehurst, P; Sint, TT|title=Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2011-07-06|issue=7|pages=CD003510|pmid=21735394|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref>Ikiwa itakubaliwa kulisha, inafaidi, inawezekana kumudu gharama yake, na ni salama, kina mama hawapaswi kuwanyonyesha watoto wao. Hata hivyo, iwapo haiwezekani, kina mama hushauriwa kunyonyesha tu katika miezi ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |format=PDF |year=2006 |accessdate=March 12, 2008 |title=WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation Held on behalf of the Inter-agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV – Infections in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Infants –Consensus statement |date=October 25–27, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065845/http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Infantfeedingconsensusstatement.pf.pdf |archivedate=2008-04-09 |deadurl=no }}</ref> Ikiwa kunyonyesha pekee kutatekelezwa, kumpa mtoto proflaksisi ya kudhibiti VVU kwa muda mrefu zaidi hupunguza hatari ya kuambukizwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Horvath|first=T|coauthors=Madi, BC; Iuppa, IM; Kennedy, GE; Rutherford, G; Read, JS|title=Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2009-01-21|issue=1|pages=CD006734|pmid=19160297|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2|editor1-last=Horvath|editor1-first=Tara}}</ref> ===Dawa za kudhibiti virusi === [[File:Abacavir (Ziagen) 300mg.jpg|thumb|alt=Tembe mbili za manjano za umbo la mstatili ambapo mojawapo ya alama za GX623 inaonekana|''[[Abacavir]]'' – kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN)]] Kwa sasa hakuna tiba au [[chanjo ya VVU]] mwafaka. Matibabu hujumuisha dawa tendi za kudhibiti VVU za kiwango cha juu zinazopunguza mwendo wa ugonjwa huu.<ref name=LE2011>{{cite journal|last=May|first=MT|coauthors=Ingle, SM|title=Life expectancy of HIV-positive adults: a review|journal=Sexual health|date=2011 Dec|volume=8|issue=4|pages=526–33|pmid=22127039|doi=10.1071/SH11046}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2010, zaidi ya watu milioni 6.6&nbsp; wa nchi za mapato ya chini na ya kati walikuwa wakitumia dawa hizo.<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Matibabu pia huhusisha hatua za kuzuia na kutibu maambukizi nyemelezi. Chaguo za kisasa za KNKN ni michanganyiko ya angalau dawa tatu za angalau aina au "vikundi" viwili vya ajenti za [[dawa za kudhibiti VVU]].<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwanzoni, matibabu kwa kawaida huhusisha kizuizi kisicho cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KKNKN) pamoja na vidonge viwili vya kifanani cha nukliosidi kinachozuia kugeuzwa kwa nakala (KNKN).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> KNKN kwa kawaida hujumuisha: [[zidovudine]] (AZT) au [[tenofovir]] (TDF) na [[lamivudine]] (3TC) au [[emtricitabine]] (FTC).<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Mwungano wa ajenti zinazojumuisha kizuizi cha protisi (KP) hutumika utaratibu huu ukipoteza utendakazi.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Wakati wa kuanzisha matumizi ya dawa za kudhibiti VVU ni mada ambayo ingali inajadiliwa.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sax|first=PE|coauthors=Baden, LR|title=When to start antiretroviral therapy—ready when you are?|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=2009-04-30|volume=360|issue=18|pages=1897–9|pmid=19339713|doi=10.1056/NEJMe0902713}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani, miongozo ya [[Ulaya]] na pia Marekani hupendekeza dawa za kudhibiti VVU kwa vijana waliobalehe, watu wazima na kina mama wajawazito walio na kiwango cha CD4 cha chini ya 350/uL au walio na dalili, bila kuzingatia kiwango chao cha CD4.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159976-4|pages=19–20|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709184257/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599764_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>Hali hii huwezeshwa na ukweli kwamba kuanzisha matibabu wakati huu hupunguza hatari ya kifo.<ref name=CochraneART2010>{{cite journal|last=Siegfried|first=N|coauthors=Uthman, OA; Rutherford, GW|title=Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-03-17|issue=3|pages=CD008272|pmid=20238364|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008272.pub2|editor1-last=Siegfried|editor1-first=Nandi}}</ref> Isitoshe, Marekani imependekeza matibabu hayo kwa watu wote wenye VVU bila kuzingatia kiwango cha CD4 au dalili, ingawa inatoa pendekezo hili ikiwahofia watu wenye kiwango cha juu cha CD4.<ref name=Guidelines2009>{{cite book|last=Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents|first=|title=Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|date=2009-12-01|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|page=i|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2009-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113181125/http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani pia linapendekeza matibabu kwa watu wenye maambukizi nyongeza ya kifua kikuu na [[hepatitisi B]] tendi ya muda mrefu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Matibabu yanapoanzishwa, inapendekezwa yaendelezwe bila "kupumzika".<ref name=Deut2010/> Watu wengi hutambuliwa punde tu baada ya wakati ambao matibabu yalipaswa kuanzishwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Katika matibabu, matokeo yanayotarajiwa ni kiwango cha HIV-RNA ya plasma ya muda mrefu cha chini ya nakala 50/mL.<ref name=Deut2010>{{cite journal|last=Vogel|first=M|coauthors=Schwarze-Zander, C; Wasmuth, JC; Spengler, U; Sauerbruch, T; Rockstroh, JK|title=The treatment of patients with HIV|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt international|date=2010 Jul|volume=107|issue=28–29|pages=507–15; quiz 516|pmid=20703338|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507|pmc=2915483}}</ref>Viwango vya kuthibitisha ikiwa matibabu ni mwafaka hupendekezwa kwanza baada ya wiki nne na punde viwango hivi vinaposhuka chini ya nakala 50/mL. Vipimo vya kila baada ya miezi 3-6 kwa kawaida huwa mwafaka.<ref name=Deut2010/> Udhibiti usio mwafaka huchukuliwa kuwa zaidi ya nakala 400/mL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kulingana na kigezo hiki, matibabu huwa mwafaka kwa zaidi ya 95% ya watu katika mwaka wa kwanza.<ref name=Deut2010/> Manufaa ya matibabu hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kuendelezwa kwa VVU na kupunguka kwa hatari ya kifo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=When To Start|first=Consortium|coauthors=Sterne, JA; May, M; Costagliola, D; de Wolf, F; Phillips, AN; Harris, R; Funk, MJ; Geskus, RB; Gill, J; Dabis, F; Miró, JM; Justice, AC; Ledergerber, B; Fätkenheuer, G; Hogg, RS; Monforte, AD; Saag, M; Smith, C; Staszewski, S; Egger, M; Cole, SR|title=Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies|journal=Lancet|date=2009-04-18|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1352–63|pmid=19361855|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60612-7|pmc=2670965}}</ref>Katika mataifa yaliyostawi matibabu pia huboresha afya ya mwili na ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beard|first=J|coauthors=Feeley, F; Rosen, S|title=Economic and quality of life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in developing countries: a systematic literature review|journal=AIDS care|date=2009 Nov|volume=21|issue=11|pages=1343–56|pmid=20024710|doi=10.1080/09540120902889926}}</ref> Matibabu hupelekea kupunguza kwa 70% hatari ya kupata kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Manufaa ya nyongeza hujumuisha upungufu wa hatari ya kusambazwa kwa ugonjwa huu hadi kwa wenzi kingono, na upungufu wa kusambazwa kwa maambukizi kutoka kwa mama hadi mtoto. <ref name=WHOTx2010Pg19/> Ubora wa matibabu hutegemea pakubwa maafikiano.<ref name=Deut2010/> Sababu za kutoafikiana hujumuisha: ufikiaji duni wa huduma za kimatibabu,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orrell|first=C|title=Antiretroviral adherence in a resource-poor setting|journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports|date=2005 Nov|volume=2|issue=4|pages=171–6|pmid=16343374|doi=10.1007/s11904-005-0012-8}}</ref>huduma duni za kijamii, [[ugonjwa wa akili]] na [[uraibu wa madawa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Malta|first=M|coauthors=Strathdee, SA; Magnanini, MM; Bastos, FI|title=Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_2008-08_103_8/page/1242|journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England)|date=2008 Aug|volume=103|issue=8|pages=1242–57|pmid=18855813|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02269.x}}</ref> Isitoshe, utata wa utaratibu wa matibabu (kufuatia idadi ya tembe na idadi ya marudio ya kumeza tembe) na [[athari kali]] zinaweza kusababisha kutoafikiana kwa kimakusudi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Marconi, VC; van Zyl, GU; Gardner, EM; Preiser, W; Hong, SY; Mills, EJ; Gross, R|title=HIV treatment adherence, drug resistance, virologic failure: evolving concepts|journal=Infectious disorders drug targets|date=2011 Apr|volume=11|issue=2|pages=167–74|pmid=21406048}}</ref>Hata hivyo, viwango vya uafikiano ni sawa katika nchi zinazostawi na zilizostawi<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nachega|first=JB|coauthors=Mills, EJ; Schechter, M|title=Antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention in care in middle-income and low-income countries: current status of knowledge and research priorities|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 Jan|volume=5|issue=1|pages=70–7|pmid=20046150|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e328333ad61}}</ref> Matukio makuu huhusishwa na ajenti inayotumika.<ref name=Montessori2004/> Baadhi ya visa vinavyotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[lipodistrofi inayohusishwa na VVU|sindromu ya lipodistofi]], [[dislipidemia]] na [[kisukari tamu]] hasa pamoja na vizuizi vya protisi.<ref name=M121/> Dalili zingine zinazotokea mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[kuhara]],<ref name=Montessori2004>{{cite journal| author=Montessori, V., Press, N., Harris, M., Akagi, L., Montaner, J. S. |title=Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection | journal=CMAJ |year=2004 | pages=229–238 |volume=170 | issue=2 |pmid=14734438 | pmc=315530}}</ref><ref name="Burgoyne2008">{{Rejea jarida|author=Burgoyne RW, Tan DH|title=Prolongation and quality of life for HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a balancing act|journal=J. Antimicrob. Chemother. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=469–73|year=2008 |month=March|pmid=18174196|doi=10.1093/jac/dkm499</ref> na ongezeko la hatari ya [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barbaro|first=G|coauthors=Barbarini, G|title=Human immunodeficiency virus & cardiovascular risk|journal=The Indian journal of medical research|date=2011 Dec|volume=134|issue=6|pages=898–903|pmid=22310821|doi=10.4103/0971-5916.92634|pmc=3284097}}</ref> Hata hivyo, athari kali huwa katika matibabu mapya yaliyopendekezwa.<ref name=Deut2010/> Gharama huenda ikawa tatizo kwani baadhi ya dawa huwa ghali<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orsi|first=F|coauthors=d'almeida, C|title=Soaring antiretroviral prices, TRIPS and TRIPS flexibilities: a burning issue for antiretroviral treatment scale-up in developing countries|journal=Current opinion in HIV and AIDS|date=2010 May|volume=5|issue=3|pages=237–41|pmid=20539080|doi=10.1097/COH.0b013e32833860ba}}</ref>. Hata hivyo, hadi mwaka wa 2010, 47% ya watu waliohitaji dawa hizo walikuwa wakizitumia katika nchi zinazostawi na za mapato ya wastani<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Dawa fulani zinaweza kuhusishwa na [[ulemavu wa kuzaliwa]] hivyo hazifai kutumiwa na wanawake wanaopanga kupata watoto.<ref name=Deut2010/> Matibabu yanayopendekezewa watoto hutofautiana kidogo na ya watu wazima. Katika nchi zinazoendelea, kufikia mwaka wa 2010, 23% ya watoto waliohitaji dawa hizi walikuwa wakizitumia.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY>UNAIDS 2011 uk. 150-160</ref> Shirika la Afya Duniani na Marekani inapendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wote wa umri wa chini ya miezi 12.<ref name=USKID2011/><ref name=WHOKID2010>{{cite book|title=Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children|year=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-159980-1|page=2|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2014-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224081130/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599801_eng.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Marekani hupendekeza matibabu kwa watoto wa umri wa mwaka 1-5 walio na kiwango cha VVU-RNA cha zaidi ya nakala 100,000&nbsp;/mL na kwa walio zaidi ya miaka mitano watibiwe iwapo kiwango cha CD4 ni chini ya 500/ul.<ref name=USKID2011>{{cite web|title=Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf|work=The Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children|format=PDF|date=Aug 11,2011|accessdate=2020-03-28|archivedate=2013-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214548/http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf}}</ref> ===Kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi=== Mikakati ya kuzuia maambukizi nyemelezi hufaa watu wengi wenye VVU/UKIMWI. Matibabu ya dawa za kudhibiti virusi huboresha na kupunguza hatari ya kupata maambukizi nyemelezi kwa wakati huo na baadaye.<ref name=Montessori2004/>[[Chanjo]] dhidi ya [[hepatitisi]] A na B hupendekezwa kwa watu walio katika hatari ya VVU kabla ya maambukizi, ingawa yanaweza kutolewa baada ya kuambukizwa.<ref name=Laurence>{{Rejea jarida | author=Laurence J | title=Hepatitis A and B virus immunization in HIV-infected persons | journal=AIDS Reader | year=2006 | pages=15–17 | volume=16 | issue=1|pmid=16433468}}</ref> Kinga ya [[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] kati ya wiki 4-6 na kukoma kunyonyesha watoto waliozaliwa na mama mwenye VVU hupendekezwa katika sehemu zenye upungufu wa raslimali.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Pia inapendekezwa kuzuia PCP kiwango cha CD4 kikiwa chini ya 200&nbsp;/uL na kwa wenye PCP au waliokuwa nayo awali.<ref name=PCP2011>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=L|coauthors=Cattamanchi, A; Davis, JL; den Boon, S; Kovacs, J; Meshnick, S; Miller, RF; Walzer, PD; Worodria, W; Masur, H; International HIV-associated Opportunistic Pneumonias (IHOP), Study; Lung HIV, Study|title=HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|date=2011 Jun|volume=8|issue=3|pages=294–300|pmid=21653531|doi=10.1513/pats.201009-062WR|pmc=3132788}}</ref> Watu wenye ugandamizaji wa kingamwili pia hushauriwa kupata kinga ya [[toksoplasmosisi]] na [[Kriptokokasi|Meninjitisi ya kriptokokasi]].<ref name=PEPpocketguide>{{cite web | publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] | date=February 2, 2007 | url=http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=14&doc_id=6223&string=infected+AND+patients | title=Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. | accessdate=2020-03-28 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx | archivedate=2012-12-12 | =https://archive.today/20121212000558/http://www.guideline.gov/browse/archive.aspx }}</ref> Mikakati mwafaka ya kinga imepunguza kiwango cha maambukizi kwa 50% katika miaka 1992-1997.<ref name=InfectionBook2008/> ===Matibabu mbadala=== Takriban 60% ya watu wenye VVU nchini Marekani hutumia mbinu mbalimbali za [[matibabu mbadala]].<ref name="pmid18608078">{{Rejea jarida|author=Littlewood RA, Vanable PA |title=Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care |journal=AIDS Care |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1002–18 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18608078 |pmc=2570227|doi=10.1080/09540120701767216 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2008-09_20_8/page/1002}}</ref> Ubora wa matibabu hayo hata hivyo haujathibitishwa.<ref name="pmid15969772">{{Rejea jarida|author=Mills E, Wu P, Ernst E |title=Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=395–403 |year=2005|month=June |pmid=15969772 |doi=10.1258/0956462054093962 |url=}}</ref> Kwa kuzingatia [[Lishe na VVU/UKIMWI|ushauri wa kilishe na UKIMWI]], kuna ushahidi unaoonyesha manufaa ya nyongeza za [[virutubishi vidogo]].<ref name="Irlam"/> Ushahidi wa manufaa ya nyongeza za [[seleniamu]] unaonyesha kuwa manufaa yake si mengi sana.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=CA|coauthors=Kawai, K; Kupka, R; Fawzi, WW|title=Role of selenium in HIV infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2010-11_68_11/page/671|journal=Nutrition Reviews|date=2010 Nov|volume=68|issue=11|pages=671–81|pmid=20961297|doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x|pmc=3066516}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuwa nyongeza ya [[vitamini A]] kwa watoto hupunguza vifo na kuboresha ukuaji.<ref name=Irlam/> Nyongeza ya [[vitamini]] nyingi kwa kina mama wajawazito wenye [[lishe duni]] na wanaonyonyesha imeboresha [[afya]] ya kina mama na watoto barani Afrika<ref name=Irlam>{{cite journal|last=Irlam|first=JH|coauthors=Visser, MM; Rollins, NN; Siegfried, N|title=Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2010-12-08|issue=12|pages=CD003650|pmid=21154354|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub3|editor1-last=Irlam|editor1-first=James H}}</ref> Kutumia virutubishi vidogo ndani ya lishe katika viwango vya [[Kiwango cha Matumizi ya kila Siku|KMS]] kwa watu wazima wenye VVU kumependekezwa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Forrester|first=JE|coauthors=Sztam, KA|title=Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations?|journal=The American journal of clinical nutrition|date=2011 Dec|volume=94|issue=6|pages=1683S–1689S|pmid=22089440|doi=10.3945/ajcn.111.011999|pmc=3226021}}</ref><ref name='WHO_nutrients'>{{Rejea kitabu | last = [[World Health Organization]] | title = Nutrient requirements for people living with HIV/AIDS: Report of a technical consultation | date = 2003-05 | location = Geneva | url = http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | id = | isbn = | accessdate = March 31, 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030154/http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf | archivedate = 2009-03-25 | deadurl = no }}</ref> SAD linasema kuwa [[takwimu]] kadhaa zimeonyesha nyongeza ya vitamini A, zinki na ayoni inaweza kuwaathiri pakubwa watu wazima walio na VVU.<ref name='WHO_nutrients' /> Hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha manufaa ya [[miti shamba]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Liu JP, Manheimer E, Yang M|title=Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=3 |pages=CD003937|year=2005 |pmid=16034917 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003937.pub2|url=|editor1-last=Liu|editor1-first=Jian Ping}}</ref> ==Matarajio ya kuishi== [[File:HIV-AIDS world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Idadi ya vifo kutokana na UKIMWI kati ya watu milioni 1 mwaka 2012 {{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ffe820|1–4}}{{legend|#ffd820|5–12}}{{legend|#ffc020|13–34}}{{legend|#ffa020|35–61}}{{legend|#ff9a20|62–134}}{{legend|#f08015|135–215}}{{legend|#e06815|216–458}}{{legend|#d85010|459-1,402}}{{legend|#d02010|1,403–5,828}}{{refend}}]] [[File:HIV-AIDS world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Alt=Ramani ya ulimwengu ambapo sehemu yake kubwa ni ya rangi ya manjano au ya chungwa isipokuwa Kusini kwa Sahara ambapo kuna rangi nyekundu au nyekundu nzito|[[Miaka ya kulemaza]] ya VVU kwa kila wakaazi 100,000&nbsp; kufikia 2004. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|<small>no data</small>}} {{legend|#ffff65|<small>≤&nbsp;10</small>}} {{legend|#fff200|<small>10–25</small>}} {{legend|#ffdc00|<small>25–50</small>}} {{legend|#ffc600|<small>50–100</small>}} {{legend|#ffb000|<small>100–500</small>}} {{legend|#ff9a00|<small>500–1000</small>}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|<small>1000–2500</small>}} {{legend|#ff6e00|<small>2500–5000</small>}} {{legend|#ff5800|<small>5000–7500</small>}} {{legend|#ff4200|<small>7500-10000</small>}} {{legend|#ff2c00|<small>10000-50000</small>}} {{legend|#cb0000|<small>≥&nbsp;50000</small>}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Katika sehemu nyingi ulimwenguni UKIMWI umekuwa [[ugonjwa wa muda mrefu]], si ugonjwa mkali tu.<ref name=Knoll2007/> [[Prognosi]] ni tofauti katika watu mbalimbali, na kiwango cha CD4 pamoja na wingi wa virusi huwa muhimu katika kutabiri matokeo.<ref name=M118/> Wastani wa muda wa kuishi baada ya kuambukizwa unakadiriwa kuwa kati ya miaka 9-1&nbsp; bila matibabu, ikitegemea aina ya VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2007>{{cite web| author = [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]]| month = December| year = 2007| title = 2007 AIDS epidemic update| url = http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf| accessdate = 2008-03-12| format = PDF| archivedate = 2008-05-27| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf}}</ref> Baada ya utambuzi wa UKIMWI, iwapo matibabu hayapo, uwezo wa kuishi huwa kati ya miezi 6-19.<ref name=Morgan2>{{Rejea jarida | author=Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA| title=HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries? | journal=AIDS | year=2002 | pages=597–632 | volume=16 | issue=4 | pmid=11873003 |doi=10.1097/00002030-200203080-00011}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: update of literature review and evidence synthesis|author=Zwahlen M, Egger M|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|format=PDF|year=2006|accessdate=March 19, 2008|version=UNAIDS Obligation HQ/05/422204|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409065844/http://data.unaids.org/pub/Periodical/2006/zwahlen_unaids_hq_05_422204_2007_en.pdf|archivedate=2008-04-09|deadurl=no|journal=}}</ref> [[KKNKN]] na uzuiaji mwafaka wa Maambukizi nyemelezi hupunguza kima cha vifo kwa 80% na kuongeza matarajio ya urefu wa maisha hadi miaka 20-50 kwa mtu mzima wa kimo aliyetambuliwa na maambukizi karibuni.<ref name=Knoll2007>{{cite journal |journal= Int J Dermatol |year=2007 |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1219–28 |title= Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians |author= Knoll B, Lassmann B, Temesgen Z|pmid=18173512|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03520.x}}</ref><ref name=LifeExpecr2008>{{cite journal |journal= Lancet|year=2008 |volume=372|issue=9635 |pages=293–9 |title=Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies | author= Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration |pmid=18657708 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61113-7 |pmc= 3130543 }}</ref><ref name=Schack2006>{{cite journal | author=Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, Losina E, Muccio T, Sax PE, Weinstein MC, Seage GR 3rd, Moore RD, Freedberg KA. |title=The lifetime cost of current HIV care in the United States | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-care_2006-11_44_11/page/990 | journal=Med Care | year=2006 |pages=990–997 | volume=44 | issue=11 | pmid=17063130 |doi=10.1097/01.mlr.0000228021.89490.2a}}</ref> Hii ni kati ya 2/3<ref name=LifeExpecr2008/> na karibu na kiwango cha umma.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=van Sighem|first=AI|coauthors=Gras, LA; Reiss, P; Brinkman, K; de Wolf, F; ATHENA national observational cohort, study|title=Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2010-06-19|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1527–35|pmid=20467289|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3946}}</ref> Matibabu huwa hayafaulu yanapoanzishwa yakiwa yamechelewa katika prognosi,<ref name=Deut2010/> kwa mfano, matibabu yakianzishwa kufuatia utambuzi katika kiwango cha UKIMWI, matarajio ya urefu wa maisha huwa miaka~10–40.<ref name=Deut2010/><ref name=Knoll2007/> Wasipotibiwa, nusu ya watoto wachanga wanaozaliwa na VVU hufa kabla ya miaka miwili.<ref name=UN2011ONESIXTY/> Sababu kuu ya vifo vinavyotokana na VVU/UKIMWI ni [[Maambukizi nyemelezi]] na [[saratani]] ambayo mara nyingi hutokana na matatizo endelevu ya mfumo wa kingamwili.<ref name=InfectionBook2008>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=[edited by] Blaine T.|title=Concepts in immunology and immunotherapeutics|year=2008|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|location=Bethesda, Md.|isbn=978-1-58528-127-5|page=143|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=G46DrdlxNJAC&pg=PA143|edition=4th}}</ref><ref name=Cancer2005>{{cite journal|last=Cheung|first=MC|coauthors=Pantanowitz, L; Dezube, BJ|title=AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy|journal=The oncologist|date=2005 Jun–Jul|volume=10|issue=6|pages=412–26|pmid=15967835|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-412}}</ref> Hatari ya saratani huonekana kuongezeka ikiwa kiwango cha CD4 kitashuka chini ya 500/uL.<ref name=Deut2010/> Kiwango cha kuendelea kwa ugonjwa wa kiutambuzi hutofautiana pakubwa katika watu mbalimbali na kimedhihirika kuathiriwa na vipengele kadhaa, kama vile uhatarisho na utendaji wa kingamwili;<ref name=Tang>{{Rejea jarida | author=Tang J, Kaslow RA | title=The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy | journal=AIDS | year=2003 |pages=S51–S60 | volume=17 | issue=Suppl 4 | pmid=15080180 | doi=10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006}}</ref> uwezo wa kufikia [[huduma ya afya]] na uwepo wa [[maambukizi pacha]];<ref name=Morgan2/><ref name=Lawn>{{cite journal | author=Lawn SD |title=AIDS in Africa: the impact of co-infections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection | journal=J. Infect. Dis. |year=2004 | pages=1–12 |volume=48 | issue=1| pmid=14667787</ref> pamoja na aina ya (au za) virusi husika.<ref name=Campbell>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR |title=The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2004 |pages=48197–48204 | volume=279 | issue=46 | pmid=15331610 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M406195200 | author-separator=, |author2=Pasquier E | author3=Watkins J | display-authors=3 | last4=Bourgarel-Rey | first4=V | last5=Peyrot | first5=V |last6=Esquieu | first6=D | last7=Barbier | first7=P | last8=De Mareuil | first8=J | last9=Braguer |first9=D}}</ref><ref name=Campbell2>{{cite journal | author=Campbell GR, Watkins JD, Esquieu D, Pasquier E, Loret EP, Spector SA | title=The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2005 | pages=38376–39382 | volume=280 | issue=46 |pmid=16155003 | doi=10.1074/jbc.M506630200}}</ref> Maambukizi pacha ya [[kifua kikuu]] ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya vifo vya watu wenye VVU/UKIMWI, huku yakipatikana katika 1/3 ya watu walioambukizwa VVU na husababisha 25% ya vifo vinavyohusiana na VVU.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/|work=Fact sheet 104|publisher=World Health Organization|date=March 2012|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> VVU pia ni kipengele kikuu zaidi cha hatari ya kifua kikuu.<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite web|title=Global tuberculosis control 2011|author=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|year=2011|ISBN=978 92 4 156438 0|accessdate=August 29, 2012}}</ref> [[Hepatitisi C]] ni maambukizi mengine pacha yanayotokea mara nyingi, ambapo kila ugonjwa huongeza uendeleaji wa ugonjwa mwingine<ref>{{cite book|last=Pennsylvania|first=Editors, Raphael Rubin, M.D., Professor of Pathology, David S. Strayer, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Founder and Consulting Editor, Emanuel Rubin, M.D., Gonzalo Aponte Distinguished Professor of Pathology, Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,|title=Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-60547-968-2|page=154|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA154|edition=Sixth|year=2011}}</ref> Saratani zinazotokea mara nyingi zaidi ambazo huhusishwa na VVU ni [[sakoma ya Kaposi]] na [[limfoma isiyo ya Hodgkin]].<ref name=Cancer2005/> Hata wakitibiwa kwa dawa za kudhibiti VVU, watu walio na VVU huenda wakakumbwa na [[matatizo ya kiniuroni ya ufahamu]],<ref name="Woods2009">{{cite pmid|19462243 }}</ref> [[osteoporosi]],<ref name="Brown2006">{{cite pmid|17086056}}</ref> [[nuropathia ya pembeni|nuropathia]],<ref name="Nicholas2007">{{Rejea jarida|author=Nicholas PK|title=Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS |journal=AIDS Care | volume=19|issue=2|pages=179–89 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17364396|doi=10.1080/09540120600971083|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aids-care_2007-02_19_2/page/179|author-separator=,|author2=Kemppainen JK|author3=Canaval GE|display-authors=3|last4=Corless|first4=I. B.|last5=Sefcik|first5=E. F.|last6=Nokes|first6=K. M.|last7=Bain|first7=C. A.|last8=Kirksey|first8=K. M.|last9=Sanzero Eller|first9=L.}}</ref> saratani,<ref name="Boshoff2002">{{Rejea jarida| author=Boshoff C, Weiss R |title=AIDS-related malignancies | journal=Nat. Rev. Cancer | year=2002 | pages=373–382 | volume=2 | issue=5 |pmid=12044013 | doi=10.1038/nrc797 }}</ref><ref name="Yarchoan2005">{{Rejea jarida| author=Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF | title=Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies – the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management | journal=Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. |year=2005 | pages=406–415 | volume=2 |issue=8 | pmid=16130937 | doi=10.1038/ncponc0253 }}</ref><!-- Boshoff2002 and Yarchoan2005 cover cancer --> [[nefropathi]],<ref name="Post2009">{{cite pmid|19106702}}</ref> na [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]] baada ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Burgoyne2008" /> Haijulikani ikiwa hali hizi hutokana na kuambukizwa kwa VVU kwenyewe au ni athari kali za matibabu yake. == Watu wangapi wana UKIMWI? == [[Picha: AIDS cases worldwide 1979-1995.png|haki|thumb|Idadi ya watu duniani wenye VVU miaka 1979-1995.]] [[File:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of the world where most of the land is colored green or yellow except for sub Saharan Africa which is colored red|[[Asilimia]] ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 15–49 walioambukizwa nchi kwa nchi ([[2011]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=AIDSinfo|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref>{{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#787878|<small>No data</small>}} {{legend|#94bf8b|<small><0.10</small>}} {{legend|#f4e2ba|<small>0.10–0.5</small>}} {{legend|#eaca83|<small>0.5–1</small>}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#f07568|<small>1–5</small>}} {{legend|#ff4800|<small>5–15</small>}} {{legend|#b00000|<small>15–50</small>}} {{col-end}}]] VVU/UKIMWI ni [[janga]] la kimataifa.<ref name=Cohen2008>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=MS|coauthors=Hellmann, N; Levy, JA; DeCock, K; Lange, J|title=The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic|journal=The Journal of clinical investigation|date=2008 Apr|volume=118|issue=4|pages=1244-54|pmid=18382737|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276790/|accessdate=17 September 2012}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[2018]] walau watu wapatao 37,900,000 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU<ref>"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref> na kila mwaka watu milioni 2 wengine wanambukizwa<ref name=UNAIDS2015>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet 2015|url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/20150901_FactSheet_2015_en.pdf|website=UNAIDS|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=UN2013>{{cite web|title=UNAIDS reports a 52% reduction in new HIV infections among children and a combined 33% reduction among adults and children since 2001|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=October 7, 2013|archivedate=2013-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090619/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga/}}</ref>. Zaidi ya nusu ni wanawake na milioni 2.6 ni watoto chini ya miaka 15.<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Hata hivyo watu wengi wenye VVU hawajui kuwa navyo<ref>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=June 3, 2011|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref>. Kwa sababu hiyo, idadi halisi ya watu wanaoishi na VVU haijulikani. Hali hii ilisababisha karibu vifo milioni 1.8 mwaka 2010 ikilinganishwa na milioni 3.1 katika mwaka 2001.<ref name=UN2011Ten/> Kwa jumla watu 32,000,000 wameshakufa kwa ugonjwa huo<ref>"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</ref>. Wengi kati ya watu wenye VVU huishi Afrika kusini kwa Sahara (20,600,000). Wengi kati ya watoto ambao hufariki dunia kutokana na UKIMWI pia wanaishi barani Afrika. Katika mwaka wa 2010, kadirio la 68% (milioni 22.9&nbsp;) la visa vyote vya VVU na 66% ya vifo (milioni 1.2&nbsp;) vilitokea katika eneo hili.<ref name=UN2011Thirty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 20–30</ref> Hii inamaanisha kuwa karibu 5% ya watu wazima wana virusi hivi<ref name=UN2011Fifty>UNAIDS 2011 pg. 40–50</ref> na vinaaminika kuwa kisababishi cha 10% ya vifo vyote vya watoto.<ref name=M117>Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Sura ya 117.</ref> Wanawake wa eneo hili huchangia karibu 60% ya visa vyote tofauti na maeneo mengine.<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> [[Afrika Kusini]] ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wenye VVU ulimwenguni kote, ikiwa ni watu milioni 5.9&nbsp;.<ref name=UN2011Thirty /> Kiwango cha [[matarajio ya urefu wa maisha]] kimepungua katika nchi zilizoathirika zaidi kutokana na VVU; kwa mfano, mwaka wa 2006, ilikadiriwa kuwa kiwango hiki kilipungua kutoka miaka 65 hadi 35 nchini [[Botswana]].<ref name=Kallings>{{Rejea jarida|journal= J Intern Med |year=2008|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43 |title= The first postmodern pandemic: Miaka 25 ya VVU |author= Kallings LO|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x|pmid=18205765|url=http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}(subscription required)</ref> [[Asia Kusini]] na [[Asia Kusini Mashariki|Kusini Mashariki]] ni eneo la pili lililoathirika zaidi; mwaka wa 2010, eneo hili lilikuwa na kadirio la visa milioni 4&nbsp; au 12% ya watu wote wanaoishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea vifo vya takriban watu 250,000.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Takriban milioni 2.4&nbsp; ya visa hivi viko India<ref name=UN2011Thirty/> Ukithiri wa VVU uko chini katika maeneo ya Uropa Magharibi na Kati ikifikia 0.2% na [[Mashariki mwa Asia]] ikiwa na 0.1%.<ref name=UN2011Fifty/> Mwaka wa 2008 nchini Marekani, takriban watu milioni 1.2 walikuwa wakiishi na VVU, hivyo kupelekea takriban vifo 17,500. Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa kilikadiria kuwa, mwaka wa 2008, 20% ya Wamarekani waliokuwa na VVU hawakujua hali yao. <ref name=USAEPI2011>{{cite journal|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|first=(CDC)|title=HIV surveillance—United States, 1981–2008|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|date=2011-06-03|volume=60|issue=21|pages=689–93|pmid=21637182}}</ref> Nchini Uingereza, kufikia 2009 kulikuwa na takriban visa 86,500 vilivyopelekea vifo 516.<ref>{{cite book|title=HIV in the United Kingdom: Ripoti ya 2010|year=2010|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|author=Health Protection Agency|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=2011-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119155546/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1287145367237|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nchini Kanada, kufikia 2008 kulikuwa na visa 65,000 vilivyopelekea vifo 53.<ref>{{cite book|last=Surveillance|title=HIV and AIDS in Canada : surveillance report to December 31, 2009|year=2010|publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control, Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division|location=Ottawa|isbn=978-1-100-52141-1|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|coauthors=riques, Risk Assessment Division = Le VIH et le sida au Canada : rapport de surveillance en date du 31 décembre 2009 / Division de la surveillance et de l'évaluation des|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf|archivedate=2012-01-19|access-date=2020-03-28|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164919/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2009/dec/pdf/2009-Report-Rapport.pdf}}</ref> ==Jamii na utamaduni== === Unyanyapaa === [[File:Ryan White.jpg|thumb|alt=Mvulana baleghe akitabasamu akipigwa picha huku mkono wa mwingine ukiwa uemeegemeshwa begani mwake|[[Ryan White]] alipelekea kuwa [[mtoto wa uhamasisho]] wa VVU baada ya kufukuzwa shuleni kwa sababu alikuwa ameambukizwa.]] [[Unyanyapaa]] dhidi ya watu walio na UKIMWI zipo kote ulimwenguni kwa namna mbalimbali, zikiwemo kutengwa, kukataliwa na jamii, ubaguzi na kuepuka watu walioambukizwa VVU, kulazimishwa kupimwa VVU bila [[idhini]] au ulinzi wa [[usiri]], vurugu dhidi ya watu walioambukizwa au waliodhaniwa kuambukizwa VVU; na [[karantini]] ya watu waliombukizwa VVU.<ref name=UNAIDS2006Ch4>{{Rejea kitabu|publisher =[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]| year = 2006| title = 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic| chapter = The impact of AIDS on people and societies| chapterurl =http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf| accessdate =June 14, 2006| format= PDF| isbn =92-9173-479-9}}</ref> Vurugu zinazohusiana na unyanyapaa au hofu ya vurugu huzuia watu wengi kupima VVU, kurudia matokeo ya vipimo na kutotafuta matibabu. Hali hizi hugeuza ugonjwa wa muda mrefu unaoweza kudhibitiwa kuwa hukumu ya kifo na kuendeleza ueneaji wa VVU.<ref name=Ogden>{{cite web | author = Ogden J, Nyblade L | publisher = [[International Center for Research on Women]] | year = 2005 | title = Common at its core: HIV-related stigma across contexts | url = http://www.icrw.org/docs/2005_report_stigma_synthesis.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = February 15, 2007 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts | archivedate = 2013-03-19 | = https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwkK8ZU?url=http://www.icrw.org/publications/common-its-core-hiv-related-stigma-across-contexts }}</ref> Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaoishi na UKIMWI, umegawanywa zaidi katika vikundi vitatu kama ifuatavyo: * ''Unyanyapaa Mkuu wa UKIMWI ''-mawazo ya woga na wasiwasi unaoweza kuhusishwa na ugonjwa wowote aunaoua au kuambukiza.<ref name=Herek1999>{{Rejea jarida| author=Herek GM, Capitanio JP| journal=American Behavioral Scientist| year=1999| url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| format=PDF| title=AIDS Stigma and sexual prejudice| accessdate=March 27, 2006| volume=42| issue=7| pages=1130–1147| doi=10.1177/0002764299042007006| archive-date=2006-04-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf| dead-url=yes| =https://web.archive.org/web/20060409034211/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/abs99_sp.pdf}}</ref> * '' Unyanyapaa wa kiishara wa UKIMWI ''-kutumia VVU/UKIMWI kuonyesha mitazamo fulani dhidi ya vikundi vya jamii au mitindo ya maisha inayohusishwa na ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Herek1999 /> * Unyanyapaa wa kihisani wa UKIMWI''- Unyanyapaa dhidi ya watu wanaohusishwa na suala la VVU/UKIMWI au watu walio na VVU.<ref name=Snyder>{{Rejea jarida|author=Snyder M, Omoto AM, Crain AL |title=Punished for their good deeds: stigmatization for AIDS volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-behavioral-scientist_1999-04_42_7/page/1175 |journal=American Behavioral Scientist | year=1999 | pages=1175–1192 | volume=42 | issue=7|doi=10.1177/0002764299042007009}}</ref> Mara nyingi, unyanyapaa wa UKIMWI huonyeshwa pamoja na unyanyapaa wa aina moja au nyingine, hasa unyanyapaa unaohusiana na ushoga, [[uasherati]], ukahaba na kutumia dawa za kulevya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=A.K.|title=Population and society|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788180698187|pages=242|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sE-VDhEuxmsC&pg=PA242}}</ref> Katika nchi nyingi zilizostawi, kuna uhusiano kati ya UKIMWI na ushoga.<ref name=Herek2002>{{cite journal|last=Herek|first=GM|coauthors=Capitanio, JP; Widaman, KF|title=HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991–1999|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2002-03_92_3/page/371|journal=American journal of public health|date=2002 Mar|volume=92|issue=3|pages=371–7|pmid=11867313|pmc=1447082|doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371}}</ref><ref name=Herek1999/>Hata hivyo, njia kuu ya kuenea kwa UKIMWI ulimwenguni kote inabakia kuwa maambukizi kati ya wanaume na wanawake, kwa kuwa ndio ngono ya kawaida. <ref>{{cite journal|last=De Cock|first=KM|coauthors=Jaffe, HW; Curran, JW|title=The evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.|journal=AIDS (London, England)|date=2012 Jun 19|volume=26|issue=10|pages=1205-13|pmid=22706007}}</ref> === Athari za kiuchumi === [[File:Life expectancy in some Southern African countries 1958 to 2003.png|thumb|alt=Grafu inayoonyesha mistari kadhaa inayopanda ikifuatiwa na kushuka kwa ghafla kwa mistari hii kuanzia miaka ya katikati mwa 1980 hadi miaka ya 1990|Mabadiliko katika matarajio ya urefu wa maisha katika baadhi ya nchi za Afrika zilizoathiriwa zaidi. {{legend-line|red solid 2px|Botswana}}{{legend-line|darkgreen solid 2px|Zimbabwe}}{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|Kenya}}{{legend-line|black solid 2px|South Africa}}{{legend-line|grey solid 2px|Uganda}}]] VVU/UKIMWI huathiri [[uchumi]] wa watu na nchi.<ref name=M117/> [[Pato la ndani la uzalishaji]] la nchi zilizoathiriwa zaidi limepungua kufuatia ukosefu wa [[rasilimali ya kibinadamu]].<ref name=M117/><ref name="Bell-et-al-2003">{{Rejea jarida|author=Bell C, Devarajan S, Gersbach H|year=2003|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|title=The long-run economic costs of AIDS: theory and an application to South Africa|accessdate=April 28, 2008|version=World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3152|format=PDF|journal=|archive-date=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605151302/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=478060&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000160016_20031110113834|dead-url=yes}}</ref>Bila [[lishe bora]], huduma za afya na dawa, watu wengi hufariki kutokana na matatizo yanayohusiana na UKIMWI. Kando ya kutoweza kufanya kazi, watu hao pia huhitaji kiwango kikubwa cha huduma za afya. UKIMWI hupunguza idadi ya watu wanaoweza kulipa [[ushuru]] Kwa kuwaathiri hasa vijana, hivyo kupunguza [[raslimali]] zilizopo za [[matumizi ya serikali|matumizi ya umma]] kama vile [[huduma za elimu]] na afya ambazo hazihusiki na UKIMWI. Hali hii husababisha upungufu wa [[pesa]] za nchi na wa ukuaji wa uchumi. Hali hii kisha hupelekea upungufu wa ukuaji wa msingi wa ushuru, athari ambayo huongezeka iwapo kuna matumizi zaidi katika matibabu, mafunzo (ili kuchukua nafasi ya [[wafanyakazi]] wanaougua), kuwalipa wafanyakazi wagonjwa na kuwatunza mayatima wa UKIMWI. Hali hii hutokea hasa iwapo ongezeko kubwa la vifo vya watu wazima litapelekea kubadilika kwa [[wajibu]] wa kuwatunza mayatima hawa kutoka kwa [[familia]] hadi kwa [[serikali]].<ref name=Greener /> Katika kiwango cha familia, UKIMWI husababisha upungufu wa mapato na pia ongezeko la matumizi katika huduma za afya. Utafiti katika nchi ya [[Côte d'Ivoire]] ulionyesha kuwa familia zilizo na mgonjwa aliye na VVU/UKIMWI zilitumia pesa mara mbili zaidi ya familia nyingine. Matumizi hayo ya ziada pia hupelekea kiwango kidogo zaidi cha mapato ya kutumia katika elimu au [[uwekezaji]] wa kibinafsi au wa kifamilia.<ref name="WBank">{{Rejea jarida| author=Over M| title=The macroeconomic impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Population and Human Resources Department| publisher=The World Bank| year=1992| url=http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=May 3, 2008| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201655/http://www.worldbank.org/aidsecon/macro.pdf| archivedate=2008-05-27| deadurl=no| journal=}}</ref> === Mayatima === [[Picha: Africa HIV-AIDS 2002.png | haki | frame |Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU katika Afrika miaka 1999-2001]] [[Picha:Ukimwi Afrika 2011.png|350px|thumb|Asilimia ya watu waliokuwa wanaishi na VVU Afrika mnamo mwaka 2011]] Watu wengi ambao wanakufa kutokana na UKIMWI, hasa katika [[Afrika]], huacha watoto ambao bado ni hai, na ambao wanaweza wanahitaji msaada na huduma. Inakadiriwa kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2007, diadi ya watoto [[yatima kutokana na UKIMWI]] &nbsp;milioni 12.<ref name=M117/> Wengi wao hutunzwa na [[Bibi|nyanya]] na [[babu]] [[wazee]]. <ref name=Greener>{{Rejea kitabu| author = Greener R| year = 2002| title = State of The Art: UKIMWI na Uchumi| chapter = AIDS and macroeconomic impact| editor = S, Forsyth (ed.)| pages = 49–55| publisher = IAEN| url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| access-date = 2020-03-28| archive-date = 2012-10-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012090520/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACP969.pdf| dead-url = yes}}</ref> === Dini na UKIMWI === Mada kuhusu dini na UKIMWI imekuwa ikikumbwa na utata mwingi katika miaka thelathini iliyopita, hasa kwa sababu baadhi ya viongozi wa dini wametangaza hadharani kwamba wanapinga utumiaji kondomu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/health/AIDS-Stigma.aspx |title=AIDS Stigma |publisher=News-medical.net|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mashirika mengine ya dini yamedai kuwa maombi yanatosha kutibu VVU/UKIMWI. Mwaka 2011, BBC iliripoti kuwa baadhi ya makanisa huko [[London]] yalikuwa yakidai kuwa maombi yanatibu UKIMWI. Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Kiuzazi na VVU cha [[Manispaa ya Hackney, London|Hackney]] kiliripoti kuwa watu wengi waliachma kutumia matibabu, wakati mwingine kwa kushauriwa na [[wachungaji]] wao. Jambo hili lilipelekea vifo vya watu wengi.<ref name=BBC18102011>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818|title=Church HIV prayer cure claims 'cause three deaths'|date=October 18, 2011|accessdate=October 18, 2011|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Synagogue Church Of All Nations]] ilitangaza ''maji ya upako'' ili kuwezesha [[uponyaji]] kutoka kwa [[Mungu]], ingawa ilikana kuwa iliwashauri watu kukoma kutumia matibabu.<ref name=BBC18102011 /> ===Katika vyombo vya habari=== Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vya UKIMWI kilikuwa cha Mmarekani [[Rock Hudson]], [[muigizaji]] shoga aliyekuwa ameoa kisha kutalaki hapo awali. Hudson alifariki tarehe [[2 Oktoba]] [[1985]] baada ya kutangaza ana VVU tarehe [[25 Julai]] mwaka huohuo. Yeye alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rock-hudson-announces-he-has-aids |title=Rock Hudson announces he has AIDS – History.com This Day in History – 7/25/1985 |publisher=History.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Mgonjwa mashuhuri kutoka Uingereza mwaka huo alikuwa [[Nicholas Eden]] [[mwanasiasa]] shoga na [[mwana]] wa [[Waziri Mkuu]], [[marehemu]] [[Anthony Eden]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Coleman |first=Brian|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/brian-coleman/2007/06/lady-thatcher-gay-tory |title=Thatcher the gay icon|work=New Statesman |date=June 25, 2007 |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Tarehe [[24 Novemba]] [[1991]], virusi hivi vilipelekea kifo cha mwanamuziki wa aina ya [[muziki wa rock]], Mwingereza [[Freddie Mercury]]. Mercury, aliyeongoza [[bendi]] iliyojulikana kama [[Queen (bendi)|Queen]] alifariki kutokana na magonjwa yanayohusiana na UKIMWI baada ya kujulikana kuwa na ugonjwa huo siku iliyopita tu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24/newsid_2546000/2546945.stm |title=November 24, 1991: Giant of rock dies |work=BBC On This Day |publisher=BBC News |date= |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Mercury alikuwa ametambuliwa kuwa na ugonjwa huo mwaka 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/521/000044389/|title=Freddie Mercury |publisher=Nndb.com |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Kimojawapo kati ya visa maarufu zaidi vilivyotokana na ngono kati ya watu wa jinsia tofauti ni kile cha [[Arthur Ashe]], [[mchezaji]] [[tenisi]] Mmarekani. Ashe alitambuliwa kuwa na VVU tarehe [[31 Agosti]] [[1988]]; baada ya kuambukizwa alipokuwa akiongezewa damu akifanyiwa [[upasuaji wa moyo]] awali [[miaka ya 1980]]. Vipimo zaidi katika saa 24 baada ya utambuzi wa kwanza vilionyesha kuwa Ashe alikuwa na UKIMWI, lakini hakuwambia watu kuhusu utambuzi huu hadi Aprili [[1992]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bliss |first=Dominic |url=http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |title=Frozen In Time: Arthur Ashe |work=iTENNISstore.com |accessdate=June 25, 2012 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730170201/http://www.itennisstore.com/Tennis-Latest-News/FROZEN-IN-TIME--ARTHUR-ASHE-by-Dominic-Bliss.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ashe alifariki kutokana na UKIMWI akiwa na umri wa miaka 49 tarehe [[6 Februari]] [[1993]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html | title=Tributes to Arthur Ashe | location=London | work=The Independent | date=February 8, 1993 | accessdate=July 24, 2012 | archivedate=2013-03-19 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEwqou9b?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/tributes-to-arthur-ashe-1471622.html }}</ref> Picha ya [[Therese Frare]] ikionyesha [[mwanaharakati]] wa ushoga [[David Kirby]] akifariki kutokana na UKIMWI huku akizungukwa na familia yake, ilipigwa Aprili mwaka wa 1990. ''[[LIFE magazine]]'' ilisema kuwa picha hiyo ilikuja kufahamika kama picha ''maarufu zaidi kuwahi kuhusishwa na janga la UKIMWI/VVU.'' Picha hiyo iliyochapishwa na [[gazeti]] hilo ilishinda [[tuzo]] la [[World Press Photo]], kisha kupata umaarufu ulimwenguni kote baada ya kutumiwa na [[Benetton Group|United Colors of Benetton]] katika kampeni ya utangazaji ya mwaka 1992.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cosgrove|first=Ben|title=Behind the Picture: Picha Iliyobadilisha Sura ya Ukimwi|url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|work=LIFE magazine|accessdate=16 August 2012|archivedate=2013-03-19|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1|=https://www.webcitation.org/6FEws9aLJ?url=http://life.time.com/history/behind-the-picture-the-photo-that-changed-the-face-of-aids/#1}}</ref> === Ukanushaji, njama na hila === Kikundi kidogo cha watu kingali kinakana uhusiano wa VVU na UKIMWI, <ref name=Duesberg>{{cite journal|author=Duesberg, P. H.| title=HIV is not the cause of AIDS|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1988-07-29_241_4865/page/n9| journal=Science | year=1988 | pages=514, 517 | volume=241 |issue=4865| pmid=3399880 | doi=10.1126/science.3399880|bibcode = 1988Sci...241..514D }}{{cite journal| author=Cohen, J.| title=The Controversy over HIV and AIDS| journal=Science | year=1994 | pages=1642–1649 | volume=266 | issue=5191|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf| format = PDF| doi=10.1126/science.7992043|pmid=7992043| accessdate=2009-03-31 | bibcode=1994Sci...266.1642C}}</ref> uwepo wa VVU au ubora wa vipimo vya VVU na njia za matibabu.<ref name=Kalichman>{{cite book|author=Kalichman, Seth|authorlink=Seth Kalichman|title=Denying AIDS: Njama Nadhira, Itikadi na Msiba wa Mwanadamu|publisher=Copernicus Books ([[Springer Science+Business Media]])|location=New York|year=2009|pages=|isbn=978-0-387-79475-4| url =http://books.google.com/?id=_mtDBCDwxugC&printsec=frontcover&q=}}</ref><ref name=SmithNovella>{{cite journal|author=Smith TC, Novella SP|title=HIV Denial in the Internet Era|journal=PLoS Med.|volume=4|issue=8|pages=e256|year=2007|month=August|pmid=17713982|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256|url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|accessdate=2009-11-07|pmc=1949841|archive-date=2008-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506012410/http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040256&ct=1&SESSID=3d4baa1a64e57d8ff33e9d41eb2335a1|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Madai hayo, yanayojulikana kama [[ukanaji UKIMWI]], yamechunguzwa na kukataliwa na jamii ya kisayansi.<ref name=consensus>{{cite web| author=Various| publisher=[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]|date=Last updated January 14, 2010|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/Pages/HIVcausesAIDS.aspx| title= Resources and Links, HIV-AIDS Connection| accessdate = 2009-02-22}}</ref>Hata hivyo, madai hayo yana athari kuu kisiasa, hasa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Hatua ya serikali ya nchi hiyo kukubali kirasmi ukanaji wa UKIMWI ilipelekea mwitikio usiofaa wa janga hili, na imelaumiwa kupelekea visa vingi vya maambukizi ya VVU na mamia ya maelfu ya vifo ambavyo vingeepukwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Watson J |title=Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists' |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6 |year=2006 |pmid=16397537|doi=10.1038/nm0106-6a}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Baleta A |title=S Africa's AIDS activists accuse government of murder |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-03-29_361_9363/page/1104 |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9363 |page=1105 |year=2003 |pmid=12672319|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12909-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen J |title=South Africa's new enemy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-23_288_5474/page/2168 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5474 |pages=2168–70 |year=2000 |pmid=10896606|doi=10.1126/science.288.5474.2168}}</ref> [[Urusi]] ulianzisha [[Operesheni INFEKTION]], uhamasisho wa ulimwengu mzima kueneza habari kuwa VVU/UKIMWI ulitengenezwa na Marekani. Takwimu zinaonyesha kuwa idadi kubwa ya watu wanaamini na wanaendelea kuamini madai hayo. Kuna aina nyingi za [[dhana potovu kuhusu VVU na UKIMWI]]. Dhana tatu kuu ni kwamba UKIMWI unaweza kusambazwa kwa kumgusa mtu, kuwa ngono na [[bikira]] itatibu UKIMWI na kuwa VVU vinaweza tu kuambukiza mashoga na watumiaji wa madawa. Dhana nyingine potovu ni kuwa tendo lolote la ngono ya kinyeo kati ya mashoga wasioambukizwa linaweza kupelekea maambukizi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu| author=Blechner MJ| title=Hope and mortality: psychodynamic approaches to AIDS and HIV| url=https://archive.org/details/hopemortalitypsy0000unse|publisher=Analytic Press| location=Hillsdale, NJ| year=1997| isbn=0-88163-223-6| unused_data=ISBN status=May be invalid– please double check}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|author=Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA |title=Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world |journal=J Adolesc Health |volume=40|issue=3 |pages=206–17 |year=2007|month=March |pmid=17321420 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2007-03_40_3/page/206}}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book | editor1-last = Mandell | editor1-first = Gerald L. | editor2-last = Bennett | editor2-first =John E.| editor3-last = Dolin | editor3-first = Raphael |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases | year=2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3 | edition = 7th }} * {{cite book|author=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) |title=Global HIV/AIDS Response, Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access|year=2011|publisher=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20111130_UA_Report_en.pdf}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|AIDS}} * {{Dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Immune_Disorders/Immune_Deficiency/AIDS/|HIV/AIDS}} * [http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ AIDSinfo] {{Wayback|url=http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20110225133251 }} – HIV/AIDS Treatment Information, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services * [Http://www.who.int/3by5/en/ Shirika la Afya Duniani Mashirika 3 na 5 Initiative] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050812004522/http://www.accessmed-msf.org/index.asp Médecins Sans Frontières: Kampeni ya upatikanaji wa madawa muhimu] * [Http://www.who.int/hiv/en/ WHO Mpango wa VVU / UKIMWI] * [Http://www.aegis.org/en/ Elimu UKIMWI Mfumo wa Taarifa za Global] * [Http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ Kutoka Taasisi ya Taifa ya Marekani ya Afya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ |date=20210322035857 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090501234727/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/8/749 New England Journal of Medicine Ibara "Ruhusu dhidi ya Wagonjwa? Kurefusha maisha Tiba katika India"] * [Http://www.aidsportal.org AIDSPortal maarifa mtandao] * [http://www.unaids.org/en/ Tovuti ya Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Masuala ya Ukimwi, UNAIDS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/ |date=20130210215850 }} * [http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu HIV InSite] {{Wayback|url=http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ |date=20191213225029 }} * [http://www.sida.fr/ sida.fr • un centre pour les malades du SIDA • infos • tèmoignages • actualités] [[Jamii:Virusi]] [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] cy91bugozb6bi0jrv6a0zkm81wai8m0 0 126103 1601561 1490161 2026-09-26T04:01:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Aerial view of Acre 1.jpg|thumb|Akko kutoka juu.]] '''Akko''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: עַכּוֹ, ''ʻAkkō''; pia: '''Akka''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: عكّا, ''ʻAkkā''<ref name="akkoorghistory">[http://www.akko.org.il/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94 Acre: Historical overview] {{Wayback|url=http://www.akko.org.il/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94 |date=20180901050654 }} (Hebrew)</ref>; uliwahi kuitwa pia: '''Tolemais''') ni [[mji]] wa [[pwani]] katika [[Israeli]] [[Kaskazini]]. Una [[bandari]] asili katika [[Hori ya Haifa]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1042 "Old City of Acre."], [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Center. World Heritage Convention. Web. 15 Apr 2013</ref> Kutokana na umuhimu wa mahali ulipo, umekaliwa na [[watu]] mfululizo tangu [[zama za Shaba]] hadi leo,<ref name=Petersenp68>Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C 68] {{Wayback|url=https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C |date=20190324182652 }}</ref> ingawa uliwahi kuangamizwa mara kadhaa. Wakazi wa sasa ni 48,000 hivi. [[Mwaka]] [[58]] [[Mtume Paulo]] alikaa [[siku]] moja na [[Wakristo]] wa huko mwishoni mwa [[safari]] yake ya tatu ya kimisionari, akielekea [[Yerusalemu]] ([[Mdo]] 21:7) Umeorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kati ya mahali pa [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. Ni pia [[makao makuu]] ya [[dini]] ya [[Bahai]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922| url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Conder |first1=C.R. |authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder |last2=Kitchener |first2=H.H. |authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener |year=1882 |url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft | title = The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London |publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]] |volume=2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center|access-date=2016-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=2018-12-08|url-status=dead}} * {{citation |last=Head |first=Barclay |editor=Ed Snible |author2=G.F. Hill |author3=George MacDonald |author4=W. Wroth |display-authors=1 |display-editors=0 |url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html |title=Historia Numorum |contribution=Phoenicia |contribution-url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/syria.html |pp=788–801 |date=1911 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |ref={{harvid|Head & al.|1911}} }}. *{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal |last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=978-3-920405-41-4 }} *{{Rejea jarida| last1= Kahanov| first1=Yaacov |last2=Stern |first2= Eliezer |last3=Cvikel |first3=Deborah |last4= Me-Bar |first4=Yoav | title = Between Shoal and Wall: The naval bombardment of Akko, 1840|journal=The Mariner's Mirror |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=147–167 |year=2014 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2014.901699}} *<span class="citation" id="refKarsh">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Karsh, E.|authorlink=Efraim Karsh|year=2010| title = Palestine Betrayed|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12727-0}}</span> *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft|first=G.|last=Le Strange|authorlink=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Maundrell |first=H. |authorlink=Henry Maundrell | title = A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem: At Easter, A. D. 1697|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_journeyfroma00maun |year=1703 |publisher=Printed at the Theatre |location=Oxford }} *{{Rejea kitabu | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas| url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Pappé|first=I.|authorlink=Ilan Pappé|year=2006|url=https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp|url-access=registration| title = The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine|location=London and New York|publisher=Oneworld|isbn=978-1-85168-467-0}} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Peters|first= E.|authorlink=Edward Peters (scholar)| title = The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials. The Middle Ages Series.|location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1971}} (23–90, 104–105, 122–124, 149–151) *{{Rejea kitabu | title = A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21619490 |volume=I |first=Andrew |last=Petersen |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-727011-0 }} *{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Philipp |first1=Thomas |authorlink1= | title = Acre -The rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95I5QVdp4_gC |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-231-12326-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu|last=Pococke|first=R.|authorlink=Richard Pococke|year=1745|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009339611| title = A description of the East, and some other countries|volume=2|location=London|publisher=Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer}} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|first=Denys|last=Pringle|year=1997|isbn=0521-46010-7|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}} (pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA16 16]-17) *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Rhode |first=H. |authorlink=Harold Rhode | date = 1979|url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 | title = Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=2020-05-12 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |dead-url=yes }} *{{citation |last=Riley-Smith |first=J. |authorlink=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=A History of the World-Object: Hedwig glass beaker |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/2GL6QSA8SMmcMCtPgHQJsw |publisher=[[BBC]] |year=2010 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, A|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC|first=M.|last=Sharon|authorlink=Moshe Sharon|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10833-2}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last1=Torstrick |first1=Rebecca L. | title = The Limits of Coexistence: Identity Politics in Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6de4vgxNZqMC |publisher=[[The University of Michigan Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-472-11124-4 }} {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Acre (city)|Acre, Israel}} {{Wikivoyage|Akko}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Acre (town)}} *[http://akko.muni.il/?CategoryID=497 Acre Municipality official website] {{Wayback|url=http://akko.muni.il/?CategoryID=497 |date=20160919072710 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519203217/http://www.akko.org.il/english/main/default.asp Official website of the Old City of Acre] *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8366 IAA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8366 |date=20160314231555 }}, [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.03.jpg Wikimedia commons] *Orit Soffer and Yotam Carmel,[http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=10&site_id=5&id=18 Hamam al-Pasha: The implementation of urgent ("first aid") conservation and restoration measures], [http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp Israel Antiquities Site] – [http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp Conservation Department] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615074916/http://aleph.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=002368146&local_base=NNL01 Picart map of Old Acre, 16th century.] Eran Laor Cartographich Collection, The National Library of Israel. *[http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER002369495 Survey of Palestine map of Acre, 1929] {{Wayback|url=http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER002369495 |date=20200615074919 }} Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel. {{Safari za Mtume Paulo}} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Category:Miji ya Biblia]] [[Category:Miji ya Israeli]] [[Jamii:Mtume Paulo]] [[Jamii:Urithi wa Dunia]] f5wlwt8i8igriqw5l2yrui96g545was 0 127831 1601090 1348753 2026-09-25T13:16:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Augusto Pinochet foto oficial.jpg|thumb]] '''Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte''' ([[25 Novemba]] [[1915]] - [[10 Disemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mkuu wa [[Chile]], [[mwanasiasa]] na [[dikteta]] ambaye alitawala Chile kutoka mwaka [[1973]] hadi [[1990]], kwanza kama Rais wa Jeshi la Kijeshi la Chile kutoka 1973 hadi [[1981]], kabla ya kutangazwa moja kwa moja kama [[Rais]] wa Jamhuri na junta mnamo [[1974]]. Pinochet alichukua [[madaraka]] nchini Chile kufuatia [[mapinduzi]] ya kuungwa mkono na Marekani mnamo [[tarehe]] [[11 Septemba]] 1973 ambayo ilipindua [[serikali]] ya kijamaa iliyochaguliwa kidemokrasia Unidad Maalum ya Rais [[Salvador Allende]], na kumaliza [[utawala]] wa [[raia]]. Msaada wa Marekani ulikuwa muhimu kwa mapinduzi na ujumuishaji wa madaraka baadaye. [[picha:Pinochet de Civil2.jpg|thumb|Augusto Pinochet]] Pinochet alikuwa amepandishwa cheo cha Amiri Jeshi Mkuu wa Jeshi la Chile na Allende mnamo 23 Agosti 1973, akiwa Mkuu wa Wafanyikazi Mkuu tangu mapema 1972. Mnamo Desemba 1974, junta wa jeshi la kutawala alimteua Mkuu wa Mkoa wa Pinochet kwa amri ya pamoja, ingawa bila msaada wa mmoja wa wahusika wa mapinduzi, Mkuu wa Jeshi la Anga Gustavo Leigh. Kufuatia kuongezeka kwake madarakani, Pinochet aliwatesa waandamanaji, wanajamaa, na wakosoaji wa kisiasa, na kusababisha mauaji ya watu 1,200 hadi 3,200, mashtaka ya watu kama 80,000, na kuteswa kwa makumi ya maelfu. Kulingana na serikali ya Chile, idadi ya mauaji na kutoweka kwa nguvu ilikuwa 3,095. Condor ya Operesheni ilianzishwa katika sherehe ya kwanza ya serikali ya Pinochet mwishoni mwa Novemba 1975, siku yake ya kuzaliwa 60. Chini ya ushawishi wa soko la bure la wenyeji "Wavulana wa Chicago", serikali ya kijeshi ya Pinochet ilitekelezea huria ya kiuchumi, pamoja na utulivu wa sarafu, iliondoa usalama wa ushuru kwa tasnia ya ndani, marufuku ya vyama vya wafanyikazi, na kubinafsisha usalama wa kijamii na mamia ya mashirika yanayomilikiwa na serikali. Baadhi ya mali za serikali ziliuzwa chini ya bei ya soko kwa wanunuzi walioshikamana kisiasa, pamoja na mkwe-wa Pinochet mwenyewe. Serikali ilitumia udhibiti wa burudani kama njia ya kuwalipa malipo wafuasi wa serikali hiyo na kuwaadhibu wapinzani. Hizi sera zilizalisha ukuaji wa juu wa uchumi, lakini wakosoaji wanasema kwamba usawa wa kiuchumi umeongezeka sana na wanabaini athari mbaya za mzozo wa fedha wa 1982 kwenye uchumi wa Chile kwa sera hizi. Kwa miaka mingi ya 1990, Chile ilikuwa uchumi unaofanya vizuri zaidi Amerika Kusini, ingawa urithi wa mageuzi ya Pinochet unaendelea kuwa katika mzozo. Bahati yake ilikua sana wakati wa miaka yake madarakani kupitia akaunti kadhaa za benki zilizofanyika kwa siri na pesa nyingi katika mali isiyohamishika. Baadaye alishtakiwa kwa utapeli, udanganyifu wa kodi, na kwa tume inayowezeshwa kwa malipo ya silaha. Utawala wa miaka 17 wa Pinochet ulipewa mfumo wa kisheria kupitia ubishani wenye ubishani wa 1980, ambao ulikubali katiba mpya iliyoandaliwa na tume iliyoteuliwa na serikali. Katika kura ya maoni ya mwaka 1988, asilimia 56 walipiga kura dhidi ya kuendelea kwa Pinochet kama rais, ambayo ilisababisha uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia kwa urais na Congress. Baada ya kuporomoka mnamo 1990, Pinochet aliendelea kutumika kama Kamanda-Mkuu wa Jeshi la Chile hadi tarehe 10 Machi 1998, alipojiuzulu na kuwa seneta wa maisha kulingana na Katiba yake ya 1980. Walakini, Pinochet alikamatwa chini ya hati ya kukamatwa ya kimataifa katika ziara ya London mnamo 10 Oktoba 1998 kuhusiana na ukiukwaji kadhaa wa haki za binadamu. Kufuatia vita vya kisheria, aliachiliwa kwa sababu ya afya mbaya na akarudi Chile mnamo 3 Machi 2000. Mnamo 2004, jaji wa Chile Juan Guzmán Tapia aliamua kwamba Pinochet alikuwa sawa kwa sababu ya mashtaka na akamtia chini ya kukamatwa kwa nyumba. Kufikia wakati wa kifo chake mnamo Desemba 10, 2006, karibu mashtaka 300 ya jinai yalikuwa yakisubiri dhidi yake nchini Chile kwa ukiukaji kadhaa wa haki za binadamu wakati wa utawala wake wa miaka 17 na ukwepaji wa kodi na utapeli wakati na baada ya utawala wake. Alishutumiwa pia kuwa alinyakua angalau dola milioni 28 za Kimarekani. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1915]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Chile]] 4kal7p6ptl514js6i6uwsv25l4dkh3b 0 128480 1601393 1600902 2026-09-25T17:08:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kitabu Cha Rosa Mistika.jpg|thumb|right]] '''Rosa Mistika''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kwanza cha [[riwaya]] kilichoandikwa na [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]] [[mwaka]] [[1971]]. Kinahusu [[wanafunzi]] wa kike walionyanyaswa na [[walimu]] wao<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Euphrase-Kezilahabi#ref112587</ref><ref>https://www.swahili-literatur.at/nacherzaehlungen/rosamistika.pdf</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://afrika.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_afrika/Swahili/nach_rosa_mistika.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606022724/https://afrika.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_afrika/Swahili/nach_rosa_mistika.pdf |archivedate=2023-06-06 |accessdate=2020-08-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Matokeo== Kitabu hicho kiliwahi kusambaa sana lakini baadaye kilikumbwa na rungu la udhibiti kutokana na kuandika [[uongozi]] wa hovyo wa [[tabaka]] tawala la [[viongozi]] wa [[serikali]], wanaotumia nguvu ya [[siasa]] na [[mali za umma]] kujinufaisha wenyewe, huku wakinyanyasa, kukandamiza na kunyonya [[tabaka]] la wanyonge. Kitabu hiki kilipigwa marufuku kwa sababu zisizo na ukweli wowote, kwa mfano katika ukurasa wa 10, kupitia [[mhusika]] Rosa, [[wanawake]] wengi walidai kuwa wamedhalilishwa. Hata hivyo viongozi wa [[dini]] pia walidai wamedhalilishwa kupitia jina la Rosa Mistica, lenye maana ya [[Bikira Maria]], na kusema kuwa neno hilo limetumika kwa maana mbaya ya Rosa kama mwanamke malaya, mzinzi na mchafu. Hivyo basi, kitabu hiki kilizuiliwa kufundishia [[Shule|shuleni]] na kupigwa marufuku, japokuwa ukweli wa kitabu hiki ni kufichua na kulisema tabaka la viongozi wa juu, jambo ambalo halikuwapendeza viongozi hao. Hatimaye kilianza kutumika katika shule za [[sekondari]] za [[Tanzania]] na [[Kenya]]<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Euphrase-Kezilahabi#ref112587</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kiswahili]] ray0qzi4comvfrid0vhl2vje6jetaqv 0 130083 1601289 1515463 2026-09-25T14:13:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | Jina = Jerusalema | Aina ya wimbo = | Msanii = [[Master KG]] featuring [[Nomcebo Zikode|Nomcebo]] |kava = Master KG Jerusalema.png | Maelezo = | Albamu = Jerusalema | Umerekodiwa = 2019<!--Sourced in "Background" section--> | Umetolewa = {{start date|2019|11|29|df=yes}} | Lugha = | Urefu = | Mtunzi = * Kgaogelo Moagi * Nomcebo Zikode | Studio = | Mtayarishaji = [[Master KG]] | Nyimbo = | awali = | namba ya awali = | wimbo namba = | ijayo = | namba ijayo = | Misc = }} </pre> " '''Jerusalema''' " ni wimbo [[Afrika Kusini|wa]] DJ wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mtayarishaji wa rekodi Master KG akimshirikisha msanii wa Afrika Kusini Nomcebo. Wimbo ulitolewa tarehe 29 Novemba 2019 baada ya kupata mapokezi mazuri toka kwa mashabiki mtandaoni, na kisha video iliyofuata tarehe 21 Desemba. Baadaye ilijumuishwa kwenye albamu ya pili ya Master KG yenye jina sawa, iliyotolewa mnamo Januari 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/jerusalema/1522731935|title=Jerusalema by Master KG on Apple Music|accessdate=26 July 2020|archivedate=2020-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824040156/https://music.apple.com/us/album/jerusalema/1522731935}}</ref> Hatimaye iliyotolewa katika huduma ya kutazama mubashara mtandaoni Julai 10 mwaka 2020, <ref name="Edit">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/jerusalema-feat-nomcebo-zikode-edit-single/1522736828|title=Jerusalema (feat. Nomcebo Zikode) [Edit] - Single by Master KG on Apple Music|accessdate=26 July 2020|archivedate=2020-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824040159/https://music.apple.com/us/album/jerusalema-feat-nomcebo-zikode-edit-single/1522736828}}</ref> baada ya hapo ikazidi kupata umaarufu zaidi katikati ya mwaka 2020, imezidi kupata umaarufu kimataifa kutokana na mashindano ya '''#JerusalemaChallenge'''. Marudio ya wimbo iliyomshirikisha mwimbaji wa Nigeria [[Burna Boy]] ilitolewa mnamo 19 Juni 2020, na kuupeleka wimbo kwenye ''[[Billboard|chati]]'' za ''[[Billboard]]'' za Amerika. Tangu wakati huo imefikia nambari moja nchini Ubelgiji na Uswizi, huku ikishika nafasi katika kumi bora ya nchi zingine nyingi za Uropa. Remix ya pili iliyo na mwimbaji wa Venezuela Micro TDH na mwimbaji wa Colombia Greeicy ilitolewa mnamo 17 Septemba 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jerusalema (feat. Micro TDH & Greeicy & Nomcebo Zikode) [Remix] - Single de Master KG|url=https://music.apple.com/es/album/jerusalema-feat-micro-tdh-greeicy-nomcebo-zikode-remix/1530994187|accessdate=23 September 2020|archivedate=2020-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033203/https://music.apple.com/es/album/jerusalema-feat-micro-tdh-greeicy-nomcebo-zikode-remix/1530994187}}</ref> == Athari == Wafuasi wa Spotify KG waliongezeka hadi kufikia zaidi ya milioni 1.2 kufuatia umaarufu kuongezeka kwa wimbo huo. <ref name="IOL">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/master-kgs-jerusalema-reaches-over-50m-views-on-youtube-05d05a5b-3662-4e46-a567-972c9c82b1de|title=Master KG's 'Jerusalema' reaches over 50m views on YouTube|work=[[IOL (South Africa)|IOL]]|date=26 July 2020|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref> == Mashindano ya Kucheza == Mashindano ya kucheza yalifuatia baada ya kikundi cha densi cha marafiki huko [[Angola]] wanaofanya densi katika video ya wazi, <ref name="Tshisa">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-07-20-it-reminds-me-of-the-macarena-master-kg-on-jerusalema-going-global/|title=It reminds me of the 'Macarena' - Master KG on 'Jerusalema' going global|work=[[Times Live]]|date=20 July 2020|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref> ilisaidia wimbo huo kuenea mtandaoni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.capetownetc.com/video-stories/sa-artists-jerusalema-song-takes-world-by-storm/|title=SA artist’s 'Jerusalema' song takes world by storm|work=CapeTownEtc|date=21 July 2020|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref> '''#JerusalemChallenge''', ambayo imelinganishwa na Macarena, <ref name="Observer">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://zululandobserver.co.za/229789/watch-empangeni-takes-on-jerusalema-dance-challenge/|title=WATCH: Empangeni takes on Jerusalema dance challenge|work=Zululand Observer|author=Jolly|first=Tamlyn|date=25 July 2020|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref> ilizalisha video za densi kutoka nchi nyingi, pamoja na Italia, Uhispania, Ufaransa, Jamaica na Canada. <ref name="IOL"/> <ref name="ECR">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/shows/east-coast-breakfast/watch-nuns-and-priests-dance-jerusalema-master-kg/|title=WATCH: Nuns and priests dance to 'Jerusalema' by Master KG|work=[[East Coast Radio (South Africa)|ECR]]|author=Ngcobo|first=Nokuthula|date=26 July 2020|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-Z50MSZTt0 Sauti rasmi ya remix] kwenye [[YouTube]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Angola]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa dansi]] cr4gxfrafnwfsuvrgkijwusobk2k61j 0 130155 1601394 1600904 2026-09-25T17:09:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Rowan Atkinson 2011 2 cropped.jpg|thumb]] '''Rowan Sebastian Atkinson''' (amezaliwa [[6 Januari]] [[1955]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=On This Day in History - January 6th - Almanac - UPI.com|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/01/06/UPI-Almanac-for-Sunday-Jan-6-2019/8591546568650/|work=UPI|accessdate=2024-04-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/rowan-atkinson/bio/173131 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923235434/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/rowan-atkinson/bio/173131/ |archivedate=2020-09-23 |accessdate=2024-04-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/education/2007/08/25/fafamdet125.xml</ref> ni [[muigizaji]], [[mchekeshaji]], na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana sana kwa [[kazi]] yake kwenye sitcoms ''Blackadder'' (1983-1989) na ''Mr. Bean'' (1990-1995). Kwa mara ya kwanza Atkinson alikuja kujulikana katika onyesho la vichekesho la mchoro wa BBC Sio Habari za Tisa Saa (1979-1982), akipokea BAFTA ya 1981<ref>{{Citation|title=Pick of the day|date=2007-01-31|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/31/tvandradio|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref> kwa Utendaji Bora wa Burudani, na kupitia ushiriki wake katika Mpira wa Polisi wa Siri (1979). Kazi yake nyingine ni pamoja na filamu ya James Bond ''Never Say Never Again'' (1983), akicheza vicar anayepiga kelele katika Harusi Nne na Mazishi (1994), akitoa sauti ya upekuzi mwekundu wa Zazu katika [[The Lion King|''The Lion King'']] (1994),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Love Actually trivia: Why Rowan Atkinson's Rufus took so long to wrap that gift|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/love-actually-fact-may-blow-120000949.html|work=uk.movies.yahoo.com|date=2020-12-21|accessdate=2024-04-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> na kucheza muuzaji wa vito Rufus katika Upendo Kweli (2003). Atkinson pia alijitokeza kwenye sitcom ya BBC The Blue Line nyembamba (1995-1996). Kazi yake katika ukumbi wa michezo ni pamoja na uamsho wa West End wa 2009 wa Oliver wa muziki!. Atkinson aliorodheshwa katika The Observer kama mmoja wa waigizaji 50 wa kuchekesha zaidi katika vichekesho vya Briteni mnamo 2007,<ref>{{Citation|title=The A-Z of laughter (part one)|date=2003-12-07|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/dec/07/comedy.thebestofbritishcomedy1|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref> na kati ya wachekeshaji 50 bora kabisa, katika kura ya maoni ya wachekeshaji wenza wa 2005.<ref>{{Citation|title=Cook voted 'comedians' comedian'|date=2005-01-02|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4141019.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref> Katika kazi yake yote, ameshirikiana na mwandishi wa skrini Richard Curtis na mtunzi Howard Goodall, ambao wote alikutana nao katika Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford University Dramatic Society mnamo miaka ya 1970. Mbali na BAFTA yake ya 1981, Atkinson alipokea Tuzo ya Olivier kwa uigizaji wake wa 1981 West End huko Rowan Atkinson huko Revue. Amepata mafanikio ya sinema na maonyesho yake katika mageuzi ya sinema ya Mr. Bean Bean (1997) na Likizo ya Mr. Alionekana pia kama mhusika katika Maigret (2016-2017). Atkinson aliteuliwa kuwa CBE katika Heshima za Kuzaliwa za 2013 kwa huduma kwa mchezo wa kuigiza na hisani. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] qr5wnocrcg1v4j8jnwhg4k7moscehy5 0 130317 1601071 1512532 2026-09-25T13:14:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person |Jina=Fred Ngajiro |jina la Kuzaliwa=Fred Fabian Ngajiro |nchi=Tanzania |majina_mengine=Fred Vunjabei |Picha = Fred Vunjabei.jpg|thumb |ukubwa wa picha= |maelezo_ya_picha= |jina_la_kuzaliwa=Fred Fabian Ngajiro |Amezaliwa={{birth date and age|1987|6|16|df=yes}} |kazi_yake=[[Mfanyabiashara]], [[Mjasiriamali]]|tovuti=}} '''Fred Fabian Ngajiro''' (anajulikana kama '''Fred Vunjabei'''; alizaliwa [[Iringa]], [[Tanzania]]<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fred Fabian Ngajiro Biography, Age, Education, Career, Family, Net Worth|url=https://eafeed.com/fred-fabian-ngajiro-biography-age-education-career-family-net-worth/|work=East African Feed|date=2020-09-29|accessdate=2020-10-01|language=en-GB|author=Eafeed Staff}}</ref>) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mjasiriamali]] kutoka [[Tanzania]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania's Young Entrepreneur Mr Fred Ngajiro 'Vunjabei' Reveals Secret To His Success - Opera News|url=https://ke.opera.news/ke/en/business/f750f5226c7b1e0017a6d51a07337d60|work=ke.opera.news|accessdate=2020-10-01|archivedate=2021-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421120355/https://ke.opera.news/ke/en/business/f750f5226c7b1e0017a6d51a07337d60}}</ref>. Fred ni Mkurugenzi Mkuu na [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya [[Vunjabei Group Limited|Vunjabei (T) Group Limited]] lakini pia ni [[mwanzilishi]] na rais wa kampuni ya Too Much Money Limited. Fred ametajwa kuwa mmoja wa wafanyabiashara wenye [[umri]] mdogo na wenye mafanikio makubwa Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fred Fabian Ngajiro: A Famous Tanzanian Businessman who is an Inspiration for Young Entrepreneurs {{!}} Tuko Hapa!|url=https://tukohapa.com/fred-vunjabei-a-famous-businessman-inspiring-for-young-entrepreneurs/|accessdate=2020-10-01|language=en-GB|author=Tukohapa|archivedate=2022-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812190236/https://tukohapa.com/fred-vunjabei-a-famous-businessman-inspiring-for-young-entrepreneurs/}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi na elimu == Fred amemaliza [[digrii]] ya [[biashara]] [[mwaka]] [[2010]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] na pia [[shahada]] ya juu ya [[usimamizi wa biashara]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Mzumbe]] mwaka [[2014]].<ref name=":1" /> == Maisha na biashara == Punde baada ya kufuzu masomo yake ya chuo mwaka 2014, Fred aliamua kujiajiri kwa kuanza biashara ndogondogo na kwa mtaji mdogo. Alipata nafasi ya kwenda [[Afrika ya Kusini]] na simu za rununu aina ya backberry na kuzisafirisha kwenda kuziuza Tanzania na [[Zanzibar]]. Biashara haikuwa nzuri sana kwa upande wake ila kwa kile alichokikusanya aliendelea kuwekeza kwenye biashara nyingine ya kuuza magari, kuyachukua kutoka [[Japan]] na kuyapeleka Tanzania ili kuyauza. Hapo ndipo [[biashara]] ikaanza kukua zaidi na kumuonyesha fursa nyingine. 2015 aliamua kusafiri na kwenda China ili kutafiti juu ya fursa za kibiashara nyingine na ndipo alipogundua kuwa kuna fursa kubwa upande wa mavazi na urembo. Alirudi Tanzania na kuanzisha kampuni yake iitwayo Vunjabei (T) Group Limited na kufungua duka lake la kwanza Kariakoo, Dar es Salaam ambalo lilifanya vizuri na kuweza kuwekeza katika kufungua maduka mengine katika mikoa mbali mbali ya Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SPLA {{!}} Fred Fabian Ngajiro|url=http://www.spla.pro/file.person.fred-fabian-ngajiro.53553.html|work=Spla|accessdate=2020-10-01|language=en}}</ref> Licha ya kuwa na maduka mengi ya nguo katika mikoa mbalimbali Tanzania, pia alianzisha kampuni ya usimamizi wa vipaji vya muziki Tanzania inayoitwa Too Much Money Limited ambayo mpaka sasa inamsimamia [[msanii]] kutoka Tanzania anayeitwa Whozu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Billnass, Young Lunya kumfuata Whozu|url=https://www.mwanaspoti.co.tz/burudani/Billnass--Young-Lunya-kumfuata-Whozu/1799532-5628422-3jqwu1z/index.html|work=Mwanaspoti|accessdate=2020-10-01|language=en}}</ref>Pia Fred ametajwa kama mmoja wa mabilionea wenye umri mdogo Tanzania kutoka kwenye gazeti la Mwananchi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jinsi Fred Vunjabei alivyojenga himaya ya biashara ya Sh4 bilioni|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/jinsi-fred-vunjabei-alivyojenga-himaya-ya-biashara-ya-sh4-bilioni-3014994|work=Mwananchi|accessdate=2020-12-14|language=en}}</ref> == Tuzo na Uteuzi == Fred Fabian Ngajiro amekuwa akiteuliwa katika tuzo mbalimbali za kibiashara na ujasiriamali na baadhi ya tuzo alizochaguliwa kushiriki ni Tanzania Digital Awards ( TDA ) ambayo alishiriki kama '''Mjasiriamali Bora wa Kiume Kwenye Dijiti''' (Best Male Entrepreneur on the Digital) mwaka 2019. Pia aliteuliwa kushiriki katika tuzo za Tanzania Consumer Choice Awards ( TCCA) na alishiriki kama ``Most Preferred Upcoming Male Business Icon Of The Year 2020.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Sister project links | wikt=no | q=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q99769426 | display=Fred Ngajiro}} * [https://www.instagram.com/Fred_Vunjabei/ Fred Ngajiro] kwenye [[Instagram]] * [https://www.facebook.com/ItsFredVunjabei/ Fred Ngajiro] kwenye [[Facebook]] {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fred Ngajiro}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Tanzania]] rty1c8ta2fz8wzjbiy6z8lus1z2iy9l 0 130765 1601214 1500926 2026-09-25T13:48:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Martial Papy Mukeba |picha = Mukeba wa Mukeba Martial Papy.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Mukeba wa Mukeba Martial Papy |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 23 Mei 1983 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Uvira]], [[Kivu Kusini]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] |nchi = [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] |miaka ya kazi = 2004 hadi sasa |mwenza = |mhitimu = |wavuti = }} '''Martial Papy Mukeba''' (jina kamili: '''Mukeba wa Mukeba Martial Papy''') ni [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]] anayefanya kazi kwenye Radio Okapi na mwandishi wa zamani wa [[Deutsche Welle]] mashariki mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref name="R1">(fr)[https://www.radiookapi.net/2019/05/04/actualite/societe/rdc-martial-papy-mukeba-de-radio-okapi-recoit-le-prix-de-la-liberte-de "RDC : Martial Papy Mukeba de Radio Okapi reçoit le « prix de la liberté de la presse Lucien Tshimpumpu »"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2019/05/04/actualite/societe/rdc-martial-papy-mukeba-de-radio-okapi-recoit-le-prix-de-la-liberte-de |date=20201020072636 }}, [[Radio Okapi]], 04 Mai 2019 (Retrieved on 17 Octoba 2020).</ref> == Wasifu == Martial Papy Mukeba alizaliwa mnamo [[23 Mei|Mei 23,]] [[1983]] huko [[Uvira]], katika [[Jimbo|mkoa]] wa [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]] (mashariki wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]). Yeye ni mtoto wa Mukeba Kongolo Charles na Bita Linda Doris. == Kazi ya media == === Redio === Martial Papy alianza kazi yake ya [[uandishi wa habari]] mnamo 2004 katika ''Redio Télévision Muungano Beni'' katika mkoa wa Beni wa [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]]. Miaka miwili baadaye, alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa kipindi cha Ufaransa cha redio ya kimataifa ya [[Ujerumani]] [[Deutsche Welle]] mashariki mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] hadi 2010. Mnamo 2013, Martial Papy Mukeba aliajiriwa na redio ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa|UN]] na Fondation Hirondelle [[Redio Okapi|Radio Okapi]]. Inashughulikia matukio ya sasa katika eneo la [[Ubarikiwe|Beni]] - [[Butembo]] na [[Lubero]] huko [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]], eneo lililoathiriwa na vurugu kutoka kwa vikundi vyenye silaha kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili.<ref>(fr)[https://monusco.unmissions.org/beni-le-chef-de-la-monusco-visite-les-lieux-des-massacres-des-civils-%C3%A0-eringeti "Beni : le chef de la MONUSCO visite les lieux des massacres des civils a Eringeti"] {{Wayback|url=https://monusco.unmissions.org/beni-le-chef-de-la-monusco-visite-les-lieux-des-massacres-des-civils-%C3%A0-eringeti |date=20201017105940 }}, [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], le 05 Decemba 2014 (Retrieved on 17 Octoba 2020)</ref><ref>(fr)[https://news.un.org/fr/story/2014/10/298662-rdc-le-chef-de-la-monusco-se-recueille-beni-devant-les-depouilles-de-villageois "RDC : le chef de la MONUSCO se recueille à Beni devant les dépouilles de villageois assassinés"] {{Wayback|url=https://news.un.org/fr/story/2014/10/298662-rdc-le-chef-de-la-monusco-se-recueille-beni-devant-les-depouilles-de-villageois |date=20201017201332 }}, [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], le 17 Octoba 2014 (Retrieved on 17 Octoba 2020)</ref><ref>(fr)[https://www.un.org/ebolaresponsedrc/fr/news/david-gressly-%C2%AB-si-veut-vraiment-mettre-fin-%C3%A0-ebola-%C3%A0-biakato-il-faut-avoir-un-acc%C3%A8s-%C3%A0-cette "David Gressly : « Si on veut vraiment mettre fin à Ebola à Biakato, il faut avoir un accès à cette zone » (Propos recueillis par Martial Papy Mukeba)"], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (Retrieved on 17 Octoba 2020).</ref> Yeye hufanya ripoti nyingi juu ya hali katika eneo hili. == Tuzo == Mukeba wa Mukeba Martial Papy alialikwa na kuheshimiwa na Chama cha Waandishi wa Habari cha Kongo ( ''UNPC'' ) na Kongo ya Vyombo vya Habari vya Kongo ( ''OMEC'' ) mnamo Mei 2019.<ref name="R4">(fr)[https://dworaczek-bendome.org/v2/2019/05/rdc-martial-papy-mukeba-de-radio-okapi-recoit-le-prix-de-la-liberte-de-la-presse-lucien-tshimpumpu/ "RDC : Martial Papy Mukeba de Radio Okapi reçoit le « prix de la liberté de la presse Lucien Tshimpumpu »"] {{Wayback|url=https://dworaczek-bendome.org/v2/2019/05/rdc-martial-papy-mukeba-de-radio-okapi-recoit-le-prix-de-la-liberte-de-la-presse-lucien-tshimpumpu/ |date=20201017165533 }}, ''BD News'', le 04 Mei 2019 (Retrieved on 17 Octoba 2020).</ref> Ilipokea ''tuzo ya uhuru wa vyombo vya habari'' ya ''Lucien Tshimpumpu'' katika toleo lake la sita. Mwaka huo huo, alipokea ''nyara'' ya ''"'' Lipanda ''"'' inayoitwa uhuru wa mwandishi bora wa mwaka katika mkoa wa Beni. Kombe hili huzawadia watu ambao wanafaulu katika nyanja tofauti.<ref>(fr)[https://www.243stars.com/trophee-lipanda-3eme-edition-7981124.html "Trophée Lipanda 3ème Édition"], ''243 Stars'', le 07 Juni 2019 (Retrieved on 17 Octoba 2020).</ref> Mnamo Juni 2020, alipokea cheti cha ubora kutoka kwa uratibu wa jumla wa majibu dhidi ya [[Ebola|Ugonjwa wa Virusi vya Ebola]] katika majimbo ya [[Mkoa wa Ituri|Ituri]], [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]] na [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]] kwa mchango wake katika mapambano dhidi ya [[Mlipuko wa kwanza wa virusi vya Ebola wa 2018 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|janga la kumi la ugonjwa wa virusi vya Ebola]] uliotangazwa tangu Agosti 1, 2018 na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref>(fr)[https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-66609.html "COVID-19: L’automédication est un danger réel en cette période de pandémie"], ''MediaCongo.NET'', 03 Aprili 2020 (Retrieved on 17 Octoba 2020)</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.twitter.com/martialmukeba Papy ya Vita] kwenye [[Twitter]] {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ahxzfzo401mc56fzoyuvmcsf0370heu 0 130942 1601117 1386682 2026-09-25T13:19:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mortal Engines''' ni [[filamu]] iliyoongozwa na C. Rivers na iliyoonyeshwa na F. Walsh, P. Boyens, na Peter Jackson, kulingana na [[riwaya]] ya 2001 ya jina moja na Philip Reeve, na anayeigiza Hera Hilmar, Robert Sheehan, Hugo Weaving, Jihae, Ronan Raftery, Leila George, Patrick Malahide, na Stephen Lang. Utayarishaji wa ushirikiano wa Amerika na New Zealand, filamu hiyo imewekwa katika ulimwengu wa baada ya apocalyptic ambapo miji yote imewekwa kwenye magurudumu na motor, na hufanya Darwinism ya manispaa; ulimwengu wake wa sinema ni tofauti na ule wa vitabu.Jackson alinunua haki za kitabu hicho mnamo 2009, lakini filamu hiyo ilidhoofika kwa miaka kadhaa kabla ya kutangazwa rasmi mnamo 2016. Jackson alichukua Rivers, ambaye alishinda Tuzo ya Chuo cha Athari Bora za Kuonekana kwa kazi yake kwenye King Kong ya Jackson, ili kutengeneza kipengele chake- urefu wa mwongozo wa mwongozo na mradi huo, na pia alileta washiriki kadhaa wa timu zake za utengenezaji kutoka kwa safu ya filamu ya Lord of the Rings and Hobbit. Upigaji picha ulifanyika kutoka Aprili hadi Julai 2017 huko New Zealand. {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2018]] 6wrmlx44ccmqe3348b15ccx8bnc6383 0 131115 1601209 1511075 2026-09-25T13:48:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Dolly Unachukwu | picha = Dolly_Unachukwu.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Dolly Unachukwu mnamo 2020 | jina la kuzaliwa = Dolly Nchedo Nkem Unachukwu | mahala pa kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1969|11|01|df=y}} [[Lagos]], Nigeria | tarehe ya kufa = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[Muigizaji]] [[Mtunzi]], [[Mtayarishaji]], [[Muongozaji]] | miaka ya kazi = 1986- hadi sasa | ndoa = Emmanuel Nwokenkwo | rafiki = | watoto =2, Ody Nwokenkwo (Billions CFL), Hazel Okoro | wazazi = | mahusiano =Emmanuel Nwokenkwo (1992 - 1994) | tovuti = }} '''Dolly Unachukwu''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[1 Novemba]] [[1969]]) ni [[muigizaji]] kutoka nchini  [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naijarules.com/vb/stars-celebrities-nigerian-movies/24012-marriage-not-my-priority-dolly-unachukwu.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906185504/http://www.naijarules.com/vb/stars-celebrities-nigerian-movies/24012-marriage-not-my-priority-dolly-unachukwu.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-06|title=Marriage Is Not My Priority - Dolly Unachukwu|date=2007-08-17|work=Nigerian Movies & Nollywood on Naijarules.com|accessdate=2008-09-11|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120906185504/http://www.naijarules.com/vb/stars-celebrities-nigerian-movies/24012-marriage-not-my-priority-dolly-unachukwu.html|archivedate=2012-09-06}}</ref> Dolly Unachukwu ni mmoja wa waanzilishi wa [[Nollywood]], muigizaji mwenye talanta, mwandishi, muaandaji na hivi karibuni amekuwa muongozaji wa [[filamu]], Akiwa amezaliwa mwaka [[1969]] katika familia ya watoto saba. Unachukwu alianza Sanaa yake ya uigizaji akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Mwenyeji wa Amachi katika jimbo la  Anambra, alitokea kwa mara ya kwanza katika sinema ya runingani junior drama mwaka [[1985]] kama katibu. Baadae [[mwaka]] huo aliigiza tena katika telenovela ya ''Mirror in the Sun'' kama Prisca, lakini ni uhusika wake wa kwenye  ''Fortunes'' ndio uliompa jina la nyumbani mwaka [[1993]] alipoigiza kama ‘Fadeke’ mke wa tajiri na mwanamke halisi wa Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=YNaija|last2=YNaija|date=27 June 2022|title=Nigerians react to Netflix movie "Glamour Girls" and the comments are one-sided|url=https://ynaija.com/nigerians-react-to-netflix-movie-glamour-girls-and-the-comments-are-one-sided/|access-date=21 July 2022|website=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mwaka [[1997]], Unachukwu alitoa hadithi ya maisha yake, ''Wildest Dream''.  Kwenye [[filamu]] hiyo, anaelezea madhila ya ndoa yake ya kwanza iliyosarambatika mwaka [[1994]] ikimfanya kuwa mzazi mmoja/peke yake. Mumewe huyo wa zamani alitishia kumfungulia mashtaka kwa kutumia jina lake halisi katika filamu hiyo. Unachukwu aliolewa tena mwaka [[2000]] na mwezi wa nane mwaka huo huo aliungana na mumewe Uingereza, ambapo waliishia kuachana uwanja wa ndege baada ya kugundua kuwa hakua mkweli kwake. Akiwa Uingereza, alipata maarifa zaidi baaada ya kupata kibali cha udereva mwaka [[2002]] na mwaka uliofuata alianza shahada ya miaka mitatu ya failamu na video katika chuo cha East London, akipumzika kwa miaka miwili kwa ajili ya malezi ya mwanaye aliyezaliwa [[2004]], Alihitimu mwezi wa sita [[2008]], Unachukwu aliandaa na kuongoza filamu yake mwenyewe iliyojilikana kama ''The Empire'' mwaka [[2005]], wakati akiwa katika mapumziko ya chuo. Unachukwu amesoma pia katika chuo cha Television College Jos kilichopo [[Jimbo la Plateau]], ambapo alipata diploma ya uzalishaji wa vipindi vya runinga  mwaka [[1998]], Pia alisomea fonetiki mwaka [[1989]] katika FRCN Training school Lagos na baadae kwenda chuo kikuu cha [[Lagos]] mwaka [[1990]] na kupata diploma (astashahada) ya sheria. == Filamu == * ''Mirror in the Sun'' (TV) [[1986]] * ''Fortunes'' (TV) [[1993]] * ''Deadly Affair'' [[1995]] 1&2 [[1994]] * ''Glamour Girls 2'' 1995 * ''Tears for Love'' [[1996]] * ''Deadly Affair II'' [[1997]] * ''Deadly Passion'' 1997 * ''Wildest Dream'' 1997 * ''Love without Language'' [[1998]] * ''Brotherhood of Darkness'' 1998 * ''Father Moses'' 1999 * ''Full Moon'' 1 & 2 [[1999]] * ''War of Roses'' [[2000]] * ''The Empire'' [[2005]] * ''Sisters Love'' [[2007]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] avp7irbbdhmm8vitl8gyd898mnh8cfp 0 133325 1601021 1584821 2026-09-25T13:09:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Willow Man - geograph.org.uk - 472863.jpg|thumb|Serena de la Hey: [[Willow Man|The Willow Man]] (2001)]] '''Serena de la Hey''' (alizaliwa [[Eldoret]], [[Kenya]], [[1967]]) ni [[Mkenya]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Britania]], mchonga [[sanamu]] ambaye alikuwa akisafiri sana na makazi yake ya kudumu yalikuwa huko [[Somerset]] tangu [[miaka ya 1990]]. Alijulikana vyema kwa sanamu yenye urefu wa futi 40 kwenda juu [[Willow Man]] karibu na [[Bridgwater]] ambayo alimaliza majira ya vuli mwaka 2001.<ref name=tel>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3292723/Theyre-not-corn-dollies.html|title=They're not corn dollies|author=Vere-Parr, Mary|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=18 August 2001|accessdate=16 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name=sl>{{cite web|url=http://www.somerset-life.co.uk/out-about/somerset-willow-woman-serena-de-la-hey-talks-to-robert-hesketh-1-1631856|title=Somerset, Willow Woman, Serena De La Hey talks to Robert Hesketh|author=Hesketh, Robert|publisher=SomersetLife|date=14 January 2010|accessdate=16 January 2018|language=|archivedate=2021-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075126/https://www.somerset-life.co.uk/out-about/somerset-willow-woman-serena-de-la-hey-talks-to-robert-hesketh-1-1631856}}</ref> ==Wasifu== Akiwa bado mdogo alitumia muda wake mwingi katika mashamba ya Australia. Baada ya kuhitimu chuo cha [[Falmouth University|Falmouth Art College]], aliweka makazi ya kudumu Somerset ambapo alianza kazi yake ya kwanza ya uchongaji wa sanamu kwa kutumia mierebi kutoka [[Somerset Levels]].<ref name=tel/> De la Hey alianza kutumia mierebi kuchongesha sanamu ya mfumo wa mtu mwaka 1992 ambapo alitengeneza takwimu endelevu za wicker ndani ya [[Great Basin Desert|Nevada Desert]].<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/943715.stm|title=40ft sculpture unveiled in Somerset|work=BBC News|date=26 September 2000|accessdate=16 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://burningman.org/culture/history/brc-history/event-archives/1992-2/1992-art-installations/|title=1992 Art Installations|year=1992|publisher=Burning Man: The Culture Historical Archives|accessdate=16 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/art}}</ref> Tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]], amekuwa akitengeneza takwimu za wicker juu ya [[Watu]] na [[Wanyama]] kwenye studio yake iliyopo [[Stoke St Gregory|Stoke Gregory]] mkabala na [[Taunton]]. Anachukulia mierebi kama “njia rahisi zaidi ya kulifanyia kazi wazo”. Amezalisha takwimu kadhaa kwa wateja binafsi,nyingi zikiwa kama mapambo ya nyumbani na za bustani..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jul/02/forsomeunguessablereasonwo|title=Nice sculpture. Who made it? |author=Greer, Germaine|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 July 2007|accessdate=18 January 2018 }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2000]], South West Arts walimlipa amtengeneze mtu kutokana na mierebi, sanamu ya urefu wa futi 40 kwenda juu ikikaribiana na [[M5 Motorway]] karibu na Bridgwater. Ilimchukua wiki nne kukamilisha uchongeshaji wa sanamu hiyo,kwa kutumia mierebi ya kawaida iliyotiwa nguvu na mnara wa chuma. Ilikamilika mwezi wa tisa 2000.<ref name=BBC/>Mwezi wa tano 2001, vandals alichoma sanamu, akiacha mnara wa chuma pekee.<ref name=sl/>Nashukuru kwa kampeni ya kurejesha sanamu, mwezi wa kumi mwaka 2001, de la Hey alikamilisha awamu ya pili ,awamu hii alisuka waya wa chuma pamoja na mierebi. Kwa kuongezea, sanamu ililindwa na eneo kubwa lenye magugu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1607295.stm|title=Willow man rises from ashes|publisher=BBC|date=19 October 2001|accessdate=18 January 2018 |language=}}</ref>Japokuwa mwanzoni iliundwa iweze kudumu kwa miaka mitatu tu, sanamu ya mtu wa mierebi imekuwa ikifanyiwa marekebisho mara kwa mara ndani ya mwaka na de la Hey na bado inaonekana vyema.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-34570374|title=Repairs under way to Somerset's M5 Willow Man landmark|work=BBC News|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=18 January 2018 }}</ref>Marekebisho yamekuwa ya gharama sana ikimfanya de la Hey kufikiria kama sanamu hiyo angeweza kuichonga upya. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2017-10-12/willow-man-may-be-removed-because-it-is-too-expensive-to-keep-fixing/|title=Willow Man may be removed because of high repair costs|publisher=ITV|date=12 October 2017|accessdate=18 January 2018 |language=}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1967|}} [[Jamii:Wachongaji wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] bremi5t4r1k60ckcp3844muy3ntxo47 0 133992 1601031 1517729 2026-09-25T13:10:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Image from page 179 of "Bulletin" (1966-1972).jpg|thumb|Picha ya Ladi Kwali Kitengeza chungu kwa ufinyanzi]] '''Ladi Kwali''' ([[1925]] - [[12 Agosti]] [[1984]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa [[sanaa]] ya [[ufinyanzi]] kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thistrend.com.ng/2017/03/15-facts-about-ladi-kwali-pottery-woman.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317101452/http://www.thistrend.com.ng/2017/03/15-facts-about-ladi-kwali-pottery-woman.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-03-17|title=15 Facts about Ladi Kwali: The Pottery Woman on N20 Note - ThisTrend Blog|date=2017-03-17|access-date=2018-08-06|accessdate=2021-03-27|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317101452/http://www.thistrend.com.ng/2017/03/15-facts-about-ladi-kwali-pottery-woman.html}}</ref> ==Maisha== Ladi kwali alizaliwa kwenye [[kijiji]] cha Kwali iliyopo mkoa wa Gwari inayopatikana kaskazini mwa [[Nigeria]], ambapo ufinyanzi ulikuwa [[utamaduni]] wa [[wanawake]].<ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels|last=Vincentelli|first=Moira|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0719038402|location=Manchester, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenceramics00moir/page/58 58–76]|url=https://archive.org/details/womenceramics00moir/page/58}}</ref> Alijifunza ufinyanzi akiwa mdogo akifundishwa na shangazi yake kwa kutumia utamaduni wa ufinyanzi wa kuzungusha. Alitengeneza viungu vikubwa kwa ajili ya maji,kupikia,vibakuli na chupa. Aliremba kwa mitindo mbalimbali kama vile nge, mijusi,mamba,vinyonga,nyoka na samaki.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|last=Cardew|first=Michael|date=April 1972|title=Ladi Kwali: The Potter from England Writes on the Potter from Africa|journal=Craft Horizons|issue=32|pages=34–37}}</ref> Mitindo yake ya vyombo vya udongo zilianzia zama za kale.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea jarida|last=Slye|first=Jonathon|date=October 1966|title=Abuja Stoneware|journal=Ceramics Monthly|pages=12–16}}</ref> Kulingana na utamaduni wa kale, zilichomwa na kukaushwa. Vyungu vyake vilionekana kwa uzuri wake wa mitindo na urembo na alijulikana kimkoa kama mfinyanzi mahiri. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Thompson|first=Barbara|date=6 February 2007|title=Namsifueli Nyeki: A Tanzanian Potter Extraordinaire|journal=African Arts|volume=40|issue=1|pages=54–63|doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.54|s2cid=57571884|issn=0001-9933}}</ref> Baadhi ya kazi zake zilihitajika na Emir wa Abuja, Alhaji Sulaimanu Barau ambapo zilionekana nyumbani kwake na Michael Cardew mwaka 1950.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url = http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|title = History of Ladi Kwali, the Famous Nigerian Potter|date = 8 February 2015|access-date = 18 January 2016|website = Abuja Facts|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104939/http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|archive-date = 7 January 2016|url-status = dead|accessdate = 2021-03-27|archivedate = 2016-01-07|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104939/http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali== Alizaliwa katika kijiji kidogo cha kwali Halimashauri ya kwali mwaka [[1925]].( wanahistoria wengine walionyesha yakuwa, mwaka wa kuzakuliwa kwake ni 1920).<ref name=":5">{{Rejea jarida|last=Okunna|first=E.|date=1 January 2012|title=Living through two pottery traditions and the story of an icon: Ladi Kwali|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjas/article/view/117190|journal=Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies|volume=1|issn=2346-7126}}</ref>). Alikuwa katika familia yeneye mila na desturi ya wanawake kujihusisha na ufinyanzi. Mallam Mekaniki Kyebese, mdogo wake Ladi Kwali alisema yakuwa, alikuwa mahiri katika Sanaa ya ufinyanzi ambapo kazi zake ziliuzwa hata kabla ya kufika sokoni. == Kazi yake == Michael Cardew,ambaye alikuwa ni afisa mfinyanzi katika kamati ya biashara na viwanda kwenye serikali ya ukoloni wa Nigeria mwaka 1951, alianzisha kituo cha ufinyanzi Suleja afu kuitwa Abuja Aprili 1952. <ref name=":2" /> In 1954, Ladi Kwali joined the Abuja Pottery as its first female potter.<ref>{{Citation|title = Ladi Kwali, Nigerian Potter|url = https://vimeo.com/101074138|accessdate = 18 January 2016}}</ref> Alijifunza utengenezaji wa magurudumu ya mfinyanzi,vyombo vya udongo,uchomaji wa uzalishaji wa saggar na utumiaji wa udogo wa kuteleza. Alitengeneza bakuli kwa kutumia urembo wa graffito.<ref name=":1" /> Mpaka mnamo mwaka 1965 Cardew alipoachia nafasi yake, kituo kiliwavutiwa wanawake wanne kutoka Gwari: Halima Audu, Lami Toto, Assibi Iddo, na Kande Ushafa. Wanawake hawa walifanya kazi kwa pamoja kwenye mmoja warsha iliyoitwa Dakin Gwari.<ref name=":1" /> Waliunda maumbo na kukwangua ndani ya viungu kwa magamba ya konokono. <ref name=":2" /> Walirithi utamaduni wa utengenezaji kwa kuchanganya na udongo mweupe na madini ya miamba ya feldspar yenye kuleta mvuto katika mapambo yake.<ref name=":2" /> Baad ya hapo, vyungu huchomwa moto na sehemu zenye mitelezo huonekana kwa rangi ya kijani mpauko.<ref>Ladi Kwali – http://www.studiopottery.com/cgi-bin/mp.cgi?item=251 {{Wayback|url=http://www.studiopottery.com/cgi-bin/mp.cgi?item=251 |date=20200324105116 }}</ref> Kutoka kwenye utamaduni wake wanawake walikua wenye jukumu la ufinyanzi, Ladi kwalis kwali kazi zake zilikuwa ni kazi za kisanii.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Reed|first=Lucy|date=1 January 2002|title=Review of Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels|jstor=40663018|journal=Studies in the Decorative Arts|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–163|doi=10.1086/studdecoarts.9.2.40663018}}</ref> Viungu vyake vilishilikishwa kimaonesha kimatifa kwenye ufinyanzi Abuja mnamo mwaka [[1958]],[[1959]] na [[1962]] kuongozwa na Cardew.Mwaka [[1961]] kwali alifanya maonesho kwenye chuo cha royal,Farnham na Wenford bridge ubritish. Pia alitoa maenesho ufaransa na ujerumani kwa kila kipindi .mwaka1972 alitalii marekani pamoja na Cardew kazi yake pia ilioneshwa landani Berkeley Galleries.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ceramics-aberystwyth.com/ladi-kwali.html|title=Ladi KWALI (Nigeria) The Ceramic Collection Ceramic Collection and Archive – Aberystwyth University of Wales 27 March 2016|last=Archive|first=Aberystwyth Ceramics Collection and|publisher=ceramics-aberystwyth.com|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407172449/http://www.ceramics-aberystwyth.com/ladi-kwali.html|archive-date=7 April 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-03-27|archivedate=2016-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407172449/http://www.ceramics-aberystwyth.com/ladi-kwali.html}}</ref> == Tuzo na mafanikio== Kwali alipewa tuzo ya MBE (Order of the British Empire) mwaka 1962 katika siku yake ya kuzaliwa.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url = https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42686/supplement/4352|title = Supplement to the London Gazette|date = 25 May 1962|access-date = 18 January 2015}}</ref> Mwaka [[1977]], alipewa shahada ya uzamivu ya heshima katika chuo kikuu cha Ahmadubello zaria.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|title=History of Ladi Kwali, the Famous Nigerian Potter {{!}} Abuja Facts|website=www.abujafacts.ng|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104939/http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-03-27|archivedate=2016-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107104939/http://www.abujafacts.ng/history-of-ladi-kwali-the-famous-nigerian-potter/}}</ref> Mwaka [[1980]], serikali ya Nigeria kupitia ofisi ya wizara ya jamhuri ya Nigeria walimtunuku tuzo ya Nigerian National Order of Merit Award<ref>[http://www.frontiersnews.com/nigerian-national-order-of-merit-award/ "Nigerian National Order Of Merit Award"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.frontiersnews.com/nigerian-national-order-of-merit-award/ |date=20170127183309 }}, ''Frontiers News'', 5 December 2013.</ref> ambayo ni tuzo ya juu ya heshima ya kitaifa katika mafanikio ya taaluma. Alipokea tuzo ya kitaifa ya heshima ya uafisa kutoka Order of the Niger mwaka [[1981]]. Picha huonekana katika noti 20 ya Nigeria. Barabara ya Mtaa mkuu wa Abuja ulipewa jina la Ladi Kwali. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1984]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Arts and Feminism 2023]] hx6b81aflpxwfev3yozc14zpr2sdsva 0 134046 1601032 1279272 2026-09-25T13:10:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suraiya Khanum''' (ikitamkwa pia '''Surraiya Khanum''') ni [[mwimbaji]] mkongwe toka [[Punjab]]. Pia anajulikana kwa maonyesho yake yenye kusuza [[roho]] na akiimba [[muziki]] wa [[Sufi]] kwenye [[Televisheni]] ya [[Pakistan]] na vituo vingine.<ref name=DailyTimes/><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIIgLhNT7SQ Surriya Khanum performing on Coke Studio, Pakistan, videoclip on YouTube] Published 22 August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2019</ref> ==Kazi== Suraiya Khanum alianza [[kazi]] yake ya uimbaji kwenye [[redio]] ya Pakistan ''Radio Multan'' iliyoko [[Multan]], Pakistan [[mwaka]] [[1977]]. Kimuziki alishawishiwa na Ustadhi Muhammad Juman. Ustadhi Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan alimpatia mafunzo kwa miaka 8 na pia alipatiwa mafunzo rasmi na Ustadhi Faiz Ahmed kwa miaka 21. Kimuziki ameshawishiwa na [[mwanamuziki]] mkongwe Tufail Niazi pia Reshma na Iqbal Bano.<ref name=CokeStudio>[http://www.cokestudio.com.pk/season8/surriya-khanum.html?WT.cl=1&WT.mn=Artists%20-%20Surriya%20Khanum Suraiya Khanum profile on Coke Studio (Pakistan)] Retrieved 20 January 2019</ref> Alionekana kwenye awanu ya nane ya mfululizo wa kipindi halisia cha muziki cha televisheni ''Coke Studio Pakistan'' kama [[msanii]] mshirikishwaji. Aliimba <ref name=Dawn>{{cite web|title=Coke Studio: Will songs from Episode 2 make it to your wedding soundtrack?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1201888/coke-studio-will-songs-from-episode-2-make-it-to-your-wedding-soundtrack|publisher=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=21 August 2015|accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=Tribune>{{cite web|title=Coke Studio Season 8-Episode 2: Sugar, spice and some things nice|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/943970/coke-studio-8-sugar-spice-and-some-things-nice/|author=Ali Raj|publisher=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|date=24 August 2015|accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref> wimbo maarufu wa [[harusi]] na ambao uliimbwa na msanii mkongwe Tufail Niazi "Chirya Da Chamba" akiwa pamoja na Anwar Maqsood uliopongezwa kwa utungwaji na usimulizi mzuri wa barua uliyofanywa na Anwar Maqsood. Ilisemwa kuwa wimbo "uliweka kumbukumbu isiyofutika kwa mashabiki".<ref name=DailyTimes>{{cite web|title=Pakistani singing talent at its best|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/26-Aug-2015/pakistani-singing-talent-at-its-best|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|The Daily Times]]|date=26 August 2015|accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref> ==Diskografia== ===Nyimbo=== *''MenDa Ishq Vi Toon'' (wimbo wa Kikafi umeandikwa karne ya 19 na mshairi wa Kisufi, Khawaja Ghulam Farid). Huu wimbo una historia ndefu na uliimbwa hapo awali na Inayat Hussain Bhatti na Pathanay Khan *''Toonba'' – Turr Multanon Toonba Aaya *''Raataan Jaagni Aan'' *''Yaar Toon Kithay Vain'' *Way Main Chori Chori Tere Naal La Layyan Akhhaan Wey (wimbo wa Kipunjabi umeandikwa na mshairi Manzoor Hussain Jhalla) *''Ramzaan KehRay Velay Laaiyan'' *''Mera Chann Masta'' *''Bhul Jaania Kisay De Naal Pyaar Na'' *''Saaiyaan'' *''Bol Mitti Daya Baawia'' (uliimbwa kwa mara ya kwanza na Alam Lohar) ====Coke Studio (Pakistan)==== *''Chiryan Da Chamba (2015)'' (onyesho la wimbo pia akimshirikisha msomaji ''Anwar Maqsood'')<ref name=Dawn/> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.cokestudio.com.pk/season8/surriya-khanum.html?WT.cl=1&WT.mn=Artists%20-%20Surriya%20Khanum Surriya Khanum] Profile at [[Coke Studio Pakistan]] {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wanawake wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] 8kb6d1naaj83zmn6my5ydmjm53k6ssw 0 134225 1601598 1159390 2026-09-26T07:23:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Argises''' (''Ulichelewa'') ni [[albamu]] ya mwisho kutolewa na [[mwimbaji]] maarufu wa [[Ugiriki]], [[Irini Merkouri]].<ref>https://www.muziekweb.nl/en/Link/M00000304996/POPULAR/Irini-Merkouri {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iliachiwa [[Ugiriki]] mnamo [[Novemba]] [[2006]] na ''Sony BMG Greece''.<ref>[http://sonybmg.gr/page/releases/releases_index.asp?modlink=1&acds_cat=1&global=GR&acds_id=227&a_id=26 Sony BMG product page] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612123441/http://sonybmg.gr/page/releases/releases_index.asp?modlink=1&acds_cat=1&global=GR&acds_id=227&a_id=26 |date=June 12, 2008 }}</ref> ==Orodha ya Nyimbo== # ''"Kati Trehi"'' - 3:52 # ''"Miso Lepto"'' - 3:16 # ''"Pame Gi'alla"'' - 4:26 # ''"Den Ehoume Pia Tipota Na Poume"'' - 3:33 # ''"Ase Me Na Figo"'' - 3:36 # ''"Argises"'' - 4:01 # ''"Oti Pis"'' - 3:21 # ''"Kane Me Oti Thes"'' - 3:59 # ''"Ena Adio Kitrino Taxi"'' - 4:11 # ''"I Zoi Einai Oraia"'' - 4:23 # ''"Oute Fili Oute Ehthroi"'' - 3:33 # ''"Epanastato"'' - 3:40 # ''"Anemos"'' - 4:34 ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 2006]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] fx41q8rg7mdf1fho8s5dyzlbsukqe9c 0 134316 1601033 1596270 2026-09-25T13:10:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu||rangi=|jina=Harriet Powers|picha=Harriet Powers 1901.png|maelezo_ya_picha=Picha ya Harriet Powers(1901)|jina la kuzaliwa=Harriet Powers|alizaliwa=29 Oktoba 1837|alikufa=1 Januari 1910|nchi=[[Marekani]]|kazi yake=Mfumaji, msanii|ndoa=Armstead Powers|wazazi=|watoto=|tovuti rasmi=}} '''Harriet Powers''' ([[29 Oktoba]] [[1837]] - [[1 Januari]] [[1910]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Harriet Powers (1837-1910)|url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/harriet-powers-1837-1910|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref> alikuwa [[Wasanii|msanii]] wa kitamaduni na mfumaji wa [[Marekani]]. Alitumia mbinu za matumizi ya jadi kurekodi [[hadithi]] za kienyeji, [[hadithi]] za [[Bibilia]], na hafla za angani kwenye safu zake. Ni mifumo yake miwili tu ndo inajulikana survived: Bible Quilt 1886 na Pictorial Quilt 1898. Vifungo vyake vinazingatiwa kati ya mifano bora ya karne ya kumi na tisa ya quilting Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African American Story Bible Quilts by Harriet Powers (1837-1911)|url=http://earlywomenmasters.net/powers/index.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2007-10-18|accessdate=2021-04-06|archivedate=2007-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018043355/http://earlywomenmasters.net/powers/index.html}}</ref> Kazi yake imeonyeshwa kwenye Jumba la kumbukumbu ya Kitaifa ya Historia ya [[Amerika]] huko [[Washington, DC]], na Jumba la kumbukumbu ya Sanaa huko [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === Powers alizaliwa katika [[utumwa]] karibu na [[Athens, Georgia|Athene, Georgia]]. [[Wanahistoria]] wanasema alitumia [[maisha]] yake ya mapema kwenye [[shamba]] la John na Nancy Lester katika Kaunti ya [[Georgia|Madison, Georgia]], ambapo inaaminika alijifunza kushona kutoka kwa watumwa wengine au kutoka kwa bibi yake.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=POWERS, Harriett|url=https://www.georgiawomen.org/copy-of-pauley-frances-freeborn|work=georgiawomen|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref> Ingawa nakala ya 1895 ya Chicago Tribune<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers|url=http://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref> kuhusu Mataifa ya Pamba na Maonyesho ya Kimataifa yanamuonyesha Power kama mjinga na asiyejua kusoma na kuandika, akijifunza hadithi za Bibilia kutoka kwa "wengine walio na bahati zaidi, mwanahistoria wa ufumaji Kyra E. Hicks aligundua wakati wa utafiti wa kitabu chake This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers 'Bible Quilt and Other Pieces<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/427897634|title=This I accomplish : Harriet Powers' Bible quilt and other pieces : quilt histories, exhibition lists, annotated bibliography and timeline of a great African American quilter|last=Hicks|first=Kyra E.|date=2009|publisher=Black Threads Press|isbn=978-0-9824796-5-0|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=427897634}}</ref> barua iliyoandikwa na Powers akielezea jinsi alivyopata kusoma na kwamba alijifunza hadithi za Bibilia, ambazo zilitumika kama msukumo kwake katika kazi zake za ufumaji na hadithi kupitia kujifunza mwenyewe [[Biblia]]. Mnamo [[1835|mwaka wa 1855]], akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka kumi na nane, Powers aliolewa na Armstead Powers.<ref name=":0" /> Walikuwa na watoto wasiopungua tisa.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=1885 - 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462|work=National Museum of American History|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079199690|title=Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle|last=Hunter|first=Clare|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4736-8791-2|location=London|oclc=1079199690}}</ref> Mume wa Harriet, Armstead Powers alijitambulisha kama 'mfanyabiashara wa shamba' katika [[sensa]] ya 1870; Harriet ameorodheshwa kama 'mfanya kazi wa ndani', na watoto watatu, Amanda, Leon Joe (Alonzo) na Nancy waliishi nyumbani.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54432967|title=Threads of time : the fabric of history : profiles of African American dressmakers and designers, 1850-2003|last=Reed Miller|first=Rosemary E.|date=2003|publisher=Toast and Strawberries Press|isbn=0-9709713-0-3|edition=2nd ed|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=54432967}}</ref> Katika [[miaka ya 1880]], baada ya kuachiliwa mwishoni mwa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Amerika, walikuwa na ekari nne za ardhi na walikuwa na shamba ndogo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Harriet Powers, Artist of Story Quilts|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/harriet-powers-an-artist-of-story-quilts/|work=African American Registry|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref> Wakati wa miaka ya 1890, kwa sababu ya shida ya kifedha, mumewe polepole aliuza vifurushi vya ardhi yao, alikosa ushuru, na mwishowe akamwacha Harriet na shamba lao mnamo 1895. Powers hakuolewa tena na labda alijisaidia kama mshonaji wa nguo.<ref name=":0" /> Kwa maisha yake yote aliishi katika Kaunti ya Clarke, haswa katika Sandy Creek na Tawi la Buck. === Kazi === [[Picha:PowersBibleQuilt 1886.jpg|thumb|mfumo wa kibiblia wa Harriet Powers, 1885-1886]] Mnamo 1886, Powers alianza kuonyesha kazi zake za ufumaji. kazi yake ya kwanza ya ufumaji iliyojulikana kama Bible Quilt, ilionyeshwa kwenye Maonyesho ya Pamba ya Athene mnamo 1886;<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Mto huu sasa unaweza kupatikana katika Taasisi ya Smithsonian. Jennie Smith, msanii na mwalimu wa sanaa kutoka Taasisi ya Lucy Cobb, aliona mto huo kuwa wa kushangaza,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pictorial quilt|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/116166/pictorial-quilt;jsessionid=517A6CF184276F3CA0474DD826BADDB9|work=collections.mfa.org|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en|archive-date=2024-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525061319/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/116166/pictorial-quilt;jsessionid=517A6CF184276F3CA0474DD826BADDB9|url-status=dead}}</ref> kwenye maonyesho na akaomba kuununua, lakini Powers alikataa kuuza. Wanawake hao wawili walibaki wakiwasiliana, hata hivyo, na wakati Powers alipokutana na shida ya kifedha miaka minne baadaye, alikubali kuuza kipande hicho kwa dola tano, baada ya kutaka dola kumi lakini Smith akataka punguzo. Wakati huo huo Powers alielezea wazi picha kwenye mto; Smith alirekodi maelezo haya, na kuongeza maelezo yake katika shajara yake ya kibinafsi.<ref name=":0" /> Huenda ikawa Smith alifafanua juu ya yaliyomo kwenye Kikristo katika akaunti yake.<ref name=":2" /> Powers aliwasiliana kwa kuibua na safu zake za hadithi katika mada kutoka kwa uzoefu wake mwenyewe na mbinu kutoka kwa ufundi wa zamani wa Waamerika wa Kiafrika. Historia ya mto wa pili haijulikani. Akaunti moja inadokeza kwamba iliagizwa na wake wa washiriki wa kitivo cha Chuo Kikuu cha Atlanta, ambao walikuwa wameona mto wa kwanza kwenye Maonyesho ya Nchi za Pamba huko Atlanta mnamo 1895, wakati Powers na mumewe walikuwa wamejitenga.<ref name=":2" /> Kulingana na chanzo kingine, mto huo ulinunuliwa huko Nashville, Tennessee, mnamo 1898. Chochote asili yake, kipande hicho kiliwasilishwa kwa Mchungaji Charles Cuthbert Hall wa Jiji la New York, ambaye alikuwa akihudumu kama makamu mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wadhamini wa Chuo Kikuu wakati huo. Warithi wa mchungaji waliuza mto kwa mtoza Maxim Karolik, ambaye baadaye aliutoa kwa Jumba la kumbukumbu ya Sanaa Nzuri, Boston. Rekodi za mifumo mingine zipo lakini hazijaweza kudumu.<ref name=":2" /> == Mtindo wa ufumaji == [[Picha:PowersBibleQuilt 1898.jpg|thumb|mfumo wa picha Mchanganyiko. 1898]] Quilt ya Biblia 1886 na Quilt ya Quilt 1898 ina viwanja vingi vya picha vinavyoonyesha picha za kibiblia au matukio ya mbinguni. Mikono na mashine iliyoshonwa, zilifanywa kwa njia ya matumizi na kazi za vipande, ikionyesha ushawishi wa Kiafrika na Kiafrika na Amerika; wanajulikana kwa matumizi yao ya ujasiri ya mbinu hizi katika hadithi za hadithi. Kwa mfano, Powers alifanya jopo lililoitwa 'usiku wa nyota zinazoanguka,' ambayo ilionyesha mwangaza wa siku tatu wa Leonid wa vimondo mnamo 1833, miaka minne kabla ya kuzaliwa kwake. Jennie Smith alirekodi maoni ya Harriet Powers kwa kila mraba wa Quilt ya Biblia, na kwa mujibu wa maelezo ya Smith, katika uwanja wa nyota zilizoanguka, "Watu waliogopa na walidhani kwamba mwisho wa wakati umefika. Mkono wa Mungu uliweka nyota juu. nje ya vitanda vyao."<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1009013394|title=An American quilt : unfolding a story of family and slavery|last=May|first=Rachel|date=2018|isbn=978-1-68177-417-6|edition=First Pegasus books cloth edition|location=New York|oclc=1009013394}}</ref> Jopo jingine linaonyesha 'siku ya giza' Mei 19, 1780 (sasa imetambuliwa kama moshi mnene juu ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] unaosababishwa na Moto wa Moto wa Canada).<ref name=":3" /> Mwandishi Floris Barnett Cash anapendekeza kuwa hamu ya Madaraka katika hafla za kimbingu, hadithi za kidini, na matukio ya angani ilitokana na jamii ya Weusi ambapo aliishi. Jumuiya ilishiriki habari kama vile mahubiri ya kusikia kutoka kwa wahubiri kila Jumapili au habari zilizoshirikiwa wakati wa kumaliza hadithi za wasomi zilishawishi miamba yake. Sababu ya nia ya Powers kwa miili ya mbinguni haijulikani; imependekezwa kwamba walikuwa na umuhimu wa kidini kwake,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1009013394|title=An American quilt : unfolding a story of family and slavery|last=May|first=Rachel|date=2018|isbn=978-1-68177-417-6|edition=First Pegasus books cloth edition|location=New York|oclc=1009013394}}</ref> au walikuwa na uhusiano na shirika la kindugu la aina fulani. Tafsiri zake za quilts zote zimesalia, ingawa labda wameathiriwa na rekodi zao. Ingawa sasa tunajua kuwa Powers alikuwa anajua kusoma na kuandika (tazama kifungu kifuatacho), anaweza kuwa alitumia vigae vyake kama zana za kufundishia. Mnamo 2009, nakala ya barua ya 1896 kutoka kwa Harriet Powers kwenda kwa mwanamke maarufu wa Keokuk, Iowa iliibuka. Katika barua hiyo, Powers anashiriki maoni juu ya maisha yake kama mtumwa, wakati alijifunza kusoma na kuandika, na maelezo ya angalau milango minne aliyoshona.<ref>Kyra E. Hicks, "This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces", pp. 37–40.</ref> Katika barua yake, Harriet Powers pia anaelezea mto uliotengenezwa mnamo 1882 ambao aliuita mto wa Meza ya Bwana. Haijulikani ikiwa mtiririko wa appliquéd bado unakuwepo leo. Kwa kuzingatia kwamba vitambaa viwili vya appliquéd Powers vimenusurika kwa zaidi ya miaka 100, inawezekana Meza ya Bwana inaweza kuwa katika mkusanyiko. == Kazi zake == === ''Bible Quilt 1886'' === mfumo huo ulikuwa na vipande 299 vya kitambaa, vilivyotengenezwa kwa paneli 11. Vipande vilivyo wima vilivyovunjika vilitenganisha kila jopo. Katika muundo wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]], mistari isiyovunjika ilikusudiwa kushtua roho na kuzuia uovu "usitembee katika mistari iliyonyooka." hadithi maarufu ya Biblia na watumwa kwani walisimulia na Jacob aliyewindwa, asiye na makazi na ngazi, inayowakilisha kutoroka kutoka utumwani.<ref name=":0" /> Masomo mengine ni Adamu na Hawa, Hawa na mtoto wake katika mwendelezo wa Paradiso, Shetani kati ya nyota saba, Kaini akimuua Abeli, Kaini akiingia katika Ardhi ya Nodi kwa mke, Ayubu, Yona na Nyangumi,<ref name=":2" /> Ubatizo wa Kristo, Kusulubiwa, Yuda Iskarioti na vipande thelathini vya fedha, Karamu ya Mwisho, Familia Takatifu, na kupaa kwa Kristo Mbinguni.<ref name=":2" /> Jennie Smith alisema alichukuliwa sana na mtungi kwa sababu, "Mtindo wa Powers ni ujasiri na badala ya amri ya mpiga picha wakati kuna ujinga wa kujieleza ambao ni ladha."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=1885 - 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462|work=National Museum of American History|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref> Tafsiri nyingine ni kwamba hadithi zilizoonyeshwa zilichaguliwa na Powers, kizazi cha pili au cha tatu kimefanya mtumwa mwanamke, kama ujumbe uliowekwa wa upotezaji na kutoroka. Harriet alitembelea mto mara moja katika umiliki wa Smith mara kadhaa, kuonyesha kuwa ulikuwa na umuhimu maalum maishani mwake.<ref name=":2" /> === Bible Quilt controversy === Mnamo 1992 The Smithsonian Institution iliajiri kampuni ya Wachina kutengeneza nakala za Quilt Bible pamoja na quilts kadhaa maarufu za karne ya 19, pamoja na Quilt ya Muhuri Mkuu wa 1850 wa Susan Strong.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Smithsonian Wraps Itself in Controversy : Americana: The museum is authorizing the sale of foreign-made reproductions of classic American quilt designs.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-10-vw-329-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1992-04-10|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en-US|author=Facebook, Twitter, Show more sharing options, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=1825 - 1840 Susan Strong's "Great Seal" Quilt|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556469|work=National Museum of American History|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en}}</ref> Wakati uzalishaji wa kwanza ulipoonekana katika orodha ya Spiegel kwa ununuzi, Wamarekani wengi walishtuka.Jamii ya quilting na sanaa, haswa Jumuiya ya Kitaifa ya Kuondoa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NQA - National Quilting Association|url=https://www.quiltinghub.com/Pages/EntityID/1Mpa|work=QuiltingHub|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110011657/https://www.quiltinghub.com/Pages/EntityID/1Mpa|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Chama cha Quilt cha Maryland cha Nne,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.fourcountyquiltersguild.org/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-04-06 |archivedate=2019-02-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206154353/https://www.fourcountyquiltersguild.org/ }}</ref> walikasirishwa sana na uzazi huu walidhani kuwa ni ukosefu wa heshima kujaribu kupata pesa kutoka kwa Quilt ya Bibilia na kazi zingine kama hizo bila kuchunguza ni nani anayeweza kumiliki haki za kifamilia za kazi hiyo na ni nani anaweza kupokea malipo ya mrabaha kutoka kwa uzazi wake. Jumuiya ya quilting na sanaa pia ilikuwa na wasiwasi kwamba kuzalishwa kwa wingi kwa quilts hizi za kipekee, ambazo hazina wakati hazitapunguza tu umuhimu wa uandishi wao, lakini zinaweza kuchafua asili muhimu ya mahali pao katika historia ya Amerika. Kwa kuongezea, walihisi kuwa ikiwa uzalishaji utatengenezwa, inapaswa kuzalishwa na kampuni za Amerika za kusaidia kumaliza kusaidia ufundi huko Merika Wengi walihisi kupenda sana sababu hii hadi wakafuta uanachama wao wa Smithsonia, wakawasiliana na mkutano wao, aliyesainiwa maombi na walipinga nje ya Duka la Kitaifa huko Washington, DC Taasisi ya Smithsonian ilifanya mabadiliko kadhaa kwa juhudi zao za kuzaa kulingana na majibu haya, pamoja na kuwa na "Hakimiliki 1992 Taasisi ya Smithsonian"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Smithsonian Wraps Itself in Controversy : Americana: The museum is authorizing the sale of foreign-made reproductions of classic American quilt designs.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-10-vw-329-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1992-04-10|accessdate=2021-04-06|language=en-US|author=Facebook, Twitter, Show more sharing options, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn}}</ref> iliyochapishwa kwenye kila mto kwa matumaini ya kuepuka mkanganyiko. Walikubaliana kutouza mazao ya quilt katika maduka ya zawadi ya makumbusho au aina yoyote ya orodha, na wakabadilisha mkataba wao wa kuzaa kwa kampuni mbili za nyumbani, Cabin Creek Quilters huko Appalachia na Missouri Breaks wanaoishi kwenye hifadhi ya Lakota Sioux.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Smithsonian Quilt Controversy {{!}} World Quilts: The American Story|url=https://worldquilts.quiltstudy.org/americanstory/identity/smithsoniancontroversy|work=worldquilts.quiltstudy.org|accessdate=2021-04-06}}</ref> Ili kupambana na mabishano kama haya katika siku zijazo, Smithsonian kwa kuongeza alianza kufanya mabaraza ya umma ambayo yalikuza majadiliano na utafiti zaidi juu ya mazoea ya kimaadili kwani inahusiana na uzalishaji wa kisanii. === ''Pictorial Quilt 1898'' === Mfumo huu una paneli 15, na unachanganya picha za Kibiblia na alama zote za Kiafrika na za Kikristo, pamoja na hadithi za matukio ya hali ya hewa na anga. Matukio kama Ijumaa Nyeusi (Mei 19, 1780), mfululizo wa moto wa misitu, mbele baridi ya Georgia ya Februari 10, 1895, mvua ya kimondo ya Leonid (Novemba 12-14, 1833), na usiku kadhaa wa nyota zinazoanguka katikati ya Agosti 1846 zote zinaonyeshwa katika kazi hii.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60323165|title=Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history : the Black experience in the Americas|date=2006|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|others=Colin A. Palmer|isbn=0-02-865816-7|edition=2nd ed|location=Detroit|oclc=60323165}}</ref> == Fariki na heshima baada ya fariki == Powers alifariki mnamo Januari 1, 1910; na alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Hija ya Injili huko Athene. Kaburi lake liligunduliwa tena mnamo Januari 2005.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/754110201|title=Writing women's history : a tribute to Anne Firor Scott|date=2011|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|others=Elizabeth Anne Payne|isbn=978-1-61703-174-8|location=Jackson|oclc=754110201}}</ref> Mnamo 2009, Powers alipelekwa katika Jumba la Umaarufu la Wanawake wa [[Georgia]].<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo Oktoba 2010, kulikuwa na safu ya hafla huko Athene, Georgia, karibu na kaulimbiu "Hands That Can Do: A Centennial Celebration of Harriet Powers" Hafla hizo zilijumuisha maonyesho ya mifumo, kusimulia hadithi, tamasha la injili, kongamano, ibada ya kumbukumbu ya kanisa, na kutembelea eneo la kaburi la Powers.<ref>" Stitch in Time," by Julie Philips, Athens Banner-Herald, October 24, 2010,http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/102410/liv_725037856.shtml {{Wayback|url=http://www.onlineathens.com/stories/102410/liv_725037856.shtml |date=20161030000825 }}</ref> Meya wa Kaunti ya Athene-Clarke Heidi Davison alitoa tangazo akilitaja Oktoba 30, 2010, kama Siku ya Harriet Powers. == Katika tamaduni maarufu == === Fasihi ya watoto === * Fader, Ellen. (March 1, 1994). "Stitching Stars: The Story Quilts of Harriet Powers". An article from: ''[[Horn Book Magazine|The Horn Book Magazine]]''. Vol. 70, no. 2, p.&nbsp;219(2). * Herkert, Barbara, and Vanessa Brantley-Newton (illustrator). "Sewing Stories: Harriet Powers' Journey From Slave To Artist." New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers, 2015. {{OCLC|864752924}} * Lyons, Mary E. Stitching Stars: The Story Quilts of Harriet Powers. New York, NY: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1997. {{OCLC|38176225}} === Fasihi === * [[Lucine Finch|Finch, Lucine]], "A Sermon in Patchwork," Outlook, October 28, 1914, pp. 493–495. Published four years after Powers' death, Lucine Finch's article includes a photograph of the ''Bible Quilt'', description of each quilt block, and (presumably) quotes by Powers.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_G2Y3E7zo1sC&q=sermon+in+patchwork+&pg=PA1027|title=The Outlook: With Illustrations|date=1914|publisher=The Outlook|language=en}}</ref> * Fowler, Earlene. State Fair. New York: Berkley Prime Crime, 2011. {{OCLC|679929882}} * Hicks, Kyra E. "Black Threads: An African American Quilting Sourcebook", McFarland & Company, 2003. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50279954|title=Black threads : an African American quilting sourcebook|last=Hicks|first=Kyra E.|date=2003|publisher=McFarland & Co|isbn=0-7864-1374-3|location=Jefferson, N.C.|oclc=50279954}}</ref> * Hicks, Kyra E. "This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces", Black Threads Press, 2009.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/427897634|title=This I accomplish : Harriet Powers' Bible quilt and other pieces : quilt histories, exhibition lists, annotated bibliography and timeline of a great African American quilter|last=Hicks|first=Kyra E.|date=2009|publisher=Black Threads Press|isbn=978-0-9824796-5-0|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=427897634}}</ref> * Bobo, Jacqueline. Black Feminist Cultural Criticism. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001. Print. === Mifumo ya ufumaji === * Powers, Harriet. A Pattern Book: Based on an Appliqué Quilt by Mrs. Harriet Powers, American, 19th Century. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1970. {{OCLC|6038345}} * Perry, Regenia. Harriet Powers's Bible Quilts. New York: Rizzoli International, 1994. {{OCLC|29356836}} * Hicks, Kyra E. The Lord's Supper Pattern Book: Imagining Harriet Powers' Lost Bible Story Quilt. Arlington: Black Threads Press, 2011. {{OCLC|779971630}} == Soma zaidi == * Jacquiline L. Tobin and Raymond G. Dobard, ''Hidden in Plain View: A Secret Story of Quilts and the Underground Railroad'' (Anchor Books, 2000). * {{cite book|url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/150414|title=''Selections of nineteenth-century Afro-American art''|author=Perry, Regenia A.|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1972|location=New York}} * Adams, Monni. [http://issuu.com/american_folk_art_museum/docs/clarion_spr1982 "Harriet Powers’ Bible Quilts"], ''The Clarion'', Spring 1982. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/reform/jb_reform_powers_1.html African-American Folk Artist Harriet Powers.] * [http://www.historyofquilts.com/hpowers.html Harriet Powers: A Freed Slave Tells Stories Through Quilting.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.historyofquilts.com/hpowers.html |date=20180605124344 }} * [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug97/quilt/harriet.html Southern American quilting: Harriet Powers.] {{Wayback|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug97/quilt/harriet.html |date=20210415153209 }} * [http://harriettpowers.net/Harriett_Powers_Film_Project/index.html Harriet Powers Film Project.] {{Wayback|url=http://harriettpowers.net/Harriett_Powers_Film_Project/index.html |date=20210227040451 }} * [http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462 ''Bible Quilt''] {{Wayback|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_556462 |date=20160307045748 }} == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1837|1910}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] pu5fnck7j0chm6x3xg32apcy75nk2av 0 134462 1601066 1522356 2026-09-25T13:14:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina = Nontsikelelo Mutiti |picha = Re_publica_Accra_18_–_Day_1_(46300659242)_(cropped).jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Imechukuliwa na Nana Afriyie re:publica 2018 |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 1982 (age 38–39) Harare, Zimbabwe |alikufa = |nchi = Zimbabwe |kazi yake = Mchoraji wa picha za ususi |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = http://nontsikelelomutiti.com/ }} '''Nontsikelelo Mutiti''' (alizaliwa [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography |url=https://icavcu.org/artist/knight/#biography |website=Institute for Contemporary Art at Virginia Commonwealth University |accessdate=5 March 2019}}</ref>, [[31 Agosti]] [[1982]]) ni mbunifu wa picha na mkufunzi wa [[Zimbabwe]]. Kazi yake imejikita kwenye kutengeneza tovuti, video, kuchapisha picha na kuandika vitabu. Mara nyingi hujihusisha na Matangazo ya Nywele katika Ubunifu wake, Na anavutiwa zaidi na utofauti kati ya Utamaduni Mweusi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morley |first1=Madeleine |title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti’s Book Designs Explore Black African Identity, the Aesthetics of Hair Braiding, and Brooklyn Police Brutality |url=https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/nontsikelelo-mutitis-book-designs-explore-black-african-identity-the-aesthetics-of-hair-braiding-and-harlem-police-brutality/ |website=Eye on Design |accessdate=5 March 2019 |date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Kazi zake ni pamoja na nyenzo zilizochapishwa za Maisha ya Watu Weusi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Best |first1=Tamara |title=At New Museum, a Pop-Up Support System for Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/arts/design/at-new-museum-a-pop-up-support-system-for-black-lives-matter.html |website=The New York Times |accessdate=5 March 2019 |date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Steinhauer |first1=Jillian |title=Reflections from Black Women Artists for Black Lives Matter |url=https://hyperallergic.com/322742/reflections-from-black-women-artists-for-black-lives-matter/ |website=Hyperallergic Media |accessdate=5 March 2019 |date=16 September 2016}}</ref> == Elimu == Nontsike Mutiti alihitimu katika chuo cha Zimbabwe Institute of Vigital Arts Akichukua Stashahada ya Mawasiliano Mwaka 2007. Pia alihitimu katika shule ya sanaa Yale School of Art Mwaka 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Yale University: School of Art 2013-2014 |url=https://bulletin.yale.edu/sites/default/files/art-2013-2014.pdf |website=Bulletin of Yale University |accessdate=5 March 2019 |page=112}}</ref> Ni Mwanzilishi Msaidizi wa Black Chalk & Co, Akishirikiana na Tinashe Mushakavanhu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Chalk & Co. |url=http://blackchalkblackchalk.com/ |website=Black Chalk & Co. |accessdate=5 March 2019 |archivedate=2021-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320174949/http://blackchalkblackchalk.com/ }}</ref> Pia ndiye Mkurugenzi wa kisanii na Mwanzilishi Mwenza wa Reading Zimbabwe, Iliainishwa Mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2016]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mushaka vanhu |first1=Tinashe |title=Searching for Zimbabwe’s scattered (hi)stories |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-08-31-00-searching-for-a-countrys-scattered-histories |website=Mail & Guardian |accessdate=5 March 2019 |date=31 August 2018}}</ref> == Tuzo == * Berlin Artist Program, BKP (2021)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BKP2021|url=https://www.daad.de/en/the-daad/communication-publications/press/press_releases/bkp2021/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=www.daad.de|language=en}}</ref> *Soros Arts Fellowship, Open Society Foundation (2019)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Soros Arts Fellowship|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/soros-arts-fellowship?fellow=nontsikelelo-mutiti&current=1|access-date=2021-03-07|website=www.opensocietyfoundations.org|language=en}}</ref> *Joan Mitchell Foundation Emerging Artist Grant (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti |url=https://laundromatproject.org/people/nontsikelelo-mutiti/ |website=Laundromat Project |accessdate=5 March 2019}}</ref> * Alice Kimball English Traveling Fellowship (2012)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Yale University: School of Art 2013-2014 |url=https://bulletin.yale.edu/sites/default/files/art-2013-2014.pdf |website=Bulletin of Yale University |accessdate=5 March 2019 |page=110}}</ref> == Maonyesho == * The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (2017) * We Buy Gold in Brooklyn, New York * Whitney Museum in New York (2016) * Studio Museum in Harlem (2015) *[https://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/ Ruka (To Braid/ to knit/ to weave)] {{Wayback|url=https://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/ |date=20220526072606 }} at Recess Art (2014) * Edwin Gallery in Michigan * Yale's Davenport Art Gallery * Syracuse University == Kazi == Nontsike Mutiti anafahamika kama Msanii mchunguzi wa kiufundi na kijamii katika chapa za Nywele na Mitindo ya Binafsi ya Urembo kwenye Afrika Diaspora. Kwa Mfano, Kwenye Maonyesho mnamo mwaka [[2014]] Recess Art, Mutiti Alichora hamasa ya chapa ya saluni ya nywele ya Afrika, Kama inaweza kupatikana huko New York City au Harare. Alama za urembo zilizoundwa tena kama vile kuta zilizopakwa rangi ya kijani kibichi au rangi ya machungwa yenye kung'aa, jarida la watu mashuhuri, mifano ya bidhaa za nywele, vipeperushi na mabango kutoka kwa makanisa ya kiinjili ... na televisheni ndogo nyeusi inayopatikana kila mahali juu ya baraza la mawaziri linalocheza sinema za Nollywood <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti: Ruka (To braid/ to knit/ to weave)|date=2014|website=Recess Art|accessdate=2021-04-10|archivedate=2022-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526072606/http://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/}}</ref> Masilahi ya Mutiti yanapanuka kutoka kwa uzuri wa saluni za nywele hadi aina za jamii na ubadilishaji unaofanyika ndani yao. Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, kama sehemu ya Maonyesho katika tamasha la utendaji Performa, alifanya kazi pamoja na Chimurenga (magazine) | Chimurenga na Pan African Space Station, kuunda salon inayofanya kazi ambayo iliandaa mazungumzo kadhaa, pamoja na usomaji wa hadithi ambazo zilishughulikia moja kwa moja ufundi wa nywele kama vile Tendai Huchu '' 'Msusi wa nywele wa Harare, Dambudzo Marechera Dambudzo na Binyavanga Wainaina Siku moja nitaandika juu ya mahali hapa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://medium.com/@tinsmush/storytelling-in-the-salon-nontsikelelo-mutiti-e0f22b653456|title=Storytelling in the salon — Nontsikelelo Mutiti|last=Mushakavanhu|first=Tinashe|date=2015-12-01|website=Medium|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> === Machapisho === * A-A-A (folded posters, 2012) * Thread (screen print on linoleum tiles, 2012–2014) * African Hair Braiding Salon Reader (spiral bound booklet, laser print, 2014) * The Laundromat Project (2014) * RIP Kiki (2016) * Requiem (2016) * How to Wear Cloth (folded posters, fabric, paper, letterpress, 2016) * Bootleg This (book cloth, book board, laser printed booklet, compact disk, 2016) * 1960 Free (risograph and laser printing, spiral bound, 2016) * Black Women Artists for Black Lives Matter, (BWAforBLM) (identity, banner, and ephemera, 2016) === Video === * Unbreakable (2011) * Pain Revisited Excerpt (2015) * Just Keep Swimming (2016) === Tovuti === * Laundromat Project (website redesign, 2014) * Braiding Braiding (2015) * Reading Zimbabwe (2016) == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves Women Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Zimbabwe]] cjnjq3hph1wa0z7tefz7c14neutswrm 0 134881 1601448 1518126 2026-09-25T19:14:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601448 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Licypriya Kangujam, 2019.jpg|thumb|right|Licypriya Kangujam, 2019]] '''Licypriya Kangujam''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[mazingira]] kutoka [[India]]. Yeye ni mmoja wa wanaharakati wa [[tabianchi]] wenye [[umri]] mdogo zaidi [[ulimwenguni]], hata hivyo ameshazungumza na [[viongozi]] wa ulimwengu katika mkutano wa "United Nations Climate Change Conference 2019 (COP25)" huko [[Madrid]], [[Uhispania]] akiwataka wachukue hatua za haraka kuhusu tabianchi. Licypriya amekuwa akifanya kampeni ya hatua za tabianchi nchini India tangu [[mwaka]] [[2018]], kupitisha [[sheria]] mpya za kuzuia viwango vya juu vya [[uchafuzi wa mazingira]] nchini India, na kufanya [[elimu]] ya [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] kuwa ya lazima [[shule|shuleni]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-licypriya-kangujam-the-8-yr-old-indian-greta-who-is-urging-leaders-at-cop25-to-save-the-planet/articleshow/72493089.cms|title=Meet Licypriya Kangujam, the 8-yr-old Indian 'Greta' who is urging leaders at COP25 to save the planet|website=The Economic Times|date=20 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/environment/licypriya-kangujam-is-flying-indias-flag-at-cop25-shes-eight|title=Eight-Year-Old Licypriya Kangujam Is Flying India's Flag at COP25|website=[[The Wire (India)]]|date=10 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indian-8-year-old-licypriya-kangujam-challenges-world-leaders-to-act-on-climate-change-at-cop25-in-madrid/article30275164.ece|title=Indian 8-year-old challenges world leaders to act on climate change at COP25 in Madrid|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-licypriya-kangujam-the-8-yr-old-indian-greta-who-is-urging-leaders-at-cop25-to-save-the-planet/articleshow/72493089.cms|title=Meet Licypriya Kangujam, the 8-yr-old Indian 'Greta' who is urging leaders at COP25 to save the planet|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 December 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> Anachukuliwa kama [[Greta Thunberg]] wa India, ingawa hapendi matumizi ya [[neno]] hilo.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://scroll.in/article/952444/dont-call-me-indias-greta-thunberg-and-erase-my-story-eight-year-old-licypriya-kangujam |title='Don’t call me India’s Greta Thunberg and erase my story': Eight-year-old Licypriya Kangujam |work=[[Scroll.in]] |last=Banerji |first=Annie |date=2020-02-08 |access-date=2021-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206034540/https://scroll.in/article/952444/dont-call-me-indias-greta-thunberg-and-erase-my-story-eight-year-old-licypriya-kangujam |archive-date=2021-02-06 }}</ref> Licypriya alianza kutetea dhidi ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi mnamo [[Julai]] 2018.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=LicypriyaK |number=1221628420611698689 |title=Dear Media, Stop calling me "Greta of India". ... |access-date=13 May 2020|author=Licypriya Kangujam |date=27 Jan 2020 |link=https://twitter.com/LicypriyaK/status/1221628420611698689 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref> Mnamo 21 [[Juni]] 2019 akiongozwa na mwanaharakati wa tabianchi Greta Thunberg, Licypriya alianza kutumia wiki nje ya bunge la India ili kuvuta hisia za Waziri Mkuu Narendra Modi kupitisha sheria ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi nchini India. Mnamo 31 Agosti 2019, Licypriya alipokea tuzo ya "World Children Peace Prize 2019" iliyokabidhiwa na Bwana Charles Allen, mkurugenzi wa ushirikiano wa "Kiashiria cha Amani Ulimwenguni" (Global Peace Index) - [[Taasisi]] ya [[uchumi]] na [[amani]] ''Institute of Economics & Peace'' (IEP) , [[Australia]] katika hafla iliyoandaliwa na Umoja wa Kukuza Vijana (Regional Alliance of Fostering Youth) na Wizara ya Vijana Michezo na Uwezeshaji Jamii na serikali ya Maldives. Alipewa heshima pia kwa jina la "Rising Star" na [[makao makuu]] ya Mtandao wa Siku ya Dunia iliyo [[Washington, DC]], [[Marekani]].<ref name="My life">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51399721|title=India climate activist Licypriya Kangujam on why she took a stand|work=[[BBC News]]|date=6 February 2020|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/one-year-on-child-climate-activist-8-continues-strike-outside-indian-parliament|title=One year on, child climate activist, 8, continues strike outside Indian parliament|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date=6 February 2020|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/this-7-yr-old-girl-stood-near-parliament-urging-pm-narendra-modi-to-pass-the-climate-change-law-now-369694.html|title=This 7-Yr-Old Girl Stood Near Parliament Urging PM Narendra Modi To Pass The Climate Change Law Now|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref> Mnamo 19 Novemba 2019, alipokea "SDGs Ambassador Award 2019" (Tuzo ya Balozi wa SDGs 2019) katika chuo kikuu cha [[Chandigarh]] na Dainik Bhaskar kwa kushirikiana na NITI Aayog, serikali ya India. Licypriya pia alipokea tuzo ya "Global Prodigy Award 2020" mnamo 3 Januari 2020 huko New Delhi na Luteni Gavana wa Pondicherry Kiran Bedi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/licypriya-kangujam-from-india-the-worlds-youngest-climate-activist-stands-with-greta-thunberg-and-demands-three-new-policies/articleshow/72451200.cms|title=Licypriya Kangujam from India - the world's youngest climate activist - stands with Greta Thunberg and demands three new policies|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=19 December 2019|accessdate=2021-04-26|archivedate=2019-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216105946/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/licypriya-kangujam-from-india-the-worlds-youngest-climate-activist-stands-with-greta-thunberg-and-demands-three-new-policies/articleshow/72451200.cms}}</ref> Mnamo 18 Februari 2020 alihutubia TEDxSBSC iliyofanyika [[chuo kikuu cha Delhi]], [[New Delhi]], India. Tarehe 23 [[Februari]] mwaka 2020 yeye kushughulikiwa TEDxGateway uliofanyika katika Mumbai na kupokea shangwe nyingi kwa ajili ya hotuba yake. Alihutubia mazungumzo ya TEDx kwa mara ya sita hadi miaka yake tisa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/society/article/cop25-8-yr-old-indian-greta-urges-world-leaders-to-save-planet/526300|title=Licypriya Kangujam|publisher=TEDxGateway|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/young-ones-to-take-centre-stage-at-tedxgateway-tomorrow/article30884650.ece|title=Young ones to take centre stage at TEDxGateway tomorrow |publisher=TEDxGateway|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tedxgateway.com/portfolio/licypriya-kangujam/|title=Licypriya Kangujam|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 February 2020|accessdate=2021-04-26|archivedate=2020-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322165001/https://tedxgateway.com/portfolio/licypriya-kangujam/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tedxgateway.com/portfolio/licypriya-kangujam/|title=Climate change, future tech take centre stage|publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=22 February 2020|accessdate=2021-04-26|archivedate=2020-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322165001/https://tedxgateway.com/portfolio/licypriya-kangujam/}}</ref> ==Maisha== Licypriya Kangujam alizaliwa mnamo [[2 Oktoba]] [[2011]] huko Bashikhong, [[Manipur]], India, [[binti]] mkubwa wa KK Singh na Bidyarani Devi Kangujam Ongbi. Kangujam alianza kupaza [[sauti]] yake kupambana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi na kupunguza hatari za [[majanga]], wakati alikuwa na miaka saba. Mnamo Juni 2019, alipinga mbele ya bunge la India akihutubia [[waziri mkuu]] wa India Narendra Modi kutunga sheria ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi nchini India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/7-year-old-climate-change-parliament-pm-modi/ |title=A 7-Year-Old Takes Stand Near The Parliament Urging PM Modi To Pass The Climate Change Law |newspaper=[[ScoopWhoop]] |date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-date=2019-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016085910/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/7-year-old-climate-change-parliament-pm-modi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.poknapham.in/daily/english/4694 |title=Angola backs Licypriya's green world campaign |newspaper=[[Poknapham]] |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |accessdate=2021-04-26 |archivedate=2021-02-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209171423/https://www.poknapham.in/daily/english/4694 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-seven-year-old-becomes-the-youngest-green-activist-2789383 |title=Seven-year-old becomes the youngest green activist |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=9 September 2019 |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/society/article/aged-7-licypriya-kangujam-stands-outside-parliament-to-urge-prime-minister-mps-to-pass-climate-change-law/441304 |title=Aged 7, Licypriya Kangujam stands outside Parliament to urge Prime Minister, MPs to pass climate change law |newspaper=[[Mirror Now]] |date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> ==Uharakati wa 2018–2019== [[File:Licypriya addressing UNESCO Partners’ Forum 2019.jpg|thumb|right|Kangujam akihutubia Mkutano wa Washirika wa UNESCO 2019 (Biennial Luanda) nchini Angola mnamo 20 [[Septemba]] 2019.]] ===Ziara kwa Mongolia=== Mnamo 2018, Licypriya alihudhuria mkutano wa maafa wa [[UN]] huko [[Mongolia]] pamoja na [[baba]] yake. Hii ilimpa msukumo wa kushiriki katika [[harakati]]. Katika nakala katika [[BBC News]] alisema "Nilipata msukumo mwingi na [[maarifa]] mapya kutoka kwa watu wanaotoa [[hotuba]]. Ilikuwa tukio la kubadilisha maisha. " Licypriya alianzisha "Child Movement" (Harakati ya [[Mtoto]]) mara tu baada ya hafla hiyo ili kuongeza mwamko wa kulinda sayari kwa kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi na majanga ya asili.<ref name="My life"/> ===Ziara kwa Afrika=== Kangujam alihudhuria Mkutano wa Washirika wa [[UNESCO]] 2019 (Biennial Luanda) katika [[jiji]] la [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] iliyoalikwa na UNESCO, Umoja wa [[Afrika]] na [[Serikali]] ya Angola. Alihutubia mabadiliko ya tabianchi pamoja na Rais wa Angola João Lourenço, [[Rais]] wa [[Mali]] [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta]], Rais wa [[Malawi]] [[Hage Geingob]], Rais wa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] Denis Sassou Nguesso, Mke wa Rais wa Angola Ana Dias Lourenço, Mke wa Rais wa [[Namibia]] Monica Geingos, mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani mwaka 2018 Denis Mukwege, Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa UNESCO Audrey Azoulay, Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Guinea Francois Fall na Mawaziri wote wa Utamaduni wa Afrika.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.unesco.org/events/biennale-luanda-pan-african-forum-culture-peace |title=Biennale of Luanda - Pan-African Forum for the culture of peace |website=[[UNESCO]] |date=20 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="au.int">{{cite news |url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/20190918/biennal-luanda-pan-african-forum-culture-peace |title=Biennale of Luanda: Pan-African Forum for the Culture of Peace |website=[[African Union]] |date=20 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/licypriya-kangujam-met-with-the-president-of-namibia/ |title=Licypriya Kangujam met with The President of Namibia |newspaper=India Education Diary |date=20 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019 |accessdate=2021-04-26 |archivedate=2020-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926151041/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/licypriya-kangujam-met-with-the-president-of-namibia/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://realtime.rediff.com/news/india/Licypriya-draws-attention-of-world-leaders-on-her-maiden-climate-change-movement-in-Angola/ea169cddc93b6466 |title=Licypriya draws attention of world leaders on her maiden climate change movement in Angola |newspaper=[[Rediff Realtime]] |date=20 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> ==Mafuriko ya Kerala 2018== Licypriya alitoa akiba yake ya Rupia 100,000 kwa waziri mkuu wa Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan mnamo 24 [[Agosti]] 2018 kusaidia [[watoto]] waathirika wa mafuriko ya [[Kerala]] (Kerala Massive Flood). Miaka miwili baadaye alipokea [[barua]] ya kutambuliwa kutoka kwa [[serikali]] ya Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.saarcyouth.org/licypriya-kangujam-donated-to-support-million-of-victim-children-of-kerala-massive-flood-in-2018/|title=Licypriya Kangujam Donated ₹1,00,000 to Kerala Government to Support Victim Children of Kerala Massive Flood in 2018 but Acknowledged after almost 2 Years|newspaper=Saarcyouth.org|date=22 October 2019|access-date=22 October 2019|accessdate=2021-04-26|archivedate=2021-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928084038/http://www.saarcyouth.org/licypriya-kangujam-donated-to-support-million-of-victim-children-of-kerala-massive-flood-in-2018/}}</ref> Mchango wa Licypriya kwa waziri mkuu uliunga mkono [[kazi]] yao katika kulinda watoto waliokumbwa na [[mafuriko]]. Alihisi mchango wake mdogo utasaidia kuleta mabadiliko kwa watoto wakati wa kipindi kigumu. ==Matembezi ya Oktoba 2019== Mnamo 21 [[Oktoba]] 2019, Licypriya alianzisha "Great October Mach 2019" (Matembezi Makubwa ya Octoba 2019) huko India Gate, New Delhi kwa ukaribu na maelfu ya wafuasi wake. Matembezi Makubwa ya Octoba 2019 yalifanyika kutoka 21 hadi 27 Oktoba katika maeneo anuwai kuomba hatua za haraka juu ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi na kutunga sheria ya tabianchi nchini India.<ref name="My life"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/meet-licypriya-kangujam-the-indian-climate-activist|title=Meet Licypriya Kangujam, The Indian Climate Activist|website=[[SheThePeople.TV]] |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> ==Uanaharakati wa 2020== ===Mkutano wa Uchumi Ulimwenguni 2020=== Mnamo 2020 Licypriya alichapisha barua kwa washiriki katika [[mkutano]] wa uchumi ulimwenguni (World Economic Forum) na wanaharakati Greta Thunberg, Luisa Neubauer, Isabelle Axelsson, na Loukina Tille, wakitoa wito kwa makampuni, [[mabenki]] na serikali kuacha mara moja kutoa ruzuku ya [[mafuta]]. Katika kipengee cha maoni walichopewa The Guardian walisema, "Hatutaki mambo haya yafanyike ifikapo 2050, 2030 au hata 2021, tunataka hii ifanyike sasa - kama ilivyo hivi sasa. Tunatoa wito kwa viongozi wa ulimwengu kuacha kuwekeza katika uchumi wa mafuta ambayo ni kiini cha mgogoro huu wa sayari. Badala yake, wanapaswa kuwekeza pesa zao katika teknolojia endelevu zilizopo, utafiti na kurudisha asili. Faida ya muda mfupi isizidi utulivu wa maisha wa muda mrefu."<ref name=guardian>{{cite newspaper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/10/greta-thunberg-davos-tycoons-fossil-fuels-dismantle-climate-crisis |title=At Davos we will tell world leaders to abandon the fossil fuel economy |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 Jan 2020 |author1=Greta Thunberg |author2=others |display-authors=1 |access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/davos-abandon-fossil-fuel-economy-climate-change-greta-thunberg/|title=At Davos we will tell world leaders to abandon the fossil fuel economy |newspaper=[[World Economic Forum]] |date=10 Jan 2020 |access-date=10 Jan 2020}}</ref> ===Kampeni ya kufundisha mabadiliko ya tabianchi shuleni=== Amekuwa akifanya kampeni ya kufanya masomo juu ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi kuwa ya lazima mashuleni na kulingana na ombi lake serikali ya Gujarat imejumuisha mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika elimu ya shule.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0828z5f|title=BBC World Service - BBC OS, BBC OS, How I became an 8-year-old climate activist|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> ==Siku ya Dunia 2020== Mnamo 2020 Licypriya alihutubia mikusanyiko ulimwenguni Siku ya Dunia 2020 (Earth Day 2020) huko Washington, DC, Marekani. Tukio hilo lilifanyika mtandaoni, kwa sababu ya kuzuka kwa janga la COVID-19 . Alishirikiana na viongozi wengine 50 wa ulimwengu, washawishi, watu mashuhuri, wanariadha na wanamuziki akiwemo Papa Francis, Sylvia Earle, Denis Hayes, Bill McKibben, Mjumbe wa Kamati ya Ushauri ya Global Albert II (Bei ya Monaco), Alexandria Villaseñor, Al Gore, Patricia Espinosa, Christiana Figueres, Michelle Dilhara, Jerome Foster II, John Kerry, Thomas Lovejoy, Ed Begley Jr., Zac Efron, Anil Kapoor, Van Jones, Ricky Keij, Paul Nicklen na Alex Honnold, wakitoa ujumbe wa matumaini ya kupambana na shida ya tabianchi inayoendelea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.citybeat.com/arts-culture/blog/21129541/join-celebrities-musicians-activists-and-the-pope-for-an-alldigital-earth-day|title=Join Celebrities, Musicians, Activists and the Pope for an All-Digital Earth Day and 24 Hours of Action |website=[[Cincinnati CityBeat]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.citybeat.com/arts-culture/blog/21129541/join-celebrities-musicians-activists-and-the-pope-for-an-alldigital-earth-day|title=Join Celebrities, Musicians, Activists and the Pope for an All-Digital Earth Day and 24 Hours of Action |website=[[Condé Nast Traveller]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|refs=}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2011]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uhindi]] t7gh22ti7g41eivi4fg5v3icjzvii2i 0 135559 1601128 1163135 2026-09-25T13:39:03Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601128 wikitext text/x-wiki <sup>Kwa matumizi tofauti ya jina hili angalia [[Msasa (Handeni)]]</sup> [[Picha:Schleifpapier_verschiedene_Sorten.jpg|thumb|Karatasi za msasa zenye saizi tofauti za grit (40 (kubwa), 80, 150, 240, 600 (ndogo)).]] '''Msasa''' ''(kwa [[Kiingereza]]: sandpaper, glasspaper)'' ni [[karatasi]] nzito iliyotiwa [[chembe]] za [[dutu kikwaruzi]] kama [[punje]] za [[mchanga]], za [[kioo]] kilichosagwa au siku hizi [[dutu sanisi]] (sintetiki) kama [[oksidi ya alumini]] kwa kazi kama kulainisha uso wa [[ubao]] na [[metali]] au kuodoa [[rangi]] kwenye uso wa [[kitu]]; pia kwa kukwaruza uso ulio laini sana kabla ya kupaka rangi. Kwa matumizi katika [[mashine]] za kuburuza zenye mwendo wa kasi dutu kikwaruzi hugundishwa kwenye msingi wa [[kitambaa]] imara. [[Mapokeo|Kimapokeo]] kabla ya kuingia kwa mashine [[fundi|mafundi]] katika [[Afrika Mashariki]] walitumia [[Jani|majani]] ya msasa; msasa waliita [[vichaka]] na [[miti]] yenye [[majani]] yanayofaa kuburuza na kulainisha vifaa vya ubao kama vile [[upinde]], [[mishale]] au [[Jembe|pini ya jembe]]. Miti inayoitwa msasa ni [[spishi]] za [[Cordia monoica]], [[Ficus exasperata]] na [[Trema orientali]]. [[Wavuvi]] wamewahi kutumia [[ngozi]] ya [[Papa (samaki)|papa]] kama msasa. Ukubwa wa chembe kwenye msasa hutajwa kwa [[namba]]; namba ndogo kama 20 au 40 inaonyesha chembe kubwa zaidi na msasa si laini sana; namba kubwa kama 1500 inaonyesha chembe ni ndogo zaidi. Kwa Kiingereza ukubwa huitwa "grit". ==Picha== <gallery widths="280px"> 120 grit (scale).jpg| Grit 120 220 grit (scale).jpg| Grit 220 320 grit (scale).jpg| Grit 320 Schleifklotz.jpg| Bloku ya kushikilia msasa wakati wa kazi </gallery> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}}  == Kujisomea == * Michael Dresdner (1992). The Woodfinishing Book. Taunton Press.  ISBN 1-56158-037-6 * Bob Flexner (2005). "Understanding Wood Finishing - How to Select and Apply the Right Finish". Fox Chapel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56523-548-9 {{tech-stub}} [[Jamii:Vifaa]] k1xuse0rtim8eukphyaf1wyt0vt4kui 0 135687 1601098 1426987 2026-09-25T13:17:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = A'Lelia perry Bundles | picha = A'Lelia Bundles (8077163423).jpg | maelezo ya picha = A'Lelia Perry Bundles | jina la kuzaliwa = A'Lelia Perry Bundles | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[Juni 7]], [[1952]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwandishi wa habari | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = | academyawards = | afiawards = | arielaward = | baftaawards = | bfjaawards = | cesarawards = | emmyawards = | filmfareawards = | geminiawards = | goldencalfawards = | goldenglobeawards = | goldenraspberryawards = | goyaawards = | grammyawards = | iftaawards = | laurenceolivierawards = | naacpimageawards = | nationalfilmawards = | sagawards = | tonyawards = | awards = }} '''A'Lelia Perry Bundles''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 7]], [[1952]])<ref name=CAO>{{Rejea habari| title = A'Lelia Perry Bundles|work=Contemporary Authors Online|publisher=Gale|location=Detroit|year=2004}}</ref> ni mtayarishaji na [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana kwa biografia yake ya [[2001]] ya nyanya yake mkubwa Madam C. J. Walker. == Familia na maisha ya mapema == Lelia Bundles alikulia [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]] kwenye [[familia]] ya wafanya [[biashara]]. Alipewa jina la [[bibi]] yake (kupitia kupitishwa) A'Lelia Walker kwenye miaka ya ([[1885]]-[[1931]]), [[mtu]] wa kati wa Harlem Renaissance na binti wa mjasiriamali Madam C. J. Walker. Mama wa Bundles, A'Lelia Mae Perry Bundles mwaka (1928-1976), makamu wa raisi wa Kampuni ya Utengenezaji ya Madam CJ Walker na anayefanya kazi katika siasa za ndani na za serikali, pia aliwahi kuwa mwanachama wa Bodi ya Shule ya Jiji la Washington pamoja na kuwa msimamizi wa fedha kwenye Jiji la Indianapolis. Baba yake, S. Henry Bundles, Jr. mwaka ([[1927]]-[[2019]]),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Honoring the life of S. Henry Bundles, Jr. mwanzilishi rais wa Kituo cha Maendeleo ya Uongozi|url=https://cldinc.org/news/honoring-the-life-of-s-henry-bundles-jr-founding-president-of-the-center-for-leadership-development/ |website=cldinc.org |publisher=Center for Leadership Development |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810031016/https://cldinc.org/news/honoring-the-life-of-s-henry-bundles-jr-founding-president-of-the-center-for-leadership-development/ |archivedate=Agosti 10, 2020 | date = Aprili 4, 2019}}</ref>alikuwa raisi wa Maabara ya Mkutano, mtengenezaji mwingine wa utunzaji wa nywele, mnamo [[1957]] baada ya kufanya kazi kwa muda mfupi na Kampuni ya Walker. Alifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa Tamasha la Indianapolis kwa miaka mingi na alikuwa mwanachama wa bodi ya Mkataba wa Indianapolis na Ofisi ya Wageni. Bundles alihitimu mnamo mwaka [[1970]] na kuwa katika asilimia tano ya juu ya darasa lake kutoka Shule ya Upili ya North Central, ambapo alikuwa mhariri mwenza wa Northern Lights, makamu wa rais wa baraza la wanafunzi na mwenyekiti mwenza na mwanzilishi wa baraza la uhusiano wa kibinadamu, ambalo lilishughulikia maswala ya ubaguzi wa rangi na idadi ya wanafunzi chini ya asilimia kumi ya watu weusi. Mnamo mwaka [[1974]] Bundles alihitimu magna cum laude kutoka Vyuo vya Harvard na Radcliffe wakati wanawake walidahiliwa Radcliffe walihudhuria masomo pamoja na wanafunzi wa kiume huko Harvard na walipokea diploma ya pamoja.<ref name="columbia.edu">{{Rejea tovuti | author= | title = Office of the Secretary of The University: A'Lelia Bundles| url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/bundles/index.html | publisher=Columbia University | year=2010 | accessdate=2011-02-03}}</ref>Aliingizwa katika sura ya Harvard ya Alpha Iota ya Phi Beta Kappa.<ref name=Crimson060999>{{Rejea habari |first=Scott |last=Resnick |url=http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/1999/6/9/phi-beta-kappa-honors-harvard-inductees/ | title = Phi Beta Kappa Honors Harvard Inductees |work=Harvard Crimson | date = Juni 9, 1999 |accessdate=2011-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717065245/http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/1999/6/9/phi-beta-kappa-honors-harvard-inductees/ |archive-date=Julai 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2011-07-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717065245/http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/1999/6/9/phi-beta-kappa-honors-harvard-inductees/ }}</ref> Bundles alipokea digrii ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Uhitimu cha Columbia mnamo [[1976]].<ref name="columbia.edu" /> == Kazi == Alikuwa mtayarishaji na mtendaji na ABC News, akihudumu kama mkurugenzi wa ukuzaji wa talanta huko Washington, DC na [[New York]] kama naibu mkuu wa ofisi huko Washington, DC; kama mtayarishaji wa World News Tonight na Peter Jennings; na kama mwenyekiti wa baraza la utofauti akimshauri rais wa ABC News David Westin. Kabla ya kujiunga na ABC News, alikuwa mtayarishaji na Habari za NBC katika ofisi za New York, Houston na Atlanta za ''The Today Show na NBC Nightly News na Tom Brokaw''. Alikuwa pia mtayarishaji huko Washington, DC kwa vipindi viwili vya majarida vya NBC vilivyoshirikishwa na Connie Chung na Roger Mudd wakati wa miaka ya [[1980]]. Kitabu chake, On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam CJ Walker (Scribner, 2001), kilipewa jina la Kitabu mashuhuri cha New York Times mnamo 2001,<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Rejea habari |first= |last= |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/review/notablenf.html?pagewanted=6 | title = Notable Books: Nonfiction |work=The New York Times | date = Desemba 2, 2001 |accessdate=2011-02-03 }}</ref>na kupokea Tuzo ya Letitia Woods Brown ya Chama cha Wanahistoria Wanawake Weusi mnamo [[2001]] kama kitabu bora juu ya historia ya wanawake weusi. Mnamo mwaka wa 2020, kitabu kilibadilishwa na kuwekwa kwenye mtindo wa tamthilia na kuonyeshwa na tovuti ya filamu Netflix ya Self Made na Octavia Spencer. Kitabu cha watu wazima cha Bundles Madam C. J. Walker: Mjasiriamali, (Chelsea House, 1991) alipokea Tuzo ya ''American Book Award'' mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1992 ]] Kabla ya Columbus Foundation.<ref name="bookweb.org">{{Rejea tovuti |author=American Booksellers Association | title = The American Book Awards&nbsp;/&nbsp;Before Columbus Foundation [1980–2012]| date = 2013|url=http://www.bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html |work=BookWeb |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313174235/http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html |archivedate=Machi 13, 2013 |accessdate=Septemba 25, 2013}}</ref> Yeye ni mdhamini<ref name="columbia.edu"/> wa Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia na anahudumu kama mwenyekiti na rais wa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi ya National Archives Foundation.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.archivesfoundation.org/board-of-directors/| title = Board of Directors - National Archives Foundation|accessdate=2015-10-10}}</ref> Yuko kwenye [[Taasisi]] ya Radcliffe kwa bodi ya ushauri ya Masomo ya Juu, kamati ya kuteua Chama cha Harvard Alumni, Klabu ya Harvard ya Washington, DC, Bodi ya Wadhamini wa Chuo cha Radcliffe, na bodi ya Jumba la Wanawake la Umaarufu. Alikuwa raisi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/02.08/06-cjwalker.html| title = Harvard Gazette: C.J. Walker's story is told at Radcliffe|access-date=2010-08-13|archive-date=2006-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902155948/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/02.08/06-cjwalker.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> of the Radcliffe College Alumnae Association from 1999 to 2001 and chaired the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism's alumni advisory committee to change the school's alumni organization in 2006.<ref name="journalism.columbia.edu">{{Rejea tovuti | author= | title = Trustee Bios| url=http://secretary.columbia.edu/trustees-columbia-university/a%E2%80%99lelia-bundles | publisher=Columbia University | year=2010 | accessdate=2011-02-03 | archivedate=2011-10-02 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002061438/http://secretary.columbia.edu/trustees-columbia-university/a%E2%80%99lelia-bundles }}</ref> Kwenye uwanja wake mwenyewe: Maisha na Nyakati za Madam C. J. Walker "(Scribner, 2001) * "Madam C. J. Walker: Mjasiriamali" (Chelsea House, 1991; iliyorekebishwa 2008) * "Kituo cha ukumbi wa michezo cha Madam Walker: Hazina ya Indianapolis" (Uchapishaji wa Arcadia, 2013) * Maingizo ya "Madam C. J. Walker" na "Aelia Walker" katika maandishi ya Henry Louis Gates na Evelyn Higginbotham's "American American National Biography" * Kuingia kwa "Madam C. J. Walker" katika Darlene Clark Hines '' Wanawake Weusi huko Amerika ''. == Tuzo == Tuzo ya Emmy (Habari za NBC) * duPont Baton ya Dhahabu (Habari za ABC 1994)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol20/vol20_iss15/record2015.16.html| title = ABC News Wins duPont Gold Baton|website=www.columbia.edu|accessdate=2021-05-15|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194747/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol20/vol20_iss15/record2015.16.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [Tuzo ya Kitabu cha Amerika] 1992 <ref name = "bookweb.org" /> ya "Madam C. J. Walker: Mjasiriamali" (Chelsea House, 1991) * "New York Times" Kitabu mashuhuri kwa "Kwenye uwanja wake mwenyewe: Maisha na Nyakati za Madam C. J. Walker" 2001 <ref name = "nytimes.com" /> * Caucus Nyeusi ya Jumuiya ya Maktaba ya Amerika Kitabu cha Heshima 2002 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.infoplease.com/culture-entertainment/awards/literature/black-caucus-american-library-association| title = Black Caucus of the American Library Association Literary Awards Winners (1994–Present)|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref> *Tuzo ya Kitabu cha Letitia Woods Brown kutoka Chama cha Wanahistoria wa Wanawake Weusi 2001 * Tuzo mashuhuri za wanachuo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard, Chuo cha Radcliffe (2004)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.radcliffe.edu/about/news/press_releases_04awards.aspx| title = Radcliffe Institute to Honor Radcliffe and Harvard Women of Achievement - Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study&nbsp;– Harvard University|access-date=2010-08-13|archive-date=2010-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617115116/http://www.radcliffe.edu/about/news/press_releases_04awards.aspx|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2010-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617115116/http://www.radcliffe.edu/about/news/press_releases_04awards.aspx}}</ref> and Columbia University (2007)<ref name="journalism.columbia.edu"/> * Udaktari wa heshima, Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana, 2003<ref name="indiana.edu">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~ceremony/about/honorary_degree_recipients.shtml| title = Recipients of Indiana University Honorary Degrees|accessdate=2021-05-15|archivedate=2012-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085514/http://www.indiana.edu/~ceremony/about/honorary_degree_recipients.shtml}}</ref> * Jumba la Umaarufu la North Central School * Ukumbi wa umaarufu wa Memorabilia Nyeusi ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} * {{official website|https://aleliabundles.com}} * [http://madamwalkerfamilyarchives.wordpress.com Madam Walker Family Archives] * {{YouTube|p3qjlLYszEI|Madam Walker at the National Archives}} * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/women/bundles.html Library of Congress Resourceful Women Conference] * [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/bundles/index.html Columbia University Trustees] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] e122347s81vbazrmicwb3n8xf56cbso 0 136175 1601133 1523431 2026-09-25T13:39:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina =Pauline Hopkins | nchi = | majina_mengine = | picha =Original Cover of "Contending Forces" by Pauline Hopkins (1900).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa =Pauline Hopkins | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =1859 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 1859 | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = MWandishi | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }}[[Picha:Pauline_Elizabeth_Hopkins_circa_1901.png|thumb|'''Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins''']] [[Faili:Original Cover of "Contending Forces" by Pauline Hopkins (1900).jpg|alt=Jalada halisi la Contending Forces (1900)|thumb|Jalada halisi la Contending Forces (1900)]] [[Faili:Hopkins - Of One Blood 0000.jpg|alt=Jalada halisi la jarida ambalo 'One Blood' ilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza (Novemba 1902).|thumb|Jalada halisi la jarida ambalo 'One Blood' ilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza (Novemba 1902).]] '''Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins''' ([[1859]] &#x2013; [[13 Agosti]] [[1930]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] mashuhuri wa [[riwaya]] za Kiafrika na Kimarekani, [[mwandishi wa habari]], mwandishi wa [[hadithi]], [[mwanahistoria]], na mhariri. Anachukuliwa kama [[mwanzilishi]] katika matumizi yake ya riwaya ya kimapenzi ili kuchunguza mada za kijamii na za kibaguzi. == Maisha ya zamani == Hopkins alizaliwa na Northrop Hopkins (pia aliripotiwa kama Benjamin Northup) na Sarah A. Hopkins (née Allen) huko [[Portland, Maine]], na alikulia [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. <ref>https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/hopkins-pauline-elizabeth-1859-1930/</ref> Baba yake alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa huko [[Providence, Rhode Island]], kwa sababu ya uhusiano wake wa kisiasa na mama yake alikuwa mzaliwa wa Exeter, New Hampshire. Ingawa hakuwa baba yake mzazi, William Hopkins alizingatiwa na Pauline kama baba yake, kwa hivyo akatumia jina lake. <ref name="LoisBrown">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTKq-7rkzzoC&q=pauline+hopkins&pg=PP9|title=Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins: Black Daughter of the Revolution|last=Brown|first=Lois|date=2008|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807831663|language=en}}</ref> Mama wa Hopkins, Sarah Allen, alikuwa ameolewa kwa muda mfupi na Benjamin Northup,hivyo kutokana na umoja huo alizaliwa. Madai ya ukosefu wa uaminifu ndiyo yalisababisha Allen kumpa [[talaka]] na muda mfupi baadaye aliolewa. Familia ya Hopkins iliyofanikiwa sana ilimtia moyo Pauline kimasomo, ambayo ilimwongoza kukuza uthamini na ufasihi. Mnamo [[1874]], baada ya kumaliza mwaka wake wa pili katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana, aliingia mashindano ya insha yaliyofanyika na Jumuiya ya Uchapishaji ya Usharika wa Boston na kufadhiliwa na mtumwa wa zamani, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa maigizo William Wells Brown. Uwasilishaji wake wa, "Evils of Intemperance and Their Remedy", ulionyesha shida na ukosefu wa adabu na kuwataka wazazi kudhibiti malezi ya kijamii ya watoto wao. Alishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye mashindano, akashinda dola 10 za dhahabu, na akaheshimiwa na majaji kwa ustadi wake mzuri wa uandishi. Kabla ya kujulikana kama mwandishi wa habari mashuhuri, alijizolea umaarufu kwa kuvutia umma kupitia majukumu yake anuwai kama [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]]. Mnamo Machi [[1877]], alishiriki katika onyesho lake la kwanza la kuigiza, ''Pauline Western, Belle wa Saratoga''. Baada ya hapo, alicheza katika michezo mingine kadhaa, ambayo yote ilipokea hakiki nzuri. Walakini, haikuwa hadi mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1900]] kwamba aliamua kuzingatia zaidi shauku zake za fasihi. == Kifo == Hopkins alitumia miaka yake iliyobaki kufanya kazi kama stenographer huko [[:en:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. Alifariki huko [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], kutokana na kuungua na moto kwenye nyumba. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1859]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] mih4na4csfx55twyox06zia4opd4wdb 0 136225 1601210 1512810 2026-09-25T13:48:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gertrude Bustill Mossell | nchi = Marekani | majina_mengine = | picha = Gertrude E.H. Bustill Mossell, c1890 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha =Gertrude Mossell | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = Julai 3 1855 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kufariki = Januari 21 1948 | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi wa habari | cheo = Mwandishi | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} [[Faili:Gertrude E H Bustill Mossell Historical Marker at 1423 Lombard St Philadelphia PA (DSC 4371).jpg|thumb|Gertrude E. H. Bustill Mossell Alama ya Kihistoria katika mtaa namba 1423 Lombard St. Philadelphia PA]] '''Gertrude Emily Hicks Bustill Mossell''' ([[Julai 3]], [[1855]] – [[Januari 21]], [[1948]])<ref>[http://cbw.iath.virginia.edu/women_display.php?id=13478 Collective Biographies of Women]</ref> alikuwa [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa Kiafrika na [[Marekani]], [[mwalimu]], na mtetezi wa haki.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African-American Writing: Five Centuries of Contribution: Trials & Triumphs of Writers, Poets, Publications and Organizations|last=Hatch|first=Shari Dorantes|publisher=Grey House Publishing|year=2009|pages=417|chapter=Mossell, Gertrude Bustill 7/3/1855–1/21/1948}}</ref> Alihudumu kama mhariri Mwanawake kwenye jarida la "New York Age" kutoka mwaka [[1885]] hadi [[1889]], na wa "World Indianapolis World" "kutoka mwaka [[1891]] hadi [[1892]]. Aliunga mkono sana maendeleo ya magazeti ya watu weusi na kutetea wanawake zaidi waingie katika uandishi wa habari. == Elimu ya awali == Gertrude Bustill alizaliwa Philadelphia, Pennsylvania mnamo mwaka [[Julai 3]], [[1855]], kwa Emily Robinson na Charles Hicks Bustill. Mzaliwa wa Familia ya Bustill. Familia mashuhuri ya Kiafrika na Amerika, Babu yake, Cyrus Bustill, aliwahi kuwa katika vikosi vya George Washington kama mwokaji mikate. Baada ya Mapinduzi ya Amerika, aliendeleza uokaji wa mkate uliompa mafanikio huko Philadelphia na akashirikiana kuanzisha jamii ya kwanza ya watu weusi ya kusaidiana huko Amerika, “Free African Society”. Miongoni mwa watu wengine wengi waliofananishwa na Shangazi mkubwa wa Gertrude,alimaliza na kukomesha pamoja na kuelimisha Grace Bustill Douglass na binti wa Grace, mwanaharakati na msanii Sarah Mapps Douglass | Sarah Mapps Douglas.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Raising her voice : African-American women journalists who changed history|last=Rodger.|first=Streitmatter|date=1994|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=9780813149059|location=Lexington, KY|oclc=623778415}}</ref>Baba ya Mossell alimuhimiza masomo yake tangu utoto. Alihudhuria shule ya umma huko Philadelphia, katika shule ya “Institute for Colored Youth” na shule ya sarufi ya Robert Vaux. Baada ya kuhitimu, aliombwa kutoa hotuba ya kuhitimu. Hotuba hiyo, yenye kichwa ""Influence"", iliwavutia watu wengi. Akiwemo Askofu Henry McNeal Turner, mhariri wa gazeti la Maaskofu wa Methodist wa Kiafrika, '' The Christian Recorder ''. McNeal alichapisha ""Influence"" na akamwalika Mossell kuchangia mashairi na insha kwa gazeti hillo == Kazi ya uandishi wa habari == Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya Sarufi ya Robert Vaux, alifundisha shule kwa miaka kadhaa huko Philadelphia na Camden, NJ | Camden, New Jersey. Wakati huo huo, Mossell alianza kukuza karia yake na kupaza sauti yake kama mwandishi wa habari. Aliwahi kuwa mwandishi na mhariri kwa majarida kadhaa na Magazeti, pamoja na '' A.M.E. Mapitio ya Kanisa '', '' Philadelphia Times '', the '' Philadelphia Echo '', '' Independent '', '' Era Woman'', na "Jarida la Amerika la rangi". Alikuwa mhariri wa idara ya mwanamke wa "New York Age" kutoka [[1885]] hadi [[1889]] na wa "Indianapolis" "" World "kutoka [[1891]] hadi [[1892]]. Ingawa aliandika machapisho ya watu weusi na weupe wakati wote wa kazi yake. Nakala za Mossell mara nyingi zililenga maswala haswa kwa wanawake weusi. Safu yake iliyoshirikishwa kitaifa, "Idara ya Mwanamke weusi," ilitoa ushauri wa vitendo juu ya majukumu ya nyumbani na kukuza za wanawake. Kila mara vichwa vya habari zake, vilitangazwa kwenye ukurasa wa mbele, ilianza na barua ifuatayo ya mhariri: "Lengo la safu hii itakuwa kukuza wanawake wa kweli, haswa wa rangi ya Kiafrika. Mafanikio yote na maendeleo au hitaji wa wanawake wetu utapewa kipaumbele. " Wasomaji walialikwa kuandika moja kwa moja kwa Mossell kwenye anwani yake ya nyumbani <ref name=":1" />Pia alishughulikia na maswala ya kisiasa na kijamii, ambapo alitumia jukwaa lake kutetea usawa wa rangi, haswa katika eneo la ajira. Mara kwa mara, aliwahimiza idadi kubwa ya wanawake weusi kuingia kwenye uandishi wa habari. Alikuwa msaidizi wa sauti na asiye na shaka katika kujitoa na alikemea hadithi kwamba wanawake wanaopigania kura watabaki bila kuolewa. "Wape wanawake nguvu zaidi katika ofisi za serikali ikiwa hamu ni amani na ustawi," aliandika<ref name=":1" /> Mnamo mwaka [[1894]], alichapisha "Kazi ya Mwanamke wa Kiafrika-Amerika", mkusanyiko wa insha nane na mashairi kumi na saba ambayo yalitambua mafanikio ya wanawake weusi katika nyanja mbali mbali.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/workofafroameric00moss|title=The work of the Afro-American woman|last=Mossell|first=N. F.|date=1894|publisher=Philadelphia : G.S. Ferguson|others=Wellesley College Library}}</ref> Kutokana na uamuzi wake wa kuchapisha kazi hiyo chini ya jina lake la ndoa, msomi Joanne Braxton anatoa ufafanuzi ufuatao: "Kwa mkakati huu wa unyenyekevu dhidi ya umma, mwandishi aliashiria nia yake ya kutetea na kusherehekea Wanawake Weusi bila kuvuruga uhusiano wa mahusiano ya kiume na wa kike."<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Mossell|first1=MrsN.F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyxDplsvSUYC&q=%22By+this+strategy+of+public+modesty%2C+the+author+signaled+her+intention+to+defend+and+celebrate+black+womanhood+without+disrupting+the+delicate+balance+of+black+male-female+relations+or+challenging+masculine+authority.%22&pg=PR28|title=The Work of the Afro-American Woman|last2=Mossell|first2=Gertrude E. H. Bustill|last3=Mossell|first3=N. F.|date=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505265-7|language=en|page=xxviii}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa [[1902]], aliandika kitabu cha watoto wa shule ya Jumapili kiitwacho "Siku Moja ya Dansie Shule ya Sabato" ''Little Dansie's One Day at Sabbath School''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/987ae9ee-b011-d56a-e040-e00a18064dbe|title=Little Dansie's one day at Sabbath school|website=NYPL Digital Collections|language=en|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref> Gertrude Bustill Mossell pia alikuwa akijishughulisha na kazi ya uraia, akiongoza harakati za kutafuta fedha kwa Hospitali ya Frederick Douglass Memorial na Shule ya Mafunzo, ambayo ilifunguliwa mnamo [[1895]]. Alikusanya $ 30,000, na akaendelea kuwa rais wa Msaidizi wake wa Huduma ya Jamii. Shughuli zake nyingine za uraia zilijumuisha kuandaa tawi la Philadelphia la Baraza la Kitaifa la Afro-American. == Maisha ya binafsi == Mnamo [[1880]], Mossell aliolewa na daktari mashuhuri wa Philadelphia, Nathan Francis Mossell. Walikuwa na Mabinti wawili, Florence na Mary. Watoto wawili wa ziada walifariki wakiwa wachanga. Mossell alikufa mnamo [[Januari 21]], [[1948]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 92 huko Philadelphia, Pennsylvania <ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9803E5DA1739E03BBC4D51DFB7668383659EDE|title=Mrs. Nathan F. Mossell|date=January 25, 1948|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2015-06-25}}</ref> ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/mossell-gertrude-e-h-bustill-1855-1948 Mossell, Gertrude E.H. Bustill (1855-1948)], BlackPast.org *Mrs. N.F. Mossell (Gertrude Bustill Mossell/Nathan Francis Mossell-her husband) ''Little Dansie's One Day at Sabbath School.'' Philadelphia : The Penn Printing and Publishing Co., 1902 [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/lcrbmrp.t1213] *Mrs. N.F. Mossell (Gertrude Bustill Mossell/Nathan Francis Mossell-her husband) ''The Work of the Afro-American Woman.'' Philadelphia: Geo. F Ferguson Company, 1908. [http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm9729/] {{Wayback|url=http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm9729/ |date=20200605175744 }} *Gertrude Bustill Mossell at Collective Biographies of Women at the University of Virginia.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060648/http://cbw.iath.virginia.edu/dev/women_display.php?id=13478] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1855]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1948]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] 9cmbog0motcgn3mjogdmskl4c96wr1a 0 137130 1601449 1249548 2026-09-25T19:14:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601449 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Agdale (retouched).jpg|thumb|'''Bustani ya Agdal''']] [[Faili:Marrakech, Agdal Gardens, 2007-08-01.jpg|thumb|Bustani ya Agdal]] '''Bustani ya Agdal''' au '''Aguedal Gardens''' ni eneo kubwa la [[bustani]] ya kihistoria huko Marrakesh, [[Morocco]]. Bustani ipo kusini mwa mji wa kihistoria wa ''Kasbah'' huko Marrakesh pamoja na jumba la kifalme. Pamoja na Medina robo ya Marrakesh na Bustani za Menara, Bustani za Agdal ziliorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama Urithi wa Ulimwengu mnamo mwaka [[1985]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Medina of Marrakesh|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/331/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Bustani hizo zina mabwawa kadhaa ya kihistoria ya maji pamoja na majumba kadhaa ya kihistoria ikiwa ni pamoja na Dar el-Hana na Dar al-Bayda. == Historia == Jina '''Agdal''' ni neno linalotokana na Lugha za Berber likimaanisha eneo lenye ukuta au malisho ya majira ya kiangazi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Navarro|first=Julio|last2=Garrido|first2=Fidel|last3=Almela|first3=Íñigo|date=2017|title=The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part 1: History|url=|journal=Muqarnas|volume=34|issue=1|pages=23–42|via=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Wilbaux|first=Quentin|title=La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2001|isbn=2747523888|location=Paris|pages=246-247, 281-282}}</ref>{{Rp|282}} Jina hilo pia linatumika kwenye mbuga na bustani kama hizo katika miji mingine ya kihistoria ya huko nchini [[Moroko]] kama vile ''Fez'', ''Moroko'', ''Meknes'' na ''Rabat''. [[Picha:Marrakesh, devensive wall.jpg|thumb|Ukuta uliozunguka bustani]] == Uundaji wa Almohad == Mila ya kuunda bustani nje kidogo ya jiji ilianza mapema pamoja na nasaba ya Almoravid ambaye alianzisha Marrakesh mnamo mwaka [[1070]]. Bustani nyingi, mashamba, na maziwa bandia yalianzishwa katika maeneo mengi nje ya kuta za Marrakesh ambazo ni kuta za jiji, mara nyingi hujulikana kama ''buḥā'ir'' kwa wingi na kwa umoja '''buḥayra''' ambalo ni neno la Kiarabu linalomaanisha "bahari ndogo", na pia likimaanisha maziwa ya bandia na mabonde makubwa ya maji.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Bennison|first=Amira K.|title=The Almoravid and Almohad Empires|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Sehemu ya Almohad Kasbah ilikuwa tayari imechukuliwa na shamba la bustani lililoitwa ''Jnan as-Saliḥa''.<ref name=":0" /> Bustani za Agdal za sasa, hata hivyo, zilianzishwa kwanza na ''Almohad Kaliphate''. Hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya bustani hiyo, inayojulikana leo kama hifadhi ya "Dar al-Hana", inaaminika kuwa imetoka wakati wa uumbaji huu wa asili, wakati wa utawala wa ''Abu Ya'qub Yusuf'' (alitawala mwaka [[1163]] hadi [[1184]]). Wasomi wanatofautiana iwapo hifadhi nyingine kuu, inayojulikana kama "al-Gharsiyya", imetoka wakati huo huo au kutoka kwa nasaba ya ''Alaouite''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Deverdun|first=Gaston|title=Marrakech: Des origines à 1912|publisher=Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines|year=1959|location=Rabat}}</ref> Bustani hizo zilibuniwa na ''Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Milhan'', mhandisi kutoka ''Al-Andalus'' na mwenye asili ya ''Berber'', ambaye alikua tajiri shukrani kwa upendeleo wa sultani kufuatia muundo wake uliofanikiwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|location=|pages=145-146}}</ref><ref name=":0" />Hapo awali bustani zilikuwa bado zinajulikana kama ''al-Buḥayra'' (jina hili la Kiarabu lilitumika katika bustani zingine pia) au kama ''al-Bustan'' (neno la lugha ya Kiuajemi la asili ikimaanisha "bustani").<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Mwisho wa karne ya 12, mrithi wa ''Abu Yaqub Yusuf'' ambaye ni ''Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur'' alijenga majumba mapya ya kifalme ya nasaba yake upande wa kusini mwa mji.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":03" /> Lango lake la kusini liliitwa ''Bab al-Bustan'', liliitwa hivyo kwa sababu liliongoza kwenye bustani kusini mwa jiji.<ref name=":22" /> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni wa wasomi wa [[Uhispania]] hutumia dalili za kijiografia na za akiolojia kusema kuwa kuta za Kasbah na kuta za Agdal hazikuunganishwa awali kama ilivyo leo na kwamba nafasi wazi ilikuwepo kati yao.<ref name=":02" /> Mwanahistoria ''Gaston Deverdun'' pia anataja vyanzo vya kihistoria vinavyoonyesha kuwa kuta bado hazijaunganishwa na Kasbah wakati wa ''Saadi Sultanate''.<ref name=":22" /> Utafiti wa [[Uhispania]] unaonyesha kuwa eneo la asili lililokuwa na maelezo mafupi yasiyo ya kawaida ya pande zote zinazolingana na sehemu ya kati ya eneo la sasa la Agdal. Sehemu hii inajulikana leo na urefu wa ukuta wa magharibi ambao unatembea kwa mwelekeo usiofanana na ukuta wa mashariki.<ref name=":02" /> Katika eneo hili la asili "Dar al-Hana" (kama inavyojulikana leo) ingekuwa iko karibu na ukuta wa kusini wa bustani, kupanda kidogo kutoka kwa bustani zingine. Utafiti huo huo wa Uhispania umesema kuwa mpangilio wa jumla wa kiwanja cha "Dar al-Hana", pamoja na hifadhi na makao yake ''pavilion'' iko kwenye mhimili wake wa kati kusini, ulianzia muundo wa asili wa Almohad. Mkutano huo uliunda nafasi yake iliyofungwa ndani ya bustani kubwa. Ilipangwa katika mpango wa ulinganifu ambao uliambatana na mhimili wa kaskazini-kusini mwa bustani, ambapo pia uliunganishwa na Kasbah ya kifalme kaskazini. Kituo kikuu cha maji ambacho kilitoa bustani pia kiliingia kwenye hifadhi kutoka kusini kwenye mhimili huo huo, ikiwezekana kupita kwenye jumba la makazi. Ni bonde kubwa tu la maji lenyewe limeishi hadi leo, kwa sababu ya uthabiti wake, ingawa limetengenezwa mara nyingi.<ref name=":02" /> === Upya wa Saadian === Kwa historia yake yote, bustani hizi zilipitia katika mzunguko wa kupunguzwa na kufanywa upya zilipoachwa bila matunzo ambapo bustani hizi zilikauka haraka na zilikabiliwa na hali ya ujangwa. Katika vipindi vya kutengenezwa upya sheria ndogo ndogo ziliundwa na ziliwataka kupanda tena bustani na kuondoa mchanga kwenye mabwawa na njia.<ref name=":1" /> Baada ya kushindwa kwa Almohads katika karne ya 13 Marrakesh ilikoma kuwa mji mkuu na bustani zilipata kipindi cha kwanza cha kupungua. Ilikuwa chini ya utawala wa ''Saadi Sultanate'' katika karne ya 16, ndipo mji mkuu uliporudiwa pamoja na bustani zilirejeshwa na kutengenezwa upya. Katika kipindi hiki bustani zilijulikana kama ''Rawd'' na ''al-Masarra'' (Bustani ya Furaha).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Kazi za kwanza za urejesho wa bustani, ambazo zililenga kukarabati mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji, zilifanywa na ''Sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib'' na kazi zaidi iliendelezwa na ''Ahmad al-Mansur''.<ref name=":0" /> Wote wawili pia walifanya kazi ya kujenga jiji la kasbah kwa kaskazini.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Wilbaux|first=Quentin|title=La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2001|isbn=2747523888|location=Paris}}</ref> Vyanzo vya kihistoria pia vinataja kwamba bustani za "Al-Masarra" zilikuwa wazi kwa umma na kwa raia wote wa jiji, na mila ambayo inaendelea hadi leo.<ref name=":0" /> Jumba la raha la "Dar al-Hana", lililojengwa upande wa kusini mwa hifadhi kubwa zaidi, pia limetajwa wazi na kuelezewa kwa mara ya kwanza katika vyanzo vya kihistoria vya kipindi cha Saadia. Kulingana na vyanzo hivi, jumba hilo lilikuwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kujengwa kabisa na ''Abdallah al-Ghalib'' na kisha tena na ''Ahmad al-Mansur''. Ikulu iliyojengwa na ''Al-Mansur'', ambayo kuna mabaki madogo ya akiolojia, ilifunikwa eneo kubwa la mstatili na ilikuwa na viwango viwili katika sehemu zingine. Mpango wake wa sakafu ulitawaliwa na ua wa kati na dimbwi refu la mstatili kando ya mhimili wake wa kaskazini-kusini. Katikati ya dimbwi hili kulikuwa na jukwaa la marumaru na dimbwi dogo la mraba na sanamu za chui kwenye pembe zake nne na safu katikati yake iliyo na sanamu ya simba ambayo maji yalitoka kama chemchemi. Muundo wake mkubwa wa usanifu kama muundo ulikuwa sawa kwa njia zingine na maarufu ''El Badi Palace'' huko Kasbah, na inaitwa kama moja ya kazi kubwa za Al-Mansur katika vyanzo vya kihistoria. Kama El Badi, pia ilikuwa nzuri sana na pia iliporwa na Sultan ''Ismail Ibn Sharif''. Ahmad al-Mansur pia anaonekana kuwa ameimarisha hifadhi ya maji kwa kuifunga kwa kuta za nje nene, ambazo pia ziliinua barabara ya pembezoni mwa ukingo wake. === Kipindi cha Alaouite === Picha: Grand Méchouar, Marrakesch - panoramio.jpg | kidole gumba | '' Qubbat as-Suwayra '' ("Banda la Essaouira"), la kutoka Mohammed ben Abdallah enzi ya utawala katika karne ya 18, iliyojengwa pembezoni mwa kaskazini mwa Bustani za Agdal na ukingo wa kusini wa Grand Mechouar ya Kasbah ya Marrakesh katika Jumba la Kifalme. Bustani zilipitia tena katika kipindi kingine cha kupungua ,baada ya kuanguka kwa Saadian lakini bado zilitunzwa kidogo na kutumika kama nafasi ya burudani kwa masultani wa Alaouite katika karne ya 17-18. <ref name=":22" />{{Rp|492}}<ref name=":0" /> [[Picha: Sidi_Aâmara_01.JPG | alt = | thumb | '' Sqallat al-Mrabit '', ngome ya karne ya 19 iliyojengwa na Sultan [[Muhammad IV wa Moroko | Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman]] kulinda magharibi ubavu wa Agdal]] === Upya wa Saadian === Kwa historia yake yote, bustani hizi zilipitia katika mzunguko wa kupunguzwa na kufanywa upya. zilipoachwa bila matunzo kwa muda mrefu bustani hizi zilikauka haraka na zilikabiliwa na hali ya ujangwa. Katika vipindi vya kutengenezwa upya sheria ndogo ndogo ziliudwa na ziliwataka kupanda tena bustani na kuondoa mchanga kwenye mabwawa na njia.<ref name=":1" /> Baada ya kushindwa kwa Almohads katika karne ya 13 Marrakesh ilikoma kuwa mji mkuu na bustani zilipata kipindi cha kwanza cha kupungua. Ilikuwa tu chini ya utawala wa Saadi Sultanate katika karne ya 16, ndipo mji mkuu ulipoudwa, pamoja na bustani, zilirejeshwa na kutengenezwa upya. Katika kipindi hiki bustani zilijulikana kama '' Rawd '' '' al-Masarra '' ("Bustani ya Furaha").<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Kazi za kwanza za urejesho wa bustani, ambazo zililenga kukarabati mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji, zilifanywa na Sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib na kazi zaidi iliendelezwa na Ahmad al-Mansur.<ref name=":0" /> Wote wawili pia walifanya kazi ya kujenga jiji la kasbah kwa kaskazini.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Wilbaux|first=Quentin|title=La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2001|isbn=2747523888|location=Paris}}</ref> Vyanzo vya kihistoria pia vinataja kwamba bustani za "Al-Masarra" zilikuwa wazi kwa umma na kwa raia wote wa jiji, na mila ambayo inaendelea hadi leo.<ref name=":0" /> === Kipindi cha Alaouite === Picha: Grand Méchouar, Marrakesch - panoramio.jpg | kidole gumba | '' Qubbat as-Suwayra '' ("Banda la Essaouira"), la kutoka Mohammed ben Abdallah enzi ya utawala katika karne ya 18, iliyojengwa pembezoni mwa kaskazini mwa Bustani za Agdal na ukingo wa kusini wa Grand Mechouar ya Kasbah ya Marrakesh katika Jumba la Kifalme. Bustani zilipitia kipindi kingine cha kupungua ,baada ya kuanguka kwa wasaadi lakini bado zilitunzwa kidogo na kutumika kama nafasi ya burudani kwa masultani wa Alaouite katika karne ya 17-18<ref name=":22" />{{Rp|492}}<ref name=":0" /> == Maelezo == [[Picha: Aéroport de Marrakech 032.jpg | alt = | thumb | Mtazamo wa angani wa bustani (Dar al-Bayda inaonekana katikati)]] === Jiografia === Bustani ina ukubwa wa 2km na ilipanuliwa kwa baadhi ya maeneo na kuwa 3km, iliyozungukwa na ukuta wenye urefu wa kilometa 9.<ref name=":2" /> Mahali pa kusini mwa jiji, juu ya mteremko mzuri wa kupanda kuelekea milimani, iliruhusu kuchukua faida ya maji yanayokuja moja kwa moja mjini na pia kusaidia kulinda usambazaji wa maji wa jiji kwa kuzifunga ndani ya kuta za Agdal's..<ref name=":1" /> The otherwise flat landscape allowed for easy planting and a regular layout of plots.<ref name=":02" /> === Botani === [[File:Agdal garden, Marrakech (2847839030).jpg|thumb|Orchards and remains of walls inside the gardens]] Bustani za kifalme za [[Moroko]] kama Agdal zilibuniwa kwa lengo la kilimo chenye tija.<ref name=":02" /> Ingawa hakukuwa na uchunguzi mwingi wa akiolojia wa Agdal, maandishi ya kihistoria hutoa habari kadhaa juu ya kile kilichopandwa hapa na katika bustani zingine kama Menara. Zinaonyesha tangu mwanzo wake Agdal zilipandwa aina sawa za miti na mazao, haswa matunda kama Mizaituni.<ref name=":02" /> === Mfumo wa Umwagiliaji === Maji ya bustani yalikua ya kihistoria yaliyotolewa na mtandao wa njia za chini ya ardhi na mitaro inayojulikana kama "Qanat | khettara '', ambayo huleta maji kutoka milima ya [[Atlas]] ya Juu kilomita nyingi mbali, haswa kutoka Mto wa Ourika katika bonde linaloelekea kusini.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> Maji pia yalibadilishwa kutoka kwenye mito kwa kujengewa mabwawa na njia za ardhini. Mabonde makubwa ya maji ndani ya bustani yalitumika kama mabwawa ambayo maji yanaweza kusambazwa kwa eneo linalozunguka kupitia mtandao wa mitaro. Hifadhi pia zilikusanya maji ili usambazaji uweze kuhakikishwa kwa mwaka mzima, pamoja na wakati wa msimu wa baridi.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Navarro|first=Julio|last2=Garrido|first2=Fidel|last3=Almela|first3=Íñigo|date=2018|title=The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part II: Hydraulics, Architecture, and Agriculture|url=|journal=Muqarnas|volume=35|issue=1|pages=1–64|via=}}</ref> ==== Dar al-Bayda ==== '''Dar al-Bayda''', ni ikulu kuu ndani ya bustani, inajumuisha miundo tata ndani ya ukuta wake. Jengo kuu la karne ya 18, ambalo baadaye liliongezewa na Moulay Hassan mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, lina ua tatu zilizopangwa kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini, kila moja ikiwa na muundo tofauti.Ua za kaskazini na kusini zina fomu za aina ya mstatili. Ya kaskazini hapo awali ilikuwa na bonde la mraba na maji katikati yake wakati kusini ilikuwa na chemchemi ya umbo la nyota.<ref name=":22" />{{Rp|493-494, pl. LXV}}<gallery widths="175"> Picha: Palais devenu hôpital, ses façades se reflétant dans un bassin sap04 10l00108 p.jpg | Ua wa kati wa zamani wa ikulu ya Dar al-Bayda; kushoto ni banda lenye pembe tatu na kulia ni moja ya minara ya kona picha ya mwaka 1924. Picha: Palais du sultan - Palais du sultan, intérieur - Marrakech - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - AP62T051111.jpg | Ua mpya zaidi wa magharibi wa ikulu picha ya mwaka 1916. Picha: Palais du sultan - Palais du sultan, ua wa ndani - Marrakech - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - AP62T051113.jpg | Ua mpya zaidi wa magharibi picha ya mwaka 1916 </gallery> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii: Jiografia ya Moroko]] [[Jamii: Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] 11iwu8bz0sqoan4auyfgxqe9u4xdxfv 0 137244 1601022 1169412 2026-09-25T13:09:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Amityville house.JPG | thumb | 300px | Nyumba iliyoangaziwa na sinema '' [[The Amityville Horror]] '' na kujulikana kwa wataalam wa mashetani [[Ed na Lorraine Warren]], iliyojengwa mnamo 1924. Wakati picha hii ilipigwa, anwani ilikuwa imebadilishwa ili kukatisha tamaa [[uwindaji wa Ghost | wawindaji wa roho]].]] [[Picha: CasaLomaToronto.jpg | thumb| 300px | Casa Loma, Toronto]] [[Picha: Winchester House 910px.jpg | thumb | 300px | [[Nyumba ya Siri ya Winchester]], San Jose.]] '''Nyumba ya mizimu''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''haunted house'', ''spook house'' au ''ghost house'') ni nyumba au jengo lingine ambalo husemekana kukaliwa na [[mizimu]] ambao wanaweza kuwa walikuwa wakaazi wa zamani au walikuwa wameunganishwa na mali hiyo. [[Wataalam wa magonjwa ya akili]] mara nyingi hutaja kutisha kwa roho za wafu ambao wameteseka kutokana na matukio ya vurugu au mabaya katika siku za nyuma za jengo kama vile [[mauaji]], kifo cha bahati mbaya, au [[kujiua]]. Katika visa vingi, juu ya uchunguzi wa kisayansi, sababu mbadala za isiyo ya kawaida ya uzushi hupatikana kuwa na makosa, kama vile [[Hoax|hoaxes]], athari za mazingira, kuona ndoto au upendeleo wa uthibitisho. Dalili za kawaida za utapeli, kama sehemu za baridi na sauti za kugonga au kugonga, zinaweza kupatikana katika nyumba nyingi bila kujali uwepo wa watuhumiwa wa kawaida. Watu wana uwezekano mkubwa wa kupata shida wakati wanakaribia kulala, wakati wa kuamka, ikiwa wamelewa au wamelala usingizi. [[Sumu ya monoxide ya kaboni]] imetajwa kama sababu ya utapeli unaoshukiwa. Ikiwa kuna matarajio ya kukutana ya awali, kuna uwezekano mkubwa kwamba mtu atatambuliwa au kuripotiwa. == Historia == Kulingana na [[Owen Davies (mwanahistoria)|Owen Davies]], mwanahistoria wa kawaida, uwongo katika [[Visiwa vya Britania]] kawaida zilisababishwa na [[Fairy | fairies]], lakini leo utapeli kawaida huhusishwa na mizimu au isiyo ya kawaida kukutana. <ref> {{cite book | mwisho1 = Davies | kwanza1 = Owen | mwandishi-kiungo = Owen Davies (mwanahistoria) | title = Walio Wanyanyaswa. Historia ya Jamii ya Vizuka | tarehe = 2007 | mchapishaji = Palgrave MacMillan | eneo = Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire | isbn = 978-1-4039-3924-1 | ukurasa = 3}} </ref> Katika tamaduni nyingine ulimwenguni, roho anuwai zinasemekana huwakumba nyumba na maeneo wazi. Katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]] nchi za ern, kwa mfano, [[jinn]] inasemekana hushambulia maeneo kama hayo. <ref> {{cite book | mwisho = Kupiga kelele | kwanza = Robert | title = Hadithi za roho za moto: Jini na Genies kutoka Uarabuni hadi Zanzibar | mchapishaji = Vitabu vya Counterpoint | mwaka = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-84511-993-5 | location = Great Britain | kurasa = 77}} </ref> Kihistoria, kwani watu wengi walikufa katika nyumba, iwe ni majumba au majungu, nyumba hizi zilikuwa mahali pa asili kwa vizuka kutafakari, na vyumba vya kulala vikiwa vyumba vya kawaida kutembelewa. Nyumba nyingi zilipata sifa ya kutapeliwa baada ya kuwa tupu au kupunguzwa. <ref> {{cite book | mwisho1 = Davies | kwanza1 = Owen | mwandishi-kiungo = Owen Davies (mwanahistoria) | title = Walio Wanyanyaswa. Historia ya Jamii ya Mizimu | tarehe = 2007 | mchapishaji = Palgrave MacMillan | eneo = Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire | isbn = 978-1-4039-3924-1 | ukurasa = 47-48}} </ref> Davies anaelezea kuwa " ... ikiwa watu wangeshindwa kuchukua nafasi ya kibinadamu, basi nguvu za nje zingeingia. == Mitazamo ya kitamaduni juu ya nyumba zilizoshambuliwa == Haunting ni mojawapo ya imani za kawaida ulimwenguni, kulingana na [[Benjamin Radford]], katika kitabu chake, '' Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits ''. anasema kuwa karibu kila mji na jiji lina angalau sehemu moja iliyoshangiliwa. Anasema kuwa, licha ya uchunguzi wa zaidi ya miaka 100, hakujakuwa na "... ukweli mmoja unaothibitishwa juu ya vizuka kuwa vimeanzishwa. Katika 2005 [[kura ya Gallup]], asilimia 37 ya Wamarekani, asilimia 28 ya Wakanada, na asilimia 40 ya Waingereza walionyesha imani yao kwamba nyumba zinaweza "kutapeliwa". <ref>www.gallup.com/poll/19558/Paranormal-Beliefs-Come-SuperNaturally-Some.aspx | title = Imani za kawaida huja (Super) Kwa kawaida kwa wengine | mwisho = Lyons | kwanza = Linda | tarehe = 1 Novemba 2005 | kazi = [[Gallup Poll]] | mchapishaji = [[Shirika la Gallup | Gallup]] | tarehe ya kufikia = 14 Februari 2010}} </ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Majengo]] qnn7vfa6so7rf60w7aco3ebvfkgipt4 0 137357 1601129 1187649 2026-09-25T13:39:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukumbi wa Berea Park''' ni ukumbi wa [[michezo]] ya aina nyingi unaopatikana huko Pretoria, nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], kwenye Mtaa wa Lilian Ngoyi (hapo awali uliojulikana kama Mtaa wa Van der Walt) karibu na mji wa downtown. Imetumika na timu kadhaa za michezo katika [[mpira wa miguu]]/soka Berea Park FC ikijumuishwa, pamoja na kriketi ya zamani (Kaskazini Mashariki mwa Transvaa).<ref>cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/za/content/ground/59174.html |title=Berea Park &#124; South Africa &#124; Cricket Grounds |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |date= |accessdate=2014-07-18</ref> Uwanja huo hapo awali ulitumika kama eneo kwa ajili ya kulishia ng’ombe, katika sehemu ya shamba la ''Hoffman''. Mnamo Septemba,mwaka [[1882]] ulianza kutumiwa kama uwanja wa nyumbani kwa timu ya kriketi ya ''Pretoria'', na ikajulikana kama ''Berea Park''.<ref>cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/60247.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/60247.html |date=20140717120132 }} |title=&#124; Cricket News &#124; Global |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |date= |accessdate=2014-07-18</ref><ref>cite web |url=http://www.titans.co.za/history-of-titans-cricket.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404211822/http://www.titans.co.za/history-of-titans-cricket.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-04 |title=History of Titans Cricket |publisher=Titans.co.za |date=2014-07-10 |accessdate=2014-07-18 </ref> ==Historia== Mnamo Septemba mwaka [[1882]],umbali mdogo kutokea malisho ya zamani ya ng’ombe yalipokua/dakika chache kwa gari la farasi kutoka church square(Mraba wa kanisa) uliwekwa wakfu kama uwanja wa kriketi kwa ajili ya wachezaji wa Pretoria. Ardhi hiyo ilikuwa inamilikiwa na mama mmoja mjane aliyejulikana kwa jina la [[[Hoffman]] na ilikuwa sehemu ya shamba ikiwa ni pamoja na ile ambayo sasa ni [[Fountains Valley]], Pretoria. Wakati Walter wa Uingereza alipotembelea Afrika Kusini mnamo mwaka [[1892]], uwanja huo ulikuwa tayari unajulikana kama [[Berea Park]]. Timu ya Pretoria ilicheza dhidi ya wageni wa Kiingereza, katika mechi ya kwanza ya kimataifa ya kriketi huko Pretoria, wakati huo mji mkuu wa Jamhuri ya [[Afrika Kusini]] (ZAR). Timu ya Pretoria ilishirikisha wachezaji 22 dhidi ya 11 kwa upande wa Walter Read. Katika mechi hiyo, iliyofanyika Januari 29-30, mwaka[[1892]], timu ya Pretoria ilishinda zamu moja na kushindwa kwa makimbizo 29. Katika msimu wa 1906-07 wa Kombe la Currie uliofanyika Johannesburg na timu ya Pretoria ikiashiria mwanzo wa nyumbani wa kriketi daraja la kwanza, Timu ya kriket iliyojulikana kwa jina la Northerns ilitumia Hifadhi hiyo ya Pretoria kutoka 1937-38 hadi ile ya 1984-85, ambapo uwanja wao mpya wa SuperSport Park au Centurion Park ulipokamilika. Mnamo mwaka [[1897]], wafanyakazi walijenga jumba la makutano cha kundi cha kwanza hapo. Gari la kwanza lilionyeshwa Afrika Kusini huko Berea Park mwaka huo huo. Rais Paul Kruger wa ZAR alitoa hotuba kwa hafla hiyo. Mnamo mwaka [[1903]], Reli za Afrika Kusini (sasa Transnet) ilinunua sehemu hiyo ya Park kama uwanja wa michezo kwa wafanyikazi wa reli. Nyumba ya makutano ya kikundi ya zamani ya kilabu ikawa ikitumika kama maktaba, chumba cha muziki, na baa. Jumba la kilabu la kusini lilijengwa mnamo mwaka [[1907]], wakati ile ya kaskazini iliongezwa mnamo mwaka [[1926]] mwaka ambao Klabu ya mpira ya raga ya Berea ilifunguliwa. Timu ya mpira wa miguu ya Pretoria Afrika Kusini relini, ilianza kutumia uwanja huo mnamo mwaka [[1918]], na tangu mwaka [[1935]] timu ya Berea Park FC imeshiriki kwenye kile kilichoitwa Ligi ya Soka ya Transvaal. == Moto == Katika miaka ya [[1990]], jengo hilo lilitumika kwa ajili ya usimamizi na uwenyeji wa mikutano mbali mbali, lakini baadaye miundo ya uwanja ilianza kuharibika. Shule ya upili ya wasichana na wavulana pamoja ilitumia uwanja huo hadi tukio la moto mnamo Aprili mwaka [[2010]] uliofanya uharibifu mkubwa sana. Tangu wakati huo, tovuti na ardhi ya eneo hilo havijatumika tena kabisa. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pretoria]] s3e8yjxuhwi93inlcuj9l9cke7nmlkz 0 138546 1601161 1267736 2026-09-25T13:42:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Segametsi Mogomotsi''' alikuwa [[msichana]] wa [[shule]] mwenye [[umri]] wa miaka 14 ambaye alipatikana ameuawa mnamo [[6 Novemba]] [[1994]] huko Mochudi, [[Botswana]]. Alipotea mnamo tarehe 5 Novemba, na mwili wake ulipatikana asubuhi iliyofuata sehemu wazi na akiwa uchi amekatwa miguu. Dipheko (mauaji ya dawa) yalisababisha maandamano ya wanafunzi wa Shule ya upili ya Jumuiya ya Radikolo, shule aliyosoma, na pia kati ya raia wa Mochudi. Maandamano hayo yalisababisha ghasia katika nchi jirani ya Gaborone, na kusababisha serikali ya Botswana kuitisha Uwanja wa Scotland. Hakuna mtu ambaye ameshtakiwa rasmi kwa mauaji hayo, na ripoti rasmi ya polisi ilifanyika, lakini kufikia Agosti 2012, matokeo yalikuwa bado hayajatolewa. Mauaji hayo yalisababisha hadithi hizo katika riwaya ya Umoja wa Dow mayowe ya wasio na hatia siri ya Haraka ya Michael Stanley, na riwaya ya Alexander McCall Smith ya Shirika la Upelelezi la Wanawake. Uuaji wa kimila wa mtu ambaye viungo vyake vya mwili vimekatwa kutengeneza dawa ambayo hutumiwa katika sherehe za kukuza biashara au mafanikio ni kawaida nchini Botswana. Waingereza walishughulikia kesi za mauaji ya kimila wakati nchi hiyo bado ilikuwa kinga mapema miaka ya 1930, na mwanasayansi wa jamii Cyprian Fisiy ameita uchawi "jambo kuu la jamii nyingi za Kiafrika". Watoto, haswa wanafunzi waliosoma sana, ndio malengo ya msingi ya dipheko (mila) kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa kufanikiwa. Wakati mtaalam wa jamii, Ørnulf Gulbrandsen aliwahoji Batswana kadhaa, mwanamume mmoja alisema kwamba, "hatuna njia nyingine ya kuelezea jinsi watu wengine wanavyotajirika mara moja". Watuhumiwa wengi katika visa vya mauaji ya kimila husimulia kuwa walikuwa na mauaji au walitishiwa na mashambulio ya baadaye kupitia boloi (uchawi) na kwa hivyo walilazimishwa kuua. Mnamo Novemba 1996, mtaalam wa wanadamu, Charlanne Burke alihojiana na mwanafunzi ambaye alitoa muhtasari wa mauaji: Segametsi alikuwa akiuza machungwa ili kupata pesa kwa ajili ya safari ya shule. Wanaume wengine walimjia na kununua machungwa yake yote, lakini walisema hawana mabadiliko kwa hivyo wataenda kuichukua na kurudi. Kwa hivyo Segametsi alingoja hapo mchana kutwa na hata jioni, hadi ilipokaribia giza. Kisha wanaume wengine walikuja na kumshika na kuwekea pamba kinywani mwake, wakamfunika macho, na kumfunga mikono. Walimchukua na kumpeleka kwenye nyumba moja porini Muuaji huyu alimkata Segametsi katika sehemu, akiweka mikono na miguu katika marundo kulingana na ombi la wafanyabiashara ambao walikuwa wameamuru mauaji hayo. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{BD|1980|1994}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Botswana]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] 84v6ef1l42vdjryb84njju7x46bex0u 0 138563 1601216 1478613 2026-09-25T13:49:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Sasha Owens.jpg|thumb| Sasha P]] '''Sasha P''' (amezaliwa '''Anthonia Yetunde Alabi''' anayejulikana pia kama ''Mke wa Rais wa Hip Hop ya Nigeria''; mnamo [[21 Mei]] [[1983]]) <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> ni [[mwanamke]] wa [[Nigeria]], [[mwanamuziki]], [[rapa]], [[mfanyabiashara]], [[mwanasheria]] na spika wa kuhamasisha. == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == Mtoto wa mwisho kati ya watoto wanane, alilelewa na mama yake peke yake, mwalimu, ambaye alimwita kwa furaha Sisi Fadekemi, baada ya baba yake kufa. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>Alianza kazi yake ya muziki akiwa mtoto huko Ibadan. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Alihudhuria Ibadan International School na Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos akipata digrii ya shahada ya Sheria. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == Sasha P alipata mafanikio wakati ambapo kulikuwa na wanawake wachache sana wa Nigeria katika muziki wa Hip Hop. Baadaye, kufanikiwa kwake kulisaidia njia kwa waimbaji wengine wa kike na wanamuziki katika hip hop ya Nigeria. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Alianza ushirikiano wa muziki na akasainiwa kwenye rekodi za ELDee za Trybe. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Sasha P amebaki kuwa mmoja wa wasanii maarufu wa kike nchini Nigeria tangu 2001, haswa baada ya kufanikiwa kutolewa kwa albamu yake ya kwanza ya First Lady chini ya studio yake ya STORM. Ameteuliwa kwa tuzo anuwai huko Nigeria na nje ya nchi. Alishinda tuzo ya "Msanii Bora wa Kike" 2009 huko Uingereza kwenye Tuzo za Wanawake katika Burudani kwa wimbo wake wa kwanza ulioitwa "Adara". Aliteuliwa pia katika vikundi viwili (Video Bora ya Kike na Sinema Bora) na Tuzo za Muziki wa Video ya SoundCity kwa wimbo wake wa pili Moja tu mnamo 2009. Alikuwa msanii wa kwanza kabisa wa kike wa Nigeria kutumbuiza katika maadhimisho ya miaka 20 ya Tuzo za Muziki Ulimwenguni mnamo Oktoba 2008. Pia alikuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike wa Nigeria kushinda Tuzo ya Mwanamke Bora kwenye Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Africa (MAMA). <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Mbali na Adara, Alimwachilia Gidi Babe siku ya kuzaliwa kwake mnamo 2009. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Alitoa wimbo mmoja mnamo 2012 uliopewa jina Bad Girl P. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Mnamo 2013, Sasha P alifunua kwamba alikuwa akichukua mapumziko kutoka kwenye uwanja wa muziki kuzingatia biashara yake ya mitindo. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Uthibitisho == Sasha P aliidhinishwa kama balozi wa bidhaa kwa Etisalat. Yeye pia ni balozi wa kitamaduni wa jimbo lake la Ekiti. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Biashara ya mitindo == Sasha P alifuata mitindo kama mbuni wa bespoke mnamo 2004. Aliunda mitindo ya barabara kuu ya Nigeria mnamo Desemba 2011 huko L'Espace. Mnamo Agosti 2012 alizindua lebo yake ya nguo, Eclectic na Sasha, iliyoundwa na yeye mwenyewe. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Kazi ya ubinadamu == Kuhusiana na huduma ya jamii, Sasha P alisema, "Ninaamini kama mtu binafsi, nina jukumu la kijamii kufanya tofauti kwa njia yoyote ninavyoweza", na hii ameifanya kila wakati kwa miaka. Alikuwa sehemu ya kampeni ya "Okoa mtoto wa mitaani" huko Lagos (Januari 2009) na mradi wa "Vifo vya akina mama" (Mei 2009) <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>ambayo inakusudia kuelimisha na kusaidia kuhudumia mahitaji ya akina mama wachanga ambao wanatafuta matibabu ya kutosha. Yeye pia ni spika wa kuhamasisha <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> na amefanya kazi na kampeni ya kumaliza ukatili dhidi ya wanawake. <ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Sasha P alikuwa mbebaji wa mwenge wa Olimpiki kwa Nigeria.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sasha P|date=2021-05-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_P&oldid=1026016115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> == Diskografia == * ''First Lady'' (2006) * ''Gidi Babe'' (2009) == Singles == * ''Oya'' (2002) * ''Work it'' (2002) * ''Emi Le Gan'' (2003) * ''Adara'' (2008) * ''Only One'' (2009) * ''Bad Girl P'' (2012) * ''Falling in Love'' (2014) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] o56n5r24ghj346scwr7i070uhtnlqkm 0 138793 1601134 1529579 2026-09-25T13:39:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yeung_Kam_John_Yeung_Sik_Yuen.jpg|thumb|Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen]] ''Katika jina hili la Kichina, jina la familia ni Yeung Sik Yuen, linalotokana na babu aliyepewa jina la Yeung.'' '''Bernard Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen''' (amezaliwa [[Curepipe]], [[1 Januari]] [[1947]]) alikuwa [[Jaji Mkuu]] wa [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=71a49dcb36623110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-26 |archivedate=2010-11-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114085247/http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=71a49dcb36623110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-M-Bernard-Sik-Yuen+.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-26 |archivedate=2016-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200322/http://ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-M-Bernard-Sik-Yuen+.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=毛里求斯总统会见中国最高人民法院代表团|url=http://www.ambchine.mu/chn/xwdt/t419114.htm|work=www.ambchine.mu|accessdate=2021-06-26|archivedate=2021-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626061520/http://www.ambchine.mu/chn/xwdt/t419114.htm}}</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kuitwa kwenye baa huko Lincoln's Inn, London mnamo 1970, Yeung Sik Yuen alirudi nchini kwake Mauritius na kuchukua nafasi ya Wakili wa Serikali katika ofisi ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Mauritius, ambapo alihudumu hadi 1976. Baada ya hapo alihama kwa benchi, akihudumu kama hakimu na kutoka 1984 hadi 1989 kama Mwalimu na Msajili na Jaji. Alitajwa kuwa jaji wa Mahakama Kuu mnamo 1989, na akainuliwa kuwa Jaji Mwandamizi wa Puisne mnamo 1995. Aliapishwa kama Jaji Mkuu tarehe 13 Juni 2007, akimfuata Ariranga Pillay baada ya kustaafu kwa marehemu <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=71a49dcb36623110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-26 |archivedate=2010-11-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114085247/http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=71a49dcb36623110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD }}</ref>na alibadilishwa tarehe 31 Desemba 2013 na Kheshoe Parsad Matadeen. Ametumikia pia kama mtaalam huru wa Mauritius kwenye Kamati ya UN ya Kutokomeza Ubaguzi wa Kimbari.<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CERD/Pages/Membership.aspx</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Yeung Sik Yuen alizaliwa katika familia ya wafanyabiashara wa Hakka Sino-Mauritius; mababu zake walianza kama wauzaji na walikua na kampuni yao katika nyanja mbali mbali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-M-Bernard-Sik-Yuen+.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-26 |archivedate=2016-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200322/http://ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-M-Bernard-Sik-Yuen+.html }}</ref><ref>http://www.cbcmauritius.com/index.php?category=23</ref> Alifanya masomo yake ya sekondari katika Chuo cha Mtakatifu Joseph, Curepipe na kisha mnamo 1966 alikwenda Uingereza kusoma sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Leeds, na kumaliza digrii yake mnamo 1969. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-M-Bernard-Sik-Yuen+.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-06-26 |archivedate=2016-04-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200322/http://ahjucaf.org/+Nomination-de-M-Bernard-Sik-Yuen+.html }}</ref>Amekuwa Rais wa Klabu ya Simba ya Port-Louis mnamo 1988 na 2000. Ameolewa na kuwa na watoto watatu. Mpwa wake Michael alikuwa Waziri wa Utalii na Burudani wa Mauritius. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Morisi]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] oq94ekiznltfsduhnw88jhoc4vyci85 0 139452 1601313 1178621 2026-09-25T14:17:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mauaji ya halaiki ya Isaaq''' (kwa [[Kisomali]]: Xasuuqii beesha Isaaq), <ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475</ref> au '''kuteketezwa kwa Hargeisa''' <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=GovaAAAAMAAJ&q=50,000+isaak</ref> yalikuwa mauaji ya kimfumo, yaliyofadhiliwa na [[serikali]] ya raia wa Isaaq kati ya [[1987]] na [[1989]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Somalia]] chini ya [[udikteta]] wa [[Siad Barre]]. Idadi ya vifo vya raia katika mauaji haya inakadiriwa na vyanzo anuwai kuwa kati ya 50,000-100,000, wakati ripoti za ndani zinakadiria jumla ya vifo vya raia wa Isaaq kuwa zaidi ya 200,000. Mauaji haya ya kimbari pia yaliendana na kusawazisha na kuangamiza kabisa kwa miji ya pili na ya tatu kwa ukubwa katika Jamuhuri ya [[Somalia]], Hargeisa (ambayo iliharibiwa asilimia 90) na Burao (asilimia 70 iliharibiwa) mtawaliwa, na ilisababisha hadi Wasomali 500,000 [[Wasomali]] (haswa wa ukoo wa Isaaq) kukimbia ardhi yao na kuvuka mpaka kwenda [[Hartasheikh]] nchini [[Ethiopia]] kama wakimbizi, katika kile kilichoelezewa kama "moja ya harakati za haraka na kubwa zaidi za kulazimishwa za watu zilizorekodiwa barani [[Afrika]] ", na ilisababisha kuundwa kwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi wakati huo (1988),<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=GovaAAAAMAAJ&q=50,000+isaak</ref> na wengine 400,000 wakikimbia makazi yao.Ukubwa wa uharibifu ulisababisha Hargeisa kujulikana kama 'Dresden wa Afrika'.<ref>https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia_1990.pdf</ref> Mauaji hayo yalitokea wakati wa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya [[Somalia]] na yametajwa kama "mauaji ya kimbari yaliyosahaulia Huko mashambani mateso ya [[Isaaq]] ni pamoja na kuundwa kwa sehemu ya wanajeshi ya Wanajeshi wa Somali iitwayo Dabar Goynta Isaaka (Waangamizaji wa Isaaq) yenye watu wasiokuwa Isaaqs (haswa Ogaden), kitengo hiki kilifanya " utaratibu mzuri wa mashambulio dhidi ya watu wasio na silaha, vijiji vya raia, maeneo ya kumwagilia maji na maeneo ya malisho ya kaskazini mwa Somalia [Somaliland], na kuua wakazi wao wengi na kuwalazimisha manusura kukimbilia usalama maeneo ya mbali ”, hii ilisababisha vijiji vyote kuwa na watu na miji kuporwa nyara. Ubakaji pia ulitumika kama silaha dhidi ya Isaaqs.<ref>https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi</ref> Haki za uwangalizi za binadamu zinasema kwamba kitengo hiki pamoja na matawi mengine ya wanajeshi walihusika kutisha wahamaji wa Isaaq vijijini.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=NtAPAQAAMAAJ&q=isaak+1988+somalia+genocide</ref> [[Dakar|Dabar]] Goynta Isaaka baadaye angegeuka kuwa mfumo wa utawala ambapo maafisa wa mitaa wangeweka sera ngumu zaidi dhidi ya watu wa eneo la Isaaq.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=XWRyAAAAMAAJ&q=Guardian+1989</ref> Serikali ya Somalia pia ilipanda mabomu ya ardhini milioni moja katika eneo la Isaaq.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html</ref> Mnamo 2001, [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] uliagiza uchunguzi juu ya ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu huko Somalia,<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=MEdyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22people+killed+were+between+the+ages+of+15-35+years.%22</ref>haswa ili kujua ikiwa "uhalifu wa mamlaka ya kimataifa (yaani uhalifu wa kivita, uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu au mauaji ya kimbari) umefanywa wakati wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini humo" . Uchunguzi huo uliagizwa kwa pamoja na Kitengo cha Uratibu cha Umoja wa Mataifa (UNCU) na Ofisi ya Kamishna Mkuu wa Haki za Binadamu wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Uchunguzi ulihitimishwa na ripoti iliyothibitisha uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari kufanywa dhidi ya Isaaqs nchini Somalia. Mchunguzi wa Umoja wa Mataifa, Chris Mburu, alisema: Kulingana na jumla ya ushahidi uliokusanywa katika ardhi ya [[Somaliland|Somalia]] na mahali pengine wakati na baada ya ujumbe wake, mshauri huyo anaamini kabisa kuwa uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari ulitungwa, kupangwa na kufanywa na Serikali ya Somalia dhidi ya watu wa Isaaq wa kaskazini mwa Somalia kati ya 1987 na 1989.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html</ref> == Historia == ===Enzi za ukoloni=== Jimbo la kwanza la [[Somalia]] lililopewa uhuru wake kutoka kwa mamlaka ya kikoloni lilikuwa Somaliland, mlinzi wa zamani wa Briteni aliyepata uhuru tarehe 26 Juni 1960. Wengine waliokuja kujulikana kama Jamuhuri ya Somalia walikuwa chini ya utawala wa Italia chini ya jina la Territory Territory ya Somaliland ( pia inajulikana kama Somalia Italiana). Muda mfupi baada ya Somaliland kupata uhuru, ilikuwa kuunda umoja wa haraka na jirani yake wa kusini kuunda Jamuhuri ya Somalia. Kuanzia sasa ardhi ya [[Somaliland|Somalia]], [[Uingereza]] ilikuwa inajulikana kama mkoa wa kaskazini (au kaskazini magharibi) wa Jamhuri ya [[Somaliland|Somali,]] wakati jimbo la zamani la kikoloni la [[Italia]] lilijulikana kama kusini. Ndani ya Somaliland ya Uingereza Isaaq iliunda kundi la wengi ndani ya kinga <ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html</ref> na vikundi vya Dir na Harti pia vina idadi kubwa ya watu magharibi na mashariki mwa Isaaq mtawaliwa. Muungano wa majimbo hayo mawili ulithibitisha kuwa na shida mapema wakati katika kura ya maoni iliyofanyika tarehe 20 Juni 1961 kupitisha katiba ya muda ambayo ingeweza kutawala maeneo mawili ya zamani ya ukoloni ilikataliwa na nusu ya idadi ya watu katika Jimbo la [[Somaliland]] (kaskazini magharibi-magharibi (Jamuhuri ya Somali changa), miji mikubwa ya walindaji wa zamani wa [[Britania|Briteni]] walipiga kura dhidi ya kupitishwa kwa katiba - Hargeisa (72%), Berbera (69%), Burao (66%) na Erigavo (69%) - zote zilirudisha kura hasi. Hii ilikuwa tofauti na kusini (koloni ya zamani ya Italia) ambayo ilirudisha uungwaji mkono mkubwa kwa katiba (na mara nne idadi ya kura iliyotarajiwa kusini, ikionyesha udanganyifu wa uchaguzi, mfano wa hii ni kijiji kidogo cha kusini kinachoitwa Wanla Weyn kilichosajiliwa kura ya ndiyo ni kubwa kuliko kura 100,000 zilizohesabiwa kaskazini kote), hii ilikuwa ishara kuu ya kutoridhika kuja kutoka kaskazini mwaka mmoja tu baada ya kuunda umoja. Mfano mwingine wa kutoridhika kwa kaskazini ilikuwa jaribio la mapinduzi la maafisa wa kaskazini ambalo lilikwamishwa mnamo 1961. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Based+on+the+totality+of+evidence+collected+in+Somaliland%22</ref> ===Kutengwa kijamii, kisiasa na kiuchumi=== Kutoridhika kwa kaskazini na katiba na masharti ya kuungana ilikuwa somo ambalo serikali za raia zilizofuatana ziliendelea kupuuza.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IfgxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2</ref> Watu wa kaskazini, haswa Isaaq walio wengi, waliamini kuwa serikali ya umoja itagawanywa kwa pamoja (kaskazini na kusini) na kwamba watapata sehemu nzuri ya uwakilishi baada ya umoja. Kusini iliendelea kutawala nyadhifa zote muhimu za serikali mpya, hii ni pamoja na Rais, Waziri Mkuu, Waziri wa Ulinzi, Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani na Waziri wa Mambo ya nje nyadhifa zote zilipewa wanasiasa wanaotokea kusini. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ti6GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108</ref> Ubaguzi wa kisiasa ambao wengi wa watu wa kaskazini walihisi ulizidishwa zaidi na ufinyu wa uchumi, kaskazini ilipokea chini ya asilimia 7 tu ya misaada ya maendeleo iliyotolewa kitaifa mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970, <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa2HDAAAQBAJ&q=receiving+under+7+per+cent+of+nationally+disbursed+development+assistance&pg=PA133</ref>kama zaidi ya 95% ya miradi yote ya maendeleo na udhamini uligawanywa katika kusini. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=lEx6HIaaGfcC&pg=PA78</ref>Mfano mmoja umetajwa na Hassan Megag Samater, mkurugenzi wa zamani anayesimamia Wizara ya Elimu huko Somaliland, anasema kwamba alikuwa amewasilisha wadhifa wake mnamo 1966 huku mkoa wa kaskazini ukiwa na "shule mia kadhaa katika ngazi zote, kutoka shule za msingi hadi vyuo vikuu. Kufikia mwaka wa mwisho wa utawala wa Barre, hakukuwa na shule hata moja iliyofanya kazi kwa nguvu zote. "<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=lEx6HIaaGfcC&pg=PA78</ref> ===Mapinduzi ya 1969=== Mnamo Oktoba 1969 wanajeshi waliteka madaraka kwa mapinduzi kufuatia kuuawa kwa Rais Abdirashid Ali Shermarke na mjadala uliofuata wa bunge la kisiasa juu ya urithi uliomalizika kwa msukosuko. Jeshi lilipiga marufuku vyama vya siasa, likasitisha katiba na kufunga Bunge, Jenerali Siad Barre alichaguliwa kama mkuu wa nchi na aliongoza baraza kuu la mapinduzi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=WspaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31</ref>Utawala mpya ulipiga marufuku upinzani wa kisiasa na kutumia njia nzito katika kusimamia serikali. Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa ulisema kwamba "utawala wa miaka 21 wa Siyad Barre ulikuwa na moja ya rekodi mbaya zaidi za haki za binadamu barani Afrika." <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=7PLsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22regime+of+Siyad+Barre+had+one+of+the+worst+human+rights+records+in+Africa.%22</ref> Utawala mpya ukawa nchi ya mteja wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti na kwenye kumbukumbu ya kwanza ya mapinduzi ilipitisha rasmi 'Ujamaa wa kisayansi kama itikadi yake kuu. <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=lEx6HIaaGfcC&pg=PA78</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] sn6yhfsxbnsm2kj809nztt84aa8v51a 0 139745 1601035 1315912 2026-09-25T13:10:42Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | jina = Philip Davies | image =Official portrait of Philip Davies crop 2.jpg }} '''Philip Andrew Davies''' (alizaliwa mnamo [[5 Januari]] [[1972]]) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa Chama cha Kihafidhina cha [[Uingereza]] na Mbunge wa jimbo la [[Shipley]] huko [[West Yorkshire]]. Kwa mara ya kwanza alichaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi mkuu]] wa mwaka [[2005]], ndiye mbunge wa kihafidhina anayetumikia zaidi, akiwa amepiga kura zaidi ya mara 250 wakati wa kazi yake ya ubunge, na amekosolewa kwa kuzungumza nje ya Miswada ambapo hakuwa akiungwa mkono na serikali.<ref name=revolts>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Philip_Davies&mpc=Shipley&house=commons|title=Voting Record – Philip Davies MP, Shipley (11816) – The Public Whip|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163259/http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Philip_Davies&mpc=Shipley&house=commons|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref> name="Wright20141214"</ref><ref> name="Stone20151101">{{cite news| last=Stone| first=Jon| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-mp-who-blocked-law-to-scrap-hospital-parking-charges-for-carers-says-he-was-speaking-up-for-a6716816.html| title=Tory MP Philip Davies who blocked law to scrap hospital parking charges for carers says he was 'speaking up for carers'| work=The Independent| date=1 November 2015| access-date=29 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112309/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-mp-who-blocked-law-to-scrap-hospital-parking-charges-for-carers-says-he-was-speaking-up-for-a6716816.html| archive-date=7 November 2017| url-status=live}}</ref><ref> name="Perraudin20151030"</ref><ref> name="Stone20151120">{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Jon|title=Tory MPs block bill to give first aid training to children by talking non-stop until debate ends|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-mps-block-bill-to-give-first-aid-training-to-children-by-talking-until-time-runs-out-a6742251.html|access-date=20 November 2015|work=The Independent|date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120173701/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-mps-block-bill-to-give-first-aid-training-to-children-by-talking-until-time-runs-out-a6742251.html|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Davies anajulikana zaidi kwenye kampeni dhidi ya siasa za mrengo wa kushoto na ujamaa na ni mpiganiaji wa harakati za haki za wanaume. Alichukua jukumu la kuongoza katika kupata mjadala wa kwanza wa [[Siku]] ya [[Wanaume]] [[Duniani]] [[Bungeni]] mnamo mwaka [[2015]] mjadala huo ulifanyika kila mwaka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/philip-daviess-mens-rights-victory-turned-me-into-a-blubbering-w/|title=Philip Davies's men's rights victory turned me into a blubbering wreck|first=Glen|last=Poole|date=4 November 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516065937/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/philip-daviess-mens-rights-victory-turned-me-into-a-blubbering-w/|archive-date=16 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-41985092|title=Davies: Men are getting a bad press|date=14 November 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415103312/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-41985092|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Davies ni mjumbe baraza linaloongoza kikundi cha shinikizo cha Chama cha Uhuru, pia ni mratibu wa Muungano wa walipa [[Ushuru]]. Davies amekuwa akikosolewa mara kwa mara na wanasiasa wengine na watu mashuhuri wa umma kwa maoni ambayo huwa akiyatoa juu ya usawa wa kijinsia na wanawake, ushoga, makabila madogo na walemavu. Akinukuliwa akisema walemavu wanapaswa kuwa na chaguo la kufanya kazi chini ya mshahara wa kima cha chini. Davies alisema kuwa wazungu, mawaziri wa kiume wana hatari ya kutoka nje ya serikali ili kutoa nafasi kwa wanawake au wabunge wachache wa [[kabila]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jun/18/tory-mps-pants-are-on-fire-over-upskirting-issue|title=Tory MP's pants are on fire over upskirting issue|last=Crace|first=John|date=18 June 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 June 2018|quote=Philip Davies [is] a Tory MP who can usually be relied on to stand up for any form of sexist and unpleasant behaviour.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621115911/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jun/18/tory-mps-pants-are-on-fire-over-upskirting-issue|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> for comments he has made on gender equality and women,<ref> name="Perraudin191115"/> homosexuality,</ref><ref name="Wright">{{cite news|last=Wright|first=Oliver|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/four-reasons-the-tories-shouldnt-feel-too-smug--despite-an-incredible-election-result-10234940.html|title=Four reasons the Tories shouldn't feel too smug – despite an incredible election result|work=The Independent|location=London|date=8 May 2015|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913215210/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/four-reasons-the-tories-shouldnt-feel-too-smug--despite-an-incredible-election-result-10234940.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live|accessdate=2021-07-18|archivedate=2015-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913215210/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/four-reasons-the-tories-shouldnt-feel-too-smug--despite-an-incredible-election-result-10234940.html}}</ref> ethnic minorities<ref> name="Owen"/> and the disabled.</ref><ref> name=DisabilityTelegraph/> He has stated that the disabled should have the option of working for less than the minimum wage.</ref><ref> name="clarifications1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/helpandfeedback/corrections_clarifications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720204810/http://www.bbc.co.uk/helpandfeedback/corrections_clarifications|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2017|title=BBC – Corrections and Clarifications – Help and Feedback|date=20 July 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref> name="wages">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39138775|title=Call to relax wage rule for learning disabled|date=2 March 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024001400/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39138775|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Davies has said that white, male ministers risk being "hoofed out" of the government to make way for women or minority ethnic MPs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hope |first=Christopher |title=White male ministers risk being unfairly 'hoofed out' in Theresa May's reshuffle, complains Philip Davies MP |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/01/09/white-male-ministers-risk-unfairly-hoofed-theresa-mays-reshuffle/ |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122353/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/01/09/white-male-ministers-risk-unfairly-hoofed-theresa-mays-reshuffle/ |archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Maisha yake== Davies alizaliwa Doncaster, baba yake ni Peter Davies ambaye alikuwa [[Meya]] wa zamani wa [[Doncaster]]. Awali alitaka kuwa mwandishi wa habari, lakini katika mahojiano [[Januari]] 2017 alinukuliwa akisema, "Ilikuwa matamanio yangu maishani lakini niligundua nilikuwa na aibu sana, Lazima uwe na ujasiri ambao nadhani labda sikuwahi kuwa nao " alimaliza kwa kwa kusema hivo..<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/election/Shock-message-for-Government-as.5341413.jp|title=Shock message for Government as maverick Mayor takes control|work=Yorkshire Post|date=6 June 2009|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu, Davies alifanya kazi katika biashara ya maduka makubwa ya Asda kuanzia [[Septemba]] [[1993]] mpaka [[Mei]] [[2005]], akiwa meneja wa huduma za wateja na baadaye kama meneja wa uuzaji. Amefanya kazi pia kwa Watengenezaji wa Vitabu vya [[Marilyn]], pia Davies na Watengenezaji wa Vitabu vya [[Mark Jarvis]].Rasmi katika siasa alijiunga na Chama cha Conservative mnamo mwaka [[1988]]. ==Elimu== Alisoma katika shule ya [[Old Swinford]] [[Hospital]] huko [[Stourbridge]], pia [[Huddersfield]] [[Polytechnic]] ambayo baadae ikawa Chuo Kikuu cha [[Huddersfield]] katika mwaka wake wa tatu wa masomo. Alipata shahada ya Historia na masomo ya kisiasa mnamo mwaka [[1993]].<ref>name="conservatives.com"/> in 1993. Originally he wanted to be a journalist, but in a January 2017 ''[[The Spectator|Spectator]]'' interview he said, "It was my ambition in life but I just realised I was too shy. You’ve got to have a confidence that I think I probably never had".</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Balls|first=Katy|url=http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/01/philip-davies-interview-dont-like-bullied/|title=Philip Davies interview: I don't like being bullied|work=The Spectator|date=6 January 2017|access-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004727/http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/01/philip-davies-interview-dont-like-bullied/|archive-date=7 January 2017|url-status=live|accessdate=2021-07-18|archivedate=2017-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107004727/http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/01/philip-davies-interview-dont-like-bullied/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya siasa== Mnamo mwaka [[2005]] katika uhaguzi mkuu nchini uingereza alichaguliwa kama mbunge wa kiti cha [[Shipley]] kwa kura nyingi 422 huku akimshinda Mbunge wa Kazi na Katibu wa Bunge chini ya Idara ya Maswala ya Katiba bwana [[Chris Leslie]].Katika kipindi cha kampeni alipokea misaada iliyofanikiwa kutoka kwa Bearwood Corporate Services, kampuni iliyoundwa na Bwana Ashcroft ambaye sio mkaazi ili kutoa misaada kwa viti vya pembezoni kama vile Davies. Awali Davies bila mafanikio aligombea ubunge kiti cha Colne Valley katika uchaguzi mkuu [[2001]] na alishindwa kwa kura 4639.<ref> name=MembersInterests>{{cite web|title=Register of Members Interests: Philip Davies|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/regmem/?p=11816|publisher=TheyWorkForYou.com|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165234/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/regmem/?p=11816|archive-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> a company set up by non-domicile [[Lord Ashcroft]] to give out donations to marginal seats such as Davies'.<ref> name=Briefing>{{cite news|publisher=Times Online|date=4 March 2010|title=Briefing: Lord Ashcroft and Bearwood}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]] 68fv8u17729s3l6tixskpl6305w4c7a 0 140037 1601170 1183442 2026-09-25T13:44:03Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uganda location map.svg|thumb|Uganda location map]] '''Hima''' ni [[mji]] uliyokuwepo magharibi mwa nchi ya [[Uganda]]. Ni mji wa viwanda, na unajulikana zaidi kwa uzalishaji wa saruji. <ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/HomesandProperty/Hima-Industrial-town-ideal-for-housing-business-start-ups/689858-5565010-13c7epiz/index.html |title=Hima: Industrial Town Ideal For Housing, Business Start-Ups |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] | date=27 May 2020 |author=Alex Ashaba |access-date=29 May 2020 | location=Kampala}}</ref> Hima upo katika Parokia ya Kitswamba, jimbo la Busongora, [[Wilaya ya Kasese]]. Mji upo katika barabara ya Mpondwe, karibu kilomita 3.5 kwa barabara, kaskazini-mashariki mwa mji wa Kasese, mji mkubwa zaidi kwenye ukanda mdogo wa Rwenzururu.Ni kilomita kama 57 kwa barabara kusini-magharibi mwa ngome ya Portal, mji mkuu wa karibu.The majira-nukta ya mji ni 0°17'26.0"N, 30°10'39.0"E (Latitude:0.290556; 30.177500).<ref name="4R">{{google maps|title=Location of Hima At Google Maps | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B017'26.0%22N+30%C2%B010'39.0%22E/@0.2914529,30.1778579,16z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0| access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref>Hima upo katika wastani wa muinuko wa mita 98 juu ya usawa wa bahari.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://mapcarta.com/29662170 |title=Elevation of Hima Town Council, Kasese District, Uganda |date=29 May 2020 | publisher=Mapcarta.com |access-date=29 May 2020 | author=Mapcarta}} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kasese]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania]] o3jgs6zvdl0tgkngxtu9u12h9vka6hx 0 140160 1601514 1323128 2026-09-25T21:30:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kenya relief location map.jpg|thumb|Ramani ya [[Kenya]] ioneshayo miinuko na mabonde]] '''Vilima vya Cherang'any''' ni [[safu ya milima]] iliyopo katika [[nyanda za juu]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]]. Vilima hivyo vina mmojawapo kati ya [[misitu]] mikubwa mitano ya [[Kenya]] na ni [[Chanzo (mto)|chanzo]] muhimu cha [[maji]]. [[Tambarare]] yake kubwa ya kati imetenganishwa na [[mwambao wa Mau]] unaoinuka kuanzia kwenye [[mpaka]] na [[Tanzania]] mpaka Vilima vya Cherang'any. [[Mwambao]] huo unaonesha mwisho wa [[tambarare]] inayoinuka kwenye mteremko wa [[Mlima Elgon]]. <ref name=kenyalogy>{{cite web |url=http://www.kenyalogy.com/eng/info/geo.html|title=Kenyalogy: Geography - Rift Valley and Highlands|publisher=www.kenyalogy.com|accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref> Vilima vya Cherangany huvuka [[kaunti]] tatu: [[kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia]], [[kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]] na [[kaunti ya West Pokot]]. [[Kilele]] kirefu zaidi katika safu hizo ni [[mlima Nakugen]], chenye [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 3530.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0SVZHQAACAAJ |title=The Mountains of Kenya: A Walker's Guide |publisher=Mountain Club of Kenya, 1989 |accessdate=2020-03-02 |author=Paul Clarke |pages =191 |year=1989 }} </ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11181|title=Nakugen - Peakbagger|accessdate=2020-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/3000mtn/nakugen.html|title=Nakugen|accessdate=2020-03-02|date=2020-02-07|publisher=Petter Bjorstad|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925095030/http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/3000mtn/nakugen.html|archivedate=2020-09-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vilele vingine maarufu vya safu hiyo ni: [[Mlima Chemnirot]] (m 3520), [[Mlima Kameleogon]] (m 3500), [[Mlima Chebon]] (m 3375), [[Mlima Chepkotet]] (m 3370), [[Mlima Karelachgelat]] (m 3350) na [[Mlima Sodang]] (m 3211). Vilima hivyo ni makazi ya jamii ya [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]] iitwayo [[Wasengwer]]. ==Jiolojia== Vilima vya Cherang'any viliundwa kutokana na mpasuko. [[Safu]] hizi huunda ubavu wa [[magharibi]] wa [[bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]] lianzialo [[Jibuti]] kwa upande wa kaskazini hadi [[Msumbiji]] kwa upande wa kusini. Vilima vya Cherang'any vinapatikana kwenye [[mwambao]] wenye [[misitu]] na vimezingirwa na kuta za [[majabali]] kwenye pande tatu. Vilima hivyo vimeundwa kwa [[miamba]] na [[madini]] mbalimbali yakiwemo ''Chromite'' yaliyopatikana hapo na [[wanajiolojia]] kipindi cha [[ukoloni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YND6YFZEI55?opendocument&l=1&e=3|title=Mountains>Western Highlands|publisher=www.magicalkenya.com|accessdate=2008-03-18|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603121050/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YND6YFZEI55?opendocument&l=1&e=3|archivedate=2008-06-03}}</ref><ref> {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BGeXmssXsGgC&pg=RA1-PA302&lpg=RA1-PA302&dq=Cherang'any+Hills#PRA1-PA328,M1 |title=Kenya - Google Book Search |accessdate=2008-03-18 |last=Joseph Bindloss |first=Tom Parkinson & Matt Fletcher |pages =328 |isbn=9781864503036 |year=2003 }} </ref> ==Ekolojia== Vilima vya Cherang'any vinasimamiwa na programu ya [[mazingira]] ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kama mojawapo ya vyanzo muhimu vitano va [[maji]] nchini [[Kenya]].<ref name=dcforum>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanconservation.org/dcforum/DCForumID5/244.html |title=- Changes in Forest Cover in Kenya's |publisher=www.africanconservation.org |accessdate=2008-03-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601210007/http://www.africanconservation.org/dcforum/DCForumID5/244.html |archivedate=June 1, 2007 }}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya mwisho, iliyoonesha mabadiliko ya misitu katika vilima hivyo kati ya mwaka 2002 na 2003, ilionesha kuwa eneo hilo ni la mwisho kwa kuathirika kwa ukataji miti kati ya maeneo yote yaliyokuwa chini usimamizi. Huku ekari 174.3 zikiwa zimeharibiwa na ukataji miti, hasa katika kaunti za [[kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet|Elgeyo-Marakwet]] na [[Kaunti ya West Pokot|Pokot Magharibi]]. Kwa sababu misitu hii ni ya uoto wa asili, ripoti hiyo inapendekeza paangaliwe kwa ukaribu ili kuepusha uharibifu zaidi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/EcoSystems/land/mountain/Tower/index.asp |title=Changes in forest cover in Kenya's five "water towers" 2000&ndash;2003|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623133739/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/EcoSystems/land/mountain/Tower/index.asp|archivedate=23 June 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hifadhi hizo kumi na tatu za [[misitu]] huitwa Misitu ya vilima vya Cherang'any. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya milima ya Kenya]] *[[Mlima Elgon]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Kenya|C]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya West Pokot]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania]] 4sdetmp9mwnmbaqar5cp9jrr01nsbq1 0 140677 1601178 1429890 2026-09-25T13:44:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bila M. Kapita, M.D.''' ni [[daktari]] kutoka mji wa [[Kinshasa]] katika nchi [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], ambaye alisaidia katika juhudi za utafiti wa awali za kuchunguza VVU / UKIMWI barani Afrika katika miaka ya 1980 na 1990. Dk. Kapita anahesabiwa kuwa mmoja wa wanasayansi wa kwanza wa Kiafrika kutambua  kuwa [[UKIMWI]] ulikuwa umeenea katika [[Afrika]] ya Kati. Kazi ya utafiti kwa kushirikiana na Mradi wa SIDA ilisaidia kutambua na kutangaza maambukizi ya kijinsia ya [[jinsia]] moja. Kufuatia kazi yake ya utafiti, aliendelea kuwajali wagonjwa walio na VVU / UKIMWI na hivi karibuni amerudi katika mazoezi ya uchunguzi wa magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa. ===Maisha yake ya mwanzo na kazi=== Bila M. Kapita alilelewa katika misheni ya [[Uswidi]] katika mkoa wa Bas-Kongo wa Kongo ya zamani ya [[Ubelgiji]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqrZ7Elcx0MC| title = No Time to Lose: A Life in Pursuit of Deadly Viruses|last=Piot|first=Peter|last2=Marshall|first2=Ruth| date = 2012-05-28|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-06316-5|language=en}}</ref> Kapita alipata mafunzo ya kimatibabu huko Brussels, Ubelgiji huko Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, ambapo alilenga moyo na mishipa. Kuchapisha nakala kadhaa za utafiti juu ya mada hiyo iliyoanzia 1975<ref>{{Rejea jarida| date = 1946| title = Acta cardiologica: journal international de cardiologie.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/acta-cardiologica-ltbruxellesgt-journal-international-de-cardiologie/oclc/231010233|journal=Acta cardiologica : journal international de cardiologie.|language=English|issn=0001-5385|oclc=231010233}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Detry|first=J M|last2=Kapita|first2=B M|last3=Cosyns|first3=J|last4=Sottiaux|first4=B|last5=Brasseur|first5=L A|last6=Rousseau|first6=M F| date = 1977-11-01| title = Diagnostic value of history and maximal exercise electrocardiography in men and women suspected of coronary heart disease.|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.56.5.756|journal=Circulation|volume=56|issue=5|pages=756–761|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.56.5.756}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> Aliporudi Zaire, Kapita aliufanyia kazi ugonjwa wa moyo na dawa ya jumla katika Hospitali ya Mama Yemo, na kuwa mkuu wa dawa za ndani.<ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3APbAAAAMAAJ| title = The African AIDS Epidemic: A History|last=Iliffe|first=John| date = 2006|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1688-4|language=en}}</ref> <ref>https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7742</ref> Dk. Kapita alianza vizuri huko Kinshasa na kutumika kama mkuu wa Chama cha Tiba cha Kinshasa.<ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> ===Kuhudumia wenye UKIMWI/VVU huko Kinshasa=== Kapita alibaini kwa kugundua kuwa wagonjwa hospitalini yake walionyesha kiwango cha kuongezeka kwa sarcoma ya Kaposi kuanzia katikati ya miaka ya 1970. Karibu wakati huo huo, wagonjwa walikuwa wakiteseka mara kwa mara kutokana na ugonjwa wa meningitis ya Cryptococcal.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3APbAAAAMAAJ| title = The African AIDS Epidemic: A History|last=Iliffe|first=John| date = 2006|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1688-4|language=en}}</ref> Magonjwa yote mawili ni maambukizo ya fursa ambayo yalikuwa muhimu kwa majibu ya mfumo wa kinga kwa wagonjwa. Kufuatia uhusiano wa awali kati ya maambukizo haya ya fursa nchini [[Marekani]] mnamo [[1981]], wanasayansi wa Kiafrika pamoja na Kapita waligundua uwasilishaji sawa wa kliniki. Kuenea kwa kile ambacho kitajulikana kama UKIMWI katika nchi za Kiafrika kumevutia watafiti wa [[Ulaya]] na Marekani. Vituo vya Marekani vya kudhibiti Magonjwa na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya aleji/mzio na magonjwa ya kuambukiza viliarifiwa juu ya janga lililoongezeka la washirika wa zamani katika utafiti wa [[Ebola]] kutoka Ulaya kama vile Peter Piot.<ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> Kundi la watafiti kutoka Ubelgiji, Amerika na [[Ufaransa]] zilianzishwa kwanza katika hali ya janga la UKIMWI barani Afrika katika wadi za kutengwa za hospitali ya Kapita.<ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=3APbAAAAMAAJ</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/comingplaguenew000garr| title = The coming plague : newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance|last=Garrett|first=Laurie| date = 1994|publisher=New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-374-12646-9}}</ref> Dk. Kapita alikuwa akikaribisha watafiti wa kimataifa, akiruhusu wafanye kazi katika hospitali yake kwa muda mrefu. Kwa sababu ya Dk.Kapita kukubalika huko [[Kinshasa]], aliweza kuwalinda wanasayansi hawa kutokana na kutoridhika kwa serikali yoyote iliyohusisha utafiti wa nje wakati huo.<ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> Peers alielezea Kapita kama kweli kwa maoni yake na mafunzo mazuri.<ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> <ref>https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7742</ref> Wagonjwa katika wadi ya Mama Yemo waliathiriwa wazi na UKIMWI kwa ufafanuzi wa kliniki uliowekwa wakati huo. Karibu wagonjwa wote waliothibitishwa kuwa na UKIMWI kwa kutumia vipimo vya maabara walikuwa tayari wametambuliwa na Dk. Kapita bila vipimo vya maabara.<ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/comingplaguenew000garr| title = The coming plague : newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance|last=Garrett|first=Laurie| date = 1994|publisher=New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-374-12646-9}}</ref> <ref>https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.278.5343.1565</ref> Kapita anahesabiwa na washirika wake kuwa mmoja wa watu wa kwanza barani Afrika kutambua uwepo wa UKIMWI. <ref>https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.278.5343.1565</ref> Watafiti waliotembelea wangegundua hivi karibuni kiwango cha UKIMWI barani Afrika na kuanza utafiti huko Kinshasa. Ushirikiano uliosababishwa kati ya wanasayansi wa Kiafrika, Amerika, na Ulaya ungejulikana kama Mradi wa SIDA. <ref>{{Citation|title=RYDER, ROBIN|url=https://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/7730|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=3APbAAAAMAAJ</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/comingplaguenew000garr| title = The coming plague : newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance|last=Garrett|first=Laurie| date = 1994|publisher=New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-374-12646-9}}</ref> Bila M. Kapita alichapisha kitabu chake mwenyewe mnamo 1988 kilichopewa jina la ''SIDA en Afrique''.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=h74LAQAAIAAJ</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] 0da2r907bnp7xgokdbjqt0cz5nfn1ua 0 141142 1601371 1526886 2026-09-25T15:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Image:Celtel shop uganda.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Alama na matangazo kutoka [[Celtel]] na waendeshaji wengine wa simu za mkononi zinavyoenea vijijini barani [[Afrika]] (picha: [[Uganda]] 2009)]] '''Teknolojia ya simu za mkononi barani Afrika''' ni [[soko]] linalokua kwa kasi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://aiti.mit.edu/|title=MIT Global Startup Labs|website=aiti.mit.edu|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-date=2014-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330102159/http://aiti.mit.edu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Afrika]] ndio mahali ambapo [[simu ya mkononi|simu za mkononi]] zinaenea kwa kasi ya pekee, ambapo [[teknolojia]] za mkononi mara nyingi zinawakilisha [[miundombinu]] ya kwanza ya kisasa kuliko aina yoyote.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_39/b4051054.htm|title=Terms of Service Violation|website=www.businessweek.com|access-date=2018-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011032951/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_39/b4051054.htm|archivedate=2007-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zaidi ya 10[[%]] ya watumiaji wa [[mtandao]] wako Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm|title=Africa Internet Users, 2018 Population and Facebook Statistics|website=www.internetworldstats.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-date=2018-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413134320/https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingawa 50% ya Waafrika wana simu za mkononi na upatikanaji wa simu hizo unakua kwa kasi sana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.budde.com.au/Research/2010-Global-Mobile-Communications-Key-Trends-and-Growth-in-a-Challenging-Environment.html|title=2010 Global Mobile Communications - Key Trends and Growth in a Challenging Environment - BuddeComm|website=www.budde.com.au|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref> Hii inamaanisha kuwa teknolojia ya simu za mkononi ndiyo jukwaa kubwa zaidi barani Afrika, na inaleta mapato tofauti. Inaripotiwa upakuaji wa App umezidi bilioni 98<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.appsafrica.com/1/post/2012/01/apps-revolution-game-changer-for-mobile-operators-in-africa.html/ |title=Mobile App downloads will reach 98 billion |access-date=2012-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123160543/http://www.appsafrica.com/1/post/2012/01/apps-revolution-game-changer-for-mobile-operators-in-africa.html |archive-date=2012-01-23 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2021-08-19 |archivedate=2012-01-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123160543/http://www.appsafrica.com/1/post/2012/01/apps-revolution-game-changer-for-mobile-operators-in-africa.html }}</ref> ambayo ni faida kubwa sana kwa watengenezaji wa programu za simu za mkononi barani Afrika[https://web.archive.org/web/20120123160543/http://www.appsafrica.com/1/post/2012/01/apps-revolution-game-changer-for-mobile-operators-in-africa.html] ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:USLWA]] to8t6khh1fmp4qd1r8ka5kd32yt474c 0 141968 1601188 1526127 2026-09-25T13:46:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = Spies in Disguise | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | mwongozaji = [[Nick Bruno na Troy Quane|Troy Quane<br>Nick Bruno]] | mtayarishaji = [[Peter Chernin]]<br />[[Jenno Topping]]<br />Michael J. Travers<ref name="DENALI PUBLISHING">{{cite press release|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/353913/DENALI_PUBLISHING_ANNOUNCES_SPIES_IN_DISGUISE_AGENTS_ON_THE_RUN.php|title=Denali Publishing Announces Spies in Disguise: Agents on the Run|date=November 13, 2019|access-date=November 13, 2019|via=[[Gamasutra]]|archive-date=November 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113164713/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/353913/DENALI_PUBLISHING_ANNOUNCES_SPIES_IN_DISGUISE_AGENTS_ON_THE_RUN.php|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113164713/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/353913/DENALI_PUBLISHING_ANNOUNCES_SPIES_IN_DISGUISE_AGENTS_ON_THE_RUN.php|archivedate=2019-11-13}}</ref> | mtunzi = [[Brad Copeland]]<br />Lloyd Taylor<ref name="Denali Publishing"/> | nyota = [[Will Smith]]<br />[[Tom Holland]]<br />[[Rashida Jones]]<br />[[Ben Mendelsohn]]<br />[[Reba McEntire]]<br />[[Rachel Brosnahan]]<br />[[Karen Gillan]]<br />[[DJ Khaled]]<br />[[Masi Oka]] | muziki = [[Theodore Shapiro]]<ref name="ShapiroSpiesInDisguise">{{cite news |title=Theodore Shapiro to Score Blue Sky Studios' 'Spies in Disguise' & Karyn Kusama's 'Destroyer' |url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2018/06/12/theodore-shapiro-to-score-blue-sky-studios-spies-in-disguise-karyn-kusamas-destroyer/ |access-date=October 28, 2018 |work=Film Music Reporter |date=June 12, 2018 |archive-date=October 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029030747/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2018/06/12/theodore-shapiro-to-score-blue-sky-studios-spies-in-disguise-karyn-kusamas-destroyer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | kampuni = [[Blue Sky Studios]]<ref name="varietyinsight">{{cite web |title=Film releases |url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php?sort=&from_date= |website=[[Variety Insight]] |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=October 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013172156/https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php?sort=&from_date= |url-status=live }}</ref><br />[[20th Century Fox Animation]]<ref name="varietyinsight"/><br />[[Chernin Entertainment]]<ref name="varietyinsight"/> | msambazaji = [[20th Century Fox]] | imetolewa = {{Film date|2019|12|4|[[El Capitan Theatre]]|2019|12|25|Marekani}} | muda = Dakika 102<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spies-disguise-2019 |title=Spies in Disguise |publisher=British Board of Film Classification |access-date=January 11, 2020 |archive-date=December 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225075921/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/spies-disguise-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = [[Dola ya Marekani|dola]]milioni 100 | mapato = dola milioni 171.6 }} '''Spies in Disguise''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[Kibonzo|katuni]] ya vichekesho ya [[mwaka]] [[2019]] iliyozalishwa na [[Blue Sky Studios]]. == Wahusika == * [[Will Smith]] – Lance Sterling<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spies in Disguise Teams Will Smith and Tom Holland|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/553804/will-smith-and-tom-holland-are-spies-in-disguise/|work=SlashFilm.com|date=2017-10-10|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US|author=Chris Evangelista}}</ref> * [[Tom Holland]] – Walter Beckett * [[Ben Mendelsohn]] – Killian * [[Rashida Jones]] – Marcy Kappel * [[Reba McEntire]] – Joy Jenkins<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Reba McEntire, Rachel Brosnahan Join Will Smith in ‘Spies in Disguise’ (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/reba-mcentire-rachel-brosnahan-join-spies-disguise-1226447/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2019-07-23|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US|author=Mia Galuppo, Mia Galuppo}}</ref> * [[Rachel Brosnahan]] – Wendy Beckett<ref name=":0" /> * [[Karen Gillan]] – Eyes<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Will Smith, Tom Holland are a secret agent team in 'Spies in Disguise' trailer|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/11/01/spies-in-disguise-trailer-will-smith-tom-holland/|work=EW.com|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en}}</ref> * [[DJ Khaled]] – Ears<ref name=":1" /> * [[Masi Oka]] – Katsu Kimura * [[Carla Jimenez]] – Geraldine<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rep Sheet Roundup: CAA China Signs Matt William Knowles|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/rep-sheet-roundup-caa-china-signs-matt-william-knowles-1237770/|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2019-09-09|accessdate=2021-09-05|language=en-US|author=Rebecca Sun, Rebecca Sun}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-filamu}} {{Katuni za Disney}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 2019]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Katuni]] pyqi3rln3tiuiot0kgkits72ammht6u 0 142031 1601470 1583078 2026-09-25T19:38:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | jina = Yericko Nyerere | nchi = Tanzania | majina_mengine = | picha = Yericko nyerere.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 4 Aprili 1983 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Iringa, Tanzania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwanasiasa na mwandishi wa vitabu | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = CHAUMMA | bodi = | dini = Muabudu Mizimu | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Yericko Yohanesy Msambila Mkana Nyerere''' (alizaliwa [[Maduma]], [[wilaya ya Mufindi]], [[mkoa wa Iringa]], [[Tanzania]], [[4 Aprili]] [[1983]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya "Yecco Group Limited". Ni mwanachama wa [[chama cha kisiasa]] [[Chama cha Ukombozi wa Umma]] (CHAUMMA). Tena ni mshindi wa [[tuzo]] 10 mfululizo "Barani Afrika", ambapo tuzo 9 ni za "Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu Afrika", na tuzo 1 ni ya "Kiongozi Bora wa Kijamii Afrika", Yericko ameshinda tuzo ya Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu iliyotolewa na Content Creator Africa Awards 2026 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Kigali Rwanda, Mwaka huo huo ameshinda tuzo ya Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu iliyotolewa na E360 Awards East Africa 2026 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Nairobi Kenya. Pia Yericko ameshinda Tuzo ya Shining Star Africa 2026 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Kigali Rwanda, Akashinda Tuzo ya Zikomo Africa Awards 2025 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Yericko akashinda tuzo ya “Young Achievement Africa Awards 2025” hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Kigali Rwanda, Kisha akashinda tuzo mbili mfululizo za "Shining Stars Africa Awards 2024” ambapo ni tuzo ya mwandishi bora wa vitabu natuzo ya kiongozi bora wa kisiasa, hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Johanesberg Afrika Kusini. Mwaka huohuo 2024 alishinda tuzo ya "Music Video Africa Awards" (MVAA) hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Lagos Nigeria. Yericko Nyerere alianza kushinda Tuzo ya Zikomo Africa Awards 2023 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Lusaka Zambia. Tuzo zote ameshinda kupitia [[kitabu|Vitabu]] vyake kama vile kitabu cha "[[Ujasusi wa Kidola na Kichumi]]", toleo la [[2016]], Kitabu cha "Mapambano ya Madaraka", toleo la [[2017]], kitabu cha "Mtu Baada ya Mtu", toleo la 2020, Kitabu cha Moscow Operesheni Ukraine toleo la 2025 na Kitabu cha “We Shall Win” toleo la 2025. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UU Ventures|url=https://www.uu.com/|work=www.uu.com|accessdate=2024-12-18}}</ref> Yericko ni Mtanzania wa pili kutangaza hadharani kuwa anafuata [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], akiungana na [[Kingunge Ngombare Mwilu]] ambaye naye aliabudu Mizimu. Hivyo yeye si "Mkristo" wala "Muislamu". Urithi wake wa fasihi juu ya uandishi pia unadhihirishwa juu ya mkakati wa ushindi wa ushirika wa vyama vya upinzani nchini Tanzania (UKAWA) wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu mwaka 2015 akiwa sehemu ya jopo la wanamikakati wa Chama. ==Elimu== Yericko ana [[Stashahada]] ya [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] ya kiuchunguzi kutoka katika [[chuo kikuu huria]] cha [[Uingereza]] (2016-2017), akapata [[Stashahada]] ya Uchunguzi na [[Upelelezi]] kutoka taasisi ya kimataifa ya Uchunguzi na upelelezi ya "International Institute Of Certified Forensic Investigation Professionals" kwa kushirikiana na "Osulivan Associates International" - USA (2015). ==Kazi== Tangu 2010 hadi Julai 2015, Yericko Nyerere alikuwa mshauri wa Usalama na Ulinzi binafsi kwa Katibu Mkuu wa CHADEMA, [[Willibrod Peter Slaa]]. Kama mwanaharakati wa kisiasa anasifika kwa mazungumzo yake ya busara juu ya mabadiliko ya kisiasa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi nchini Tanzania, kazi zake hasa vitabu na makala mitandaoni zimesababisha ushawishi mkubwa kwa kura nyingi kwa watoa maamuzi na viongozi wa kisiasa. Amekuwa msukumo wa kisiasa kwa mabadiliko na ushiriki wa vijana na ushiriki katika ajenda ya serikali na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi. ==Siasa== Aligombea ubunge Jimbo la Kigamboni 2025 kupitia CHAUMMA na kupata kura 36,789 kati ya kura 251,889 na kuwa wa pili dhidi ya mshindi Bwana Haran Sanga wa Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) aliyeshinda kwa kura 210,100. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ {{Wayback|url=https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ |date=20250516171420}} *https://www.dw.com/sw/yericko-nyerere-azungumzia-orodha-ya-watu-hatari/av-42753403 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp {{Wayback|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp |date=20210324222412}} *https://www.rfi.fr/sw/makala/afrika-ya-mashariki/20210727-utamaduni-wa-kuandika-na-kusoma-vitabu-nchini-tanzania *https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12863187 *https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Yericko+Nyerere *https://iicfip.org/tanzania-2/ *https://www.futurelearn.com/certificates/8033r09 *https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco {{Wayback|url=https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco |date=20210906102432}} *https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Yericko+Nyerere&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yeriko-nyerere-afikishwa-mahakamani--2793292?view=htmlamp {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] 1v38ey9k7d5axv4xxlf07gurtakti1e 0 143063 1601522 1299590 2026-09-25T23:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Wensley Pithey |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 21 Juni 1914 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Muigizaji |nchi = {{flag|Afrika Kusini}} |}} '''Wensley Ivan William Frederick Pithey''' ([[21 Juni]] [[1914]] &ndash; [[10 Novemba]] [[1993]]) alikuwa[[Muafrika Kusini|Muafrika Kusini]] muigizaji alikuwa na hatua ndefu kwenye kazi ya filamu huko Uingereza.<ref name=bfi>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f7770de|title=Wensley Pithey|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301010334/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f7770de|archivedate=2017-03-01|accessdate=2021-10-09|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/wensley-pithey-p56974|title=Wensley Pithey - Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos - AllMovie|publisher=}}</ref> ==marejeo== {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[J amii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] 4f0w0hjke49gkjgzfvvaegpm3wg585i 0 143819 1601528 1534756 2026-09-25T23:49:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Castell Coch stained glass panel 4.JPG|thumb|[[Kioo cha rangi]] kikimuonyesha Mt. Winifrida huko [[Cardiff]], Wales.]] '''Winifrida''' (pia: '''Gwenffrewi, Winefride, Winifred, Wenefreda, Guineura'''; [[Flintshire]], [[600]] - [[Conwy]], [[660]]) alikuwa [[bikira]] [[Mkristo]] wa [[Wales]] aliyeishi kama [[mmonaki]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/76025</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]], [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waanglikana]] kama [[mtakatifu]], pengine [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[2 Novemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== *{{Rejea kitabu |year=1853 |editor-last=Rees |editor-first=William Jenkins |editor-link = William Jenkins Rees |contribution=Life of St. Winefred |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOsOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA515 |title=Lives of the Cambro-British Saints |publisher=William Rees |publication-date=1853 |publication-place=Llandovery |pages=515–529 }} * Seguin, Colleen M. (Summer 2003): [https://web.archive.org/web/20061230130534/http://spruce.flint.umich.edu/~ellisjs/Seguin.pdf "Cures and Controversy in Early Modern Wales: The Struggle to Control St. Winifred's Well"], ''North American Journal of Welsh Studies'', Vol. 3, 2 == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.holywell-town.co.uk Holywell website] *[http://www.newlifechurchholywell.org.uk Holywell Church website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newlifechurchholywell.org.uk/ |date=20181230055336 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060709195050/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/holywell_town/ BBC Wales: Holywell] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 600]] [[Category:Waliofariki 660]] [[Category:Mabikira]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Wales]] 41p4vqpbzcbhf4apug6dmlq0on02k74 0 144189 1601273 1490237 2026-09-25T14:12:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Helen Joseph 1941.jpg|alt=Helen Joseph mwaka wa 1941|thumb|Helen Joseph mwaka wa 1941]] '''Helen Beatrice Joseph''' (''née'' '''Fennell'''; [[8 Aprili]] [[1905]] – [[25 Desemba]] [[1992]]) alikuwa [[Harakati|mwanaharakati wa]] kupinga [[Apartheid|ubaguzi wa rangi wa]] [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mzaliwa wa [[Sussex]], [[Uingereza]], Helen alihitimu [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya [[Kiingereza]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]] mwaka wa 1927, kisha akaenda [[Uhindi|India]], ambako alifundisha kwa miaka mitatu katika Shule ya Mahbubia kwa wasichana huko [[Hyderabad]]. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1930]] aliondoka India kwenda Uingereza kupitia [[Afrika Kusini]]. Walakini, aliishi [[Durban]], ambapo alikutana na kuolewa na daktari wa meno, Billie Joseph, ambaye baadaye waliachana. == Maisha ya zamani == Helen Joseph alizaliwa Helen Beatrice May Fennell mnamo 1905 huko Easebourne karibu na Midhurst, West Sussex, [[Uingereza]], binti wa afisa wa serikali wa Forodha na Ushuru, Samuel Fennell. Helen Joseph alitoka katika familia ya wazungu wa tabaka la kati. Alikulia katika familia yenye ubaguzi wa rangi. Mnamo [[1923]] Helen alihudhuria [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]] kusoma Kiingereza, na kuhitimu kutoka Chuo cha King's London mnamo [[1927]]. Baada ya kufundisha nchini [[Uhindi|India]] kwa miaka mitatu, alinuia kurudi nyumbani kupitia [[Afrika Kusini]]. Katika jiji la bandari la Durban alipata Rafiki na Dorothy Stubbs, mwalimu katika Shule ya Clifton (Durban), ambaye baba yake Harry Stubbs alikuwa mwalimu mkuu. Wakati Bi Stubbs aliondoka shuleni ili kuolewa, baba yake alitoa nafasi iliyo wazi kwa Helen Joseph. Alifundisha katika shule hiyo mnamo 1930-1931. Huko [[Durban]] walikutana na mnamo [[1931]] akaolewa na Billie Joseph, daktari wa meno Myahudi aliyemzidi umri wa miaka 17. Alihudumu katika Jeshi la Anga la Wanawake wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|Vita vya Kidunia vya pili]] kama afisa wa habari na ustawi. Baada ya vita, aliachana na Billie Joseph. Alipata mafunzo kama mfanyakazi wa kijamii na akaanza kufanya kazi katika kituo cha jamii katika eneo la Warangi Cape Town. == Maisha ya baadaye == Mnamo 1951 Helen alikutana na Solly Sachs kwa mara ya kwanza alipotuma maombi ya kazi ya Katibu-Mkurugenzi wa Jumuiya ya Msaada wa Kimatibabu ya Jumuiya ya Mavazi ya Transvaal. Wakati huo, Sachs alikuwa mkuu wa Chama cha Wafanyakazi wa Nguo. Akiwa amechukizwa na hali ya Waafrika Kusini weusi, alipigana bega kwa bega na wanaharakati ili kuwapatia haki kubwa zaidi, kama vile huduma za afya, uhuru wa kusema, usawa wa rangi na haki za wanawake. Alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Congress of Democrats, na mmoja wa viongozi waliosoma vifungu vya Mkataba wa Uhuru katika Kongamano la Watu huko Kliptown mnamo 1955. Akiwa ameshtushwa na masaibu ya wanawake weusi, alicheza jukumu muhimu, pamoja na Lillian Ngoyi, katika uundaji wa Shirikisho la Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini. Akiwa na uongozi wake, aliongoza Machi ya wanawake 20,000 mnamo Agosti 9, 1956, hadi Majengo ya Muungano huko [[Pretoria]] kupinga sheria za pasi. Siku hii bado inaadhimishwa kama Siku ya Kitaifa ya Wanawake ya Afrika Kusini. === Kesi ya uhaini na kifungo cha nyumbani === Upinzani wa Joseph kwa Serikali haukuonekana bila kutambuliwa na alikuwa mshtakiwa katika Kesi ya [[Uhaini]] ya 1956. Jaji Rumpff alisema, "Katika shuhuda wote uliowasilishwa kwa Mahakam a hii na kwa matokes yetu ya ukweli, haiwezekani kwa mahakama hii kufikia hitimisho kwamba African National Congress imepata au kupitisha sera ya kupindua serikali kwa vurugu, kwamba ni, kwa maana ya kwamba raia walipaswa kutayarishwa au kuwekewa masharti ya kufanya vitendo vya unyanyasaji wa moja kwa moja dhidi ya serikali." Hata hivyo, Joseph alikamatwa kwa kosa la [[Uhaini|uhaini mkubwa]] mnamo Desemba 1956 kutokana na harakati zakat za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi. Mnamo 1957, Joseph alipigwa marufuku kupinga serikali hadharani kupitia hotuba yake na maandamano. Kesi ya uhaini iliendelea kwa miaka minne na akaachiliwa huru mnamo 1961. Joseph alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake sita wa Kiyahudi waliokuwa kwenye kesi, wengine wakiwa [[Ruth First|Ruth Kwanza]], Yetta Barenblatt, Sonia Bunting, Dorothy Shanley, na Jacqueline Arenstein. Akiwa katika kesi ya uhaini, Joseph aligundua kuwa serikali ilikuwa inawalazimisha watu kutoka nje ya nchi na kwenda katika maeneo ya mbali ikiwa walidhaniwa kukiuka sheria za ubaguzi wa rangi. Mnamo 1962, Joseph alipata watu wengi waliofukuzwa kisha akawaunganisha na familia zao na kuwapa vifaa. Licha ya kuachiliwa kwake, Helen Joseph akawa tarehe 13 Oktoba 1962 mtu wa kwanza kuwekwa chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani chini ya Sheria ya Hujuma iliyoanzishwa na serikali [[Apartheid|ya ubaguzi wa rangi.]] Aliponea chupuchupu zaidi ya mara moja, risasi zilizonusurika zikipigwa chumbani kwake na bomu lililokuwa limetanda kwenye lango lake la mbele. Mnamo Mei, 1971, aliachiliwa kwa muda mfupi kutoka kwa kifungo chake cha nyumbani huko Norwood, [[Johannesburg|kitongoji cha Johannesburg]], ili aweze kufanyiwa upasuaji wa Saratani katika hospitali ya [[Johannesburg]]. Kufikia wakati huo alikuwa ametumia siku 3,145 mfululizo nyumbani, licha ya kuwa hajawahi kuhukumiwa kwa uhalifu, Amri yake ya mwisho ya kupiga marufuku iliondolewa mwaka wa 1985 alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 80 na alikuwa amekaa kifungoni kwa miaka 23. Katika wasilisho kwa Tume ya Ukweli na Maridhiano, Paul Erasmus, mfanyakazi wa siri, alisema kwamba kuanzia mwaka wa 1978 hadi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, yeye na wenzake mara nyingi waliharibu mali ya Bi Joseph kwa kurusha mawe kupitia madirisha ya nyumba. nyumba yake, alitoa vitisho kwa simu, akafyatua risasi kwenye nyumba hiyo lakini hakukusudia kumdhuru mtu yeyote, akaamuru na kusababisha vifaa visivyohitajika vipelekwe nyumbani kwake, na kumimina kiondoa rangi kwenye gari lake, pamoja na gari la Ann. Hughes, wakati wa mwisho alipomtembelea. Hofu ya serikali ya ubaguzi wa rangi kwake ilikuwa ya kutatanisha: "Jinsi gani mishanga mzee aliyechoka, Kama mimi anavyoweza kuwa tishio kwa usalama wa serikali tu ndio wanaweza kusema?" Joseph amenukuliwa akisema. Kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970, Siku ya Krismasi ilikuwa "Siku ya Wazi" katika nyumba ya Helen Joseph kwa wale waliohusika katika mapambano dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi. Wenzake wote walileta chakula na saa sita jioni kilo mtu aliinua miwani yake kwa wale waliofungwa katika kisiwa cha Robben. (Inaonekana Wakazi wa Kisiwa cha Robben walifahamu mila hiyo. ) Tarehe 25 Desemba 1992, Joseph alikuwa hospitalini na ukumbi ulihamia 11 Plantation Road, The Gardens. Wafungwa wa Robben Island walikuwa wameachiliwa, na waliokuwepo waliinua miwani yao kwa Helen, ambaye alifariki muda mfupi baadaye. == Maisha binafsi == [[Picha:Helen_Joseph_Avalon.jpg|thumb| Kaburi la Helen Joseph kwenye kaburi la Avalon]] “Mnamo tarehe 31 Desemba 1956, nilihamia kwenye nyumba yangu ndogo yenye miti mirefu, nikifurahia kuwa na nyumba yangu mwenyewe. . . ." - Joseph alinukuliwa akisema mnamo 1986. Nyumba ndogo hiyo ilikuwa 35 Fanny Avenue, na kuhamia humo mnamo Desemba 1956 lilikuwa tendo la imani na matumaini, kwa kuwa Helen alikuwa amekamatwa siku chache kabla ya hapo, akishtakiwa kwa uhaini, na kukabiliwa na kesi kwa miaka minne. Inavutia kukisia kwamba Helen Joseph alichagua kuishi Norwood kwa sababu wenzi wenzake wawili, Bram Fischer huko Oaklands, na Violet Weinberg katika The Gardens, waliishi kwa ukaribu. Haijalishi ni sababu gani ya chaguo lake, angeendesha mapambano yake dhidi ya ukosefu wa haki kutoka kwa anwani hii hadi kifo chake mnamo 1992. Katika kipindi hicho alipigwa marufuku mara nne, kufungwa jela mara nne, na aliona maisha yake yakiwa sakata la muda mrefu la kuteswa na polisi, sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake akiwa chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani. Helen hakuwa na watoto wake mwenyewe, lakini mara kwa mara alisimama kwa anile ya watoto wa wandugu gerezani au uhamishoni. Alionwa kuwa mama machoni pa wanaharakati wengi, na kwa miaka mingi, walimsherehekea [[Siku ya Mama|Siku ya Akina Mama]]. Miongoni mwa watoto waliotumia muda katika malezi yake walikuwa mabinti wa [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|Winnie]] na [[Nelson Mandela]] – Zinzi na Zenani – na binti wa Bram Fischer, Ilsa. == Urithi na heshima == Helen Joseph alifariki tarehe 25 Desemba 1992 akiwa na umri wa miaka 87, baada ya kukubaliwa kwa Daraja la Simon wa Kurene mwaka wa 1992, heshima ya juu kabisa ambayo Kanisa la Anglikana la Kusini mwa Afrika huwapa washiriki wa kawaida wanaotoa huduma bora. Alitunukiwa nishani ya Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe na ANC mwaka huo huo. Shule ya Clifton (Durban) iliita maktaba kwa jina la Helen Joseph, ambaye alifundisha huko alipokuja Afrika Kusini kwa mara ya kwanza. Maktaba ina picha iliyoagizwa maalum. Maeneo yaliyopewa jina la Helen Joseph ni pamoja na iliyokuwa Barabara ya Davenport huko Glenwood, KwaZulu-Natal, Hospitali ya Helen Joseph mjini [[Johannesburg]], makazi ya wanafunzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes, [[Grahamstown]], na barabara za Rustenburg na Johannesburg. [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1905]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] lbuhm6bd8q665o21poxq71n80efrufb 0 144222 1601195 1526130 2026-09-25T13:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Squid Game logo.png|thumb|284x284px|Nembo ya mfululizo]] '''''Squid Game''''' ni mfululizo wa [[filamu]] za [[televisheni]] wa [[Korea Kusini]] ambayo imeundwa na [[Hwang Dong-hyuk]]. ''Squid Game'' ilionekana kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo [[17 Septemba]] [[2021]] kwenye [[Netflix]]. == Waigizaji == * [[Lee Jung-jae]] kama Seong Gi-hun (성기훈, 456)<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=[공식] 이정재X박해수, 넷플릭스 '오징어게임' 주연 캐스팅|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0003540531|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko|author=문지연}}</ref> * [[Park Hae-soo]] kama Cho Sang-woo (조상우, 218)<ref name=":0" /> * [[Wi Ha-joon]] kama Hwang Jun-ho (황준호)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=[단독] 위하준, 넷플릭스 오리지널 '오징어 게임' 합류…이정재와 호흡|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0004672486|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko|author=장아름 기자}}</ref> * [[Jung Ho-yeon]] kama Kang Sae-byeok (강새벽, 067)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=[단독]톱모델 정호연, '오징어게임' 여주인공…본격 연기 데뷔|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&aid=0000245793|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko|author=김현록 기자}}</ref> * [[O Yeong-su]] kama Oh Il-nam (오일남, 001)<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title='오징어 게임' 오영수·위하준→허성태·김주령, 목숨 건 '일촉즉발' 서바이벌 참가|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001339774|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko}}</ref> * [[Heo Sung-tae]] kama Jang Deok-su (장덕수, 101)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=[단독] 허성태, 넷플릭스 '오징어 게임' 합류…대세 신스틸러 행보ing|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=421&aid=0004672668|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko|author=장아름 기자}}</ref> * [[Anupam Tripathi]] kama Abdul Ali (알리, 199)<ref name=":1" /> * [[Kim Joo-ryoung]] kama Han Mi-nyeo (한미녀, 212)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=‘오징어 게임’ 허성태-위하준-김주령-정호연 캐스팅 확정 [공식]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000830599|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko|author=동아닷컴 정희연 기자}}</ref> * [[Yoo Sung-joo]] kama Byeong-gi (111)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Squid Game Cast & Character Guide|url=https://screenrant.com/squid-game-cast-character-guide-actors/|work=ScreenRant|date=2021-09-23|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Lee Yoo-mi]] kama Ji-yeong (240)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=넷플릭스 '오징어 게임' 신스틸러 김주령-이유미, 과거 출연작 재조명|url=http://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=14631431|work=톱스타뉴스|date=2021-09-18|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko}}</ref> * [[Kim Si-hyun]] kama Player 244 * [[Lee Sang-hee]] kama Player 017<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=[팝업★]'오징어 게임 유리공' 이상희, 이정재 내공에 감탄.."스타는 달라"|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0003480998|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko}}</ref> * [[Kim Yun-tae]] kama Player 069 * [[Lee Ji-ha]] kama Player 070<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=이지하, '돼지의 왕' 출연 확정…김동욱과 母子 호흡 [공식입장]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001342727|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko}}</ref> * [[Kwak Ja-hyoung]] kama Player 278 * [[Christian Lagahit]] kama Player 276<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Player 276 actor Christian Lagahit on his 'surreal' experience representing Filipinos in 'Squid Game'|url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/player-276-actor-christian-lagahit-182241295.html|work=www.yahoo.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=This ‘Squid Game’ actor reveals he originally auditioned for the role of Ali|url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/news/tv/filipino-actor-christian-lagahit-squid-game-netflix-player-276-originally-auditioned-role-of-ali-3061658|work=NME|date=2021-10-04|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kim Young-ok]] kama Gi-hun's mother<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=중년 남성에 대한 연민에서만 일관적인, 마구잡이 서바이벌 ‘오징어게임’ [위근우의 리플레이]|url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=032&aid=0003099713&sid1=001|work=news.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko|author=칼럼니스트 위근우}}</ref> * [[Cho Ah-in]] kama Seong Ga-yeong * [[Park Si-wan]] kama Kang Cheol * [[Lee Byung-hun]] kama The Front Man<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='Squid Game's Cast Features a Mix of Korean Film Powerhouses and Up and Comers|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a37706324/squid-game-cast-netflix/|work=Esquire|date=2021-09-23|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=en-US|author=Justin Kirkl}}</ref> * [[Lee Jung-jun]] kama Guard<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=“10초 등장했을 뿐인데”…‘오징어 게임’ 속 가면남은 누구? [스타★샷]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=396&aid=0000593121|work=entertain.naver.com|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=ko|author=윤설화 온라인 뉴스 기자}}</ref> * [[John D Michaels]] kama VIP #1<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=‘They didn’t just pick us up off the street!’ Meet the globally derided Squid Game VIPs {{!}} Squid Game {{!}} The Guardian {{!}} Ghostarchive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/oct/19/they-didnt-just-pick-us-up-off-the-street-meet-the-globally-derided-squid-game-vips|work=ghostarchive.org|accessdate=2021-11-15|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211025231033/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/oct/19/they-didnt-just-pick-us-up-off-the-street-meet-the-globally-derided-squid-game-vips|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> * [[Daniel C Kennedy]] kama VIP #2<ref name=":2" /> * [[David Lee]] kama VIP #3<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who Are Squid Game's VIPs? Every Actor|url=https://screenrant.com/squid-game-vip-actors-names-who/|work=ScreenRant|date=2021-10-07|accessdate=2021-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Geoffrey Giuliano]] kama VIP #4<ref name=":2" /> * [[Stephane Mot]] kama VIP #5<ref name=":3" /> * [[Michael Davis]] kama VIP #6<ref name=":3" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * {{Imdb title|10919420}} {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Vipindi vya televisheni]] 7rjockyiixt1asi87bdc3xa1fo6lmsc 0 144749 1601135 1513375 2026-09-25T13:39:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601135 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Hamish Bond MNZM (cropped).jpg|alt=Bond mnamo 2013|thumb|Bond mnamo 2013]] '''Hamish Byron Bond''' MNZM (alizaliwa [[13 Februari]] [[1986]]) ni mpiga makasia wa [[New Zealand]] na pia alikuwa muendesha [[baisikeli]] wa barabarani. Ameshinda medali ya dhahabu mara tatu katika michezo ya olimpiki ya London 2012, michezo ya olimpiki ya Rio de Janeiro 2016, na katika michezo ya olimpiki ya Tokyo Olimpiki 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hamish Bond Bio, Stats, and Results {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/hamish-bond-1.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-04-17|accessdate=2021-12-06|archivedate=2020-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417235722/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/hamish-bond-1.html}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Alihitimu mwaka 2010 akichukua [[Shahada (Uislamu)|shahada]] ya biashara(mkubwa katika fedha) chuo cha Massey na alihitimu diploma katika upangaji wa [[Agenti (fedha)|fedha]] binafsi. Bond alioa mke wake mnamo aprili, 2015 na walipata mtoto wa kwanza mwaka 2018 na pia walikuwa na mtoto mwingine kabla ya kwenda [[Tokyo]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Nyuzilandi]] [[Jamii:USLWO]] pczf98e69tn25u15eg66g77shijuwvw 0 145495 1601067 1460085 2026-09-25T13:14:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:5th Gaidar Forum 02.jpg|thumbnail|right|200pax|Tukio la mwaka 2014.]] '''Gaidar Forum''' ni mojawapo ya matukio makubwa zaidi nchini [[Urusi]] katika uwanja wa [[biashara]]. Tukio hilo limepewa jina la [[Yegor Gaidar]]. Imekuwa ikifanyika kila mwaka tangu 2010 katika [[Chuo cha Uchumi na Utumishi wa Umma cha Urusi chini ya Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi]] huko [[Moscow]]. Tukio hilo lina vikao vya mawasilisho, majedwali ya duara na mijadala ya jopo. Wasimamizi ni wawakilishi wa serikali ya Urusi, mamlaka ya kikanda, viongozi wa biashara ya ndani na nje ya nchi, kwa mfano * Frenkel Jacob * Mheshimiwa Paul Jaji * [[Björn Stenvers]] * Danica Purg * Michael Ukurasa * Iñiguez de Onzoño Santiago * Richard Sorensen * Marek Belka * Charles Calomiris. == Malengo na kazi == * Kuvutia wasomi wakuu na watendaji kujadili shida za kiuchumi na kisiasa pamoja * Kudumisha mazungumzo ya kitaaluma yenye kuendelea kuhusu masuala muhimu ya kisiasa na kiuchumi * Tafakari ya mielekeo muhimu zaidi na matukio muhimu zaidi ya uchumi na siasa za kitaifa na kimataifa * Ufafanuzi wa mapendekezo na mapendekezo ya maendeleo ya uchumi wa taifa * Kuanzisha mahali pazuri kwa Urusi katika [[uchumi wa dunia]] == Mratibu == * [[Chuo cha Uchumi na Utumishi wa Umma cha Urusi chini ya Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi]] (RANEPA) *''Taasisi ya Gaidar ya Sera ya Uchumi'' Taasisi hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1990 (wakati huo `` Taasisi ya Sera ya Kiuchumi katika Chuo cha Uchumi '', baadaye Taasisi ya Uchumi). Inafanya utafiti wa kimsingi na uliotumika katika maeneo makuu yafuatayo: uchumi mkuu na fedha; Maendeleo ya uchumi halisi; Kazi ya taasisi za umma; Matatizo ya usimamizi wa mali na biashara; uchumi wa kisiasa; Matatizo ya maendeleo ya kikanda; Sera ya Kilimo; Masomo ya kisheria (ikiwa ni pamoja na tathmini na maendeleo ya vitendo vya kisheria vya kawaida). == Matukio == === 2010 === Mkutano wa kwanza juu ya "Urusi na Dunia: Changamoto za Muongo Mpya" ulifanyika Januari 21-23. Wataalamu wakuu wamejadili mwelekeo muhimu zaidi wa uchumi wa dunia katika wakati wa msukosuko wa ulimwengu na wamechambua mifumo ya msingi ya uwepo wa nchi na kuashiria njia ya kufufua uchumi. Wafuatao walishiriki katika mijadala hiyo: Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Kwanza katika Serikali ya Shirikisho la Urusi, Igor Shuvalov, Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Kiuchumi wa Shirikisho la Urusi (mwaka 2010) Elwira Nabiullina, Rais na Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji wa Sberbank Herman Gref, Mkuu wa zamani. Waziri wa Ufini [[Esko Aho]], mkuu wa utawala wa rais wa Urusi, [[Sergei Evgenyevich Naryshkin | Sergei Naryshkin]]. === 2011 === Mkutano wa pili ulifanyika Machi 16-19. Hafla hiyo ilishughulikia mada "Urusi na Ulimwengu: Utaftaji wa mkakati wa uvumbuzi". Maeneo yafuatayo hasa yalijadiliwa: tatizo la misingi ya kitaasisi ya uchumi wa uvumbuzi, mahitaji mapya kwa taasisi za kisiasa na sera ya kifedha inayohusiana, changamoto za kijamii za kisasa, mifano ya kikanda ya maendeleo ya uvumbuzi na utafutaji wa msingi wa ukuaji wa uvumbuzi. Washiriki katika majadiliano walikuwa: Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza katika Serikali ya Shirikisho la Urusi, Igor Shuvalov, Waziri wa Fedha wa Shirikisho la Urusi (mnamo 2011) [[Alexei Leonidovich Kudrin | Alexei Kudrin]], Naibu Mwenyekiti wa Duma. , Alexander Zhukov na mkuu wa Utawala wa Rais wa Urusi, Sergei Naryshkin. === 2012 === Tukio la tatu lilifanyika Januari 18-21, mada ilikuwa "Urusi na Dunia: 2012-2020". Majadiliano ya wataalam yalilenga kusasisha "Mkakati wa Maendeleo ya Kijamii na Kiuchumi wa Urusi hadi 2020". Kulikuwa na washiriki elfu mbili wa Kirusi na wa kigeni. Wataalam ni pamoja na Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Uchumi wa Shirikisho la Urusi (mwaka 2012) Elwira Nabiullina, Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Mkoa (mwaka 2012) Viktor Bassargin, Rais na Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi wa Sberbank Rossii, Herman Gref, Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya Dunia kwa Ulaya na Asia ya Kati Philip Le Wairua. === 2013 === Tukio la nne lilifanyika mnamo Januari 16-19, na mada "Urusi na Ulimwenguni: Shida za Ujumuishaji", mada kuu ambayo ilikuwa shida za uchumi wa Urusi katika kujumuishwa katika mfumo wa uchumi wa ulimwengu, uboreshaji wa hali ya biashara. nchini Urusi na matarajio ya uchumi wa Kirusi Makampuni katika masoko ya nje yalikuwa. Zaidi ya wataalam 250 kutoka nchi 38 walifanya kazi. Vyumba vya hafla vilitembelewa na zaidi ya watu 3500. Waliohudhuria kongamano hilo ni [[Robert Mundell]], Mkurugenzi Kundi la Matarajio ya Maendeleo ya Benki ya Dunia Hans Timmer, Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya Dunia [[Otaviano Canuto]], Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Shirika la Biashara Duniani Pascal Lamy, Mkurugenzi Global Indicators Group wa Benki ya Dunia. Augusto Lopez-Claros, Katibu Mkuu wa OECD Angel Gurria. Hafla hiyo ilifunguliwa na Waziri Mkuu wa Shirikisho la Urusi [[Dmitri Anatolyevich Medvedev]]. Pamoja na washiriki wa serikali ya Urusi, wakuu wa masomo ya shirikisho, wanauchumi wakuu wa Urusi na nje, wafanyikazi wafuatao wa kitamaduni walishiriki katika mikutano: Rais wa Taasisi ya "Chuo cha Televisheni ya Urusi", mwakilishi wa ajabu wa Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi katika maswala. ya ushirikiano wa kimataifa wa kitamaduni Mikhail Schwydkoi, Mkurugenzi wa Sanaa na Mkurugenzi wa Theatre ya Estrade huko Moscow na Msanii wa Watu wa Urusi Gennady Khazanov. Hafla hiyo ilishinda "Tuzo za Moscow Times". Mnamo Novemba 10, 2013 Mwalimu Mkuu wa Sherehe [[Vladimir Posner]] aliwasilisha tuzo kwa Mkuu wa Chuo cha Uchumi na Utumishi wa Umma cha Urusi chini ya Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi [[Vladimir Alexandrovich Mau | Vladimir Mau]]. === 2014 === Tukio la tano lilifanyika Januari 15-18. Kaulimbiu ilikuwa "Urusi na Dunia: Maendeleo Endelevu". Waziri Mkuu wa Shirikisho la Urusi D.A. Medvedev, naibu waziri mkuu wa kwanza katika serikali ya Shirikisho la Urusi, [[Igor Ivanovich Shuvalov | Igor Shuvalov]], Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Uchumi wa Shirikisho la Urusi Alexei Ulyukayev, Waziri wa Fedha wa Shirikisho la Urusi Anton Siluanov alihudhuria. Wakizungumza katika kongamano hilo ni Rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha Uchumi Luigi Bocconi, Seneta wa Maisha, Waziri Mkuu wa Italia mwaka 2011–2013, Mario Monti; Katibu Mkuu wa Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (OECD) Angel Gurria; Rais wa Jamhuri ya Czech kuanzia 2003–2013, Václav Klaus; Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya Dunia kwa Uendelevu [[Rachel Kyte]]; Mwenyekiti wa J.P. Morgan Chase International [[Jacob A. Frenkel | Jacob Frenkel]]; Mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Earth katika Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia Jeffrey Sachs. === 2015 === Kuanzia Januari 14 hadi 16, tukio hilo liliitwa "Urusi na Dunia: Vector Mpya." Mada kuu ilikuwa shida za uchumi mkuu na mwelekeo kuu wa maendeleo ya uchumi wa ulimwengu wa kisasa. Maswali muhimu zaidi yalikuwa hasa matatizo ya sasa ya demografia na uhamiaji kwa nchi zote, sera ya fedha na matarajio ya maendeleo ya China kama mdau muhimu wa kiwango cha kimataifa. Sekta halisi ya uchumi wa Urusi na shida za maendeleo yake zilijadiliwa. Moja ya mijadala ya hivi karibuni ilikuwa mjadala wa matarajio ya uchumi wa Urusi mbele ya vikwazo na kushuka kwa bei ya mafuta, haswa, mjadala wa shida katika sekta ya mafuta na gesi, ujumuishaji wa kilimo katika minyororo ya chakula, Ushirikiano wa kiuchumi wa Eurasia na utafutaji wa dhana mpya za kuajiri Uwekezaji na usimamizi wa sera ya fedha. Mnamo 2015, watu 5,703 walihudhuria hafla hiyo. Idadi ya washiriki iliongezeka kwa 20% mwaka 2015 ikilinganishwa na 2014, na mwaka 2014 kulikuwa na wageni 4,765. === 2016 === Kaulimbiu ya mwaka 2016 ilikuwa "Urusi na Dunia: Mtazamo wa Baadaye". Tukio hilo lilifanyika kutoka Januari 13 hadi 15. Zaidi ya wageni 13,700, 817 kati yao walikuwa wageni, walihudhuria hafla hiyo (19% zaidi ya mwaka jana). Kufikia Januari 18, zaidi ya nakala 10,000 zilichapishwa kwenye vyombo vya habari. Miongoni mwa washiriki katika kongamano hilo walikuwa wawakilishi wafuatao wa Serikali ya Shirikisho la Urusi na Duma: * Waziri Mkuu wa Shirikisho la Urusi [[Dmitri Anatolyevich Medvedev | Dmitri Medvedev]]; * Mkuu wa Utawala wa Rais wa Urusi na Bodi ya Wadhamini ya Chuo cha Uchumi na Utumishi wa Umma cha Urusi chini ya Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi [[Sergei Evgenyevich Naryshkin | Sergei Naryshkin]]; * Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Kwanza katika Serikali ya Shirikisho la Urusi [[Igor Ivanovich Shuvalov | Igor Shuvalov]]; * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Shirikisho la Urusi Duma juu ya Sheria ya Katiba na Ujenzi wa Jimbo Vladimir Pligin; * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Duma ya Shirikisho la Urusi juu ya Bajeti na Ushuru [[Andrei Olegowitsch Makarow | Andrei Makarow]]; * Waziri wa Fedha wa Shirikisho la Urusi [[Anton Germanowitsch Siluanow]]; * Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Uchumi wa Shirikisho la Urusi [[Alexei Walentinowitsch Ulyukayev | Alexei Ulyukayev]]; * Waziri wa Viwanda na Biashara [[Denis Walentinowitsch Manturow | Denis Manturow]]; * Waziri wa Usafiri wa Shirikisho la Urusi Maxim Sokolov; * Waziri wa Nishati wa Shirikisho la Urusi Alexander Nowak; * Waziri wa Afya wa Shirikisho la Urusi Veronika Skvorzova; * Waziri wa Shirikisho la Urusi Mikhail Abisov; * Waziri wa Mambo ya Kaskazini ya Caucasus ya Shirikisho la Urusi Lev Kuznetsov; * Waziri wa Shirikisho la Urusi kwa Maendeleo ya Mashariki ya Mbali Alexander Galushka na wengine Kwa kuongezea, wakuu 18 wa mikoa ya Urusi walishiriki katika hafla hiyo. Wasimamizi wakuu 37 kutoka kampuni za kigeni na Urusi walishiriki. Mijadala 79 na meza za pande zote, mihadhara 622 ya kiufundi ilifanyika wakati wa kongamano, ikifunika wigo mzima wa maoni juu ya maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya nchi. Kijadi, wataalam wengi wa kigeni walishiriki: maprofesa 69 wa kigeni na wanadiplomasia 174. Miongoni mwa wageni wa heshima katika kongamano hilo alikuwa Rais wa Ugiriki [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]]. Mkuu wa Chuo cha Uchumi na Utumishi wa Umma cha Urusi kwa Rais wa Shirikisho la Urusi, [[Vladimir Alexandrowitsch Mau | Vladimir Mau]], alimkabidhi diploma kama profesa wa heshima wa Chuo cha Jimbo na Sheria. Diploma iliwasilishwa wakati wa mjadala wa jopo "Jukumu la Ubunge katika Uchumi", iliyosimamiwa na mkuu wa Utawala wa Rais wa Urusi, Sergei Naryshkin. <! - == Hati rasmi == === 2016 === [http://government.ru/news/21405/ Shorthand ya kuonekana kwa Waziri Mkuu wa Urusi Dmitry Medvedev kwenye kikao cha kikao cha Jukwaa la Gaidar] === 2015 === [http://government.ru/news/16508/ Taarifa ya Dmitry Medvedev, utendaji wa Waziri wa Jimbo la Monaco Michel Roger, utendaji wa Rais "Kundi la Thelathini", Mwenyekiti wa Benki Kuu ya Ulaya (2003) -2011), Jean- Claude Trichet, utendaji wa Profesa Immanuel Waller wa Chuo Kikuu cha Yale, Hotuba ya Kifalme ya Shule ya Uchumi ya London ya Shule ya Uchumi na Sayansi ya Siasa ya Tuzo ya Nobel ya Uchumi, Christopher Pissarides utendaji wa juu wa makamu wa rais mkuu wa kampuni " Coca-Cola" Clyde Tuggle. ] === 2014 === [http://government.ru/news/9741/ Hotuba ya Waziri Mkuu wa Shirikisho la Urusi Dmitry Medvedev Hotuba ya Rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha Bocconi, Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Mawaziri la Italia mnamo 2011-2013, Mario Monti, utendaji wa Katibu. Jenerali wa Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo, Angel Gurria, hotuba ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Czech katika miaka ya 2003-2013, Vaclav Klaus, Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya Dunia wa Maendeleo Endelevu [[Rachel Kyte]], utendaji wa Rais. wa JPMorgan Chase International Jacob Frenkel, Mkurugenzi wa Utendaji wa Taasisi ya Dunia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia Jeffrey Sachs. Maelezo mafupi kutoka kwa Makamu Mkuu wa Igor Shuvalov na Katibu Mkuu wa Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo, Angel Gurria.] === 2013 === == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.ranepa.ru/eng/research-academy/gaidar-forum Ukurasa wa Nyumbani (Jukwaa)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ranepa.ru/eng/research-academy/gaidar-forum |date=20221006133853 }} * [http://www.iep.ru/en.html Taasisi ya Gaidar ya Sera ya Uchumi] * [http://www.gaidarforum.ru/en/2017/monitoring/ Ufuatiliaji wa vyombo vya habari wa jukwaa 2011-2015] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gaidarforum.ru/en/2017/monitoring/ |date=20220105112043 }} * [https://sputniknews.com/politics/20160112/1032988412/kremlin-russia-greece-meeting.html Rais wa Urusi Vladimir Putin atakutana na mwenzake wa Ugiriki Prokopis Pavlopoulos mnamo Januari 15, Kremlin imethibitisha.] * [https://sputniknews.com/business/20160113/1033040056/oil-prices-falling.html Waziri wa fedha wa Urusi alitabiri kushuka zaidi kwa bei ya mafuta] * [https://sputniknews.com/world/20160113/1033048267/medvedev-sanctions-russia-authority-wto.html Medvedev: Vikwazo dhidi ya Urusi Vinadhoofisha Taasisi za Int'l Kama WTO] * [https://sputniknews.com/world/20160113/1033070125/eu-russia-trade-partners-sanctions-envoy.html EU, Urusi Zinasalia Washirika Bila Kujali Vikwazo - Mjumbe wa EU] -> [[Jamii:Uchumi wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Moscow]] pnefqxpoe3ham87ajs7hgggpm1j5nz4 0 146117 1601529 1529508 2026-09-25T23:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Winky D.jpg|thumb|'''Winky D at the Africa Unplugged concert, Wembley Arena 2012, in London''']] '''Winky D''' (alizaliwa 1 Februari [[1983]]), amezaliwa '''Wallace Chirumiko''' ni msanii wa muziki wa [[reggae]]-dancehall wa [[Zimbabwe]], anayejulikana kama "The Big Man" (iliyowekwa mtindo kama "Di Bigman"), na pia anajulikana kama Dancehall Igwe, Gaffa, Rais wa Ninja, Proffessor. , Extraterrestrial (iliyowekwa mtindo kama ChiExtra) n.k. Mara nyingi anachukuliwa kuwa waanzilishi wa Zimdancehall na mmoja wa wasanii wa muziki wa Zimbabwe waliokamilika zaidi. Alizaliwa Kambuzuma, kitongoji chenye watu wengi katika [[mji mkuu]] wa Zimbabwe, Harare. Pia alikuwa mtangazaji wa kipindi cha Rockers Vibes ambacho kilikuwa kipindi cha reggae, pamoja na Trevor Hall. Winky D alikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii walioshirikishwa katika Tamasha la Southern Africa Music Airwaves (SAMA) 2009. == Maisha ya awali == '''Winky D''' alizaliwa Kambuzuma, [[Harare]], Zimbabwe. Alipenda muziki katika hatua ya awali na alianza kusikiliza muziki wa reggae akiwa na umri wa miaka minane. Angetumia wakati kutafuta na kukusanya kanda na rekodi za sauti ili aweze kusikiliza muziki wa reggae. Winky D ana kaka anayeitwa Trevor Chirumiko, anayejulikana kama Layan. Layan pia ni [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki|mtayarishaji wa muziki]], mwimbaji na mtangazaji.<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/Winky_D|title=Winky D Wasifu: Umri, Watoto , Ndugu, Albamu|date=20 Desemba 2021|website=Pindula.co.zw|access-date=8 Januari 2022}}</ref> '''Wallace Chirumiko''' alihudhuria shule ya msingi na sekondari mjini Harare. Alisoma katika [[Shule ya msingi|Shule ya Msingi]] ya Rukudzo na baadaye katika Shule ya Upili ya Kambuzuma. Alipokuwa kijana, '''Winky D''' alianza kuigiza kwenye maonyesho madogo na matamasha. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 16, alitumbuiza katika Getto Lane Clashes, ambavyo vilikuwa vita vya DJ kwa kutambua wenye vipaji na Winky alionekana. Baada ya muda alipewa jina la utani 'Wicked DeeJay', ambalo lilifupishwa kama Winky D. Alipewa jina hilo la utani kwa sababu ujumbe wake wa muziki uliokuwa na nguvu. Maneno yake yalikuwa wazi, yakizungumza kuhusu jeuri na ukosefu wa maadili. Hata hivyo kuanzia 2013, alianza kuimba nyimbo za injili na pia kuwahimiza vijana kuacha kutumia dawa za kulevya.<ref name="auto"/> ==Kazi ya muziki== Kwa usaidizi wa Bartholomew Vera wa studio za Blacklab, Winky D aliingia katika studio ya kurekodi. Nyimbo zake za kwanza, kama vile "Rasta" na "Dead Inna War", pamoja na maonyesho yake ya ustadi, ziliweka sakafu ya densi kuwa na shughuli nyingi. Tangu wakati huo ametoa albamu kumi na moja zilizo na nyimbo nyingi za chati ambazo zimempatia mashabiki kote ulimwenguni, ikithibitishwa na ziara zilizofanikiwa nchini Uingereza, Marekani, Asia na Afrika Kusini. Winky D amekuwa msanii mpya wa muziki wa mjini/reggae wa Zimbabwe na Afrika kwa majina ya utani kama "King of Dancehall", "Gombwe" "Gafa (Gaffer)", Extraterrestrial "The BigMan", "Messi wereggae", na "Truthsayer", kuambatanishwa naye kwenye gheto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/winkydonline?sk=info|title=Winky D DiBigman|work=Facebook.com|access-date= 2017-02-10}}</ref> Katika nia ya kuwashawishi wanaume wa Zimbabwe [[kutahiriwa|kutahiriwa]],<ref>{{cite news|title=ZIM yaanzisha zoezi la majaribio la Tohara ya Wanaume|url=http://www.nac.org.zw /sites/default/files/MC.pdf|access-date=4 Juni 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223215440/http://www.nac.org.zw/sites|archive-date=2015-12-23|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Population Services International na Wizara ya Afya na Ustawi wa Watoto imeanzishwa a Winky D na Albert Nyoni (Vanyoni Beats) yenye mada "Ukijua wewe ni bingwa tohara". Wimbo huu ulizinduliwa [[Harare]] tarehe 19 Januari 2012.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.greedysouth.co.zw/2012/01/tukus-phone-call-to-winky -d-bigiman.html|title=Simu ya Tuku kwa Winky D, "Bigiman Pindai Norton!"|first=Godwin|last=Mungwadzi|website=Greedysouth.co.zw|access-date=8 Januari 2022}} </ref> Mnamo Desemba 2010, Winky D, pamoja na Guspy Warrior na Terry Fabulous kutoka gari la Chimurenga huko Zengeza, waliratibiwa kutumbuiza na Capleton katika Mkesha wa Mwaka Mpya. Hata hivyo, baada ya kushindwa kufikia muafaka, nyota huyo wa "Musarova bigman" alijiondoa na kughairi uchezaji wake wote ulioratibiwa kutoka kwa ziara ya Zimbabwe ya Capleton.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winky D ajiondoa kwenye Capleton Zim Tour|url=http: //greedysouth.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/winky-d-withdraws-from-capleton-zim.html|website=Greedysouth.blogspot.com|access-date=30 Mei 2013}}</ref> '''Winky D''' alishindwa kutumbuiza kwenye tamasha la kuapishwa kwa Rais Robert Mugabe lililofanyika Agosti 2013 katika Uwanja wa Taifa wa Michezo, kufuatia kauli tofauti kuhusu aliko mwanamuziki huyo wakati wa hafla hiyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winky D katika hali ya kutatanisha isiyo ya kipindi|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/08/28/winky-d-in-no-show-dilemma/|website=Newsday.co.zw|tarehe=28 Agosti 2013|accessdate=2022-02-03|archive-date=2023-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019145832/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/08/28/winky-d-in-no-show-dilemma|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2011, Winky D alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye tamasha la Monash Beer fest Carnival mjini Johannesburg, Afrika Kusini akitumbuiza pamoja na Black Coffee, Cabo Snoop, Dj Betto, Dj Leks, TshepNOZ na Sipho, Dj Luo, na Kay Mack.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winky D ataanza kwa mara ya kwanza MTVBase katika Tamasha la Bia Fest Invasion!|url=http://greedysouth.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/winky-d-to-make-his-mtvbase-debut- at.html|website=Greedysouth.blogspot.com|access-date=30 Mei 2013}}</ref> ==Migogoro== '''Winky D''' alikuwa na 'beefs' na wasanii maarufu wa dancehall kama vile Madcom na Dadza D. Walipigana huku na huko kwa sauti, ambapo aliibuka kama mshindi alipokuwa njiani kuwa mwigizaji maarufu zaidi wa Zim-dancehall. Winky D, pamoja na The General na Sniper Storm, waliratibiwa kutumbuiza kama maonyesho ya ufunguzi wa Mavado. Winky D alitumbuiza kwanza na kuwafanya Mavado na Sniper Storm kusubiri nyuma ya jukwaa. Juhudi zilifanywa na waandaaji wa onyesho hilo ili kumfanya "Bigman" ashuke jukwaani na kutoa nafasi kwa onyesho la Sniper Storm la dakika kumi, lakini hazikufaulu. Sniper Storm kisha alichukua hatua mikononi mwake na kumpokonya maikrofoni kutoka kwa Winky D. Sniper alichofanya kitendo hicho kilizua hasira huku umati ukirusha vitu kwenye jukwaa. Hili pia lilisababisha mijadala mikali kwenye mtandao na kona za barabara kote Zimbabwe, huku wanamuziki na watumbuizaji mbalimbali walivyoitikia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Both Sides to the Winky Vs Sniper Storm Story: Who is bigger? + Baadhi ya picha za kipekee za kile kilichotokea usiku wa Ijumaa moja. Ndani]|url=http://greedysouth.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/both-sides-to-winky-vs-sniper-storm.html|website=Greedysouth.blogspot.co.uk|tarehe-ya-ufikiaji =30 Mei 2013}}</ref> Winky D ameona wasanii wengi zaidi wakimpiga risasi ili kupata umaarufu kutoka kwake, jambo ambalo amepuuza. Maarufu zaidi kati ya hawa ni Seh Calaz, ambaye amekuwa na umakini mkubwa na wa kipekee kwa dis zake kwa rais wa ninja, ambaye pia hajajibu bali ametaka amani kati ya wasanii wa zim-dancehall kupitia nyimbo zake (Mafeelings, tiki taka. , sungura like na PaGhetto anazozitaja Seh Calaz) na mahojiano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greedysouth.co.zw/2010/10/winky-d-discuses-dancehall-beef- royalty.html|title=Winky D anazungumzia Dancehall Beef, Royalty na Igo Figo – mixtape mpya – Greedysouth – Gazeti la Mtandaoni la Zimbabwe la Muziki, Mitindo, Ubunifu, Utamaduni na Sanaa|website=Greedysouth.co.zw}}</ref > ==Uzinduzi wa albamu ya Gombwe na bash ya kuzaliwa== Baada ya miaka mingi kuzindua albamu yake kupitia matukio muhimu ya chini. Mstari wa siku hiyo ulijumuisha Buffalo Souljah, Killer T, Jah Signal, Vabati VaJehova na wengine. Hata hivyo, alikuwa Winky D ambaye alichukua nafasi kubwa na kuangazia uchawi wake wa gombwe la nje kwa mashabiki ambao waliimba pamoja na kucheza saa za asubuhi. Jambo lingine lililovutia zaidi, ni sosholaiti na mfanyabiashara Genius Kadungure kutaka nakala ya kwanza ya albamu hiyo kwa dola 20,000, lakini alilazimika kurekebisha kiwango cha awali baada ya mkali Albert Ndabambi ‘kumzidi’, kwa kuinadi CD hiyo kwa dola 30,000. Ginimbi, kama alivyokuwa akijulikana sana katika ulimwengu wa sosholaiti, alijichimbia zaidi mfukoni akitafuta dola 20,000 nyingine na kuifanya $40,000. Kwa jumla, Timu Winky D iliondoka na $70,000 kwa nakala yake ya kwanza ya ''Gombwe: Chiextra''. Oskid alitayarisha nyimbo 13 kati ya 14 kwenye albamu hiyo isipokuwa "My Woman" (feat. Beenie Man) iliyotayarishwa na Nicky. Uzinduzi huo uliweka historia ya kuwa uzinduzi uliohudhuriwa zaidi na albamu ghali zaidi nchini. Albamu yenyewe, onyesho la usiku huo na uzinduzi ulithibitisha Winky D ndiye msanii bora zaidi nchini Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/winky-d-unleashes-gombwe -in-style/|title=Winky D azindua 'Gombwe' kwa mtindo|work=The Herald|access-date=2018-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Njoo habari |url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2018/02/07/6-000-people-at-winky-d-album-launch|title=6 000+ watu katika uzinduzi wa albamu Winky D |website=Dailynews.co.zw|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/02/ gombwe-winky-ds-crucial-moment/|title=Gombwe: Wakati muhimu wa Winky D - NewsDay Zimbabwe|website=Newsday.co.zw|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-10|date=2 Februari 2018}}</ref> ==Diskografia== ===''Vita''=== #"Vita" #"Mkuu Ina Vita" #"Nuh Talk" #"Chukua Kimbia" #"unatoka wapi" # Igo Figo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blacklabrecords.com/winky_war.html|title=BlackLab Records – Catalog|date=3 Februari 2007|url-status=bot: haijulikani|hifadhi- url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203234534/http://www.blacklabrecords.com/winky_war.html|archive-date=3 Februari 2007|df=dmy-all|accessdate=2022-02-03|archivedate=2007-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203234534/http://www.blacklabrecords.com/winky_war.html}}</ref> ===''Mja''=== #"Babeli" #"Vita vya siku zijazo" #"Dem Hakuna Makosa" #"Gheto" # "Usiku" # "Chini Ina Ghetto" #"Kwa Wabenyamini" #"Msichana dem tele" # "Mateso Ghetto" #"Ina giza" #"Fanya maamuzi" # "Hakuna maisha kitandani" #"Napenda hivyo" #"Jinsi unavyojisikia" #"Mchungaji mwizi" # "Je" # "Green Lyk Mi Garden" # "Messi wereggae"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blacklabrecords.com/home/winkyd_album.html|title=BlackLab Records - Reggae kali zaidi ya Zimbabwe, Dancehall, Lebo ya Kurekodi Muziki ya Mjini|website=Blacklabrecords .com|accessdate=2022-02-03|archivedate=2018-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903060430/http://www.blacklabrecords.com/home/winkyd_album.html}}</ref> ===''Igofigo - Yasiyofikirika''=== #Malumbano # Mama Mtoto (feat Shayma) # Isu (feat King Shaddy) # Musarova BigMan # Angeenda (feat Layaan & Ngonizee) #Snepi # Tinokurura # Vaudze (feat Stunner) # Buss di Shot (feat Guspy Warrior) # Bingwa Aliyezaliwa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://winkydonline.com/discography/igofigo/|title=Winkydonline.com|website=Winkydonline.com|access-date=8 Januari 2022|accessdate=2022-02-03|archivedate=2022-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203090607/http://winkydonline.com/discography/igofigo/}}</ref > ===''PaKitchen''=== #Pajikoni # Taitirana (feat. Ninja Lipsy) # Mabhazuka # Andika Yezvimoko # Mwanamke Anogeza # Bongozozo # Refuri Parudo #Mtazamo wa Kwanza # Ndini mazoezi # Facebook #Gezera # Gerai Ndebvu #Ninja Jumamosi # Musandisunge officer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pakitchen/id564341954|title=iTunes {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Music - Pakitchen by Winky D|website=Itunes.apple.com} }</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emusic.com/album/winky-d/pakitchen/13699849/|title=Pakua Pakitchen na Winky D - eMusic|website=Emusic. com}}</ref> ===''Maisha Yangu''=== # Maisha Yangu # Mamukasei # Ninja Majira ya joto #Tatovhaya # Mumba maBaba # Tazama Kioo # Munhu weNyama (ft Freeman) # Dira yemaNgoma # Vashakabvu #WhatsApp #Imetengenezwa China #ndiniwe #Mtumiaji Mkubwa # Bhuru Dzvuku # Hubenzi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://winkydonline.com/discography/life-yangu/|title=Winkydonline.com|website=Winkydonline.com|access-date=8 Januari 2022|accessdate=2022-02-03|archivedate=2022-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203090607/http://winkydonline.com/discography/life-yangu/}}</ref> ===''Gafa Life Kickstape''=== #Kutoweka # Not Nice iliyotayarishwa kwa kushirikiana na V.Mberengwa #Kioo # Aliyenusurika (feat. Shinsoman) # Likizo (feat. Guspy Warrior) # Ngoma Futi # Idya Mari #Woshora #Hakimiliki # Gafa Life<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/gafa-life-kicks-tape/id1077044145|title=iTunes - Muziki - Gafa life by Winky D|tovuti=Itunes.apple.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923204645/https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/gafa-life-kicks-tape/id1077044145|archivedate=2016-09-23|accessdate=2022-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===''Gafa Futi''=== #Mwanaume Mwenye Furaha Zaidi # 25 'Twenty Five' iliyotayarishwa kwa kushirikiana na V.Mberengwa # Bhebi RaMwari # Mazishi ya Bob Marley #Baba #Ya nje # Gafa Party (Toi-Toi) #Hongera #Karma # Mwendamberi #Maisha ya Picha # Panorwadza Moyo (feat. [[Oliver Mtukudzi]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/gafa-futi/id1163364273|title=iTunes - Muziki - Gafa Futi na Winky D|website=Itunes.apple.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002420/https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/gafa-futi/id1163364273|archivedate=2017-01-03|accessdate=2022-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===''Gombwe: Chiextra''=== # Gombwe #Maisha ya Jiji # Finhu Finhu iliyotayarishwa kwa kushirikiana na Vincent Mberengwa #Msimbo wa Barabara kuu #Simba # Nambari ya Kwanza (feat. Haig Park Primary) # Ngirozi (feat. Vabati VaJehova) #Onaiwo # MaRoboti # Bho Yangu # Mimi ni Moto #Dona # Hatiperekedzane iliyotolewa kwa kushirikiana na Vincent Mberengwa # Mwanamke Wangu (feat. Beenie Man)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|website=Itunes.apple.com|title=Gombwe: Chiextra by Winky D|date=2018-02-07|url=https: //itunes.apple.com/us/album/gombwe-chiextra/1346229006|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> === ''Njema'' === #Amai # Chandelier zinazozalishwa kwa kushirikiana na Vincent Mberengwa #Sekai # Chitekete iliyotayarishwa kwa kushirikiana na Vincent Mberengwa # Siya Hivyo #Ijipita # Njema njema # Ndidye Mari ft Buffalo Soljah # Naye alitayarishwa kwa kushirikiana na Vincent Mberengwa # Bhatiri iliyotayarishwa kwa kushirikiana na Vincent Mberengwa # Murombo # Area 51 zinazozalishwa kwa kushirikiana na Vincent Mberengwa # Mangerengere<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://bustop.tv/winky-d-_-njema-album-songs-list/|title=WINKY D _ Orodha ya Nyimbo za Albamu ya Njema|tarehe=2019-12 -26|website=Bustop.tv|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> ==Tuzo== *Albamu bora zaidi ya Igofigo na Tuzo la People’s Choice - Tuzo za Kitaifa za Ustahili wa Sanaa (NAMA) 2010 *Tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora wa Moja kwa Moja - Tuzo za Zimdancehall 2015 *Tuzo la Chaguo la Watu - Tuzo za Kitaifa za Sifa za Sanaa (NAMA) 2020 *Winky D alishinda "Msanii Bora wa Dancehall" katika 2020 African Entertainment Awards USA.<ref>{{cite news | mwisho = Ncube | kwanza = Audrey L | tarehe = Januari 13, 2021 | title = Msanii wa Zimdancehall Winky D Akabidhi Tuzo ya Kimataifa | url = https://iharare.com/zimdancehall-artist-winky-d-bags-an-international-award/ | work = iHarare}}</ref> *Mtumbuizaji Bora wa Dancehall wa Kiafrika katika Tuzo za Kimataifa za Reggae na Muziki wa Dunia.<ref>{{taja habari | mwisho = Antonio | kwanza = Winstone | tarehe = Mei 18, 2021 | title = Winky d apakia gongo lingine la dunia | url = https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/05/winky-d-bags-another-global-gong/ | work = Newsday}}</ref> *Albamu Bora 2020 'Njema' - Tuzo za Zimdancehall<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/zimdancehall-awards-2020-all-winners|title=Zimdancehall Awards 2020: Zote washindi|date=29 Machi 2021|website=Musicinafrica.net|access-date=8 Januari 2022}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.winkyd.co.zw/index.html Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.winkyd.co.zw/index.html |date=20170928180101 }} * [http://www.blacklabrecords.com/home/findartist.html ukurasa wa Msanii] {{Wayback|url=http://www.blacklabrecords.com/home/findartist.html |date=20180831212427 }} katika BlackLab Records * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090904003625/http://www.overtone.co.za/winkyd Mahojiano ya Wasifu na Winky D] na Jonathan Banda, mtayarishaji wa Winky * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928223103/http://www.blacklabrecords.com/home/_extras/videos/rasta_medley.mov Video ya Winky D] – Video ya kwanza ya Winky D * [http://audiozim.com/videos/tag_winkyd/ Winky D kwenye Audiozim] * [http://nehandaradio.com/2010/01/01/winky-d-is-indeed-here-to-stay/ "Winky D ni kweli hapa kukaa"] {{Wayback|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2010/01/01/winky-d-is-indeed-here-to-stay/ |date=20220423114227 }}, nehandaradio.com * [https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/02/winky-d-fills-hicc/ Winky D anajaza HICC. . . Uzinduzi wa albamu unapoishi hadi kutozwa] {{Wayback|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2018/02/winky-d-fills-hicc/ |date=20220423114222 }} Winky D anamfuga mnyama * [http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/winky-d-is-well-different/ Winky D ni . . . vizuri . . . tofauti] Winky D msanii bora zaidi Zimbabwe {{DEFAULTSORT:Winky D}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jko4c7ffj3ctppx0qmez3btxffic9f4 0 146448 1601242 1515011 2026-09-25T14:08:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqueline Mutere''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki]] za [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wa [[Kenya]], na mwanzilishi wa ''Grace Agenda'' linalo hushughulika na kutoa usaidizi na ushauri kwa waathiriwa wa [[ubakaji]] nchini Kenya. Mutere pia ni [[mwanachama]] wa shirika la National Victims and Survivors Network, [[shirika]] ambalo linalenga kuendeleza [[ajenda]] ya fidia ya [[Tume]] ya Ukweli, Haki na Maridhiano (TJRC). == Harakati == Katika ghasia za baada ya [[uchaguzi]] wa [[2007]]-[[2008]] nchini Kenya kutokana na uchaguzi wenye utata, watu 1,000 waliuawa na takriban wanawake na wasichana [[900]] walifanyiwa ukatili wa kijinsia. Mutere vile vile alibakwa na kupachikwa mimba na jirani. Alitaka kutoa mimba, lakini kwa sababu sheria imekataza nchini Kenya, akajifungua binti, Princess. Uzoefu wake mwenyewe na uthabiti ulimtia motisha kusaidia waathirika wengine na [[watoto]] wao kwa kuanzisha Grace Agenda.<ref name="Affairs">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Affairs|first=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World|title=A Discussion with Jacqueline Mutere, Founder and Director of Grace Agenda|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/interviews/a-discussion-with-jacqueline-mutere-founder-and-director-of-grace-agenda|access-date=2021-07-28|website=berkleycenter.georgetown.edu|language=en}}</ref> Mutere alianzisha Grace Agenda mnamo [[mwaka]] [[2010]] ili kusaidia watoto wa waathiriwa wa ubakaji kutoka kwenye wimbi hilo la ghasia za kikabila. Muda mfupi baada ya kuunda msingi huo, Mutere aligundua kuwa akina mama wengi wa watoto hawa pia walihitaji mahali salama kwa kujadili kiwewe chao, na kwamba kwa kutoa njia hiyo, akina mama wachache wangepitisha kiwewe chao kwa watoto wao. Kutokana na machafuko yaliyokuwepo wakati wa vurugu hizo, ugumu wa kuwatambua washambuliaji, wengi wao wakiwa polisi, na wahanga wengi kushindwa kujitokeza hadharani, shirika hili lilijitolea kuzungumza kwa ajili ya walionusurika. Shirika lake huwasaidia waathiriwa kwa kutuma manusura kama waangalizi wa kuwasindikiza katika ziara hizo za vituo vya afya baada ya kudhulumiwa..<ref name="StandUp">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020 |title=Stand up for Human Rights |url=https://standup4humanrights.org/en/2020/highlights_14.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204180038/https://standup4humanrights.org/en/2020/highlights_14.html |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.standup4humanrights.org |language=en}}</ref> Mutere anasema, "Kundi hili ni muhimu sana katika kuhamisha michakato inayowasaidia walionusurika; wawakilishi wanaripoti wao kwa wao, ikiwa ni pamoja na serikali, ili wajue nini cha kutarajia."<ref name="Affairs"/> === Harakati za Janga la Korona === Wakati wa janga la ugonjwa wa korona, kazi ya Mutere kama mtetezi wa haki za wanawake ilifanywa kuwa ngumu zaidi kwa hofu kwamba wanawake wanaotembelea vituo vya [[afya]] kwa sababu ya [[unyanyasaji]] wa kijinsia au unyanyasaji wa majumbani wangejaribiwa na kutengwa kwa lazima, na kwa shida za [[kiuchumi]] zinazoletwa na [[jamii]]. Mutere anaendelea kutetea na kusaidia waathiriwa katika kesi mpya, kama vile kutafuta haki kwa kutoa ushahidi katika vikao vya mahakama, kutembelea hospitali, na kuhudhuria ushauri nasaha, miongoni mwa masuala mengine ya matibabu ya baada ya kushambuliwa kwa waathiriwa wa unyanyasaji wa kijinsia.<ref name="StandUp" /> Mutere pia anaangazia kuishinikiza [[serikali]] ya Kenya kufuata ahadi yake ya kusambaza fidia ya zaidi ya [[dola]] [[milioni]] 100 za [[Marekani]] kwa walionusurika kwa ubakaji wakati wa machafuko ya 2007-2008. Juhudi hizi zilijumuisha maandamano ya amani kuwasilisha ombi kwa seneti ya Kenya kuwakumbusha wanachama wake kuhusu ahadi walizotoa kwa walionusurika ubakaji. Kikundi pia kinatetea utu wa waathirika. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Kenya]] baigaf4hrua6yxlcdi91r7xysvn5pti 0 146556 1601480 1347917 2026-09-25T19:41:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Amina-Gerba-profil (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Amina Gerba]] '''Amina Gerba''' CQ (amezaliwa Machi 14, [[1961]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Kanada]]. Ndiye mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Upanuzi wa Afrique, Jukwaa la Upanuzi wa Afrique, na jarida la ''Upanuzi'' la Afrique. Pia alianzisha chapa za urembo za Kariliss na Kariderm–hizi ni bidhaa ya kwanza duniani ya siagi ya shea kupata uidhinishaji wa kikaboni. Mnamo 2014, alikuwa mpokeaji wa Agizo la Kitaifa la Quebec. Yeye ni mkurugenzi wa Baraza la Kanada la Afrika, Jedwali la Biashara la Afrika, na Fonds Afro-Entrepreneurs, na ni rais wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Entreprendre Ici. Mnamo 2021, Waziri Mkuu [[Justin Trudeau]] alimteua katika Seneti ya Kanada, kama Seneta wa Quebec. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2021/07/29/prime-minister-announces-appointment-senators|title=The Prime Minister announces the appointment of Senators|date=July 28, 2021|work=Prime Minister of Canada}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]] pvzo32f8ddb5n26pmtyiucxssxkd8i0 0 146613 1601036 1507719 2026-09-25T13:10:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Adrienne Warren | picha = Adrienne Warren (cropped) (cropped).jpg | maelezo ya picha = Adrienne Warren katika Tuzo za Tony za 2022|thumb|Adrienne Warren | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[Mei 6]], [[1987]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]] na [[dansa]] wa [[Marekani]] | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | watoto = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Adrienne Warren''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 6]], [[1987]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]] na [[dansa]] wa [[Marekani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/theater/adrienne-warren-tina-turner-broadway-musical.html| title = From Annie to Tina Turner, and Trained to Go the Distance|work=nytimes.com|accessdate=2020-03-02}}</ref> Alifanya [[kazi]] yake ya kwanza katika [[tasnia ya muziki]] mwaka [[2012]] ''Bring It On'', na mwaka [[2016]] alipokea [[tuzo]] ya Tony kama mwigizaji bora wa kutegemewa kwenye uteuzi wa kimuziki kwa uigizaji wake katika ''Shuffle Along, au, Making of the Sensation of Musical of 1921 na Yote Yanayofuata''. Alisifiwa pia kwa jukumu lake kama Tina Turner katika utengenezaji wa West End wa ''Tina'' mnamo 2018, ikiwa ni jukumu alilokua nalowakati wa uandaaji wa Broadway, ambayo alipokea Tuzo ya Tony ya Mwigizaji Bora katika Muziki mnamo [[2020]]. Warren alizaliwa huko [[Virginia]]. Yeye ni binti wa makocha wawili wa shule ya upili. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji kanisani. Alihudhuria shule ya upili katika Shule ya Gavana ya Sanaa. <ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/04/broadway-star-adrienne-warren-is-still-simply-the-best| title = Broadway Star Adrienne Warren Is Still Simply the Best|first=Britt|author=Hennemuth|work=Vanity Fair}}</ref> Warren alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Marymount Manhattan mnamo 2009. Aliimba na vikundi vya The Dream Engine na Trans-Siberian Orchestra. Alikuwa mwimbaji wa shirika lisilo la faida la Magic-The State Of The Art. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] bhzclc5j8meobzmbqk93xhib4u9c920 0 146731 1601179 1526094 2026-09-25T13:45:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Souad Dibi''' ni [[Harakati|mwanaharakati wa]] [[Ufeministi|haki za wanawake]] wa [[Moroko]], raisi wa chama cha El Khir (kwa [[Kiingereza]]. : charity) kilichopo [[Essaouira]], na ambacho lengo lake ni kutoa [[uhuru]] wa kiuchumi kwa wanawake kwa kukuza ushirikiano wao wa kitaaluma. <ref name="Le Monde Afrique">{{Rejea jarida|last=Mbog|first=Raoul Mbog|date=7 March 2015|title=Neuf femmes qui font avancer l'Afrique|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/03/07/8-mars-neuf-femmes-africaines-du-monde_4589418_3212.html|journal=Le Monde Afrique|access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref> Kila mwaka zaidi ya wanawake mia moja hufuata [[programu]] ya [[elimu]] iliyoundwa ili kuwapa ujuzi wa kuzalisha mapato. Eneo hili la pwani ya Atlantiki ya [[Moroko|Morocco]] ni eneo la watalii, lakini pia linaonyesha kuwa vijana na wanawake wengi ni masikini zaidi ya 30%. == Wasifu == Souad Dibi alizaliwa huko [[El Jadida]], karibu na [[Casablanca]], na aliolewa na seremala kutoka pwani ya Morocco. Alikuwa mshonaji kabla ya kuanzisha chama chake. Dibi alianzisha El Khir [[mwaka]] [[1998]] kwa ajili ya wanawake wa [[Essaouira]] waliotelekezwa na awana na rasilimali yoyote ya kuishi(kipato). <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Raoul|first=Mbog|date=22 October 2014|title=El Khir, l'ONG qui change la vie des femmes d'Essaouira|url=http://www.slateafrique.com/525959/solidarite-el-khir-bienfaisance-changer-vie-femmes-essaouira-maroc|journal=Slate Afrique|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324025021/http://www.slateafrique.com/525959/solidarite-el-khir-bienfaisance-changer-vie-femmes-essaouira-maroc|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] 8zp8q7dwe9lsroo5a6likodlb2ccjhr 0 147184 1601037 1526775 2026-09-25T13:10:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tanja Gönner, 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Tanja Gönner]] '''Tanja Gönner''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ujerumani]] na mwanachama wa [[Chama cha Kikristo cha Kidemokrasia cha Ujerumani|Muungano wa Kidemokrasia wa Kikristo wa Ujerumani]] ([[:en:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany|Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]). == Wasifu == Tanja Gönner alizaliwa huko Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, Ujerumani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Fricker|first=Uli|date=2019-12-26|title=Baden-Württemberg: Die Weltverbesserin: Was macht eigentlich ... Tanja Gönner?|url=https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/politik/Die-Weltverbesserin-Was-macht-eigentlich-Tanja-Goenner;art410924,10391866|accessdate=2021-12-27|work=SÜDKURIER Online|language=de}}</ref> Gönner alisoma Liebfrauenschule, shule ya wasichana ya Kirumi-Katholiki. Alisomea ukarani wa sheria katika huduma ya mahakama kuu. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanja Gönner - Munzinger Biographie|url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Tanja+G%C3%B6nner/0/24954.html|accessdate=2021-12-27|work=www.munzinger.de}}</ref> Alisomea sheria [[Chuo Kikuu cha Tübingen]]. Baada ya kumaliza mtihani wa kwanza na wa pili wa sheria wa serikali, alimaliza mafunzo yake ya kisheria katika Mahakama ya Mkoa ya [[Ravensburg]]. Kuanzia 1996 hadi 1999, alifanya kazi katika kampuni ya wanasheria huko Bad Saulgau. Baada ya kupata kibali cha kufanya kazi kama wakili, alikua mshirika katika kampuni hiyo ya mawakili mwaka wa 1999 na kufanya kazi huko kwa kuzingatia sheria ya ufilisi hadi 2004. <ref name=":0" /> == Siasa == Gönner alianza kazi yake ya kisiasa mwaka 1986 Junge Union, shirika la vijana la CDU. Amekuwa mwanachama wa CDU tangu 1987, na alikuwa mwanachama wa kamati kuu ya shirikisho kutoka 2000 hadi 2012. Kuanzia 2002 hadi 2004 Gönner alikuwa mwanachama wa Bundestag ya Ujerumani. Mnamo mwaka 2004 alikua Waziri wa Masuala ya Kijamii wa Jimbo la Baden-Württemberg kwenye serikali ya Erwin Teufel. Mnamo 2005 alichukua Wizara ya Mazingira huko Baden-Württemberg kwenye baraza la mawaziri la Günther Oettinger, ambapo aliongoza hadi mapema 2010. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ujerumani]] pfi3phq6g8jewyd77s8sa9633cyc1pg 0 147318 1601217 1520758 2026-09-25T13:49:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miriam Elizabeth Rodríguez Martínez''' ([[5 Februari]] [[1960]] - [[10 Mei]] [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za binadamu]] wa Mexico. Alikua mmoja wa "Wazazi Waliopoteza Watoto baada ya binti yake kutekwa nyara na kuuawa. Miriam aliuawa na watu wenye silaha waliovamia nyumba yake [[tarehe]] [[10]] [[Mei]] [[2017]]. == Maisha == Miriam Elizabeth Rodríguez Martínez alizaliwa tarehe 5 Februari 1960 huko San Fernando jimbo la [[Mexico]] la [[Tamaulipas]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|first=Carlos Manuel|last=Juárez|url=https://adondevanlosdesaparecidos.org/2020/05/11/tres-anos-sin-justicia-en-el-asesinato-de-miriam-la-madre-activista/|title=Tres años sin justicia en el asesinato de Miriam, la madre activista|date=11 May 2020|accessdate=18 December 2020|archivedate=2021-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420141104/https://adondevanlosdesaparecidos.org/2020/05/11/tres-anos-sin-justicia-en-el-asesinato-de-miriam-la-madre-activista/}}</ref> Binti yake, Karen Alejandra Salinas Rodríguez, alitoweka mwaka wa 2012. <ref name="NYTObit">{{Rejea habari|last=Villegas|first=Paulina|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/12/world/americas/mexico-mother-activist-murdered-daughter-tamaulipas.html|title=Gunmen Kill Mexican Activist for Parents of Missing Children|date=12 May 2017|accessdate=2020-03-08}}</ref> Mabaki ya Karen hatimaye yaligunduliwa [[mwaka]] [[2014]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2017/05/20/obituary-miriam-rodriguez-martinez-died-on-may-10th|title=Obituary: Miriam Rodríguez Martínez died on May 10th|date=20 May 2017|accessdate=13 December 2020}}</ref> Rodríguez aliwafuata wauaji wa binti yake kwa miaka mingi. Baadhi ya wanaume waliokamatwa kwa kesi ya bintiye wametoroka [[gereza|gerezani]] baada ya kukamatwa. <ref name="NYTObit" /> Pamoja na kumtafuta binti yake, alikuwa akifanya jitihada za kuwasaidia [[wazazi]] wengine ambao watoto wao walikuwa wametoweka, na kutoka humo likaja tengenezo la Colectivo de Desaparecidos (The Vanished Collective). Rodríguez aliuawa mnamo tarehe [[10 Mei]] [[2017]], siku ambayo Mexico inaadhimisha [[Siku ya Mama|Siku ya Akina Mama]]. Alipigwa risasi 12 na watu wenye [[silaha]] waliovamia [[nyumba]] yake, na kufariki akiwa njiani kupelekwa [[hospitali]]. Kwa mshirikiano wake, waandamanaji walipaza sauti zao kupinga siku aliyouawa, wakitoa wito kwa [[serikali]] ya Mexico na [[Marekani]] kuhakikisha usalama wa watetezi wa haki za binadamu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://solidarity-us.org/justiceformiriam/|title=Justice for Miriam Rodriguez|language=en|accessdate=9 March 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Mexiko]] [[Jamii:Articles with hCards]] imfhrtq1pg1xzzsza88ueboyeyddc8i 0 147490 1601450 1427000 2026-09-25T19:14:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aída Fernández Ríos.jpg|alt=Aída Fernández Ríos|thumb|Aída Fernández Ríos]] '''Aida Fernández Ríos''' ([[4 Machi]] [[1947]] – [[22 Desemba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa hali ya hewa, [[mwanabiolojia]] wa baharini, na profesa wa Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM) nchini [[Hispania]], aliyebobea katika utafiti wa Bahari ya [[Atlantiki]]. Alikuwa [[mkurugenzi wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti la Uhispania (CSIC)]], na pia mjumbe wa [[Chuo cha Sayansi cha Royal Galician (RAGC)]]. == Wasifu == Kazi ya utafiti ya Fernández katika biolojia ya baharini ilianza mwaka [[1972]] alipoanza kufanya kazi na Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras (IIP) nchini [[Uruguay]]. Alipata shahada yake ya udaktari wa biolojia mwaka [[1992]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Santiago. Kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2011]], Ríos alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti la Uhispania, na pia aliongoza kamati ya Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Jiografia-Biolojia iliyolenga kusoma [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]] kutoka mwaka [[2005]] hadi 2011. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Weinstock|first=Maia| title = Gone in 2015: Commemorating 10 Outstanding Women in Science|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/gone-in-2015-commemorating-10-outstanding-women-in-science/|work=Scientific American|accessdate=2 January 2016| date = 30 Desemba 2015}}</ref> Alianzisha katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha Royal Galician mnamo [[6 Juni]] [[2015]], ambapo alitoa [[hotuba]] kwenye uzinduzi juu ya kuongezeka kwa asidi ya Bahari ya Atlantiki kutokana na [[Dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi kaboni]] iliyoitwa, "Acidificación do Mar: Unha consecuencia das emisións de CO2." Fernandez alifariki katika ajali ya gari huko Moaña tarehe [[22 Desemba]] 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = La bióloga del CSIC Aida Fernández Ríos es una de las fallecidas en el atropello de Moaña (Pontevedra)|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/ciencia-y-tecnologia/biologia/la-biologa-del-csic-aida-fernandez-rios-es-una-de-las-fallecidas-en-el-atropello-de-moana-pontevedra_SXj4tm1APfo9jLdiK4TFb1/|work=La Informacion.com|accessdate=2 January 2016|language=Spanish|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162445/https://www.lainformacion.com/}}</ref> == Utafiti == Fernández alizingatiwa kama "mmoja wa wataalam wakuu wa Uropa" juu ya uhusiano kati ya uzalishaji wa kaboni dioksidi na asidi ya bahari; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = La bióloga del CSIC Aida Fernández Ríos es una de las fallecidas en el atropello de Moaña (Pontevedra)|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/ciencia-y-tecnologia/biologia/la-biologa-del-csic-aida-fernandez-rios-es-una-de-las-fallecidas-en-el-atropello-de-moana-pontevedra_SXj4tm1APfo9jLdiK4TFb1/|work=La Informacion.com|accessdate=2 January 2016|language=Spanish|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162445/https://www.lainformacion.com/}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162445/https://www.lainformacion.com/ "La bióloga del CSIC Aida Fernández Ríos es una de las fallecidas en el atropello de Moaña (Pontevedra)"]. ''La Informacion.com'' (in Spanish). Archived from [http://noticias.lainformacion.com/ciencia-y-tecnologia/biologia/la-biologa-del-csic-aida-fernandez-rios-es-una-de-las-fallecidas-en-el-atropello-de-moana-pontevedra_SXj4tm1APfo9jLdiK4TFb1/ the original] on 12 June 2018 [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> pia alichunguza kina cha bahari ambapo mabadiliko kama hayo katika [[Thamani pH|pH]] hutokea. Kupitia kazi yake, Ríos alisema kuwa uchunguzi wa kuongezeka kwa asidi katika Bahari ya [[Atlantiki|Atlantiki unafafanuliwa]] vyema zaidi na mabadiliko katika mkusanyiko wa [[Dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi kaboni]] inayozalishwa na shughuli za binadamu badala ya kutoka kwa vyanzo vya asili. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Digienvironment]] 2zspuqa7rfprxhow9euo2k6ayimcewz 1601558 1601450 2026-09-26T03:49:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aída Fernández Ríos.jpg|alt=Aída Fernández Ríos|thumb|Aída Fernández Ríos]] '''Aida Fernández Ríos''' ([[4 Machi]] [[1947]] – [[22 Desemba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa hali ya hewa, [[mwanabiolojia]] wa baharini, na profesa wa Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM) nchini [[Hispania]], aliyebobea katika utafiti wa Bahari ya [[Atlantiki]]. Alikuwa [[mkurugenzi wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti la Uhispania (CSIC)]], na pia mjumbe wa [[Chuo cha Sayansi cha Royal Galician (RAGC)]]. == Wasifu == Kazi ya utafiti ya Fernández katika biolojia ya baharini ilianza mwaka [[1972]] alipoanza kufanya kazi na Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras (IIP) nchini [[Uruguay]]. Alipata shahada yake ya udaktari wa biolojia mwaka [[1992]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Santiago. Kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2011]], Ríos alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti la Uhispania, na pia aliongoza kamati ya Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Jiografia-Biolojia iliyolenga kusoma [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]] kutoka mwaka [[2005]] hadi 2011. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Weinstock|first=Maia| title = Gone in 2015: Commemorating 10 Outstanding Women in Science|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/gone-in-2015-commemorating-10-outstanding-women-in-science/|work=Scientific American|accessdate=2 January 2016| date = 30 Desemba 2015}}</ref> Alianzisha katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha Royal Galician mnamo [[6 Juni]] [[2015]], ambapo alitoa [[hotuba]] kwenye uzinduzi juu ya kuongezeka kwa asidi ya Bahari ya Atlantiki kutokana na [[Dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi kaboni]] iliyoitwa, "Acidificación do Mar: Unha consecuencia das emisións de CO2." Fernandez alifariki katika ajali ya gari huko Moaña tarehe [[22 Desemba]] 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = La bióloga del CSIC Aida Fernández Ríos es una de las fallecidas en el atropello de Moaña (Pontevedra)|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/ciencia-y-tecnologia/biologia/la-biologa-del-csic-aida-fernandez-rios-es-una-de-las-fallecidas-en-el-atropello-de-moana-pontevedra_SXj4tm1APfo9jLdiK4TFb1/|work=La Informacion.com|accessdate=2 January 2016|language=Spanish|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162445/https://www.lainformacion.com/}}</ref> == Utafiti == Fernández alizingatiwa kama "mmoja wa wataalam wakuu wa Uropa" juu ya uhusiano kati ya uzalishaji wa kaboni dioksidi na asidi ya bahari; <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=La bióloga del CSIC Aida Fernández Ríos es una de las fallecidas en el atropello de Moaña (Pontevedra)|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/ciencia-y-tecnologia/biologia/la-biologa-del-csic-aida-fernandez-rios-es-una-de-las-fallecidas-en-el-atropello-de-moana-pontevedra_SXj4tm1APfo9jLdiK4TFb1/|work=La Informacion.com|accessdate=2 January 2016|language=Spanish|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162445/https://www.lainformacion.com/}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162445/https://www.lainformacion.com/ "La bióloga del CSIC Aida Fernández Ríos es una de las fallecidas en el atropello de Moaña (Pontevedra)"]. ''La Informacion.com'' (in Spanish). Archived from [http://noticias.lainformacion.com/ciencia-y-tecnologia/biologia/la-biologa-del-csic-aida-fernandez-rios-es-una-de-las-fallecidas-en-el-atropello-de-moana-pontevedra_SXj4tm1APfo9jLdiK4TFb1/ the original] {{Wayback|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/ciencia-y-tecnologia/biologia/la-biologa-del-csic-aida-fernandez-rios-es-una-de-las-fallecidas-en-el-atropello-de-moana-pontevedra_SXj4tm1APfo9jLdiK4TFb1/ |date=20180612162445 }} on 12 June 2018 [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> pia alichunguza kina cha bahari ambapo mabadiliko kama hayo katika [[Thamani pH|pH]] hutokea. Kupitia kazi yake, Ríos alisema kuwa uchunguzi wa kuongezeka kwa asidi katika Bahari ya [[Atlantiki|Atlantiki unafafanuliwa]] vyema zaidi na mabadiliko katika mkusanyiko wa [[Dioksidi kabonia|dioksidi kaboni]] inayozalishwa na shughuli za binadamu badala ya kutoka kwa vyanzo vya asili. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Digienvironment]] m8b2uflhka3yi3622kjm0kkm5tr2kdd 0 147583 1601274 1515366 2026-09-25T14:12:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina = Jelani Aliyu |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = Septemba 11, 1966 |alikufa = |nchi = Nigeria |kazi yake = Mbunifu Magari |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Jelani Aliyu''' (alizaliwa [[11 Septemba]] [[1966]]) ni [[ubunifu|mbunifu]] wa [[magari]] wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye alifanya kazi katika [[kampuni]] ya magari ya [[Kimarekani]] ya General Motors. Alikuwa mbunifu mkuu katika GM, hadi kuteuliwa kwake kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Baraza la Usanifu wa Magari na Maendeleo ya Nigeria (NADDC) mnamo 2017 na rais wa Nigeria [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet the New NADDC boss Jelani Aliyu|url=http://naddc.gov.ng/meet-the-new-naddc-boss-jelani-aliyu-mfr|work=The Punch Nigeria|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=June 2018|archivedate=2021-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024121651/http://naddc.gov.ng/meet-the-new-naddc-boss-jelani-aliyu-mfr}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NADDC Keys into FG economic diversification job creation programme - Jelani Aliyu|url=https://www.nta.ng/news/20200619-naddc-keys-into-fg-economic-diversification-job-creation-programmes-jelani-aliyu/|work=Nigeria Television Authority|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=January 2018|archivedate=2022-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316082947/https://www.nta.ng/news/20200619-naddc-keys-into-fg-economic-diversification-job-creation-programmes-jelani-aliyu/}}</ref> == Maisha na Elimu == Aliyu alizaliwa mwaka wa [[1966]] huko [[Kaduna]], Nigeria katika familia ya Alhaji Aliyu Haidar na Hajiya Sharifiyya Hauwa Aliyu, alikuwa mtoto wa tano kati ya watoto saba katika familia hiyo ambao walikuwa na asili ya Dogon-daji katika [[Jimbo la Sokoto]]. Hii ndio sababu hasa ya Aliyu kuhamia Sokoto kwa ajili ya elimu yake. Alisoma katika Shule ya Sokoto kuanzia 1971 hadi 1978 na kisha Chuo cha Serikali ya Shirikisho Sokoto ambapo alipokea tuzo bora ya mwanafunzi bora aliyehitimu katika Mchoro wa Kiufundi. Mnamo [[1986]], Aliyu alipata udahili wa kusoma Usanifu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello [[Zaria]]. Lakini, Aliyu aliachana na chuo kikuu haraka alipogundua kuwa kusoma katika chuo kikuu hakungempa fursa ya kutekeleza ndoto yake ya kuwa mbunifu wa magari kwani kusoma huko sio kwa vitendo kama vile ufundi wa politekniki. na kisha akaendelea na chuo cha Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi katika [[Kebbi (jimbo)|Jimbo la Kebbi]] kutoka 1986 hadi 1988 ambapo alipata digrii ya ushirika katika Usanifu na tuzo ya Mwanafunzi Bora wa Mzunguko Wote. Akiwa huko alianza kutafuta nafasi ya kujiunga na shule za usanifu huko Uropa na Marekani ambazo zingempeleka kwenye taaluma ya usanifu wa magari. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nigerian You might not hear about meet Jelani Aliyu|url=https://www.nta.ng/news/technology/20141224-nigeria-you-might-not-hear-about-meet-jelani-aliyu/|work=Nigeria Television Authority|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=January 2014|archivedate=2021-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227101724/https://www.nta.ng/news/technology/20141224-nigeria-you-might-not-hear-about-meet-jelani-aliyu/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jelani Aliyu The design revolutionary|url=https://guardian.ng/life/jelani-aliyu-the-design-revolutionary/|work=The Guardian Nigeria|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=January 2015|archive-date=2019-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209193440/https://guardian.ng/life/jelani-aliyu-the-design-revolutionary/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Welcome home Jelani Aliyu|url=http://nigerianpilot.com/jelani-aliyu/|work=The Nigeria Pilot|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=January 2015|archivedate=2020-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622163531/http://nigerianpilot.com/jelani-aliyu/}}</ref> Mnamo [[1990]], Aliyu alifadhiliwa na bodi ya Wasomi ya Jimbo la Sokoto kusoma nchini Marekani katika Chuo cha Mafunzo ya Ubunifu huko [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] kusomea muundo wa magari. Akiwa masomoni Aliyu alishinda tuzo mbili za kifahari kutoka Kampuni ya Ford Motor na Michelin, Marekani. Mnamo 1994, Aliyu alipata kufuzu kwake katika nyanja ya muundo wa magari na mara moja alijiunga na General Motors, ambapo alianza kazi yake ya kubuni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jelani Aliyu General Motors designer of the Chevy Volt|url=http://lifeandtimesmagazine.com/home/jelani-aliyu-general-motors-designer-of-the-chevy-volt/|work=Life and Times Magazine|accessdate=29 August 2018|date=January 2015}}</ref> == Kazi == Mnamo 1994 baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Chuo cha Mafunzo ya Ubunifu, Aliyu alijiunga na General Motors. <ref name="Crainsdetroit">{{Rejea tovuti|title=American Dreamers Jelani Aliyu 40|url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20070325/SUB/70323010/american-dreamers-jelani-aliyu-40|work=Crains Detroit|date=25 March 2007|accessdate=20 June 2020}}</ref> Akiwa General Motors Aliyu alikuwa mbunifu mwenza wa Oldsmobile Bravada, Buick Rendezvous na Opel Astra na alikuwa mbunifu mkuu wa nje wa Pontiac G6 na Chevrolet Volt, gari la mseto la umeme lililo na safu laini ya paa.When speaking about the inspiration for his automotive design career in an interview, Jelani said;{{Quote|I have always loved drawing. These are different things around me, people, objects, plants, also stuff from my imagination. Growing up, I have always loved science fiction, and in the movies, you would see a lot of alien spacecraft and other futuristic things that would inspire me to look beyond. I also love cars very much, even though then we did not have any [[Ferrari]]s in Sokoto. However, we did have magazines in which I saw them, and they inspired me, too. So I put together my love for drawing and cars and decided to be a car designer.}} * 2004 Pontiac G6[[Picha:'08-'10_Pontiac_G6_GT_Street_Edition_Convertible_(Orange_Julep).jpg|thumb| Toleo la Pontiac G6 GT picha ya gari ikiwa katika mtaa Gari Linaloweza Kubadilishwa Muundo (Orange Julep)]] * Chevrolet Volt ya 2010 == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|http://jelanialiyu.com/|Jelani Aliyu Foundation}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:wahandisi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] jmskcodom0pze27eh35rtlk1eszw3l3 0 147629 1601218 1500478 2026-09-25T13:49:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabriel Gadison Ajedra Aridru''', ni [[mhandisi]] wa [[ujenzi]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka nchini [[Uganda]]. Alikuwa [[Waziri]] wa Fedha wa Serikali katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Uganda, kuanzia tarehe [[6 Juni]] [[2016]] hadi tarehe [[3 Mei]] [[2021]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf|title=Museveni’s new cabinet list At 6 June 2016|work=[[Daily Monitor]]|author=Uganda State House|date=6 June 2016|accessdate=1 August 2021|archivedate=2016-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf}}</ref> Kabla ya hapo, kuanzia tarehe [[12 Agosti]] [[2012]], hadi tarehe 6 Juni 2016, aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Serikali wa Fedha wa Uwekezaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=15 August 2012|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html|title=President Yoweri Museveni Reshuffles Cabinet|author=Newvision Archive|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121843/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html}}</ref> Katika mabadiliko ya baraza la mawaziri la tarehe 24 Mei [[2013]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=13 March 2015|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Gen--Katumba-Wamala-to-head-the-Uganda-army/-/688334/1861660/-/tmwm0bz/-/index.html|date=24 May 2013|author=Tugume|first=John|title=General Katumba Wamala To Head the Uganda Army}}</ref> na lile la tarehe 1 Machi [[2015]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015|author=Uganda State House|date=1 March 2015|accessdate=13 March 2015|format=PDF|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf|archivedate=2017-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf}}</ref> alidumisha wadhifa wake wa baraza la mawaziri. Pia alihudumu kama mbunge aliyechaguliwa wa [[Arua|Manispaa]] ya [[Wilaya ya Arua|Arua, Wilaya ya Arua]], hadi Mei 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Profile of Engineer Doctor Gabriel Gadison Ajedra Aridru, Member of Parliament, for Arua Municipality, Arua District|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=2011|first=.|author=POU|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]] (POU)|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052733/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua}}</ref> == Elimu == Alizaliwa katika [[Wilaya ya Arua]] tarehe [[30 Agosti]] [[1962]]. Alisoma [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], na kuhitimu mwaka 1989 na shahada ya Sayansi katika Uhandisi wa Ujenzi. Aliendelea na masomo zaidi nchini [[Kanada]], na kupata shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika Uhandisi wa Kiraia Chuo Kikuu cha New Brunswick mnamo mwaka 1992. Mnamo 1997, alitunukiwa digrii ya [[Uzamivu|Udaktari wa Falsafa]] katika Uhandisi wa Kiraia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Profile of Engineer Doctor Gabriel Gadison Ajedra Aridru, Member of Parliament, for Arua Municipality, Arua District|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=2011|first=.|author=POU|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]] (POU)|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052733/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua}}POU, . (2011). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua "Profile of Engineer Doctor Gabriel Gadison Ajedra Aridru, Member of Parliament, for Arua Municipality, Arua District"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua |date=20160304052733 }}. [[Bunge la Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] (POU). Retrieved 13 March: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[Kitengo:CS1 kuu: majina ya nambari: orodha ya waandishi|link]]) [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> == Kazi == Kufuatia masomo yake ya uzamili nchini Kanada, aliteuliwa kuwa Mhadhiri wa Uhandisi wa Kiraia Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana. Baadaye alifundisha, kama mhadhiri wa Uhandisi wa Kiraia Chuo Kikuu cha Maendeleo cha Bahamas. Kisha akarudi Uganda na kufanya kazi kama mhandisi wa Shirika la Taifa la Majisafi na Majitaka. Alihudumu kama Mratibu Mkuu wa Mradi na Mshauri wa Miundombinu kwa Serikali ya Botswana. <ref name="Profile">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Profile of Engineer Doctor Gabriel Gadison Ajedra Aridru, Member of Parliament, for Arua Municipality, Arua District|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=2011|first=.|author=POU|publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]] (POU)|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052733/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua}}POU, . (2011). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua "Profile of Engineer Doctor Gabriel Gadison Ajedra Aridru, Member of Parliament, for Arua Municipality, Arua District"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=566.000000&const=Arua+Municipality&dist_id=38.000000&distname=Arua |date=20160304052733 }}. [[Bunge la Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] {{[[Kigezo:Cite web|cite web]]: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[Kitengo:CS1 kuu: majina ya nambari: orodha ya waandishi|link]]) [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> Mnamo 2011, alifanikiwa kuwania kiti cha ubunge cha Manispaa ya Arua, kwa tiketi ya chama cha siasa cha National Resistance Movement. Mnamo Agosti 2012, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Fedha wa Jimbo, anayehusika na Uwekezaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=15 August 2012|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html|title=President Yoweri Museveni Reshuffles Cabinet|author=Newvision Archive|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121843/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html}}Newvision Archive (15 August 2012). [http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html "President Yoweri Museveni Reshuffles Cabinet"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html |date=20150402121843 }}. ''[[Maono Mapya|New Vision]]''. Kampala. Retrieved</ref> Mnamo tarehe 6 Juni 2016, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Nchi wa Uwekezaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|publisher=Scribd.com|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/314964607/New-Cabinet|title=Uganda's New Cabinet As At 6 June 2016|accessdate=19 June 2016|date=6 June 2016|author=Uganda State House}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Awali Dkt Aridru alimuoa Josephine Aridru kutoka Arua. Yeye ni mfuasi wa imani ya Kianglikana. Sasa amemuoa Elizabeth Kamuhanda wa Kabale. == WaMarejeleo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] msb3c0bqilqvhqy0gqd99tczp3sdiq2 0 147662 1601471 1431631 2026-09-25T19:38:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charity Basaza Mulenga''' ni [[mhandisi]] wa [[umeme]] wa [[Uganda]] na msimamizi wa masomo ya umeme. Alikuwa [[Chansela (elimu)|makamu na]] mwanzilishi ([[2011]] hadi [[2016]]) wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Mtakatifu Augustino (SAIU), taasisi ya kibinafsi ya elimu ya juu ambayo Baraza la Kitaifa la Uganda la Elimu ya Juu liliidhinisha mwaka wa [[2011]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=UNCHE|url=http://www.unche.or.ug/institutions/private-universities/page/3| title = Uganda National Council for Higher Education: Private Universities| date = 11 Novemba 2016|accessdate=11 November 2016|publisher=[[Uganda National Council for Higher Education]] (UNCHE)|archivedate=21 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621064601/http://www.unche.or.ug/institutions/private-universities/page/3}}</ref> ==Usuli na Elimu == Alizaliwa mnamo [[1979|mwaka 1979]] katika [[Wilaya ya Kisoro]] katika [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Magharibi]] mwa Uganda. Mulenga alisomea uhandisi wa umeme katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], chuo kikuu kikubwa na kongwe zaidi cha umma nchini Uganda, na kuhitimu Shahada ya Sayansi mnamo [[2001]]. Shahada yake ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika mifumo ya mawasiliano ya kidijitali alitunukiwa na Chuo Kikuu cha Loughborough mwaka wa [[2004]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/annual-report-2003-2004.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=21 August 2014| title = Commonwealth Scholarship Commission In the United Kingdom - 45th Annual Report to the Secretary of State for International Development, For the Year Ending 30 September 2004: Qualifications Awarded - By Country: Uganda (page 43)|author=CSCUK|publisher=Cscuk.Dfid.Gov.Uk (CSCUK)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821041411/http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/annual-report-2003-2004.pdf|archivedate=21 August 2014}}</ref> Pia ana shahada ya [[Uzamivu|Udaktari wa Falsafa]] katika uhandisi wa umeme na [[elektroniki]], iliyotolewa mwaka wa [[2010]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Loughborough. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/641315-st-augustine-international-university.html| title = Face To Face With The Vice Chancellor of St. Augustine International University|accessdate=20 August 2014|author=Vision Reporter| date = 4 Aprili 2013|archivedate=2015-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713220844/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/641315-st-augustine-international-university.html}}</ref> ==Uzoefu wa kazi== Mnamo 2001 Mulenga alijiunga na [[MTN Uganda]] kama mhandisi wa kupanga swichi. Mnamo 2003, aliondoka huko kufuata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi huko Uingereza juu ya ufadhili wa [[Baraza la Uingereza]]. Alirejea Uganda mwaka wa 2005 na kujiunga na Kitivo cha Kompyuta na [[Teknolojia ya Habari]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere kama mratibu wa utafiti. Akiwa huko, alipata ufadhili mwingine wa kusomea udaktari wake. Eneo lake la utafiti lilikuwa antena na uundaji wa sumakuumeme. Katika kipindi hiki, aliteuliwa kuwa [[mhadhiri msaidizi]] katika kitivo kimoja huko Makerere. Mnamo 2009, aliteuliwa kuwa naibu chansela katika SAIU. Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alihudumu kama makamu wa chansela katika SAIU. Yeye ni mjumbe wa Baraza la Chuo Kikuu cha SAIU.Mnamo 2001 Mulenga alijiunga na [[MTN Uganda]] kama mhandisi wa kupanga swichi. Mnamo 2003, aliondoka huko kufuata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi nchini Uingereza kwa ufadhili wa masomo wa [[British Council]]. Alirejea Uganda mwaka wa 2005 na kujiunga na Kitivo cha Kompyuta na [[Teknolojia ya Habari] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere kama mratibu wa utafiti. Akiwa huko, alipata ufadhili mwingine wa kusomea udaktari. Eneo lake la utafiti lilikuwa antena na uundaji wa sumakuumeme. Katika kipindi hiki, aliteuliwa [[mhadhiri msaidizi] katika kitivo kimoja huko Makerere. Mnamo 2009, aliteuliwa kuwa naibu chansela katika SAIU. Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alihudumu kama makamu wa chansela katika SAIU. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Baraza la Chuo Kikuu katika SAIU. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519719 "Utumiaji wa Miundo ya Kipindi kwa Usanifu wa Antena ya Conical": Tasnifu ya PhD Na Charity Basaza Mulenga katika Chuo Kikuu cha Loughborough Mnamo 2009] * [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/91805760/Sheet1---Shule-ya-Computing-and-Informatics-Technology---Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere Makerere, Shule ya Kompyuta na Teknolojia ya Habari: Orodha ya Wasimamizi wa Programu ya Wahitimu Katika Mwaka wa Masomo 2010/2011] * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45885875/Omweso-Computer-Game Mchezo wa Kompyuta wa Omweso - Tasnifu Katika Utimilifu wa Sehemu ya Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere Kampala: Msanidi Programu Kiongozi: Abdul Semakula; Msimamizi: Charity Basaza Mulenga. Tarehe: Juni 2006] {{Wayback|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/45885875/Omweso-Computer-Game |date=20140823113305 }} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mulenga, Charity}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] k55ydowoxxqrgysniy3bnsfsfck77w4 0 147666 1601290 1217135 2026-09-25T14:13:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kituo cha Ukumbi wa michezo cha Artscape''' (zamani '''Kituo cha Ukumbi wa michezo cha Nico Malan''') ni kituo kikuu cha [[sanaa]] ya maonyesho huko [[Cape Town]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Ilifunguliwa [[mwaka]] [[1971]] na iko kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyorudishwa katika eneo la Foreshore. Onyesho la kwanza lilipangwa kuwa ''Aida'' wa [[Giuseppe Verdi]] lakini ugonjwa ulimpata mwimbaji mhusika mkuu Emma Renzi na nafasi yake kuchukuliwa na ''Sylvia'' wa CAPAB Ballet. Maonyesho mengine katika msimu wa ufunguzi yalikuwa ''Die Zauberflöte'' [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|ya]] Mozart katika [[Kiafrikaans]] na ''Madama Butterfly'' ya [[Giacomo Puccini]]. Mchanganyiko ni pamoja na: * Nyumba ya Opera, yenye idadi ya viti 1,487 pamoja na viti viwili vya magurudumu. * Ukumbi wa michezo, wenye idadi ya viti 540 lakini wawezakuwa na idadi zaidi au chini kwa kutegemea kama shimo linatumika. * Ukumbi wa michezo wa Arena, wenye idadi ya viti 140. Kituo cha ukumbi wa michezo cha Artscape kiliagizwa awali na Utawala wa Mkoa wa Mkoa wa [[Jimbo la Rasi|Cape]] na kuendeshwa na CAPAB (Bodi ya Sanaa ya Uigizaji ya Cape). Hapo awali ilijulikana kama Nico Malan Theatre Complex, baada ya msimamizi wa zamani wa Chama cha Kitaifa wa Jimbo la [[Jimbo la Rasi|Cape]], Dk. Johannes Nicholas Malan (aliyejulikana kama Nico Malan ), ambaye alianzisha mradi huo. Kituo kilibinafsishwa na kubadilishwa jina mwezi Machi 2001, wakati Bodi ya Sanaa ya Maonyesho ya Cape ( CAPAB ) ilipovunjwa. Hadi mwaka 2018, Mkurugenzi Mtendaji ni Marlene le Roux. Kituo cha ukumbi wa michezo cha Artscape pia ni nyumba ya Redio ya Muziki Mzuri na inasimamia ukumbi wa michezo wa Maynardville Open-Air huko Wynberg, Cape Town. Pia ni nyumba ya Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra na Opera ya Cape Town. Cape Town City Ballet pia hutumbuiza huko. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capetowncityballet.org.za/about-cape-town-city-ballet|title=Cape Town City Ballet|publisher=Cape Town City Ballet|accessdate=2017-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711215525/http://www.capetowncityballet.org.za/about-cape-town-city-ballet|archivedate=2017-07-11}}</ref> == Angalia pia == * Orodha ya kumbi za tamasha == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|URL=https://www.artscape.co.za/}} [[Jamii:WikiForUniversities Project]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] 01h4okhvduj43b03etbep2jfmu6qdbp 0 147702 1601099 1516604 2026-09-25T13:17:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Katie Bouman answers questions about the Event Horizon Telescope project.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Katie Bouman]] '''Katherine Louise Bouman''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/katie_bouman|title=Katie Bouman {{!}} Speaker {{!}} TED|author=Bouman|first=Katie|work=www.ted.com|language=en|accessdate=April 10, 2019}}</ref> alizaliwa mwaka [[1989]] ni [[mhandisi]] wa [[Kimarekani]] na [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[kompyuta]] anayefanya [[kazi]] katika kuboresha taswira za kompyuta na alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Event Horizon Telescope iliyonasa picha ya kwanza ya shimo jeusi. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/science/katie-bouman-black-hole.html|title=How Katie Bouman Accidentally Became the Face of the Black Hole Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Anon|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47891902|title=The woman behind first black hole image|date=April 11, 2019|work=bbc.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> <ref>(April 2019) [https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_EHT Focus on the First Event Horizon Telescope Results] — the series of articles in ''[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]]'' which report the EHT results.</ref> == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == Bouman alikulia huko West Lafayette, Indiana. Baba yake, Charles Bouman, ni profesa wa uhandisi wa [[Uhandisi wa umeme|umeme na kompyuta na uhandisi]] wa matibabu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Purdue. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Bangert|first=Dave|date=April 10, 2019|title=That first-ever black hole picture? A West Lafayette grad played a big part|url=https://www.jconline.com/story/news/2019/04/10/first-black-hole-picture-west-lafayette-grad-played-big-part/3426430002/|accessdate=April 10, 2019|work=Journal & Courier|language=en}}</ref> Kama mwanafunzi wa shule ya upili, Bouman alifanya utafiti wa picha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Purdue. Alihitimu shule ya upili ya West Lafayette Junior-Senior mnamo [[2007]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Bangert|first=Dave|date=April 10, 2019|title=That first-ever black hole picture? A West Lafayette grad played a big part|url=https://www.jconline.com/story/news/2019/04/10/first-black-hole-picture-west-lafayette-grad-played-big-part/3426430002/|accessdate=April 10, 2019|work=Journal & Courier|language=en}}Bangert, Dave (April 10, 2019). [https://www.jconline.com/story/news/2019/04/10/first-black-hole-picture-west-lafayette-grad-played-big-part/3426430002/ "That first-ever black hole picture? A West Lafayette grad played a big part"]. ''Journal & Courier''</ref> == Utafiti na taaluma == Baada ya kupata udaktari wake, Bouman alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] kama mwanafunzi anaesoma Event Horizon Telescope Imaging. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://bhi.fas.harvard.edu/people/katie-bouman|title=Katie Bouman|work=bhi.fas.harvard.edu|language=en|accessdate=April 10, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410193908/https://bhi.fas.harvard.edu/people/katie-bouman|archivedate=April 10, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://scien.stanford.edu/index.php/professor-katie-bouman-caltech-imaging-a-black-hole-with-the-event-horizon-telescope/|title=Professor Katie Bouman (Caltech): " Imaging a Black Hole with the Event Horizon Telescope"|language=en-US|accessdate=April 10, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410171710/https://scien.stanford.edu/index.php/professor-katie-bouman-caltech-imaging-a-black-hole-with-the-event-horizon-telescope/|archivedate=April 10, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-38992866/project-bids-to-make-black-hole-movies|title=Project bids to make black hole movies|date=February 16, 2017|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|accessdate=April 10, 2019}}</ref> [[Picha:Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg|alt=A blurry photo of a supermassive black hole in M87.|right|thumb| Picha ya kwanza ya moja kwa moja ya shimo jeusi, iliyoonyeshwa na Darubini ya Tukio ya Horizon na kuchapishwa mnamo Aprili 2019.]]<ref>{{cite web |title = WGSBN Bulletin Archive |work = Working Group Small Body Nomenclature |date = June 16, 2021 |url = https://www.wgsbn-iau.org/files/Bulletins/index.html |access-date = June 17, 2021}} ([https://www.wgsbn-iau.org/files/Bulletins/V001/WGSBNBull_V001_003.pdf#page=13 Bulletin #3])</ref> == Marejeleo == {{mbegu-mtu}} {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * Katie Bouman publications indexed by Google Scholar * [https://www.c-span.org/video/?460697-1/astrophysicists-astronomers-testify-event-horizon-telescope-black-hole-imagery Event Horizon Telescope], ''C-SPAN'', Mei 16, 2019  [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] bix3x3wvj7um8dqwwnj2sk6dqt3akx0 0 147788 1601314 1215579 2026-09-25T14:23:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dorothy James''' ([[1 Desemba]] [[1901]] - 1 Desemba [[1982]]) alikuwa [[mwalimu]] wa [[muziki]] na [[mtunzi]] wa nchini [[Marekani]]. ==Wasifu== Dorothy James alizaliwa Chikago, [[Illinois]], na kuhitimu kutoka Chuo cha Muziki cha Chicago na Conservatory ya Amerika, ambapo alisoma na Louis Gruenberg kwa utunzi na Adolph Weidig kwa maoni ya kupinga. . Aliendelea na masomo yake na Howard Hanson katika Shule ya Muziki ya Eastman, Healey Willan katika eneo la Toronto, na Ernst Krenek katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigani. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, alichukua nafasi mwaka wa [[1927]] akifundisha muziki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Mashariki cha Michigani, kisha Chuo cha Kawaida cha [[Jimbo]] la Michigani, ambako alifanya kazi hadi alipostaafu mwaka wa [[1968]]. Alitunukiwa udaktari wa heshima kutoka shuleni mwaka wa [[1971]]. <ref name=bio>{{cite book |title= Unsung: a history of women in American music|author=Ammer, Christine|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_GRCkxiXVwC&q=Dorothy+James+composer&pg=PA297|format=Digitized online by GoogleBooks|isbn=1-57467-058-1}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[jamii:Waliofariki 1982]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watunzi]] sipfsho7r3ymxsbqq08ejli8j30tjde 0 147795 1601023 1528742 2026-09-25T13:09:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Veldskoen.jpg|thumb|258x258px| Veldskoene au "Vellies" vilivyotengenezwa na ''Bata Shoes'' mnamo [[2015]]]] '''Veldskoene''' ni [[Kiatu|viatu]] vya kutembea vya nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] vilivyotengenezwa kwa [[ngozi]]. Vilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo [[karne]] ya 17 na [[walowezi]] wa kwanza wa [[Uholanzi]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Muundo wao uliaminika kutegemea viatu vya [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]] vya [[Wasani|Khoisan]] vilivyozingatiwa na walowezi hawa. Viatu hivi baadaye viliwekwa kwenye akili ya [[Kiafrikaans|Kiafrikana]] wakati velskoene ilipotumiwa kama viatu vya [[safari]]. Rahisi kutengeneza, nyepesi na ngumu sana, vellies zikawa ni sehemu ya [[jamii]] ya Afrika Kusini, [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Namibia]], huvaliwa na watu wa madaja na [[taaluma]] zote, mara nyingi huvaliwa bila [[soksi]], lakini zilipendelewa na [[wanafunzi]], [[wakulima]] na watu wa safari. [[Kampuni]] ya viatu ya ''Nathan Clark,'' ''C&J Clark,'' ilitengeza buti ya jangwa na kuwa maarufu, kwa kutumia mfano wa vidole vya pande zote na mtindo wa viatu wa veldskoens. Wakati mwingine huchukuliwa kama ni [[buti]] nyepesi, na kimsingi zinaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa sehemu ndogo ya buti ya ''chukka'' au buti za jangwani ingawa huwa na mstari wa juu wa chini. Nyayo za Veldskoene wakati mwingine hukatwa kutoka kwa matairi ya zamani ya [[gari]] badala ya mpira wa crepe, ngozi inayotumiwa inatofautiana na usambazaji wa ndani. Nchini [[Namibia]], ngozi ya kudu na sili hutumiwa sana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Swakop vellies – handmade shoes from the Namibian coast|author=Weidlich|first=Brigitte|work=namibian.org|publisher=Gondwana Collection|date=19 July 2019|url=https://namibian.org/news/culture-and-lifestyle/veldskoene|accessdate=2022-03-17|archive-date=2021-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208112713/https://namibian.org/news/culture-and-lifestyle/veldskoene|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] roq768unu3227c88vyg7p9kov6vau7l 0 147933 1601495 1514648 2026-09-25T19:43:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Ina Plug |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 5, agosti, 1941 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Amsterdam, Uholanzi |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwanaikolojia |nchi = {{flag|Afrika Kusini}} |}}'''Ina Plug''' (née '''Post''' ) (alizaliwa [[5 Agosti]] [[1941]]) ni mwanaakiolojia wa [[Afrika Kusini]] (au mwanazuolojia), na [[mwalimu]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Badenhorst|first=Shaw|url=https://www.academia.edu/9215386|title=Animals and People Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug: A Tribute|year=2008|accessdate=15 April 2016|publisher=of BAR International Series 1}}</ref> Kazi yake ya muda mrefu ilijumuisha utafiti wa majumba ya makumbusho kama vile Makumbusho ya Transvaal (sasa ni Ditsong: Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Historia ya Asili) na Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria kuhusu mamalia wa kusini mwa Afrika, na wanyama kutoka maeneo ya [[Zama za Chuma|Iron Age]] katika Mbuga ya Kitaifa ya Kruger. Kazi yake ilisababisha kuchapisha karatasi 130 za [[kisayansi]] zaidi juu ya mabaki ya mifupa ya wanyama. Pia alichapisha kitabu kiitwacho ''What Bone Is That?'' ''Mwongozo wa Utambuzi wa Mifupa ya Mamalia wa Kusini mwa Afrika''. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.barpublishing.com/animals-and-people-archaeozoological-papers-in-honour-of-ina-plug.html|title=Animals and People: Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug|year=2008|accessdate=15 April 2016|publisher=BAR Publishing}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ditsong.org.za/Book%20Launch%20Media%20release.pdf|title=Wrestling with bones: a journey|accessdate=15 April 2016|publisher=Ditsong nimalMuseums of South Africa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627101711/http://ditsong.org.za/Book%20Launch%20Media%20release.pdf|archivedate=27 June 2014}}</ref> Ina Post alizaliwa tarehe 5 Agosti 1941 huko [[Amsterdam]], [[Uholanzi]] na wazazi Gerritdina Fransina (née Bruinenberg) na Jan Post. Alikuwa binti yao wa pekee. Kufuatia mwisho wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|Vita vya Kidunia vya pili]], familia ilihamia Afrika Kusini, ikisafiri kwa meli ya Pretoria Castle mnamo [[1949]]. Alimaliza masomo yake mwaka wa [[1959]] huku mkuu wa shule ya upili akimuunga mkono, ingawa mama yake alitamani aanze kazi ya kuendesha familia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Badenhorst|first=Shaw|url=https://www.academia.edu/9215386|title=Animals and People Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug: A Tribute|year=2008|accessdate=15 April 2016|publisher=of BAR International Series 1}}Badenhorst, Shaw (2008). [https://www.academia.edu/9215386 "Animals and People Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug: A Tribute"]. of BAR International Series 1<Retrieved </ref> == Marejeleo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 4kdrheuylpl3a0go6gyyvk5tjl1spdd 0 147937 1601291 1511977 2026-09-25T14:13:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Eureka Amefa Adomako |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Ghana |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Ahadjie |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake =Mtaalamu wa mimea |nchi = Ghana }} '''Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako''', ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[mimea]] na msomi kutoka nchini [[Ghana]] ambaye kwa sasa ni mhadhiri mkuu katika Idara ya [[Biolojia]] ya Mimea na [[Mazingira]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana]]. Adomako aliwahi kuwa bibi wa chemsha bongo wa Maswali ya Kitaifa ya Sayansi na Hisabati ya Ghana (NSMQ) kuanzia 2001 hadi [[2005]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Adu-Gyamfi|first=Evans|date=26 November 2021|title=NSMQ 2021: Where dey 'Powerhouse'?|url=https://thebftonline.com/2021/11/26/nsmq-2021-where-dey-powerhouse/|accessdate=27 November 2021|work=The Business & Financial Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfjKjrWlMNoC&dq=Eureka+Emefa+Adomako&pg=PA20|title=Graphic Showbiz: Issue 12 May 14 - 20 1998, Television Highlights - Science and Maths Quiz|last=Loh|first=Evelyn|date=1998-05-14|publisher=Graphic Communications Group|editor-last=Accorley|editor-first=Lee|issue=12}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Eureka Adomako alisoma Shule ya Sekondari ya St. Rose. Adomako ana shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi katika [[Botania]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana mwaka [[1993]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=31 January 2019|title=Dr. Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako Installed as 17th Warden Of Volta Hall|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/dr-eureka-emefa-ahadjie-adomako-installed-17th-warden-volta-hall|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=University of Ghana}}</ref> Aliendeleza elimu yake katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge]] ambapo alimaliza na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa katika Mazingira na Maendeleo mnamo [[Januari]], [[1997]]. Alirejea katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana kufuata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa katika Mimea na kukamilisha mnamo [[Desemba]] [[1999]]. == Kazi == Mnamo Machi [[2000]] na Januari [[2002]], Eureka Adomako alikuwa Mratibu Mkuu wa Mpango katika ofisi isiyo ya faida, Conservation International -Ghana, ambako alifanya kazi katika kampeni ya kukomesha uwindaji kiholela na biashara ya wanyamapori walio hatarini kutoweka. Mnamo [[2003]], Adomako aliteuliwa kuwa mhadhiri katika Idara ya Biolojia ya Mimea na Mazingira, Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana. Alipanda cheo cha mhadhiri mkuu mwaka wa [[2009]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ORCID|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-1248|accessdate=2021-11-26|work=orcid.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=31 January 2019|title=Dr. Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako Installed as 17th Warden Of Volta Hall|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/dr-eureka-emefa-ahadjie-adomako-installed-17th-warden-volta-hall|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=University of Ghana}}[https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/dr-eureka-emefa-ahadjie-adomako-installed-17th-warden-volta-hall "Dr. Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako Installed as 17th Warden Of Volta Hall"]. ''University of Ghana''. 31 January 2019 maint: url-status ([[Kitengo:CS1 maint: url-status|link]]) [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=29 January 2019|title=UG Volta Hall inducts 17th Warden|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/UG-Volta-Hall-inducts-17th-Warden-719188|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=GhanaWeb|publisher=Ghana News Agency}}</ref> Baada ya kuteuliwa kuwa mhadhiri, Adomako pia alichukua majukumu mengine kuanzia kama mwenzake wa Volta Hall katika Chuo Kikuu. Tangu wakati huo alihudumu katika majukumu kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na Mkufunzi wa Michezo kutoka 2012 hadi 2014. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] 1ifjlnqudad1hfvkvlb7q7app2ouk9j 0 147967 1601180 1511621 2026-09-25T13:45:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina =Elsie Effah Kaufmann |picha =Elsie-Effah-Kaufmann.jpg |maelezo ya picha =Elsie Effah Kaufmann |tarehe ya kuzaliwa= 7 Septemba 1969 |place_of_birth = |date_of_death = |the_place_he/she_died = |other_names = |he is known for = |his_job = |country = }} '''Elsie AB Effah Kaufmann''' (alizaliwa [[7 Septemba]], [[1969]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Emmanuel|first=Kojo|date=2019-09-09|title=NSMQ mistress Elsie Effah Kaufmann's 50th birthday in pictures|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/nsmq-mistress-elsie-effah-kaufmanns-50th-birthday-in-pictures/qbzl50c|accessdate=2021-11-25|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-09-09|title=Age-defying NSMQ mistress marks 50th birthday|url=https://theindependentghana.com/2019/09/age-defying-nsmq-mistress-marks-50th-birthday/|accessdate=2021-11-25|work=The Independent Ghana|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125134829/https://theindependentghana.com/2019/09/age-defying-nsmq-mistress-marks-50th-birthday/}}</ref>) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa nchini [[Ghana]], [[mhandisi]] wa biomedical na mwendeshaji wa sasa wa kipindi cha [[mashindano]] ya ''National Science and Maths Quiz''.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=How the National Science and Maths quiz began|url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/06/06/how-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz-began/|work=Citifmonline|publisher=Citifmonline|accessdate=1 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106002513/http://citifmonline.com/2015/06/06/how-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz-began/|archivedate=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ug-gh.academia.edu/ElsieEffahKaufmann|title=Elsie Effah Kaufmann|work=ug-gh.academia.edu|publisher=University of Ghana|accessdate=1 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203134345/http://ug-gh.academia.edu/ElsieEffahKaufmann|archivedate=3 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=15rTrNYAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Elsie Effah Kaufmann|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> Kabla ya Elsie Kaufmann kuanza kuandaa kipindi mwaka wa [[2006]], Marian Ewurama Addy alikuwa mwalimu wa Quiz kutoka [[1993]] hadi [[2000]] na Eureka Emefa Adomako kutoka [[2001]] hadi [[2005]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://nsmq.com.gh/past-winners/|title=Past Winners {{!}} NSMQ|work=ghanascholarship.Net|accessdate=17 July 2017|archivedate=2017-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000942/http://nsmq.com.gh/past-winners/}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba [[2020]], Elsie Kaufmann aliteuliwa kuwa profesa msaidizi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ferdin|first=Ellis|title=University of Ghana appoints Dr. Elsie Effah Kaufmann, Professor|url=https://educationghana.org/university-of-ghana-appoints-dr-elsie-effah-kaufmann-professor/|accessdate=2020-12-13|work=EducationGhana|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213154303/https://educationghana.org/university-of-ghana-appoints-dr-elsie-effah-kaufmann-professor/}}</ref> == Elimu == Binti wa waelimishaji, anatoka Assin katika Mkoa wa Kati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The day I solved my 'Problem of the Day', it changed my life - Dr Elsie Effah Kaufmann|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/51420/the-day-i-solved-my-problem-of-the-day-it-chang.html|accessdate=2021-11-28|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Kaufmann alipata elimu yake ya sekondari katika [[Shule ya Upili]] ya Wasichana ya Aburi. Alipata Diploma yake ya Kimataifa ya Baccalaureate kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Dunia cha Atlantic huko [[Wales]] mnamo [[1988]]. Aliendelea na Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania kwa Shahada yake ya Sayansi katika Uhandisi (BSE), Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika Uhandisi (MSE) na [[Uzamivu|PhD]] katika Uhandisi wa Bioengineering.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ug.edu.gh/biomed-eng/staff/elsie-b-effah-kaufmann-bse-mse-phd-pennsylvania|title=Elsie A. B. Effah Kaufmann (BSE MSE PhD (Pennsylvania)) {{!}} Department of Biomedical Engineering|work=www.ug.edu.gh|accessdate=1 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024838/http://www.ug.edu.gh/biomed-eng/staff/elsie-b-effah-kaufmann-bse-mse-phd-pennsylvania|archivedate=2 October 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] bwodwsw2utmhpxco8j9ocw020pw53pu 0 147993 1601334 1216348 2026-09-25T14:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susanna Höller''' (alizaliwa [[25 Aprili]] [[1989]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa nchini [[Austria]] na ambae anacheza kama [[beki]] kwenye [[timu]] ya [[wanawake]] ya ''VfL Sindelfingen'' ya nchini [[Ujerumani]] kwenye [[ligi]] daraja la pili ya Bundesliga.<ref>[http://www.vfl-frauen.de/index.php?id=261 Profile] in Sindelfingen's website</ref> Susanna ni mchezaji wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya Austria.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/player=107059/profile/index.html Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/player=107059/profile/index.html |date=20121203234158 }} in [[UEFA]]'s website</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] d02ul8wmtjfcphhiyykas05c9g6f766 0 148140 1601181 1224555 2026-09-25T13:45:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anwar Elfeitori''' ni [[Mhandisi]] wa [[Mawasiliano]] wa nchini [[Libya]] aliyezaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1964]] huko [[Benghazi]], Libya. Elfeitori aliwahi kuwa waziri wa Uchukuzi na [[Mawasiliano]] katika ofisi kuu ya Baraza la Kitaifa la Mpito, kuanzia tarehe 10 Mei [[2011]] hadi 22 Novemba 2011. Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Mawasiliano na [[Teknolojia]] ya Habari tarehe 22 Novemba 2011 na [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fananews.com/?p=432011|title=Declaration of the new transitional government in Libya|publisher=FANA|language=Arabic|accessdate=2022-03-20|archivedate=2012-12-04|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121204145429/http://www.fananews.com/?p=432011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/11/20111122182321109582.html|title=Libya's NTC announces new cabinet}}</ref> Hivi karibuni Waziri Elfeitori alitia saini ya makubaliano na NATO ili kufungua sehemu za anga ya Libya. Dk. Elfeitori kwa sasa anaangazia kuwasafirisha Walibya waliojeruhiwa wakati wa mapinduzi ambao wanahitaji huduma maalum. Nafasi ya anga iliyofunguliwa kutoka viwanja vya ndege ni Tripoli, Misrata, Benghazi, Malta, na Cairo. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111014/local/Nato-Libya-agreement-paves-way-for-limited-commercial-flights.389123.html|title=Nato-Libya-agreement-paves-way-for-limited-commercial-flights}}</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111013/local/malta-to-help-libya-in-harbour-airport-management.389020 Makubaliano ya NATO, Libya yanatoa njia kwa safari chache za ndege za kibiashara] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026055154/http://www.incentivetravel.co.uk/airportairline/3785-air-malta-to-send-technical-delegation-to-libya Air Malta kutuma ujumbe wa kiufundi nchini Libya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111012153514/http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL5E7LA3QV20111010 Wanamgambo wakabidhi uwanja wa ndege wa Tripoli kwa serikali] == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] cmekrgm9eolwmhge3akndgfhy6un0uo 0 148149 1601472 1426530 2026-09-25T19:38:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Abdulai SILA.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Abdulai Silá]] '''Abdulai Silá''' (alizaliwa [[1 Aprili]] [[1958]] huko Catió) ni [[mhandisi]] wa [[Guinea Bisau]], mwanauchumi, [[mtafiti]] wa [[jamii|kijamii]] na [[mwandishi]]. Ameandika riwaya tatu: ''Eterna Paixão'' (1994), ''A Última Tragédia'' (1995) na ''Mistida'' (1997), ya kwanza ikiwa ni [[riwaya]] ya kwanza kuchapishwa nchini Guinea-Bissau. == Miaka ya mapema == Alisoma shule ya msingi huko Catió na, mnamo [[1970]], alihamia [[Bissau]] kuhudhuria [[shule]] ya upili ya National Lyceum Kwame N'Krumah. Kuanzia [[1979]]-85, alisoma [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Ufundi cha Dresden ([[Ujerumani]]), ambapo alihitimu katika [[Uhandisi wa umeme|Uhandisi wa Umeme]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.guine-bissau.net/kusimon/sila.htm| title = Abdulai tafadhali|publisher=Guinea-bissau.net|accessdate=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325173448/http://www.guine-bissau.net/kusimon/sila.htm|archivedate=25 March 2012}}</ref> Kuanzia [[1986]], alisoma mitandao ya kompyuta, mitandao ya Cisco, usimamizi wa LAN, na usalama wa mtandao nchini [[Marekani]] na kwingineko. <ref name="cidcm.umd.edu2004">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/ICT/fellows/index.htm| title = Telematiki kwa wenzake wa maendeleo| date = 3 Septemba 2004|publisher=Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland|accessdate=15 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807032128/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/ICT/fellows/index.htm|archivedate=7 August 2011}}</ref> == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Guinea Bisau]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] bx07jcyxxgae3r3exy3vnxspbr277hj 0 148167 1601182 1442590 2026-09-25T13:45:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezrom Legae''' ([[1938]]–[[1999]]) alikuwa [[Uchongaji|mchongaji]] na [[mchoraji]] wa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alizaliwa huko Vrededorp, [[Johannesburg]], Legae alisoma katika kituo cha [[sanaa]] cha ''Polly Street'' mnamo [[1959]]; kuanzia mwaka [[1960]] hadi [[1964]] alisoma katika kituo cha sanaa cha ''Jubilee Art Center'' na alifanya kazi na Cecil Skotnes na Sydney Khumalo. Mnamo [[1965]] alikua [[mwalimu]], na baadaye akawa [[mkurugenzi]] mwenza wa ''Jubilee Art Center''. Mwaka [[1970]] alipata ufadhili wa masomo uliomwezesha kusafiri hadi [[Ulaya]] na [[Marekani]]; kati ya miaka ya [[1972]] na [[1974]] alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Mradi wa ''African Music and Drama Association Art Project.'' Legae alifanya kazi kwa muda wote kama msanii, aliishi [[Soweto]] na familia yake hadi kifo chake. == Marejeo == * [http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/insights/legae-artist.html Wasifu kwenye Jumba la Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Sanaa ya Kiafrika] {{Wayback|url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/insights/legae-artist.html |date=20060901185556 }} * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ezrom-legae.html Historia ya Afrika Kusini Mtandaoni] {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Johannesburg]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:wachongaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] djsidxv2rlybipxy8kwfv99xq5eonmh 0 148210 1601481 1521809 2026-09-25T19:41:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nana Otuo Siriboe''' ni mtawala wa jadi wa [[Ghana]], [[Uhandisi wa umeme|mhandisi wa umeme]] na [[mjasiriamali]]. Yeye ni Omanhene wa eneo la jadi la Juaben. Amehudumu katika nyadhifa kadhaa za masuala ya uchifu na za Serikali ya Ghana. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea habari|url=http://kasapafmonline.com/2017/02/27/nana-otuo-siriboe-ii-elected-chairman-council-state/|title=Nana Otuo Siriboe II elected Chairman of the Council of State|date=2017-02-27|work=Kasapa102.5FM|language=en-US|accessdate=2022-03-20|archivedate=2018-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210221/https://kasapafmonline.com/2017/02/27/nana-otuo-siriboe-ii-elected-chairman-council-state/}}</ref> Hivi sasa ni Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la nane la Jimbo la Fourth Republic. <ref name="peacefmonline.com">{{Rejea habari|title=Nana Otuo Siriboe II Elected Chairman of The 8th Council Of State|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202102/439537.php?storyid=100&|work=Peacefmonline.com|accessdate=2022-03-20|archivedate=2022-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320184932/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202102/439537.php?storyid=100&}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Juaben Omanhene re-elected Council of State Chairman|url=https://3news.com/juaben-omanhene-re-elected-council-of-state-chairman/|work=3News.com|accessdate=2022-03-20|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610142534/https://3news.com/juaben-omanhene-re-elected-council-of-state-chairman/}}</ref> == Maisha ya mapema na elimu == Nana Otuo Siriboe II alizaliwa [[Mkoa wa Ashanti]] nchini Ghana. Alikubaliwa kusomea uhandisi wa umeme katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah katika miaka ya [[1960]]. Alihitimu mwaka wa [[1969]] <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.rainbowradioonline.com/index.php/general-news/item/7629-nana-otuo-siriboe-elcted-chair-of-council-of-state|title=Rainbow Radio – Nana Otuo Siriboe elcted chair of Council of State|work=www.rainbowradioonline.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-12-12|archivedate=2017-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010401/http://www.rainbowradioonline.com/index.php/general-news/item/7629-nana-otuo-siriboe-elcted-chair-of-council-of-state}}</ref> na baada ya muda mfupi kama mhandisi aliwekwa kama chifu mkuu wa eneo la jadi la Juabeng. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] 00rtyzg7rgz3dvlt0knhbxgl5zy3eim 0 148407 1601505 1466730 2026-09-25T19:59:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inforbox uwanja wa michezo | jina = Uwanja Kimataifa wa Khalifa | picha = Khalifa International Stadium.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Muonekano wa ndani wa uwanja | jina maarufu = Uwanja wa Taifa (National Stadium) | eneo = [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] | Ufunguzi = 1976 (Ukarabati 2005, 2017) | uwezo = 45,857 | aina ya nyasi = Nyasi asilia }} '''Uwanja wa Kimataifa wa Khalifa''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: ملعب خليفة الدولي), pia unajulikana kama [[Uwanja wa Taifa]], ni uwanja unaotumika kwa matumizi mbalimbali katika mji wa [[Doha]] nchini [[Qatar]], kama sehemu ya [[michezo]] ya [[mji]] wa Doha kama vile ''Aspire Academy''.<ref name=b>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=392062 |title=Alternative Name |publisher=Emporis }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Umepewa jina la [[Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani]], [[amiri]] wa zamani wa nchini Qatar. Fainali ya [[mwaka]] [[2011]] ya Kombe la [[Asia]] Afc ilichezwa katika uwanja huu. Uwanja huu umeajiri [[wafanyakazi]] wapatao 30,000. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Doha]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo vya Taifa]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo Qatar]] isoaxttfljd9et32yi7zoj6w06khovx 0 148648 1601160 1517544 2026-09-25T13:42:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} Mnamo Septemba 16, [[2016]], '''Terence Crutcher''', Dereva mweusi mwenye umri wa miaka 40, alipigwa risasi na kuuawa na afisa wa [[polisi]] Betty Jo Shelby huko [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]]. Hakuwa na [[silaha]], akiwa amesimama karibu na [[gari]] lake katikati ya [[barabara]]. [[Risasi]] hiyo ilisababisha maandamano huko Tulsa. Siku sita baadaye, 22 Septemba, Wakili wa Wilaya ya Tulsa alimshtaki Shelby kwa kuua bila kukusudia baada ya ufyatuaji risasi kupachikwa jina la mauaji. Mnamo Mei 17, [[2017]], mahakama ilimkuta hana hatia ya kuua bila kukusudia. == Historia == Terence Tafford Crutcher, Sr. (b. 16 Agosti [[1976]]) alikuwa mzee wa miaka 40<ref>{{Citation|title=Tulsa shooting: Family of man killed by police call for protests|date=2016-09-20|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37413558|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Man fatally shot by Tulsa police had no gun, chief says|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/terence-crutcher-tulsa-man-fatally-shot-by-police-had-no-gun-chief-says/|work=www.cbsnews.com|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref>. Pacha wa Crutcher, Dk. Tiffany Crutcher, alimtaja kuwa baba na alisema kuwa wakati wa kifo chake aliandikishwa kusomea muziki katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Tulsa Community]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Terence Crutcher remembered as church-going, family man|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/terence-crutcher-remembered-church-going-family-man-n651436|work=NBC News|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en}}</ref>. Kulingana na dada yake, Crutcher alihusika kuimba kwaya katika kanisa lake. Maafisa waliohusika katika tukio la [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], mnamo Septemba 16, [[2016]], walikuwa Betty Shelby na Tyler Turnbough.  Turnbough alikua afisa mnamo [[2006|2009]] na Shelby mnamo [[2011]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Terence Crutcher remembered as church-going, family man|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/terence-crutcher-remembered-church-going-family-man-n651436|work=NBC News|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 4qes6kxvbngx4xs16l0iphimwucr6i9 0 148766 1601292 1462079 2026-09-25T14:14:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Okechukwu Ibeanu''' ni Profesa wa elimu ya Siasa ambaye alikuwa Mkuu wa Kitivo cha Sayansi ya Jamii katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Nigeria]], Nsukka. Pia alikuwa ripota maalum wa [[Baraza la Haki za Binadamu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] kuhusu athari mbaya za harakati haramu na utupaji wa taka zenye sumu. <ref>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0705/S00063.htm Deep Concern Over Casualties In Somali Capital]</ref> Profesa Ibeanu hapo awali alikuwa afisa programu wa Wakfu wa MacArthur akisimamia haki za binadamu Niger Delta. Ni mwanafunzi wa zamani wa Chuo Kikuu cha Umoja wa Mataifa, [[Tokyo]], pia amewahi kuwa mwanachuo mgeni katika Queen Elizabeth House, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]], na Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington DC.<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=20TJmzwAAAAJ&hl=en Professor of Political Science and Research Professor in Development Studies]</ref> Profesa Ibeanu anashiriki kwenye bodi za taasisi nyingi za utafiti ikiwa ni pamoja na Kituo cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo. Amechapisha sana kuhusu Niger Delta na siasa za Nigeria kwa ujumla, ikiwa ni pamoja ''na Mashirika ya Kiraia na Usimamizi wa Migogoro katika Delta ya Niger'' ([[2005]]). Kitabu chake cha hivi punde kinachoitwa ''Oiling Violence'' ([[2006]]) kinahusu kuenea kwa silaha ndogo ndogo na nyepesi katika Delta ya Niger. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.securityanddevelopment.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138&catid=62&Itemid=102 Maelezo mafupi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.securityanddevelopment.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138&catid=62&Itemid=102 |date=20120331121931 }} katika Kikundi cha Migogoro, Usalama na Maendeleo, Chuo cha King's College London [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi nchi kwa nchi]] m5hchmstyglzaad62ytj07g6mj98l5g 0 149015 1601473 1512095 2026-09-25T19:38:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Famiyeh Bozah''' (alizaliwa [[11 Septemba|11 Septemba,]][[1994]]), anajulikana kwa jina la kisanii la '''Fameye''', ni [[rapa]] kutoka nchini [[Ghana]] na [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka Bogoso. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/My-parents-died-when-I-was-age-1-Nothing-I-Get-hitmaker-reveals-756477|title=My parents died when I was age 1 – 'Nothing I Get' hitmaker reveals|work=ghanaweb.com|accessdate=6 July 2019|archivedate=2019-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706124202/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/My-parents-died-when-I-was-age-1-Nothing-I-Get-hitmaker-reveals-756477}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/It-hurts-to-hear-I-m-imitating-Kwesi-Arthur-Fameye-690082|title=It hurts to hear I'm imitating Kwesi Arthur – Fameye|work=ghanaweb.com|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref> Anafahamika zaidi kwa [[wimbo]] wake wa "Nothing I Get"(sina ninachopata). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/April-18th/adom-fm-music-chart-week-15-fameyes-nothing-i-get-kofi-moles-dont-be-late-on-the-rise.php|title=Adom FM Music Chart (Week 15): Fameye's 'Nothing I get', Kofi Mole's 'Don't be late' on the rise|work=myjoyonline.com|accessdate=6 July 2019|archivedate=2019-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706124202/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/April-18th/adom-fm-music-chart-week-15-fameyes-nothing-i-get-kofi-moles-dont-be-late-on-the-rise.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=22 March 2019|title=Fameye drops 'Nothing I Get' after viral freestyle video|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/fameye-drops-nothing-i-get-after-viral-freestyle-video/qf0k2fk|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=6 July 2019|work=Entertainment}}</ref> Alitoa remix ya wimbo huo uliowashirikisha wasanii kama Wan, Medikal na Kuami Eugene. Alikuwa [[mwanachama]] wa MTN Hitmaker msimu wa tatu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/MTN-Hitmaker-five-evicted-333580|title=MTN Hitmaker: five evicted|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-21}}</ref> Alishinda [[tuzo]] ya msanii mpya bora wa [[mwaka]] katika VGMA's [[2020]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-08-29|title=VGMA 2020: Full list of winners|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/vgma-2020-full-list-of-winners/|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029083332/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/music/vgma-2020-full-list-of-winners/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-21|title=I Can't Spend On dressing And dying Of Starvation – Fameye To Critics|url=https://legitloaded.com/i-cant-spend-on-dressing-and-dying-of-starvation-fameye-to-critics/|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=Legitloaded|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811042516/https://legitloaded.com/i-cant-spend-on-dressing-and-dying-of-starvation-fameye-to-critics/}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Fameye alizaliwa mjini [[Accra]] lakini anatokea Bogoso, katika [[Mkoa wa Magharibi, Ghana|Mkoa wa Magharibi wa Ghana]]. Alihudhuria [[Shule ya upili|Shule ya Upili]] ya Odorgonno Senior na kumaliza mwaka [[2013]]. Alikuwa rapper rasmi katika siku zake za shule ya upili kabla ya kubadili na kuwa katika aina ya [[muziki]] wa [[Afro|Afro beat]]<ref> https://dailyguidenetwork.com/fameye-crowned-artiste-of-the-year-at-western-music-awards/ iliwekwa mnamo 2023 Februari 26</ref><ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/vgma-2020-full-list-of-winners/</ref>. == Marejeo = {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] 2vfbywl0jyzuxen17euvthtmcgw94j8 0 149096 1601100 1581793 2026-09-25T13:17:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pieter Johannes de Villiers''' ([[19 Juni]] [[1924]] - [[18 Mei]] [[2015]]), alikuwa mpiga [[kinanda]], na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Pieter-de-Villiers/6000000069153928927?through=6000000028948883227|title=Pieter Johannes de Villiers|accessdate=11 April 2018}}</ref> Majina yake ya utani yalikuwa "Prof Piet" na "Piet Vingers". Anajulikana kwa kuunda mashairi ya Boerneef kwenye muziki, kufundisha piano na ogani, na kuwafundisha wana[[muziki]] mashuhuri wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kwenye [[piano]]. == Maisha == Alizaliwa huko [[Klerksdorp]] [[Magharibi]] mwa Transvaal [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa pili kati ya watoto watatu. Alikuwa na [[kaka]] mkubwa na [[dada]] mdogo. [[Wazazi]] wake walikuwa Leonard de Villiers na Johanna Christina du Toit. Baba yake Leonard alikuwa mwalimu mkuu wa shule na alicheza fidla(violin). <ref name="heunis">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|title=Two musical and political extremes in the South Africon society|work=heunis|accessdate=11 April 2018|author=Heunis, Daniela|archive-date=2018-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415165933/http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu na Taaluma == Pieter de Villiers alipata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1942]] katika [[Lugha]] za Kawaida katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Pretoria. Mnamo [[1946]] alisoma chini ya Ma[[profesa]] Swanson, Fismer na Lubbe huko [[Stellenbosch]]. Alihitimu kama [[mwalimu]] wa muziki mnamo [[1948]]. Mnamo 1954 aliteuliwa kama mhadhiri mdogo katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Potchefstroom cha [[Elimu]] ya Juu ya [[Kikristo]]. Kuanzia mwaka wa [[1962]], alifundisha [[kinanda]], na ogani katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Pretoria. Pia alifanya kazi katika [[Shirika]] la Utangazaji la Afrika Kusini kwa mwaka mmoja mnamo [[1962]]. Alistaafu kutoka chuo kikuu mwaka wa [[1985]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.classicsa.co.za/site/features/view/well-known_composer_and_pianist_pieter_de_villiers_dies_at_90/|title=Well-known composer and pianist Pieter de Villiers dies at 90|work=de Villiers|accessdate=11 April 2018|archivedate=2017-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326124352/http://www.classicsa.co.za/site/features/view/well-known_composer_and_pianist_pieter_de_villiers_dies_at_90}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|title=Two musical and political extremes in the South Africon society|work=heunis|accessdate=11 April 2018|author=Heunis, Daniela|archive-date=2018-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415165933/http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|url-status=dead}}Heunis, Daniela. [http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580 "Two musical and political extremes in the South Africon society"] {{Wayback|url=http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580 |date=20180415165933 }}. ''heunis''</ref> == Kifo == Alifariki akiwa nyumbani kwake [[Stellenbosch]] tarehe [[18 Mei]] [[2015]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] irpb05t3vql67h2f9gdfnagxrswwgyf 0 149154 1601183 1376718 2026-09-25T13:45:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oskido Oscar Sibonginkosi Mdlongwa''' alizaliwa [[29 Novemba]] [[1967]]) ni [[msanii]] wa nyimbo za kurekodi, DJ, mtayarishaji wa rekodi na mfanyabiashara wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Akiwa katika tasnia ya muziki kwa zaidi ya miaka 26, Oskido amefikia hadhi maarufu katika tasnia ya muziki ya Afrika Kusini, zaidi katika utamaduni maarufu wa vijana. Bila shaka ni mmoja wa wasanii waanzilishi walioeneza aina ya muziki ya kwaito nje ya vitongoji vya Afrika Kusini, na amekuwa kitovu cha ukuzaji wa muziki wa afro house na aina mpya zaidi kama vile Amapiano. Oskido ndiye mwanzilishi mwenza wa Kalawa Jazmee Records (zamani Kalawa Records), lebo ya rekodi ambayo ni nyumbani kwa vitendo vya muziki kama vile Mafikizolo, Bongo Maffin, na vikundi vingine vingi maarufu. ==Maisha na kazi== ===1967-1990: Utoto wa mapema=== Oscar Sibonginkosi Mdlongwa aliyezaliwa Novemba 26, 1967, na baba wa Zimbabwe kwasasa ni marehemu, Esaph Mdlongwa, ambaye alikuwa mwanasiasa na mama wa Afrika Kusini, Emily Sophia Molefi, katika kitongoji cha Oukasie, Brits, Kaskazini Magharibi, Afrika Kusini, Oskido alitumia muda wake mwingi. maisha ya utotoni katika Kitongoji cha Luveve, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, ambako aliendelea na masomo yake ya msingi baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya Upili ya Gifford, Bulawayo. Alirudi Brits akiwa na umri wa miaka 21 mnamo 1988 ili kuendesha biashara ya familia huko Lethlabile, duka la Brits kabla ya kuondoka kwenda Johannesburg kufuata taaluma ya muziki. ===1991-2006: Mwanzo wa kazi=== Kazi ya Oskido ilianza baada ya kujitolea kutumbuiza katika Razzmatazz wakati DJ aliyeratibiwa kushindwa kutokea. Marehemu Ian Sigola alichangia pakubwa katika kumuongoza katika eneo la klabu kwa kumkopesha vinyl zake. Baada ya kurekebisha nyimbo na kutengeneza sauti yake mwenyewe studio, aliendelea kutoa nyimbo za kaseti 'Mixmaster' na 'Big Jam', hivyo kujiongezea umaarufu nje ya Johannesburg, kabla ya kutambulishwa kwa Bruce "Dope" Sebitlo, Kusini. Msanii wa muziki wa Kiafrika ambaye alienda na mpenzi Oskido katika kundi la Brothers of Peace. Chini ya bango la Brothers of Peace, Oskido na Sebitlo walitoa na kutoa albamu nane kati ya 1994 na 2004, zikiwemo wimbo wa kwaito wa 'Makwerekwere' ambao ulikatisha tamaa chuki dhidi ya wageni, pamoja na 'Traffic Cop' na wimbo wa 'Project A' na Albamu za 'Zabalaza: Project B', ambazo ni waanzilishi wa Afro-house. Wimbo huo wenye jina la ‘Zabalaza’ ulifanikiwa kutamba duniani kote wakati Louie Vega alipoipa leseni na kuichanganya tena kwa ajili ya lebo yake ya MAW Records. Pia alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuanzisha vikundi kama Mafikizolo, Bongo Muffin na Trompies. Katika tuzo za 13 za Metro FM Music Awards, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Lifetime Achievement. Mnamo Julai 23, 2021, alitoa wimbo mmoja "Sizophelelaphi" na Msaki. ==Miradi ya biashara== ===Kalawa Jazmee=== Kalawa Jazmee Records (wakati mwingine "KJ Records") iliundwa kama Kalawa mwaka wa 1992 na Christos Katsaitis, Don Laka na DJ Oskido na kuchukua jina lake kutoka kwa herufi mbili za kwanza za Don & Christos majina ya ukoo husika Wa ilichukuliwa kutoka kwa jina la ukoo la Oskido "Mdlongwa" . Boom Shaka (Lebo Mathosa, Theo Nhlengethwa, Junior Sokhela na Thembi Seete) walikuwa wasajili wa kwanza wa lebo hiyo mpya, na albamu ya kwanza ya "It's About Time" iliyotolewa mwaka wa 1993. kama Kalawa-Jazmee Records, baadaye akidondosha kistari kabisa. Kampuni hiyo kwa sasa inaendeshwa na Oscar Mdlongwa, Don Laka, Bruce "Dope "Sebitlo, Zynne 'Mahoota' Sibika, Mandla 'Spikiri' Mofokeng, na Emmanuel 'Mjokes' Matsane. Rekodi hiyo imekuwa mstari wa mbele katika utamaduni wa vijana na imetoa wasanii wengine bora kama Bongo Maffin, Mafikizolo, Thebe, Alaska, Professor, Uhuru, Dr Malinga, Black Motion, Zonke, Winnie Khumalo, DJ Zinhle, Busiswa na wengine wengi. ==Mapinduzi ya Kwaito== waito ni aina ya muziki ambayo iliundwa awali nchini Afrika Kusini miaka ya 1990. Umeelezwa kuwa ni muziki unaofafanua kizazi kilichokomaa baada ya ubaguzi wa rangi. Oskido alikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii wa kwanza kutoa nyimbo za kwaito kwa kuongeza sauti kwenye midundo ya tempo ya polepole, na iliendelea kuwa maarufu nchini Afrika Kusini. vipengele maalum vya jazz. Muundaji mwenza wake, Don Laka, ambaye ni gwiji wa jazz, alitoa utayarishaji wao sauti ya mseto iliyowatofautisha na wengine. Oskido na washirika wake wa utayarishaji walikumbana na ukosoaji mwingi kutoka pande zote za tasnia ya muziki kwa kuunda Kwaito. Mchango wake katika ukuzaji wa muziki wa dansi nchini Afrika Kusini ulimletea Tuzo la Kutambuliwa Maalum katika Tuzo za Video za Muziki za Channel O za 2012. ==Muziki wa Nyumbani== Oskido pia anajulikana kwa safu yake ya utayarishaji wa nyimbo za ‘Church Grooves’ zilizouzwa zaidi, ambazo zilianza mwaka wa 2001 na kubadilisha sura ya utungaji wa nyumba za Afrika Kusini, na kuzifanya kuwa kuu katika tasnia hiyo kwa miaka ishirini iliyofuata. Mnamo 2012 alizindua mradi wa "I Believe", ambalo pia ni jina la kipindi chake cha redio kwenye Metro FM. Kipindi hiki ambacho kilianzishwa na mshirika wake wa Madlozi, Maloka, na NYDA, na kinalenga kubadilisha majina ya vijana wa muziki kuwa wafanyabiashara na wanawake makini. Katikati ya miaka ya 2000, pamoja na Greg Maloka, DJ Fresh, Vinny Da Vinci na DJ Christos, walianza DJU (Deejays Unite), na kikundi hiki kilikuwa na jukumu la kuandaa majina ya muziki wachanga na DJs na habari muhimu za tasnia kupitia Jumuiya ya Afrika Kusini. Mkutano wa Muziki (SAMC). Kongamano hilo liliongoza kwa majina kama vile Black Coffee, DJ Tira, Euphonik na wengine wengi kujitokeza katika tasnia ya muziki na limefungua milango kwa wengine wengi. Katika msimu wa joto wa 2019, alitoa albamu mpya inayoitwa 'Akhiwe', ambayo ililingana na sauti yake ya kipekee ya katikati na aina inayoibuka ya amapiano. Alishirikiana na wasanii kadhaa kwenye albamu hiyo, wakiwemo waanzilishi wa amapiano Kabza De Small na MFR Souls, na waimbaji wa sauti akiwemo Toshi (aliyepewa jina la Top Vocalist wa 2018 na Traxsource), Monique Bingham, Winnie Khumalo, Zonke Dikana, na Tamara Dey, ambaye kazi yake Oskido ilisaidia kuanza alipoimba kwenye wimbo wa BOP "That'Impahlayakho". Majina haya makuu yanaunganishwa na vijana wenye vipaji vya hali ya juu, ikiwa ni pamoja na Drum Pope (ambaye ameshirikiana na DJ Vetkuk vs Mahoota) na Mapiano, ambaye alifanya kazi mapema (na aliyefanikiwa sana)[kulingana na nani?] kukatwa kutoka kwa LP hii, "Balambile". "Ma Dlamini" ya angahewa inaangazia Profesa wa zamani wa Kalawa. Mapema mwaka wa 2019, Mdlongwa alishiriki picha ya mkahawa wake mpya, Daruma By Oskido Japanese Restaurant, katika Waterfall Corner Johannesburg. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] 7bk58fxwr4eqv7qcqshzdan23gu9gz5 0 149337 1601039 1521534 2026-09-25T13:11:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muziki wa Chimurenga''' ni aina ya [[muziki]] maarufu nchini [[Zimbabwe]] iliyobuniwa na kupendwa na [[Thomas Mapfumo]]. Chimurenga ni [[neno]] la [[lugha]] ya [[Kishona]] kwa ajili ya [[ukombozi]], ambalo liliingia katika matumizi ya kawaida wakati wa Vita vya Kichaka vya [[Rhodesia]]. Ufafanuzi wa kisasa wa neno hili limepanuliwa ili kuelezea mapambano ya haki za binadamu, utu wa kisiasa na haki ya kijamii. Mapfumo alibuni mtindo wa [[muziki]] unaotegemea muziki wa Mbira wa kitamaduni wa Kishona, lakini ulichezwa kwa ala za kisasa za kielektroniki, zenye mashairi yenye sifa ya maoni ya kijamii na kisiasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.zambuko.com/mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/music/chimurenga.html|title=What Is Chimurenga?|website=www.zambuko.com|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * http://www.zambuko.com/mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/music/chimurenga.html {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[jamii:muziki wa Afrika]] [[jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] 4bh3e5ij7kgjfjzar9wwr2mttluese3 0 149473 1601293 1518409 2026-09-25T14:14:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lounès Matoub.en 73.jpg|thumb|180px|Lounès Matoub]] '''Lounès Matoub''' ([[Januari 24]], [[1956]] &#x2013; [[25 Juni]], [[1998]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa Kabylia wa nchini [[Algeria]], [[mshairi]], mwanafikra aliyeibua [[mapinduzi]] ya kiakili, na [[mchezaji]] wa mandole ambaye alikuwa mtetezi wa [[Waberberi|Waberber]], [[haki za binadamu]], na kutokuwa na [[dini]] nchini Algeria katika [[maisha]] yake yote. Matoub alitukanwa na idadi kubwa ya [[waislamu]] nchini Algeria kwa ajili ya siasa zake za kilimwengu na za kutokana na utetezi wake wa wanamgambo wa [[haki]] za Berber, <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA722|title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism|last=Bullivant|first=Stephen|last2=Ruse|first2=Michael|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191667398|location=Oxford|page=722|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> kwa hivyo hakupendwa na pande zote mbili zinazopigana wakati wa [[Vita]] vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria. Mauaji yake, yanayodaiwa yalifanywa na kundi la [[wanajeshi]] wa Kiislamu (GIA), katika mazingira ambayo bado hayajafahamika, yalizua ghasia kali huko Kabylia. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Algeria]] 5w264znd07nzsy1gd9i68miwkrh8uri 0 149699 1601482 1223082 2026-09-25T19:41:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tuzo tatu N'''i sherehe za tuzo za wa Ghana zilizoanzishwa [[2018]] kusherekea [[muziki]] wa Ghana. Ilianzishwa na mtandao wa tuzo tatu na chaneli ya General TV3 Kama chombo Cha habari. Mwaka [[2020]] tamasha la mashabiki lililotarajiwa kufanyika katika ukumbi wa Accra polo lilighairishwa na sherehe za tuzo zikafanyika ndani ya jumba la Fantasy Dom trade Fair la. Hii Ni kwa sababu ya katazo la mikusanyiko ya watu kwa sababu ya covid 19 == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Tuzo za muziki wa Afrika]] a1mpbjrlo8t5f55h6plk938hqeiv1jg 0 149776 1601415 1297391 2026-09-25T17:49:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tuzo za Muziki MTV Afrika 2016''' zilifanyika tarehe [[22 Oktoba]] [[2016]], katika Ticketpro Dome jijini [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]] <ref>https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-africa-music-awards-2016-winners-mtvmama2016/</ref>. Ilitambua na kuwatuza wanamuziki na wafanisi walioleta athari kwa muziki wa Kiafrika na [[utamaduni]] wa vijana.<ref>https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-africa-music-awards-2016-nominees-mtvmama2016/</ref> Sherehe ya tuzo hizo ilionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenye [https://web.archive.org/web/20130713200643/http://mtv/&#x20;Base MTV Base].  Ilisambazwa duniani kote kwenye vituo vya washirika na majukwaa ya maudhui. Hafla kilisimamiwa na [[Yemi Alade]] na [[Bonang Matheba]]. Ilitoa maonyesho kutoka [[Future]], [[Yemi Alade]], na wengine. Sherehe ilidhaminiwa na Google, MTN na DStv. Ilisheherekea vipaji vya Afrika katika vipengele 18 vya tuzo. Ikiwa ni pamoja na mwanamuziki bora wakiume, mwanamuziki bora wakike,nyimbo bora na nyimbo bora ya kushirikiana. Mchango wa wasanii kutoka nchi za ureno na nchi zinazozungumza lunga ya kifaransa zilitambuliwa katika vipengele vya ubora wa Lusophone na Francophone. Vipengele vilivyoongezewa ni pamoja na tuzo za The Africa Re-imagined na Haiba ya mwaka. Waliochaguliwa walitangazwa 21 septemba Johannesburg na 2 oktoba Lagos.<ref>https://www.mtvbase.com/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] cvrfaqqxrfar0hk3gr2jmenc6dw14ct 0 149777 1601219 1574532 2026-09-25T13:49:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tuzo za Muziki MTV Africa 2014''' zilifanyika mnamo 7 Juni [[2014]], katika Kituo cha Mikutano cha Kimataifa cha Durban (ICC Arena). Tuzo hizo zilirushwa moja kwa moja Afrika kote kwenye MTV Base na MTV. Sherehe hiyo ilidhaminiwa na Mkoa wa KwaZulu-Natal, Absolut na Jiji la Durban.<ref>http://mg.co.za/article/2014-03-21-mtv-africa-music-awards-returns-after-three-year-break</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.jacarandafm.com/post/mtv-africa-music-awards-come-to-sa/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-04-17 |archive-date=2014-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234142/http://www.jacarandafm.com/post/mtv-africa-music-awards-come-to-sa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201403210393.html</ref><ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201403210393.html</ref> Kipindi hicho kiliandaliwa na mchekeshaji wa Marekani na mwigizaji Marlon Wayans.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-host-revealed |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-07 |archivedate=2014-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008190959/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-host-revealed }}</ref>Sherehe hiyo ilikuwa na maonyesho kutoka kwa wasanii kama Miguel, Trey Songz, Flavour N'abania, French Montana, Tiwa Savage, Davido, Mafikizolo, Uhuru, Oskido, Profesa, Diamond Platnumz, Phyno, Yuri Da Cunha, Sauti Sol, Sarkodie, Ice Prince, The Arrows, Khuli Chana, Dr SID, Fally Ipupa, Michael Lowman, Don Jazzy, DJ Clock, Beatenberg, DJ Kent, Big Nuz, Toofan, D'Banj, DJ Vigi,  DJ Tira, DJ Buckz, na Burna Boy<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-performers-03062014/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-07 |archivedate=2014-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007120829/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-performers-03062014/ }}</ref><ref>http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/21/miguel-tiwa-savage-davido-flavour-to-perform-at-the-2014-mamas/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/the-2014-mama-line-up-just-got-even-better/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-07 |archivedate=2014-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191225/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/the-2014-mama-line-up-just-got-even-better/ }}</ref>.27 Mei 2014, wateule wa Tuzo la Uongozi wa MTV Base .walitangazwa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/mtv-base-leadership-nominees-have-their-say/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-07 |archivedate=2014-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008190731/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/mtv-base-leadership-nominees-have-their-say/ }}</ref> Mei 28, MTV Base ilifunua Drake, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Pharrell Williams, na Miley Cyrus kama wateule wa kitengo cha Sheria Bora ya Kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-best-international-nominees-revealed/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-07 |archivedate=2014-11-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115111819/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2014-mama-best-international-nominees-revealed/ }}</ref> Davido na Mafikizolo walipokea uteuzi zaidi ya mara nne kila mmoja. Mi Casa na P-Square walipokea uteuzi mara tatu. Diamond Platnumz na Wizkid waliteuliwa mara mbili kwa ushirikiano bora wa kiume. Marlon Wayans alivaa rickshaw ya shanga, na alishangiliwa na umati. Katika tukio hilo, aliigiza mwandishi wa habari wa Marekani ambaye alibagua talanta za Kiafrika wakati wa mahojiano. Mafikizolo alishinda mataji mawili na kuimba wimbo wao wa 'Khona', pamoja na Flavour N'abania, Sauti Sol, na Fally Ipupa.Davido alichukua tuzo mbili kwa Msanii Bora wakiume. Tiwa Savage aliwang'oa Efya, Chidinma, Arielle T, na DJ C'ndo kwa tuzo ya mwanamke bora.Msanii wa nyimbo za Afro-soul Simphiwe Dana alitoa heshima za mwisho kwa marehemu Nelson Mandela kwa kutumbuiza mbele ya mchoro mkubwa wa video uliobuniwa na Transform Today mteule Rasty.Utekaji nyara wa wasichana wa shule ya Nigeria pia ulishughulikiwa wakati wa sherehe hiyo. Ladysmith Black Mambazo alipokea makofi makubwa kwa kufanya "Acappello" na "Y-tjukutja". Lupita Nyong'o alishinda tuzo ya Utu wa Mwaka; Kanda ya video ya hotuba yake ya kukubali ilirushwa wakati wa sherehe hiyo. Wanamuziki wa Marekani Miguel, French Montana, na Trey Songz waliimba nyimbo zao.Wageni mashuhuri waliohudhuria hafla hiyo ni pamoja na Khloé Kardashian, D'Banj, Nomzamo Mbatha, Goldfish, DJ Fresh, John Vlismas, Kajal Bagwandeen, Emmanuel Adebayor, Wema Sepetu, Minnie Dlamini, Sizwe Dhlomo, Dorcas Shola Fapson, DJ C'ndo, Efya na Riaad Moosa.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6113980/davido-and-tiwa-savage-top-winners-at-mtv-africa-music-awards-marlon-wayans</ref><ref>http://www.channel24.co.za/Music/News/Mafikizolo-magic-at-MTV-Africa-Music-Awards-20140608</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2014/06/08/watch-highlights-2014-mtv-africa-music-awards-mama-full-list-winners/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026190209/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2014/06/08/watch-highlights-2014-mtv-africa-music-awards-mama-full-list-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref><nowiki>http://www.greedysouth.co.zw/2014/06/mtv-africa-music-awards.html</nowiki></ref> BET International ilizindua show hiyo mnamo Juni 12. Kipindi hicho kilitangazwa kimataifa katika majira ya joto ya 2014<ref>http://www.greedysouth.co.zw/2014/06/mtv-africa-music-awards.html</ref> == Maamuzi ya uteuzi == sherehe za uteuzi zilifanyika Sands Johannesburg. Uteuzi ulitangazwa na Nomuzi Mabena, Sizwe Dhlomo, Alex Okosi, Tim Horwood, na Shirley Mabiletja. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Tuzo za muziki wa Afrika]] eji5tqmq78g151v2zdmwn1vul9uwfsh 0 149788 1601091 1223237 2026-09-25T13:16:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601091 wikitext text/x-wiki The Headies 2015 ilkuwa ni toleo la kumi la [[The Headies]]. Mkutano huo ulifanyika januari 1, [[2016]] katika maonyesho ya Landmark huko Victoria Island, Lagos.<ref>Ige, Victoria (28 December 2015). "Breaking News: The Headies moved to New Year's Day". ''Nigeria Entertainment Today''. Retrieved 23 January [[2016]].</ref> Kwenye mandhari ya "Flip the script" tukio hilo liliwekwa na [[Bovi]] na [[Kaffy]]. Awali lilikuwa limepangwa kufanyika tarehe 30 desemba, [[2015]], lakini waandamizi wa tukio hilo walilazimisha tarehe 1 januari,[[2016]] pasipo kutaja sababu yoyote.<ref>Peters, Oreoluwa (28 December 2015). "The Headies Awards 2015 postponed to 2016". YNaija. Retrieved 23 January [[2016]].</ref> [[Olamide]] alishinda Tuzo nne, ingawa [[Timi Dakolo]] alishinda tatu. [[Wizkid]] alichaguliwa mara saba katika makundi 21 ya Tuzo.<ref>Abulude, Samuel (6 January 2016). "Olamide, Timi Dakolo, YCee Win Big At HEADIES 2015". ''Leadership Newspaper''. Retrieved 23 January [[2016|2016.]]</ref> [[2Face Idibia|2face Idibia]] alishinda Tuzo ya Hall of Fame, wakati [[Don Jazzy]] alipokea Tuzo ya Special Recognition. [[Reekado Banks]] alishinda Tuzo ya Next Rated.<ref>Kehinde Ajose (9 January 2016). "The Headies 2015: Beyond the controversy!". Vanguard. Retrieved 3 March [[2019]].</ref> Ushindi wake ulihukumiwa na wanaharakati wa muziki ambao walipambana na haki ya mchakato wa Tuzo.<ref>"DJ Timmy Blasts Headies Over Controversial 'Next Rated' Award". ''Naij''. Retrieved 23 January [[2016|2016.]]</ref> == Maonyesho == * [[Majek Fashek]] * [[Timi Dakolo]] * [[Olamide]] * Falz * Adekunle Gold * [[Simi]] * [[Harrysong]] * [[Seyi Shay]] * [[Victoria Kimani]] * [[Eva Alordiah]] * [[Vector]] * [[Iyanya]] == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] rjfpb3kz4a6he9yei1c3qe9ej5quxr8 0 149790 1601121 1271769 2026-09-25T13:20:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lugha}} '''Conservation Commons''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the Conservation Commons?|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/earth-optimism/2018/08/29/what-conservation-commons/|work=www.smithsonianmag.com|accessdate=2022-05-07|language=en|author=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>ni jitahadha za pamoja za kujielleza kwa asasi zisizo za kiserikali, mashirika ya kimataifa, [[serikali]], asasi za kitaluma na taasisi binafsi, katika kuboresha upatikanaji na utumiaji wa [[Takwimu|takwimu,]] taarifa na ujuzi unaohusiana na kuhifadhi [[bioanuwai]], kwa imani ya kwamba yatachangia kwenye kuboresha matokeo ya uhifadhi. Kwa urahisi, inashawishi taasisi na mtu mmoja mmoja kupata wazi takwimu, taarifa, utaalamu na ujuzi uhusiano na kuhifadhi [[bioanuwai]]. Lengo la Conservation Commons ni kukuza ufahamu, ueledi na usawa katika kusambaza ujuzi wa kusongeza uhifadhi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conservation Commons|url=https://www.iucn.org/content/conservation-commons|work=IUCN|date=2010-02-19|accessdate=2022-05-07|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Wiki4HumanRights USW]] 37ft295dsmtcwc7t24xz1ofz3pdx4px 0 149885 1601221 1223551 2026-09-25T13:49:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601221 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mambo ya mazingira Malaysia == [[Malaysia]] walipitia mambo kadha ya mazingira. Mazingira ya [[Malaysia]] wanao umiliki wa uanuwa wa [[kibayolojia]] wa [[magadiverse]] enye maana [[duniani]] kote mwisho wa [[viumbe]] hai lakini ni kutishiwa na mambo kadhaa. Ukataji miti ni mojawapo ya mambo kadhaa ya katika [[nchi]] inayo ongoza kwa aina imekuwa tishio na kupoteza. kikubwa kwenye sekta ya [[uchumi]] wa uzalishaji wa mafuta tenda imekuwa athara kubwa ya [[mazingira]] .Uchafuzi wa hali ya hewa pia ni mojawapo ndani ya nchi ambayo sana inahathiri nchi kwa ukungu wa kaskazini [[Asia]] [[nchi]] inaathiriwa na mabadaliko ya tabia ya nchi. [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Mataifa]] hdwrpp3u0ydlrd27sf1qp3k6f1yf5j9 0 150059 1601294 1580605 2026-09-25T14:14:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Background=Kundi_or_bendi|Jina=Kleptomaniax|Miaka ya kazi=1999-2010|Asili yake=[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]|Wanachama wa sasa=Roba<br>Collo<br>[[Nyashinski]]}} '''Kleptomaniax''' ni [[kundi]] la [[Muziki wa hip hop|kurap]] kutoka [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Kundi hilo lina wanachama watatu: Roba (Robert Manyasa), Collo (Collins Majale) na Nyashinski (Nyamari Ongegu). ==Historia== Kleptomaniax ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1999, walipokuwa bado wanafunzi wa shule ya upili katika Shule ya Nairobi. Kundi hili lilijiunga na lebo ya [[Ogopa Deejays|Ogopa DJs]] na kutoa wimbo wao wa kwanza, "Freak It" mnamo [[2002]], ambao ulifuatiwa na "Maniax Anthem" na "Haree." <ref>Daily Nation, Lifestyle Magazine, June 1, 2003: [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/Supplements/lifestyle/01062003/story0106200312.htm Kleptomaniax, the trio behind the hit songs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/Supplements/lifestyle/01062003/story0106200312.htm |date=20250126054100 }}</ref> Mnamo [[2004]] kikundi kilitoa wimbo mwingine "Tuendelee", ambao umekua wimbo wao mkubwa hadi sasa. Wimbo huu uliandikwa kama jibu la " Diss track " na wanamuziki mbalimbali wa hip hop (ikiwa ni pamoja na Bamboo ), ambao walikosoa mtindo wa muziki wa Kapuka unaofanywa na Kleptomaniax. <ref>The Standard, Pulse Magazine, April 25, 2005: Klepto’s beef with Pulse</ref> Albamu yao ya kwanza ya ''M4E'' (kifupi cha ''Maniax Forever'' ) ilitolewa mnamo [[2005]]. Baadae mwaka huo kundi lilipokea uteuzi wa Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Ulaya kwa kipengele cha Best African Act, lakini tuzo hiyo alishinda msanii kutoka Nigeria [[2Face Idibia]]. Mnamo [[2007]], Kleptomaniax walitembelea [[Marekani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sambazainc.com/Klepto.html|title=Sambaza Entertainment|publisher=Sambazainc.com|date=2007-02-24|accessdate=2012-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217055706/http://www.sambazainc.com/Klepto.html|archivedate=2012-02-17}}</ref> Kundi hilo lilisimamiwa na [[Fakii Liwali]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] reotl8oqi4b17z3pyvgggqr0g1n3hpf 0 150092 1601296 1600897 2026-09-25T14:14:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> |Jina la kuzaliwa=Roger Henry Brough Whittaker|Img=Roger-Whittaker-live.jpg|Tovuti={{URL|www.rogerwhittaker.com}}|Background=Mwanamuziki|Jina=Roger Whittaker}} '''Roger Henry Brough Whittaker''' (alizaliwa [[22 Machi]] [[1936]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi]] na [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Uingereza]], ambaye alizaliwa Nairobi na wazazi wa Kiingereza. <ref name="CMT">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Whittaker|first=Roger|title=About Roger Whittaker|url=http://www.cmt.com/artists/roger-whittaker/biography/|work=Cmt.com|accessdate=23 December 2013|archive-date=2016-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215101129/http://www.cmt.com/artists/roger-whittaker/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muziki wake ni mchanganyiko wa kipekee wa muziki wa kitamaduni na nyimbo maarufu pamoja. Anajulikana zaidi kwa sauti yake ya kuimba na chapa ya biashara ya kupiga mluzi na pia ujuzi wake wa gitaa. Anajulikana sana kwa toleo lake la " Wind Beneath My Wings " ([[1982]]), na vile vile nyimbo zake mwenyewe " Durham Town (The Leavin') " ([[1969]]) na " Siamini Ikiwa Tena " (1970) . Watazamaji wa Marekani wanaufahamu zaidi wimbo wake wa [[1970]] wa " New World in the Morning " na wimbo wake wa [[1975]] " The Last Farewell ", ambao ni wimbo wake pekee kuwekwa ''[[Billboard]]'' Hot 100 (ulioingia kwenye Top 20) na pia kushika No.&nbsp;1 kwenye chati ya Kisasa ya Watu Wazima. Anajulikana pia kwa matoleo yake ya " Ding! Dong! Heri ya Juu " na " Siku Kumi na Mbili za Krismasi ." Wimbo wake wa mwisho wa chati bora ulikuwa "Albany", ambao ulifunga nambari 3 huko Ujerumani Magharibi mnamo 1982. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/artist/roger-whittaker/id252978|title=iTunes – Music – Roger Whittaker|work=Itunes.apple.com|accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official|http://www.rogerwhittaker.com/}} * Roger Whittaker at IMDb * Roger Whittaker discography at Discogs == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Muziki nchi kwa nchi]] qm7tbfxppbjxid9j0fazcreghektoqw 0 150328 1601101 1529582 2026-09-25T13:17:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaa Avoe''' (alizaliwa [[1 Julai]] [[1982]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa kimataifa na mchezaji wa timu ya wanawake ya [[Ghana]] ambaye anacheza kama [[beki]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yaa Name Meaning - Origin, Religion of Baby Girl Name Yaa|url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/parenting/baby-names/yaa|work=SchoolMyKids|date=2018-02-14|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en}}</ref> Ni mwanachama wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[kandanda]] ya wanawake wa Ghana. Alikuwa sehemu ya timu kwenye [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la wanawake mwaka [[2003]] na Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la wanawake mwaka 2007 . Katika ngazi ya klabu anachezea klabu ya ''Ash Town Ladies'' nchini Ghana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc%5f2007%5fplayers%5f19147.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165606/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc_2007_players_19147.pdf|archivedate=October 14, 2012|title=List of Players|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=2007|work=FIFA Women's World Cup China 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]] 7355ptrmy78lkmqwbobxolm8xtq95gh 0 150334 1601315 1293451 2026-09-25T14:23:42Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anita Amankwa''' (alizaliwa [[2 Septemba]], [[1989]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa kimataifa wa wanawake wa [[Ghana]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Ni mwanachama wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[kandanda]] ya wanawake wa Ghana. Alikuwa sehemu ya timu kwenye [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la Wanawake mwaka [[2007]] Katika ngazi ya klabu anachezea klabu ya ''Takoradi Ladies'' nchini Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc%5f2007%5fplayers%5f19147.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165606/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc_2007_players_19147.pdf|archivedate=October 14, 2012|title=List of Players|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=2007|work=FIFA Women's World Cup China 2007}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]] 32kdinrs9n7mrsty8a008rqyece1na0 0 150340 1601040 1513369 2026-09-25T13:11:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamdya Abass''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]] [[1982]]) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa kimataifa wa wanawake wa [[Ghana]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mlinzi]]. Ni mwanachama wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[kandanda]] ya wanawake wa Ghana. Alikuwa ni sehemu ya timu kwenye [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la Wanawake la [[2007]]. Katika ngazi ya klabu anachezea klabu ya ''Ghatel Ladies'' nchini Ghana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc%5f2007%5fplayers%5f19147.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165606/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fwwc_2007_players_19147.pdf|archivedate=October 14, 2012|title=List of Players|accessdate=2007-09-28|publisher=[[FIFA]]|year=2007|work=FIFA Women's World Cup China 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]] gisq8sjn64wquppzbgda7vyg3lrlgf8 0 150460 1601451 1510999 2026-09-25T19:14:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601451 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Diogo Piçarra 2018.png|alt=Diogo Piçarra mnamo 2018|thumb|Diogo Piçarra mnamo 2018]] '''Diogo Piçarra''' (amezaliwa [[19 Oktoba]] [[1990]]) ni mwimbaji wa Ureno. Alishinda msimu wa tano wa toleo la Kireno la ''Pop Idol'' mnamo [[2012]]. Diogo Piçarra alizaliwa huko Faro. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, alianzisha bendi ya "Fora da Bóia". Alipokuwa akisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Algarve, muhula uliofwata alienda nje ya nchi ili kuendelea na masomo yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Palacký huko [[Ucheki|Jamhuri]] ya Cheki. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=V centru pozornosti: Evropské státy na společné cestě – Erasmus+ – European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/anniversary/spotlight-bringing-europe-together_cs|work=Erasmus+|accessdate=15 April 2017|language=cs}}</ref> Alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Espelho'', mnamo Machi [[2015]], <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.sabado.pt/gps/palco-plateia/musica/detalhe/dos-diogo-picarra-vai-lancar-novo-album|title=do=s: Diogo Piçarra vai lançar novo álbum|work=Sábado|language=pt-pt}}</ref> akishirikiana na wasanii kama vile Valas kwenye "Ponto de Partida" na April Ivy kwenye "Não Sou Eu". == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Ureno]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] 04w0v6esj2l421og9gw7kpb3lk71tqx 0 150468 1601295 1462060 2026-09-25T14:14:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Anabele Braz Pires |picha = Anabela.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Mwimbaji wa [[ureno]] na mwigizaji wa michezo. |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 Septemba 1976 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Almada |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwimbaji na mwigizaji |nchi = Ureno }} '''Anabela Braz Pires''' (amezaliwa [[22 Septemba]] [[1976]] huko [[Almada]] ) ni mwimbaji wa Ureno na mwigizaji wa michezo, anayejulikana zaidi nchini [[Ureno]] kwa jina lake la kwanza, ''Anabela''. Kazi yake katika [[muziki]] imedumu kwa [[miongo]] kadhaa, na anajulikana sana kwa kuiwakilisha Ureno kwenye Shindano la [[Nyimbo]] za [[Eurovision]], kazi yake kama msanii wa kurekodi peke yake, na kazi yake katika ukumbi wa muziki akishirikiana na mtayarishaji Filipe La Féria. Katika mahojiano ya [[2006]] na ''Selecções do Reader's Digest'', alitania kwamba katika ufahamu wa kitaifa, alitokea kujulikana kama "msichana wa Eurovision" hadi "msichana wa La Féria". == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ureno]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] ai0lcquwrwoptfljnujkmtquwpaojjt 0 150515 1601537 1598794 2026-09-26T00:44:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yolanda Adams.jpg|alt=Adams mnamo 2010|thumb|Adams mnamo 2010]] '''Yolanda Yvette Adams''' (amezaliwa [[Agosti 27]], [[1961]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] za [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|Injili]], mwigizaji, na msimamizi wa kipindi chake cha injili cha asubuhi kilichounganishwa kitaifa nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mmoja wa wasanii wa injili wanaouza sana albamu wakati wote, ameuza takribani 10&nbsp;milioni albamu duniani kote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=November 18, 2019|title=Yolanda Adams at the 2019 Soul Train Awards: Our Lady Of Soul Gets Candid On The State Of Gospel|url=https://www.bet.com/music/2019/11/18/soul-train-awards-yolanda-adams-lady-of-soul-interview.html|accessdate=November 19, 2019|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507031842/https://www.bet.com/music/2019/11/18/soul-train-awards-yolanda-adams-lady-of-soul-interview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mbali na kufikia hadhi ya platinamu nyingi, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=May 15, 2011|title=5 Questions for Yolanda Adams on Her New Album|url=https://www.essence.com/news/5-questions-for-yolanda-adams-on-becoming-wal-mart-album/|accessdate=September 3, 2020}}</ref> ameshinda Tuzo nne [[Grammy Awards|za Grammy]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/yolanda-adams/105|title=Yolanda Adams|date=November 26, 2019|work=GRAMMY.com|accessdate=July 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126201859/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/yolanda-adams/105|archivedate=2022-01-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tuzo nne za Njiwa, Tuzo tano za BET, Tuzo za Picha sita [[NAACP Image Awards|za NAACP, Tuzo]] sita za Muziki wa Soul Train, Tuzo mbili za BMI na Tuzo kumi na sita za Stellar. Alikuwa msanii wa kwanza wa Injili kutunukiwa Tuzo ya muziki wa Marekani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=February 7, 2020|title=Prudential Center Hosts McDonalds Gospelfest|url=https://www.newjerseystage.com/articles/2020/02/07/prudential-center-hosts-mcdonalds-gospelfest/|accessdate=September 3, 2020|work=NewJerseyStage}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Grammy]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Injili]] dnteugdk8cxxq11pvppioylw6vi811r 0 150547 1601136 1526483 2026-09-25T13:40:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Derek Andrew Safo''' (alizaliwa [[5 Septemba]] [[1982]]), jina lake la kisanii '''Sway''' au '''Sway DaSafo''', ni rapper wa [[Uingereza]] mwenye asili ya [[Ghana]]. Yeye pia ni [[Mtayarishaji wa Muziki|mtayarishaji]], akiwa ameanzisha Dcypha Productions, iliyotiwa saini na Island/Universal ([[mwanzilishi]] wa lebo). [[Wimbo]] wa Safo wa 2008 "Black Stars" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Throwback Music: Sway – Black Stars Our next... {{!}} Afrobeats City|url=http://www.afrobeatsindacity.com/post/114041197640/throwback-music-sway-black-stars-our-next|work=www.afrobeatsindacity.com|accessdate=2015-11-26}}</ref> uliwapa sifa Waghana maarufu kote ughaibuni. Wimbo wa kwanza mkubwa wa Sway, "On My Own" ulitolewa kwa jina Sway DaSafo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=3) Sway's first big track 'On My Own' was released under the name Sway DaSafo.|url=http://www.capitalxtra.com/artists/sway/lists/facts/on-my-own/|work=Capital XTRA|accessdate=2015-11-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] idwjp2ea89h7tbsopn00bykpqd8j4yz 0 150571 1601184 1524300 2026-09-25T13:45:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Reniss Performing at Dschang, Cameroon, November 5, 2016.jpg|alt=Reniss akiigiza jijini Dschang, Kamerun, 5 Novemba 2016.|thumb|Reniss akiigiza jijini Dschang, Kamerun, 5 Novemba 2016.]] '''Kien Rennise Nde''' (amezaliwa [[Aprili 24]], [[1988]] huko Mankon), anajulikana kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Reniss''', ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Kamerun|Kameruni]]. Reniss anaimba kwa [[Kiingereza]], [[Kifaransa]], [[Pidgin]], na Ngeumba. Reniss alijulikana sana katika ulingo wa muziki wa [[Kiafrikaans|Kiafrika]] baada ya kuachia [[video]] yake ya muziki "La Sauce" mnamo [[Mei 6]], [[2016]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cameroon's Jovi Hits With 'B.A.S.T.A.R.D' - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/jovi-bastard-cameroon-hiphop/|work=www.okayafrica.com|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Reniss Shares 'La Sauce,' A Sizzling Cameroonian Dance Floor Banger - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/reniss-la-sauce-video/|work=www.okayafrica.com|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Supporters, un métier à plein temps|url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/38998905|work=BBC News Afrique|language=fr|access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> == Kazi == Reniss alikulia katika kitongoji cha Mabanda, huko [[Douala]], [[Kamerun]]. Reniss alihusika kikamilifu katika [[kwaya]] za [[kanisa]] katika New Covenant na Presbyterian Church huko Douala, na alianza kuimba akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 13. Baada ya kusafiri na kuigiza katika matukio ya [[kanisa]] kwa miaka mingi, Reniss alianza kufanya kazi na mtayarishaji na msanii wa Kameruni, Jovi. Reniss alitoa nyimbo zake za kwanza, "Fire" na "Holy Wata" mnamo [[2011]] na [[2012]], mtawaliwa, chini ya lebo ya rekodi ya Mumak. Aliendelea kufanya kazi na Jovi, akishirikiana na [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza, HIV, [[2012]]. Mnamo [[2013]], Reniss alitoa EP yake ya kwanza, ''Kiafrikan LuV'', chini ya lebo ya New Bell Music. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.jewanda-magazine.com/2013/09/music-afrikan-luv-reniss-ep-is-available-for-free-en/|title=Music : "Afrikan Luv", Reniss' EP is available for free ! (En) – Je Wanda Magazine|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2016-12-12|date=2013-09-03|archivedate=2016-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220093212/http://www.jewanda-magazine.com/2013/09/music-afrikan-luv-reniss-ep-is-available-for-free-en/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] juy0o9o3u961p1a05ltemkfw1u8nr7k 0 150579 1601474 1525006 2026-09-25T19:39:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sam Fan Thomas''' alizaliwa Aprili [[1952]], [[Bafoussam]], Kamerun) <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Encyclopedia of Popular Music{{!}}The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music|date=1992|publisher=Guinness Publishing|isbn=0-85112-939-0|editor-last=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|edition=First|page=2482}}</ref> ni mwanamuziki wa [[Kamerun|Kameruni]] anayehusishwa na Makossa. Alianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1960]] na akarekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza na "Rikiatou". "African Typic Collection" yake ilivuma kimataifa mwaka wa [[1984]] na labda ndiyo kazi yake inayojulikana zaidi. Thomas alianza kazi yake mapema miaka ya [[1970]] kama mpiga [[gitaa]] katika bendi ya Cameroon Tigres Noires. Alikaa na bendi hiyo hadi [[1976]], alipozindua kazi yake ya pekee. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sam-fan-thomas-mn0000831459/biography|title=Sam Fan Thomas Biography, Songs, & Albums|work=AllMusic|accessdate=14 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sam Fan Thomas Biography, Songs, & Albums|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sam-fan-thomas-mn0000831459/biography|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2023-02-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:1lib1ref 2023]] e1rqyueh5wadb9f4tm6fv7mx309tgwa 0 150590 1601483 1519188 2026-09-25T19:41:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601483 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:LesEscales2019ManuDibango 03 (cropped).jpg|LesEscales2019ManuDibango_03_(cropped)|thumb|Manu Dibango]] '''Emmanuel N'Djoké ("Manu" Dibango'')''' ([[12 Desemba]] [[1933]] - 24 Machi 2020) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|title=Le saxophoniste Manu Dibango est mort des suites du Covid-19, annoncent ses proches|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2020/03/24/le-saxophoniste-manu-dibango-est-mort-des-suites-du-covid-19-annoncent-ses-proches_6034197_3382.html}}</ref> alikuwa mwanamuziki na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] kutoka [[Kamerun|Kameruni]] ambaye alicheza saksafoni na vibraphone. Alianzisha mtindo wa muziki wa kuchanganya jazba, funk, na muziki wa kitamaduni wa [[Kamerun|Kameruni]]. Baba yake alikuwa mwanachama wa [[kabila]] la Yabassi, wakati [[mama]] yake alikuwa Duala. Alijulikana zaidi kwa [[wimbo]] wake wa 1972 " Soul Makossa ". Alikufa kutokana na [[COVID-19]] tarehe [[24 Machi]] [[2020]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|date=24 March 2020|title=Manu Dibango, Cameroon jazz-funk star, dies aged 86 of coronavirus|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/24/manu-dibango-dies-coronavirus-cameroon-jazz-funk|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Monroe|first=Jazz|date=24 March 2020|title=Afro-Jazz Star Manu Dibango Dead at 86|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/afro-jazz-star-manu-dibango-dead-at-86/|work=Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] hh52e0dh2mrx11amy2xjswnhtedwghn 0 150591 1601452 1518060 2026-09-25T19:14:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Les Têtes Brulées''' ni bendi ya [[Kamerun|Kameruni]] inayojulikana kwa aina ya [[Muziki wa pop|pop]] muziki wa densi wa bikutsi. Jina lao kihalisi linamaanisha ''vichwa vilivyochomwa'' kwa [[Kifaransa]], lakini kuna uwezekano mkubwa zaidi kumaanisha watu wenye akili ''timamu'' '','' ingawa mwanzilishi Jean-Marie Ahanda anapendelea tafsiri ''"akili zilizochomwa".'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='A DIFFERENT BEAT'|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-07-30-9203080472-story.html}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kamerun]] 16zy9z9tnxva1k410olk8rgtr8evlx1 0 150639 1601041 1462154 2026-09-25T13:11:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Boby Techi |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 19 Januari 1990 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwimbaji na Mwigizaji |nchi = India }} '''Boby Techi''' (alizaliwa [[9 Januari]] [[1990]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa nyimbo za [[India]] na [[mwigizaji]]. Katika Shindano la K-Pop India [[2013]], alitunukiwa LG SONGSTAR ya mwaka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Finalists-perform-at-the-K-Pop-Contest-in-Delhi/articleshow/21895422.cms| title = 'K-Pop India': On the scene for the finale'|quote=K-Pop is a welcome addition to the already diverse music spectrum in the country| date = 19 Agosti 2013|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://india.korean-culture.org/navigator.do?menuCode=201301100026&action=VIEW&seq=49667| title = Boby Techi takes title|publisher=KCC news|quote=Exclusive| date = 20 Agosti 2013|accessdate=15 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920172102/http://india.korean-culture.org/navigator.do?menuCode=201301100026&action=VIEW&seq=49667|archivedate=20 September 2013}}</ref> Kama mwimbaji, Techi amewahi kushirikiana na The Vinyl Records. Kando na kazi yake ya muziki, Techi pia amejikita katika uigizaji. Alifanya filamu yake ya kwanza ya ''Stranger in My Land'' mnamo 2014. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uhindi]] 9mb4s901n57zhhnp0t31yrv5fqw9n5n 0 151024 1601102 1539757 2026-09-25T13:17:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Judith Arundell Wright''' ([[31 Mei]] [[1915]]{{Spaced ndash}}[[25 Juni]] [[2000]]) alikuwa [[mshairi]] wa [[Australia]], [[mwanamazingira]] na mwanaharakati wa haki za ardhi za wakazi asili. <ref name="litweb.net">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://litweb.net/biogs/wright_judith.html|title=Judith Wright 1915-200|author=Petri Liukkonen|publisher=litweb.net|accessdate=23 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220044029/http://litweb.net/biogs/wright_judith.html|archivedate=20 December 2010}}</ref> Alikuwa mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya Christopher Brennan. Alikuwa mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya Hazina ya Kitaifa ya Australia mnamo 1998. <ref>AusLit, Queensland University, Australia https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A10588?mainTabTemplate=agentAwards{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1915|2000}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Australia]] b4vmhofxgvpar6tyewt44t7a61j0de0 0 151051 1601491 1315888 2026-09-25T19:43:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shehla Masood''' ([[1973]]–[[2011]]) alikuwa [[mwanamazingira]] wa [[India]], na [[mwanaharakati]] wa Haki ya Kupata Taarifa. Aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi muda wa saa 11:19 asubuhi tarehe [[16 Agosti]] [[2011]] mbele ya nyumba yake huko [[Bhopal]] alipokuwa ameketi kwenye gari lake, na watu watatu ambao walikuwa wameajiriwa na mbunifu wa ndani wa kike. Uhalifu Patrol Piga 100 ilipeperusha sehemu ya 735 kulingana na [[kesi]]. == Mwanaharakati wa kijamii == Masood alikuwa mwanaharakati anayeshughulikia uhifadhi wa wanyamapori, na pia aliunga mkono mambo mengine kama vile utawala bora, Sheria ya RTI, mageuzi ya Polisi, mazingira, haki za wanawake & masuala na uwazi. Alikaa kwenye mfungo kuunga mkono kampeni ya Anna Hazare ya ''India dhidi ya Ufisadi''. Alihusika kikamilifu katika kuibua maswala yanayohusiana na vifo vya simbamarara katika maeneo matakatifu ya [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Shehla mwenyewe alikuwa akifanya kazi kwa Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Trust, akiwaandalia matukio kutoka Srinagar hadi Kolkata hadi Delhi. Alikuwa ameuliza maelezo kuhusu Narmada Samagraha, NGO inayoungwa mkono na Mbunge wa BJP Rajya Sabha. Alikuwa karibu kuondoka kuelekea Klabu ya Boti huko [[Bhopal]] ili kujiunga na maandamano dhidi ya serikali kuleta Mswada wa Jan Lokpal alipouawa. Alianzisha pamoja RTI Anonymous, huduma ya wapuliza filimbi kwa kuwasilisha Maombi ya Haki ya Kupata Habari (RTI) bila kujulikana majina yake katika idara za Serikali ya India bila kudhulumiwa, na marafiki zake siku chache tu kabla ya kifo chake. Shehla Masood alitunukiwa tuzo hiyo baada ya kufa kwa juhudi zake zisizo na kikomo chini ya kitengo, 'Krusedi Dhidi ya Ufisadi'. == Maisha ya kitaaluma == Alikuwa katibu wa NGO ya ''Udai'' na alikuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa kampuni iitwayo 'Miracles' ambayo ilihusika katika "Matukio na huduma zinazohusiana na Media", kulingana na [https://archive.today/20121130104230/http://in.linkedin.com/pub/shehla-masood/5/684/602 wasifu wake wa umma uliounganishwa] . NGO ya Udai iliundwa mwaka wa [[2004]], hivi karibuni ilijitosa katika uhifadhi wa simbamarara na misitu. == Mauaji == Masood alikuwa akiishi kwa vitisho kila mara, kama ilivyofichuliwa naye katika mahojiano kabla ya kuuawa kwa kupigwa risasi. Mnamo tarehe [[16 Agosti]] [[2011]] karibu saa 11:19 asubuhi, alipigwa risasi na [[mshambuliaji]] asiyejulikana kutoka eneo tupu. Masood alikuwa karibu kuondoka na gari lake wakati alipigwa risasi kwenye kiti cha dereva. Kwa mujibu wa Polisi, chanzo cha mauaji hayo bado hakijajulikana. Walakini, kulingana na vyombo vya habari, sababu inayowezekana inaweza kuwa shughuli zake za [[Sheria ya Haki ya Kupata Habari|RTI]] na kupinga uchimbaji haramu wa almasi uliofanywa na [[Kikundi cha Rio Tinto|Rio Tinto]] kwa kushirikiana na maafisa wa serikali na kupigania kuokoa simbamarara, [[chui]] na misitu, ambao waliuawa kwa ngozi zao kwa kushirikiana na maafisa wa [[Msitu|misitu]]. Katika kuashiria uzito wa mauaji haya ya hali ya juu, ambayo hakuna mtu aliyekamatwa katika siku za kwanza, Serikali ya [[Madhya Pradesh]] ilihamisha kesi hiyo kwa Ofisi Kuu ya Upelelezi. CBI iliita timu ya uchunguzi inayoongozwa na Profesa TD Dogra na Rajinder Singh, Mkurugenzi CFSL Delhi. Mnamo tarehe 28 Februari 2012 Ofisi Kuu ya Upelelezi inadai kuwa ilivunja kesi hiyo na kumkamata mbunifu wa mambo ya ndani wa Bhopal Bi Zahida Parvez na washirika watatu ambao walikodiwa kumuua Masood. Mfanyikazi na rafiki wa mbunifu wa mambo ya ndani ambaye labda alikuwa na habari kuhusu mpango wa mauaji alikamatwa mnamo 2 Machi 2012. Mbunifu wa mambo ya ndani alikuwa amempa kandarasi hiyo mhalifu anayeishi Bhopal, Saqib 'Danger', anayejulikana kwa uhusiano wake na chama cha ndani cha BJP huko Madhya Pradesh, ambaye aliiweka kandarasi zaidi kwa Tabish (binamu yake) aliyeishi Kanpur. Gari lililotumika katika eneo la mapumziko limepatikana. Mmoja wa washtakiwa waliokamatwa kwa jina Irfan alisema kwamba hakumpiga risasi Masood lakini mwenzake Shanu ndiye aliyempiga risasi. Walakini, uchunguzi zaidi ulibaini wakati binamu wa mjenzi wa Bhopal Saqib 'Danger' Tabish alikamatwa kwamba Shanu hakumpiga risasi Masood ni Irfan ndiye aliyempiga risasi. Zahida na Irfan wamerekodi taarifa zao mbele ya Hakimu wa CBI. Wakati huo huo, silaha ya mauaji imepatikana na imetumwa kwa uchunguzi wa kisayansi. Nia ya mauaji kama ilivyoonyeshwa na CBI ni Zahida alikuwa akihangaika na alikuwa karibu sana na Bhopal BJP [MLA Dhruv Narayan Singh], Zahida alisikitishwa sana na ukaribu wa Shehla Masood na Mbunge wa BJP. Zahida aliamua kumuondoa Masood. Baadhi ya maudhui ya shajara yaliyopatikana na CBI kutoka ofisi ya Zahida yanaonyesha nia hii. Hakuna chochote cha kuunga mkono dhana kimepatikana. Uchunguzi wa polygraph unafanywa kwa watuhumiwa wachache na MLA hata hivyo matokeo yake bado hayajajulikana. Baadaye CBI ilitoa maoni safi kwa Mbunge wa BJP Dhruv Narayan Singh kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa ushahidi dhidi yake. == Jaribio == Tarehe [[28 Januari]] [[2017]], [[mahakama]] ya CBI huko Bhopal iliwatia hatiani watu wanne kwa mauaji na njama ya uhalifu kwa mauaji ya Masood. Mshtakiwa mwingine alisamehewa kwa sababu aligeuka kuwa mwidhinishaji. == Tuzo == Masood baada ya kifo chake alitunukiwa tuzo ya SR Jindal "Crusade Against Corruption" == Marejeo == {{BD|1973|2011}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uhindi]] m2voq73gdajqj5s8l54mwn1gajpamhb 0 151064 1601122 1432025 2026-09-25T13:20:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexandra deBlas''' (alizaliwa [[1965]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] na [[mwanamazingira]] wa [[Australia]] ambaye alitunukiwa [[tuzo]] ya ''3rd World Water Forum Journalists'' mwaka [[2003]] huko [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]] na tuzo ya ''Australia World Environment Day'' aliyotunukiwa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] mnamo [[2004]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mtangazaji wa kipindi cha Kitaifa cha mazingira cha ABC Radio Earthbeat. Tangu 2004, de Blas amekuwa kwenye Bodi ya Ushauri ya Wahariri wa jarida la Ecos la CSIRO na kwa sasa anaendesha mawakala wa [[mawasiliano]] ya [[mazingira]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://theland.farmonline.com.au/news/metro/national/general/abc-flagship-radio-shows-axed/1334972.aspx| title = ABC flagship radio shows axed|work=Land|publisher=Farm Online| date = 16 Oktoba 2008|accessdate=1 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706103944/http://theland.farmonline.com.au/news/metro/national/general/abc-flagship-radio-shows-axed/1334972.aspx|archivedate=6 July 2011}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == de Blas alimaliza Shahada ya Kwanza ya [[Sayansi]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Sydney mnamo [[1985]] na baadaye akamaliza Diploma ya [[Uzamili]] katika Mafunzo ya Mazingira (Hons) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tasmania mnamo [[1992]]. Alitumia miaka kadhaa kufanya kazi katika PhD kwenye mawasiliano ya [[mazingira]] katika Chuo Kikuu, lakini alirudi ABC kabla ya kukamilika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.utasalumni.org.au/events?cid=1&ceid=141&cerid=0&cdt=26%2F07%2F2012| title = UTAS Alumni|accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] 3dkwffprz2c0at428batn3cm4k9h0wy 0 151072 1601316 1520510 2026-09-25T14:23:49Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Michael Bell (36818503223).jpg|thumb]] '''Michael Bell''' ni [[Sosholojia|mwanasosholojia]] wa [[Amerika]], [[mwandishi]], na [[mwanamuziki]]. Hivi sasa ni Profesa wa Mafanikio Makuu ya Vilas wa Jamii na Sosholojia ya [[Mazingira]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Wisconsin-Madison, ambapo yeye ni Mwenyekiti wa Idara ya Jamii na Sosholojia ya Mazingira. Kwa kuongezea, Bell aliwahi kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha UW-Madison cha Mifumo Jumuishi ya Kilimo (CIAS) kutoka [[2011]] hadi [[2019]]. Iliundwa mwaka wa [[1989]], CIAS ni kituo cha utafiti kwa programu za [[kilimo]] endelevu ambazo hujibu mahitaji ya [[wakulima]] na wananchi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cias.wisc.edu/about/|title=About CIAS – Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems|publisher=Cias.wisc.edu|date=|accessdate=2021-02-19}}</ref> Bell anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake ya kukuza mbinu ya mazungumzo ya [[sosholojia]] na sosholojia ya mazingira. Kazi yake kuu ya hivi karibuni zaidi ni ''Jiji la Mema: Asili, Dini, na Utafutaji wa Kale wa Kilicho Sawa'' (Princeton, 2018) ambayo inafuatilia mvutano kati ya mila za kipagani na za ubepari za asili na dini ambazo ziliibuka na kuongezeka kwa miji na himaya. . Yeye pia ni mwandishi wa ''Childerley: Nature and Morality in a Country Village'', ambayo ilishinda Tuzo la Kitabu Bora la 1995 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/asa-sections/current-sections/culture/sociology-culture-award-recipient-history|title=Sociology of Culture Award Recipient History|date=8 March 2011}}</ref> katika Sosholojia ya Utamaduni kutoka Jumuiya ya Kisosholojia ya Marekani, na ya ''Kilimo kwa ajili yetu sote: Kilimo kwa Vitendo na Kilimo cha Uendelevu'', ambayo ilishinda tuzo ya Kichwa Bora cha Kiakademia <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02386-4.html|title=Farming for Us All: Practical Agriculture and the Cultivation of Sustainability by Michael Mayerfeld Bell|accessdate=2022-05-29|archive-date=2022-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529215758/https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02386-4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kutoka kwa Jumuiya ya [[Maktaba]] ya Marekani. Bell vile vile ni mwandishi mkuu wa ''Mwaliko kwa Sosholojia ya Mazingira'', kitabu cha kiada sasa katika toleo lake la sita. Katika eneo la agroecology, Bell amefanya kazi na mwanasayansi wa udongo William Bland na [[mtaalamu]] wa kilimo Stéphane Bellon kuendeleza kilimo cha kilimo cha holon, mbinu ambayo inasisitiza jukumu la muktadha katika mahusiano ya kilimo na anasema kuwa tunaweza kujifunza kutokana na muktadha bila kueneza [[ulimwengu]]. Pamoja na mwandishi mwenza Jason Orne, Bell anatoa hoja inayohusiana ya mbinu ya "multilogical" ya mbinu za ubora katika ''Mwaliko wa Kazi Bora ya [[Uwandani]]'' (Routledge, [[2015]]). Akitumia [[mwanafalsafa]] wa mazungumzo Mikhail Bakhtin, Bell alianzisha kwanza dhana ya "mutlilogics" katika ''[[Muziki]] wa Ajabu wa Maisha ya Kijamii'' ([[Hekalu]], [[2011]]). Bell hutumia mbinu ya kimantiki kwa utunzi wake wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], "Assumptions," ambao hualika uboreshaji kutoka kwa wanamuziki wa kitambo ili kubishana dhidi ya "maelezo kamili" na hamu ya kutabirika kamili katika sosholojia. Bell anakubali kwamba sosholojia inapaswa kukaribisha kwa usawa "uwezo" wa ajabu. Wasomi kumi wanajibu katika kitabu hicho, wakiwemo Judith Blau, John Levi Martin, Andrew Abbott, Shamus Khan, Diana Crane, Vanina Leschziner, na Marc Steinberg. Kitabu kinahitimishwa na majibu ya Bell kwa majibu. Michael Bell ni gwiji wa mandolini, mpiga gitaa na mtunzi wa muziki wa asili, na ameonekana akiwa na Bendi ya Owl ya Barn kwenye A Prairie Home Companion. Kwa sasa anaimba na Graminy, kikundi cha "class-grass" chenye makao yake Wisconsin na Elm Duo, duwa na binti yake. == Machapisho mashuhuri == * Bell, Michael M., Loka L. Ashwood, Isaac Sohn Leslie, na Laura Hanson Schlachter. 2021. [https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/an-invitation-to-environmental-sociology/book255384 Mwaliko kwa Sosholojia ya Mazingira] . Toleo la 6. Elfu Oaks, CA: Sage. * Legun, Katharine, Julie Keller, Michael M. Bell, na Michael S. Carolan, wahariri. 2020. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-environmental-sociology/B01ABDF25B5AB0DB36A6382D0DCA9663 Kitabu cha Cambridge cha Sosholojia ya Mazingira] . 2 juzuu. Cambridge na New York: Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781108554510|9781108554510]] * Bell, Michael M. 2018. [https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691165097/city-of-the-good Mji wa Wema: Asili, Dini, na Utafutaji wa Kale wa Kilicho Sawa] . Princeton, NJ: Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780691165097|9780691165097]] * Orne, Jason na Michael M. Bell. 2015. [https://www.routledge.com/An-Invitation-to-Qualitative-Fieldwork-A-Multilogical-Approach/Orne-Bell/p/book/9780415536622 Mwaliko kwa Kazi Bora ya Uwandani] . New York na London: Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780415536622|9780415536622]] * Bell, Michael M. na wengine. 2011. [http://tupress.temple.edu/book/0687 Muziki wa Ajabu wa Maisha ya Kijamii: Mazungumzo kuhusu Sosholojia ya Kidialogi.] Ann Goetting, mh. Philadelphia: Vyombo vya habari vya Chuo Kikuu cha Temple. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1439907242|1439907242]] * Bell, Michael M. 2009. "Tatizo la Mbepari Asili." [http://www.envplan.com/A.html Mazingira na Mipango A] 41(6): 1276–1282. * Bland, William L. na Michael M. Bell. 2007. "Njia ya Holon kwa Agroecology." [http://www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=503 Jarida la Kimataifa la Uendelevu wa Kilimo.] 5(4): 280–294. * Campbell, Hugh; Michael M. Bell, na Margaret Finney, wahariri. 2006. [http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02874-2.html Country Boys: Wanaume na Maisha ya Vijijini] . Msururu wa Mafunzo ya Vijijini wa Jumuiya ya Kijamii ya Vijijini. College Station, PA: Penn State University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02875-0|978-0-271-02875-0]] * Bell, Michael M.; akiwa na Donna Bauer, Sue Jarnagin, na Greg Peter. 2004. [http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02386-4.html Kilimo Kwetu Sote: Kilimo kwa Vitendo na Kilimo cha Uendelevu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02386-4.html |date=20220529215758 }} . Msururu wa Mafunzo ya Vijijini wa Jumuiya ya Kijamii ya Vijijini. College Station, PA: Penn State University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02387-8|978-0-271-02387-8]] * Bell, Michael M. na Fredrick Hendricks, wahariri, pamoja na Azril Bacal. 2003. [https://books.google.com/books?id=si--iSQpogMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=walking+towards+justice&source=bl&ots=UcQKzwHtmn&sig=ADL-uADaFrmfI1KS5KfMb6FqDYs&hl=en&ei=czzITMSUDoKbnAfUpJGZAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Kutembea Kuelekea Haki: Demokrasia katika Maisha ya Vijijini] . Utafiti katika mfululizo wa vitabu vya Sosholojia na Maendeleo ya Vijijini. Amsterdam na New York: JAI/Elsevier. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0762309547|0762309547]] * Bell, Michael M. na Michael Gardiner, wahariri. 1998. [http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book206000/toc Bakhtin na Sayansi ya Binadamu: Hakuna Maneno ya Mwisho.] London: Sage. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780761955306|9780761955306]] * Bell, Michael M. 1997. “Mizimu ya Mahali,” [https://archive.today/20130203015355/http://www.springerlink.com/content/103005/ Nadharia na Jamii] . 26:813-836. * Bell, Michael M. 1994. [https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo3625534.html Childerley: Asili na Maadili katika Kijiji cha Nchi] . Chicago: Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0226041980|0226041980]] * Bell, Michael M. 1985. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130909201144/http://www.tmsc.org/face_of_ct/index.html Uso wa Connecticut: Watu, Jiolojia, na Ardhi.] Hartford, CT: Utafiti wa Historia ya Kijiolojia na Asili wa Connecticut. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://michael-bell.net/ Ukurasa wa nyumbani kwa Michael Bell] * Ukurasa wa nyumbani wa [[muziki]] wa [https://michael-bell-music.net/ Michael Bell] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] ch7kzifgicggsaqa5k7aehp8kff6k4h 0 151089 1601171 1580523 2026-09-25T13:44:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''mmaculate Akello''' (aliyezaliwa [[1996]]) ni mjasiriamali wa kijamii, mwanaharakati wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu na [[mwanasheria]]wa [[Uganda]] ambaye lengo lake kuu ni kubadilisha maisha ya wanawake wa vijijini [[kaskazini]] mwa Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Immaculate Akello – Akina Mama wa Afrika|url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/immaculate-akello/|accessdate=2022-04-26|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Akello ndiye mwanzilishi wa Generation Engage Network, shirika linaloongozwa na vijana ambalo linaangazia haki za [[mazingira]] na [[demokrasia]] ya mazingira Kaskazini na Kati mwa Uganda. Kupitia shirika hili, aliwakilisha Uganda katika Bunge la Vijjana mwaka wa 2018 jijini [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha, Tanzania]] na alikuwa spika wa mkutano wa vijana wa [[Bunge]] la Kitaifa la [[2018]] nchini Uganda. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=I am Generation Equality: Immaculate Akello, climate change activist and lawyer standing up for rural women|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2021/8/i-am-generation-equality-immaculate-akello|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=UN Women – Headquarters|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Akello alisomea Sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Kampala alihitimu Mei 2019. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=KIU|title=.:: Alumni Voice: Immaculate Akello {{!}} Kampala International University, Uganda|url=https://kiu.ac.ug/news-page.php?i=alumni-voice-immaculate-akello|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=kiu.ac.ug|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Wakati wake katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Kimataifa cha Kampala, Akello alikuwa Mbunge wa Sheria, pia alikuwa mwakilishi wa Watu Wenye Ulemavu kwenye Muungano wa Chama. <ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|author=KIU|title=.:: Alumni Voice: Immaculate Akello {{!}} Kampala International University, Uganda|url=https://kiu.ac.ug/news-page.php?i=alumni-voice-immaculate-akello|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=kiu.ac.ug|language=en}}</ref> Akolle alifanya kazi na Kituo cha Uchambuzi wa Sera (CEPA) shirika lisilo la faida ambalo linatetea demokrasia ya Bunge chini ya bunge la Uganda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IMMACULATE AKELLO – CEDA|url=https://www.ceda-uganda.org/individual-story/immaculate-akello/|accessdate=2022-04-26|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918170115/https://www.ceda-uganda.org/individual-story/immaculate-akello/}}</ref> Lengo lake kuu lilikuwa juu ya utawala na demokrasia pamoja na haki za wakimbizi nchini Uganda. <ref name=":12" /> Baada ya mwezi wa kufanya kazi na CEPA, aliitwa kufanya kazi na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa mkataba wa miezi ambayo uliongezwa hadi Desemba [[2019]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uganda]] 8r6u3d3r1ueq3m1jtdm6j9dew7dch1y 0 151097 1601317 1298768 2026-09-25T14:23:56Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina =Sara Oldfield | nchi =uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwana harakati | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Sara Felicity Oldfield''' OBE amekuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) tangu Mei [[2005]]. Hapo awali alifanya kazi kama Mkurugenzi wa Mipango wa Kimataifa wa Fauna & Flora International. Amefanya kazi katika mashirika mengine mbalimbali ya uhifadhi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Kituo cha Ufuatiliaji wa Uhifadhi wa UNEP na Bustani ya Botaniki ya Kifalme, Kew na pia kama mshauri wa kujitegemea kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi, akifanya kazi kama mtafiti na mshauri wa sera kwa uhifadhi wa kimataifa wa viumbe hai. Sara pia ni Mwenyekiti wa Kundi la Wataalamu wa Miti Duniani la IUCN/SSC, anayehusika na kukuza na kutekeleza miradi ya kulinda spishi za miti zilizoorodheshwa duniani kote. Yeye ni mwandishi aliyekamilika, na amechapisha idadi ya karatasi na vitabu vya utafiti, hivi karibuni akiandika kuhusu bustani za mimea chini ya ufadhili wa BGCI. Oldfield aliteuliwa kuwa Afisa wa Amri ya Ufalme wa Uingereza (OBE) katika Tuzo za Siku yake ya Kuzaliwa ya [[2016]] kwa huduma za uhifadhi na ulinzi wa spishi za miti pori ulimwenguni. <ref>London Gazette, issue 61608, page B14, 11 June 2016</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] hq93u10eoocn3kr2d0bfbwwv6r0otic 0 151103 1601256 1281963 2026-09-25T14:10:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Lucretia W. Edwards''' ( [[15 Mei]] [[1916]] [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] &#x2013; [[12 Oktoba]] [[2005]] ) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa [[mazingira]] na mhifadhi kutoka [[Richmond, California]]. Edwards aliwajibika kwa maelfu ya ekari kuongezwa kwa Wilaya ya Mbuga za Mikoa ya East Bay na Huduma ya Hifadhi ya Kitaifa. Hizi ni pamoja na Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline, Point Pinole Regional Shoreline, na Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park, ambayo ilifyonza Lucretia Edwards Park, iliyopewa jina kwa heshima yake. Aliwajibika pia kwa kuongezwa kwa Winehaven, Point Richmond, East Brother Island Lighthouse, na Point Molate kwenye Rejesta ya Kitaifa ya Maeneo ya Kihistoria. Mwaka 1989 Mwakilishi George Miller alimtambua katika rekodi ya bunge; alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanamke Bora wa Mwaka kwa Wilaya 11 na Mwakilishi Bob Campbell. Bunge la Seneti na Bunge la Jimbo la California lilimtukuza katika mfululizo wa sherehe maalum pamoja na wanawake 101, heshima iliyofadhiliwa na Baraza la Wabunge Wanawake. Aliolewa na Tom Edwards na alikuwa na watoto watatu. Familia iliishi katika nyumba ya Point Richmond, California, kwa miaka 37, ambapo pia alikufa. == Marejeo == {{BD|1916|2005}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]] gkhprcbudacran4l299gai2w0nr7dco 0 151142 1601257 1307669 2026-09-25T14:10:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arthur B. Shostak''' (amezaliwa [[Mei 11]], [[1937]]), ni [[Sosholojia|mwanasosholojia]] wa [[Kimarekani|marekani]], na [[profesa]] wa zamani wa [[sosholojia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Drexel. Maeneo yake ya [[utafiti]] ni pamoja na kutafiti mambo ya baadaye, [[historia]] na mustakabali wa kikosi kazi cha Marekani, kazi iliyopangwa, sosholojia ya viwandani, usimamizi na athari za kijamii za teknolojia ya kisasa, na udhamini wa Holocaust/Shoah. == Wasifu == Alizaliwa Brooklyn, New York, mwaka wa [[1937]], <ref name="Guide">{{Cite web|title=Arthur B. Shostak Collection: A Guide|publisher=University of Texas Arlington Library|date=|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utarl/00001/arl-00001.html}}</ref> Shostak alipokea shahada yake ya [[Shahada]] ya [[Sayansi]] katika Mahusiano ya Viwanda na Kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mwaka wa 1958. <ref name="Guide" /> Mnamo 1961, alipata Ph.D. katika Sosholojia ya Viwanda huko [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton|Princeton]] <ref name="Guide" /> na kuanza kufundisha katika Shule ya Fedha na Biashara ya Wharton katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania hadi 1967. <ref name="Drexel">{{Cite web|title=Drexel University Expert File|publisher=Drexel University|date=|url=http://www.futureshaping.com/shostak/index.html|accessdate=2011-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222020901/http://futureshaping.com/shostak/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-22}}</ref> Akawa profesa wa sosholojia huko Drexel ambapo alifundisha kozi juu ya athari za teknolojia, sosholojia ya viwanda na mijini, na uhusiano wa rangi na kikabila. <ref name="Guide" /> Mnamo 1975 alianza kutumika kama mwanasosholojia msaidizi katika Chuo cha Taifa cha Kazi na Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Kazi cha AFL-CIO George Meany hadi 2000. <ref name="Drexel" /> Kando ya uprofesa, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Ajira cha Chuo Kikuu cha Drexel. <ref name="Drexel" /> Pia alikuwa mshiriki wa muda mrefu katika Jumuiya ya Ulimwengu ya Baadaye ya Wafuasi ambapo aliongoza sura ya Philadelphia hadi 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ask About the Future|publisher=Anne Arundel Community College|date=|url=http://www.aacc.edu/future/askfutureshostak.cfm}}</ref> Mnamo [[2003]], Shostak alistaafu kutoka Drexel. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Arthur Shostak Retires|publisher=Drexel Link Newsletter|date=Dec 1, 2003|url=http://www.drexel.edu/univrel/drexelink/story.asp?ID=1568&vol=9&num=12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103234214/http://www.drexel.edu/univrel/drexelink/story.asp?ID=1568&vol=9&num=12|archivedate=2011-01-03}}</ref> Mnamo [[2006]], alianza kazi kama Msomi wa Holocaust, na mnamo [[2017]], alichapisha "Stealth Altruism: Forbidden care as Jewish resistance in the Holocaust." Shostak anaendelea kutoa mihadhara na wavuti juu ya mada hiyo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] sxwm8x1whcmjfsvy0ivc75dxgmu0qu6 0 151148 1601454 1516495 2026-09-25T19:20:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kari Marie Norgaard''' ni [[profesa]] msaidizi wa [[sosholojia]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Oregon, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kari Marie Norgaard {{!}} Sociology|url=https://sociology.uoregon.edu/profile/norgaard/|publisher=University of Oregon|accessdate=17 April 2022}}</ref> wadhifa ambao ameshikilia tangu [[2011]]. Anajulikana kwa utafiti wake juu ya kukataa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na siasa za ongezeko la joto duniani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2012/03/26/Weak-climate-change-response-a-concern/UPI-73681332792830/|title='Weak' climate change response a concern|work=UPI|date=26 March 2012|accessdate=26 September 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/12/climate-psychology/|title=The Psychology of Climate Change Denial|magazine=Wired|date=9 December 2009|access-date=22 September 2014|author=Keim, Brandon}}</ref> Ili kuchunguza kukosekana kwa mwitikio katika jamii za Magharibi kuhusu athari za [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|ongezeko la joto duniani]], Norgaard alikusanya [[data]] za ethnografia na kuchukua mahojiano katika jumuiya ya vijijini magharibi mwa [[Norwei|Norway]] wakati wa majira ya baridi kali ya [[2000]]-[[2001]] wakati hali ya joto isiyo ya kawaida iliharibu sekta ya skiing na kuzuia uvuvi wa barafu. Vyombo vya habari vya ndani na vya kitaifa vilihusisha matatizo na ongezeko la joto duniani, na ingawa umma ulichukulia hili kama ujuzi wa kawaida, walishindwa kudai majibu ya kisiasa au kubadilisha matumizi yao ya mafuta. Alichunguza alielezea aina hii ya kukataa katika viwango mbalimbali. Muundo wa kawaida wa nakisi wa taarifa ulielezea upinzani au kutojali kwa kudhani kwamba umma hauna habari au taarifa zisizo sahihi, lakini nchini Norwei umma wenye ufahamu wa kutosha ulionyesha kutopendezwa na suala hilo. Mahojiano yake yalifichua kwamba jibu lao kwa tatizo lisilowezekana lililinganishwa na hali inayoitwa psychic numbing. Kukubali dhana ya Eviatar Zerubavel ya ''kukataa'' kwa mpangilio wa kijamii, aliona hii kama aina ya pamoja ya kile Stanley Cohen alichokiita ''ukanushaji'' usiohusisha. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Marekani]] btzpnvdkjgy794scgskm2hunhrv9sqm 0 151161 1601455 1227879 2026-09-25T19:20:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Gunn''' (alizaliwa 9 Mei 1955) ni mwanaharakati wa zamani wa kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mwanachama wa Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ambaye alishutumiwa kwa uwongo kwa milipuko ya mabomu ya Khotso House mnamo [[1998]]. <ref name="sahistory">South African History Online Accessed 16 May 2013</ref> == Maisha ya awali na harakati za kisiasa == Gunn ni mtoto wa mwisho kati ya watoto watano katika kitongoji cha [[Cape Town]] cha Kenilworth. Baba yake alikuwa [[daktari]] na mama yake [[muuguzi]]. Alihudhuria [[shule]] ya utawa kuanzia umri wa miaka 5 hadi 18. Mnamo [[1966]] na [[1967]], Gunn aliandamana na mama yake wakishirikiana na jamii za watu maskini huko Cape Town. Kuanzia umri wa miaka 17, Gunn alimsaidia kaka yake ambaye alikuwa [[daktari]] katika kliniki moja huko Hermanus. Akiwa amekatishwa tamaa na [[ubaguzi wa rangi]], aliacha uuguzi mwaka wa [[1976]] na kujiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] (UCT) kwa shahada ya kazi ya kijamii. <ref name="Foster">D. Foster, M. Haupt, P. De Beer. 'A Very Lonely Road' Accessed 16 May 2013</ref> kufanya kazi ya jamii. Hapa alijiunga na [[ANC|African National Congress]] (ANC) mwaka [[1980]]. Aliajiriwa katika shughuli za kisiasa za chinichini za ANC ambapo alisaidia kuunda mikakati ya wapiganaji. Kisha Gunn alipewa kazi ya kuratibu kazi ya Ofisi za Ushauri katika Rasi ya [[Rasi ya Magharibi|Magharibi]]. Wakati Gunn alikuwa bado akifanya kazi na Ofisi za Ushauri, mgomo wa kwanza wa chama cha wafanyikazi wa mavazi ulifanyika. Gunn alikusanya Ofisi za Ushauri kuunga mkono mgomo huo, huku akipokea mafunzo ya kijeshi wakati huohuo. <ref name="Foster2">D. Foster, M. Haupt, P. De Beer. 'A Very Lonely Road' Accessed 16 May 2013</ref> == marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] q6k8c16hbipcm07xv7xfdc474s54vdm 0 151176 1601456 1342719 2026-09-25T19:21:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pieter Winsemius (2014).jpg|thumb|Winsemius (2014)]] '''Pieter Winsemius''' (aliyezaliwa [[7 Machi]] [[1942]]) ni mwanasiasa mstaafu wa [[Uholanzi]] wa Chama cha People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) na mfanyabiashara. Winsemius alifanya kazi kama mtafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Leiden kuanzia [[Februari]] 1966 hadi Oktoba [[1970]] na kama mshauri wa usimamizi katika [[McKinsey & Company]] kuanzia [[Oktoba]] [[1970]] hadi [[Novemba]] [[1982]]. Baada ya uchaguzi wa 1982 Winsemius aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Nyumba, Mipango ya Maeneo na Mazingira katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Lubbers I, akichukua ofisi tarehe 4 Novemba 1982. Baada ya uchaguzi wa 1986 Winsemius hakuwa akitoa wadhifa wa uwaziri katika baraza jipya la mawaziri. Baraza la Mawaziri la Lubbers I lilibadilishwa na Baraza la Mawaziri la Lubbers II mnamo tarehe 14 Julai 1986. Winsemius alistaafu nusu ya siasa amilifu na akarejea katika sekta ya [[Sekta Binafsi|kibinafsi na sekta]] ya umma na akakalia viti vingi kama mkurugenzi wa shirika na mkurugenzi asiye na faida katika bodi kadhaa za wakurugenzi na bodi za usimamizi ( World Wide Fund for Nature, Vereniging Natuurmonumenten, Stichting Max Havelaar, Kituo cha Ulaya cha Uhifadhi wa Mazingira, Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Nishati ) na kilihudumu katika [[:nl:Staatscommissie|tume na mabaraza kadhaa ya serikali]] kwa niaba ya serikali ( Shirika la Utafiti wa Kisayansi, [[:nl:Sociale Verzekeringsbank|Benki ya Kitaifa ya Bima]], Staatsbosbeheer, Taasisi ya Hali ya Hewa na Baraza la Kisayansi la Sera ya Serikali ) . Winsemius pia alirejea kama mshauri mkuu wa usimamizi wa McKinsey & Company kuanzia Agosti 1986 hadi Oktoba 1992 na aliwahi kuwa profesa mashuhuri wa usimamizi wa Mazingira katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tilburg kutoka 1 Oktoba 1999 hadi 1 [[Septemba]] 2012. Winsemius aliteuliwa tena kama Waziri wa Nyumba, Mipango ya Maeneo na Mazingira katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Balkenende III baada ya kujiuzulu kwa Sybilla Dekker, akiingia madarakani tarehe 26 Septemba 2006. Baraza la Mawaziri la Balkenende III lilibadilishwa na Baraza la Mawaziri la Balkenende IV mnamo tarehe 22 Februari [[2007]]. == Marejeo == {{BD|1942|}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uholanzi]] k3oeppdmjm8nwf05yxgyptsrcxcqqf7 0 151199 1601275 1503902 2026-09-25T14:12:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Darron Asher Collins''' (aliyezaliwa [[1970]]) ni mwanaikolojia wa [[binadamu]] wa [[Marekani]] na msimamizi wa kitaaluma aliyebobea katika ethnobotania. Alikuwa rais wa Chuo cha Atlantiki mnamo [[2011]]. == Maisha == Collins anatoka Morris Plains, New Jersey. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Trotter|first=Bill|date=2011-06-14|title=College of the Atlantic names new president|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2011/06/14/news/college-of-the-atlantic-names-new-president/|accessdate=2021-09-08|work=Bangor Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> Bibi yake, Josephine Collins (née Flynn), alizaliwa katika [[Wilaya ya Roscommon|County Roscommon]] na kuhamia Morristown, New Jersey [[Mei]] [[1928]]. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea habari|title=Obituary for Josephine Collins (Aged 98)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84998260/obituary-for-josephine-collins-aged-98/}}</ref> Collins katika Parsippany-Troy Hills karibu, New Jersey <ref>[https://www.coa.edu/live/profiles/1248-darron-collins/templates/details/staff.php Darron Collins] {{Wayback|url=https://www.coa.edu/live/profiles/1248-darron-collins/templates/details/staff.php |date=20220702113756 }}, [[College of the Atlantic]]. Accessed September 8, 2021. "Before COA: I grew up in Parsippany, New Jersey."</ref> alihitimu kutoka [[Shule]] ya Upili ya Parsippany Hills mnamo 1988. <ref>Osby, Liv. "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84997854/ Fellowship offers river of travel]", ''[[Daily Record (Morristown)|Daily Record]]'', August 23, 1992. Accessed September 8, 2021, via [[Newspapers.com]]. "After living four years on a college campus, Morris Plains native Darron Collins will spend the next 12 months in an outdoor classroom, studying the rivers of Chile, Egypt and New Zealand.... Collins, 22, is a 1988 graduate of Parsippany Hills High School who completed his studies last spring at the College of the Atlantic, a small school in Bar Harbor, Me."</ref> Alitunukiwa Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship na kufuzu kutoka Chuo cha Atlantiki mwaka wa [[1992]]. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gold|first=Donna|date=2011|title=COA Announces a New President Darron Collins '92|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30115061/coa-announces-a-new-president-darron-collins-92-a-see-|accessdate=2021-09-08|work=The College of the Atlantic Magazine|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908001754/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30115061/coa-announces-a-new-president-darron-collins-92-a-see-|archivedate=2021-09-08}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=2 COA students receive national fellowships|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84998160/2-coa-students-receive-national/}}</ref> Collins alimaliza shahada ya [[uzamili]] katika Masomo ya Amerika Kusini na Ph.D. katika anthropolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tulane. Wakati wa masomo yake, alitafiti ethnobotania nchini Guatemala na akajua vizuri Kihispania na lugha ya Qʼeqchiʼ . <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-07-17|title=Darron Collins {{!}} President of College of the Atlantic|url=https://www.themainemag.com/darron-collins-president-college-atlantic/|accessdate=2021-09-08|work=The Maine Mag|language=en-US}}</ref> Tasnifu yake ya [[2001]] iliitwa ''Kutoka Woods hadi Magugu: Mabadiliko ya Kitamaduni na [[Ikolojia]] huko Alta Verapaz, Guatemala''. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=From Woods to Weeds: Cultural and Ecological Transformations in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala|last=Collins|first=Darron Asher|date=2001|language=English|oclc=57317101}}</ref> Collins alifanya kazi kwa Hazina ya [[Ulimwenguni]] Pote ya [[Mazingira]] kwa miaka kumi, na kuishia kama mkurugenzi mkuu wa mali ya ubunifu. <ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gold|first=Donna|date=2011|title=COA Announces a New President Darron Collins '92|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30115061/coa-announces-a-new-president-darron-collins-92-a-see-|accessdate=2021-09-08|work=The College of the Atlantic Magazine|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908001754/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30115061/coa-announces-a-new-president-darron-collins-92-a-see-|archivedate=2021-09-08}}</ref> Alikua rais wa Chuo cha Atlantiki mnamo 2011. Collins ndiye mhitimu wa kwanza wa COA kushika nafasi hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=COA head discusses changes, traditions|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84997954/coa-head-discusses-changes-traditions/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Marekani]] 0e3quso0uupzju2s1vpf2xm5azu7060 0 151234 1601185 1518390 2026-09-25T13:45:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louis Wirth''' ([[28 Agosti]] [[1897]] - [[3 Mei]] [[1952]]) alikuwa [[sosholojia|mwanasosholojia]] wa [[Marekani]] na mwanachama wa shule ya [[Chicago]] ya sosholojia. Masilahi yake yalijumuisha maisha ya jiji, tabia ya kikundi cha wachache, na vyombo vya habari, na anatambuliwa kama mmoja wa wanasosholojia wakuu wa mijini. Alikuwa rais wa kwanza wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya [[Sosholojia]] (1949-1952) <ref name="presidents">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.isa-sociology.org/about/presidents/|title=ISA Presidents|publisher=International Sociological Association|accessdate=2012-07-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.isa-sociology.org//en/about-isa/history-of-isa/isa-past-presidents/list-of-presidents/louis-wirth|title=Louis Wirth|work=www.isa-sociology.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-01}}</ref> na raisi wa 37 wa Jumuiya ya Kijamii ya [[Marekani]] (1947). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.asanet.org/about-asa/asa-story/asa-history/past-asa-officers/presidents|title=Presidents|date=2009-05-28|work=American Sociological Association|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-01}}</ref> == Maisha == Louis Wirth alizaliwa katika kijiji kidogo cha Gemünden huko Hunsrück, Ujerumani. Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto saba waliozaliwa na Rosalie Lorig (1868-1948, kutoka Butzweiler/ Eifel ) na Joseph Wirth. Gemünden alikuwa jamii ya wachungaji, na Joseph Wirth alijipatia riziki akiwa mfanyabiashara wa mifugo. Familia ilikuwa ya Kiyahudi na wazazi wake wote walikuwa watendaji wa kidini. Louis aliondoka Gemünden na kuishi na dada yake mkubwa katika nyumba ya mjomba wake huko [[Omaha, Nebraska]] mnamo 1911. Mara tu baada ya kuwasili Merika, Louis alikutana na kuoa Mary Bolton. <ref>[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.WIRTHMB Biographical note in the Guide to the Mary Bolton Wirth Papers, University of Chicago]</ref> Wenzi hao walikuwa na binti wawili, Elizabeth (Marvick) na Alice (Grey). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1897|1952}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Marekani]] 36pougc8n5t1nzxrnwgh80pnepzjcbs 0 151250 1601258 1582002 2026-09-25T14:10:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suranga Udari''' ni mbunifu wa picha, [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] na mwanaharakati wa [[mazingira]] wa [[Sri Lanka]]. Anajulikana kama mwandishi wa habari wa kwanza wa kike kiziwi wa [[Sri Lanka]]. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=USAID|date=2021-04-05|title=A Sri Lankan Woman Turns Her Disability into a Silver Bullet|url=https://medium.com/usaid-2030/a-sri-lankan-woman-turns-her-disability-into-a-silver-bullet-9009400e7561|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=Medium|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519145141/https://medium.com/usaid-2030/a-sri-lankan-woman-turns-her-disability-into-a-silver-bullet-9009400e7561|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Suranga Udari Recorded as the First Female Sign Language Reporter in Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Development Journalists Forum|url=https://ldjf.org/news/68/suranga_udari_first_female_sign_language_reporter_in_sri_lanka|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=ldjf.org}}</ref> == Wasifu == Alizaliwa katika familia ya watoto watano na ndugu zake wawili waliripotiwa kuzaliwa na ulemavu wa kusikia. Alimaliza elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari hadi Elimu ya Ngazi ya Kawaida katika Sri Shariputhra Maha Vidyalaya, Ahangama, Wilaya ya Galle, Mkoa wa Kusini. Anaishi Ahangama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nadeera|first=Dilshan|title=Lanka’s first sign language journo makes her debut with report on pollution in Galle|url=http://island.lk/lankas-first-sign-language-journo-makes-her-debut-with-report-on-pollution-in-galle/|accessdate=2021-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Hapo awali Udari aliendelea na taaluma yake kama mbunifu wa michoro na akapokea diploma katika [[Maunzilaini|Programu]] ya [[Tarakilishi|Kompyuta]] katika Lake House. Alifanya kazi kama mbunifu wa picha katika kampuni ya kibinafsi kwa takriban miaka minane na alifutwa kazi kutokana na athari za janga la [[Mlipuko wa virusi vya corona 2019-20|COVID-19]]. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-01-12|title=The inspiring story of Suranga Udari|url=http://www.themorning.lk/the-inspiring-story-of-suranga-udari/|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=The Morning - Sri Lanka News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519145408/https://www.themorning.lk/the-inspiring-story-of-suranga-udari/}}</ref> Alianza kujihusisha na taaluma ya uandishi wa [[Uandishi wa habari|habari]] baada ya kufukuzwa kazi ya usanifu wa picha. Alikumbana na vikwazo na vizuizi vya kupata nafasi za kazi zinazofaa katika uwanja wa [[vyombo vya habari]] kwani vyombo vyote vya habari mashuhuri nchini Sri Lanka vilikataa kumpa nafasi ya kazi kutokana na ulemavu wake wa kusikia. <ref name=":2" /> Pia anafanya kazi kama mfanyakazi katika Shirikisho la Kati la Viziwi la Sri Lanka na pia anahudumu kama katibu msaidizi wa Chama cha Wanawake Viziwi cha Sri Lanka. <ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Suranga Udari Recorded as the First Female Sign Language Reporter in Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Development Journalists Forum|url=https://ldjf.org/news/68/suranga_udari_first_female_sign_language_reporter_in_sri_lanka|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=ldjf.org}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2020, Udari aliteuliwa kama mshiriki wa programu ya "Sauti Mahiri" na wenzake wanaofanya kazi kama wafanyikazi katika Shirikisho la Kati la Viziwi la Sri Lanka (SLCFD). Alipata mafunzo katika kambi ya mafunzo ya makazi ya siku tano kutoka kwa Jukwaa la Wanahabari wa Maendeleo la Sri Lanka (SDJF) chini ya mpango wa "Sauti Mahiri". <ref name=":13">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Suranga Udari Recorded as the First Female Sign Language Reporter in Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Development Journalists Forum|url=https://ldjf.org/news/68/suranga_udari_first_female_sign_language_reporter_in_sri_lanka|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=ldjf.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Sri Lanka]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Sri Lanka]] 89x93ay4ek6fsyt1e1mwuceyvnh9vq7 0 151261 1601318 1522327 2026-09-25T14:24:03Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noloyiso Sandile''' (aliyezaliwa: '''Nomusa Zulu'''; [[24 Julai]] [[1963]] - [[8 Julai]] [[2020]]) alikuwa mfalme wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Wasifu == Alikuwa binti wa Mfalme wa Wazulu wa wakati huo Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon na dadake Mfalme Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu. <ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/ramaphosa-mourns-death-of-queen-noloyiso-an-inspiring-leader-of-her-people-20200708|title=Ramaphosa mourns death of Queen Noloyiso: 'An inspiring leader of her people'|first=Azarrah|author=Karrim|work=News24}}</ref> <ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.enca.com/news/amarharhabe-kingdom-queen-regent-noloyiso-sandile-dies|title=AmaRharhabe Kingdom Queen Regent Noloyiso Sandile dies|work=eNCA|accessdate=2022-05-31|archivedate=2020-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709165920/https://www.enca.com/news/amarharhabe-kingdom-queen-regent-noloyiso-sandile-dies}}</ref> <ref name="auto3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/society/2318415/king-goodwill-zwelithini-heartbroken-he-could-not-save-his-sisters-life/|title=King Goodwill Zwelithini ‘heartbroken’ he could not save his sister’s life|first=News24|author=Wire}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/queen-noloyiso-sandile-dies-after-contracting-covid-19/|title=Queen Noloyiso Sandile dies after contracting COVID-19 - SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.}}</ref> Aliolewa na Nyumba ya Kifalme ya Mfalme wa AmaRharhabe Maxhob'ayaya Sandile. Alikuwa Regent wa Nyumba ya Kifalme ya AmaRharhabe. Sandile alifariki huko Mdantsane tarehe [[8 Julai]] [[2020]] kutokana na COVID-19 wakati wa janga la [[Ugonjwa wa corona Afrika Kusini 2020|COVID-19 nchini Afrika Kusini]]. <ref name="auto4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/ramaphosa-mourns-death-of-queen-noloyiso-an-inspiring-leader-of-her-people-20200708|title=Ramaphosa mourns death of Queen Noloyiso: 'An inspiring leader of her people'|first=Azarrah|author=Karrim|work=News24}}</ref> <ref name="auto12">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.enca.com/news/amarharhabe-kingdom-queen-regent-noloyiso-sandile-dies|title=AmaRharhabe Kingdom Queen Regent Noloyiso Sandile dies|work=eNCA|accessdate=2022-05-31|archivedate=2020-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709165920/https://www.enca.com/news/amarharhabe-kingdom-queen-regent-noloyiso-sandile-dies}}</ref> <ref name="auto32">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/society/2318415/king-goodwill-zwelithini-heartbroken-he-could-not-save-his-sisters-life/|title=King Goodwill Zwelithini ‘heartbroken’ he could not save his sister’s life|first=News24|author=Wire}}</ref> <ref name="auto22">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/queen-noloyiso-sandile-dies-after-contracting-covid-19/|title=Queen Noloyiso Sandile dies after contracting COVID-19 - SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:COVID-19]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] 5um386zcfdye81fe360g0ir2uvp9aco 0 151278 1601484 1431296 2026-09-25T19:42:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Carlo Ripa di Meana 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Carlo Ripa di Meana]] '''Carlo Ripa di Meana''' ([[15 Agosti]] [[1929]] <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXzsAgAAQBAJ&q=Carlo+Ripa+di+Meana+1929&pg=PA319| title = International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-0-415-75771-3|editor-last=John Barry|page=319|editor-last2=E. Gene Frankland}}</ref> - [[2 Machi]] [[2018]]) <ref name="Il Messaggero">{{Rejea habari}}</ref> <ref name="La Repubblica">{{Rejea habari}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Italia]]. Alikuwa Mbunge wa Bunge la Ulaya, Kamishna wa Ulaya aliye na wizara maalum ya mazingira na alikuwa waziri wa [[mazingira]] wa [[Italia]]. Alikuwa kiongozi wa Greens ya Italia na rais wa shirika la Italia Nostra. == Maisha ya awali == Ripa di Meana alizaliwa tarehe 15 Agosti 1929 huko Pietrasanta, Toscany. Baba yake alikuwa Marquis Giulio Ripa di Meana, afisa mkuu wa grunedi, wakati mama yake alikuwa Fulvia Schanzer, binti wa seneta na waziri Carlo Schanzer. Alileta vyeo vya heshima vya wakuu wa Marquis wa Giaglione, Marquis wa Meana, bwana wa Alteretto na Losa, mtukufu wa mabwana wa Marquisate ya Ceva. <ref name="annuario">{{Rejea kitabu| title = Annuario della Nobiltà Italiana|last=Borella|first=Andrea|publisher=SAGI|year=2010|edition=XXXI|volume=2|location=Teglio|page=1572}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = Libro d'oro della nobiltà italiana|year=2010–2014|edition=XXIV|volume=30|location=Rome|page=482}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1929|2018}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Italia]] eduj9wrd1a245v69uxgzqy0z13irahv 0 151320 1601259 1255084 2026-09-25T14:10:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The Child Watch Phuket Association''' ni [[shirika]] la kibinadamu lisilo la faida nchini [[Thailand]], linalopigana dhidi ya unyanyasaji na unyonyaji wa watoto. Ilianzishwa na msingi katika Phuket. Shirika linalenga kuwasaidia wafanyakazi wa watoto na makahaba watoto kuishi maisha ya kawaida na [[afya]] ya mtoto na kutafuta njia ya kutoka kwa unyonyaji. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phuket.com/island/child.htm|title=Phuket Travel Information. Child Watch|publisher=Phuket.com|date=|accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref> == Historia == Tangu [[1998]], Child Watch Phuket imesaidia zaidi ya watoto 1,500 na ufadhili wa masomo, malezi ya mchana na makazi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Morton|first=Fraser|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/19/travel/Ironman-aims-for-the-top-30125090.html|title=Ironman aims for the top|publisher=Nationmultimedia.com|date=|accessdate=2010-04-06|archivedate=2010-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414163158/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/19/travel/Ironman-aims-for-the-top-30125090.html}}</ref> Mnamo [[2006]], "Childcare Holland House" ilifunguliwa rasmi na Dk. Supaluck K-Methakul, Rais wa Child Watch Phuket na Bw Paul Voogd, Makamu wa Rais Mtendaji na mwanzilishi wa Childcare.nu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phuketindex.com/phuket-travel/charity/ct-phuket-sunsine/index.htm|title=Phuket Sunshine Village A Home for Underprivileged Children|publisher=Phuketindex.com|date=2007-06-29|accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Haki za watoto]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Mashirika]] d4vwturhhysykn6m1dep7ig3grnrtk2 0 151560 1601186 1528051 2026-09-25T13:45:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601186 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Victoria Falls Bridge over Zambesi.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls Bridge]] [[Faili:Victoria Falls 2012.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Victoria]] '''Utalii nchini Zambia''' Ni sekta ya [[utalii]] na sekta kubwa na inayokua nchini Zambia. Zambia ina zaidi ya simba 2500 pamoja na mbuga kadhaa za Kitaifa, maporomoko ya maji(waterfalls), maziwa, mito, na makaburi ya kihistoria. Zambia imehusika katika mikataba kadhaa ya utalii na mataifa jirani kama [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]]. Wizara ya Utalii na Sanaa ya [[Uganda]] ilisema Zambia ni mfano wa kuigwa katika utalii barani [[Afrika]]. Wakala wa Utalii wa Zambia (ZTA) umeshirikiana na [[Serikali]] na sekta binafsi ili kuimarisha kipengele cha masoko katika [[Utalii|sekta ya utalii]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Zulu|first=Delphine|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507280189.html|title=Zambia: Ugandan Minister Hails Zambia's Tourism|publisher=allAfrica.com|accessdate=2015-07-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=37881|title=Zambia, Uganda forge relations to improve tourism - Zambia Daily MailZambia Daily Mail|publisher=Daily-mail.co.zm|accessdate=2015-07-28|archivedate=2020-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621112037/https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/zambia-uganda-forge-relations-improve-tourism/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.znbc.co.zm/?p=17713|title=Zambia, disease free Zone-ZTB &#124; Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation|publisher=Znbc.co.zm|accessdate=2015-07-28|archivedate=2015-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804174651/http://www.znbc.co.zm/?p=17713}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/07/04/zambia-and-kenya-signs-several-mous-in-agriculture-tourism/|title=Zambia : Zambia and Kenya signs several MOUs in Agriculture, Tourism|publisher=Lusakatimes.com|date=2015-07-04|accessdate=2015-07-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=The Times of Zambia (Ndola)|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507010197.html|title=Zambia: ZTA Strikes Strategic Partnership|publisher=allAfrica.com|date=2015-06-30|accessdate=2015-07-28}}</ref> == Watalii waliowasili nchini Zambia == Orodha ya watalii waliowasili Zambia miaka ya karibuni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160701081029/http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics "Tourism Statistical Digests"]. Archived from [http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics the original] on 2016-07-01</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="background:#0072C6" |Nchi ! style="background:#0072C6" |2015 ! style="background:#0072C6" |2014 ! style="background:#0072C6" |2013 |- |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |225,527 |208,962 |191,048 |- |{{flag|Tanzania}} |166,833 |219,215 |184,187 |- |{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} |96,201 |89,796|| {{n/a}} |- |{{flag|South Africa}} |94,030 |98,216 |87,048 |- |{{flag|United States}} |38,496 |32,625 |31,826 |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |36,997 |31,280 |32,309 |- |{{flag|Malawi}} |31,539 |29,579|| {{n/a}} |- |{{flag|India}} |25,517 |21,117 |17,136 |- |{{flag|Namibia}} |22,311 |16,742|| {{n/a}} |- |{{flag|China}} |20,648 |30,831 |27,603 |- |Total |931,782 |946,969 |914,576 |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] 0eebw46i07gb54uh7lnatdaibftsvfx 0 151657 1601187 1517220 2026-09-25T13:46:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisiwa cha Agilkia''' (pia huitwa Agilika; [[Kiarabu]] : أجيليكا ) ni [[kisiwa]] kilicho kwenye hifadhi ya [[Bwawa]] la Old Aswan kando ya [[Mto]] [[Nile]] kusini mwa [[Misri]]; ni eneo la sasa lililohamishiwa hekalu la ancient Misri eneo la Philae. Kiasi cha mafuriko kutokana na ujenzi wa bwawa la zam[[Nyotamkia]]<nowiki/>ani mnamo 1902,<ref>{{Citation|title=The Century Magazine|date=2021-11-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Century_Magazine&oldid=1054929146|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/bindingofnilene00peel|title=The binding of the Nile and the new Soudan|last=Peel|first=Sidney Cornwallis|date=1904|publisher=London E. Arnold|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> eneo la Philae lilibomolewa na kuhamishwa hadi kisiwa cha Agilkia. kama sehemu ya mradi mpana wa [[UNESCO]]<ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=1960-06|title=International Campaign to save the monuments of Nubia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1960.tb01436.x|journal=Museum International|volume=13|issue=2|pages=65–66|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1960.tb01436.x|issn=1350-0775}}</ref> unaohusiana na [[ujenzi]] wa miaka ya 1960 wa Bwawa Kuu la Aswan na kuendelea kwa [[mafuriko]] yaliwekwa maeneo mengi kutokana na hifadhi yake kubwa ya maji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Betts|first=P.|date=2015-01-01|title=The Warden of World Heritage: UNESCO and the Rescue of the Nubian Monuments|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtu017|journal=Past &amp; Present|volume=226|issue=suppl 10|pages=100–125|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtu017|issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/124074141|title=Milestones in archaeology : a chronological encyclopedia|last=Murray|first=Tim|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-645-9|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=124074141}}</ref> Agilkia, kama [[kisiwa]], lilikuwa jina lililochaguliwa kama eneo lililopangwa la kutua kwa [[Nyotamkia|nyotamkia(comet)]] ya misheni ya Rosetta na Philae lander.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Gibney|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-09-15|title=Rosetta comet lander gets a touchdown site|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature.2014.15925|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15925|issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=European Space Agency Successfully Lands Spacecraft on Comet: November 12, 2014|date=2015|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483380506.n58|work=Historic Documents of 2014|pages=541–546|publisher=CQ Press|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> Hata hivyo, baada ya kugusa chini, lander ilipiga kishindo kikubwa ikifuatiwa na kingine kidogo hatimaye kuja kutulia kama kilomita kadhaa kutoka Agilkia, kwenye eneo linaloitwa Abydos. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Misri]] j4pxvo46ak9wlequqyohehfv98ev0nh 0 151703 1601297 1519625 2026-09-25T14:14:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Three Rondavels, Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa, Mariepskop.jpg|thumb|Mariepskop kwa nyuma, na kilele chenye umbo la Maseroto mbele. Sehemu ya juu ya mlima tambarare ilitoa hifadhi kwa makabila mbalimbali ya wanyama wakati wa [[Mfecane]] .]] '''Mariepskop''' (pia '''Marepe''' au '''Maripekop''' ), katika 1,947m juu ya usawa wa bahari, ni mojawapo ya vilele vya juu zaidi kaskazini mwa [[Drakensberg]], <ref group="note">The peaks of the [[Wolkberg]] region are higher, the Ysterkroon reaching 2,126&nbsp;m, and Serala 2,050&nbsp;m. The beacon at the northern end of the Rohrbeck Road is 1,943 &nbsp;m above sea level.</ref> na sehemu ya juu kabisa ya [[Mto]] Blyde Canyon, [[Afrika Kusini]]. Upo kwenye makutano ya maeneo matatu ya uhifadhi, ambayo ni Hifadhi ya Msitu ya Mariepskop, Msitu wa Jimbo la Mariepskop, na Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya Mto Blyde Canyon. [[Mlima]] huu umepakana na nyuso za miamba kwenye pande kadhaa, na unajumuisha miamba ya Proterozoic sedimentary ya Transvaal Supergroup. Umetajwa na chifu wa Pulana wa karne ya 19, Maripe Mashile, ambaye kabila lake lilitumia mlima kama ngome. Baadhi ya miundombinu na barabara zilijengwa katika miaka ya 1950 ili kuhudumia kituo cha rada za kijeshi. Mariepskop upo pembeni ya Tshwateng (1,628m) upande wa pili wa Mto Blyde, na Hebronberg (1,767m) kusini. == Jiolojia == Mlima huu unaundwa na miamba ya sedimentary ya Proterozoic, ambayo ni quartzite, [[Mwambatope|shale]] na dolomite ya Transvaal Supergroup. Uwanda wa tambarare unajumuisha Quartzite ya Black Reef inayostahimili miamba ambayo hutegemea quartzite na shale ya Kundi la Wolkberg, na safu ya [[Gneiss|granite-gneiss]] inayounda msingi. <ref name="whit">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Geological journeys: a traveller's guide to South Africa's rocks and landforms|last=Whitfield|first=Nick Norman & Gavin|date=2006|publisher=Struik|isbn=9781770070622|location=Cape Town|page=288}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Jiolojia]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] <references group="note" /> <references /> paef5j0ohvu39ewhj3kgdolfd38nbjg 0 151779 1601485 1252728 2026-09-25T19:42:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601485 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:El-Kab Necheb 1 P1120570.jpg|alt=Muonekano wa El Kab|thumb|Muonekano wa El Kab]] '''El Kab''' (au bora Elkab) ni eneo la Juu la [[Misri]] kwenye ukingo wa mashariki wa [[Nile|Mto Nile]] kwenye mdomo wa Wadi Hillal kama {{Convert|80|km}} . kusini mwa [[Luxor]] ( [[Thebes]] ya kale). El Kab iliitwa '''Nekheb''' katika [[Kimisri|lugha ya Kimisri]] ( Coptic ''Enkhab'' ), jina linalorejelea Nekhbet, mungu wa kike aliyeonyeshwa kama [[Tumbusi|tai]] mweupe. <ref name="Limme2">Limme, Luc. "Elkab, 1937–2007: Seventy Years of Belgian Archaeological Research." British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (2008): 15-50. The British Museum. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Limme.pdf>.</ref> Kwa Kigiriki iliitwa '''Eileithyias polis''', "mji wa mungu wa kike Eileithyia ". El Kab ina makazi ya kabla ya historia na ya [[Misri ya Kale|kale ya Wamisri]], makaburi yaliyochongwa mwamba ya Enzi ya Kumi na Nane ya mapema (1550-1295 KK), mabaki ya mahekalu yaliyoanzia Enzi ya Nasaba ya Mapema (3100-2686 KK) hadi [[Milki ya Kiptolemaio|Ufalme wa Ptolemaic]] (332-30 KK) ), na vile vile sehemu ya kuta za monasteri ya Coptic. Tovuti hii ilichimbuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kisayansi na James Quibell mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na tisa, lakini wanaakiolojia wengine wametumia muda katika tovuti hii ni pamoja na Frederick William Green, Archibald Henry Sayce, Joseph John Tylor, na Somers Clarke. Hata hivyo, waakiolojia wa [[Ubelgiji]] walichukua mradi huo mwaka wa 1937, na umebaki mikononi mwao tangu wakati huo. Utafiti mwingi uliofanywa katika tovuti hii ulifanyika ndani ya eneo la jiji la El-Kab. Hata hivyo, tangu miaka ya 1980 kazi imehamia zaidi kaskazini na kaskazini mashariki mwa mji. == Picha == <gallery> Faili:Fragment of a relief block or stela. Standing male figure below hieroglyphs. Limestone. 4th Dynasty. From the mastaba of Kameni (Ka-Mena) at El Kab (Nekheb), Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|Kipande cha tofali au stela.  Kielelezo cha kiume kilichosimama chini ya hieroglyphs.  Chokaa.  Nasaba ya 4.  Kutoka mastaba wa Kameni (Ka-Mena) huko El Kab (Nekheb), Misri.  Makumbusho ya Petrie ya Akiolojia ya Misri, London Faili:Calcite model shell, inscribed with cartouche "Beloved of Nekheb". 19th Dynasty. From El Kab, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|Makumbusho ya Petrie ya Akiolojia ya Misri, London Faili:Necheb Tempel Amenophis III. 01.JPG|Hekalu la Nacheb Amenophis III Faili:El Kab Temple.jpg|Hekalu la El Kab Faili:Paheri banquet.jpg Faili:Paheri.jpg Faili:Necheb-felsengrab-ahmose-99.jpg Faili:Flickr - schmuela - IMG 6245.jpg Faili:Flickr - schmuela - IMG 6232.jpg </gallery> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Misri]] px5lk1hcj11p0hlr0178ebvx1yrebli 0 151838 1601299 1595456 2026-09-25T14:14:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Egypt adm location map.svg|thumb|Imeonyeshwa ndani ya Misri]] '''Wadi al-Jarf''' ni jina la sasa la eneo kwenye pwani ya [[Bahari ya Shamu]] ya [[Misri]], {{Convert|119|km|mi|abbr=on}} kusini mwa [[Suez]], hilo ndilo eneo la [[Bandari asilia|bandari]] ya zamani zaidi ya bandia inayojulikana duniani, iliyokuzwa yapata miaka 4500 iliyopita. Iko kwenye mdomo wa Wadi Araba, ukanda mkubwa wa mawasiliano kati ya [[Nile|Bonde la Nile]] na [[Bahari ya Shamu|Bahari Nyekundu]], ukivuka [[Jangwa]] la Mashariki. Mahali hapa ni ng'ambo ya [[Ghuba ya Suez]] kutoka ngome ndogo ya Sinai ya Tell Ras Budran. Bandari ya zamani inayofanana kwa kiasi fulani iko Ain Sukhna, kaskazini kidogo ya Wadi al-Jarf. Sehemu hii iligunduliwa kwa mara ya kwanza na JG Wilkinson mnamo 1832. Iligunduliwa tena na timu ya Ufaransa katika miaka ya [[1950]], '''iliyoiita Rod el-Khawaga'''. Kazi ya [[akiolojia]] iliachwa haraka wakati Mgogoro wa Suez ulipozuka mnamo [[1956]]. Timu ya pamoja ya Ufaransa-Misri ilianza tena uchimbaji mnamo 2011. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=British Museum - Tallet|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801105841mp_/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_journals/bmsaes/issue_18/tallet.aspx|accessdate=2022-01-17|work=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk|archive-date=2022-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074453/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801105841mp_/http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_journals/bmsaes/issue_18/tallet.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sehemu ya Bandari ilianzia Enzi ya Nne ya [[Misri]], takriban miaka 4,500 iliyopita. Pia zilizogunduliwa kwenye tovuti ni zaidi ya nanga 100, nanga za kwanza za Ufalme wa Kale zilizopatikana katika muktadha wao wa [[asili]], na mitungi mingi ya kuhifadhi. Mitungi hiyo imehusishwa na ile ya tovuti nyingine katika Bahari Nyekundu, ikionyesha biashara kati ya maeneo hayo mawili. Idadi kubwa ya vipande vya mafunjo vilipatikana Wadi al-Jarf, vikitoa umaizi wa maisha wakati wa Enzi ya Nne. Mafunjo ndiyo ya kale zaidi kuwahi kupatikana nchini [[Misri]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Misri]] 8hr1e2ph6ilwgj6zpqp9ojauj0zrob8 0 151851 1601103 1523783 2026-09-25T13:18:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Cape Verde location map.svg|alt=Na Praia Baixo iko nchini Cape Verde|thumb|Na Praia Baixo iko nchini Cape Verde]] '''Praia Baixo''' ni kijiji katika sehemu ya kusini-mashariki ya kisiwa cha [[Santiago (Cabo Verde)|Santiago]], [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. Ni sehemu ya manispaa ya São Domingos na parokia ya Nossa Senhora da Luz. Iko kwenye pwani ya mashariki, 1.5 km kaskazini magharibi mwa Achada Baleia, 11 km kusini mashariki mwa Pedra Badejo, 10.&nbsp;km mashariki mwa São Domingos na 16&nbsp;km kaskazini mwa mji mkuu [[Praia]]. Mwaka [[2010]] idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 952. Ufuo wa Praia Baixo ni eneo la kutagia turtles loggerhead baharini. Mpango wa ulinzi umeandaliwa na Chuo Kikuu cha Algarve, [[Faro]], [[Ureno]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://tartarugascaboverde.wordpress.com/santiago/|title=Tartarugas Marinhas em Cabo Verde / património natural da humanidade|language=pt|accessdate=23 August 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] 3nhzw4qmpaam3ynle15vxzdh22tkzhe 0 151878 1601496 1271204 2026-09-25T19:43:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Cape Verde location map.svg|alt=Na Morro iko nchini Cape Verde|thumb|Na Morro iko nchini Cape Verde]] '''Morro''' ni makazi magharibi mwa [[kisiwa]] cha [[Maio]] huko [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]. Iko iko 5&nbsp;km kaskazini mwa mji mkuu wa kisiwa cha Porto Inglês na kilomita 6 kusini mwa Calheta. Kama sensa ya [[2010]], idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 310. Pwani kaskazini mwa kijiji, ''Praia do Morro'', ni hifadhi ya asili ya 6.66 km ² . <ref name="resol">[http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf Resolução nº 36/2016] {{Wayback|url=http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf |date=20210118230515 }}, Estratégia e Plano Nacional de Negócios das Áreas Protegidas</ref> <ref>[http://www.areasprotegidas.gov.cv/images/RESERVAS%20NATURAIS_pdf.pdf Reservas Naturais], Áreas protegidas Cabo Verde</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu}} {{vyanzo}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] ptxc92b4sxfddses1ih55tzvowqfy8a 0 151920 1601042 1229656 2026-09-25T13:11:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya Bwawa la Koppies''', Iko kwenye mwinuko wa [[jimbo]] la [[Dola Huru|Free State]] la [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mji wa Koppies uko km 55 kaskazini mwa [[Kroonstad]], nje kidogo ya barabara ya Taifa N1 katikati ya [[Kroonstad]] na Sasolburg. Hifadhi ya asili ni ipo km 16 kutoka [[mashariki]] mwa [[mji]], na ina ukubwa wa [[hekta]] 3,400. == Angalia pia == Idara: Utalii. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111009182849/http://www.detea.fs.gov.za/caledon.htm] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] ic0yp1mivbfusj4fvs946scju6xz5ax 0 152163 1601222 1514005 2026-09-25T13:49:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Niumi''' ni hifadhi ya kitaifa nchini [[Gambia]]. Inachukua ukanda wa pwani katika eneo la kaskazini mwa nchi, katika ncha ya kusini ya Delta ya Sine-Saloum. Inachukua eneo la takriban hekta 4,940 (kilomita za mraba 49.4) na inajumuisha aina mbalimbali za ardhi oevu na mimea, kutoka kwenye kinamasi cha maji baridi hadi maeneo ya mchanga na mabwawa ya majimaji. Msitu wa mikoko wa ''Rhizophora unapatikana'' kwa wingi katika mbuga hiyo, na kinamasi chake na maeneo yenye udongo ni sehemu muhimu ya makazi ya ndege, na zaidi ya spishi 200 zinapatikana hapa. == Jiografia == Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Niumi inachukua ukanda wa pwani katika ncha ya kusini ya Delta ya Sine-Saloum. Mbuga hiyo, iliyoko katika Mkoa wa Benki ya Kaskazini, <ref name="Ramsar">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/GM1840RIS.pdf|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)|publisher=Ramsar.org|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref> ina ukubwa wa hekta 4,940 (kilomita za mraba 49.4). <ref name="GW">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thegambiawildlife.com/protected-areas/niumi-national-parks/index.html|title=Niumi National Park|publisher=Thegambiawildlife.com|accessdate=19 November 2016|archivedate=2020-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221173107/http://thegambiawildlife.com/protected-areas/niumi-national-parks/index.html}}</ref> Gambia ilitangaza sehemu yake ya [[Delta]] kama mbuga ya wanyama mwaka wa [[1986]]. <ref name="GW" /> Kaskazini mwa mbuga hiyo, sehemu ya kusini ya delta ni kisiwa cha Jinack na visiwa vingi vidogo. <ref name="Ramsar" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Misitu]] k4xjks25b2vjidlrahkb8z5kfxr5ohr 0 152186 1601137 1520219 2026-09-25T13:40:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Storm's_River,_Tsitsikamma_National_Park.jpg|alt=A large wooden building on a rocky promontory with sea and surf in the background|right|thumb| Lango la Mto Dhoruba ]] '''Mbuga ya Taifa ya Tsitsikamma''' ni eneo lililohifadhiwa kwenye hifadhi ya Garden Route, [[Rasi ya Magharibi]] na [[Rasi ya Magharibi]][[Rasi ya Mashariki|Rasi]] [[Rasi ya Mashariki|ya]] [[Rasi ya Mashariki|Mashariki]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Ni hifadhi ya pwani inayojulikana sana kwa misitu yake ya kiasili, ukanda wa pwani wa ajabu, na Njia ya Otter. Mnamo [[6 Machi]] [[2009]] iliunganishwa na Mbuga ya Kitaifa ya Nyika na maeneo mengine mbalimbali ya ardhi na kuunda [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Garden Route]]. <ref name="deat">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.environment.gov.za/NewsMedia/MedStat/2009Mar6/06032009MedStatemnt.html|title=New Garden Route National Park Established|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=2008-03-09|publisher=Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism|archivedate=2009-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093559/http://www.environment.gov.za/NewsMedia/MedStat/2009Mar6/06032009MedStatemnt.html}}</ref> Hifadhi hiyo inashughulikia ukanda wa pwani wenye urefu wa km 80. [[Nature's Valley|Bonde la Nature]] liko upabde wa mwisho wa magharibi wa mbuga hiyo, na malazi kuu iko kwenye Storms River Mouth. Karibu na hifadhi hiyo kuna Daraja la Bloukrans, daraja la juu zaidi ulimwenguni la kuruka kwa urefu wa km 216. <ref name="Westbrook">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Westbrook|first=Andrew|title=Top 10 bungee jumps in the world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/nov/12/top-10-bungee-jumps-world|work=The Guardian|accessdate=30 August 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] t1yhwz3v07x15ccqm0uubgy2uib4hyz 0 152190 1601320 1520217 2026-09-25T14:24:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601320 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mountain zebra NP.jpg|alt=Picha ya wanyama wanaopatikana katika Mbuga ya Mountain Zebra|thumb|Picha ya wanyama wanaopatikana katika Mbuga ya Mountain Zebra]] '''Mbuga ya Taifa ya Mountain Zebra''' ni mbuga ya kitaifa katika [[jimbo]] la [[Rasi ya Mashariki|Eastern Cape]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]] iliyoanzishwa mnamo [[Julai]] [[1937]] kwa madhumuni ya kutoa hifadhi ya asili kwa [[Punda milia|pundamilia]] wa mlima wa Cape walio hatarini kutoweka. == Historia == Mapema mwa miaka ya [[1930]], pundamilia wa [[mlima]] wa Cape walitishiwa kutoweka. Bodi ya Wadhamini wa Hifadhi za Taifa ilitangaza km 17.12 ni kwa ajili ya eneo la uhifadhi wa pundamilia mnamo [[1938]] baada ya ununuzi wa shamba ''la Babylons Toren'', Cradock mwaka mmoja kabla. <ref name="Pan01">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1977-08_22_8|title=South African Panorama 1977-08: Vol 22 Iss 8|date=August 1977|publisher=Information Service of South Africa|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] hxy058iga7ymujgc8ot5gcpa2754e3w 0 152222 1601189 1230263 2026-09-25T13:46:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Msitu ya Boin Tano''' ni hifadhi ya [[asili]] inayopatikana katika [[Mkoa wa Magharibi, Ghana|Mkoa wa Magharibi]] wa [[Ghana]]. Ilianzishwa mnamo [[1968]].Hifadhi hii, ambayo ina ukubwa wa [[kilomita za mraba]] 129, ni tajiri kwa [[spishi]] za [[wanyama]] na [[maua]]. == Mimea na wanyama == [[Msitu]] wa Hifadhi wa Boin Tano unapatikana kaskazini mwa [[Ikweta]] na karibu kilomita 50 kaskazini mwa [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki|Bahari ya]] [[Atlantiki]], kwa hivyo kuipa hali ya hewa ya [[joto]] na unyevunyevu. Nyasi zilizochanganyika na vichaka na misitu hutawala hifadhi hiyo. Mamia ya [[spishi]] tofauti huishi ndani ya eneo hili lililohifadhiwa na mipaka yake. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Species !Class !Order !Family !Genus !{{Abbr|Pop.|Population}} !Status |- |Aba roundleaf bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Hipposideridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hipposideros |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Abo bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Glauconycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |African brush-tailed porcupine |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Hystricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Atherurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |[[Nyati wa Afrika|African buffalo]] |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Syncerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |African bush elephant |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Proboscidea |Elephantidae | style="font-style:italic" |Loxodonta |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |[[Fungo|African civet]] |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Viverridae | style="font-style:italic" |Civettictis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |African clawless otter |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Mustelidae | style="font-style:italic" |Aonyx |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |African common toad |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Bufonidae | style="font-style:italic" |Amietophrynus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |African foam-nest tree frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Rhacophoridae | style="font-style:italic" |Chiromantis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |African giant squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Sciuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Protoxerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |[[Paka Dhahabu|African golden cat]] |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Felidae | style="font-style:italic" |Profelis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |[[Fungo-miti wa Afrika|African palm civet]] |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Nandiniidae | style="font-style:italic" |Nandinia |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |African white-bellied pangolin |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Pholidota |Manidae | style="font-style:italic" |Manis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |African yellow bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Scotophilus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Ahl's River frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Allen's wood mouse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hylomyscus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Amietophrynus maculatus |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Bufonidae | style="font-style:italic" |Amietophrynus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Arthroleptis variabilis |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Arthroleptidae | style="font-style:italic" |Arthroleptis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Aubria subsigillata |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Pyxicephalidae | style="font-style:italic" |Aubria |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Baer's Hylomyscus |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hylomyscus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |Banana pipistrelle |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Neoromicia |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Bate's slit-faced bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Nycteridae | style="font-style:italic" |Nycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Bay duiker |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cephalophus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Beatrix's bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Glauconycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Beecroft's flying squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Anomaluridae | style="font-style:italic" |Anomalurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Benito roundleaf bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Hipposideridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hipposideros |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Big-eyed forest tree frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Leptopelis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Black duiker |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cephalophus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Bobiri reed frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |Bongo |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Tragelaphus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Boutry River frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Broad-banded Grass Frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ptychadenidae | style="font-style:italic" |Ptychadena |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Brown Banana Frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Afrixalus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Epomops |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Bushbuck |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Tragelaphus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Campbell's monkey |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Cercopithecidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cercopithecus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Cansdale's swamp rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Malacomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Cardioglossa leucomystax |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Arthroleptidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cardioglossa |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Chabanaud's River frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |[[Sokwe Mtu wa Kawaida|Chimpanzee]] |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Hominidae | style="font-style:italic" |Pan |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |Climbing shrew |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Soricomorpha |Soricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Suncus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Coast River Frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Common kusimanse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Herpestidae | style="font-style:italic" |Crossarchus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Crab-eating mongoose |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Herpestidae | style="font-style:italic" |Herpestes |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Crested porcupine |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Hystricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hystrix |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Crosse's shrew |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Soricomorpha |Soricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Crocidura |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Crowned bullfrog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Dicroglossidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hoplobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Cyclops roundleaf bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Hipposideridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hipposideros |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Defua rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Dephomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Demidoff's Dwarf Galago |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Galagidae | style="font-style:italic" |Galagoides |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Diana monkey |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Cercopithecidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cercopithecus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Dotted reed frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Dwarf free-tailed bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Molossidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mops |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Dwarf slit-faced bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Nycteridae | style="font-style:italic" |Nycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Edward's swamp rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Malacomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Egyptian mongoose |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Herpestidae | style="font-style:italic" |Herpestes |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Fire-footed rope squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Sciuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Funisciurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Forest hog |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Suidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hylochoerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Franquet's epauletted fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Epomops |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Fraser's musk shrew |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Soricomorpha |Soricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Crocidura |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Gambian epauletted fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Epomophorus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Gambian mongoose |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Herpestidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mungos |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Gambian slit-faced bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Nycteridae | style="font-style:italic" |Nycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Geotrypetes seraphini |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Gymnophiona |Dermophiidae | style="font-style:italic" |Geotrypetes |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Giant ground pangolin |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Pholidota |Manidae | style="font-style:italic" |Manis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Giant pouched rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Nesomyidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cricetomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Giant roundleaf bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Hipposideridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hipposideros |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Graphiurus nagtglasii |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Gliridae | style="font-style:italic" |Graphiurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Greater cane rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Thryonomyidae | style="font-style:italic" |Thryonomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Green bush squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Sciuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Paraxerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Guinea multimammate mouse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Mastomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Guinea snout-burrower |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hemisotidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hemisus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Guinean Arvicanthis |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Arvicanthis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Hairy slit-faced bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Nycteridae | style="font-style:italic" |Nycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Halcyon horseshoe bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Rhinolophidae | style="font-style:italic" |Rhinolophus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Hammer-headed fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hypsignathus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |[[Nyegere|Honey badger]] |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Mustelidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mellivora |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |House rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Rattus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Hylarana albolabris |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ranidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hylarana |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Hylarana occidentalis |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ranidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hylarana |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |Hyperolius concolor |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Hyperolius igbettensis |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Hyperolius picturatus |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Intermediate slit-faced bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Nycteridae | style="font-style:italic" |Nycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Ivory Coast running frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Kassina |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Johnston's genet |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Viverridae | style="font-style:italic" |Genetta |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |King genet |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Viverridae | style="font-style:italic" |Genetta |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|DD|Data Deficient}} |- |Lander's horseshoe bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Rhinolophidae | style="font-style:italic" |Rhinolophus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Large slit-faced bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Nycteridae | style="font-style:italic" |Nycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Large-eared slit-faced bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Nycteridae | style="font-style:italic" |Nycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |[[Chui|Leopard]] |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Felidae | style="font-style:italic" |Panthera |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Leptopelis occidentalis |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Leptopelis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Leptopelis spiritusnoctis |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Leptopelis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Lesser spot-nosed monkey |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Cercopithecidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cercopithecus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Lesser woolly bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Kerivoula |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Lime reed frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Little collared fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Myonycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Long-eared scaly-tailed flying squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Anomaluridae | style="font-style:italic" |Idiurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Lord Derby's flying squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Anomaluridae | style="font-style:italic" |Anomalurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Lorrain dormouse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Gliridae | style="font-style:italic" |Graphiurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Marsh mongoose |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Herpestidae | style="font-style:italic" |Atilax |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Mascarene Grass Frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ptychadenidae | style="font-style:italic" |Ptychadena |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Maxwell's duiker |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Philantomba |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Moloney's flat-headed bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mimetillus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Mouselike pipistrelle |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hypsugo |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|DD|Data Deficient}} |- |Mus musculoides |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Mus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Natal multimammate mouse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Mastomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Noack's roundleaf bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Hipposideridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hipposideros |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Nut-colored yellow bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Scotophilus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Ogilby's duiker |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cephalophus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Olive colobus |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Cercopithecidae | style="font-style:italic" |Procolobus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Olivier's shrew |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Soricomorpha |Soricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Crocidura |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Pel's flying squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Anomaluridae | style="font-style:italic" |Anomalurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|DD|Data Deficient}} |- |Pel's pouched bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Emballonuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Saccolaimus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Micropteropus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Peters's mouse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Mus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Phrynobatrachus alleni |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Phrynobatrachus ghanensis |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |Phrynobatrachus liberiensis |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Phrynobatrachus tokba |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Phrynobatrachus villiersi |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Pohle's fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Scotonycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Potto |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Lorisidae | style="font-style:italic" |Perodicticus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Ptychadena longirostris |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ranidae | style="font-style:italic" |Ptychadena |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Ptychadena pumilio |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ranidae | style="font-style:italic" |Ptychadena |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Ptychadena superciliaris |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ranidae | style="font-style:italic" |Ptychadena |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Railer bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Molossidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mops |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Red river hog |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Suidae | style="font-style:italic" |Potamochoerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Ringed River frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Petropedetidae | style="font-style:italic" |Phrynobatrachus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |Roloway monkey |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Cercopithecidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cercopithecus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |Royal antelope |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Neotragus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Russet free-tailed bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Molossidae | style="font-style:italic" |Chaerephon |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Rusty-bellied brush-furred rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Lophuromys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Schiotz's reed frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Shining thicket rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Grammomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Sierra Leone free-tailed bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Molossidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mops |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Slender mongoose |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Herpestidae | style="font-style:italic" |Galerella |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Slender-tailed squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Sciuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Protoxerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|DD|Data Deficient}} |- |Small sun squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Sciuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Heliosciurus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|DD|Data Deficient}} |- |Sooty roundleaf bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Hipposideridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hipposideros |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Spotted-necked otter |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Mustelidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hydrictis |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Spurrell's free-tailed bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Molossidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mops |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Spurrell's woolly bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Kerivoula |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Straw-coloured fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Eidolon |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Stream reed frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Hyperoliidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyperolius |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Striped ground squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Sciuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Xerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Sundevall's roundleaf bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Hipposideridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hipposideros |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Temminck's striped mouse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Hybomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Therese's shrew |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Soricomorpha |Soricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Crocidura |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Thomas's Dwarf Galago |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Galagidae | style="font-style:italic" |Galago |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Tiny pipistrelle |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Pipistrellus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Togo toad |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Bufonidae | style="font-style:italic" |Amietophrynus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|NT|Near Threatened}} |- |Trevor's free-tailed bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Molossidae | style="font-style:italic" |Mops |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |Tropical clawed frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Pipidae | style="font-style:italic" |Xenopus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Tullberg's Praomys |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Praomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Typical striped grass mouse |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Lemniscomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Nanonycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Victoria Ridged Frog |[[Amfibia|Amphibia]] |Anura |Ranidae | style="font-style:italic" |Ptychadena |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Water chevrotain |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Tragulidae | style="font-style:italic" |Hyemoschus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |West African large-spotted genet |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Viverridae | style="font-style:italic" |Genetta |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |West African long-tailed shrew |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Soricomorpha |Soricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Crocidura |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |West African Praomys |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Praomys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |West African pygmy shrew |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Soricomorpha |Soricidae | style="font-style:italic" |Crocidura |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |West African red colobus |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Cercopithecidae | style="font-style:italic" |Procolobus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|EN|Endangered}} |- |West African shaggy rat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Muridae | style="font-style:italic" |Dasymys |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Western Palm Squirrel |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Rodentia |Sciuridae | style="font-style:italic" |Epixerus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Western tree hyrax |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Hyracoidea |Procaviidae | style="font-style:italic" |Dendrohyrax |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |White-tailed mongoose |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Carnivora |Herpestidae | style="font-style:italic" |Ichneumia |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |White-thighed colobus |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Primates |Cercopithecidae | style="font-style:italic" |Colobus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|VU|Vulnerable}} |- |White-winged serotine |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Vespertilionidae | style="font-style:italic" |Neoromicia |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Woermann's bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Megaloglossus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Yellow-backed duiker |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Artiodactyla |Bovidae | style="font-style:italic" |Cephalophus |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Yellow-winged bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Megadermatidae | style="font.style:italic" |Lavia |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |- |Zenker's fruit bat |[[Mamalia|Mammalia]] |Chiroptera |Pteropodidae | style="font-style:italic" |Scotonycteris |— | style="text-align:center" |{{Abbr|LC|Least Concern}} |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] o9p4owyq34e91jsefrqmplceptoxync 0 152230 1601321 1320667 2026-09-25T14:25:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601321 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Angola''' ( ''Aeroporto Internacional de Angola'' kwa [[Kireno]] ) <ref>[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/transporte/2007/11/51/New-Airport-Works-Delayed-Minister,0cdd7e1e-be23-4b72-a83a-2cae265f8c11.html Angolan transport minister about naming of the airport] {{Wayback|url=http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/transporte/2007/11/51/New-Airport-Works-Delayed-Minister,0cdd7e1e-be23-4b72-a83a-2cae265f8c11.html |date=20120312165459 }}, portalangop.co.ao, retrieved 8 March 2015</ref> ni uwanja mkubwa wa ndege unaoendelea kujengwa karibu na [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Angola]] wa [[Luanda]]. Sehemu hii ilichaguliwa mnamo [[2004]]. Iko 40kilomita kusini mashariki mwa katikati mwa jiji katika eneo la Bom Jesus. Itakuwa mbadala wa Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Quatro de Fevereiro. Makampuni ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]] na kampuni ya Odebrecht na ya [[Brazil]] yanajenga uwanja wa ndege huu. Awamu ya kwanza ilikamilika mwaka wa 2012. <ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/novo_aeroporto_orgulha_africa Novo aeroporto orgulha África] {{Wayback|url=http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/politica/novo_aeroporto_orgulha_africa |date=20170425114258 }} Jornal de Angola Online, 17 May 2012 (en)</ref> Ufunguzi uliokuwa umeratibiwa mwaka 2015/2016 ulicheleweshwa hadi [[2022]]. <ref>{{in lang|pt}} [https://www.dw.com/pt-002/novo-aeroporto-de-luanda-defende-se-investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-para-responsabiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o/a-47795989 Novo aeroporto de Luanda: Defende-se investigação para responsabilização], 06.03.2019</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] mkr6nqzny83qkte413s38q8egxx1x82 0 152293 1601104 1528648 2026-09-25T13:18:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uwanja wa ndege wa Negage''' ni uwanja wa ndege unaohudumia [[Negage]], mji na [[manispaa]] katika [[Uíge (mkoa)|Mkoa wa Uíge]] nchini [[Angola]]. Hapo awali ilikuwa kambi ya jeshi la jeshi la Ureno. Nuru ya Negage isiyo ya mwelekeo (Ident '''NG''' ) inaripotiwa kuwa kwenye uwanja wa ndege. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?nav=NEGAGE&nav_id=NG&nav_type=5|title=World Aero Data: Navaid NEGAGE NDB -- NG|work=worldaerodata.com|accessdate=2017-07-27|archivedate=2017-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008181352/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?nav=NEGAGE&nav_id=NG&nav_type=5}}</ref> == Historia == Uwanja wa ndege wa sasa ulijengwa na Jeshi la Wanahewa la Ureno, ulizinduliwa tarehe [[7 Februari]] [[1961]], kama Aerodrome-Base nº 3 (AB3, ''Aeródromo-Base nº 3'' ). Msingi ulikuwa na jukumu muhimu wakati wa Vita vya Uhuru wa Angola. Kando na uwanja mkuu wa ndege huko Negage, AB3 pia ilidhibiti viwanja viwili vya runinga vya satelaiti, kimoja [[Uwanja wa ndege wa Maquela|kikiwa Maquela do Zombo (AM31)]] na kingine huko Toto (AM32). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] b7s5xj5yt4ymp8g5nl3dbtj3mfc68jv 0 152329 1601497 1513995 2026-09-25T19:43:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mont Péko''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]. Mont Péko, ipo katika mwinuko wa [[mita]] 833 (futi 2723), katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya mbuga hiyo. Imekuwepo tangu [[mwaka]] [[1968]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Protected Planet {{!}} Mont Peko National Park|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/724|accessdate=2020-12-30|work=Protected Planet}}</ref> Kuna [[milima]] miwili katika Hifadhi ya taifa ya Mont Peco. Mlima mrefu zaidi na maarufu zaidi ni mlima Mont Péko wenye kilele cha juu zaidi cha mita 997. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mont Péko National Park|url=https://peakvisor.com/park/mont-peko-national-park.html|accessdate=2020-12-30|work=PeakVisor|language=en}}</ref> Msitu unashughulikia 80% ya mbuga na hujumuisha [[spishi]] za miti kama vile Triplochiton scleroxylon, Celtis spp ., Pterygota macrocarpa, na Mansonia altissima. Takriban aina 240 za [[ndege]] zimerekodiwa katika mbuga hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6094|accessdate=2020-12-30|work=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] 8czezxjasma7qed6kb0wu5a31hlcvse 0 152342 1601261 1513944 2026-09-25T14:11:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Isangano,''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] katika [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Zambia)|Mkoa wa Kaskazini]] wa [[Zambia]]. Inachukua eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 840. Hifadhi hiyo ilitangazwa kuwa mbuga ya taifa mnamo [[1972]]. == Jiografia == Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Isangano ina ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 840. Iko katika wilaya za Luwingu na Kasama katika Mkoa wa Kaskazini nchini Zambia. [[Mandhari]] yake ni uwanda wa mafuriko, <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.zawa.org.zm/isangano.htm|title=National Parks|publisher=Zambia Wildlife Authority|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614StFiH0?url=http://www.zawa.org.zm/isangano.htm|archivedate=20 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://accommodation.drivesouthafrica.co.za/northern-province/about/|title=About Northern Province|publisher=Accommodation Guide|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614Pyb7qT?url=http://accommodation.drivesouthafrica.co.za/northern-province/about/|archivedate=20 August 2011}}</ref> yenye [[misitu]] yenye majimaji na nyanda za nyasi. Hifadhi hii ni sehemu ya Vinamasi vya Bangweulu, na imepakana na [[Chambeshi (mto)|Mto Chambeshi]] upande wa [[mashariki]] na upande wa [[magharibi]] na Flats za Bangweulu. <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://thebestofzambia.com/leisure/activities/national-parks/isangano-national-park/|title=Isangano National Park|publisher=The Best of Zambia|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614Q2IPTN?url=http://thebestofzambia.com/leisure/activities/national-parks/isangano-national-park/|archivedate=20 August 2011}}</ref> Ina urefu wa [[mita]] 1100. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://zamtrade.com/africa/wilderness_safaris/zambia/bangweul.htm|title=Isangano National Park|publisher=ZamTrade|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614QVtt1h?url=http://zamtrade.com/africa/wilderness_safaris/zambia/bangweul.htm|archivedate=20 August 2011}}</ref> == Historia == Hifadhi ya taifa ya Isangano likuwa hifadhi mnamo [[1957]]. Ilipewa hadhi ya mbuga ya taifa mwaka wa 1972 chini ya amri ya kisheria nambari 42. <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.zawa.org.zm/isangano.htm|title=National Parks|publisher=Zambia Wildlife Authority|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614StFiH0?url=http://www.zawa.org.zm/isangano.htm|archivedate=20 August 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">{{Wayback|url=http://www.zawa.org.zm/isangano.htm |date=20120112165353 }}. Zambia Wildlife Authority. Archived from [http://www.zawa.org.zm/isangano.htm the original] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zawa.org.zm/isangano.htm |date=20120112165353 }} on 20 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="TBZ">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://thebestofzambia.com/leisure/activities/national-parks/isangano-national-park/|title=Isangano National Park|publisher=The Best of Zambia|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614Q2IPTN?url=http://thebestofzambia.com/leisure/activities/national-parks/isangano-national-park/|archivedate=20 August 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">{{Wayback|url=http://thebestofzambia.com/leisure/activities/national-parks/isangano-national-park/ |date=20110910221106 }}. The Best of Zambia. Archived from [http://thebestofzambia.com/leisure/activities/national-parks/isangano-national-park/ the original] {{Wayback|url=http://thebestofzambia.com/leisure/activities/national-parks/isangano-national-park/ |date=20110910221106 }} on 20 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Hifadhi hiyo ilidorora baada ya kupewa hadhi ya hifadhi ya taifa kwa kukosa msaada wa kifedha, ukosefu wa [[miundombinu]], [[ujangili]] na makazi haramu ya watu. <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/nationalparks/smallparks.htm|title=Smaller Parks|publisher=Zambia Tourism Board|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614Q4qUEC?url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/nationalparks/smallparks.htm|archivedate=20 August 2011}}</ref> Mnamo [[Julai]] [[2007]], serikali ya Zambia ilianza kuchukua hatua za kuwaondoa walowezi haramu katika mbuga hiyo chini ya azimio la Kamati ya Kuratibu Maendeleo ya Mkoa. Hili lilifanywa ili mbuga hiyo iweze kuanzishwa upya na kuwa na [[wanyamapori]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2007/07/20/illegal-settlers-on-isangano-national-park-to-face-eviction/|title=Illegal settlers on Isangano National Park to face eviction|date=20 July 2007|publisher=Lusaka Times|accessdate=20 August 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/614PuAmfN?url=http://www.lusakatimes.com/2007/07/20/illegal-settlers-on-isangano-national-park-to-face-eviction/|archivedate=20 August 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] nvo1pp63v5s0ku9t8t1x8w758znd3s5 0 152409 1601223 1281901 2026-09-25T13:49:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sign At Entrance To Ranomafana National Park.jpg|thumb|kibao cha Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Ranomafana]] '''Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Ranomafana''' ipo sehemu ya kusini-mashariki ya [[Madagaska]] huko [[Haute Matsiatra]] na Vatovavy. Ikiwa na zaidi ya hekta 41,600 (maili za mraba 161) za msitu wa mvua wa kitropiki, ni nyumbani kwa aina kadhaa adimu za mimea na wanyama ikijumuisha lemur ya mianzi ya dhahabu, [[Lemuri|lemur]] kubwa ya mianzi, lemur iliyokatwa nyeusi na nyeupe na Milne-Edward sifaka, na zaidi ya 130. aina za vyura. Ndege aina ikiwa ni pamoja [[Kambu-ardhi|na rollers chini]], vangas bluu, short-legged ardhi rollers na mesites kahawia wanaweza kuonekana. Hifadhi hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo [[1991]] kwa madhumuni ya kuhifadhi bioanuwai ya kipekee ya mfumo wa ikolojia wa eneo hilo na kupunguza shinikizo la wanadamu kwenye eneo lililohifadhiwa. Ni sehemu ya Misitu ya Urithi wa Dunia ya Misitu ya Mvua ya Atsinanana. Karibu na bustani hiyo kuna kituo cha utafiti cha Centre ValBio, <ref>[http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/centre-valbio/ Centre ValBio]</ref> kilichoanzishwa mwaka wa [[2003]] na kusimamiwa na Chuo Kikuu cha Stony Brook kwa kuzingatia utafiti wa viumbe hai, afya na elimu ya jamii, sanaa za mazingira na [[Upanzi wa Miti|upandaji miti upya]]. Jina la mahali linatokana na maneno ya [[Kimalagasy|Kimalagasi]] ''rano mafana'' "maji ya moto", kwa sababu kuna chemchemi za maji ya moto. == Picha == <gallery> Faili:Calumma nasutum, Ranomafana National Park.jpg Faili:Calumma nasutum 02.jpg Faili:Boophis reticulatus 02.jpg Faili:Avahi laniger Madagascar 30-09-2004.jpg Faili:Alectroenas madagascariensis.jpg Faili:Yellow bellied Asity12.jpg Faili:Brookesia superciliaris 01.jpg Faili:Mantella baroni01.jpg Faili:Scaphiophryne spinosa 02.jpg Faili:Argema mittrei 01.JPG Faili:Trachelophorus giraffa female 02.jpg Faili:Flowers in Ranomafana.jpg Faili:Milne-Edwards Sifaca - Ranomafana - Madagascar MG 1383 (15286242645).jpg Faili:Greater Bamboo lemur.jpg Faili:Crossley's dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus crossleyi) Ranomafana.jpg Faili:Crossley's dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus crossleyi) Ranomafana 2.jpg Faili:Tylas Vanga - Ranomafana - Madagascar S4E8144 (15108456658).jpg Faili:Madagascar RN25 Ranomafana.jpg Faili:Swimmingpool Ranomafana I.jpg Faili:Ranomafana - falls.jpg Faili:Ranomafana - burial site.jpg Faili:Ranomafana - Andriamamovoka falls.jpg Faili:Grote katmaki 03.JPG Faili:Astacoides betsileoensis 01.jpg </gallery> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Madagaska]] euauzlr73qjpcxiyef57wq8r6kd1uky 0 152411 1601224 1281900 2026-09-25T13:49:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Coral Nosy Ve-Androka National Park.jpg|thumb|matumbawe katika Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Nosy Ve-Androka]] '''Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Nosy Ve-Androka''' ni eneo la Bahari Lililolindwa lililoko kusini magharibi mwa [[Madagaska]], kusini mwa [[Toliara|Tulear]], na 40km kusini mwa kijiji cha watalii cha Anakao. Ipo kati ya latitudo 25 ° 29/25 ° 09 Kusini na longitudo 44 ° 50/45 ° 06 Mashariki na inashughulikia eneo la 92080 ha. Inaundwa na Maeneo ya Msingi yenye jumla ya hekta 28,820 na Kanda za Buffer zenye jumla ya hekta 63,260. Hifadhi hii imeundwa na vifurushi nane katika vikundi viwili, na sehemu inayopatikana kando ya pwani karibu na Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Tsimanampetsotsa. Inajumuisha sehemu za mfumo tajiri wa [[Mwamba tumbawe|miamba ya matumbawe]] ya Kusini Magharibi mwa Madagaska katika Mkondo wa Msumbiji, unaotambuliwa kama mfumo wa tatu kwa ukubwa wa miamba duniani. Aina mbalimbali za makazi ni pamoja na miamba inayozunguka, miamba ya vizuizi, vitanda vya miamba ya matumbawe, eneo la nyasi bahari, bahari ya wazi, pwani ya miamba na fukwe za mchanga. Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Nosy Ve-Androka ina takriban spishi 140 za [[matumbawe]] na spishi 240 za samaki. Pia kuna spishi adimu kama vile Coelacanths, [[Kasa|kasa wa baharini]], Dugongs, [[Pomboo]] na Nyangumi na fukwe za mchanga ambazo hutumiwa na kasa wa baharini wanaoatamia. <ref name="Information scientifique">Information scientifique (écologique et biologique marines) pour l'APM Nosy Ve Androka" (PDF) (in French). CBD International. 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.</ref> == Picha == <gallery> Faili:Fishing in outrigger canoe.jpg Faili:Reef fish caught for food.jpg </gallery> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Madagaska]] a6h4y6rv8f2eetrhv33ga5cp06nhis2 0 152421 1601190 1514079 2026-09-25T13:46:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Popafälle (2018).jpg|alt=Picha iliyopigwa angani kuonyesha eneo la Hifadhi ya wanyama ya Popa|thumb|Picha iliyopigwa angani kuonyesha eneo la Hifadhi ya wanyama ya Popa ]] '''Hifadhi ya wanyama ya''' '''Popa,''' ni mbuga ya [[wanyama]] nchini [[Namibia]], karibu na [[maporomoko ya maji]] yanayojulikana kama ''Popa Falls'' katika [[Okavango|Mto Okavango]], ambapo mto huo unavuka ukanda wa [[Kishoroba cha Caprivi|Caprivi]] huko Kavango [[Mashariki]], kati ya Divundu na Bagani. Wakati wa maji ya chini mtu anaweza kuona kwamba tofauti ya mwinuko ni ca. [[mita]] 4. <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/namibia/northeastern-namibia/bwabwata-national-park/attractions/popa-falls/a/poi-sig/1282688/355528|title=Popa Falls|publisher=Lonely Planet|accessdate=18 Dec 2021}}</ref> Ni hifadhi ya wanyama ambayo ina ukubwa wa [[kilomita]] 0.25, ilianzishwa mnamo [[1989]]. Ina [[Kiboko (mnyama)|viboko]], <a href="./Mamba" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="undefined" data-cx="{&amp;amp;quot;userAdded&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true}">mamba</a> na aina 417 za [[ndege]]. Pia kuna [[mimea]] ya [[Savana|savannah]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/namibia/northeastern-namibia/bwabwata-national-park/attractions/popa-falls/a/poi-sig/1282688/355528|title=Popa Falls|publisher=Lonely Planet|accessdate=18 Dec 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.met.gov.na/national-parks/popa-falls-game-park/226/|title=Popa Falls Game Park|author=|first=|date=|work=|publisher=Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism|accessdate=18 Dec 2021|language=en}}</ref> Shughuli zinazopendekezwa ni pamoja na kupanda mlima, kuogelea na kutazama ndege. Kuogelea sio chaguo kwa sababu ya mamba. <ref name="LP">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/namibia/northeastern-namibia/bwabwata-national-park/attractions/popa-falls/a/poi-sig/1282688/355528|title=Popa Falls|publisher=Lonely Planet|accessdate=18 Dec 2021}}</ref> [[Mbuga ya Wanyama ya Mahang|Mbuga ya wanyama ya Mahango]] iko karibu, kwa umbali wa [[kilomita]] 14. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://namibiatourism.com.na/blog/Popa-Falls-Camp-Another-Hidden-Gem-in-Namibia|title=Popa Falls Camp- Another Hidden Gem in Namibia|publisher=Namibia Endless Horizons|accessdate=18 Dec 2021|language=en|archivedate=2021-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218144716/https://namibiatourism.com.na/blog/Popa-Falls-Camp-Another-Hidden-Gem-in-Namibia}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] onoaalp64ntt9j5wyn3ypneduxmewn4 0 152427 1601043 1513749 2026-09-25T13:11:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Madagascar physical map.svg|alt=Hifadhi maalum ya Maningoza|thumb|Hifadhi maalum ya Maningoza]] '''Hifadhi Maalum ya Maningoza''' ni hifadhi ya wanyamapori yenye ukubwa wa hekari 9,826 nchini [[Madagaska]]. Iliundwa mwaka wa [[1956]] ili kulinda mimea na wanyama wengi wa kawaida, na pia ina baadhi ya maeneo ya mwisho yaliyosalia ya misitu kavu kwenye kisiwa hicho. == Jiografia == Hifadhi Maalum ya Maningoza ilianzishwa mnamo 1956 na iko katika [[Melaky|Mkoa wa Melaky]] nchini Madagaska. Hifadhi hii iko mashariki mwa Antsalova na hoteli ya karibu zaidi iko Besalampy. Inaweza kufikiwa kwa boti kwenye Mto Manambolo ingawa hifadhi hiyo inafikiwa na watalii tu wakati wa kiangazi. Ina moja ya maeneo ya mwisho yaliyobaki ya msitu kavu wa kitropiki kwenye kisiwa hicho na ina hali ya hewa kavu yenye joto la wastani la {{Convert|24|C|F}} . Kiwango cha mvua kwa mwaka ni {{Convert|1100|mm|inch||abbr=on}} na mara nyingi huangukia wakati wa msimu wa monsuni ambapo ni kati ya Novemba na Aprili. <ref name="madagaskar">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Maningoza Special Reserve|url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html|work=Madagaskar.com|accessdate=26 October 2016|archivedate=2016-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html}}</ref> Msitu hukua kwenye udongo wenye chuma (au ferralitic) ambao hujitokeza kutokana na hali ya hewa ya kemikali ya madini mengi, isipokuwa kwa quartz. Kuna mkusanyiko wa madini ya pili na udongo kama vile gibbiste, goethite na kaolinite, na mkusanyiko wa [[Rutuba|humus]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ferralitic Soil|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Ferralitic+Soil|work=The Free Dictionary By Farlex|accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> Wananchi wanaoishi katika vijiji vinavyozunguka hifadhi hiyo, wanategemea rasilimali zake na wanatumia ardhi hiyo kwa malisho ya [[zebu]], na kulima [[Muhogo|mihogo]], mahindi na mpunga. <ref name="mtg">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Maningoza Special Reserve|url=http://www.travelmadagascar.org/PARKS/Maningoza-Reserve.html|work=Travel Madagascar|accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Madagaska]] nswj16z0aa0pjm35a2h0f5hj9txpcfd 0 152496 1601044 1253893 2026-09-25T13:11:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Parc_national_d'Awash-Ethiopie-Oryx_(1).jpg|thumb| Orix katika Hifadhi ya Taifa]] '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Awash,''' ni mbuga ya taifa nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Ipo katika upande wa [[kusini]] wa [[Mkoa wa Afar|Mkoa wa]] [[Jimbo la Afar|Afar]] na kona ya [[kaskazini]]-[[mashariki]] ya kanda ya Shewa Mashariki ya [[Jimbo la Oromia|Oromia]], mbuga hii iko [[kilomita]] 225 mashariki mwa [[Addis Ababa]] (na kilomita chache magharibi mwa Awash ), na mpaka wake wa kusini kando ya [[Mto Awash]], na ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 850 za mapori ya [[Muwati|mshita]] na nyika. == Wanyama == [[Wanyamapori]] katika mbuga hii ni pamoja na [[Kiboko (mnyama)|kiboko]], [[Mamba (mnyama)|mamba]] wa Nile, [[fisi]], [[simba]], [[duma]], [[chui]],swala wa Soemmerring, [[nguruwe]] wa Defassa, [[Punda milia|pundamilia]], dik-diks za chumvi, kududuli wa Swaynes, kudunguru wa Swaynes, nguruwe wa kawaida wa Swaynes topa, korongo wa kawaida na wadudu wa jangwani. Nyani wa mizeituni, nyani guereza, [[Mbwa-mwitu wa Afrika|mbwa mwitu wa Kiafrika]], nyani aina ya [[Ngedere wa Bale|vervet]], na nyani hamadryas wapo, pamoja na zaidi ya aina 453 za [[ndege]] wa [[asili]] kama vile [[mbuni]], [[Tumbusi|tai]] [[Tai|na tai]] [[Hondohondo|.]] <ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref> <ref>A Glimpse at Biodiversity Hotspots of Ethiopia (PDF). Ethiopian Wildlife & Natural History Society. p. 45-46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-16.</ref> <ref>Seware, Belay. (2015). AWASH NATIONAL PARK: ITS DEGRADATION STATUS AND PROTECTION MEASURES. PJ PALGO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE. 2. 57 – 66. </ref> Wanyama kama [[Ndovu|tembo]], [[Kifaru|vifaru]] na [[Nyati wa Afrika|nyati wa Cape]] walikuwepo hapa lakini waliishiwa muda wake kwa sababu ya uwindaji. == Viungo vya nje == * World Database on Protected Areas – Awash National Park * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140428011010/http://www.ewca.gov.et/en/awash_national_park Former official site] * [http://www.ethiopiatravel.com/Awash_national_park.htm Description of the National Park and its animals] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethiopiatravel.com/Awash_national_park.htm |date=20200224212022 }} * Philip Briggs. 2002. ''Ethiopia: Mwongozo wa Kusafiri wa Bradt'', toleo la 3 (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt), uk.&nbsp;335f * C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Mbwa wa Uwindaji Aliyechorwa: Lycaon pictus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 N. Stromberg] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] 3byc0qdrp1avkqs5hfepqo7hys8vyeo 0 152565 1601498 1514029 2026-09-25T19:44:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Semenawi Bahri,''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] huko [[Eritrea]]. Inaundwa na [[milima]] mikubwa na [[mabonde]], iko kwenye mwinuko wa kati ya [[mita]] 900 na 2400. Aina mbalimbali za [[wanyamapori]] huishi humo, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Paa (Bovidae)|duiker]], [[Ngurunguru|klipsppringer]], [[Ngiri|warthog]], [[chui]] na bushbuck. Aina nyingi za [[ndege]] pia zimegunduliwa hivi karibuni. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Semenawi Bahri - Eritrea|url=http://www.eritrea.be/old/semenawi-bahri.htm|accessdate=2021-02-03|work=www.eritrea.be}}</ref> Barabara moja ya lami inapita humo ili kurahisisha usafiri. Hifadhi hiyo pia ina vifaa vya vituo vya burudani huko Meguo, Medhanit na Sabur. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4756.html|title=Serejeka-Shebah Road: Belt of Green Eritrea|accessdate=2006-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210041528/http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4756.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2007-02-10}}</ref> Hifadhi hiyo haijulikani vyema kwa watalii wa kimataifa na wa ndani. Walakini, vivutio vyake ni pamoja na [[mimea]] na [[wanyama]] na ndege. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6223&m=0|title=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|accessdate=2006-12-01|archivedate=2009-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102215839/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6223&m=0}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] m5m5pppkiw7y1k5bogov43egahcro9b 0 152577 1601457 1514026 2026-09-25T19:21:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ruvubu,''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] nchini [[Burundi]] inayojumuisha [[kilomita za mraba]] 508, ambayo ilianzishwa mwaka [[1980]]. Mipaka yake iko ndani ya [[majimbo]] ya [[Karuzi]], [[Muyinga]], [[Cankuzo]] na [[Ruyigi]]. Hifadhi hii inagusa nchi jirani ya [[Tanzania]] upande wa [[kusini]], [[bonde]] la [[Mto]] Ruvubu ambalo [[mandhari]] yake yametawala eneo hilo.  Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ruvubu imepata jina lake kutokana na [[Mto Ruvuvu|Mto Ruvubu]] unaopita katika urefu wa hifadhi hiyo. <ref name="inecn">{{Rejea kitabu|title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel|last=INECN|publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura|year=1990}}</ref> Hifadhi hii ni sehemu ya mwisho ya mfumo wa [[ikolojia]] wa nyasi asilia ambao hapo awali ulifunika sehemu kubwa ya [[kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] mwa Burundi. Ni makazi kwa idadi ya [[spishi]] za [[wanyamapori]], haswa [[Kiboko (mnyama)|kiboko]], mamba wa Nile, nyati wa [[Nyati wa Afrika|Cape, nyati]], aina nyingi za duiker, spishi tano za nyani, ikiwa ni pamoja na nyani wa mzeituni, [[tumbili]] aina ya [[Ngedere wa Bale|vervet, tumbili]] aina ya [[Paa (Bovidae)|colobus]], tumbili wa blue, na Senegal bushbaby. Takribani aina 200 za [[ndege]] zilirekodiwa katika mbuga hiyo. <ref name="inecn" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] 0jjyhx6r5d2n4icp3wggzpt369lfkha 0 152621 1601024 1514041 2026-09-25T13:09:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Upemba''' ni mbuga kubwa ya [[taifa]] huko [[Mkoa wa Lomami Juu|Haut-Lomami]], [[Mkoa wa Lualaba]] na [[Mkoa wa Lualaba|Mkoa wa]] [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Haut-Katanga]] (zamani katika [[Katanga|Mkoa wa Katanga]] ) wa [[kusini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. == Jiografia == Wakati wa kuundwa kwa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Upemba, [[15 Mei]] [[1939]], hifadhi hiyo ilikuwa na eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 17,730 . Ilikuwa mbuga kubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]]. Mnamo [[Julai]] [[1975]], mipaka ilirekebishwa na leo mbuga hiyo muhimu ina eneo la kilomita za mraba 10,000. <ref>Upemba National Park is located between Latitude 9°5’ and 8°45’ South and Longitude 25°50’ and 27°10’ East</ref> == Historia == Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Upemba ilianzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1939. Kama ilivyo kwa [[wanyamapori]] wengi wa eneo hilo, katika nyakati za kisasa mbuga hiyo inaendelea kutishiwa na shughuli za [[uwindaji]] haramu, uchafuzi wa [[mazingira]], na shughuli za wakimbizi na wanamgambo. <ref name="cia">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|work=www.cia.gov|language=en|accessdate=2017-09-17|archive-date=2021-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Makazi == Makazi ya mbuga hutofautiana kutokana na nyasi za Afromontane na misitu kwenye miinuko ya juu katika [[Milima]] ya Kibara, kupitia misitu ya [[Miombo]] na misitu ya mvua ya kitropiki, kwenye mabwawa, ardhi oevu, maziwa, na vijito vilivyo na maeneo ya kando ya miinuko ya chini. <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6073|title=BirdLife Data Zone|work=www.birdlife.org|accessdate=2017-09-17}}</ref> Ni nyumbani kwa spishi 1,800 tofauti, baadhi yao ziligunduliwa mwishoni mwa [[2003]]. === Wanyama === Mfumo wa maziwa, mito, vinamasi na ardhi oevu unasaidia aina mbalimbali za [[samaki]]. Hii inajumuisha zaidi ya [[spishi]] 30 za Cyprinidae, Mormyridae (pia inajulikana kama samaki wa tembo wa majini), ''Barbus'', Alestidae, [[Ngogo|Mochokidae]] na Cichlidae. <ref name="feow.org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2010-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545|archivedate=5 October 2011}}</ref> Aina za [[ndege]] ni pamoja na spishi kadhaa zilizo hatarini au zilizo katika hatari ya kutoweka, kama vile korongo wa wattled na thrush yenye madoadoa. <ref name="birdlife.org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6073|title=BirdLife Data Zone|work=www.birdlife.org|accessdate=2017-09-17}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6073 "BirdLife Data Zone"]. ''www.birdlife.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Chura wa Schmidt anapatikana tu kutoka kwenye hifadhi hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group|year=2014|title=''Mertensophryne schmidti''|journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]|volume=2014|page=e.T54754A18367164|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T54754A18367164.en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Lualaba]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Lomami Juu]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] rki4xgzvd16fpe2flb6y9a1a111oneg 0 152652 1601322 1513716 2026-09-25T14:25:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Gadabedji''', ni hifadhi ya [[mazingira]] katika eneo la kati la [[Niger]]. Ina eneo la [[hektari]] 76,000 ndani ya ncha ya [[kaskazini]] ya mkoa wa Maradi, kaskazini mwa [[mji]] wa Dakoro, na [[kusini]] mwa mpaka na mkoa wa Agadez. Hifadhi hiyo pia inatambuliwa na [[UNESCO]] tangu [[2017]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/africa/niger/gadabedji/|title=Gadabedji &#124; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> == Jiografia == Hifadhi hiyo, ilianzishwa mnamo [[25 Aprili]] [[1955]], kwa Sheria Na. 3120/SE pia ni 'fôret classée'. Inashughulikia eneo dogo la nyika na nyasi za [[Sahel|Sahelian]], [[kusini]] mwa [[Milima Air|Milima ya Aïr]]. == Idadi <span dir="ltr" lang="en">ya wanyama</span> == Hifadhi ya Jumla ya Gadabedji ilipangwa kulinda swala wa Sahelo-Sahara, hasa kundi la [[Choroa|Oryx]] wenye pembe za Scimitar na Dama Gazelle ambao kwa kiasi kikubwa wametoweka kutokana na shinikizo la wakazi wa eneo hilo. <ref>Pierre Devillers and Jean Devillers-Terschuren. [http://www.kbinirsnb.be/cb/antelopes/Species%20Status/status%20Gazella%20dama%20anglais.htm Report on the status and perspectives of a species : Gazella dama] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kbinirsnb.be/cb/antelopes/Species%20Status/status%20Gazella%20dama%20anglais.htm |date=20071127145754 }}. Seminar on the Conservation and Restoration of Sahelo-Saharan Antelopes. Djerba, Tunisia, 19–23 February 1998 UNEP, Convention on Migratory Species</ref> Katika miaka ya [[1940]], eneo hilo lilikuwa kando ya njia muhimu ya uhamiaji kwa wanyama kutoka [[jangwa]] la Tenere hadi Adari [[kusini]] mwa nchi. Hifadhi hii ni sehemu inayopendekezwa kuletwa tena kwa Oryx siku zijazo. <ref>[http://www.kbinirsnb.be/cb/antelopes/FFEM%20Project/page%20anglaise%20project%20FFEM.htm FFEM /FGEM Project : SAHELO-SAHARAN ANTELOPES] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kbinirsnb.be/cb/antelopes/FFEM%20Project/page%20anglaise%20project%20FFEM.htm |date=20080920084555 }}.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] bx4axnh6gli7ui7z0ep4v604c2txgrj 0 152661 1601243 1514031 2026-09-25T14:09:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Shambe''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] nchini [[Sudan Kusini]], iliyoko kwenye ukingo wa [[magharibi]] wa [[Mto]] [[Nile Nyeupe]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-08-03|title=Shambe National Park|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/southsudan/shambe-national-park/|accessdate=2021-02-04|work=Fortune of Africa South Sudan|language=en-US|archivedate=2018-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816015041/http://fortuneofafrica.com/southsudan/shambe-national-park/}}</ref> Ilianzishwa mnamo [[1985]] na inaenea zaidi ya eneo la [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 620. Mbuga ya wanyama hiyo ya taifa iko katika eneo la mbali la Adior na inaenea kuelekea [[kusini]] mwa Malek karibu na Ramciel. Jina lingine la Shambe ni "Anyoop". Kimsingi ilianzishwa ili kutoa ulinzi kwa wanyamapori fulani, kama vile mbweha, [[nyani]], [[simba]], [[swala]], [[twiga]] na [[mbuni]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-08-03|title=Shambe National Park|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/southsudan/shambe-national-park/|accessdate=2021-02-04|work=Fortune of Africa South Sudan|language=en-US|archivedate=2018-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816015041/http://fortuneofafrica.com/southsudan/shambe-national-park/}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] 8e0fse3lb7e0906v0syv3zo1dwrlplq 0 152674 1601298 1529162 2026-09-25T14:14:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Wali]] wa '''kukaanga''' ni [[sahani]] ya wali iliyopikwa ambayo imekorogwa-kaanga katika [[Karai|wok]] au kikaangio na kwa kawaida huchanganywa na viungo vingine kama vile [[mayai]], [[Mboga|mboga mboga]], [[dagaa]] au [[nyama]]. Mara nyingi huliwa yenyewe au kama kuambatana na sahani nyingine. Wali wa kukaanga ni sehemu maarufu ya vyakula vya Asia ya Mashariki, Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki na baadhi ya [[vyakula]] vya [[Asia]] ya Kusini, na vile vile chakula kikuu cha kitaifa cha [[Indonesia]]. Kama sahani ya kujitengenezea nyumbani, wali wa kukaanga kwa kawaida hutengenezwa kwa viambato vilivyosalia kutoka kwa vyakula vingine, hivyo basi kusababisha tofauti nyingi. [https://www.ivin.eu.org/2022/04/how-to-make-fried-rice-at-home.html] ilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza wakati wa Enzi ya [[Nasaba ya Sui|Sui]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Uchina]] na kwa hivyo sahani zote za wali zilizokaangwa zinaweza kufuatilia asili yake hadi mchele wa kukaanga wa [[Kichina]]. <ref name="Street Food Around the World">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XCjAQAAQBAJ&q=nasi+goreng+chinese+fried+rice&pg=PA183|title=Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|last=Bruce Kraig|last2=Colleen Taylor Sen|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|isbn=9781598849554|page=183}}</ref> Aina nyingi za mchele wa kukaanga zina orodha yao maalum ya viungo. Katika Uchina Kubwa, aina za kawaida ni pamoja na mchele wa kukaanga wa Yangzhou na mchele wa kukaanga wa Hokkien. Chahan ya Kijapani inachukuliwa kuwa sahani ya [[Kichina]] ya Kijapani, iliyotokana na sahani za Kichina za kukaanga. Kikorea bokkeum-bap kwa ujumla si ya asili ya Kichina ya [[Kikorea]], ingawa kuna aina ya Kichina ya Kikorea ya ''bokkeum-bap''. Katika Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki, [[Kiindonesia|Viindonesia]], [[Malaysia]], na Singaporean ''nasi goreng'' na Thai ''khao phat'' ni vyakula maarufu. Katika nchi za Magharibi, mikahawa mingi inayohudumia walaji mboga imevumbua aina zao za wali wa kukaanga, ikiwa ni pamoja na wali wa kukaanga. Mchele wa kukaanga pia huonekana kwenye menyu za mikahawa ya Kiamerika inayotoa vyakula bila mila ya asili ya sahani hiyo. Zaidi ya hayo, vyakula vya baadhi ya nchi za [[Amerika ya Kusini]] ni pamoja na tofauti za wali wa kukaanga, ikiwa ni pamoja na chaulafan ya Ekuado, arroz chaufa ya Peru, arroz frito ya Cuba, na arroz mamposteao ya Puerto Rican. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge 2021 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 3c7fpl0fjl5tm3gddw2cyat4dgq5iuy 0 152887 1601443 1527916 2026-09-25T19:04:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Universal Zulu Nation''' ni kundi la kimataifa la uhamasishaji wa [[hip hop]] lilianzishwa na hapo awali liliongozwa na msanii wa hip hop [[Afrika Bambaataa]].<ref name="csws">{{cite book|title=Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation|url=https://archive.org/details/cantstopwontstop00chan|last=Chang|first=Jeff|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2005|isbn=0-312-30143-X|location=[[New York City|New York]]|author-link=Jeff Chang (journalist)}}</ref>{{rp|101}} [[File:Zulu_Nation_-_Logo.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zulu_Nation_-_Logo.svg|thumb|Nembo ya zamani ya Zulu Nation.]] Universal Zulu Nation inakuza wazo la kwamba hip-hop ilianzishwa ili kudumisha maadili ya "amani, upendo, umoja na furaha" kwa watu wote bila kujali rangi, dini, au taifa. == Historia == [[Faili:Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_(2004).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_(2004).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Afrika Bambaataa (kushoto) akiwa na DJ Yutaka wa Zulu Nation Japan, 2004.]] Hapo awali kundi hili lilijulikana kwa jina la Organization, liliibuka miaka ya 1970 baada ya kubadilishwa kwa [[Black Spades]], genge la mitaani kutoka eneo la [[South Bronx]], [[New York]]. Ingawa Black Spades walikuwa msingi wa kundi hili, magenge mengine kama [[Savage Nomads]], [[Seven Immortals]], na [[Savage Skulls]] yalichangia wanachama zaidi. <ref>[http://www.zulunation.com/about-zulunation/ About] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zulunation.com/about-zulunation/ |date=20220815134314 }} from ZuluNation.com, retrieved 28 September 2015</ref> Wanachama walianza kuandaa hafla za kitamaduni kwa ajili ya vijana, wakichanganya miondoko ya dansi na harakati za muziki katika kile ambacho sasa kinajulikana kama nguzo za utamaduni wa hip hop. Nguzo za utamaduni wa hip hop ni pamoja na Emceeing (MCing), Deejaying (DJing), breaking, na [[machata]]. Katika mahojiano mengi, Afrika Bambaataa ameeleza kuwa jina "Zulu" lilitokana na filamu ya mwaka 1964 yenye jina kama hilo. Taswira ya Zulu Nation imekuwa ikibadilika kwa nyakati tofauti. Wakati wa miaka ya 1970 na 1980, Afrika Bambaataa na wanachama wa Zulu Nation mara nyingi walivaa mavazi yanayowakilisha tamaduni za sehemu mbalimbali dunia na makundi mengine wanachama wa Zulu Nation dunia kote wanaweza kutumia alama na mandhari mbalimbali za kitamaduni kueleza falsafa ya msingi wa Zulu Nation. Tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Zulu Nation ilianzisha matawi (yanayojitawala yenyewe) huko [[Japani]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Uingereza]], [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Korea Kusini]] na [[Cape Town]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, katika kilele cha vuguvugu la [[Uafrocentriki]] katika hip-hop (wakati ambao wasanii kama vile [[KRS-One]], [[Public Enemy]], [[A Tribe Called Quest]], [[Native Tongues]], na [[Rakim]] walipata mafanikio), harakati hiyo ilionekana kujumuisha mafundisho mengi yanayohusiana na [[Nation of Islam]], [[Nation of Gods and Earths]] , na [[Nuwaubian Nation]]. Katikati ya miaka ya 1990 baadhi ya wanachama walianza kuanzisha miradi au mashirika yao kama vile Ill Crew Universal.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://illcrew.com/|work=web.archive.org|date=1997-04-09|accessdate=2022-07-06|archivedate=1997-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970409171116/http://illcrew.com/}}</ref> Afrika Bambaataa alijiuzulu kama kiongozi wa Zulu Nation mnamo Mei 2016 baada ya madai ya kuwanyanyasa kingono vijana na watoto kadhaa katika shirika hilo. [[Ronald Savage]] alikuwa wa kwanza kati ya wanaume kadhaa kumshutumu Bambaataa hadharani. Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, mamia ya wanachama wa Zulu Nation walijiuzulu kutokana na kutokuwa na imani na kundi hilo na kuanzisha shirika lao la [https://www.thezuluunion.com/ Zulu Union]. ==Zulu Nation nchini Ufaransa== Zulu Nation ilianzishwa Ufaransa mnamo 1982 na Afrika Bambaataa ziara ya "New York City Rap Tour" ilipotumbuiza nchini humo katika miji kadhaa ([[Paris]], [[Lyon]], [[Metz]], [[Belfort]], [[Mulhouse]]) na wasanii [[PHASE 2]], [[Futura 2000]], [[Dondi]], [[Grandmaster D.ST]], [[Rock Steady Crew]], [[Rammellzee]] na kikundi cha Wasichana wawili wa [[Uholanzi]], Buffalo Girls. Zulu Nation ilianzia katikati ya jiji la Par. Tangu mwaka wa 1987, uhusiano wa Zulu Nation na jumuiya ya muziki ya hip hop ya Ufaransa ulipungua. Baada ya ziara ya Afrika Bambaataa nchini Ufaransa mwaka wa 2008 na kuungana tena kwa Zulu Nation huko Paris, harakati mpya za Universal Zulu Nation zimeibuka katika miji tofauti nchini Ufaransa. <ref>Prevos, A.J.M., "Post-colonial Popular Music in France: Rap Music and Hip-Hop Culture in the 1980s and 1990s." In ''Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA''. Tony Mitchell ed., pp. 29–56. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.</ref> Kwa mujibu wa Veronique Henelon, "rap ya Kifaransa imekuwa ikionyesho uhusiano na Afrika."<ref>Henelon, V. "Africa on Their Mind: Rap, Blackness, and Citizenship in France." In ''The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip-Hop and the Globalisation of Black Popular Culture''. Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, eds., pp. 151–66. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2006</ref> Kipindi cha kwanza cha televisheni cha hip-hop kinaripotiwa kuonekana nchini Ufaransa. Kiliitwa '[[H.I.P. H.O.P]].' na kilionyeshwa na kituo cha [[TF1]] mnamo 1984. ==Wanachama mashuhuri na washirika== * [[DJ Kool Herc]] * [[Q-Tip]] * [[Joeystarr]] * [[Fab Five Freddy]] * [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]] * [[Kurtis Blow]] * [[Spoonie Gee]] * [[Rakaa]] * [[Lord Jamar]] * [[Kool Moe Dee]] * [[Ice-T]] * [[Ice Cube]] * [[Immortal Technique]] * [[Big Boi]] * [[Ad-Rock]] * [[Freddie Gibbs]] * [[9th Wonder]] * [[Lovebug Starski]] (marehemu) * [[Jam Master Jay]] (marehemu) * [[Phife Dawg]] (marehemu) * [[Lil Wayne]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2010970/lil-wayne-joins-zulu-nation/|title=Lil Wayne is Reportedly Joining the Hip-Hop Awareness Organization Zulu Nation|accessdate=2022-07-06|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706162830/http://www.mtv.com/news/2010970/lil-wayne-joins-zulu-nation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Zulu King Flowrex * DJ Fuze (UK) * Donnie’s Dad * MC Spice * Soul Messiah * [[Bronx Style Bob]] ==Katika tamaduni maarufu== Universal Zulu Nation imeangaziwa kwa urefu katika mfululizo wa filamu ya Netflix "The Get Down" iliyotoka mwaka 2016. Katika mfululizo huo, nafasi ya Afrika Bambaataa imeigizwa na mwigizaji mwenye asili ya [[Nigeria]] [[Okieriete Onaodowan]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.zulunation.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Zulu Nation] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.zulunation.nl/ Universal Zulu Nation Uholanzi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zulunation.nl/ |date=20110203025422 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120221172703/http://www.zulunation.com.au/ Universal Zulu Nation Australia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160105045657/http://www.hiphopmalta.com/ Universal Zulu Nation Malta] * [http://www.daveyd.com/zulunationhistory.html "Zulu Nation: From Gang To Glory"], by [[Davey D]] {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:makundi ya muziki]] [[Jamii:hip hop]] 9qs51m76bgy5t0kwbr87e4gfh3f963e 0 152913 1601323 1232774 2026-09-25T14:25:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image |total_width=280 |caption_align=center |image1=Chess piece - White queen.jpg |caption1=Malkia nyeupe |width1=1000 |height1=1722 |image2=Chess piece - Black queen.JPG |caption2=Malkia nyeusi |width2=1834 |height2=3120 }} '''Malkia''' ni kete ya mchezo wa sataranji ambayo inasimama karibu na [[Mfalme|shaha]] mwanzoni mwa mchezo. Malkia hukaa kwenye mraba d1 kwa upande mweupe na mraba d8 kwa upande mweusi. Inaweza kusogea idadi yoyote ya miraba isiyokaliwa kwa [[Ulalo|mshazari]], wima, au mlalo. Wakati wa kurekodi michezo, inatajwa kwa kifupi cha "Q". Malkia hutazamiwa kuwa kete yenye uwezo mkubwa kushinda zote kwenye sataranji. == Mwendo wa malkia == Malkia anaweza kusogea kama [[Sataranja (sataranji)|sataranja]] (''bishop'') na [[Ngome (sataranji)|ngome]] (rook). Kila mchezaji huanza na malkia mmoja. Mchezaji anaweza kubadilisha [[Kitunda (sataranji)|kitunda]] kuwa malkia wakati kinafika mstari wa mwisho wa ubao. [[Jamii:Sataranji]] r9su7xmskulk1hfc7hxb44e0evmjy34 0 154999 1601191 1375635 2026-09-25T13:46:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book}} '''Mawazo Mapya: Uroho kwa Vitendo''' (2003) ni kitabu cha tatu cha Mary Morrissey, ambamo alikusanya na kuhariri maandishi ya wahubiri wa New Thought. Kitabu hiki kilichunguza dhana ya Kiyahudi-Kikristo kwamba mawazo huathiri mtazamo wa ukweli. Kitabu hiki kikawa chanzo kikuu cha kuelewa Mawazo Mapya kama harakati ya kimataifa. <ref name=":19"> Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen, eds. (2013). Gurus of Modern Yoga. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 67, 77 https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.001.0001/acprof-9780199938704 https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.001.0001/acprof-9780199938704 </ref> Mercer, Jean (2014-07-30). Alternative Psychotherapies: Evaluating Unconventional Mental Health Treatments. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 17, 210. ISBN 978-1-4422-3492-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=Odo-BAAAQBAJ&dq=morrissey&pg=PA17 as well as https://books.google.com/books?id=Odo-BAAAQBAJ&dq=morrissey&pg=PA17 as well as </ref> <ref name=":1"> Young, Caroline; Koopsen, Cyndie (2010-08-15). Spirituality, Health, and Healing: An Integrative Approach. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 25, 33. ISBN 978-0-7637-7942-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=zd1egJXMCzEC&dq=Morrissey&pg=PA33 as well as https://books.google.com/books?id=zd1egJXMCzEC&dq=Morrissey&pg=PA33 as well as </ref> Taasisi mbalimbali za utafiti wa kitaaluma, ikiwa ni pamoja na Oxford University Press, hurejelea kitabu ''New Thought'' by Mary Morrissey kama chanzo cha msingi cha kuelewa masuala ya kijamii na kidini ya harakati ya Fikra Mpya. <ref name=":19" /> PhD, Sage Bennet (2010-10-06). Wisdom Walk: Nine Practices for Creating Peace and Balance from the World's Spiritual Traditions. New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-822-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=dsVgpaNKRNUC&dq=%22New+Thought%22+%22Morrissey%22&pg=PT198 as well as https://books.google.com/books?id=dsVgpaNKRNUC&dq=%22New+Thought%22+%22Morrissey%22&pg=PT198 </ref> == usuli == Kitabu cha kwanza cha Morrissey, ''Building Your Field of Dreams'' hasa kilihusu Fikra Mpya na kujitambua, <ref> M.S, Tess Keehn (2015-11-19). Alchemical Inheritance: Embracing What Is, Manifesting What Becomes. Balboa Press. ISBN 978-1-5043-4347-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cTCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Building+Your+Field+of+Dreams%22&pg=PT130 as well as </ref> <ref name=":9"> "Religion Book Review: Building Your Field of Dreams". Publishers Weekly. July 1996. Retrieved 2021-10-02. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-553-10214-7 </ref> huku kitabu chake cha pili, ''Si Chini ya Ukuu'' kikizingatia mahusiano ya kibinadamu. <ref name=":112"> "Nonfiction Book Review: NO LESS THAN GREATNESS". Publishers Weekly. 7 August 2001. Retrieved 2021-10-02. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-553-10653-4 </ref> Katika vitabu vyake na maandishi mengine, Morrissey alijumuisha vyanzo kutoka kwa mapokeo mengi ya kidini, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]], <ref name=":11"> "Nonfiction Book Review: NO LESS THAN GREATNESS". Publishers Weekly. 7 August 2001. Retrieved 2021-10-02. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-553-10653-4 </ref> Kozi ya Miujiza, <ref name=":11" /> [[Talmud]], <ref name=":17"> Morrissey, Mary (2014-10-24). "What Would You Love?". HuffPost. Retrieved 2021-10-04. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-would-you-love_b_6028942 </ref> Daudejing, <ref> Krause, Wanda (2013). Spiritual Activism: Keys for Personal and Political Success. Red Wheel/Weiser/Conari. ISBN 978-1-61852-068-5.https://books.google.com/books?id=8c8BAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22mary+manin+Morrissey%22&pg=PT128 as well as </ref> na maandishi ya Thoreau, <ref name=":22">Joan Rosenberg mentions Morrissey being her "premier" teacher. See: Joan Rosenberg mentions Morrissey being her "premier" teacher. See: Joan Rosenberg mentions Morrissey being her "premier" teacher. See: Rosenberg, Joan (2019). 90 Seconds to a Life You Love: How to Turn Difficult Feelings into Rock-Solid Confidence. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-4736-8702-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=UR5lDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mary+morrissey%22&pg=PT274 as well as https://books.google.com/books?id=UR5lDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mary+morrissey%22&pg=PT274 as well as </ref> miongoni mwa wengine. Akitaka kuwasilisha vuguvugu la Mawazo Mapya kwa uwiano na kikamilifu zaidi, aliwaomba viongozi ndani ya vuguvugu hilo kutoa maoni yao kuhusu vipengele vya msingi vya imani ya Fikra Mpya: afya, ustawi, juhudi za ubunifu, mahusiano na hali ya kiroho. Alikusanya na kuhariri hizi katika kile ambacho baadaye kilikuja kuwa kitabu chake cha tatu: ''Mawazo Mapya: Uroho wa Kivitendo''. Iliyochapishwa na Penguin mnamo 2002, kitabu hicho kilijumuisha insha fupi za zaidi ya wanafikra 40 wa New Thought, na sura zilizoandikwa na Mary Morrissey mwenyewe. <ref name=":10"> New Thought by Mary Manin Morrissey: 9781585421428 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2021-10-02 https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/288681/new-thought-by-mary-manin-morrissey/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/288681/new-thought-by-mary-manin-morrissey/ </ref> == Maudhui == Kitabu kimegawanywa katika sehemu tano. Sehemu ya kwanza, '''afya''', inahusika na magonjwa na uponyaji. Inazingatia uponyaji wa kiroho na mazoezi ya dhana ya umoja. Inajadili uwezo wa mikusanyiko kama vile [[Kanisa kama jengo|makanisa]], [[Msikiti|misikiti]] na [[Sinagogi|masinagogi]] kusaidia kuponya jamii zilizo katika shida. Sehemu ya pili, '''ustawi''', inazingatia kujitambua na piramidi ya mahitaji kulingana na Abraham Maslow. Inazungumza juu ya mambo ya kiroho ya pesa na njia za kubadilishana. Inajadili imani ya theolojia ya ustawi na inachunguza jukumu la fahamu. Sehemu ya tatu, '''Juhudi za Ubunifu''', inajadili dhima za ubunifu na msukumo, mbinu za udhibiti wa akili, utambuzi, na jinsi ya kutumia dhana za kimetafalsafa. Sehemu hii inajadili michakato ya kiakili na metafizikia ya akili. Sehemu ya nne inaangazia '''Mahusiano'''. Inajadili mshikamano na uhusiano baina ya watu. Sehemu ya tano na ya mwisho inahusu '''Uroho'''. Sehemu hii inachunguza mazoezi ya kujua "mfano wa Mungu" katika maisha ya kila siku. Inajadili imani katika ulimwengu usio wa kawaida nje ya ulimwengu wa kawaida na unaoonekana, nguvu ya ukuaji wa kibinafsi, na umuhimu wa kutafuta maana. == Ukosoaji == Muda mfupi baada ya kuchapishwa, kitabu hiki kikawa chanzo kikuu cha kuelewa Mawazo Mapya kama harakati ya kimataifa. <ref name=":19"> Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen, eds. (2013). Gurus of Modern Yoga. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 67, 77 https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.001.0001/acprof-9780199938704 https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.001.0001/acprof-9780199938704 </ref> Katika kitabu ''Alternative Psychotherapies'' (Alternative Psychotherapies), mwandishi Jean Mercer alirejelea kitabu ''New Thought'' of Morrissey kama chanzo muhimu cha kuelewa "uhusiano na ulimwengu wa kiroho." <ref name=":0"> Mercer, Jean (2014-07-30). Alternative Psychotherapies: Evaluating Unconventional Mental Health Treatments. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 17, 210. ISBN 978-1-4422-3492-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=Odo-BAAAQBAJ&dq=morrissey&pg=PA17 as well as https://books.google.com/books?id=Odo-BAAAQBAJ&dq=morrissey&pg=PA17 as well as </ref> Katika kitabu cha Jones & Bartlett cha 2009, ''Spiritualism, Health, and Healing: An Integrative Approach'', waandishi Young na Koopsen walitaja ''Mawazo Mapya'' ya Morrissey kama chanzo cha kutofautisha kati ya Mawazo Mapya na harakati za Enzi Mpya :<blockquote>Wazo Jipya linasema kwamba makosa yetu yanaitwa na nafsi zetu kwa uzoefu ili tuweze kujifunza somo linalofikiriwa la kutuongoza kwenye hatua ya kuamka. Wazo Jipya ni mjumuisho, sio pekee, na linaheshimu njia zote kwa Mungu [. . . ] Fikra Mpya sio tu theolojia bali pia mazoezi [. . . ] Fikra Mpya inaamini kwamba tunaweza, kupitia usaidizi wa Mungu, kuponya mwili na roho zetu (Morrissey, 2002). <ref name=":1"> Young, Caroline; Koopsen, Cyndie (2010-08-15). Spirituality, Health, and Healing: An Integrative Approach. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 25, 33. ISBN 978-0-7637-7942-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=zd1egJXMCzEC&dq=Morrissey&pg=PA33 as well as https://books.google.com/books?id=zd1egJXMCzEC&dq=Morrissey&pg=PA33 as well as </ref></blockquote>Vitabu vya ziada vya utafiti, vikiwemo ''Gurus of Modern Yoga'' kutoka Oxford University Press, vinarejelea kitabu cha Morrissey kama chanzo cha msingi cha kuimarisha uelewa wa mtu wa harakati ya Mawazo Mapya. <ref name=":19"> Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen, eds. (2013). Gurus of Modern Yoga. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 67, 77 https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.001.0001/acprof-9780199938704 https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199938704.001.0001/acprof-9780199938704 </ref> <ref name=":2"> PhD, Sage Bennet (2010-10-06). Wisdom Walk: Nine Practices for Creating Peace and Balance from the World's Spiritual Traditions. New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-822-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=dsVgpaNKRNUC&dq=%22New+Thought%22+%22Morrissey%22&pg=PT198 as well as https://books.google.com/books?id=dsVgpaNKRNUC&dq=%22New+Thought%22+%22Morrissey%22&pg=PT198 </ref> == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} l8fae0acoppthoxxu49iej0kjclvhax 0 155995 1601093 1241476 2026-09-25T13:16:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali''' '''Mazrui;''' ni [[filamu]] [[inayoelezea]] maisha ya [[Mwanasiasa]] Ali Al- amin Mazrui aliyezaliwa mwaka 1933 mwezi wapili tarehe 24 na alifariki mwaka 2014 tarehe 12 Mwezi wakumi.Ali Al-amin Mazrui alizaliwa Mombasa nchini Kenya na baadae kufanya kazi katika [[taasisi]] ya elimu nchini Marekani akiwa Profesa na [[muandishi]] wa masuala ya siasa za Africa, masomo ya Kiislamu pamoja na uhusiano wa Korea ya [[Unguja Kaskazini 'A'|kaskazini]].alishikilia nafasi kama kiongozi [[mkuu]] wa taasisi ya [[kimataifa]] ya masuala ya [[Utamaduni wa Nigeria|utamaduni]] katika chuo cha Binghamton kilichopo Binghamton,New York.<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Prof-Ali-Mazrui-dies-in-US/-/688334/2484540/-/u900jwz/-/index.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] 4ksd9q87q39ciib25msa7nr36k476i7 0 156463 1601045 1298587 2026-09-25T13:11:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{vyanzo}} '''William S. Kincaid''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 10]], [[1956]]) ni [[mhandisi]] wa [[kompyuta]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] anayejulikana kwa kuunda Mp3 player SoundJam MP pamoja na Jeff Robbin ambayo hatimaye ilinunuliwa na [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] na kubadilishwa jina na iTunes. == Kazi == Robbin na Kincaid walifanya kazi Apple katika miaka ya 1990 kama wahandisi wa [[programu]] za mifumo kwenye mradi wao wa mfumo wa uendeshaji ''Copland,'' lakini mradi uliachwa baadaye. Wote wawili waliondoka Apple, ambapo Robbin aliunda ''Conflict Catcher'' na Kincaid alifanya kazi mwanzoni mwa mradi huo. Baada ya kusikiliza kipindi kwenye kituo cha redio cha ''NPR'', Kincaid aliunda [[kifaa]] cha kielektroniki cha maunzi na kifaa cha laini cha ''Diamond Rio'' ambacho hutumika katika vicheza sauti vya kidijitali. Kisha akamwajiri Jeff Robbin kuunda sehemu ya mbele ya programu ya kucheza MP3 waliyoipa jina la ''SoundJam MP''. Dave Heller alikamilisha timu yake vizuri kwa ajili ya kazi. Watatu hao walichagua kampuni ya ''Casady & Greene'' kama msambazaji wao, ambaye Jeff alikuwa amefanya naye kazi hapo awali kusambaza ''Conflict Catcher''. Programu hii iliona mafanikio ya mapema katika soko la kicheza muziki cha ''Mac'', ikishindana na ''Audion'' ya [[kampuni]] ya ''Panic''. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] 2a4jv1ah3608i3914xgtofa21ubwjh7 0 156960 1601172 1517558 2026-09-25T13:44:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusitisha Ugomvi''' ni kitendo cha kuzuia vita<ref>{{Citation|last=Forster|first=Robert A.|title=Ceasefires|date=2019|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_8-2|work=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies|pages=1–8|editor-last=Romaniuk|editor-first=Scott|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_8-2|isbn=978-3-319-74336-3|access-date=2022-08-15|editor2-last=Thapa|editor2-first=Manish|editor3-last=Marton|editor3-first=Péter}}</ref> kwa mda mfupi ambapo pande zote wankubaliana kuacha vitendo vya ukorofi. Kihistoria hili jambo liliishi kwa kipindi cha umri wakati, ambayo ilijulikana kama “ suluhu ya Mungu” <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Bailey|first=Sydney D.|date=1977-07|title=Cease-Fires, Truces, and Armistices In the Practice of the UN Security Council|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/ceasefires-truces-and-armistices-in-the-practice-of-the-un-security-council/77012DA4712273CFE24A4D35126E53EE|journal=American Journal of International Law|language=en|volume=71|issue=3|pages=461–473|doi=10.2307/2200012|issn=0002-9300}}</ref>kusitisha mapigano ilitangazwa kama ishara ya kibinadamu kwa awali, kama makubaliano ya kisiasa au dhahiri kwa kusudi la kutatua ugomvi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Evaluating the Relevance of Ceasefires in Light of the UN Global Ceasefire Quandary|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/07/18/evaluating-the-relevance-of-ceasefires-in-light-of-the-un-global-ceasefire-quandary/|work=Modern Diplomacy|date=2020-07-17|accessdate=2022-08-15|language=en-US|author=Arkoprabho Hazra}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Amani]] [[Jamii:USW CHSS]] n53zy02gjq1vyfej5l017p0xjuz7ei6 0 158288 1601492 1504874 2026-09-25T19:43:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eugene Lavon Banks''' (amezaliwa Mei 15, 1959) ni mchezaji nguli wa zamani wa mpira wa [[Mpira wa kikapu|kikapu]] nchini Marekani. Alizaliwa na kukulia huko [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]. == Ajira katika Shule ya Upili na Chuo == Banks alihudhuria shule ya upili huko Magharibi mwa Philadelphia. Kwa jina la utani alijulikana kama "Tinkerbell," Banks alipewa timu za shule za upili za All-American miaka yake mitatu ya mwisho ya shule ya upili. Kufikia mwaka wake wa mwisho, alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora nchini, pamoja na wachezaji kama vile Albert King na Magic Johnson. Banks alitajwa kwenye timu ya kwanza ya McDonald's All American; bado hakukuwa na mchezo maalum wa McDonald, lakini Banks ilipewa jina la MVP wakati timu ya McDonald ilipocheza katika Capital Classic ya 1977. {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] 61fx38bon1dgfge63xd83jezey7k3vy 0 158679 1601458 1336720 2026-09-25T19:21:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chester Gordon Bell''' (Agosti 19, 1934 - Mei 17, 2024) alikuwa mhandisi na meneja wa umeme wa [[Marekani]]. Mfanyikazi wa mapema wa Shirika la Vifaa vya Dijiti (DEC) 1960-1966, Bell alibuni mashine zao kadhaa za PDP na baadaye akawa Makamu wa Rais wa Uhandisi 1972-1983, akisimamia maendeleo ya VAX. Kazi ya baadaye ya Bell inajumuisha mjasiriamali, mwekezaji, Mkurugenzi Msaidizi mwanzilishi wa Kurugenzi ya Kompyuta na Habari ya Sayansi na Uhandisi ya NSF 1986-1987, na mtafiti aliyeibuka katika Utafiti wa Microsoft, 1995-2015. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Gordon Bell alizaliwa huko Kirksville, Missouri. Alikua akisaidia na biashara ya familia, Bell Electric, kutengeneza vifaa na nyumba za waya. <ref name="CHMinterview">{{Cite interview|title=Oral History of Gordon Bell|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102702036}}</ref> {{BD|1934|2024}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] hwwzw166u0qsyre8fhjxj198gz512bh 0 158683 1601130 1515807 2026-09-25T13:39:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jon Louis Bentley''' (amezaliwa Februari 20, 1953) ni mwanasayansi wa kompyuta wa Marekani ambaye ana sifa ya kugawanya algorithm ya ''k'' -d kwa msingi wa kiheuristic. == Elimu na taaluma == Bentley alipokea BS katika sayansi ya hisabati kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] mnamo 1974, na MS na [[Uzamivu|PhD]] mnamo 1976 kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha North Carolina huko Chapel Hill; alipokuwa mwanafunzi, pia alifanya mafunzo katika Kituo cha Utafiti cha Xerox Palo Alto na Kituo cha Kuongeza kasi cha Linear cha Stanford. <ref name="BO79">Biography from <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBentleyOttmann1979">Bentley, J. L.; Ottmann, T. A. (1979), [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA058768.pdf "Algorithms for reporting and counting geometric intersections"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ''IEEE Transactions on Computers'', '''C-28''' (9): 643–647, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1109/TC.1979.1675432|10.1109/TC.1979.1675432]], [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1618521 1618521], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170922105658/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA058768 archived] from the original on September 22, 2017</cite>.</ref> Baada ya kupokea Ph.D., alijiunga na kitivo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon kama profesa msaidizi wa [[Sayansi ya tarakilishi|sayansi ya kompyuta]] na [[hisabati]]. <ref name="BO79" /> Katika CMU, wanafunzi wake walijumuisha Brian Reid, John Ousterhout, Jeff Eppinger, Joshua Bloch, na James Gosling, na alikuwa mmoja wa washauri wa Charles Leiserson. <ref>{{mathgenealogy|id=50096|name=Jon Louis Bentley}}</ref> Baadaye, Bentley alihamia Bell Laboratories, ambapo aliandika kwa pamoja algoriti iliyoboreshwa ya Quicksort na Doug McIlroy. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Jon L. Bentley|last2=M. Douglas McIlroy|author-link2=Douglas McIlroy|date=November 1993|title=Engineering a sort function|journal=Software—Practice & Experience|volume=23|issue=11}}</ref> {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] p3wwsh6ztxypgfz0jr0h35bhlijzlzj 0 158859 1601555 1554740 2026-09-26T03:39:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Ouémé]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 41,657 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Ouémé]] sc6nbzngtywtalb2i01d9lipxbr4d8x 0 158862 1601368 1572086 2026-09-25T15:39:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Borgou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 43,862 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Borgou]] 1hg1enz909fa3nyk01i6suksg8yae01 0 158864 1601013 1562969 2026-09-25T12:51:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601013 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Borgou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 35,267 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Borgou]] lusa60x4c45uar6ftissmhm07k53fln 0 158865 1601650 1563517 2026-09-26T09:09:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Borgou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 31,176 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Borgou]] pxstui1gy2bpohzx3du2fhfuzbvcjvt 0 158868 1601550 1248978 2026-09-26T02:48:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Atlantique (Benin)|Atlantique]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 117,824 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Atlantique]] hbys16ncl142rvr7ucw6880z4orgfbq 0 158874 1601637 1563011 2026-09-26T08:56:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Donga]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 46569 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Donga]] e841crjkg8glb0k7nx2w4diucx9d15p 0 158876 1601772 1568521 2026-09-26T10:41:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Zou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 93,744 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Zou]] fvudanp8zjdijfc0d9bl5fl0dpuuriy 0 158878 1601549 1562104 2026-09-26T02:48:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Zou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 67,885 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Zou]] nq7par6gsrbflsy1p9o2ulpq0cice1k 0 158879 1601540 1562634 2026-09-26T01:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Zou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 26,688 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Zou]] 1rsvydd8d8gto9e9z02abqcmb2vt588 0 158882 1601620 1570403 2026-09-26T08:37:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Alibori]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 37,571 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Alibori]] sepfr5hkz6mwznaxiijzt0f153b5wvq 0 158927 1601276 1588335 2026-09-25T14:12:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukosefu wa makazi kwa vijana''' ni tatizo la ukosefu wa makazi kwa vijana ulimwenguni kote. == Muhtasari == Ukosefu wa makazi kwa [[vijana]] ni suala muhimu la kijamii [[Ulimwengu|ulimwenguni]] kote, katika nchi zinazoendelea na nchi zilizoendelea. Katika [[nchi]] zinazoendelea, utafiti na uzuiaji umelenga zaidi "[[watoto wa mitaani]]", japokuwa katika nchi zilizoendelea, masuala makuu katika utafiti na kuzuia ukosefu wa [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] kwa vijana yanajumuisha kuvunjika kwa uhusiano wa familia, na sababu nyingine inavyosababisha vijana kuondoka nyumbani.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.streetchildrenresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/street-children-in-moscow.pdf|title=Street children in Moscow: using and creating social capital|author=Stephenson, Svetlana|journal=The Sociological Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=530–547|year=2001|access-date=17 October 2017|doi=10.1111/1467-954X.00346|s2cid=143656213|archive-date=2016-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020055913/http://www.streetchildrenresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/street-children-in-moscow.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>"[[Watoto wa mitaani]]" pia hujumuisha wakazi wa mitaani ambao hawana [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]].<ref>{{cite document|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&context=psychfacpub|title=Homeless and working street youth in Latin America: a developmental review|author=Raffaelli, Marcela|publisher=Faculty Publications, University of Nebraska|department=Department of Psychology|date=1999|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> Ufafanuzi halisi wa ukosefu wa makazi kwa [[vijana]] hutofautiana kulingana na eneo. Nchini [[Marekani]], [[kijana]] asiye na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] ni mtu ambaye yuko chini ya umri wa miaka 21 na hawezi kuishi kwa usalama na ndugu yake, na hana namna nyingine kimaisha kama mbadala ulio salama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrcdv.org/rhydvtoolkit/each-field/homeless-youth/define.html|title=Defining the Problem and the Population - Runaway & Homeless Youth and Relationship Violence Toolkit|website=Nrcdv.org|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=2018-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518200125/https://nrcdv.org/rhydvtoolkit/each-field/homeless-youth/define.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nchini [[Australia]], kuna aina tatu za ukosefu wa [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] ambazo ni: wale wanaoishi katika makazi ya dharura (katika [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] ya watu au 'kutumia makazi ya jamaa zao kwenye nyumba za marafiki), wale wanaoishi katika makazi ambayo yapo chini ya viwango vya hali ya chini katika [[jamii]] (nyumba za bweni na kambi za misafara).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.homelessnessaustralia.org.au/index.php/about-homelessness/what-is-homelessness |title=What is Homelessness? |access-date=2016-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110840/http://www.homelessnessaustralia.org.au/index.php/about-homelessness/what-is-homelessness# |archive-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2022-09-17 |archivedate=2016-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110840/http://www.homelessnessaustralia.org.au/index.php/about-homelessness/what-is-homelessness }}</ref> Watu wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]], na mashirika ya watu wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]], wakati mwingine wanashutumiwa kwa tabia ya [[ulaghai]]. Wahalifu pia huwakandamiza watu wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]], kufanya wizi kwa utambulisho wa watu wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] na [[ulaghai]] wa ushuru kwa ustawi wa [[jamii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublinlive.ie/news/dublin-news/kinahan-gang-taking-advantage-homeless-11569806|title=Kinahan gang taking advantage of homeless crisis as part of latest fraud scheme|publisher=Dublin Live|author=Claire Scott|date=5 July 2016|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/crime/article148814304.html|title=Georgia man gets 10 months for perpetrating 'Operation Homeless' fraud in Boise|newspaper=Idaho Statesman|author=Kristin Rodine|date=5 May 2017|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.fraud-magazine.com/article.aspx?id=4294984602|title=Fighting fraudsters who target homeless in scams|author=Kevin Wendolowski|journal=Fraud Magazine|year=2014|issue=September–October|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018015523/http://www.fraud-magazine.com/article.aspx?id=4294984602|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matukio haya mara nyingi hujenga dhana mbaya kuhusu [[Ujana|vijana]] wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/24/homeless-organization-called-fraud/?_r=0|title=Homeless Organization Is Called a Fraud|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Nicholas Confessore|date=24 November 2009|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/is-begging-just-a-scam-or-a-lifeline-for-those-most-in-need-a7371516.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/is-begging-just-a-scam-or-a-lifeline-for-those-most-in-need-a7371516.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Is Begging Just A Scam, Or A Lifeline For Those Most In Need?|newspaper=The Independent|author=David Barnett|date=31 October 2016|access-date=17 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> == Australia == Ukosefu wa [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] kwa [[vijana]] nchini [[Australia]] ni suala la kijamii, linaloathiri [[vijana]] wengi nchini humo.Mnamo mwaka 2006, takwimu za serikali ya [[Australia]], yanayolenga watoto wa shule wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]], ilipata [[vijana]] 20,000 wasio na makazi kati ya umri wa miaka 12 na 18. Makadirio mengine yalipata takriban [[Australia|Waaustralia]] 44,000 wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] chini ya umri wa miaka 25. == Kanada == Nchini [[kanada]], ukosefu wa [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] kwa [[vijana]] unatambuliwa kama jambo muhimu la kijamii, hata hivyo, hakuna mkakati au tafiti za kitaifa ambazo zimefanyika. Baadhi ya watafiti huzingatia athari za ukosefu wa [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] kwa [[vijana]] ambazo zinaweza kutokea kama usagaji, ushoga, na ubadilishaji wa jinsia nchini [[Kanada|Canada]]. Wengine huzingatia mambo mbalimbali ya [[Afya|afya ya kimwili]] na kiakili miongoni mwa [[vijana]] wa [[Kanada|canada]] wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]]. == Marekani == Nchini [[Marekani]], vijana wasio na [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] ni makundi tofauti tofauti. Watafiti wengine wanadai kwamba takribani [[vijana]] milioni mbili huko [[Amerika]] hawana [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]]. == Athari za kiafya == Ukosefu wa [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]] kwa [[vijana]] mara nyingi huambatana na tabia hatarishi kama vile kuwepo kwa ngono zembe pamoja na matumizi ya dawa za kulevya. Hili hutokea kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi kuliko vijana ambao wana hali nzuri ya maisha. Ingawa hatari ya kuambukizwa ni kubwa zaidi kwa vijana wasio na makazi, tafiti zimebaini kuwa ni 46% pekee ndio wamejaribiwa siku chache zilizopita, na kupendekeza kuwa vijana wasio na makazi hawana uwezekano wowote wa kupimwa magonjwa ya zinaa (STI) kuliko wenzao. Historia ya kupuuzwa na vitendo vya unyanyasaji ni ya kawaida kwa vijana ambao hawana makazi, hivyo mara nyingi hawana imani kubwa na watu wazima na watu wengine wenye mamlaka. Watu wazima wanaotaka kuwasaidia vijana hawa walio hatarini watahitaji kuonyesha kuwa ni waaminifu ikiwa wanataka kujenga uhusiano wowote wa kudumu. Jumuiya za utafiti zimeundwa kwa kutoa upimaji wa magonjwa ya zinaa bila malipo. Ijapokuwa ufikikaji wa mahojiano ulibainisha kiwango cha kizuizi ni 40%, tafiti kama hizo zinazotoa upimaji wa magonjwa ya zinaa bila malipo ziliona marudio yakiwa juu kama 98%. Huduma za kina za kiafya zinazopatikana kwa urahisi zitasaidia kushughulikia viwango vya maambukizi ya magonjwa ya zinaa, na matatizo ya kutengwa na jamii kwa idadi kubwa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Ujana]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 Arusha]] 41vore5ts1nlpqnv0sapmlnd4ielaky 0 158958 1601335 1249285 2026-09-25T14:42:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Mono (Benin)|Mono]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 26,627 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Mono]] 5gaskk552sm5lnnl8bdxweo54s4egxj 0 158961 1601596 1553443 2026-09-26T07:16:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601596 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Couffo]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 26,340 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Couffo]] sw2fak2mv6sfl3f5k6kvgtd457hbp2k 0 158962 1601349 1566024 2026-09-25T15:18:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Benin]] katika [[Mikoa ya Benin|mkoa]] wa [[Atakora]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2013]] mji huo ulikuwa na wakazi 27,094 ([[sensa]]<ref>https://instad.bj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=115 {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Benin]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Atakora]] a09kd5rkvm7s1hadecbo1d39tpye9no 0 159140 1601459 1481717 2026-09-25T19:26:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Ashcraft Bates''' (amezaliwa [[1948]]) ni mtafiti wa uchakataji wa lugha asilia ambaye alifanya kazi katika kampuni ya BBN Technologies huko Cambridge, Massachusetts kuanzia mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970 hadi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990. Yeye alikua raisi wa chama cha waandishi wa lugha ya kompyuta mwaka 1985, na mhariri mwenza wa kitabu ''Challenges in Natural Language Processing'' (1993). == Elimu na taaluma == Bates alikuwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo cha Allegheny kabla ya kuhamishwa kwenda Chuo Kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon, ambapo alijifunza hisabati, na kuhitimu mwaka 1968. Alikamilisha Ph.D. yake ya hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard mnamo mwaka 1975, akifanya kazi huko pamoja na Bill Woods juu ya mabadiliko ya mitandao kuongezeka. Akiwa mwanafunzi huko Harvard, yeye alianza kufanya kazi za muda mfupi katika kampuni ya BBN mnamo mwaka 1971. Baada ya kumaliza Ph.D., alikuwa profesa msaidizi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Boston kwa miaka mitatu kabla ya kuwa mtafiti kamili katika kampuni ya BBN. == Maisha yake binafsi == Bates aliolewa na mkemia Alan Hunt Bates katika majira ya joto mnamo mwaka 1968; baadaye akawa profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts Dartmouth. Mama yake, Madeleine DeMuth Ashcraft (aliyefariki 1990), alikuwa akisumbuliwa na ugonjwa unaoitwa [[:en:Huntington's_disease|Huntington's disease]] kwa muda mrefu na Bates amekuwa mwanaharakati wa matibabu ya ugonjwa huo, akifanya kazi kama raisi wa Massachusetts Chapter ya Tume ya Kupambana na Ugonjwa unaojulikana kama Huntington's disease. == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == * {{citation|last=Bates|first=M.|title=The use of syntax in a speech understanding system|date=February 1975|journal=IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing|volume=23|issue=1|pages=112–117|doi=10.1109/tassp.1975.1162640}} * {{citation|last=Bates|first=Madeleine|title=Natural Language Communication with Computers|volume=63|pages=191–254|year=1978|editor-last=Bolc|editor-first=Leonard|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|contribution=The theory and practice of augmented transition network grammars|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/bfb0031372}} * {{citation|last=Bates|first=Madeleine|title=AI Research at Bolt, Beranek & Newman, Inc|url=https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/370|journal=AI Magazine|volume=3|issue=2|pages=44–46|year=1982|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030044947/https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/370|dead-url=yes}} * {{citation|title=Challenges in Natural Language Processing|year=1993|editor1-last=Bates|editor1-first=Madeleine|series=Studies in Natural Language Processing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor2-last=Weischedel|editor2-first=Ralph M.}} * {{citation|last1=Hirschman|first1=L.|title=Proceedings of the Workshop on Human Language Technology - HLT '93|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1004.pdf|year=1993|contribution=Multi-site data collection and evaluation in spoken language understanding|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|doi=10.3115/1075671.1075676|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427202901/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1004.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{citation|last1=Dahl|first1=Deborah A.|title=Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology - HLT '94|url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H94-1010.pdf|year=1994|contribution=Expanding the scope of the ATIS task|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|doi=10.3115/1075812.1075823|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427202900/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H94-1010.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{citation|last=Bates|first=M.|title=Models of natural language understanding|date=October 1995|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=92|issue=22|pages=9977–9982|bibcode=1995PNAS...92.9977B|doi=10.1073/pnas.92.22.9977}} * {{citation|last1=Bates|first1=Madeleine|title=5th Applied Natural Language Processing Conference, ANLP 1997, Marriott Hotel, Washington, USA, March 31 - April 3, 1997|page=35|year=1997|contribution=Using BBN VALAD: Speech at the Logistics Anchor Desk|contribution-url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2020/|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|doi=10.3115/974281.974303|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427202903/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A97-2020/|url-status=dead}} ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 2eai5nzol39cx7j9b2z56pvqilkwsi6 0 161396 1601138 1530315 2026-09-25T13:40:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake''' ([[kifupi]] cha [[Kiingereza]]: '''VAW''' ), unaojulikana pia kama '''unyanyasaji wa kijinsia''' ('''SGBV'''), <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Russo|first=Nancy Felipe|last2=Pirlott|first2=Angela|date=November 2006|title=Gender-based violence: concepts, methods, and findings|journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]]|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] and [[Oxfam]]|volume=1087|issue=Violence and Exploitation Against Women and Girls|pages=178&ndash;205|bibcode=2006NYASA1087..178R|doi=10.1196/annals.1385.024|pmid=17189506}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140721134742/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/pht/SGBV/en/ Sexual and Gender-based Violence] (WHO)</ref> ni vitendo vya [[ukatili]] hasa vinavyofanywa dhidi ya [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] au wasichana. Vurugu kama hizo mara nyingi huchukuliwa kama aina ya uhalifu wa chuki, <ref>''Citations'': </ref> unaofanywa dhidi yao haswa kwa sababu ni [[Jike|wanawake]], na unaweza kuchukua aina nyingi. VAW ina historia ndefu sana, ingawa matukio ya unyanyasaji yanaofautiana kwa maeneo na ata [[jamii]]. Vitendo kama hivyo mara nyingi huonekana kama njia ya kuwatiisha wanawake, iwe katika jamii kwa ujumla au katika uhusiano wa kibinafsi. ukatili huo unaweza kuibuka kutokana na hisia ya kustahiki, ubora, chuki dhidi ya wanawake au mitazamo kama hiyo katika mhalifu au tabia yake ya ukatili, hasa dhidi ya wanawake. Azimio la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kutokomeza Unyanyasaji Dhidi ya Wanawake linasema, "unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake ni dhihirisho la uhusiano wa kihistoria usio na usawa kati ya wanaume na wanawake" na "unyanyasaji dhidi ya wanawake ni mojawapo ya mifumo muhimu ya kijamii ambayo wanawake wanalazimishwa kuwa chini. ikilinganishwa na wanaume." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.un-documents.net/a48r104.htm|title=A/RES/48/104 - Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women|publisher=United Nations General Assembly|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> [[Kofi Annan]], [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]], alitangaza katika ripoti ya [[2006]] iliyowekwa kwenye tovuti ya [[UNIFEM|Mfuko wa Maendeleo ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wanawake]] (UNIFEM):<blockquote>Ukatili dhidi ya wanawake na wasichana ni tatizo la uwiano . Angalau mwanamke mmoja kati ya watatu duniani kote amepigwa, kulazimishwa kufanya ngono, au kunyanyaswa maishani mwake na mnyanyasaji kwa kawaida ni mtu anayejulikana naye. <ref name="Moradian">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://en.tolerancy.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:2009-09-15-08-37-55&catid=43:events-a-reports&Itemid=90|title=Domestic Violence against Single and Married Women in Iranian Society|author=Moradian|first=Azad|work=Tolerancy.org|publisher=[[The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]]|date=10 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230632/http://en.tolerancy.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176%3A2009-09-15-08-37-55&catid=43%3Aevents-a-reports&Itemid=90|archivedate=25 April 2012|accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref></blockquote> : a. ukatili unaotokea katika familia au familia, ikijumuisha, ''pamoja na mengine'', unyanyasaji wa kimwili na kiakili, unyanyasaji wa kihisia na kisaikolojia, ubakaji na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia, kujamiiana na jamaa, ubakaji kati ya wanandoa, wenzi wa kawaida au wa hapa na pale na wanaoishi pamoja, uhalifu unaotendwa kwa jina la heshima, ukeketaji na mila nyingine zenye madhara kwa wanawake kama vile ndoa za kulazimishwa; == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516094651/http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/39C38938-2E29-4151-9280-D5AC063DD02E/0/FICHES_Violence_femmes_EN.pdf Violence against women], a factsheet on ECtHR case law * [https://www.endvawnow.org/ Virtual Knowledge Centre to End Violence against Women and Girls]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in English, French, and Spanish) * [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/SRWomen/Pages/SRWomenIndex.aspx UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences] * [https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/en/ World Health Organization's reports on FGM], Health complications of female genital mutilation == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:Haki za watoto]] [[Jamii:Jinsia]] d6kyqaftf31uza7hhq3vxjnyhg6lqeg 0 161543 1601239 1257925 2026-09-25T14:08:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Historia ya Polandi]] kutoka 1945 hadi 1989''' inahusu kipindi cha utawala wa Marxist-Leninist huko Poland baada ya kumalizika kwa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|Vita vya pili vya dunia]]. Katika kipindi hicho, pamoja na ukuaji wa jumla wa viwanda, ukuaji wa miji na maboresho mengi katika hali ya maisha, iligubikwa na ukandamizaji wa mapema wa Stalinist (Joseph Stalin alikuwa kiongozi wa Umoja wa Kisovieti wakati akihudumu kama Katibu Mkuu wa Kamati Kuu ya Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Umoja wa Kisovieti kutoka 1922 hadi kifo chake tarehe 5 Machi 1953), pia kipindi hiki kiligubikwa na machafuko ya kijamii, mizozo ya kisiasa na matatizo makubwa ya kiuchumi. Karibu na mwisho wa Vita vya pili vya dunia, [[Jeshi Jekundu]] la Kisovieti linalosonga mbele, pamoja na Vikosi vya Wanajeshi vya Kipolishi Mashariki, viliwasukuma nje vikosi vya [[Dola la Tatu|Wanazi wa Ujerumani]] kutoka Poland. Mnamo Februari 1945, Mkutano wa Yalta uliidhinisha kuundwa kwa serikali ya muda ya Poland kutoka kwenye muungano, hadi uchaguzi wa baada ya vita. [[Josef Stalin]], kiongozi wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]], alidanganya utekelezaji wa uamuzi huo. Serikali ya Muda ya Umoja wa Kitaifa inayodhibitiwa na kikomunisti iliundwa huko [[Warshawa|Warsaw]] kwa kupuuza serikali ya Poland iliyokuwa uhamishoni huko [[London]] tangu 1940. Kufuatia kifo cha Stalin mwaka wa 1953, " thaw " iliruhusu kundi lililokuwa na uhuru zaidi la wakomunisti wa Poland, likiongozwa na Władysław Gomułka, kupata mamlaka. Kufikia katikati ya miaka ya 1960, Poland ilianza kukumbwa na ongezeko la matatizo ya kiuchumi na kisiasa. Yalifikia kilele katika mzozo wa kisiasa wa 1968 wa Poland na maandamano ya 1970 ya Poland wakati ongezeko la bei ya watumiaji lilisababisha wimbi la mgomo. Serikali ilianzisha mpango mpya wa kiuchumi unaotegemea mikopo mikubwa kutoka kwa wadai wa nchi za magharibi, ambayo ilisababisha kupanda kwa viwango vya maisha na matarajio, lakini mpango huo ulimaanisha kukua kwa ushirikiano wa uchumi wa Poland na uchumi wa dunia na uliyumba baada ya mgogoro wa mafuta wa 1973 . Mnamo 1976, serikali ya Edward Gierek ililazimika kuongeza bei tena ambayo ilisababisha maandamano ya Juni 1976. {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Polandi]] lv6rhd9erdn60o6eel1epnu9zi6x3q6 0 162639 1601525 1529418 2026-09-25T23:27:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Governorates of Tunisia.svg|thumb|right|190px|Wilaya za Tunisia.]] '''Wilaya za Tunisia''' ni 24 nazo zinagawanyika katika tarafa 264 (''mutamadiyat''), ambazo tena zimegawanyika katika miji (''baladiyat''),<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/utn.html Tunisia Governorates<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> na mitaa (''imadats'').<ref>[http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true ''Portail de l'industrie Tunisienne''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=20130106172919 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106172919/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/Fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=204&dev=true |date=6 January 2013 }}, in French</ref> Katika ngazi ya kwanza ya [[ugatuzi]] Tunisia imegawanyikakatika mikoa 6.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Tunisia-map-according-to-region_fig1_319618925|title=Fig. 1. Tunisia map according to region.|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- align="center" bgcolor="#ffbbbb" ! Key ! Wilaya ! Wakazi<br>(2014)<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://tunisia.opendataforafrica.org/TNCD2014/tunisia-census-data-population-2014?region=1000000-tunisia |title=2014 Tunisian census data |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094332/http://tunisia.opendataforafrica.org/TNCD2014/tunisia-census-data-population-2014?region=1000000-tunisia |archive-date=18 May 2015 |accessdate=2022-12-21 |archivedate=2015-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094332/http://tunisia.opendataforafrica.org/TNCD2014/tunisia-census-data-population-2014?region=1000000-tunisia }}</ref> ! Eneo<br>(km²)<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=205 |title=tunisieindustrie.nat.tn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217082131/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=205 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |accessdate=2022-12-21 |archivedate=2014-12-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217082131/http://www.tunisieindustrie.nat.tn/fr/doc.asp?mcat=12&mrub=105&msrub=205 }}</ref> ! Msongamano ! Mkoa |- | style="text-align: left;" | 1 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Ariana|Ariana]] | style="text-align: right;" | 576,088 | style="text-align: right;" | 482 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,195.20 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Kaskazini Mashariki, Tunisia|Kaskazini Mashariki]] |- | style="text-align: left;" | 2 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Béja|Béja]] | style="text-align: right;" | 303,032 | style="text-align: right;" | 3,740 | style="text-align: right;" | 81.02 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Kaskazini Magharibi, Tunisia|Kaskazini Magharibi]] |- | style="text-align: left;" | 3 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Ben Arous|Ben Arous]] | style="text-align: right;" | 631,842 | style="text-align: right;" | 761 | style="text-align: right;" | 830.28 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 4 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Bizerte|Bizerte]] | style="text-align: right;" | 568,219 | style="text-align: right;" | 3,750 | style="text-align: right;" | 151.53 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 5 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Gabès|Gabès]] | style="text-align: right;" | 374,300 | style="text-align: right;" | 7,166 | style="text-align: right;" | 52.23 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Kusini Mashariki, Tunisia|Kusini Mashariki]] |- | style="text-align: left;" | 6 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Gafsa|Gafsa]] | style="text-align: right;" | 337,331 | style="text-align: right;" | 7,807 | style="text-align: right;" | 43.21 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Djerid|Kusini Magharibi]] |- | style="text-align: left;" | 7 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Jendouba|Jendouba]] | style="text-align: right;" | 401,477 | style="text-align: right;" | 3,102 | style="text-align: right;" | 129.43 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Magharibi |- | style="text-align: left;" | 8 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Kairouan|Kairouan]] | style="text-align: right;" | 570,559 | style="text-align: right;" | 6,712 | style="text-align: right;" | 85.01 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Kati Magharibi Tunisia|Kati Magharibi]] |- | style="text-align: left;" | 9 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Kasserine|Kasserine]] | style="text-align: right;" | 439,243 | style="text-align: right;" | 8,260 | style="text-align: right;" | 53.18 | style="text-align: left;" |Kati Magharibi |- | style="text-align: left;" | 10 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Kebili|Kebili]] | style="text-align: right;" | 156,961 | style="text-align: right;" | 22,454 | style="text-align: right;" | 6.99 | style="text-align: left;" | Kusini Magharibi |- | style="text-align: left;" | 11 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Kef|Kef]] | style="text-align: right;" | 243,156 | style="text-align: right;" | 4,965 | style="text-align: right;" | 48.97 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Magharibi |- | style="text-align: left;" | 12 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Mahdia|Mahdia]] | style="text-align: right;" | 410,812 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,966 | style="text-align: right;" | 138.51 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Sahel, Tunisia|Kati Mashariki]] |- | style="text-align: left;" | 13 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Manouba|Manouba]] | style="text-align: right;" | 379,518 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,137 | style="text-align: right;" | 333.79 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 14 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Medenine|Medenine]] | style="text-align: right;" | 479,520 | style="text-align: right;" | 9,167 | style="text-align: right;" | 52.31 | style="text-align: left;" | Kusini Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 15 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Monastir|Monastir]] | style="text-align: right;" | 548,828 | style="text-align: right;" | 1,019 | style="text-align: right;" | 538.59 | style="text-align: left;" | Kati Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 16 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Nabeul|Nabeul]] | style="text-align: right;" | 787,920 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,788 | style="text-align: right;" | 282.61 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 17 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Sfax|Sfax]] | style="text-align: right;" | 955,421 | style="text-align: right;" | 7,545 | style="text-align: right;" | 126.63 | style="text-align: left;" | Kati Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 18 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Sidi Bouzid|Sidi Bouzid]] | style="text-align: right;" | 429,912 | style="text-align: right;" | 7,405 | style="text-align: right;" | 58.06 | style="text-align: left;" | Kati Magharibi |- | style="text-align: left;" | 19 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Siliana|Siliana]] | style="text-align: right;" | 223,087 | style="text-align: right;" | 4,642 | style="text-align: right;" | 48.06 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Magharibi |- | style="text-align: left;" | 20 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Sousse|Sousse]] | style="text-align: right;" | 674,971 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,669 | style="text-align: right;" | 252.89 | style="text-align: left;" | Kati Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 21 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Tataouine|Tataouine]] | style="text-align: right;" | 149,453 | style="text-align: right;" | 38,889 | style="text-align: right;" | 3.84 | style="text-align: left;" | Kusini Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 22 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Tozeur|Tozeur]] | style="text-align: right;" | 107,912 | style="text-align: right;" | 5,593 | style="text-align: right;" | 22.87 | style="text-align: left;" | Kusini Magharibi |- | style="text-align: left;" | 23 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Tunis|Tunis]] | style="text-align: right;" | 1,056,247 | style="text-align: right;" | 288 | style="text-align: right;" | 3,052.74 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Mashariki |- | style="text-align: left;" | 24 | style="text-align: left;" | [[Wilaya ya Zaghouan|Zaghouan]] | style="text-align: right;" | 176,945 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,820 | style="text-align: right;" | 63.93 | style="text-align: left;" | Kaskazini Mashariki |} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of African countries}} {{mbegu-jio-Tunisia}} [[Category:Wilaya za Tunisia| ]] [[Category:Orodha za kijiografia]] e8kuq6c3n48em1eh1615t247atw4152 0 163504 1601105 1286522 2026-09-25T13:18:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir William Alison Russell''' ([[1875]]–[[1948]]), anayejulikana kama ''Sir Alison Russell'' alikuwa wakili wa Uskoti ambaye alihudumu wakati wa ukoloni wa [[Uingereza]] kama wakili na hakimu. == Maisha ya awali == William Alison Russell alizaliwa mwaka wa 1875, ni mtoto wa George Russell, mhandisi, [[Binamu]] yake alikuwa msanii wa Australia John Russell. Rafiki yake wa karibu alikuwa mchoraji wa Australia. Alisoma Shule ya Rugby. Katika maisha yake ya kibinafsi Alison Russell alikuwa akifanya kazi katika meli. Alipendezwa na sanaa ya uchoraji, alichora kwa kutumia rangi za maji na alikuwa mwanamuziki bora. Akawa wakili wa sheria. == Kazi == Alison Russell alitumikia nyadhifa mbalimbali za kisheria katika ofisi za Wakoloni wa Uingereza barani Afrika, Mediterania na West Indies. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1875]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1948]] [[Jamii:wanasheria wa Uskoti]] hketv91s9dd2ufyog1bvybflkydos1b 0 163505 1601225 1264627 2026-09-25T13:50:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Morris Carter''' ([[1873]]-[[1960]]) alikuwa mwanasheria wa [[Uingereza]] na msimamizi wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]]. Alihudumu kama msajili na jaji nchini [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] na [[Tanganyika]] kati ya [[1902]] na [[1924]]. Alijaribu bila mafanikio kutenganisha ardhi iliyoshikiliwa na Waafrika nchini Uganda ili yaweze kutumika kama mashamba ya Ulaya kwa kutumia vibarua. Aliongoza tume ya ardhi ya Rhodesia Kusini mwaka 1925 na Tume ya Ardhi ya Kenya ya [[1932]]-[[1933]], maeneo yote waliwafukuza Waafrika kutoka kwenye ardhi yao na kutenga maeneo hayo makubwa kwa ajili ya makazi ya wazungu pekee. Alihudumu katika Tume ya Kifalme ya Palestina (1936-1937). == Maisha ya awali == William Morris Carter alizaliwa huko [[Canterbury]], Uingereza mnamo [[1873]]. Alisoma katika Shule ya Mfalme, Canterbury na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]], kisha akajiunga na utawala wa kikoloni wa Uingereza. Mwaka 1906 Jaji William Morris Carter alitoa ripoti kuhusu umiliki wa ardhi wa [[Buganda]], na [[Septemba]] [[1907]] alitoa taarifa nyingine iliyohusu baadhi ya maeneo nje ya Buganda. Mnamo Machi 1907 kamati ya umiliki wa ardhi, ambayo Carter alikuwa mwanachama, iliwasilisha mapendekezo yake kwa serikali. Hata hivyo, wazo la kutengwa kwa ardhi kwa ajili ya wahamiaji wa Ulaya halikuzingatiwa vyema na gavana wa Uganda [[Henry Hesketh Bell]] kwa wakati huu. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1873]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1960]] jqw50dmx7zqd4anbz6507z00wi3pis1 0 163670 1601047 1512635 2026-09-25T13:11:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601047 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Africa_de_l'Oèst_(fin_sègle_XVIII).png|thumb| Futa Toro na falme za Afrika Magharibi. Karne ya 18.]] '''Futa Toro''' ( [[Kiwolofu]] na [[Kifula]] ''🤆𞤵𞥄𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥄𞤪𞤮''; [[Kiarabu]] فوتا تورو ), mara nyingi hufupishwa '''Futa''', ni eneo la nusujangwa karibu na mkondo wa kati wa [[Senegal (mto)|Mto Senegali]]. Eneo hili liko kwenye mpaka wa [[Senegal]] na [[Mauritania]]. Lina maji mengi yenye rutuba karibu na mto, lakini sehemu za ndani za kanda mbali na mto zina vinyweleo, kavu na zisizo na rutuba. <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Fouta Fouta, Senegal], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Eneo hili kihistoria ni muhimu kwa theokrasia za Kiislamu, majimbo ya Fulani, majeshi ya jihad na wahamiaji wa [[Futa Djalon|Fouta Djallon]] walitokea hapa. <ref name="gates496">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|last=Anthony Appiah|last2=Henry Louis Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=496}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g8WDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|title=Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges|last=Sohail H. Hashmi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-975504-2|pages=247–249}}</ref> == Jiografia == [[Faili:Map_of_the_Imamate_of_Futa_Toro,_early_19th_century.png|thumb| Ramani ya Uimamu wa Futa Toro, mapema karne ya 19.]] Futa Toro ina eneo la takriban kilomita 400, lakini ya upana mwembamba wa hadi kilomita 20 katika kila upande wa Mto Senegali. <ref name="barry12" /> Sehemu ya magharibi inaitwa Toro, sehemu ya kati na mashariki inaitwa Futa. Sehemu kuu ni pamoja na majimbo ya Bosea, Yirlabe Hebbyabe, Sheria na Hailabe. Futa ya mashariki inajumuisha majimbo ya Ngenar na Damga. Kanda ya kaskazini na mashariki hadi Futa Toro ni [[Sahara]] tasa. Kihistoria, kila jimbo la kijiografia la Futa Toro lilikuwa na ardhi yenye rutuba kutokana na nyanda za mafuriko ya ''waalo'', na udhibiti wa rasilimali hii uliendeshwa na familia za kikoo. Muda mrefu ulimaanisha kuwa eneo lote liligawanywa kati ya familia nyingi, na urithi wa haki za kumiliki mali kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine ulisababisha migogoro mingi ya kifamilia, migogoro ya kisiasa na maslahi binafsi. <ref name="barry12">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rC7TYWPT--8C&pg=PA12|title=Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade|last=Boubacar Barry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-59226-0|pages=12–13}}</ref> == Historia == Neno Futa lilikuwa jina la jumla ambalo Wafulbe walilipa kwa eneo lolote waliloishi, ilhali Toro lilikuwa kitambulisho halisi cha eneo hilo kwa wakaaji wake, ambayo inaelekea lilitokana na ufalme wa kale wa Takrur. <ref>John A. Shoup (31 October 2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.</ref> Watu wa ufalme huo walizungumza [[Kipulaar]], lahaja ya lugha kubwa zaidi za [[Kifulfulde-Borgu|Kifula]] zinazoanzia Afrika Magharibi kutoka [[Senegal]] hadi [[Kamerun]]. Walijitambulisha kwa lugha iliyozaa jina Haalpulaar'en linalomaanisha wale wanaozungumza Kipulaar. Haalpulaar'en pia hujulikana kama Toucouleurs (var. ''Tukolor'' ), jina linalotokana na jimbo la kale la Tekrur. [[Uislamu]] ulifika katika eneo hilo katika hatua zake za mwanzo. Watu wa Toucouleur wa eneo hili walibadilika kufikia karne ya 11. Eneo hilo liliona nguvu nyingi za Kiislamu baada ya hapo. Jimbo la Denanke (1495/1514-1776) liliona asili ya watu wa kisasa wa Tukolor. Uhamiaji wa Fulbe uliondoka katika majimbo ya Futa Toro na [[Futa Djalon|Futa Jallon]] upande wa kusini. [[Faili:FoutaToro1818.jpg|left|thumb| Jeshi la Futa Toro msafarani (1820).]] Kuibuka kwa Almamyate ya Futa Toro mnamo 1776 kuliibua mfululizo wa harakati za mageuzi ya Kiislamu na jihadi. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&pg=PA77|title=The History of Islam in Africa|last=Nehemia Levtzion|last2=Randall Pouwels|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8214-4461-0|pages=77–79|author-link=Nehemia Levtzion}}</ref> <ref name="gates496">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|last=Anthony Appiah|last2=Henry Louis Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=496}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAnthony_AppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2010">Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC ''Encyclopedia of Africa'']. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;496. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Maalum:Vitabu Vyanzo/978-0-19-533770-9|<bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Koo ndogo za Waislamu wa [[Usufii|Kisufi]] wa Fula ( ''Torodbe'' ) walichukua mamlaka katika majimbo yote ya Afrika Magharibi. Katika miaka ya 1780 Abdul Kader akawa almaami (kiongozi wa kidini au imamu) lakini vikosi vyake havikuweza kueneza mapinduzi katika majimbo ya jirani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e688?_hi=3&_pos=1|title=Futa Toro - Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref> Almamyate ya Futa Toro baadaye ikawa msukumo na uwanja mkuu wa kuandikisha [[jihadi]] za mshindi wa Toucouleur al-Hajj Umar Tall na muasi dhidi ya ukoloni al-Hajj Mahmadu Lamine. Licha ya upinzani, Futa Toro ilikuwa imara mikononi mwa majeshi ya Wakoloni wa Ufaransa wakihama kutoka [[Senegal]] ya kisasa kufikia 1900. Baada ya uhuru, moyo wa eneo hilo, ukingo wa kusini wa Mto Senegal ulihifadhiwa na Senegal. Ukingo wa kaskazini ukawa sehemu ya [[Mauritania]]. Mwanamuziki mashuhuri wa kisasa wa [[Senegal]] na nyota wa midundo ya kidunia [[Baaba Maal]] anatoka katika mji wa [[Podor]] huko Futa Toro. == Tazama pia == * [[Almamyate ya Futa Toro]] * [[Wafulani]] * [[Watoucouleur]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051225084216/http://www.wagateway.org/people.htm Muhtasari mfupi wa Watu wa Atlantiki ya Magharibi] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Mauritania]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Senegal]] lc2xi43blb1jndzfw6uss1dopyht6qz 0 164698 1601094 1515538 2026-09-25T13:17:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jua_Kali_fabricator.jpg|thumb|Kutengeneza majiko ya makaa huko [[Mombasa]]]] '''Jiko la Kauri la Kenya''' ni [[jiko]] linalobebeka, linalochoma [[makaa|mkaa]] linalotumika kupikia, linalopatikana hasa katika nyumba za mijini nchini [[Kenya]]. Ilibuniwa kupitia ushirikiano wa makundi ya nchini na ng'ambo, ili kupunguza matumizi ya mafuta ya taa. <ref>[http://www.solutions-site.org/kids/stories/KScat2_sol60.htm "The Kenya Ceramic Jiko"]. ''Horizon Solutions Site for Kids''.</ref> == Maelezo == Jiko la Kauri la Kenya, linalojulikana kama KCJ, ni jiko linalotumia [[makaa]] kama nishati. Ina sura ya [[saa ya mchanga]], na imetengenezwa nje na chuma, na ndani kwa kauri. <ref name="KammenDnaiel">Kammen, Daniel. “Case Study 1 Research, Development and Commercialisation of the Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ).” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. .</ref> Mjengo wa kauri una mashimo kwenye msingi wake, ambayo inaruhusu majivu kuanguka na kukusanywa kwenye kijisanduku kilichoko chini kwa jiko. <ref name="KammenDnaiel" /> Kina kinachotumika zaidi kwa KCJ ni kati ya 70 hadi 100&nbsp;mm. <ref>Allen, Hugh. The Kenya Ceramic Jiko: A manual for stovemakers. Intermediate Technology Publications, London U.K. 1991, (vii-8).</ref> == Historia == Wazo la Jiko la Kauri la Kenya lilitoka kwa Jiko la Ndoo la Thai na liliigwa baada ya Jiko la Metali la Kienyeji la Kenya linalojulikana kama TMS. <ref name="AllenHugh">Allen, Hugh. The Kenya Ceramic Jiko: A manual for stovemakers. Intermediate Technology Publications, 1991</ref> Ilikuwa kutokana na usanifu upya wa majiko haya mawili ambapo Kenya Ceramic Jiko iliundwa. Kupitia ushirikiano wa mashirika ya humu nchini na kimataifa, Kenya Ceramic Jiko ilibadilika na kuchukua sura. Mashirika kama vile CARE, [[UNICEF]], The Bellerive Foundation, pamoja na [[Marekani]] na mashirika ya misaada ya Ujerumani yote yalishiriki katika kuendeleza na kukuza KCJ. <ref name="KammenDaniel">Kammen, Daniel. “Research, Development and Commercialisation of the Kenya Ceramic Jiko and other Improved Biomass Stoves in Africa.” Horizon Solutions Site. Accessed on 26 November 2012. Retrieved from </ref> Shirika la Nishati na Mazingira la Kenya (KENGO) limekuwa na jukumu kubwa katika kuongeza ufahamu, na kukuza matumizi ya Jiko la Kauri la Kenya tangu 1982. <ref name="KammenDaniel" /> Ili kutengeneza Jiko la Kauri la Kenya, nyenzo kuu mbili zinahitajika: [[Udongo kinamo|udongo]] kutengeneza kauri, na chuma. Ukingo wa jiko umetengenezwa kwa karatasi ya chuma isiyokolea, ambayo inaweza kupatikana kutoka kwa vyuma chakavu kama vile vinavyopatikana kwenye ngoma za lami. <ref name="ConroyLitvinoff2013">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abv9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT185|title=The Greening of Aid: Sustainable livelihoods in practice|last=Czech Conroy|last2=Miles Litvinoff|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-06869-2|pages=185–}}</ref> Kwa karatasi ya chuma, unene wa chini unaohitajika ni 0.5&nbsp;mm, na kiwango cha juu ni 0.8&nbsp;mm. <ref name="AllenHugh">Allen, Hugh. The Kenya Ceramic Jiko: A manual for stovemakers. Intermediate Technology Publications, 1991</ref> Viungo vyote kwenye sura ya chuma vinashikiliwa pamoja kwa kutumia riveting au kukunja. <ref name="AllenHugh" /> Kwa mapumziko ya sufuria, paa ya pande zote ya chuma kati ya&nbsp;milimita 7-8 kwa unene inapaswa kutumika, wakati milimita 0.8&nbsp; unene karatasi ya chuma itumike kuunda miguu ya sufuria. <ref name="AllenHugh" /> Chuma kilichotumiwa kuunda msingi wa jiko kinaweza kuwa nyembamba zaidi, karibu milimita 0.25&nbsp; unene, kwani bitana ya ndani ya kauri inalinda dhidi ya kugusa moja kwa moja na joto. <ref name="AllenHugh" /> Sehemu ya kauri ya jiko hufanywa kwa udongo, ambao hutengenezwa na kisha kuchomwa moto. Sifa za aina bora ya udongo kwa matumizi ni: uwezo wa kudumisha nguvu wakati wa kuchomwa kwa 900&nbsp;°C; uwezo wa kubaki na vinyweleo kidogo joto linapofikia 1150&nbsp;°C; udongo haupaswi kupinda au kubadilisha sura wakati wa 1250&nbsp;°C. <ref name="AllenHugh">Allen, Hugh. The Kenya Ceramic Jiko: A manual for stovemakers. Intermediate Technology Publications, 1991</ref> Udongo unapochomwa, unapaswa kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu hadi rangi nyeupe, na, ili kupunguza uwezekano wa kupasuka, unapaswa kupungua chini ya 8% baada ya kuchomwa. <ref name="AllenHugh" /> Udongo ambao unakidhi viwango vyote hapo juu kwa ujumla hujulikana kama " fireclay ". <ref name="AllenHugh" /> Ili kutengeneza Jiko la Kauri la Kenya, aina mbili za vibarua wenye ujuzi zinahitajika, fundi wa chuma na mfanyakazi wa udongo. Zaidi ya nyundo, zana zingine zote zinazohitajika kutengeneza Jiko la Kauri la Kenya zinaweza kupatikana kutoka kwa chakavu au kutengenezwa kwa mkono. <ref name="AllenHugh">Allen, Hugh. The Kenya Ceramic Jiko: A manual for stovemakers. Intermediate Technology Publications, 1991</ref> Mwako wa ndani wa kuni, makaa ya mawe, mkaa, (takriban mimea yoyote) inaweza kusababisha matatizo ya afya. Katika joto la moto wa kawaida, nyenzo hizi "huchoma uchafu," na kupoteza mafuta mengi ya uwezo wao kwa njia ya moshi. Mwako huu usio kamili unamaanisha kuwa gesi zenye sumu (yaani, moshi, zenye kemikali kama vile [[Monoksidi kabonia|monoksidi kaboni]], oksidi ya nitrojeni, oksidi za sulfuri ) na chembe chembe hulipuliwa kwenye angahewa ya chumba. <ref name="SandhuSharanpal">Sandhu, Sharanpal. “The Kenya Ceramic Jiko.” Horizon Solutions Site for Kids. Accessed on 26 November 2012. Retrieved from </ref> Gesi na chembe hizi zinahusishwa kwa uwazi na kuongezeka kwa hatari ya saratani na matatizo makubwa ya kupumua kwa papo hapo au sugu. Njia rahisi zaidi kwa watu wanaotegemea moto wazi ili kupunguza hatari hii inaweza kuwa kukausha kabisa (au ''kupunguza maji'' ) mafuta kabla ya kuyachoma. Jinsi maji yanavyopungua kwenye mafuta, ndivyo moto unavyozidi kuwaka zaidi, ndivyo mwako unavyokuwa safi zaidi, ndivyo ubora wa hewa ya ndani unavyokuwa safi zaidi. Kukausha tinder kunasaidia sana, kwa kuwa tinder yenye unyevunyevu - bila usaidizi kutoka kwa joto la moto uliowaka - hutoa moshi hatari sana. <ref name="SandhuSharanpal" /> == Mazingira == Nchini Kenya takriban 70% ya nishati inayotumiwa inatokana na kuni, huku 80% ya watu wakiitegemea. <ref name="walu">Walubergo, Dominic. “Improved Stove Programmes in Kenya.” World Environmental Liberty. Accessed on 26 November 2012. Retrieved from .</ref> Wanaotumia jiko vijijini huwa wanachoma kuni moja kwa moja, wakati wakazi wa mijini wana mwelekeo wa kuchoma makaa kama nishati. <ref name="walu" /> Wizara ya Nishati na Maendeleo ya Kikanda ya Kenya ilikadiria kuwa, mwaka wa 1986, mahitaji ya kila mwaka ya kuni kama mafuta yalikuwa tani milioni 18.7, na kukua kwa kiwango cha 3.6% kwa mwaka. <ref name="walu" /> Kukata miti kwa ajili ya kuni kumesababisha uharibifu wa mazingira, ikiwa ni pamoja na upotevu wa misitu, upotevu wa [[Bioanuwai|viumbe hai]], uharibifu wa [[Makazi (ekolojia)|makazi]], na ongezeko la mmomonyoko wa udongo. <ref name="KammenDaniel">Kammen, Daniel. “Research, Development and Commercialisation of the Kenya Ceramic Jiko and other Improved Biomass Stoves in Africa.” Horizon Solutions Site. Accessed on 26 November 2012. Retrieved from </ref> Akiba ya kuni ilikuwa ikimalizika kwa 40% zaidi ya kiwango cha uingizwaji. <ref name="walu" /> == Faida == Inapotumiwa ipasavyo, Jiko la Kauri la Kenya lina uwezo wa kupunguza matumizi ya mafuta kwa 20-50%, <ref>Kammen, Daniel. Case Study 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.</ref> <ref name="Dorf2001">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/technologyhumans0000dorf|title=Technology, Humans, and Society: Toward a Sustainable World|last=Richard C. Dorf|date=January 2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-221090-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/technologyhumans0000dorf/page/318 318]–|url-access=registration}}</ref> hivyo basi kupunguza mahitaji ya kuni kama rasilimali ya mafuta. <ref name="AllenCourtney2005">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udF5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|title=A Global Strategy for Housing in the Third Millennium|last=W.A. Allen|last2=R.G. Courtney|last3=E. Happold|last4=A.M. Wood|date=20 September 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-82777-9|pages=88–}}</ref> Jiko linaweza kupunguza 20% ya uzalishaji unaozalishwa kutokana na mwako usio kamili; <ref name="HazeltineBull2003">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9VDfTDA3AAC&pg=PA206|title=Field Guide to Appropriate Technology|last=Barrett Hazeltine|last2=Christopher Bull|publisher=Academic Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-12-335185-2|pages=206–}}</ref> hata hivyo tafiti bado zinafanywa ili kuthibitisha hili. <ref name="kammen">Kammen, Daniel. “In-Depth Solution Coverage. Research, Development and Commercialisation of the Kenya Ceramic Jiko and other Improved Biomass Stoves in Africa.” Horizon Solutions Site. Accessed on 26 November 2012. Retrieved from </ref> Zaidi ya hayo, Jiko la Kauri huongeza usalama wa watoto kwani mjengo wa kauri huzuia jiko kuwa moto sana. <ref name="kammen" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-utamaduni-KE}} [[Jamii:Vifaa]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Kenya]] t2w8ffzoxmoanfrlfk75l5rccpnjgdj 0 167030 1601192 1275544 2026-09-25T13:46:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Amy Rayner.JPG|thumb| Amy Hofu mnamo 2009]] '''Amy Elizabeth Fearn''' (alizaliwa [[20 Novemba]] [[1977]]) ni [[refa|mwamuzi]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Uingereza]] kutoka Loughborough, Leicestershire, ambaye mnamo 2010 alikua mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa mwamuzi katika Ligi za mpira wa miguu. <ref name="Telegraph10Feb2010">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/leagues/championship/nottinghamforest/7203475/Amy-Fearn-first-woman-to-referee-Championship-match.html|title=Amy Fearn first woman to referee Championship match|date=10 February 2010}}</ref> Alikua na [[shahada]] ya [[uchumi]] na [[taaluma]] ya katika [[uhasibu]], alikua pia mwamuzi wa soka tangu akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 14, alikua mwanamke wa pili baada ya [[Wendy Toms]] kupanda hadi nafasi ya mwamuzi msaidizi katika soka la kulipwa la Uingereza. Mnamo 9 Februari 2010 alikua mwanamke wa kwanza kuchezesha kama mwamuzi mkuu katika mechi ya Ligi ya Soka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/feb/09/coventry-nottingham-forest-championship|title=Coventry City 1-0 Nottingham Forest &#124; Championship match report|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Uingereza]] 9bhfh13fud3bykl1fbf5k9ohmxrm3gq 0 168428 1601193 1527304 2026-09-25T13:46:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tommy Olivencia''' (jina la kuzaliwa: '''Ángel Tomás Olivencia Pagán'''; [[15 Mei]] [[1938]] - [[22 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa [[kiongozi]] maarufu wa [[bendi]] ya muziki ya salsa nchini [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=1861/2}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Olivencia alizaliwa huko Villa Palmeras ya Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Familia yake ilihamia jiji la Arecibo pindi alipokuwa mtoto. Alipata elimu yake ya msingi na ya sekondari huko. Akiwa kijana, alivutiwa sana na tarumbeta na akajifunza kupiga ala hiyo ya muziki. Mwaka wa 1954, Olivencia aliimba na kupiga tarumbeta kwenye bendi mbalimbali. Alihitimu shule ya sekondari mwaka 1957 na familia yake ilihamia tena Santurce.<ref name="AMG">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tommy-olivencia-mn0000624144/discography|title=Tommy Olivencia Albums and Discography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Puerto Rico]] qr0op7k92wvr30ybxyquxdjxqo0xcq3 0 168469 1601048 1516038 2026-09-25T13:12:00Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juan F. Acosta''' ([[27 Mei]] [[1890]] - [[1968]]) alikuwa [[mtunzi]] na mwalimu wa [[muziki]] wa [[Puerto Rico]]. == Maisha ya awali == Acosta, alizaliwa na kusomeshwa katika mji wa San Sebastián, ulioko upande wa magharibi wa Puerto Riko. [[Wazazi]] wake, waligundua kuwa [[mtoto]] wao alikuwa na [[kipaji]] cha [[muziki]], katika umri mdogo walimpeleka kuchukua masomo ya muziki. Alikuwa chini ya ufundishaji wa [[mwalimu]] Jesus Fiqueroa (1878–1971), [[mtunzi]] mahiri ambaye alimfundisha jinsi ya kucheza ala mbalimbali za muziki, miongoni mwao zikiwemo klarineti na eufoniumu. Kufikia 1900, Acosta alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10 tu, aliweza kutayarisha muziki kwa ajili ya kuchezwa na watu katika kundi iliyoongozwa na Fiqueroa. Mnamo 1906, alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 16, Acosta alifikiwa na mkurugenzi wa Bendi ya Manispaa ya San Sebastian, Ángel Mislan (1862-1911) ambaye alimchukua chini na kuishi naye. Mislan alimfundisha Acosta sanaa ya utunzi wa muziki. Kila mji ulikuwa na Bendi ambayo ilicheza katika uwanja wa mji. Nafasi ya mkurugenzi wa Bendi ilionekana kuwa muhimu sana na Mislan alipoondoka San Sebastian, alipendekeza Acosta awe mrithi wake. <ref name="D"/> <ref name="MPR">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/en/juan_f_acosta.html |title=Music of Puerto Rico |accessdate=2023-04-10 |archivedate=2013-05-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531105522/http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/en/juan_f_acosta.html }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://prpop.org/2017/01/a-la-conquista-de-los-inviernos-del-mundo/|title=A la conquista de los inviernos del mundo – Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular}}</ref> == Utunzi wa kwanza == Acosta alikuwa na mpenzi wake aliyeitwa Carmela ambaye naye alikuwa na rafiki mwingine kwa jina hilohilo moja. Kabla ya kuhama kutoka San Sebastian, mwaka 1909, akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, aliandika danza yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Las Carmelas'', iliyoongozwa na [[wasichana]]. Alihamia mji wa Adjuntas ambako alipanga [[bendi]] yake ya manispaa na bendi mbalimbali za shule. Pia ndipo alipokutana na [[mke]] wake mtarajiwa, Ramonita Nieves. <ref name="D"/> <ref name="MPR"/> Kipaji ama talanta ya Acosta ilifika katika sehemu nyingine za Puerto Rico na akajikuta akifanya kazi na kutembelea miji mingine kufanya kazi. Mmoja wa wanafunzi wake alikuwa kijana kwa jina la Rafael Alers, ambaye katika siku zijazo pia ameonekana angekuwa mwanamuziki mashuhuri. Alitembelea zaidi ya miji 37, ambapo aliwafundisha walimu katika muziki na kusaidia kuendeleza mfumo wa muziki wa elimu katika mashule. <ref name="D"/> <ref name="MPR"/> Mnamo Julai 7, 1936, Acosta alipokuwa amepumzika chini ya mti wa msonobari kwenye uwanja wa mji wa Hatillo, kulimtia moyo kuandika moja ya nyimbo zake kuu, danza ''Bajo La Sombra de un Pino'' (Chini ya Kivuli cha Msonobari). Miongoni mwa tungo nyingi za Acosta ni ''Asi es la Vida'' (That's Life); na " ''Glorias del Pasado'' " (Utukufu wa Zamani). Acosta aliandika zaidi ya vipande 844 vya muziki, pamoja na nyimbo 127. <ref name="D"/> <ref name="MPR"/> == Miaka ya baadaye == Juan F. Acosta alikufa mwaka 1968 na kuzikwa Quebradillas. Kulingana na matakwa yake, familia yake ilipanda mti wa msonobari kando ya kaburi lake. Zaidi ya nyimbo 300 za muziki za Acosta zinalindwa katika Taasisi ya Utamaduni wa Puerto Rico. Katika miaka ya 1960, Taasisi ilirekodi nyimbo 12 bora zaidi za Acosta, zilizofasiriwa kwa [[piano]] na Elsa Rivera Salgado (1908-1998). <ref name="D">[http://www.ladanza.com/acosta.htm Acosta]</ref> <ref name="MPR"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1890]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Puerto Rico]] rwwwe54g1jmxa3q9fvt2s5u590p0man 0 168823 1601107 1515483 2026-09-25T13:18:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jesse Harris 1.jpg|thumb|Jesse Harris]] '''Jesse Harris''' (amezaliwa Oktoba 24, [[1969]]) ni [[mwimbaji]]-[[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] na mpiga [[gitaa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Amefanya kazi na Norah Jones, Melody Gardot, Madeleine Peyroux, Nikki Yanofsky, na Lizz Wright. <ref name="HarrisOfficialDiscography">{{Citation|title=Discography|url=http://www.jesseharrismusic.com/discography/|publisher=JesseHarrisMusic.com|access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Harris na dada yake pacha walizaliwa huko [[New York City]]. Alihudhuria Shule ya Riverdale Country huko New York City. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell mnamo 1991 na [[digrii]] ya [[Shahada]] ya [[Sanaa]] katika [[Kiingereza]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Weiss, Rebecca|date=November 7, 2007|url=http://cornellsun.com/node/25972|title=The Cornell Connection: Jesse Harris '92 Grammy-Winner succeeds in life despite (or because of?) low GPA|work=[[The Cornell Daily Sun]]|accessdate=January 4, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322005415/http://cornellsun.com/node/25972|archivedate=March 22, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://classof91.alumni.cornell.edu/notable-cornell-alumni.cfm#Music|title=Notable Cornell University Alumni: Music|publisher=Cornell University|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> == Kazi == Muziki wa Jesse Harris umefafanuliwa kama "mchanganyiko wa nyimbo za kuwaelezea watu, [[rock]], [[jazz]] na miondoko ya muziki wa kisasa." <ref name="AllMusicFeel">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/feel-mw0000476229|title=Feel – Jesse Harris : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards|author=Gorce|first=Tammy La|date=July 1, 2007|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> Harris alitoa masomo ya [[gitaa]] na kutumbuiza katika vikundi vya muziki kabla ya kuunda kundi la wawili "Once Blue" na mwimbaji-mtunzi wa nyimbo Rebecca Martin. Hili lilikuwa kundi la kwanza alilokuwamo na hadi kupata uzoefu wa kuweza kumwandikia mwimbaji mwingine. ''Mara tu Blue'' ilipotoa wimbo wake wa kwanza uliopewa jina la kwanza kwenye rekodi za EMI mnamo 1995 na nyimbo tisa za ziada zilijumuishwa katika toleo jipya kutoka kwenye albamu hio 2003. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Grammy]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 9uv3mghi9y7tkylihf3nvtom4ugnzfm 0 168869 1601226 1524381 2026-09-25T13:50:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ricardo''' " '''Richie''' " '''Ray''' (alizaliwa [[Februari 15]], [[1945]]) ni mpiga [[kinanda]] mzuri wa Nuyorican, mzaliwa wa [[New York]] na mwenye asili ya [[Puerto Rico]], [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi na mhudumu wa [[dini|kidini]] anayejulikana kwa mafanikio yake kuanzia 1965 kama sehemu ya duo Richie Ray na Bobby Cruz. Anajulikana kama '''"El Embajador del Piano"''' (Balozi wa Piano). == Maisha ya awali == Ray (jina la kuzaliwa: '''Richard Maldonado Morales''') alizaliwa [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]] na [[wazazi]] wa Puerto Rico. Waliishi kwenye [[Mtaa]] wa Hoyt. Babake Ray, Pacifico Maldonado, alikuwa mpiga [[gitaa]] aliyebobea katika eneo lake la muziki wa asili ya Bayamón, na kwa hivyo ulikuwa ni ushawishi wa [[muziki]] kutoka kwenye [[familia]] ya Maldonado uliompelekea Ricardo na yeye kupenda na kufanya muziki. <ref name="MPR">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/index.php/artists/ricardo_ray/ |title=Music of Puerto Rico |accessdate=2023-04-14 |archivedate=2014-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008040553/http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/en/ricardo_ray.html }}</ref> Wazazi wa Ray walimfanya asome masomo ya [[piano]] alipokuwa na umri wa miaka saba. Ushirikiano wake wa muda mrefu na Robert "Bobby" Cruz Feliciano ulianza miaka mitano baadaye mnamo [[1957]] wakati Ray alicheza besi katika kundi lililoongozwa na Cruz. Mchanganyiko huu ulikuwa mwanzo wa mojawapo ya wasanii wakubwa wa salsa katika tasnia ya muziki ya salsa. <ref name="MPR2">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/index.php/artists/bobby_cruz |title=Music of Puerto Rico-Bobby Cruz |accessdate=2023-04-14 |archivedate=2018-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016094053/http://www.musicofpuertorico.com/index.php/artists/bobby_cruz/ }}</ref> Alisoma Muziki [[Brooklyn]], Shule ya Upili maarufu ya [[Sanaa]] ya [[Uigizaji]], na Shule ya Muziki ya Juilliard. Uzoefu huu ulitumika kukuza zaidi na kuboresha mafunzo yake ya muziki. Kwa kuongeza, alifahamu vyema aina mbalimbali za muziki za [[Kilatini]] ambazo zilikuwa maarufu wakati huo - Guajira, Cha-cha-cha, Bolero na zaidi. <ref name="MPR"/> == Kazi ya muziki == Ray alimuacha Juilliard mwaka wa [[1963]], baada ya mwaka mmoja tu. Alifanya chaguo hili ili aweze kujipanga na kujitolea katika bendi yake mwenyewe. Huu ulikuwa mwaka mmoja baada ya Cruz kujiunga kama mwimbaji mkuu. Mnamo 1965, alisaini na lebo ya rekodi ya Fonseca na akatoa [[albamu]] yake ya kwanza, "Ricardo Ray Arrives-Comején". Albamu hiyo ilijumuisha nyimbo bora zaidi za "Mambo Jazz", "Comején", "Viva Richie Ray", "El Mulato", "Suavito", "Pa' Chismoso Tú" na bolero-cha "Si Te Contaran". Wanandoa hao mashuhuri walirekodi baadhi ya kazi zao bora zaidi katika kipindi ambacho walikuwa na lebo ya Fonseca. <ref name="MPR2"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] axolg0cmx5msdbr3mroztlpbjkgnisb 0 168935 1601300 1510715 2026-09-25T14:14:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Stefan Rovics''' ( / ˈroʊ vɪks / ROH -viks; ROH <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji4TY5M7D6o|title=Folklife: Interview with David Rovics Singer Songwriter|work=YouTube|date=July 11, 2012|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> amezaliwa [[Aprili 10]], [[1967]]) ni [[mwimbaji]]/ [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]]. [[Muziki]] wake unahusu mada kama vile vita vya [[Iraq]] vya [[2003]], kupinga [[utandawazi]], [[Utawala huria|machafuko]], na masuala ya haki za kijamii. Rovics amekuwa mkosoaji mkubwa wa [[Rais]] wa zamani [[George W. Bush]], [[Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani|Chama cha Republican]], [[John Kerry]], na [[Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha Marekani|Chama cha Democratic]]. Rovics anakosoa sera za [[serikali]] ya [[Marekani]] na anadai kuwa "sera ya mambo ya nje ya serikali ya Marekani inawakilisha maslahi ya makampuni ya Marekani" na kwamba "serikali ya Marekani haipendi demokrasia ya ndani ya nchi au nje." <ref name="tlaxcala">{{Rejea tovuti|title=tlaxcala|url=http://www.tlaxcala.es/pp.asp?lg=en&reference=6916|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018141550/http://www.tlaxcala.es/pp.asp?lg=en&reference=6916|archivedate=October 18, 2013}}</ref> Ingawa baadhi ya kazi za Rovics hazichapishwi, na nyingi zinasambazwa kibiashara, Rovics amefanya muziki wake wote uliorekodiwa upatikane bure kama faili za mp3 zinazoweza kupakuliwa. Anahimiza usambazaji wa bure wa kazi yake kwa njia zote zisizo za faida ili kukuza kazi yake na kueneza ujumbe wa kisiasa, na anazungumza dhidi ya tovuti au programu kama iTunes ambazo hutoza pesa kwa kupakua nyimbo zake. Rovics pia ametetea uimbaji wa nyimbo zake kwenye maandamano na amefanya muziki wake na mashairi kupatikana kwa kupakuliwa mitandaoni. <ref name="songbook">{{Rejea tovuti|title=David Rovics - Download Songbook|url=http://davidrovics.prognet.dk/index.htm|work=Progressive @rt & Design|accessdate=16 June 2011|archivedate=2021-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618105811/http://davidrovics.prognet.dk/index.htm}}</ref> == Wasifu == David Rovics alizaliwa huko [[New York|New York City]]. Familia yake ilihamia Wilton, Connecticut alipokuwa mdogo. Rovics alitiwa msukumo wa kisiasa wakati wa ujana wake kutokana na uzoefu wake na watu wenye mwelekeo wa [[Ushikiliaji Ukale|kihafidhina]], mazingira ya Kikristo ya mji wake wa asili. Wazazi wake, wanamuziki wa classical <ref name="Bio">{{Rejea tovuti|title=David Rovics Biography|url=http://www.davidrovics.com/bio.php|work=David Rovics|accessdate=16 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111112500/http://www.davidrovics.com/bio.php|archivedate=11 January 2015}}</ref> na waelimishaji, walikuwa huru katika mtazamo wao. Labda kwa sababu hii, wakati katika ujana wake Rovics alipata ushwishi wa kufuatilia mambo ya nyuklia duniani. Amejielezea kuwa " [[Wayahudi|Myahudi]] anayepinga Uzayuni kutoka [[New York]]". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Rovics|first=David|title=The Antideutsch and Me: An Open Letter to the German Left|date=23 September 2013|url=http://songwritersnotebook.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/the-antideutsch-and-me-open-letter-to.html}}</ref> Mnamo 1985, Rovics alijiandikisha katika Chuo cha Earlham huko Richmond, [[Indiana]], lakini aliacha shule na kuhamia [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California]]. Alifanya kazi i kama vile [[mpishi]], barista, katibu na mpiga chapa, huku akifuatilia masilahi yake ya muziki kama mwigizaji wa barabarani na katika vilabu vidogo na baa. Alijizatiti katika mrengo wa kushoto na akawasiliana na watunzi wengine wa nyimbo na waigizaji na kufanya nao maongezi ya chini chini kulingana na masuala mazima ya itikadi zao kisiasa. Kufikia mapema miaka ya 1990 alikuwa akipendelea kusafiri katika njia za chini ya ardhi za Boston. <ref name="Bio"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] mldk1iez8py3xupczbcdow6rorbzusb 0 168990 1601139 1524382 2026-09-25T13:40:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Stephen Sambora''' (amezaliwa [[Perth Amboy, New Jersey]], [[Julai 11]], [[1959]]) ni mpiga [[gitaa]] wa muziki aina ya [[rock]], [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]] na pia [[mtayarishaji]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mpigaji gitaa mkuu wa bendi ya rock ya Bon Jovi kutoka mwaka [[1983]] hadi [[2013]]. Yeye na mwimbaji kiongozi Jon Bon Jovi waliunda kitengo kikuu cha utunzi wa nyimbo za bendi. Pia ametoa [[albamu]] tatu za kwake pekee: ''Stranger in This Town'' ya mwaka wa [[1991]], ''Undiscovered Soul'' ya mwaka wa [[1998]], na ''Aftermath of the Lowdown'' iliyotolewa [[Septemba]] [[2012]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/richie-sambora-mn0000852376/discography|title=Richie Sambora &#124; Album Discography|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=June 10, 2021}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa [[2018]], Sambora aliingizwa kwenye orodha ya ''Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'' kama mwanachama wa Bon Jovi, <ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bon Jovi|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/bon-jovi|work=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate=17 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> na kuunganishwa tena na wanabendi wenzake wa zamani katika onyesho la sherehe ya utambulisho wa wasanii. Mwaka huo, aliunda RSO mbili pamoja na Orianthi. Baada ya EP zake mbili, wawili hao walitoa [[albamu]] yao ya kwanza ''ya Radio Free America'' mwezi [[Mei]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/richie-sambora-orianthi-radio-free-america/|title=Richie Sambora and Orianthi Announce New LP, 'Radio Free America'|work=Ultimate Classic Rock}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Richard Stephen Sambora ni mwana wa Joan (née Sienila), katibu, na Adam C. Sambora, msimamizi wa kiwanda. Sambora ana asili ya [[Kipolandi]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mycentraljersey.com/article/20091124/NEWS/911240346/Rock-star-Richie-Sambora-s-return-for-charity-campaign-rocks-his-hometown-of-Woodbridge|title=Rock star Richie Sambora's return for charity campaign rocks his hometown of Woodbridge|work=Mycentraljersey.com|accessdate=June 10, 2021}}</ref> na alilelewa kama [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5fIZAAAAIBAJ&pg=5401%2C4368640&dq=sambora-learns-the-hard-way&hl=en|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120721183042/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5fIZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NiMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5401%2C4368640&dq=sambora-learns-the-hard-way&hl=en|title=New Straits Times - Google News Archive Search|date=July 21, 2012|archivedate=July 21, 2012}}</ref> Alikulia katika [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey|Mji wa Woodbridge, New Jersey]], <ref>Falkenstein, Michelle. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/31njarts.html "Around the Scene, a Whirl of Change"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 31, 2006. Accessed September 30, 2007. "Bruce Springsteen, who grew up in Freehold, served up the critically acclaimed "We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions" in April, and the singer Jon Bon Jovi, who was raised in Sayreville, and his band's guitarist Richie Sambora, from Woodbridge, will be immortalized as action figures next July by McFarlane Toys, it was announced in October."</ref> na kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya Upili ya Woodbridge mnamo [[1977]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.evendon.net/PGHLookups/cgi-bin/HandOff-1_0.cgi?WoodbridgeHS1977+PG+0066SP|title=Loading...|work=Evendon.net}}</ref> Alicheza [[mpira wa kikapu]] katika shule ya upili; timu yake ilishinda [[1975]] taji la 4 la Jimbo.  == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === * ''Stranger in This Town''(1991) * ''Undiscovered Soul'' (1998) * ''Aftermath of the Lowdown'' (2012) === pamoja na Shark Frenzy akiwa na Bruce Foster na Richie Sambora === * ''Shark Frenzy - 1978'' (2004) * ''Toleo la 1'' (2004) * ''Tolea la 2 - 1980-81 : Confessions of Teenage Lycanthrope'' (2004) === na Ujumbe === * ''Lessons'' (1982) * ''Message live'' (2006) === akiwa na Bon Jovi === * ''Bon Jovi'' (1984) * ''7800° Fahrenheit'' (1985) * ''Slippery When Wet'' (1986) * ''New Jersey'' (1988) * ''Keep the Faith'' (1992) * ''These Days'' (1995) * ''Crush'' (2000) * ''Bounce'' (2002) * ''Have a Nice Day'' (2005) * ''Lost Highway'' (2007) * ''The Circle'' (2009) * ''What About Now''(2013) === akiwa na Cher === * ''Cher'' (1987) === akiwa na Desmond Child === * ''Discipline'' (1991) === akiwa na RSO === * ''Rise'' (2017) * ''Making History'' (2017) * ''Radio Free America'' (2018) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] ax531xj9xs3dggy2w8eb55vvu4gdz9o 0 169071 1601324 1510875 2026-09-25T14:25:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emery "Detroit Junior" Williams, Jr.''' ([[Oktoba 26]], [[1931]] &#x2013; [[9 Agosti]] [[2005]]) <ref name="Dead">[http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/2005b.html Thedeadrockstarsclub.com] - accessed July 2010</ref> alikuwa mpiga kinanda wa muziki wa blues, [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Chicago]]. Anajulikana kwa nyimbo kama vile "So Unhappy", "Call My Job", "If I hadn't Been High", "Ella" na "Money Tree". Nyimbo zake zimekuwa zikiimbwa tena mara kwa mara na wasanii wengine kama Koko Taylor, Albert King na wasanii wengine wa [[blues]]. == Kazi == Mzaliwa wa Haynes, [[Arkansas]], <ref name="Dead">[http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/2005b.html Thedeadrockstarsclub.com] - accessed July 2010</ref> [[Detroit]] alirekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza uitwao, "Money Tree", na lebo ya Bea & Baby mnamo [[1960]]. [[Albamu]] yake ya kwanza iliitwa ''[[Chicago]] Urban Blues'', ilitolewa mapema miaka ya [[1970]] kwenye lebo ya Blues on Blues. <ref name="AMG">{{Rejea tovuti|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p70585/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Detroit Junior|author=Steve Leggett|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=December 14, 2011}}</ref> Pia ana rekodi kwenye Alligator, Suti ya Bluu, Rekodi za Sirens, na Delmark. Detroit Junior alianza kazi yake huko [[Detroit, Michigan]], akiunga mkono [[wanamuziki]] watalii kama vile Eddie Boyd, John Lee Hooker, na Amos Milburn. Boyd alimleta [[Chicago]] mnamo [[1956]], ambapo aliishi huko kwa muda wa miaka kumi na miwili iliyofuata. Mapema miaka ya [[1970]], Detroit alitembelea na kurekodi na Howlin' Wolf. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p70585/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Detroit Junior|author=Steve Leggett|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=December 14, 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSteve_Leggett">Steve Leggett. [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p70585/biography "Detroit Junior"]. [[Allmusic]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Baada ya kifo cha Wolf mwaka wa [[1976]], Detroit alirudi Chicago, ambako aliishi na kucheza hadi kifo chake,kifo chake kilitokana na kushindwa kwa moyo kufanya kazi mwaka [[2005]]. <ref name="Dead">[http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/2005b.html Thedeadrockstarsclub.com] - accessed July 2010</ref> Alikuwa kila wiki mara kwa mara katika vilabu vya Chicago blues BLUES na Kingston Mines. Alimuachia kakake Kenneth H. Williams. Kenneth H. Williams ni mtunzi wa nyimbo, mpiga [[gitaa]] na mhandisi mashuhuri wa sauti ambaye kwa sasa anawatengenezea kazi Erykah Badu, Donald Glover Jr. AKA Childish Gambino na wengine wengi. == Diskografia == === Albamu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka || Jina || Lebo ya muziki |- | 1990 || ''Chicago Urban Blues'' ||align="center"|Rekodi ya muziki ya Mango]] |- | 1995 || ''Turn Up the Heat'' ||align="center"|Blue Suit |- | 1997 || ''Take Out the Time'' ||align="center"|Blue Suit |- | 2003 || ''8 Hands on 88 Keys - Chicago Blues Piano Masters'' ||align="center"|The Sirens Records |- | 2004 || ''Live at the Toledo Museum of Art'' ||align="center"|Blue Suit |- | 2004 || ''Blues on the Internet'' ||align="center"|[Rekodi ya muziki ya Delmark]] |- |}<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=detroit-junior-p70585/discography|pure_url=yes}}|author=|title=Allmusic ((( Detroit Junior > Discography > Main Albums )))}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 7a6oin7fm5ts0u47j1qd7wgwzbs6zrj 0 169091 1601194 1515760 2026-09-25T13:46:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Meyer''' (alizaliwa Bloemfontein, Afrika Kusini, 13 Agosti 1942 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html|title=Top 15 South African Artists|author=Ceves|first=James|date=2020|work=|publisher=South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"|accessdate=2020-04-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCeves2020">Ceves, James (2020). [https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html "Top 15 South African Artists"]. South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> ) ni [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] mbobea wa Afrika Kusini. Amefanya maonyesho mengi ndani na nje ya nchi akibobea katika mandhari za nchi na picha (pamoja na picha za washindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel [[Nelson Mandela]] na [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|FW De Klerk]] na mpiga kinanda katika matamasha Vladimir Horowitz ) kwa mtindo wa uhalisia wa picha. Hivi majuzi zaidi ameelezea kazi zake kuwa zinaangukia katika kile anachokitaja kuwa "aina ya simulizi" ambapo picha za kuchora mara nyingi huwa sehemu ya mfululizo (kawaida tatu hadi sita) za matukio kwa mpangilio. Ameonyesha michoro yake katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Slater Memorial (Connecticut) na Jumba la sanaa la Everard Read (Johannesburg). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html|title=Top 15 South African Artists|author=Ceves|first=James|date=2020|work=|publisher=South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] 7uetdsdyli34v9lu9at6d0nzd1dae15 0 169158 1601196 1518801 2026-09-25T13:46:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mafuriko ya pwani''' kwa kawaida hutokea wakati ardhi kavu ya chini inapozamishwa na maji ya bahari. Masafa ya mafuriko ya pwani ni matokeo ya mwinuko wa [[Mafuriko|maji]] ya mafuriko ambayo hupenya ndani ya nchi ambayo yanadhibitiwa na topografia ya ardhi ya pwani inayokabiliwa na mafuriko. Muundo wa uharibifu [[Mafuriko|wa mafuriko]] ulikuwa mdogo kwa mizani ya ndani, kikanda au kitaifa. Hata hivyo, pamoja na kuwepo kwa [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]] na ongezeko la idadi ya watu, matukio ya mafuriko yameongezeka na kutaka shauku ya kimataifa ya kutafuta mbinu tofauti zenye mienendo ya anga na ya muda. Maji ya bahari yanaweza kufurika ardhini kupitia njia kadhaa tofauti: mafuriko ya moja kwa moja, kuvuka kwa kizuizi, <ref name="NatureComms_20210618">{{Rejea jarida|last=Almar|first=Rafael|last2=Ranasinghe|first2=Roshanka|last3=Bergsma|first3=Erwin W. J.|last4=Diaz|first4=Harold|last5=Melet|first5=Angelique|last6=Papa|first6=Fabrice|last7=Vousdoukas|first7=Michalis|last8=Athanasiou|first8=Panagiotis|last9=Dada|first9=Olusegun|displayauthors=4|date=18 June 2021|title=A global analysis of extreme coastal water levels with implications for potential coastal overtopping|journal=Nature Communications|volume=12|issue=1|page=3775|bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3775A|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-24008-9|pmc=8213734|pmid=34145274|doi-access=free}}</ref> uvunjaji wa kizuizi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:Maafa asilia]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] bv73px3pnkc0visu83rzmuy7tjuwlbm 0 169256 1601499 1521664 2026-09-25T19:44:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Mzunguko wa jiokemia ya kaboni-silicate''' (pia unajulikana kama mzunguko wa kaboni isokaboni) unaelezea mabadiliko ya muda mrefu ya miamba ya silicate hadi miamba ya kaboni kwa [[hali ya hewa]] na [[mchanga]], na mabadiliko ya miamba ya kabonati kurudi kwenye miamba ya silicate kwa metamorphism na volkano. <ref name="Urey_1952">[[Harold Urey|Urey, H. C.]] (1952). The planets: their origin and development. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures.</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Rejea jarida|last=Berner|first=Robert|last2=Lasaga|first2=Antonio|last3=Garrels|first3=Robert|date=1983|title=The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=283|issue=7|pages=641–683|bibcode=1983AmJS..283..641B|doi=10.2475/ajs.283.7.641}}</ref> <ref name="Walker1981">{{Rejea jarida|last=Walker|first=James C. G.|last2=Hays|first2=P. B.|last3=Kasting|first3=J. F.|date=1981|title=A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|language=en|volume=86|issue=C10|pages=9776–9782|bibcode=1981JGR....86.9776W|doi=10.1029/JC086iC10p09776|issn=2156-2202}}</ref> Kaboni dioksidi huondolewa kutoka angahewa wakati wa uzalishaji wa madini yaliyokauka na kurudishwa [[Anga|angani]] kupitia volkano. Katika mizani ya muda ya miaka milioni iliyopita, mzunguko wa kaboni-silicate ni jambo muhimu katika kudhibiti hali ya hewa ya Dunia kwa sababu inadhibiti viwango vya kaboni dioksidi na kwa hiyo joto la kimataifa. <ref name="Walker1981" /><ref name="Walker19812">{{Rejea jarida|last=Walker|first=James C. G.|last2=Hays|first2=P. B.|last3=Kasting|first3=J. F.|date=1981|title=A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|language=en|volume=86|issue=C10|pages=9776–9782|bibcode=1981JGR....86.9776W|doi=10.1029/JC086iC10p09776|issn=2156-2202}}</ref> Kiwango cha hali ya hewa ni nyeti kwa mambo ambayo yanabadilisha ni kiasi gani cha ardhi kinafunuliwa. Sababu hizi ni pamoja na [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]], topografia, litholojia, na mabadiliko [[uoto asilia]]. <ref name="Walker1993">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiatively Active Trace Gases Selected Papers from the Tenth International Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry|last=Walker|first=James C. G.|date=1993|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4613-6215-9|location=Boston, MA|pages=3–28|chapter=Biogeochemical Cycles of Carbon on a Hierarchy of Timescales|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-2812-8_1}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, mabadiliko haya ya kijiografia na kemikali yamefanya kazi sanjari na nguvu ya jua, iwe kutokana na mabadiliko ya obiti au mabadiliko ya nyota, ili kubainisha halijoto ya uso wa dunia. Zaidi ya hayo, mzunguko wa silicate ya carbonate umezingatiwa kuwa suluhisho linalowezekana kwa kitendawili cha vijana dhaifu cha Sun. <ref name=":03">{{Rejea jarida|last=Berner|first=Robert|last2=Lasaga|first2=Antonio|last3=Garrels|first3=Robert|date=1983|title=The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=283|issue=7|pages=641–683|bibcode=1983AmJS..283..641B|doi=10.2475/ajs.283.7.641}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Kemia]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] 39fw66ustlfkm3lgdn6e9o9hqsxy09v 0 169285 1601301 1515119 2026-09-25T14:14:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lugha}} '''James Max Spann Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 6]], [[1956]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[hali ya hewa]] [[Televisheni|wa runinga]] na mwenyeji [[Podikasiti|wa podcast]] anayeishi [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi WBMA-LD ( ''ABC 33/40'' ), mshirika wa [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] wa Birmingham. Spann amefanya kazi katika uwanja huo tangu [[1978]], na mara nyingi anasifiwa kwa utabiri wake rahisi kuelewa na uwezekano wa kuokoa maisha wakati wa Mlipuko mbaya wa [[2011]]. Yeye pia ndiye [[mtangazaji]] wa podcast ya kila wiki ya WeatherBrains ambayo alianza mwaka wa [[2006]]. .<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.al.com/life/2019/07/the-james-spann-you-never-knew.html|title=The James Spann you never knew|last=Carlton|first=Bob|date=July 2, 2019|website=AL.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> ==== Maisha ya awali ==== Spann alizaliwa mnamo Juni 6, 1956 huko Huntsville, Alabama kwa Max na Carolyn Spann ([[1932]]-[[2018]]). Akiwa mtoto, yeye na familia yake walihamia Greenville katika Kaunti ya Butler. Mama yake alifanya kazi kama katibu katika [[Shule ya Upili]] ya Greenville, huku baba yake akiuza mbao. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] {{BD|1956|}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] lu3zmr8c41fr236v7219tzufd1ywzd0 0 170732 1601597 1558353 2026-09-26T07:16:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601597 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Appalachian Trail Conservancy''' (ATC) (zamani '''Appalachian Trail Conference''') ni shirika lisilo la faida linalojishughulisha na uhifadhi wa [[Appalachian Trail]], njia ya mashariki [[United Majimbo]] yanayoanzia [[Maine]] hadi [[Georgia (jimbo la U.S.)|Georgia]]. Ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1925, ATC inawajibika kwa usimamizi wa kila siku wa Appalachian Trail chini ya makubaliano ya ushirika yaliyotekelezwa na Huduma ya Hifadhi ya Kitaifa. Ndilo shirika lisilo la kiserikali linaloongoza katika kulinda njia ya kijani kibichi ya {{convert|2193|mi|km}}, ekari 250,000 (1,000&nbsp;km²) na inaratibu kazi ya baadhi ya vilabu thelathini na moja vya kudumisha vilabu vinavyofanya maonyesho. kazi ya matengenezo ya ardhini. Sheria ya Mfumo wa Kitaifa wa Njia, ambayo ilianzisha Mfumo wa Kitaifa wa Njia na kuleta Njia ya Appalachian katika milki ya serikali, iliwezesha uchaguzi huo kusimamiwa kama ilivyokuwa tangu 1925, na uratibu wa wakala mkuu na NGO (ATC), lakini kazi nyingi za ufuatiliaji zikiwa. iliyofanywa na, katika 2019, karibu watu wa kujitolea 6,000. ATC ina makao yake makuu [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]], [[West Virginia]]. ==History== Njia ya Appalachian ilibuniwa awali na mtaalamu wa misitu [[Benton MacKaye]] ambaye alifikiria njia kuu ambayo ingeunganisha mfululizo wa mashamba na kazi za nyikani/kambi za masomo kwa wakazi wa mijini.<ref>{{Cte web | date=2020-12-22 |title=An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning {{!}} Appalachian Trail Conservancy |url=https://appalachiantrail.org/our-work/an-appalachian-trail-a- project-in-regional-planning/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Appalachian Trail Conservancy {{!}}}}</ref> Mnamo 1922, kwa pendekezo la Meja [[William A. Welch] ], mkurugenzi wa [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], mpango wa MacKaye ulitangazwa na [[Raymond H. Torrey]] na hadithi katika ''[[New York Evening Post]]'' chini ya kichwa cha habari cha bango la ukurasa mzima. kusoma "Njia Kubwa kutoka Maine hadi Georgia!"; sehemu ya ufuatiliaji wa pendekezo la MacKaye ilikubaliwa haraka na [[Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference]] mpya kama mradi wao mkuu, na mnamo Januari 4, 1924, kilomita ishirini za kwanza (32&nbsp;km) kutoka [[Hudson River]. |Hudson]] kuelekea [[Mto Ramapo]] ilikuwa imekamilika. Njia nzima iliunganishwa mnamo 1937, ingawa karibu kila sehemu imehamishwa kutoka maeneo yao ya asili ili kuboresha uendelevu wa njia za watembea kwa miguu au kutoa ulinzi bora dhidi ya maendeleo au uvamizi. ATC iliundwa [[Washington, D.C.]], mnamo Machi 2 na 3, 1925, na Meja Welch akiwa mwenyekiti na Torrey kama mweka hazina. Mnamo 1927, Welch alibadilishwa na Jaji [[Arthur Perkins (Jaji wa Connecticut)|Arthur Perkins]] na mnamo 1928, [[J. Ashton Allis]] akawa Mweka Hazina. Mnamo 1929, Perkins aliajiri [[Nestell Kipp Anderson|Ned Anderson]] ili kuwasha mkondo wa [[Connecticut]] wa uchaguzi. Sehemu hii ni umbali wa maili 50 kupitia kona ya kaskazini-magharibi ya jimbo kutoka [[Njia ya Kaunti ya 22 (Kaunti ya Uholanzi, New York)|Kona za Mkia wa Mbwa]] huko Webatuck, New York, hadi [[Bear Mountain (Connecticut)|Bear Mlima]] kwenye mpaka wa [[Massachusetts]]. Anderson alifanya kazi mara mbili kama meneja wa sehemu kwa [[chama cha misitu na mbuga ya Connecticut|Chama cha Misitu na Hifadhi ya Connecticut]] na ATC. Akiwa na wahudumu wake wa kujitolea, aliendelea kudumisha mkondo hadi alipostaafu mwaka wa 1948. Leo, sehemu hiyo ya njia inadumishwa na [[Appalachian Mountain Club]].<ref>[http://www.shermanhistoricalsociety.org/books .html Tomaselli, Doris. 2009. ''Ned Anderson: Connecticut's Appalachian Trailblazer - Small Town Renaissance Man'' uk. 47–75. Jumuiya ya Kihistoria ya Sherman. Sherman, CT.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shermanhistoricalsociety.org/books |date=20130925022213 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925022213/http://www.shermanhistoricalsociety.org/books.html |tarehe=2013-09-25 }} {{ ISBN|978-0-615-28611-2}}</ref> ==Activities== ATC imejitolea sio tu kufuatilia matengenezo na uhifadhi mkubwa wa mandhari, bali kwa elimu, s. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} rxyhrbtk5i52glin9yap42vpjvm05bv 0 170849 1601277 1283645 2026-09-25T14:12:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Bioko Sur | settlement_type = [[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Province]] | subdivision_type = Nchi | subdivision_name = [[Equatorial Guinea]] | subdivision_type1 =Makao makuu | subdivision_name1 = [[Luba, Guinea ya Ikweta|Luba]] | image_skyline = | image_flag = | image_shield = | image_map = Bioko Sur in Equatorial Guinea 2020.svg | area_total_km2 = 1241 | population_as_of = 2015 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 34627 | population_density_km2 = }} '''Bioko Sur''' ([[Kihispania]] kwa "Bioko Kusini") ni mkoa wa [[Guinea ya Ikweta]]. Makao makuu yake ni Luba. Inachukua sehemu ya kusini ya kisiwa cha [[Bioko]], ambacho sehemu iliyobaki ni sehemu ya [[Bioko Norte]]. Sehemu ya [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Pico Basilé|Parque Nacional del Pico Basilé]] iliyoundwa mwaka wa 2000 iko Bioko Sur. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Guinea ya Ikweta]] gr635v6woib30awy4i7egme4fk0e9io 0 170861 1601140 1529293 2026-09-25T13:40:28Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Wele-Nzas |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Guinea ya Ikweta|Mkoa]] <!-- images, nickname, motto --> |image_flag = <!-- maps and coordinates --> |image_map = Wele-Nzas in Equatorial Guinea 2020.svg |mapsize = 265px |map_caption = '''Mkoa wa Wele-Nzas''' nchini [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] | coordinates = {{coord|1|30|N|11|00|E|display=inline,title}} <!-- location --> |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{GEQ}} <!-- area --> |area_total_km2 = {{formatnum:5,026|R}} <!-- population --> |population_total = {{formatnum:192,017|R}}<ref name=census2015>{{cite web |url=http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf |title=Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial |language=es |page=7 |publisher=INEGE |accessdate=8 October 2017 |archivedate=2017-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf }}</ref> |population_as_of = 2015 |population_density_km2 = <!-- time zone(s) --> |timezone = [[Kanda muda]] |utc_offset = +01:00 }} '''Mkoa wa Wele-Nzas''' ni mkoa katika sehemu ya mashariki ya [[Guinea ya Ikweta]]. Mji mkuu wake ni [[Mongomo]]. Inapakana na mikoa ya [[Centro Sur]] upande wa magharibi na [[Kié-Ntem]] upande wa kaskazini, na [[Mkoa wa Woleu-Ntem]] wa [[Gabon]] upande wa mashariki na kusini. Kufikia 2015, idadi ya watu wa Wele-Nzas ilikuwa 192,017. Ilipata jina lake kutoka kwa Mto Benito (pia unaitwa ''Wele'' ) na safu ya milima ya Piedra Nzas. == Historia == Wakazi wa kwanza kabisa wa Wele-Nzas, na wakazi pekee wa eneo hilo kwa karibu miaka 15,000, walikuwa watu wa Byele. Hatimaye Wabantu waliingia na kuchukua nafasi ya Wabyele. Wakati wa karne ya 20 Wabyele wa msisho walihamia [[Kamerun]]. Wafang hatimaye wakawa kabila kubwa katika eneo hilo. Wapelelezi Wazungu waliepuka zaidi eneo la ndani la Guinea ya Ikweta. Hata magavana wa Hispania wa eneo hilo hawakutembelea Wele-Nzas hadi kuundwa rasmi kwa [[Guinea ya Uhispania|Guinea ya Kihispania]] mnamo 1926. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Equatorial Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000scaf|last=Scafidi|first=Oscar|date=November 20, 2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781841629254|pages=[https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000scaf/page/n210 193]–195}}</ref> Wele-Nzas ilikuwa na nafasi muhimu katika historia ya Guinea ya Ikweta baada ya uhuru kwa sababu ni jimbo la nyumbani la marais wote wawili wa nchi hiyo ambao ni [[Francisco Macías Nguema]] na [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]. Kuanzia 1975 hadi mapinduzi ya 1979, Macías alitawala kiimla kutoka mji alikozaliwa wa Nsangayong uliopo mpakani na Gabon. Obiang alianzisha miradi mikuu ya miundombinu katika jimbo hilo, ikiwa ni pamoja na uwanja mpya wa ndege na kituo cha mikutano huko Mongomo. Mkoa mpya wa Djibloho ulitengwa kutoka Wele-Nzas mnamo 2017. Ciudad de la Paz (zamani Oyala), mji mkuu wa siku zijazo uliopangwa wa Equatorial Guinea, umeanza kujengwa Djibloho. <ref name="Scafidi">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Equatorial Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000scaf|last=Scafidi|first=Oscar|date=November 20, 2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781841629254|pages=[https://archive.org/details/equatorialguinea0000scaf/page/n210 193]–195}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScafidi2015">Scafidi, Oscar (November 20, 2015). </cite></ref> Mongomo ni mji kubwa zaidi katika jimbo hilo; miji mingine ni pamoja na Aconibe, Añisoc, na Nsok. Barabara kuu inaunganisha Mongomo na mji wa bandari wa Bata. Kuna barabara inayovuka mpaka karibu na Mongome na kuiunganisha na mji wa Oyem nchini Gabon. Mbuga mbili za kitaifa, [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Altos de Nsork|Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Altos de Nsork]] na Hifadhi ya Asili ya Monte Temelon, ziko ndani ya mkoa huo. <ref name="Scafidi"/> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Guinea ya Ikweta]] 5y87k3318o1r8jli3jfs423fqkpixqf 0 171864 1601302 1511317 2026-09-25T14:14:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eddie Firmani, MISL 1984-85 media guide page 019.tif|thumb|right|1984]] '''Edwin Ronald "Eddie" Firmani''' (matamshi: ˈɛddi firˈmaːni; 7 Agosti 1933 - 24 Januari 2021) ni mchezaji wa zamani na mkufunzi wa soka. Alikuwa mshambuliaji wa zamani na alicheza sehemu kubwa ya kazi yake nchini Italia na Uingereza. Alizaliwa nchini [[Union of South Africa|Afrika Kusini]] na alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya [[Italy national football team|Italia]]. ==Kazi ya Kucheza== Firmani alicheza kama mshambuliaji wa kati au mshambuliaji wa ndani. Alijiunga na timu ya Uingereza ya [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]] mwaka 1950 na kuwa mfungaji bora wa kawaida, akiwemo kufunga mabao matano katika ushindi wa 6-1 dhidi ya [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] mwaka 1955. Wakati huo, kikosi cha Charlton kilijumuisha Waafrika Kusini kadhaa, [[John Hewie]], [[Stuart Leary]], na [[Sid O'Linn]]. Wakati wa kipindi chake cha kwanza na Charlton, alioa Pat Robinson, binti wa msaidizi wa meneja wa klabu hiyo. Baadaye mwaka 1955, alihamia klabu ya Italia ya [[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] kwa pauni 35,000, ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa ni rekodi ya uhamisho kati ya klabu ya Uingereza, na kuanza kipindi cha miaka nane nchini Italia ambapo alipata [[caps (football)|caps]] tatu kwa timu ya taifa ya [[Italy national football team|Italia]], akipata uhalali wa kuichezea timu ya taifa kutokana na babu yake kuwa Muitaliano. Pia alicheza kwa [[Inter Milan]] na [[Genoa C.F.C.|Genoa]]. Wakati akiwa anacheza Italia, alipewa jina la utani ambalo baadaye lilirekebishwa mara mbili. Awali alijulikana kama ''Il Tacchino'' (Kiajabu) kwa sababu alipiga mabawa yake ya kiwiko alipokuwa anakimbia. Kisha jina hilo likabadilishwa kuwa ''Il Tacchino Freddo'' (Kiajabu Mwenye Baridi) kwa sababu ya jinsi alivyoshangilia mabao yake kwa utulivu, kabla ya hatimaye kujulikana kama ''Il Tacchino d'Oro'' (Kiajabu Cha Dhahabu) wakati alianza kufunga mabao mara kwa mara.<ref>[https://vault.si.com/vault/43252#&gid=ci0258bdb2f01226ef&pid=43252---cover-image Moses, Sam. "All the way with Tampa Bay," ''Sports Illustrated'', Septemba 1, 1975 (makala ukur asa 48).] Imehifadhiwa tarehe 12 Desemba 2020</ref> Mwaka 1960, Firmani aliandika kitabu cha kumbukumbu kiitwacho "Football with the Millionaires", ambacho kinatoa tofauti ya kuvutia kati ya maisha ya wachezaji wa soka wa Italia na wenzao wa Uingereza katika enzi ya [[maximum wage]]. Alirudi Uingereza mwaka 1963, akajiunga tena na Charlton, ambao kwa wakati huo walikuwa wanacheza katika ligi ya pili. Baada ya miaka miwili, alihamia [[Southend United F.C.|Southend United]] katika ligi ya tatu lakini alirudi tena [[The Valley (London)|The Valley]] kwa kipindi cha tatu na Charlton baada ya misimu miwili. Jumla ya michezo aliyoiichezea Charlton ilikuwa 177, akifunga mabao 89. Kwa kutambua uwezo wake, alitajwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa kigeni wa Charlton mwaka 2005. Firmani ndiye mtu pekee aliyewahi kufunga mabao 100 katika ligi kuu ya Uingereza na Italia, ingawa alifunga mabao 50 tu katika ligi ya kwanza ya Uingereza. Mwaka 1975, alicheza mechi moja kwa [[Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993)|Tampa Bay Rowdies]] ya [[North American Soccer League (1968–1984)|Ligi ya Soka ya Amerika ya Kaskazini]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/F/Firmani.Eddie.htm|title=NASL-|website=www.nasljerseys.com|access-date=25 Julai 2018}}</ref> ==Kazi ya Ukufunzi== ===Charlton Athletic=== Mwaka 1967, Firmani aliteuliwa kuwa mkufunzi wa Charlton na alistaafu kama mchezaji. Firmani alikuwa Mwitaliano wa kwanza kufundisha klabu ya Kiingereza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/may/19/the-footballing-life-eddie-firmani|title=From Cape Town to NY, via Charlton: the footballing life of Eddie Firmani|last=Harris|first=Nick|date=19 Mei 2010|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=25 Julai 2018}}</ref> Katika msimu wake wa pili kama mkufunzi, Charlton walimaliza wa tatu katika [[Ligi ya Soka ya Uingereza daraja la pili|Ligi ya Pili]], wakikosa kufuzu kwa daraja la juu. Aliachishwa kazi mwezi Machi 1970 wakati Charlton walipambana kushuka daraja kwenda [[Ligi ya Soka ya Uingereza daraja la tatu|Ligi ya Tatu]]. ===Amerika Kaskazini=== Firmani alikwenda Amerika Kaskazini na kuwa mkufun zi wa timu kadhaa za [[North American Soccer League (1968–1984)|Ligi ya Soka ya Amerika ya Kaskazini]]: [[Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993)|Tampa Bay Rowdies]], [[New York Cosmos (1971–1985)|New York Cosmos]] na [[Philadelphia Fury (1978–80)|Philadelphia Fury]] ambayo iligeuka kuwa [[Montreal Manic]]. Alikuwa mkufunzi wa Rowdies walioshinda [[Soccer Bowl '75|ubingwa wa NASL]] mwaka wa [[1975 North American Soccer League season|1975]] katika mwaka wake wa kwanza kama mkufunzi na aliteuliwa kuwa mkufunzi bora wa NASL mwaka wa [[1976 North American Soccer League season#Post season awards|1976]], alipoongoza Tampa Bay kufikia rekodi bora ya msimu wa kawaida. Pia aliongoza Rowdies hadi fainali za mashindano ya ndani ya NASL katika [[1975 NASL Indoor tournament|1975]] na [[1976 NASL Indoor tournament|1976]], akishinda la mwisho. Alikuwa mmoja wa makocha watatu tu ''([[Ron Newman (footballer)|Ron Newman]] na [[Al Miller (soccer)|Al Miller]])'' kushinda taji la nje na la ndani katika NASL. Mwaka 1977, Firmani alihamishiwa na kusainiwa na Cosmos katikati ya msimu, baada ya kujiuzulu kutoka Rowdies kwa sababu za kibinafsi. Wakati huo, Cosmos walikuwa na timu iliyokuwa na [[Pelé]], [[Beckenbauer]], [[Giorgio Chinaglia]], na wengine. Firmani alimuongezea [[Carlos Alberto Torres|Carlos Alberto]], nahodha wa [[1970 FIFA World Cup squads#.C2.A0Brazil|Brazil]] iliyoshinda Kombe la Dunia la [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], na Cosmos wakashinda mataji mfululizo katika [[Soccer Bowl '77|1977]] na [[Soccer Bowl '78|1978]]. Kwa mara ya pili katika miaka mitatu, kikosi chake kilikuwa na rekodi bora mwishoni mwa msimu wa [[1978 North American Soccer League season|1978]]. Baada ya kuachishwa kazi na Cosmos mwezi Juni 1979, aliajiriwa haraka kama mkufunzi wa [[New Jersey Americans (soccer)|New Jersey Americans]] ya [[American Soccer League (1933-1983)|Ligi ya Soka ya Amerika]]. Msimu uliofuata, alirudi kufundisha NASL kama mkufunzi wa Fury. Baadaye alikufunza vilabu vya Canada [[FC Inter-Montréal]] ya [[Canadian Professional Soccer League (1983)|Canadian Professional Soccer League]] mwaka 1983 na [[Montreal Impact (1992–2011)|Montreal Impact]] mwaka 1993 wa [[American Professional Soccer League]] na mwisho kabisa timu ya [[Major League Soccer]] [[New York/New Jersey MetroStars]] mwaka 1996. ===Mashariki ya Kati=== Firmani alikuwa mkufunzi katika Mashariki ya Kati na aliongoza [[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]] ya [[Saudi Arabia]] kwa ushindi wa Ligi ya Mabingwa wa [[AFC]] mwaka wa [[1992 AFC Champions League|1992]]. Alikuwa mkufunzi wa [[Al-Ahli Saudi FC|Al-Ahli]] mwaka wa 1994, akiiongoza kushinda Kombe la Mfalme na Super Cup ya Saudia. Alifanya kazi pia na timu za [[Qatar]] [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] na [[Al-Gharafa Sports Club|Al-Gharafa]]. ==Maisha ya baadaye== Baada ya kustaafu kutoka soka, Firmani alisafiri kote duniani akiendelea kufundisha na kujihusisha na miradi ya soka. Aliishi nchini [[South Africa]] kabla ya kuhamia nchini [[Canada]]. Firmani alipokea [[Medali ya Order of the British Empire|Order of the British Empire]] mnamo 2003 kwa mchango wake katika mchezo wa soka. Edwin Firmani alifariki dunia tarehe 24 Januari 2021 akiwa na umri wa miaka 87. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] nu205hqp1fo4d2qmdg0hkdv98sk5ld0 0 171946 1601197 1461411 2026-09-25T13:46:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Motshweneng Simon Gopane''' (alizaliwa [[26 Desemba]] [[1970]] huko Bloemfontein ) ni mkufunzi wa kandanda wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kipa wa zamani wa kimataifa. Katika maisha yake yote ya uchezaji alichezea Bloemfontein Celtic, Jomo Cosmos, Umtata Bush Bucks na Mamelodi Sundowns FC huku pia akiwakilisha Afrika Kusini katika [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika]] [[1998]] na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la [[1998]]<ref>[https://www.thefinalball.com/jogador.php?id=58381&epoca_id=122 Simon Gopane] {{Wayback|url=https://www.thefinalball.com/jogador.php?id=58381&epoca_id=122 |date=20190123082333 }} at footballzz.com Retrieved 10 May 2013</ref> . Tangu alipostaafu angehamia katika ufundishaji wa makipa na kurudi katika timu yake ya mtaani Bloemfontein Celtic kabla ya kuwa na muda mfupi kama kocha Mkuu wa Roses United FC.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/coaches/motshweneng-simon-gopane/298703/ S. Gopane] at uk.soccerway.com Retrieved 19 November 2014</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] m4zpz5bt6ahnoydou6oqw69o8l6iqkb 0 171998 1601860 1431206 2026-09-26T11:57:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Candy Augustine with Chittagong Abahani in 2022.jpg|thumb|Candy Augustine Agbane]] '''Candy Augustine Agbane,''' (alizaliwa [[22 Desemba]], [[1996]]) ni mwanasoka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Nigeria]] ambaye anacheza nafasi ya winga katika klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya [[Bangladesh]], Chittagong Abahani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.gundemkibris.com/spor/ktff-disiplin-kurulu-toplandi-h334816.html|title=KTFF Disiplin Kurulu toplandı|first=Gündem Kıbrıs|last=Gazetesi|website=gundemkibris.com|language=tr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318045645/https://www.gundemkibris.com/spor/ktff-disiplin-kurulu-toplandi-h334816.html|archivedate=2022-03-18|accessdate=2023-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Ushiriki Katika klabu== '''Ikorodu United''' Candy Alianza uchezaji wake akiwa na klabu ya Ikorodu United F.C. katika Ligi Kuu ya [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/02/21/champions-enyimba-lose-4-away-wins-herald-league-season-openers/| title = Champions Enyimba lose, 4 away wins herald league season openers|publisher=pmnewsnigeria.com|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo Vya Nje== * [https://futbalnet.sk/member/1416895/ Wasifu wa Futbalnet] (kwa Kislovakia) {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] beewnlrm2d294xo12wixuk54izrojk3 0 172171 1601141 1497057 2026-09-25T13:40:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:DP World 2021 logo.svg|thumb|'''DP World''']] '''DP World''' ni [[kampuni]] ya kimataifa ya [[Emirati]] inayojihusisha na usafirishaji iliyoko [[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]], [[Falme za Kiarabu]]. Imejikita na usafirishaji wa mizigo, shughuli za [[bandari]], huduma za baharini na maeneo ya biashara huria. Iliundwa mwaka [[2005]] kwa muunganiko wa mamlaka ya bandari ya Dubai (''Dubai Ports Authority'') na mamlaka ya bandari ya Dubai kimataifa (''Dubai Ports International''), DP World inashughulikia [[Kontena|makontena]] milioni 70 ambayo huletwa na karibu [[meli]] 70,000 kila mwaka. Hii ni sawa na takriban 10% ya makontena yanayosafirishwa ya kimataifa yanayotolewa na vituo vyao 82 vya baharini na nchi kavu vilivyopo katika zaidi ya nchi 40. Hadi mwaka [[2016]], DP World ndiyo kampuni iliyokuwa ikiendesha bandari kimataifa, na tangu wakati huo, imepata na kushirikiana na makampuni mengine juu na chini ya mnyororo wa thamani. == Historia == === Zamani === Dubai Ports International (DPI) ilianzishwa mwaka [[1999]]. <ref name="DPWHistory">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://webapps.dpworld.com/portal/page/portal/DP_WORLD_WEBSITE/About-DP-World/History|title=About DP World – History|accessdate=2012-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105071829/http://webapps.dpworld.com/portal/page/portal/DP_WORLD_WEBSITE/About-DP-World/History|archivedate=5 November 2012}}</ref> Mradi wake wa kwanza ulikuwa huko [[Jeddah]], [[Saudia|Saudi Arabia]], akishirikiana na mshirika wa ndani kwenye South Container Terminal (SCT). DPI kisha iliendelea na kuendeleza shughuli katika bandari za [[Jibuti|Djibouti]] mwaka wa [[2000]], [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]], [[India]] mwaka [[2002]] na Constanta, [[Romania]] mwaka [[2003]]. <ref name="DPWHistory" /> Mnamo [[Januari]] [[2005]], DPI ilipata vituo duniani vya CSX (CSX&nbsp;WT). <ref name="CSX">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/Dubai-ports-international-completes-acquisition-of-csx-world-terminals-54123952.html|title=Dubai Ports International Completes Acquisition Of CSX World Terminals|first=CSX Corporation; Dubai Ports|author=International|work=www.prnewswire.com|accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref> Baadaye [[Septemba]] [[2005]] ndipo Dubai Ports International iliunganishwa rasmi na mamlaka ya bandari ya Dubai kuunda DP World. <ref name="Merger">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Middle-East/Sep/29/Dubai-merger-sees-worlds-largest-port-operation.ashx#axzz2DRaJPjeM|title=Dubai merger sees world's largest port operation|date=29 September 2005|accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref> Upanuzi wa haraka kupitia ununuzi uliendelea [[Machi]] [[2006]] wakati DP World ilinunua kampuni ya nne kubwa zaidi ya waendeshaji bandari duniani, P&O kwa £3.9&nbsp;bilioni. === 2006: Mzozo wa usalama wa bandari ya Marekani === Umiliki wa aina mbalimbali za bandari Marekani&nbsp;na DP&nbsp;World ( kama sehemu ya mkataba wa P&O) ilionekana kuwa yenye utata na wengi nchini Marekani ingawa iliungwa mkono na Rais wa Marekani [[George W. Bush]]; bandari za Marekani ziliuzwa muda mfupi baadaye. P&O iliendesha kampuni kuu za Marekani [[New York (jimbo)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[New Orleans]], na [[Miami]]. Kabla ya makubaliano hayo kupatikana, mpango huo ulipitiwa upya na Kamati ya Uwekezaji wa Kigeni nchini Marekani inayoongozwa na Idara ya hazina ya Marekani na zikiwemo Idara za nchi, [[biashara]] na Usalama wa Taifa. Ilipewa mwanga wa kijani ilikuendelea na shughuli zake, lakini muda mfupi baadaye, wanachama wote [[Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha Marekani|wa Democratic]] na [[Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani|Republican]] wa Congress walionyesha wasiwasi juu ya athari mbaya ambayo mpango huo ungekuwa nayo kwa usalama wa bandari. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:kampuni za Falme za Kiarabu]] bledsp2s9flfg2p5chthva5cissav9j 0 175216 1601500 1578143 2026-09-25T19:44:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher B. Field''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] na mtafiti kutoka [[Marekani]], ambaye amechangia katika nyanja ya [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]]. Mwandishi wa zaidi ya machapisho 200 ya kisayansi, Utafiti wa Field unasisitiza [[athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]], kutoka kwa [[molekuli]] hadi kiwango cha kimataifa. Kazi yake inajumuisha majaribio makubwa ya nyanjani juu ya majibu ya nyika ya [[California]] kwa mabadiliko ya ulimwengu ya mambo mengi, tafiti shirikishi juu ya mzunguko wa [[kaboni]] duniani,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ostrom | first = Elinor | authorlink = |author2=Joanna Burger |author3=Christopher B. Field |author4=Richard B. Norgaard |author5=David Policansky | title = Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-04-09_284_5412/page/278 | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 284 | issue = 5412 | pages = 278–282 | date = 1999-04-09 | issn = | doi = 10.1126/science.284.5412.278 | id = | pmid=10195886| citeseerx = 10.1.1.510.4369 | bibcode = 1999Sci...284..278. }}</ref> na tathmini ya athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa kwenye [[kilimo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Field |first = Christopher |authorlink = |author2 = Michael J. Behrenfeld |author3 = James T. Randerson |author4 = Paul Falkowski |title = Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components |journal = Science Magazine |volume = 281 |issue = 5374 |pages = 237–240 |date = 1998-07-10 |issn = |doi = 10.1126/science.281.5374.237 |id = |pmid = 9657713 |url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9gm7074q |bibcode = 1998Sci...281..237F |access-date = 2020-07-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215921/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gm7074q |archive-date = 2018-09-25 |url-status = live }}</ref> Kazi ya Field na miundo inajumuisha tafiti juu ya usambazaji wa kimataifa wa vyanzo vya kaboni na sinki, na tafiti kuhusu madhara ya [[mazingira]] ya kupanua [[nishati]] ya [[biomasi]].<ref name=stanford /> == Vyeo na sifa == Field ndiye mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Idara ya Ekolojia ya Kimataifa ya Taasisi ya Carnegie.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Christopher "Chris" Field | website = | publisher = Woods Institute for the Environment | url = http://woods.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/facultydb.pl?profile=cfield | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-12-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100709120317/https://woods.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/facultydb.pl?profile=cfield | archive-date = 2010-07-09 | url-status = live | archivedate = 2010-07-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100709120317/https://woods.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/facultydb.pl?profile=cfield }}</ref> Field alipokea [[Uzamivu|PhD]] yake kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] mnamo mwaka [[1981]] na amekuwa katika Taasisi ya Carnegie ya Sayansi tangu [[1984]]. Field pia ni Profesa wa [[Biolojia]] na Sayansi ya Mfumo wa Mazingira katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]],<ref name=stanford>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Christopher Field, PhD | website = | publisher = The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University | url = http://fsi.stanford.edu/people/christopherfield/ | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-12-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705211831/http://fsi.stanford.edu/people/christopherfield/ | archive-date = 2014-07-05 | url-status = live }}</ref> Mkurugenzi wa Kitivo cha Hifadhi ya Biolojia ya Jasper Ridge ya Stanford, na mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Marekani. Alikuwa mwandishi mkuu anayeratibu kwa ripoti ya nne ya tathmini ya Jopo la Serikali Mbalimbali kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi. Field ametoa ushahidi mbele ya kamati za Bunge na Seneti na amejitokeza kwenye vyombo vya habari kuanzia “Science Friday” ya NPR hadi “Your World Today.” ya [[BBC]]. Mnamo [[Septemba]] [[2008]], Field alichaguliwa kuwa mwenyekiti mwenza wa Kikundi Kazi cha 2 cha IPCC, pamoja na Vicente Barros.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Carnegie's Chris Field Elected Co-chair of IPCC Working Group 2 | website = | publisher = Carnegie Institution for Science | date = 2008-09-04 | url = http://carnegiescience.edu/news/carnegie_s_chris_field_elected_co_chair_ipcc_working_group_2 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-12-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808101105/http://carnegiescience.edu/news/carnegie_s_chris_field_elected_co_chair_ipcc_working_group_2 | archive-date = 2010-08-08 | url-status = live | archivedate = 2010-08-08 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808101105/http://carnegiescience.edu/news/carnegie_s_chris_field_elected_co_chair_ipcc_working_group_2 }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2009]], Field alikuwa mmoja wa wapokeaji kumi wa Tuzo ya 15 ya Mwaka ya Heinz kwa kuangazia maalumu kwenye mazingira.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Carnegie's Christopher Field To Receive Heinz Award | website = | publisher = Carnegie Institution for Science | date = 2009-09-15 | url = http://carnegiescience.edu/news/carnegie_s_christopher_field_receive_heinz_award | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2010-12-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815064946/http://carnegiescience.edu/news/carnegie_s_christopher_field_receive_heinz_award | archive-date = 2010-08-15 | url-status = live | archivedate = 2010-08-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815064946/http://carnegiescience.edu/news/carnegie_s_christopher_field_receive_heinz_award }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Heinz Awards - Christopher Field|url=http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/christopher-field|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215083616/http://www.heinzawards.net:80/recipients/christopher-field |archive-date=2009-12-15 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] 4eient9ntsucksuvcva7lpqx2lnkbzl 0 176174 1601005 1530250 2026-09-25T12:39:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simon Ravn''' (amezaliwa [[25 Januari]] [[1974]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://amp.dascene.net/detail.php?view=4814&detail=interview |title=Amiga Music Preservation - 2001 interview with Simon Ravn / Melomaniac}}</ref> huko [[Kopenhagen]], [[Udeni]]) ni [[mtunzi]] wa [[muziki]] na filamu nchini [[Udeni]]. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 1980 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, aliandika muziki katika mtindo wa fail la MOD chini ya jina bandia "Melomaniac",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amp.dascene.net/detail.php?detail=modules&view=4814 |title=Amiga Music Preservation - Melomaniac - Modules |publisher=Amp.dascene.net |accessdate=2012-03-06}}</ref> na kutumbuiza muziki wake katika mchezo wa Amiga, Foundation. <ref name="exotica">{{cite web |url=http://www.exotica.org.uk/wiki/Simon_Ravn |title=Simon Ravn |publisher=ExoticA |date= |accessdate=2012-03-06 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="gamasutra">http://www.gamasutra.com/galleries/audio/simon_ravn/index.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/galleries/audio/simon_ravn/index.htm |date=20090513181613 }} Gamasutra Game Audio Gallery feature on Simon Ravn</ref> ==Kazi == '''Michezo ya video * Aina Jenetiki (Amiga) * 1999 Foundation (Amiga) * 2004 CannonCruise * 2005 Gangland * 2006 Wakala Hugo 2 - RoboRumble * 2007 Lemoon Twist * 2008 Viking: Vita kwa Asgard * Dola ya 2009: Vita Jumla * 2010 Napoleon: Vita Jumla * 2019 Jumla ya Vita: Falme Tatu ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.epicsound.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Simon Ravn] {{en}} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jf6bw9vfjd23svcvz6gklc1iw1aqh7p 0 179807 1601559 1487469 2026-09-26T03:49:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mwanasiasa | jina =Aida Mbodj | nchi =Senegal | picha =Aïda mbodj h.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha =Waziri wa kale senegalais de la femme et de la famille | cheo 1 =Wazirir wa Baraza la mwawaziri | bunge la = | jimbo la uchaguzi = | chama = | tar. ya kuingia bunge =Aprili 21, 2004 | alirudishwa mwaka = | aliondoka = | cheo 2 = | kuingia 2 = | kutoka 2 = | akitanguliwa na 2 = | akifuatwa na 2= | tarehe ya kuzaliwa =Senegal | mahali pa kuzaliwa = | kifo = | dini = | elimu = | digrii = | kazi = | tovuti= |mengine= | }} '''Aida Mbodj''' ni [[mwanamke]] [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal|Senegal,]] [[Mbunge]] na [[Waziri]] wa [[Baraza la Mawaziri]], pamoja na Makamu wa Rais wa Bunge la Taifa la Senegal. == Wasifu == Wakati wa serikali ya kwanza ya Macky Sall (kuanzia Aprili 21, 2004 hadi Novemba 23, 2006), alikuwa Waziri wa Wanawake, Familia na Maendeleo ya Jamii. Pia alishikilia nafasi ya baraza la mawaziri wakati wa serikali ya pili ya Macky Sall (kuanzia Novemba 23, 2006 hadi Juni 19, 2007), wakati huu akiwa na wizara kubwa zaidi, kama Waziri wa Wanawake, <ref>« Son nom figurait sur la liste de Hadjibou Soumaré. Pourquoi Aida Mbodj a été recalée », makala Walf Fadjri, 22 jun 2007 sur Rewmi.com http://www3.rewmi.com/Son-nom-figurait-sur-la-liste-de-Hadjibou-SOUMARE-Pourquoi-Aida-Mbodj-a-ete-recalee_a2197.html {{Wayback|url=http://www3.rewmi.com/Son-nom-figurait-sur-la-liste-de-Hadjibou-SOUMARE-Pourquoi-Aida-Mbodj-a-ete-recalee_a2197.html |date=20071008125036 }} https://web.archive.org/web/20071008125036/http://www.rewmi.com/Son-nom-figurait-sur-la-liste-de-Hadjibou-SOUMARE-Pourquoi-Aida-Mbodj-a-ete-recalee_a2197.html 2007-10-08 katika Wayback Machine</ref> Familia, Maendeleo ya Jamii na Ujasiriamali wa Wanawake. Kwa kusikitisha kwa wafuasi wake, hakukaa katika serikali ya Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré ambaye alimteua Awa Ndiaye kwenye nafasi hiyo mwezi Juni 2007. Mbodj alifanya kurudi kwake kisiasa mwaka 2011, hivi karibuni akitajwa kwenye baraza la mawaziri la serikali ya Rais wa sasa Abdoulaye Wade kama Waziri wa Serikali, Familia na Mashirika ya Wanawake. Alikuwa mfuasi wa juhudi za Abdoulaye Wade za kufanya marekebisho ya Katiba ili kuruhusu kuendelea kushikilia ofisi kwa kipindi kingine cha muda. <ref>http://www.xibar.net/Aida-Mbodj-propose-a-Pape-Diouf-de-taire-les-divergences-et-de-revenir-aux-cotes-de-Me-Abdoulaye-Wade_a33879.html Xibar.net. Ilirejeshwa tarehe 18 Agosti 2011.</ref> Maandamano makubwa yaliyoandaliwa na wafuasi na wapinzani wa Wade yalifanyika wakati wa Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2011. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Senegal]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Senegal]] {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} nbtrrw2rszdwzwkndk83vrozbi736qj 0 180021 1601486 1429468 2026-09-25T19:42:39Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mirach and "Mirach's Ghost" by Giuseppe Donatiello.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Picha ya Batinilhuti na [[Roho wa Batinilhuti]]]] '''Batinilhuti''' ni [[nyota]] angavu kwenye [[kundinyota]] la [[Mara (kundinyota)|Mara]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu|publisher=[[TUKI]]|year=2019|isbn=978 019 574616 7|edition=4|location=Dar es Salaam|pages=40}}</ref> Iko kaskazini kwa [[Farasi (kundinyota)|Mraba wa Farasi]] na inaonekana kwa wangalizi walioko kaskazini kwa latitudo 54° [[Kusini|Kus]]. Kwa kawaida hutumiwa na watazamaji nyota ili kufika [[Majarra ya Mara]]. Majarra [[Roho wa Batinilhuti]] (NGC 404) iko [[Dakika ya tao|dakika saba za tao]] kutoka Batinilhuti. Nyota hii ina [[mwangaza unaoonekana]] wa 2.07, ukibadilika kati ya 2.01 na 2.10. Hivyo wakati fulani nyota ni angavu kuliko zote kwenye kundinyota, ikiwa [[nyotabadilifu]]. Kwa mujibu wa vipimo vya [[paralaksi]], iko takribani [[Mwakanuru|miakanuru]] 197 kutoka [[Jua]]. [[Mwangaza halisi|Mwangaza wake halisi]] unapunguzwa kwa 0.06 na [[gesi]] na [[vumbi]] kati ya [[Dunia]] na nyota hiyo. Nyota ina [[kasimwelekeo penyo]] ndogo ya 0.1 [[Kilomita kwa saa|km/s]], lakini ina [[mwendo halisi]] mkubwa kiasi, ikisafiri kwenye [[tufe ya anga]] kwa kasi ya 0.208[[Sekunde ya tao|"]]/[[mwaka]]. == Jina == [[Jina]] la Batinilhuti lilijulikana tangu [[karne]] nyingi kati ya [[Baharia|mabaharia]] [[Waswahili]] waliotumia nyota hii kama msaada wa kukuta [[njia]] yao [[Bahari|baharini]] wakati wa [[usiku]]. [[Asili]] ya jina ni [[Kiarabu]] ''Baṭn al-Ḥūt'', inayomaanisha "batini ya samaki".<ref name="allen">{{citation|last1=Allen|first1=R. A.|title=Star-names and Their Meanings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xQuAAAAIAAJ|page=36|year=1899|author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen}}</ref> ''Al-Ḥūt'' inatokana na jina la mojawapo ya makundinyota ya kale ya [[Waarabu]], lakini lilikuwa tofauti na kundinyota la kisasa la [[Samaki (kundinyota)|Hutu]] (Samaki).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu| title = Selected List of Star Names|last=Davis|first=George A.|year=1971|pages=5}}</ref> [[jina la Bayer|Jina lake la Bayer]] ni '''β Andromedae'''. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}}{{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Nyota]] 0fqwd4w74s6syhqr3710juvz9n3r34e 0 180801 1601327 1345803 2026-09-25T14:27:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Elimination chamber nyr06.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Elimination Chamber - Chumba cha Mtoano]] '''Chumba cha Mtoano 2010''' ([[:en:Elimination_Chamber_(2010)|Elimination Chamber 2010]]) ni mchuano ambao hutambulika kwa jina la '''Hakuna Pa Kutokea - No Way Out,''' nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Lilikuwa ni tukio la kwanza la mfululizo wa [[Miereka|mieleka]] ya kulipwa ya Chumba cha Mtoano ya kulipia kwa kila [[mechi]] utayotazama (PPV) lililotayarishwa na [[W.W.E.|World Wrestling Entertainment]] ([[W.W.E.|WWE]]). Washiriki walikuwa ni wanamieleka kutoka kitengo cha chapa ya Raw na SmackDown. Ilikuwa ni WWE PPV ya kwanza kurushwa hewani kufuatia kusimamishwa kwa chapa ya ECW ya WWE wiki iliyotangulia. Tukio hilo lilifanyika [[Jumapili]], [[Februari]] 21, 2010, katika Kituo cha Scottrade huko [[St. Louis, Missouri]] .Chumba cha Mtoano ilikuwa mbadala wa mashindano ya zamani ya kila Februari ya mwaka ya WWE, No Way Out, ambayo yalikuwa na mechi ya Chumba cha Mtoano kwenye matukio yake mawili ya mwisho. Mechi sita zilionyeshwa mbashara kupitia PPV huku mechi moja ya gizani ilitokea kabla ya matangazo ya moja kwa moja. Dhana ya tukio hilo ilikuwa kwamba mechi kuu mbili za tukio, moja ikihusika na [[Ubingwa wa WWE]] wa chapa ya Raw na nyingine ya [[Ubingwa wa WWE|Ubingwa wa Dunia]] wa SmackDown, mtawalia, zingetokea kama mechi za Chumba cha Mtoano. Kila mechi ilikuwa na washindani sita: bingwa mtetezi na wapinzani watano. Katika mechi ya Chumba cha Mtoano ya Raw, Sheamus alitetea Ubingwa wa WWE dhidi ya [[Triple H]], Ted DiBiase, [[Randy Orton]], [[John Cena]], na Kofi Kingston, ambapo Cena alishinda. Katika mechi ya Chumba cha Mtoano ya SmackDown, Undertaker alitetea Ubingwa wa Dunia wa Uzani wa Juu dhidi ya [[Chris Yeriko|Chris Jericho]], John Morrison, [[Rey Mysterio]], CM Punk, na R-Truth, ambapo alishindwa na Yeriko. Kwenye mechi za utangulizi, Drew McIntyre aliutetea na kushinda Ubingwa wa Mabara wa WWE dhidi ya Kane, [[The Miz]] aliutetea na kushinda Ubingwa wa WWE wa Marekani dhidi ya Montel Vontavious Porter, na Maryse na Gail Kim walishindana dhidi ya LayCool ( Layla na Michelle McCool ) katika mechi ya timu za wawili wawili ya lebo ya Divas. Tukio hili lilipokea manunuzi 285,000 ya lipia kila uangaliapo (PPV), ikiwa imeizidi PPV ya No Way Out ya 2009 . Licha ya ongezeko hilo la manunuzi, hafla hiyo ilipokelewa kwa mtazamo hasi, huku wakosoaji wakilikosoa onyesho la utangulizi kuwa "dhaifu" na lililojaa matukio yasiyosisimua ya kupoteza muda. == Uzalishaji == === Historia === [[Faili:Scottrade_2015.jpg|left|thumb| Mapambano ya ufunguzi ya Chumba cha Mtoano yalifanyika katika Kituo cha Scottrade huko [[St. Louis, Missouri]] .]] [[Faili:Elimination_chamber_nyr06.jpg|thumb| Mapambano ya PPV ya Chumba cha Mtoano yalihusisha mechi mbili za Chumba cha Mtoano .]] Mwishoni mwa 2009, [[W.W.E.|Burudani ya Mieleka ya Dunia]] (WWE) iliendesha kura kwenye tovuti yao rasmi ili kuruhusu mashabiki kuchagua jina la mpambano wa PPV wa Februari 2010. Chaguzi hizo zilijumuisha Chumba cha Mtoano, Chuma Kizito, Chumba cha Vita, Chumba cha Mzozo, na Hakuna Pa Kutokea, ambalo lilikuwa jina la tukio lililotangulia la Chumba cha Mtoano. Jina la Chumba cha Mtoano lilishinda, lakini hafla hiyo bado ikaitwa "Hakuna Pa Kutokea" nchini [[Ujerumani]] kwani ilihofiwa kuwa jina "Chumba cha Mtoano" linaweza kuwakumbusha watu juu ya vyumba vya gesi vilivyotumika wakati wa [[Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya|mauaji ya Kimbari]]. Tukio hilo lilipangwa kufanyika Februari 21, 2010, katika Kituo cha Scottrade huko [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. Lilijumuisha wacheza mieleka kutoka chapa za Raw na SmackDown. Wazo la onyesho hilo lilikuwa kwamba kila mechi kuu ya hafla ishindaniwe ndani ya Chumba cha Mtoano. Mechi ya Chumba cha Mtoano iliundwa mwaka 2002 na kufanyika katika taratibu nyingine tofauti za PPV, ikiwa ni pamoja na tukio lililotangulia la No Way Out. Chumba chenyewe ni kizimba cha chuma cha mviringo, chenye minyororo na mihimili inayozunguka ulingo. Maganda manne yamefungiwa ndani ya chemba, moja nyuma ya kila nguzo ya ulingo, ambayo yako kwenye jukwaa la chuma linalozunguka nje ya ulingo. Kwa kawaida wanamieleka sita hushindana katika mechi; wawili wanaanza mechi huku wengine wanne wamefungwa ndani ya vyomba na kutolewa kwa utaratibu usotabirika kila baada ya muda fulani maalum. Wanamieleka wanaweza tu kuondolewa kupitia kushindwa kunasua mbano au kusalimu amri, na mwanamieleka atayebaki pekee mwishoni ndiye mshindi. Kwa ajili ya PPV ya Chumba cha Mtoano, mashindano yote mawili ya dunia ya WWE, ule wa Raw na ule wa Ubingwa wa Dunia wa SmackDown, yalikuwa yatetewe katika mechi tofauti za Chumba cha Mtoano. === Ploti ya mchezo === Mechi za mieleka ya kulipwa katika Chumba cha Mtoano zilijumuisha wanamieleka wa kulipwa wanaocheza kama wahusika waigizaji wakitumia hati au skripti zilizoandaliwa kabla na mwenyeji, WWE. Malumbano kati ya wahusika yalifanyika kwenye vipindi vya televisheni vya kila wiki vya WWE, ''Raw'' na ''SmackDown'' vilivyomilikiwa na chapa za Raw na SmackDown —mgawanyo wa majukumu _ ambapo WWE iliwapanga wafanyikazi wake katika programu tofauti. [[Faili:Undertaker_with_Fire.jpg|thumb| Undertaker alitetea ubingwa wake wa Dunia wa uzito wa juu katika mechi ya Chumba cha Mtoano.]] Mechi kuu za hafla ya Chumba cha Mtoano zilijumuisha mechi mbili, ya Chumba cha Mtoano pamoja na [[Ubingwa wa WWE|Ubingwa wa WWE wa Raw]] uliotetewa katika hafla moja na Ubingwa wa Dunia wa Uzani wa Juu wa SmackDown ulitetewa katika nyingine. Mechi za kufuzu zilifanyika katika kipindi cha Februari 1 cha ''Raw'' ili kubaini wapinzani watano ambao wangemenyana na Bingwa wa WWE Sheamus katika mechi ya Raw ya Chumba cha Mtoano. Katika mchujo, [[John Cena]] alimshinda Cody Rhodes, [[Triple H]] alimshinda Jack Swagger, [[Randy Orton]] alimshinda Shawn Michaels, Ted DiBiase alimshinda Mark Henry, na Kofi Kingston akashinda [[Big Show|The Big Show]] kwa kutohitimu. Wiki chache kabla ya Chumba cha Mtoano, washiriki walikabiliana katika mechi kadhaa, ambazo ni pamoja na DiBiase dhidi ya Cena mechi iliyoisha bila mshindi, Sheamus akimshinda Orton kwa kutofuzu, DiBiase akimshinda Kingston kupitia pini (kutojinasua katika mbano), na Cena dhidi ya Triple H wakamaliza bila kupatikana mshindi kutokana na Sheamus kuingilia mechi na kuwashambulia washiriki wote wawili. Kipindi cha Februari 5 cha ''SmackDown'' kilishuhudia wanamieleka hao watano wakifuzu kushindana na Undertaker kwa Mashindano ya Dunia ya Uzani wa Juu kwa mtindo uliojirudia. John Morrison aliwashinda Drew McIntyre na Kane katika mechi ya uadui wa pande tatu. Katika kipindi kizima kilichosalia, hii ilifuatiwa na R-Truth kumshinda Mike Knox, CM Punk akimshinda Batista kupitia kuhesabiwa, [[Chris Yeriko|Chris Jericho]] akimshinda Matt Hardy, na [[Rey Mysterio]] akimshinda Dolph Ziggler. Wiki zilizofuata, wanamieleka sita walikabiliana katika michanganyiko tofauti katika mechi za mtu na mtu ambazo zilishuhudia Mysterio akimshinda Punk kwa pini, Morrison dhidi ya R-Truth zikiisha kwa shindano la bila kwa bila kutokana na Morrison kupata jeraha la kifundo cha mguu wakati wa Malumbano, na Jericho kumshinda Undertaker. Katika kipindi cha Februari 19 cha ''SmackDown'', Morrison na R-Truth waliungana kukabiliana na CM Punk na 'mfuasi wake' Luke Gallows katika mechi ya timu za washirika, ambayo Morrison na R-Truth walipoteza kupitia kusimamishwa na mwamuzi. Mwishoni mwa Desemba 2009, Bingwa wa WWE Divas Melina aliumia kano yake ya mbele, na kulazimishwa kutoka kwenye mashindano ya ubingwa. Matokeo yake, ilitangazwa mnamo Januari 2010 kwamba mchuano mmoja wa mtoano utafanyika ili kuamua bingwa mpya. Mashindano hayo ya Raw yalianza katika kipindi cha Januari 4, wakati Maryse alifuzu hadi nusu fainali kwa kumshinda Brie Bella. Alifuatwa katika nusu-fainali na Gail Kim, Alicia Fox, na Eve, ambao waliwashinda Jillian Hall, Kelly Kelly, na Katie Lea Burchill mtawalia. Katika nusu fainali, Maryse alimshinda Eve na Kim akamshinda Fox. Kisha ilitangazwa kwenye kipindi cha Februari 8 cha ''Raw'' kwamba Maryse na Kim wangekabiliana katika fainali kwenye Chumba cha Mtoano ya kulipia kwa PPV. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:michezo]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] __INDEX__ kpxifp6vuyfqbyf5mhicbm1fy9itd4v 0 180875 1601049 1374509 2026-09-25T13:12:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Anna Filbey, 15 September 2019 (01) (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px| Anna Filbey]] '''Anna Marie Filbey''' (alizaliwa [[11 Oktoba|Oktoba 11]], [[1999]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayecheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa kati wa timu ya taifa ya Wales pamoja na klabu ya [[Crystal Palace]] inayoshiriki ligi ya FA Women's Championship. Ameelezwa na [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham]] kama "kiungo wa kati shujaa na mwenye kipaji cha kiufundi.<ref>[https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/teams/tottenham-hotspur-women/players/anna-filbey/ Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Filbey, Anna}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] odhvbvf1c12sl4v1d8vren6093r9xms 0 181350 1601127 1526084 2026-09-25T13:36:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Sophie Turner |majina mengine = Sophie Belinda Turner |picha= Sophie Turner (40553144273) (cropped).jpg |caption = Turner mwaka [[2019]] |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Northampton]], [[England]]</small> |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 21 Februari 1996 |utaifa = [[Uingereza|Mwingereza]] |kazi yake = mwigizaji |miaka ya kazi = 2009-hadi sasa |mwenza = {{marriage|[[Joe Jonas]]|2019|2023|end=separated}} | mhitimu = |watoto = 2 | wavuti = }} '''Sophie Belinda Turner''' (amezaliwa Februari 12, 1996)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Interview with Sophie Turner - Winter Is Coming|url=http://winter-is-coming.net/2011/03/interview-with-sophie-turner/|work=web.archive.org|date=2011-04-02|accessdate=2024-04-30|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014083516/http://winter-is-coming.net/2011/03/interview-with-sophie-turner/|dead-url=}}</ref> ni mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Aliigiza kama Sansa Stark katika tamthilia ya Game of Thrones ([[2011]]-[[2019]]), ambapo ilimfanya ateuliwe kugombania tuzo za Emmy Awards kugombania katika fani ya Mwigizaji Bora katika Tamthilia mnamo mwaka [[2019]]. Turner aliigiza katika filamu ya [[Uingereza]] ya mwaka wa 2013 iliyoitwa The Thirteenth Tale na kumfanya kuwa filamu yake ya kwanza kuigiza, pia aliigiza katika tamthilia ya kisaikolojia iliyoitwa Another Me (2013). Aliigiza pia kwenye filamu ya ucheshi Barely Lethal (2015) na aliigiza kama kijana Jean Grey / Phoenix katika filamu ya X-Men (2016-2019). == Maisha Ya Awali == Sophie Belinda Turner alizaliwa [[Northampton]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 things you need to know about Sophie Turner|url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/fashion-exhibitions/diaporama/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-sophie-turner/34488|work=Vogue France|date=2016-06-01|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=fr-FR|author=Condé Nast}}</ref> huko [[Uingereza]] tarehe 21 Februari 1996,akiwa ni binti yake Sally, mwalimu wa shule ya kulea watoto, na Baba yake Andrew, ambaye anafanya kazi katika kampuni ya usambazaji wa magodoro<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=An Interview with Sophie Turner of Game of Thrones for the Spring 2015 issue of Town & Country {{!}} Town & Country Magazine UK|url=http://www.townandcountrymag.co.uk/society/people-and-events/Sophie-Turner-game-of-thrones-interview-spring-issue|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-02-01|accessdate=2024-04-30|archive-date=2016-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016070124/http://www.townandcountrymag.co.uk/society/people-and-events/Sophie-Turner-game-of-thrones-interview-spring-issue|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Alihamia Chesterton, Warwickshire alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 2. Alisoma katika Shule ya msingi ya Warwick hadi alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 11,na baadaye alihudhuria Shule ya Wasichana ya The King's inayojitegemea. Turner amekuwa ni mwanachama wa Kampuni ya Playbox Theatre tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 3. Ana kaka wawili wakubwa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Look: Leamington Game of Thrones actress Sophie Turner enjoying her rise to fame|url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/whats-on/film-tv/leamington-actresses-rise-fame-fantasy-5740234|work=Coventry Live|date=2013-08-16|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en|author=Catherine Vonledebur}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Playbox Theatre Alumni|url=https://www.playboxtheatre.com/alumni/|work=Playbox Theatre|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref>. Pacha wake alifariki akiwa bado tumboni mwa mama yake<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Game of Thrones's Sophie Turner: 'I&rsquo;ve grown up with Sansa Stark - I really feel what she feels'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/game-of-thrones/11522962/Game-of-Throness-Sophie-Turner-interview-sex-scenes-politics-and-teenage-relationships.html|work=The Telegraph|date=2015-04-13|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Game of Thrones's Sophie Turner: 'I&rsquo;ve grown up with Sansa Stark - I really feel what she feels'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/game-of-thrones/11522962/Game-of-Throness-Sophie-Turner-interview-sex-scenes-politics-and-teenage-relationships.html|work=The Telegraph|date=2015-04-13|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402010040/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |archivedate=2019-04-02 |accessdate=2024-04-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Alilelewa katika nyumba kubwa ya Edwardian, karibu na Leamington Spa, akisema, "Utoto wangu ulikuwa wa kufurahisha sana. Tulikuwa na nguruwe, mazizi ya ng'ombe na farasi, na tulikuwa tukitambaa kwenye matope." Turner alikuwa na mwalimu wa filamu ya Game of Thrones hadi akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Alipata daraja tano za GCSE A na nne za B, ikiwa pamoja na B katika Drama. == Maisha Binafsi == Turner alianza kuwa na mahusiano na mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Joe Jonas]] mwaka [[2016]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner Kiss and Cuddle in the Netherlands|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/joe-jonas-and-sophie-turner-kiss-and-cuddle-in-the-netherlands-w448842/|work=Us Weekly|date=2016-11-07|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US|author=Hannah Hargrave}}</ref>. Walichumbiana mnamo Oktoba 2017<ref>http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/joe-jonas-sophie-turner-announce-engagement-instagram-article-1.3564728</ref> na kufunga ndoa tarehe 1 Mei 2019 huko [[Las Vegas, Nevada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner Get Married in Surprise Vegas Ceremony|url=https://www.etonline.com/joe-jonas-and-sophie-turner-get-married-in-surprise-vegas-ceremony-124472|work=Entertainment Tonight|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Wanandoa hao waliishi New York City kufikia Mei 2019<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=Josh Glancy {{!}} The Sunday|title=Game of Thrones star Sophie Turner on how therapy helped her survive teen fame|date=2024-05-01|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/game-of-thrones-star-sophie-turner-on-how-therapy-helped-her-survive-teen-fame-dx2x02hmr|language=en|issn=0140-0460|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>. Walifanya sherehe ya pili ya harusi huko [[Carpentras]], [[Ufaransa]] tarehe 29 Juni [[2019]]. Wanandoa hao wana watoto wawili wakike, waliozaliwa Julai 2020 na Julai 2022<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Every Detail From Sophie Turner and Joe Jonas' French Wedding|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a25390851/sophie-turner-and-joe-jonas-wedding-details/|work=Marie Claire Magazine|date=2019-07-01|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en|author=Lucy Wood published}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402010040/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |archivedate=2019-04-02 |accessdate=2024-04-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Turner ndiye alimhamasiha mpenzi wake Jonas amtungie wimbo wa "Hesitate", ulioandikwa kama barua ya mapenzi kwake na Jonas, kwa ajili ya albamu ya Brothers reunion album, ''Happiness Begins''. Mwanzoni mwa mwezi Septemba 2023, Jonas aliwasilisha kesi ya talaka kutoka kwa Turner huko [[Miami|Miami,]] [[Florida]]. Hili taarifa ilithibitishwa na Turner na Jonas kupitia Instagram kuwa ni uamuzi wa pande zote. Baadaye mwezi huohuo Turner alimshtaki mume wake aliemtaliki (Jonas) iliaweze kuwaruhusu binti zao, waliozaliwa [[Marekani]], warudi [[Uingereza]], kwa vile waliwah kusajili makazi ya mume wake wa zamani kama makazi yao ya kudumu mnamo Aprili mapema mwaka huo. Jonas na Turner walifikia makubaliano ya malezi kwa muda mnamo [[Oktoba]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:CWW24]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu za Western]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] 7ztxbyulpb27fumaj1cb30svctruzma 1601409 1601127 2026-09-25T17:34:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Sophie Turner |majina mengine = Sophie Belinda Turner |picha= Sophie Turner (40553144273) (cropped).jpg |caption = Turner mwaka [[2019]] |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Northampton]], [[England]]</small> |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 21 Februari 1996 |utaifa = [[Uingereza|Mwingereza]] |kazi yake = mwigizaji |miaka ya kazi = 2009-hadi sasa |mwenza = {{marriage|[[Joe Jonas]]|2019|2023|end=separated}} | mhitimu = |watoto = 2 | wavuti = }} '''Sophie Belinda Turner''' (amezaliwa Februari 12, 1996)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Interview with Sophie Turner - Winter Is Coming|url=http://winter-is-coming.net/2011/03/interview-with-sophie-turner/|work=web.archive.org|date=2011-04-02|accessdate=2024-04-30|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014083516/http://winter-is-coming.net/2011/03/interview-with-sophie-turner/|dead-url=}}</ref> ni mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Aliigiza kama Sansa Stark katika tamthilia ya Game of Thrones ([[2011]]-[[2019]]), ambapo ilimfanya ateuliwe kugombania tuzo za Emmy Awards kugombania katika fani ya Mwigizaji Bora katika Tamthilia mnamo mwaka [[2019]]. Turner aliigiza katika filamu ya [[Uingereza]] ya mwaka wa 2013 iliyoitwa The Thirteenth Tale na kumfanya kuwa filamu yake ya kwanza kuigiza, pia aliigiza katika tamthilia ya kisaikolojia iliyoitwa Another Me (2013). Aliigiza pia kwenye filamu ya ucheshi Barely Lethal (2015) na aliigiza kama kijana Jean Grey / Phoenix katika filamu ya X-Men (2016-2019). == Maisha Ya Awali == Sophie Belinda Turner alizaliwa [[Northampton]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 things you need to know about Sophie Turner|url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/fashion-exhibitions/diaporama/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-sophie-turner/34488|work=Vogue France|date=2016-06-01|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=fr-FR|author=Condé Nast}}</ref> huko [[Uingereza]] tarehe 21 Februari 1996,akiwa ni binti yake Sally, mwalimu wa shule ya kulea watoto, na Baba yake Andrew, ambaye anafanya kazi katika kampuni ya usambazaji wa magodoro<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=An Interview with Sophie Turner of Game of Thrones for the Spring 2015 issue of Town & Country {{!}} Town & Country Magazine UK|url=http://www.townandcountrymag.co.uk/society/people-and-events/Sophie-Turner-game-of-thrones-interview-spring-issue|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-02-01|accessdate=2024-04-30|archive-date=2016-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016070124/http://www.townandcountrymag.co.uk/society/people-and-events/Sophie-Turner-game-of-thrones-interview-spring-issue|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Alihamia Chesterton, Warwickshire alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 2. Alisoma katika Shule ya msingi ya Warwick hadi alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 11,na baadaye alihudhuria Shule ya Wasichana ya The King's inayojitegemea. Turner amekuwa ni mwanachama wa Kampuni ya Playbox Theatre tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka 3. Ana kaka wawili wakubwa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Look: Leamington Game of Thrones actress Sophie Turner enjoying her rise to fame|url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/whats-on/film-tv/leamington-actresses-rise-fame-fantasy-5740234|work=Coventry Live|date=2013-08-16|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en|author=Catherine Vonledebur}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Playbox Theatre Alumni|url=https://www.playboxtheatre.com/alumni/|work=Playbox Theatre|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref>. Pacha wake alifariki akiwa bado tumboni mwa mama yake<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Game of Thrones's Sophie Turner: 'I&rsquo;ve grown up with Sansa Stark - I really feel what she feels'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/game-of-thrones/11522962/Game-of-Throness-Sophie-Turner-interview-sex-scenes-politics-and-teenage-relationships.html|work=The Telegraph|date=2015-04-13|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Game of Thrones's Sophie Turner: 'I&rsquo;ve grown up with Sansa Stark - I really feel what she feels'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/game-of-thrones/11522962/Game-of-Throness-Sophie-Turner-interview-sex-scenes-politics-and-teenage-relationships.html|work=The Telegraph|date=2015-04-13|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402010040/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |archivedate=2019-04-02 |accessdate=2024-04-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Alilelewa katika nyumba kubwa ya Edwardian, karibu na Leamington Spa, akisema, "Utoto wangu ulikuwa wa kufurahisha sana. Tulikuwa na nguruwe, mazizi ya ng'ombe na farasi, na tulikuwa tukitambaa kwenye matope." Turner alikuwa na mwalimu wa filamu ya Game of Thrones hadi akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Alipata daraja tano za GCSE A na nne za B, ikiwa pamoja na B katika Drama. == Maisha Binafsi == Turner alianza kuwa na mahusiano na mwimbaji wa Marekani [[Joe Jonas]] mwaka [[2016]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner Kiss and Cuddle in the Netherlands|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/joe-jonas-and-sophie-turner-kiss-and-cuddle-in-the-netherlands-w448842/|work=Us Weekly|date=2016-11-07|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US|author=Hannah Hargrave}}</ref>. Walichumbiana mnamo Oktoba 2017<ref>http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/joe-jonas-sophie-turner-announce-engagement-instagram-article-1.3564728</ref> na kufunga ndoa tarehe 1 Mei 2019 huko [[Las Vegas, Nevada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner Get Married in Surprise Vegas Ceremony|url=https://www.etonline.com/joe-jonas-and-sophie-turner-get-married-in-surprise-vegas-ceremony-124472|work=Entertainment Tonight|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Wanandoa hao waliishi New York City kufikia Mei 2019<ref>{{Citation|last=Times|first=Josh Glancy {{!}} The Sunday|title=Game of Thrones star Sophie Turner on how therapy helped her survive teen fame|date=2024-05-01|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/game-of-thrones-star-sophie-turner-on-how-therapy-helped-her-survive-teen-fame-dx2x02hmr|language=en|issn=0140-0460|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref>. Walifanya sherehe ya pili ya harusi huko [[Carpentras]], [[Ufaransa]] tarehe 29 Juni [[2019]]. Wanandoa hao wana watoto wawili wakike, waliozaliwa Julai 2020 na Julai 2022<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Every Detail From Sophie Turner and Joe Jonas' French Wedding|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a25390851/sophie-turner-and-joe-jonas-wedding-details/|work=Marie Claire Magazine|date=2019-07-01|accessdate=2024-04-30|language=en|author=Lucy Wood published}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402010040/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/thirteenthtale/sophie-turner.html |archivedate=2019-04-02 |accessdate=2024-04-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Turner ndiye alimhamasiha mpenzi wake Jonas amtungie wimbo wa "Hesitate", ulioandikwa kama barua ya mapenzi kwake na Jonas, kwa ajili ya albamu ya Brothers reunion album, ''Happiness Begins''. Mwanzoni mwa mwezi Septemba 2023, Jonas aliwasilisha kesi ya talaka kutoka kwa Turner huko [[Miami|Miami,]] [[Florida]]. Hili taarifa ilithibitishwa na Turner na Jonas kupitia Instagram kuwa ni uamuzi wa pande zote. Baadaye mwezi huohuo Turner alimshtaki mume wake aliemtaliki (Jonas) iliaweze kuwaruhusu binti zao, waliozaliwa [[Marekani]], warudi [[Uingereza]], kwa vile waliwah kusajili makazi ya mume wake wa zamani kama makazi yao ya kudumu mnamo Aprili mapema mwaka huo. Jonas na Turner walifikia makubaliano ya malezi kwa muda mnamo [[Oktoba]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:CWW24]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu za Western]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] pyta6a8aq41ijpm5utmwdcvnnc79e16 0 181505 1601379 1334352 2026-09-25T16:07:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The Bucket List''''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[Marekani]] ya mwaka [[2007]] ni filamu ya vichekesho vya kirafiki iliyoongozwa na kutengenezwa na Rob Reiner, nakuandikwa na Justin Zackham na kuigizwa na Jack Nicholson na Morgan Freeman. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/658339/Bucket-List-The/full-credits.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021523/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/658339/Bucket-List-The/full-credits.html |archivedate=2018-06-25 |accessdate=2024-05-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mpango mkuu unafata wanaume wawili wagonjwa wa mwisho kwenye safari ya barabarani wakiwa na orodha ya matamanio ya mambo ya kufanya kabla ya kupiga teke ndoo. Zackham alibuni usemi wa "bucket list" baada ya kuandika "List of Things to do Before I Kick the Bucket" na kufupisha kuwa "Justin's Bucket List". Kitu cha kwanza kwenye orodha yake kilikuwa ni kupata filamu iliyotengenezwa kwenye studio kuu. Orordha hii ilimpa wazo la uchezaji wa filamu, na ''The Bucket List'' ikawa filamu yake ya kwanza ya studio.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-origins-of-bucket-list-1432909572</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] ri3l4v502bz1y9rkx2ytou0zyp4neeh 0 181664 1601271 1526315 2026-09-25T14:12:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunera Thobani''' (alizaliwa nchini [[Tanzania]], [[1957]]) ni [[mwanasosholojia]], mtetezi wa [[haki za wanawake]] na [[mwanaharakati]] mwenye uraia wa [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UBC|url=https://asia.ubc.ca/profile/sunera-thobani/|work=asia.ubc.ca|accessdate=2025-10-03}}</ref> Masuala yake ya kitafiti ni pamoja na [[nadharia]] muhimu ya mbio, [[ufeministi]] wa baada ya [[ukoloni]], kupinga [[ubeberu]], [[Dini ya kiislamu|dini ya Uislamu]], Ukabila, na Vita dhidi ya [[Ugaidi]]. Kwa sasa ni profesa msaidizi katika Taasisi ya Jinsia, Mbio, Jinsia na Haki ya Kijamii katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha British Columbia. Thobani pia ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Watafiti na Wasomi wa Rangi kwa Usawa/Usawa, rais wa zamani wa Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Utekelezaji kuhusu Hali ya Wanawake, na mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Mbio, Wasifu, Jinsia, na Umri.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A gamechanger at the Royal Society of Canada|url=https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/a-gamechanger-at-the-royal-society-of-canada|work=canadiandimension.com|accessdate=2025-10-03|language=en|author=Joyce Green / April 11, 2023 / 10 Min Read}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Thobani alizaliwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini.]]<ref>https://www.proquest.com/docview/436863924?sourcetype=Newspapers</ref> Baada ya kutumia utoto wake katika [[Afrika Mashariki]], alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Middlesex nchini Uingereza, na kukamilisha shahada yake ya kwanza mwaka wa 1986.<ref name=":0">https://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0021/NQ37758.pdf</ref> Mnamo [[1989]], Thobani alipokea shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Colorado nchini Marekani.<ref name=":0" /> Lakini pia aliamua kuendeleza masomo yake nchini [[Kanada]], ambapo baadaye alipata shahada ya juu ya sosholojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Simon Fraser mnamo 1998. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Kanada]] ia2lm38a06unua5wmba7yqwucz53i1c 0 181678 1601173 1514224 2026-09-25T13:44:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company|waanzishi=Endre Opdal, [[Håvar Bauck]]|homepage=https://www.hotelonline.co|city=[[Nairobi]]|nembo_ya_kampuni=|jina_la_kampuni=HotelOnline|nembo=HotelOnline Logo.png|aina=Teknolojia ya usafiri|aina_ya_kampuni=Teknolojia ya usafiri|ilipoanzishwa=|hudma=Biashara ya mtandaoni, uuzaji wa kidijitali, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).}} '''HotelOnline''' ni kampuni ya teknolojia ya usafiri, inayosaidia [[hoteli]] kusimamia biashara yao na uendeshaji otomatiki kwa sekta ya hoteli katika [[kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara]]. Kampuni hiyo hutoa zana za kidijiti kwa hoteli, kusaidia katika uuzaji mtandaoni na uendeshaji otomatiki. HotelOnline husaidia hoteli kuweka shughuli zao mtandaoni na kusambaza vyema katika tovuti mbalimbali kama vile Mawakala wa Kusafiri Mtandaoni (OTAs) na injini za utafutaji. == Usuli == HotelOnline ilianzishwa na [[Endre Opdal]] na [[Håvar Bauck]] mwaka wa 2014,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Founder Havar Bauck, on Building HotelOnline to Become a Hotel Booking Stalwart|url=https://techweez.com/2017/12/06/havar-bauck-hotelonline/|work=Techweez {{!}} Tech News, Reviews, Deals, Tips and How To|date=2017-12-06|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US|author=Manoj}}</ref> ikijulikana kama Savanna Sunrise ikakua haraka nchini [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], na [[Rwanda]] kati ya mwaka wa 2015 na 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africa News Today {{!}} Business News in Africa {{!}} Daily news|url=https://theexchange.africa/|date=2021-01-13|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Norwegian Håvar Bauck's Kenyan startup HotelOnline announces it's raised $320k [Updated]|url=https://ventureburn.com/2019/07/norwegian-havar-baucks-hotelonline-320k/|work=Ventureburn|date=2019-07-11|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Sasa inajulikana kama HotelOnline na inasaidia hoteli katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]] kufanya biashara mtandaoni na uuzaji mtandaoni.  Baada ya kuunganishwa na mshindani wa [[Kipoland|Kipolandi]] mwaka wa 2017, kampuni ilibadilishwa jina na kuwa HotelOnline na kupanua shughuli hadi [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EXCLUSIVE: HotelOga and Savana Sunrise merge together to take on the world|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/bi/strategy/merger-and-acquisitions-exclusive-hoteloga-and-savana-sunrise-merge-together-to-take/pffc6x8|work=Pulselive Kenya|date=2017-02-16|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en|author=george tubei|archive-date=2024-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509091112/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/bi/strategy/merger-and-acquisitions-exclusive-hoteloga-and-savana-sunrise-merge-together-to-take/pffc6x8|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://innovation-village.com/hotelonline-announces-merger-appoints-former-jovago-head-nigerias-country-manager/|work=innovation-village.com|accessdate=2024-05-09|title=HotelOnline announces merger, appoints former Jovago head as Nigeria’s country manager}}</ref>Mwaka wa 2017, HotelOnline ilipata mafanikio kwa kuchangisha dola 250,000 kutoka kwa wawekezaji mbalimbali. Hii ilikuwa ni mara ya kwanza kwa kampuni ya Kiafrika kufanikiwa kutumia njia hii ya kupata fedha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nigerian investors join Shroff for a stake in HotelOnline|url=https://businessday.ng/lead-story/article/nigerian-investors-join-shroff-for-a-stake-in-hotelonline/|work=Businessday NG|date=2019-07-17|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US|author=Lucky Nwanekwu}}</ref> Mnamo 2018, HotelOnline ilinunua kampuni ya teknolojia ya usafiri ya [[Senegal|Senegali]], Teranga Solutions, ili kuongeza shughuli zao francophone [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]]. Wakati huo huo, pia walinunua kampuni ya European Travel Group AS. Mnamo 2019, mwekezaji maarufu [[Shravan Shroff]] aliwekeza kiasi ambacho hakijafichuliwa katika HotelOnline, na akawa mwanachama wa [[Bodi ya wakurugenzi|Bodi yao ya Wakurugenzi]]. Shroff anajulikana kwa kuwa mwekezaji wa kwanza katika kampuni ya traveltech [[unicorn OYO Rooms]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shravan Shroff Joins HotelOnline Board of Directors|url=https://bwhotelier.com/article/shravan-shroff-joins-hotelonline-board-of-directors-173144|work=BW Hotelier|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en}}</ref> Trond Riiber-Knudsen, anayejulikana kama mwekezaji maarufu nchini [[Norwei|Norway]], pia aliwekeza kiasi cha fedha ambacho hakijatajwa.<ref name=":1" /> Mnamo Septemba 2019, HotelOnline iliimarisha uwepo wao katika soko la Nordic kwa kununua Key Butler,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=HotelOnline to merge operations with Key Butler, a Norwegian traveltech startup {{!}} TechMoran|url=https://techmoran.com/2019/09/12/hotelonline-to-merge-operations-with-key-butler-a-norwegian-traveltech-startup/|work=techmoran.com|accessdate=2024-05-09|archive-date=2024-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506202214/https://techmoran.com/2019/09/12/hotelonline-to-merge-operations-with-key-butler-a-norwegian-traveltech-startup/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Key Butler slår seg sammen med afrikansk hotellkjempe: Vil kapre utleiemarkedet|url=https://www.shifter.no/endre-opdal-hotelonline-havar-bauck/key-butler-slar-seg-sammen-med-afrikansk-hotellkjempe-vil-kapre-utleiemarkedet/128379|work=www.shifter.no|date=2019-09-10|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=nb-NO|author=Vilde Mebust Erichsen}}</ref> kampuni inayoongoza ya kukodisha ya muda mfupi katika eneo. Mwaka 2020, HotelOnline ilinunua mshindani wake wa Africanbookings na programu ya Cloud9 Lifestyle.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=African tech startups are beating the pandemic’s odds and racking up multimillion-dollar exits|url=https://qz.com/africa/1900912/african-startup-investor-exits-led-by-fintech-in-pandemic|work=Quartz|date=2020-09-10|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en|author=Yomi Kazeem}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan travel-tech HotelOnline on major onslaught of the African market|url=https://theexchange.africa/investing/kenyan-travel-tech-hotelonline-on-major-onslaught-of-the-african-market/|date=2020-07-01|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zimbabwe’s Africabookings is HotelOnline’s second acquisition in a month – Old Disrupt Africa|url=https://old.disruptafrica.com/2020/07/10/zimbabwes-africabookings-is-hotelonlines-second-acquisition-in-a-month/|date=2020-07-10|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> Hili lilipata umakini mkubwa, kwa sababu HotelOnline ilionekana kuwa tofauti na wengine wakati tasnia ya usafiri barani Afrika ilipokuwa inakabiliwa na changamoto.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Mnamo Aprili 2022, kampuni ya teknolojia ya usafiri ya [[Korea Kusini]], Yanolja, inayoungwa mkono na makampuni kama [[Softbank]] na [[Booking.com]], ilitangaza uwekezaji wao wa kiasi ambacho hakijatajwa katika HotelOnline.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Korean unicorn Yanolja invests big in Kenya traveltech, HotelOnline|url=https://theexchange.africa/money-deals/south-korean-unicorn-yanolja-invests-big-in-kenya-traveltech-hotelonline/|date=2022-04-21|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Baadaye, Septemba 2022, HotelOnline ilitangaza ununuzi wa HotelPlus, kampuni ya ushindani kutoka [[Kenya]], kwa dola milioni 1.9.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenya's HotelOnline acquires hospitality software company HotelPlus|url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/12/kenyas-hotelonline-acquires-hospitality-software-company-hotelplus/|work=TechCrunch|date=2022-09-12|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US|author=Annie Njanja}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenya's HotelOnline, Backed by Yanolja, Buys Hotel Software Brand HotelPlus|url=https://skift.com/blog/kenyas-hotelonline-backed-by-yanolja-buys-hotel-software-brand-hotelplus/|work=Skift|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US|author=Sean O'Neill, Skift September 12th, 2022 at 3:49 PM EDT}}</ref> == Teknolojia == HotelOnline hutoa zana za usambazaji wa kiotomatiki [[Intaneti|mtandaoni]] na uendeshaji wa hoteli, pamoja na usimamizi wa uhifadhi na uwekaji bei unaoendeshwa na AI.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Solutions – HotelOnline|url=https://hotelonline.co/solutions/|accessdate=2024-05-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325091045/https://hotelonline.co/solutions/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:kampuni za Kenya]] 5jd8gq04brga3ok50akngr6klt5himi 0 183396 1601244 1536106 2026-09-25T14:09:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:MettlachLiutwin.jpg|thumb|[[Sanamu]] ya Mt. Lidwini.]] '''Lidwini wa Trier''' (pia: '''Leudwinus, Leodewin, Liutwin, Ludwin, Lutwin, Lutwinus'''; Mettlach, leo nchini [[Ujerumani]], [[660]] hivi - [[Reims]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[29 Septemba]] [[717]]) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa [[Trier]]<ref name="Heiliger Liutwin">{{cite web|last=Persch|first=Martin|title=Heiliger Liutwin, Erzbischof von Trier|url=http://www.saarland-biografien.de/Liutwin|work=Biographiisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexicon|publisher=Verlag Traugott Bautz|accessdate=June 25, 2012|archive-date=2016-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923015004/http://www.saarland-biografien.de/Liutwin|url-status=dead}}</ref>, leo nchini Ujerumani, na wa [[Laon]]<ref name="Heiliger Lutwinus">{{cite web|last=Weiner|first=Dr. Andreas|title=Heiliger Lutwinus bitte für uns!|url=http://www.lutwinuswerk.de/lutwinuswallfahrt-1.html|publisher=www.lutwinuswerk.de|accessdate=June 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926212907/http://lutwinuswerk.de/lutwinuswallfahrt-1.html|archive-date=September 26, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="St. Ludwin">{{cite web |title=St. Ludwin|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4348|work=Catholic Online, Saints & Angels|publisher=Catholic.org|accessdate=June 25, 2012}}</ref>, leo nchini Ufaransa. Alianzisha [[monasteri]] ya Mettlach <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/72440</ref>. Kabla ya hapo alikuwa na [[mke]] na watoto 2 au 3. Alipofariki, yule wa kwanza, Milo, akawa askofu badala yake. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]], kama [[baba]] yake, [[Warinus]], na [[mjomba]] wake, [[Basinus]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[29 Septemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Georg Gresser: ''History of the Diocese of Speyer to the end of the 11th Century (Geschichte des Bistums Speyer bis zum Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts)'' Quellen und Abhandlungen zur Mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte Band 89. Mainz 1998. * Georg Gresser: ''Liutwin.'' In: ''[[Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche|Church and Theology Lexicon]].'' Band 6. Freiburg 1997, Sp. 1009. * Andreas Heinz: ''Saints in the Saarland (Heilige im Saarland)'' 2. Auflage. Saarbrücker Druck und Verlag, Saarbrücken 1991, {{ISBN|3-925036-44-X}}. * Franz Xaver Kraus: Ludwin. In: General German Biography(Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie) (ADB). Band 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, S. 616 f. * Friedrich Schneider: ''The Relics of the Holy Lutwinus to Mettlach (Die Trinkschale des Heiligen Lutwinus zu Mettlach)''. Von Zabern, Mainz 1905 ([[commons:File:Schneider 1905 trinkschale-lutwin.pdf|Digitalisat]]) * Constantin von Briesen: ''Historical Documents of the Merzig-Wadern Circle (Urkundliche Geschichte des Kreises Merzig-Wadern)'' Franz Stein, Saarlouis 1863. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Liutwin}} * [http://st-lutwinus.org/ "Lutwinuskirche"] {{Wayback|url=http://st-lutwinus.org/ |date=20180429114225 }} in St. Lutwinus Church, [[Mettlach]]. * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4348 "St. Ludwin"] Profile at Catholic.org {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 660]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 717]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:watawa waanzilishi]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] 2qcm1z81z7ulklh0kt39iqp2lz3ys6h 0 183731 1601557 1426979 2026-09-26T03:47:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Zaoui''' (kwa Kiarabu: أحمد الزاوي; alizaliwa [[26 Novemba]] [[1961]]) ni [[mkimbizi]] wa [[Algeria]].<ref>[http://www.nzrefugeeappeals.govt.nz/PDFs/Ref_20030801_74540.pdf Refugee Appeal No 74540] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzrefugeeappeals.govt.nz/PDFs/Ref_20030801_74540.pdf |date=20061013190206 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013190206/http://www.nzrefugeeappeals.govt.nz/PDFs/ref_20030801_74540.pdf |date=2006-10-13 }}, [[Refugee Status Appeals Authority]], page 34-35, 139, 171</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | date = 2023-10-04| title = Birthday marks Zaoui's long year behind bars|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/birthday-marks-zaouis-long-year-behind-bars/HWQSEYSKQ73ACSU4AZAYQO4HEU/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Alifika [[New Zealand]] tarehe [[4 Desemba]] [[2002]] ambapo alitafuta hadhi ya ukimbizi.Zaoui alipata vipingamizi kutoka katika huduma ya ujasusi ya usalama vilivoondolewa mnamo septemba 2007, na kumruhusu kusalia New Zealand<ref name="NZ_Herald_10463340">{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10463340 | title = Zaoui: I never lost my faith in New Zealand justice| date = 13 Septemba 2007|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref>.Alipewa uraia wa New Zealand mnamo 2014. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1961]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2024]] [[jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] [[jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] f0qt7i4pststtq9gk37krm0gpw6epeq 0 184851 1601142 1518745 2026-09-25T13:40:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Madeleine Tchunite (cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Madeleine Tchuente]] '''Madeleine Tchuente''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] mkameruni, anayehudumu kama waziri wa Utafiti wa kisayansi na Ubunifu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/gouvernement/composition/tchuinte-madeleine.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-07-28 |archive-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308063137/http://www.spm.gov.cm/fr/gouvernement/composition/tchuinte-madeleine.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali, elimu, na taaluma === Asili yake ni kutoka Mkoa wa Magharibi wa [[Cameroon]], hasa katika idara ya Koung-ghi katika wilaya ya Bayangam,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 April 2016|date=9 December 2004|language=fr|title=Sortie: La chute des baobabs|url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,15676,@,sortie-la-chute-des-baobabs.html|website=www.cameroon-info.net|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312074413/http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,15676,@,sortie-la-chute-des-baobabs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tchuente alimaliza elimu yake ya sekondari katika [[Nkongsamba]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-10-11|title=Memoire Online - Elites urbaines et politique locale au Cameroun. Le cas de Bayangam - Paul NUEMBISSI KOM|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/07/09/2358/m_Elites-urbaines-et-politique-locale-au-Cameroun-Le-cas-de-Bayangam8.html|website=Memoire Online}}</ref> na kupata baccalaureate ya kisayansi. Baadaye alisoma chuo kikuu na kupata shahada ya sayansi ya madawa ya kulevya (pharmacy) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Strasbourg. == Wasifu == Tchuente akiwa na asili kutokea Mangharibi mwa Kamerun, Tchuente alihitimu elimu ya sekondari huko Nkongsamba. Alipata shahada kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Strasbourg.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Memoire Online - Elites urbaines et politique locale au Cameroun. Le cas de Bayangam - Paul NUEMBISSI KOM|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/07/09/2358/m_Elites-urbaines-et-politique-locale-au-Cameroun-Le-cas-de-Bayangam8.html|work=Memoire Online|accessdate=2024-07-28}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 21yqy159rvq2bsor9ljlo0fhnhxnl7m 0 185106 1601143 1518978 2026-09-25T13:40:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makongamano ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi''' ni mikutano ya kila mwaka inayofanyika kulingana na [[Mapatano ya msingi ya UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (UNFCCC). Inatambulika kama mikutano rasmi ya wanachama wa UNFCCC - Mkutano wa Wanachama (COP). Mkutano huwa na lengo la kutathmini maendeleo katika kukabiliana na [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani|mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]], na kwa mara ya kwanza Ulianza kufanyi miaka ya [[1990]], kujadili Itifaki ya Kyoto(Mkataba wa Kimataifa) ili kuweka majukumu ya kisheria kwa nchi zilizoendelea. kupunguza uzalishaji wao wa Hewa Ukaa au gesi chafuzi. <ref name="climate-leaders.org">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|title=What is the UNFCCC & the COP|date=2009|work=Climate Leaders|publisher=Lead India|accessdate=5 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327142028/http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|archivedate=27 March 2009}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka wa [[2005]] Mkutano huu umekua ukitumika kama "Mkutano wa Vyama vinavyohudumu na Wanachama wa makataba ya Kyoto" (CMP); pia wahusika katika mkataba ambao si washiriki wa Kyoto wanaweza kushiriki katika mikutano inayohusiana na itifaki kama washiriki. Kuanzia [[2011]] hadi [[2015]] mikutano ilitumiwa kujadili [[Mapatano ya Paris kuhusu Tabianchi|Mkataba wa Paris]] kama sehemu ya jukwaa la Durban, ambalo liliunda njia ya jumla kutokana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. <ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39|title=Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories|last=Jepsen|first=Henrik|date=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108886246|display-authors=etal|access-date=2022-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210111459/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39|archive-date=2022-12-10}}</ref> Machapisho yoyote ya mwisho ya COP lazima yakubaliwe kwa makubaliano. Mkutano wa kwanza wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi ulifanyika mwaka [[1995]] huko [[Berlin]]. <ref name="bmub">{{Rejea jarida|date=27 December 2012|title=Stages of climate change negotiations|url=http://www.bmub.bund.de/en/topics/climate-energy/climate/international-climate-policy/climate-conferences/chronicle-of-climate-change-conferences/|journal=Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113134034/http://www.bmub.bund.de/en/topics/climate-energy/climate/international-climate-policy/climate-conferences/chronicle-of-climate-change-conferences/|archive-date=13 January 2017|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> <ref name="UNFCCC">{{Rejea jarida|date=2014|title=More Background on the COP|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6383.php|journal=UNFCC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115111224/http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6383.php|archive-date=15 November 2016|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Orodha ya mikutano na maeneo == {| class="wikitable" !N/A. !Mwaka !Jina !Jina Lingine !Mahali Mkutano Ulipofanyika !Nchi ! Vikundi vya Kikanda <ref>The GA Handbook: A practical guide to the United Nations General Assembly (PDF) (2 ed.). New York: Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. 2017. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-615-49660-3.</ref> |- |1 |1995 |[[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | |[[Berlin]] ||{{flag|Germany}} |Western Europe and Other Group (WEOG) |- |2 |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] | Vikundi vya K |[[Geneva]] ||{{flag|Switzerland}} |WEOG |- |3 |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] | |[[Kyoto]] ||{{flag|Japan}} |Asia and Pacific Group |- |4 |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] | |[[Buenos Aires]] ||{{flag|Argentina}} |Group of Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC) |- |5 |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] | |[[Bonn]] ||{{flag|Germany}} |WEOG |- |6 |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] | |[[The Hague]] ||{{flag|Netherlands}} |WEOG |- |7 |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] | |[[Bonn]] ||{{flag|Germany}} |WEOG |- |8 |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] | |[[Marrakech]] ||{{flag|Morocco}} |Africa Group |- |9 |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] | |[[New Delhi]] ||{{flag|India}} |Asia and Pacific Group |- |10 |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] | |[[Milan]] ||{{flag|Italy}} |WEOG (COP President: Hungary, Eastern Europe Group) |- |11 |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] | |[[Buenos Aires]] ||{{flag|Argentina}} |GRULAC |- |12 |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |CMP&nbsp;1 |[[Montreal]] ||{{flag|Canada}} |WEOG |- |13 |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |CMP&nbsp;2 |[[Nairobi]] ||{{flag|Kenya}} |Africa Group |- |14 |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |CMP&nbsp;3 |[[Bali]] ||{{flag|Indonesia}} |Asia and Pacific Group |- |15 |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |CMP&nbsp;4 |[[Poznań]] ||{{flag|Poland}} |Eastern Europe Group |- |16 |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |CMP&nbsp;5 |[[Copenhagen]] ||{{flag|Denmark}} |WEOG |- |17 |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |CMP&nbsp;6 |[[Cancún]] ||{{flag|Mexico}} |GRULAC |- |18 |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |CMP&nbsp;7 |[[Durban]] ||{{flag|South Africa}} |Africa Group |- |19 |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |CMP&nbsp;8 |[[Doha]] ||{{flag|Qatar}} |Asia and Pacific Group |- |20 |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |CMP&nbsp;9 |[[Warsaw]] ||{{flag|Poland}} |Eastern Europe Group |- |21 |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |CMP&nbsp;10 |[[Lima]] ||{{flag|Peru}} |GRULAC |- |22 |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |CMP&nbsp;11 |[[Paris]] ||{{flag|France}} |WEOG |- |23 |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |CMP&nbsp;12 / CMA&nbsp;1 |[[Marrakech]] ||{{flag|Morocco}} |Africa Group |- |24 |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |CMP&nbsp;13 / CMA&nbsp;1-2 |[[Bonn]] ||{{flag|Germany}} |WEOG (COP President: Fiji, Asia and Pacific Group) |- |25 |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |CMP&nbsp;14 / CMA&nbsp;1-3 |[[Katowice]] ||{{flag|Poland}} |Eastern Europe Group |- |26 |2019 |[[#SB50|SB50]] | |[[Bonn]] ||{{flag|Germany}} |WEOG |- |27 |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |CMP&nbsp;15 / CMA&nbsp;2 |[[Madrid]] ||{{flag|Spain}} |WEOG (COP President: Chile, GRULAC) |- |28 |2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |CMP&nbsp;16 / CMA&nbsp;3 |[[Glasgow]] ||{{flag|United Kingdom}} |WEOG |- |29 |2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |CMP&nbsp;17 / CMA&nbsp;4 |[[Sharm El Sheikh]] ||{{flag|Egypt}} |Africa Group |- |30 |2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |CMP&nbsp;18 / CMA&nbsp;5 |[[Dubai]] ||{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |Asia and Pacific Group |- |31 |2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |CMP&nbsp;19 / CMA&nbsp;6 |[[Baku]] ||{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |Eastern Europe Group |- |32 |2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |CMP&nbsp;20 / CMA&nbsp;7 |[[Belém]] ||{{flag|Brazil}} |GRULAC |- |33 |2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |CMP&nbsp;21 / CMA&nbsp;8 |TBC |TBC |WEOG Australia and Pacific Nations |} == 1995: COP 1, Berlin, Ujerumani == Mkutano wa kwanza wa UNFCCC wa Wanachama ulifanyika [[28 Machi]] hadi [[7 Aprili]] [[1995]] huko [[Berlin]], [[Ujerumani]]. <ref>{{Citeweb|title=Berlin Climate Change Conference - March 1995|url=https://unfccc.int/conference/berlin-climate-change-conference-march1995|accessdate=20240127|work=unfccc.int}</ref> Wajumbe kutoka Nchi 117 na Nchi 53 za Waangalizi walihudhuria mkutano huo. Moja ya masuala ya msingi ya COP 1 ilikuwa usawa wa ahadi za nchi binafsi, Kuidhinisha mamlaka ya kuanza mchakato wa kuchukua hatua kwa nchi binafsi kwa kipindi baada ya 2000. Hii ilijumuisha kuimarisha ahadi za Wanachama kutoka kwenye Kiambatisho cha I katika Kifungu cha 4.2(a) na (b). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Summary report 28 March – 7 April 1995|url=http://enb.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-1/summary-report-28-march-7-april-1995|accessdate=2024-03-05|work=IISD |language=en}}</ref> Wajumbe pia walianzisha: awamu ya majaribio ya miradi ya Utekelezaji wa Pamoja; makubaliano kwamba Sekretarieti ya Kudumu iwe katika mji wa Bonn, Ujerumani; na Mashirika Tanzu. Wajumbe wa mkutano hawakuafikiana kuhusu Kanuni na Taratibu, na uamuzi kuhusu sheria za upigaji kura uliahirishwa hadi COP 2. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Summary report 28 March – 7 April 1995|url=http://enb.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-1/summary-report-28-march-7-april-1995|accessdate=2024-03-05|work=IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin|language=en}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Mataifa]] r6luvziih3cdjojwf7o3813nv4wep92 0 185402 1601287 1511904 2026-09-25T14:13:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601287 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Esther Belibi Dang.jpg|thumb|Esther Belibi Dang mnamo 2003.]] '''Esther Dang''' (alizaliwa [[5 Machi]] [[1945]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[uchumi]] kutoka nchini [[Kamerun]]. Alijiuzulu kama [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya uwekezaji ya Cameroon ili kugombea [[urais]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Esther Dang Facts for Kids|url=https://kids.kiddle.co/Esther_Dang|work=kids.kiddle.co|accessdate=2024-08-25|language=en-us|author=Quick facts for kids Esther Dang with awards Born March 5, 1945 Mbalmayo Nationality Cameroonian Occupation Economist Employer National Investment CompanyKnown for director general of the National Investment Company}}</ref> == Maisha na Elimu == Dang alizaliwa [[Mbalmayo]] mnamo mwaka 1945 <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Korff-Sausse|first=Simone|date=2019-01-18|title=Un corps qui fait du bruit : le cri dans la peinture|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cpsy2.073.0193|journal=Corps &amp; Psychisme|volume=N° 73|issue=1|pages=193–196|doi=10.3917/cpsy2.073.0193|issn=2496-4476}}</ref>. Alianza kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Yaoundé mwaka [[1966]] hadi [[1969]] na baadae kuendelea masomo yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Grenoble ambako aliendelea kusoma uchumi na hatimae alihitimu mwaka 1971<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Baticle|first=Christophe|last2=Boutinot|first2=Laurence|date=2021-07-01|title=Parcours d’une résistance silencieuse dans les forêts du Cameroun|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/com.13294|journal=Cahiers d'Outre-Mer|volume=74|issue=284|pages=383–415|doi=10.4000/com.13294|issn=0373-5834}}</ref>. Dang ana udaktari katika uchumi kutoka Sorbonne<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Korff-Sausse|first=Simone|date=2019-01-18|title=Un corps qui fait du bruit : le cri dans la peinture:|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-corps-et-psychisme-2018-1-page-193.htm?ref=doi|journal=Corps & Psychisme|volume=N° 73|issue=1|pages=193–196|doi=10.3917/cpsy2.073.0193|issn=2496-4476}}</ref>. Alipandishwa cheo na René Owona, ambaye alikuwa waziri wa maendeleo ya viwanda, akiongoza kama mkurugenzi mkuu wa Kampuni ya Taifa ya Uwekezaji ya Cameroon Société nationale d'investissement du Cameroun mnamo tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[1990]]. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Mens|first=Yann|date=2018-11-01|title=Au Cameroun, Paul Biya remet le couvert|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ae.383.0038|journal=Alternatives Économiques|volume=N° 383|issue=10|pages=38–38|doi=10.3917/ae.383.0038|issn=0247-3739}}</ref> Owena na Simon Ngann Yonn, ambaye alikuwa mkurugenzi mkuu wa shirika hilo, wote walikufa mwaka [[2004]]. Alikuwa mkurugenzi mkuu na alijiuzulu kutoka nafasi hii katika mzozo ulioambatana na hasira. Nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na Yaou Aïssatou ambaye alikuwa waziri wa wanawake Alikuwa mgombea wa urais nchini Cameroon mwezi [[Oktoba]] [[2011]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake watatu waliojitokeza kama wagombea. Mwingine alikuwa Edith Kahbang Walla, lakini wagombea wakuu walikuwa Paul Biya na Ni John Fru Ndi. Kulikuwa na wagombea 50 na Paul Biya alichaguliwa tena kwa wingi mkubwa katika uchaguzi wa rais wa Cameroon wa 2011. Dang alishika nafasi ya 11 akiwa na asilimia 0.33 ya kura. Mnamo mwaka [[2016]] Dang alituma barua ya wazi kwa rais kufuatia kukatika kwa treni ya Eséka mwaka 2016 iliyosababisha vifo vya watu kadhaa na kuzuia usafiri wowote kuingia katika miji miwili mikubwa nchini Cameroon. Barua hiyo iliuliza maswali mengi kuhusu rekodi ya rais na mipango yake ya siku zijazo. Maswali mengi ni pamoja na "Kwa nini unakataa kuiendeleza Cameroon?" na "Ni nini kwa maoni yako ni lengo la Mkuu wa Nchi?" ==Marejeo== <references /> {{WAST KRM}} {{BD|1945|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika katika sayansi na teknolojia Kareem Jee Editathon]] 1q1dg1pf4cbve7loiz9wfngyusvma4v 0 185840 1601215 1448557 2026-09-25T13:49:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stamata Revithi''' ([[1866]] – baada ya [[1896]]) alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa [[Kigiriki]] aliyekimbia [[marathon]] ya kilomita 40 wakati wa Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya 1896. Michezo hiyo haikuruhusu wanawake kushiriki, lakini Revithi alisisitiza kwamba aachiliwe akimbie. Revithi alikimbia siku moja baada ya wanaume kumaliza mbio rasmi, na ingawa alikamilisha marathon kwa takriban saa 5 na dakika 30 na kupata mashahidi waliotiwa saini kuthibitisha muda wa mbio, hakuruhusiwa kuingia Uwanja wa Panathinaiko mwishoni mwa mbio. Alikusudia kuwasilisha nyaraka zake kwa Kamati ya Olimpiki ya Kigiriki kwa matumaini kwamba wangethibitisha mafanikio yake, lakini haijulikani kama alifanya hivyo. Hakuna rekodi inayojulikana ya maisha ya Revithi baada ya mbio yake.<ref>Olympic historians do not all agree on why Revithi decided to run the marathon race. It is thought by some of them that Revithi's goal in this decision was to secure a position for work (DeFrantz, ''Women in Sport'', 185; Eleftheratos, [http://www.e-tipos.com/content/staticfiles/issues/2008/04/12/Review/review_46%2031.pdf 11 April 1896] [PDF]). Jere Longman ([https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E7DE103CF933A2575BC0A961958260 In Footsteps of History]) wonders "why anyone would want to run 24 miles for a civil service job". According to Martin & Gynn (''Running through the Ages'', 21), "the male runner told her (Revithi), apparently in jest, that the best way to get rich was to run the marathon and win" (see a similar version of the story by Tarasouleas [''The Female Spiridon Loues'', 11; ''Stamata Revithi, "Alias Melpomeni"'', 53]). Emet Malone ([http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2007/0814/1186957846269.html And at the Starting Line...] {{Wayback|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/health/2007/0814/1186957846269.html |date=20180919170959 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919170959/http://www.e-tipos.com/content/staticfiles/issues/2008/04/12/Review/review_46%2031.pdf|date=2018-09-19}}) believes that, after Revithi was rejected, "she ran the course anyway to prove a point".</ref> Kulingana na vyanzo vya wakati huo, mwanamke wa pili, "'''Melpomene'''", pia alikimbia mbio ya marathon ya 1896. Kuna mjadala miongoni mwa wanahistoria wa Olimpiki kama Revithi na Melpomene walikuwa mtu mmoja au la.<ref>Tarasouleas, ''Stamata Revithi, "Alias Melpomeni"'', 53; Tarasouleas, ''The Female Spiridon Loues'', 11</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1866]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:wanariadha wa Ugiriki]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 6lgx3i2q1nk9su6h7xs20668sg8elzs 0 186177 1601050 1460495 2026-09-25T13:12:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601050 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Monsignor Domenico Tardini.jpg|thumb|Kardinali Domenico Tardini.]] '''Domenico Tardini''' ([[29 Februari]] [[1888]] – [[30 Julai]] [[1961]]) alikuwa msaidizi wa muda mrefu wa [[Papa Pius XII]] katika [[Sekretarieti]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] alimfanya kuwa Katibu wa Jimbo la [[Kardinali]] na, katika nafasi hii mwanachama maarufu zaidi wa Curia ya Kirumi katika [[Vatikani]]. ==Maisha ya Awali== Alisoma Shule ya Angelo Braschi na kuingia Seminari ya Kipapa ya Kirumi mwaka [[1903]] ambapo alihitimu kwa heshima ya [[falsafa]] na [[teolojia]].<ref name="Casula, Nota Biografica IX">Casula, Nota Biografica IX</ref> Tarehe [[21 Septemba]] [[1912]] alipewa daraja la Upadre. Alikubali wito wa kufundisha [[liturujia]] na [[teolojia]] katika [[Seminari]] ya Kirumi na ''Collegio Urbano ya Fide ya Propaganda''. Mnamo [[1923]], aliteuliwa na [[Papa Pius XI]] kuwa msaidizi mkuu wa harakati ya Kikatoliki. Mnamo [[1925]], Papa alimteua kwa shirika la pili, lililotambulikana kama ''Società della Gioventù Cattolica Italiana''. Kuanzia [[1921]] na kuendelea, alifanya kazi vilevile katika Kusanyiko la Mambo ya Kawaida ya Kikanisa ambako aliitwa Sustituto mwaka wa 1929 na Katibu mwaka wa [[1937]].<ref name="Casula, Nota Biografica IX">Casula, Nota Biografica IX</ref> Akiwa na [[Giovanni Battista Montini]], baadaye [[Papa Paulo VI]], alikuwa msaidizi mkuu wa Katibu wa Jimbo la [[Kardinali]] [[Eugenio Pacelli]], baadaye [[Papa Pius XII]], hadi [[1939]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1888]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1961]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] 296jhstnf6kwzo0p4a1191iykli9gz2 0 186360 1601535 1529704 2026-09-26T00:25:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yinka Shonibare''' (amezaliwa [[9 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni msanii wa [[Uingereza]] anayeishi Uingereza. Kazi yake inachunguza utambulisho wa kitamaduni, ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni ndani ya muktadha wa kisasa wa utandawazi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shonibare, Yinka, (born 9 Aug. 1962), visual artist, since 1991|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-251465|access-date=9 August 2021|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|year=2010|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U251465|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == [[File:Wind Sculpture by Yinka Shonibare.JPG|thumb|''Wind Sculpture'' (London, 2014)]] Yinka Shonibare alizaliwa [[London]], [[Uingereza]] mnamo 9 Agosti 1962, akiwa mwana wa Olatunji Shonibare na Laide Shonibare.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Shonibare, Yinka, (born 9 Aug. 1962), visual artist, since 1991|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-251465|access-date=9 August 2021|website=Who's Who & Who Was Who O|year=2010|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U251465|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4}}</ref><ref name="Greenstreet2011"/> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, familia yake ilihamia [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], ambapo baba yake aliendesha mazoezi ya sheria. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 17, Shonibare alirudi Uingereza kufanya masomo ya A-levels katika shule ya ''Redrice School''.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.yinkashonibarembe.com/biography/|title=Biography|website=Yinka Shonibare, MBE (RA)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/7739981/Fourth-Plinth-Yinka-Shonibare-interview.html |author=Gayford, Martin|location=London |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |title=Fourth Plinth: Yinka Shonibare interview | date=19 May 2010}}</ref> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 18, alipatwa na ugonjwa wa ''transverse myelitis'', maambukizi ya [[uti wa mgongo]], jambo ambalo lilisababisha [[ulemavu]] wa mwili wa kudumu ambapo upande mmoja wa mwili wake ulikuwa umepooza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/yinka-shonibare_review%20Disability%20Arts%20Online |title=a unique journal for discussion of arts and culture |publisher=disability arts online |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029074215/http://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/yinka-shonibare_review%20Disability%20Arts%20Online |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/art-iculating-yinka-shonibare%E2%80%99s-hope-in-hopelessness/ |title=Art-iculating Yinka Shonibare's hope in hopelessness |author=Alakam, Japhet|work=Vanguard|location= Nigeria |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> Shonibare alisomea [[Sanaa]] ya [[Picha]] (Fine Art) kwanza katika shule ya ''Byam Shaw School of Art'' (sasa sehemu ya Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design) na baadaye katika chuo kikuu cha ''Goldsmiths, University of London'', ambapo alipata shahada ya MFA, akihitimu kama sehemu ya kizazi cha ''Young British Artists''. Baada ya masomo yake, Shonibare alifanya kazi kama afisa wa maendeleo ya sanaa katika sanaa za ''Shape Arts'', shirika linalowezesha upatikanaji wa sanaa kwa watu wenye ulemavu.<ref name="Greenstreet2011">{{cite news|first=Rosanna|last=Greenstreet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/30/yinka-shonibare-artist-interview|title=Q&A : Yinka Shonibare |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="ancouk">{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Lucy |url=http://www.a-n.co.uk/artists_talking/artists_stories/single/63550 |title=Yinka Shonibare |5=Artists' stories |6=Artists talking |work=a-n |date=10 January 2003 |access-date=20 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123073507/http://www.a-n.co.uk/artists_talking/artists_stories/single/63550 |archivedate=2013-11-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:wasanii wa Uingereza]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1962]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] a6fhwkvbme98n6rc9gfne47d6dae46w 0 187610 1601144 1526465 2026-09-25T13:40:58Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suzanne Goldenberg''' ni [[Mwandishi|mwandishi wa vitabu]] na [[mwandishi wa habari]], mzaliwa wa [[Kanada]]. kwa sasa ameajiriwa na ''The Guardian'' kama mwandishi wao wa [[mazingira]] wa [[Marekani]]. == Wasifu == Goldenberg alizaliwa na kukulia nchini Kanada. <ref name="Bio">[http://www.suzannegoldenberg.com/pages/author.html Author], Suzannegoldenberg.com</ref> Alijiunga na ''The Guardian'' mwaka wa [[1988]], akizungumzia kuvunjika kwa Umoja wa Kisovieti, na baadaye kutumika kama Waandishi wa Habari wa ''The Guardian'' ' Asia ya Kusini na Mashariki ya Kati. Kama mwandishi wa Mashariki ya Kati, aliangazia intifadha ya Wapalestina mnamo [[2000]]-[[2002]], na mnamo [[2003]] alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi wa habari wachache wa magharibi walioko [[Baghdad]] wakiripoti uvamizi wa Marekani nchini [[Iraqi]]. Alikua mwandishi wa habari wa mazingira wa ''The Guardian'' ' Marekani mnamo [[2009]]. Anaishi [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] na familia yake. == Utangazaji == Goldenberg aliripoti juu ya migogoro mingi ya kijeshi katika kazi yake, kama vile vita vya Chechnya, Georgia, na Nagorno Karabakh mapema miaka ya [[1990]], utekaji nyara wa [[Taliban]] wa [[Afghanistan]] mnamo [[1996]], na uvamizi wa 2003 wa Iraqi. Alishinda Tuzo ya Bayeux-Calvados ya waandishi wa habari wa vita kutokana na habari zake nchini Iraq. <ref name="Bio"/> Pia ameripoti kuhusu [[Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina|mzozo wa Israel na Palestina]], habari zilizopelekea yeye kupewa jina la ''Mwandishi Bora wa Mwaka'' na What the Papers Say, [[Foreign Press Association|Chama cha Waandishi wa Habari wa Kigeni]], na Klabu ya Wanahabari ya London. Pia alipokea Tuzo ya Edgar Wallace ya London Press Club mnamo Mei [[2001]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/02/israel1|title=Guardian Jerusalem correspondent wins award|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2001|accessdate=21 April 2014}}</ref> na akashinda Tuzo la James Cameron Memorial Trust baadaye mwaka huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.city.ac.uk/arts-social-sciences/journalism/research/james-cameron-memorial-lecture/winners|title=Award winners|publisher=[[City University London]]|year=2013|accessdate=21 April 2014|archive-date=2015-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003113724/http://www.city.ac.uk/arts-social-sciences/journalism/research/james-cameron-memorial-lecture/winners|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kama mwandishi wa habari za mazingira kutoka Marekani ' ''The Guardian'', amepongezwa kwa kazi yake kuhusu mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na masuala mengine ya mazingira. . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/02/science-vs-politics/|title=Science vs. politics|work=[[Harvard Gazette]]|date=14 February 2014|accessdate=21 April 2014|author=Powell, Alvin}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kanada]] ayf8r8jjmc2myoe3zxpy6u09jdpajtt 0 188120 1601509 1528805 2026-09-25T21:11:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victor Efosa Uwaifo''' ([[1 Machi]] [[1941]] – [[28 Agosti]] [[2021]])<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/a77f26ec-ec08-40dc-bc22-aeec8ce7c610 "Sir Victor Uwaifo" ukurasa] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/a77f26ec-ec08-40dc-bc22-aeec8ce7c610 |date=20180920154236 }} katika BBC Music.</ref> alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Nigeria]], mwandishi, mchongaji sanamu, mvumbuzi wa [[Aina za Muziki|ala za muziki]], mhadhiri wa chuo kikuu, gwiji wa [[muziki]], na Kamishna wa kwanza wa Heshima wa [[Sanaa]], Utamaduni na [[Utalii]] nchini Nigeria.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Njoku |first=Benjamin |last2=Agbakwuru |first2=Johnbosco |last3=Aliu |first3=Alemma |title=Yote unayohitaji kujua kuhusu marehemu mwimbaji Victor Uwaifo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/all-you-need-to-know-about-late-singer-victor-uwaifo/|date=29 Agosti 2021 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> Alikuwa mshindi wa diski ya kwanza ya dhahabu [[Afrika]] kupitia kibao chake maarufu ''Joromi'' kilichotolewa mwaka [[1965]], na baadaye akashinda diski nyingine saba za dhahabu kupitia nyimbo kama ''Guitar Boy'', ''Arabade'', mfululizo wa ''Ekassa'' na muziki wa ''Akwete''. Aliwahi kurekodi pia kwa jina la ''Victor Uwaifo and His Titibitis''.<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Sir Victor Uwaifo: Joromi, Guitar Boy msanii na mwanamuziki mkubwa wa Nigeria afariki akiwa na miaka 80 |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-58359086|date=28 Agosti 2021 |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Victor Efosa Uwaifo alizaliwa katika [[Benin City]], [[Jimbo la Edo]], Nigeria ya kikoloni.<ref name="Larkin">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000unse/page/1206 1206]}}</ref> Alipata elimu ya sekondari katika Western Boys' High School Benin na chuo cha St Gregory's College, [[Lagos]], kati ya mwaka [[1957]] na [[1961]]. Alianza kupiga [[gitaa]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, akivutiwa na rekodi za muziki wa [[Kihispania]] na Kimamerika ya Kilatini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.victoruwaifo.com/biography.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015154/http://www.victoruwaifo.com/biography.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 Januari 2012|title=Wasifu wa Profesa Sir Victor Uwaifo|date=18 Januari 2012}}</ref> Alisomea grafiki katika Chuo cha Ufundi cha Yaba, [[Jimbo la Lagos]], na alihitimu kati ya mwaka [[1961]] na [[1963]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 22. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 54, alipata [[shahada ya kwanza]] kwa daraja la juu (''valedictorian''), na mwaka [[1997]], akiwa na miaka 56, alipata shahada ya uzamili kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Benin (Nigeria)|Chuo Kikuu cha Benin]], ambako alisomea sanaa nzuri na sanaa tumizi na kuhitimu katika [[uchongaji]]. Tasnifu yake ya [[Uzamivu|PhD]] katika uchongaji wa usanifu iliitwa "Ubunifu upya wa Vipande vya Kifalme vya Kihistoria vya Benin", iliyowasilishwa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Benin, Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=5 Mei 2018|title=Sir Victor Uwaifo, gwiji wa muziki wa Highlife aliyeumba na kumudu 'gitaa la kichawi' lenye nyuzi 18|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/sir-victor-uwaifo-the-highlife-music-legend-who-created-and-mastered-the-magic-guitar-with-18-strings|access-date=26 Machi 2021|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1941]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2021]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 8yf5381zod3dgmtl7l067i259s0hs1q 0 189035 1601282 1485063 2026-09-25T14:13:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karin Lesch''' (alizaliwa [[18 Mei]] [[1935]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa jukwaa, [[sinema]] na [[televisheni]] mwenye asili ya [[Uswizi]]-[[Ujerumani]] anayetoka katika familia ya vizazi vingi vya wasanii waliobobea wa lugha ya Kijerumani katika tamthilia na sinema.<ref name=MDlautRS>{{cite web|url=http://www.defa-sternstunden.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226&Itemid=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200315/http://www.defa-sternstunden.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226&Itemid=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016| title=Mathilde Danegger Biographie|author=Renate Seydel|display-authors=etal|work= Schauspieler; Das große Lexikon der DDR-Stars|accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>«Karin Lesch», Von: Sacha Beuth, 23. Dezember 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103213/http://www.tagblattzuerich.ch/aktuell/interview/interview-detail/article/in-der-erinnerung-liegt-ein-gluecksgefuehl.html «In der Erinnerung liegt ein Glücksgefühl»] Tagblatt der Stadt Zürich (web.archive.org)</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Kutokana na kutoegemea upande wowote kwa Uswisi, Lesh alikua bila kuathiriwa na athari za Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, na msukosuko huo uliikumba Austria ya mama yake baada ya kuinyakua na [[Dola la Tatu|Utawala wa Tatu]]. Hata hivyo, baada ya Vita, maisha ya Lesch yalibadilika sana baada ya ndoa ya wazazi wake kuvunjika. Mama yake alimchukua Lesch kutoka kwa baba yake, alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na miwili tu, akaishi kwanza [[Ujerumani Magharibi]] mwaka wa 1947, na kwa sababu ya [[Ukomunisti|imani za kisiasa]] za mama yake, <ref name="IMDB">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0199363/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm|title=IMDb ''Mathilde Danegger'' Biography}}</ref> walienda kuishi [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani|Mashariki]] ya Kikomunisti iliyoanzishwa hivi karibuni (1949). ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1935|2025}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]] 19la5ezhya60v71k44rulz4hov76h4i 0 189191 1601255 1580272 2026-09-25T14:10:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | name = Jeshi la Ulinzi la Israeli |- | native_name = {{Noitalics|{{Script/Hebrew|צבא ההגנה לישראל}}}} | image = [[File:Badge of the Israeli Defense Forces 2022 version.svg|150px]] | alt = alternative text | caption = Nembo ya Jeshi la Ulinzi la Israeli | image2 = [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|200px]] | caption2 = Bendera ya Israeli na Nembo }} '''Jeshi la Ulinzi la Israeli''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] '''Israel Defense Forces''', [[kifupi]]: '''IDF'''; <small>{{lang-he|צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל}}</small> {{Audio|He-Israeli Defense Forces.ogg|''Tsva ha-Hagana le-Yisra'el''}}, kwa ufafanuzi wa neno kwa neno: ''Jeshi la Ulinzi wa Waisraeli'', pia hutajwa kwa finyanzo la [[Kiebrania]] '''Tzahal''' ({{Lang|he|צה״ל}}), ni jeshi la ulinzi la [[taifa]] la [[Israeli]]. ''IDF'' ni jeshi lenye sehemu kuu tatu: Jeshi la Askari wa Miguu la Israeli, Jeshi la Anga la Israeli na Jeshi la Wanamaji la Israeli.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=|title=The State: Israel Defense Forces (IDF)|url=https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/state/pages/the%20state-%20israel%20defense%20forces%20-idf-.aspx#:~:text=The%20IDF's%20three%20service%20branches,to%20the%20minister%20of%20defense.|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|quote=The IDF's three service branches (ground forces, air force, and navy) function under a unified command, headed by the Chief of the General Staff, with the rank of lieutenant-general, who is responsible to the minister of defence.|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818074136/https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/state/pages/the%20state-%20israel%20defense%20forces%20-idf-.aspx#:~:text=The%20IDF's%20three%20service%20branches,to%20the%20minister%20of%20defense.|url-status=live}}</ref> Ndio tawi pekee la kijeshi la vikosi vya ulinzi na usalawa vya taifa la Israeli. IDF huongozwa na Mkuu wa Jeshi, ambaye huwa chini ya Waziri wa Ulinzi wa Israeli. Chini ya maelekezo ya Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza David Ben-Gurion, IDF ilianzishwa mnamo tarehe 26 Mei 1948 na lilianza kwa kutumikisha watu kisheria, huku wasajiliwa wake wa awali kabisa wakiwa ni askari ambao tayari walikuwepo, wa [[kundi la kijeshi]] la ''Yishuv'' — maarufu kama ''Haganah'', [Irgun], na kundi lingine lililojulikana kama ''Lehi''. Lilianzishwa muda mfupi baada ya Israeli kujitangazia uhuru wake na limeshiriki katika kila mgogoro wa kivita ambamo Israeli ilihusika. Ndani ya vipindi vya mikataba ya amani; kati ya Israeli na Misri wa 1979 na ule wa Israeli na Jordan wa 1994, IDF ilifanya mabadiliko makubwa ya kimkakati. Hapo kabla, jeshi hilo lilikuwa likisambazwa kwenye maeneo mbalimbali ya mstari wa mbele —[[Lebanon]] na [[Syria]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Jordan]] na [[Iraq]] upande wa mashariki, na [[Misri]] upande wa kusini — IDF ikahamishia umakinifu wake kwenye maeneo inayoyakalia ya kusini mwa Lebanoni na kwenye kuzikalia kimabavu himaya za Palestina za [[Ukanda wa Gaza]] na Ukingo wa Magharibi, ikijumuisha [[Yerusalemu]] ya [[Mashariki]]. Mnamo mwaka 2000, IDF iliondoka kusini mwa Lebanoni na mnamo 2005 iliondoka Gaza. Mizozo kati ya Israeli na makundi ya Kiislamu ya Gaza, hususan [[Hamas]], imekuwa ikiendelea tangia wakati huo. Zaidi ya hayo, mgogoro mwingine uliotikisa ni ule wa Israeli na Syria, ambao ulikuwa ukifukuta mara kwa mara tangu 2011, kutokana na hali tete ya Mashariki ya Kati inayosababishwa na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe huko Syria. Tangu mwaka 1967, IDF imekuwa ikijenga uhusiano wa karibu wa masuala ya kiusalama na [[Marekani]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Mahler, Gregory S. |title=Israel After Begin |url=https://archive.org/details/israelafterbegin0000unse |page=[https://archive.org/details/israelafterbegin0000unse/page/45 45] |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7914-0367-9}}</ref> wakishirikiana pia katika masuala ya utafiti wa maendeleo, wakiweka juhudi za pamoja kwenye uundaji wa ''McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle'' au F-15I na makombora ya kujilindia ya ''Arrow'', miongoni mwa mambo mengine. Pia inashukiwa kuwa IDF imejitengenezea na inamiliki silaha za kinyuklia tangia mwaka 1967, ikiwa na vichwa vya silaza hizo kati ya 80 na 400.<ref name="israelcohen">There is a wide range of estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal. For a compiled list of estimates, see [[Avner Cohen]], ''The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's bargain with the Bomb'' (Columbia University Press, 2010), Table 1, page xxvii and page 82.</ref> IDF inazidhibiti himaya za Palestina zinazokaliwa kimabavu na Israeli kupitia ukandamizaji, ubaguzi uliorasmishwa na uporaji wa haki za binadamu (za Wapalestina) na unyanyasaji wa kikatili; mambo ambayo yamekumbana na ukosoji mkubwa kote duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Israel, West Bank and Gaza |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/israel-west-bank-and-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306132629/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/israel-west-bank-and-gaza/ |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-02-01 |title=Israel's apartheid against Palestinians: a cruel system of domination and a crime against humanity |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Mashariki ya Kati]] [[Jamii:Jeshi]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Israeli]] mmvxb2vefanll5t609k28dfgispq0cx 0 190149 1601145 1453864 2026-09-25T13:41:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[picha:ArtAndFeminismNYC-Barbara Hammer.jpg|thumb|Barbara Hammer]] '''Barbara Jean Hammer''' ([[15 Mei]] [[1939]] – [[16 Machi]] [[2019]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]], [[mtayarishaji]], [[mwandishi]], na mpiga [[picha]] wa sinema wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa filamu za kike, akiwa mstari wa mbele katika kuangazia masuala ya wanawake kupitia kazi zake.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|last=Youmans|first=Greg|year=2012| title = Performing Essentialism: Reassessing Barbara Hammer's Films of the 1970s|url=http://www.headlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Youmans_Performing-Essentialism_Camera-Obscura.pdf|journal=Camera Obscura|volume=27|issue=3|pages=100–135|doi=10.1215/02705346-1727473|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220042743/http://www.headlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Youmans_Performing-Essentialism_Camera-Obscura.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2016|access-date=December 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya kazi == Taaluma ya Hammer ilifanya kazi ndani ya majaribio ya filamu na [[video]] ya mm 16, iliyochukua miongo mitano. Nyundo ilikuwa ya ubunifu na yenye mazao. Mada zake za kazi zilikuwa pana, kutoka kwa urembo wa mwili na upendo hadi mjadala wa siasa na jamii <u>,</u> na kazi yake inajumuisha karibu filamu 100. <ref name=":2" /> Katika kazi yake yote, Hammer aliendelea kujipa changamoto na kuchunguza mada mpya na zisizojulikana. <ref name=":15">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423|title=Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)|last=Blaetz|first=Robin|date=2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4023-2|oclc=1229765423}}</ref> Kazi yake inaweza kugawanywa katika hatua tatu kulingana na ukuaji wake wa kazi: hatua ya mapema ya kazi (miaka ya 1960-1970), hatua ya katikati ya kazi (miaka ya 1980-katikati ya 1990), na hatua ya marehemu (katikati ya 1990-2018). Filamu zake za awali, zilizotengenezwa akiwa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la San Francisco, zililenga mada za wanawake na watu wa jinsia moja na zilijumuisha dhana ya miaka ya 1970 ya ufeministi wa kitamaduni. Wakati wa hatua hii ya awali ya taaluma ya Hammer, hasa katikati ya miaka ya 1970, jukumu lake kama mwanamke pekee mwongozaji filamu aliyedai waziwazi kama msagaji lilionyeshwa sana katika kazi zake. Kazi zake katika kipindi hiki baadaye zilikosolewa kama mapenzi na umuhimu. Kuna maonyesho mengi ya kimwili na ya kingono ya mwili wa kike, yakisisitiza wazo la kuonyesha upendo, tamaa, na furaha ya kimapenzi kati ya wasagaji kwa uwazi. Filamu hizo zilijumuisha maonyesho mengi ya kimwili na kingono ya mwili wa mwanamke, yakisisitiza wazo la kuonyesha kwa uwazi mapenzi, hamu, na raha ya kingono kati ya wasagaji. Filamu hizo zililenga kuonyesha mawazo ya kibinafsi na ya faragha.. <ref name=":43">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Feminist filmmaker and pioneer of queer cinema|url=https://barbarahammer.com/|accessdate=2022-10-13|work=Barbara Hammer|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":15">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423|title=Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)|last=Blaetz|first=Robin|date=2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4023-2|oclc=1229765423}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlaetz2019">Blaetz, Robin (2019). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 ''Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)'']. Duke University Press. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4023-2|<bdi>978-0-8223-4023-2</bdi>]]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 1229765423].</cite></ref> Hammer alihusika kikamilifu katika tasnia ya utengenezaji wa vyombo vya habari katika kipindi hiki, pamoja na kujifunza ujuzi na mbinu mapya, kuandaa maonyesho ya kwanza ya kazi zake mwenyewe, kufungua warsha za filamu na masomo ambayo yanahusisha utengenezaji wa filamu za wanawake, n.k. <ref name=":15">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423|title=Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)|last=Blaetz|first=Robin|date=2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4023-2|oclc=1229765423}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlaetz2019">Blaetz, Robin (2019). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 ''Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)'']. Duke University Press. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4023-2|<bdi>978-0-8223-4023-2</bdi>]]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 1229765423].</cite></ref> Kazi mashuhuri kutoka kipindi hicho: ''Dyketactics'' (1974): ''Dyketactics'' ni mojawapo ya kazi maarufu zaidi katika historia ya sinema ya wasagaji. Ilifanywa wakati wa Hammer katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la San Francisco. Kama Hammer alivyozungumza katika mahojiano ya baadaye, moja ya sababu za kutengeneza filamu hii ni kwamba hakukuwa na filamu za wasagaji wakati huo. <ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/31808373|title=Seeing double(s) : performance and self-representation in the films of Maya Deren, Barbara Hammer and Yvonne Rainer|last=Therese.|first=Pramaggiore, Maria|date=1993|oclc=31808373}}</ref> Kuna picha nyingi za karibu sana katika ''Dyketactics'' : wanawake huvua nguo zao na kucheza na kila mmoja wao, kukumbatiana na asili na kugusana, na kuna mlolongo wa kufanya mapenzi, ambao Hammer anahusika kibinafsi. <ref name=":22" /> Vitendo vya polepole na vya upole vya wanawake kwenye skrini na utumiaji wa maonyesho ya juu zaidi na utunzi wa uangalifu hufanya matukio hayo ya kuamsha hisia ya kimapenzi na ya kimwili, ikitofautisha filamu hii na ponografia katika masimulizi na taswira. <ref name=":15">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423|title=Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)|last=Blaetz|first=Robin|date=2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4023-2|oclc=1229765423}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlaetz2019">Blaetz, Robin (2019). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 ''Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)'']. Duke University Press. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4023-2|<bdi>978-0-8223-4023-2</bdi>]]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 1229765423].</cite></ref> <ref name=":22" /> Kupitia ''Dyketactics'', Hammer aliwasilisha mapenzi ya wasagaji ambayo hayakuwa yameonyeshwa katika filamu za awali, na kuweka hatua muhimu katika sinema ya wasagaji. <ref name=":22" /> ''Superdyke'' (1975): ''Superdyke'' inafanywa katika hatua ya awali ya ukombozi wa mashoga. <ref name=":03">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/b11229|title=Contemporary Writing and the Politics of Space|date=2017-05-31|isbn=9781787076334|editor-last=Walton|editor-first=David|doi=10.3726/b11229|hdl=10630/34027|editor-last2=Suárez|editor-first2=Juan Antonio}}</ref> Filamu hiyo inajumuisha vielelezo vingi vya mwili wa kike, vikiwemo uchi, kujigusa, na kupiga punyeto. Uchaguzi wa Hammer wa matumizi ya sinematografia katika ''Superdyke'' ulikuwa wa kipekee na wa kuvutia; kwa mfano, alitumia picha za karibu (close-up) kuonyesha miili ya wanawake waliokuwa ufukweni, ili kusisitiza hisia ya mguso wa miili na mazingira yanayowazunguka. Alizungusha kamera sambamba na harakati za wahusika wa kike katika sehemu ya kucheza, ili kuunda hisia ya mwendo na msisimko wa kisanii.. Kwa kufanya hivyo, Hammer huchunguza uwezo wa kuvutia wa utengenezaji filamu. <ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/31808373|title=Seeing double(s) : performance and self-representation in the films of Maya Deren, Barbara Hammer and Yvonne Rainer|last=Therese.|first=Pramaggiore, Maria|date=1993|oclc=31808373}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTherese.1993">Therese., Pramaggiore, Maria (1993). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/31808373 ''Seeing double(s) : performance and self-representation in the films of Maya Deren, Barbara Hammer and Yvonne Rainer'']. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31808373 31808373].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Kigezo:Rejea kitabu|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> ''Nguvu Mbili'' (1978): ''Nguvu Mbili'' inaangazia uhusiano wa Hammer na msanii wa trapeze Terry Sendgraff. Ingawa hii ni filamu kuhusu uhusiano wa wanandoa hawa, Hammer haionekani sana kwenye kamera. Picha nyingi hurekodi mwili wa Sendgraff akiwa kwenye trapezes. Kuna mitazamo mingi ya kina kuhusu mwili wa Sendgraff, pamoja na kivuli chake na mwingiliano kati ya mwili wake na vitu vya kila siku. Mtindo wa uoneshaji wa picha na mbinu zinazotumika katika ''Nguvu Maradufu'' zinafanana na kazi nyingine za Hammer katika kipindi hiki. <ref name=":3">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/31808373|title=Seeing double(s) : performance and self-representation in the films of Maya Deren, Barbara Hammer and Yvonne Rainer|last=Therese.|first=Pramaggiore, Maria|date=1993|oclc=31808373}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTherese.1993">Therese., Pramaggiore, Maria (1993). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/31808373 ''Seeing double(s) : performance and self-representation in the films of Maya Deren, Barbara Hammer and Yvonne Rainer'']. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31808373 31808373].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Kigezo:Rejea kitabu|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref> === Miaka ya 1980-katikati ya 1990: Katikati ya kazi na umakini wa kina === Filamu za katikati ya kazi za Hammer zilicheza kati ya filamu fupi na urefu wa kipengele. Sehemu hii ya kazi yake ilifanywa na uamuzi wake wa kuhama kutoka California hadi New York, ulichochewa kwa sehemu na hamu yake ya kujiondoa katika mazingira ya kijamii na kisiasa ambayo yalikuwa yamemwelekeza kuelekea ufeministi wa kitamaduni wa filamu zake za awali, ambazo baadaye zilikosolewa vikali sana. Kuhama kutoka kwa uwakilishi rahisi wa miili ambayo haikutambuliwa kama sanaa nzuri, lengo la Hammer lilihamia kazi rasmi zaidi. Alianza kuchunguza uhusiano kati ya mtu binafsi na ulimwengu wa nje, ikiwa ni pamoja na mwanga, maisha, asili, jamii, serikali, n.k. Kwa mada ya kina na utayarishaji wa kina zaidi wa kazi zake kutokana na juhudi zake za awali, kazi zake nyingi katika kipindi hiki zilipata kuzingatiwa na umma. <ref name=":43">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Feminist filmmaker and pioneer of queer cinema|url=https://barbarahammer.com/|accessdate=2022-10-13|work=Barbara Hammer|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://barbarahammer.com/ "Feminist filmmaker and pioneer of queer cinema"]. ''Barbara Hammer''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":15">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423|title=Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)|last=Blaetz|first=Robin|date=2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4023-2|oclc=1229765423}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlaetz2019">Blaetz, Robin (2019). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 ''Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)'']. Duke University Press. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4023-2|<bdi>978-0-8223-4023-2</bdi>]]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 1229765423].</cite></ref> ''Wakati wa Bent'' (1984): ''Muda wa Bent'' ni sehemu za kurekodi filamu za kusafiri kutoka California hadi Mexico. Matumizi mengi ya lenzi za pembe-pana na miondoko ya kusimamisha mwanga ndani ya fremu ili kuiga kupinda kwa wakati kinadharia. <ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/922913646|title=Culture, space, and power : blurred lines|last=Walton|first=David|last2=Suárez|first2=Juan Antonio|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4985-2165-9|oclc=922913646}}</ref> Filamu hii inatoa nafasi kwa Hammer kutafakari uamuzi wake wa kuhamia New York City — jiji ambalo lilibeba sura ya maisha yake hadi mauti. ''Mabusu ya Nitrate'' (1992): ''Mabusu ya Nitrate'' yanatolewa chini ya kivuli cha janga la UKIMWI na inafichua kutengwa kwa watu wanaofanya mapenzi ya jinsia moja huko Amerika tangu [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]]. Filamu hii inaakisi siku za nyuma zilizopuuzwa au hata kusahaulika za jumuiya ya wasagaji na vikundi vingine vya wachache. Ufafanuzi wa sauti ya Hammer na ushuhuda mbalimbali wa wasagaji wakubwa huambatana na picha za mandhari ya ukiwa na mitazamo ya jiji yenye huzuni, na kujenga hisia kali ya kutokamilika na hatari. <ref name=":15">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423|title=Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)|last=Blaetz|first=Robin|date=2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4023-2|oclc=1229765423}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlaetz2019">Blaetz, Robin (2019). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 ''Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks (E-Duke Books Scholarly Collection)'']. Duke University Press. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4023-2|<bdi>978-0-8223-4023-2</bdi>]]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229765423 1229765423].</cite></ref> <ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/922913646|title=Culture, space, and power : blurred lines|last=Walton|first=David|last2=Suárez|first2=Juan Antonio|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4985-2165-9|oclc=922913646}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWaltonSuárez2016">Walton, David; Suárez, Juan Antonio (2016). [http://worldcat.org/oclc/922913646 ''Culture, space, and power : blurred lines'']. Lexington Books. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-2165-9|<bdi>978-1-4985-2165-9</bdi>]]. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922913646 922913646].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UbuWeb Film & Video: Barbara Hammer - Nitrate Kisses (1992)|url=https://ubu.com/film/hammer_nitrate.html|accessdate=2021-12-04|work=ubu.com}}</ref> Maisha ya marehemu ya Hammer yanaambatana na kuibuka kwake umaarufu kwa umma na kumbukumbu za makumbusho na kupata kwake Ushirika wa Guggenheim. Aliangazia zaidi siasa za utambulisho katika kipindi hiki. Mandhari ya vita, masuala ya afya, na uhuru yalikuja kwa Hammer. Alichunguza uhusiano kati ya sanaa na masuala ya kijamii katika kazi zake. <ref name=":43">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Feminist filmmaker and pioneer of queer cinema|url=https://barbarahammer.com/|accessdate=2022-10-13|work=Barbara Hammer|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://barbarahammer.com/ "Feminist filmmaker and pioneer of queer cinema"]. ''Barbara Hammer''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kuvutiwa kwake na mwili bado ilikuwa sehemu muhimu ya kazi zake. Walakini, badala ya urembo wa miili, kamera yake ilipiga picha zaidi juu ya mwili unapokuwa mzee, umeumizwa, na kusonga. Hili lilihusishwa moja kwa moja na vita vyake vya kansa ngumu, ambavyo vilianza na utambuzi wake mwaka wa 2006. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UbuWeb Film & Video: Barbara Hammer - Optic Nerve (1985)|url=https://ubu.com/film/hammer_optic.html|accessdate=2021-12-04|work=ubu.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=OPTIC NERVE|url=https://barbarahammer.com/films/optic-nerve/|accessdate=2021-12-05|work=Barbara Hammer|language=en}}</ref> ''Hadithi za Zabuni'' (1995): ''Fictions za Zabuni'' ni filamu ya tawasifu inayoakisi maisha ya awali ya Hammer pamoja na mwendelezo wa filamu yake ya hali halisi ''ya Nitrate Kisses''. <ref name=":03">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/b11229|title=Contemporary Writing and the Politics of Space|date=2017-05-31|isbn=9781787076334|editor-last=Walton|editor-first=David|doi=10.3726/b11229|hdl=10630/34027|editor-last2=Suárez|editor-first2=Juan Antonio}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWaltonSuárez2017">Walton, David; Suárez, Juan Antonio, eds. (May 31, 2017). [http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/b11229 ''Contemporary Writing and the Politics of Space'']. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3726/b11229|10.3726/b11229]]. [[Mfumo wa kishiko|hdl]]:[[hdl:10630/34027|10630/34027]]. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781787076334|<bdi>9781787076334</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ''Masomo ya Historia'' (2000): ''Masomo ya Historia'' yanazingatia zamani za wasagaji zilizofutwa. Kwa historia ya kukandamiza, nyenzo za kihistoria za jamii ya wasagaji zilikuwa ngumu kupata. Ili kutatua tatizo hili, Hammer hutumia nyenzo nyingi za kibiashara, ikiwa ni pamoja na ponografia, hadithi za uwongo, n.k. Kanda hizo zimeunganishwa kwa nia ya katuni, na kufanya mtindo wa filamu kuwa mwepesi na wa kuchekesha. ''Babushka Yangu: Kutafuta Vitambulisho vya Kiukraini'' (2001): ''Katika Babushka Yangu: Kutafuta Vitambulisho vya Kiukraini'', Hammer inachunguza Utambulisho wake wa Kiukraini na kuangazia jiografia, utamaduni, na historia ya Ukrainia. <ref name=":03">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/b11229|title=Contemporary Writing and the Politics of Space|date=2017-05-31|isbn=9781787076334|editor-last=Walton|editor-first=David|doi=10.3726/b11229|hdl=10630/34027|editor-last2=Suárez|editor-first2=Juan Antonio}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWaltonSuárez2017">Walton, David; Suárez, Juan Antonio, eds. (May 31, 2017). [http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/b11229 ''Contemporary Writing and the Politics of Space'']. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3726/b11229|10.3726/b11229]]. [[Mfumo wa kishiko|hdl]]:[[hdl:10630/34027|10630/34027]]. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781787076334|<bdi>9781787076334</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ''Farasi si Sitiari'' (2009): ''Farasi si Sitiari'' ni taswira ya kiawasifu katika mapambano ya Hammer na msamaha wa saratani yake ya ovari ya kiwango ya tatu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UbuWeb Film & Video: Barbara Hammer - A Horse Is Not A Metaphor (2008)|url=https://ubu.com/film/hammer_horse.html|accessdate=2021-12-04|work=ubu.com}}</ref> ''Miili ya Ushahidi'' (2018): ''Miili ya Ushahidi'' ni kipande cha mwisho cha Nyundo. Inajumuisha uigizaji, usakinishaji wa kisanii, na filamu, ikitenda kama hitimisho la kuhusika kwake na harakati za haki-kufa. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] r3hu5ybh08g8xaqllylhglbrpx09mfq 0 190582 1601332 1364033 2026-09-25T14:29:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suryakant Lonkar''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[India]] na mjumbe wa chama cha Shiv Sena. Lonkar alikuwa mjumbe mmoja tu wa [[Bunge]] la Maharashtra katika mwaka 1995 kutoka jimbo la [[Pune]] Cantonment katika jimbo la Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/still-pursuing-the-nathuram-dream/201555 |title=Still Pursuing The Nathuram Dream |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329060314/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/still-pursuing-the-nathuram-dream/201555 |archivedate=2023-03-29 |accessdate=2024-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-Cantonment-a-secular-bastion/articleshow/848016.cms Pune Cantonment a 'secular' bastion]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uhindi]] ha0t20vthdyfws2dcqp8btf1bu5jl1k 1601410 1601332 2026-09-25T17:39:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suryakant Lonkar''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[India]] na mjumbe wa chama cha Shiv Sena. Lonkar alikuwa mjumbe mmoja tu wa [[Bunge]] la Maharashtra katika mwaka 1995 kutoka jimbo la [[Pune]] Cantonment katika jimbo la Pune.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/still-pursuing-the-nathuram-dream/201555 |title=Still Pursuing The Nathuram Dream |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329060314/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/still-pursuing-the-nathuram-dream/201555 |archivedate=2023-03-29 |accessdate=2024-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-Cantonment-a-secular-bastion/articleshow/848016.cms Pune Cantonment a 'secular' bastion]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uhindi]] 5ykog3i0t55fshnd8tfd377afmq7qsx 0 190759 1601227 1529956 2026-09-25T13:50:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert David Aristodemo''' (alizaliwa Mei 20, 1977) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo. Yeye ni kocha mkuu wa timu ya wasichana ya Montverde Academy, Orlando Kicks FC ya United Women's Soccer na kocha msaidizi wa Florida Tropics SC katika ligi ya Major Arena Soccer. Aristodemo alicheza soka la ndani kwa Baltimore Blast kutoka mwaka 2006 hadi mwaka 2011, kabla ya kutangaza kustaafu kwake kabla ya msimu wa 2011–2012.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://misl.uslsoccer.com/home/549244.html |title=Blast Legends Hang Up Boots |accessdate=2024-11-16 |archive-date=2012-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415104907/http://misl.uslsoccer.com/home/549244.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.fltropics.com/news/veteran-midfielder-robbie-aristodemo-to-join-tropi Veteran Midfielder Robbie Aristodemo to Join Tropics]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] cq5g9cuud1tauwpqrocp5e8z5zsrxer 0 191573 1601568 1432023 2026-09-26T04:43:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexandra Lucía Jean Salvador Duthie''' (alizaliwa [[Agosti 11]], [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kulipwa mwenye asili ya [[Kanada]] na [[Ekuador]]. Anacheza kama [[beki]] katika timu ya chuo cha [[Marekani]] Alcorn State Lady Braves katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Ecuador. Yeye ni nahodha wa Lady Braves.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url = http://www.therecord.com/sports-story/5631158-ali-salvador-will-play-for-ecuador-at-world-cup/| title = Ali Salvador will play for Ecuador at World Cup| date = 15 Mei 2015| publisher =}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ekwado]] 4u9tfwkitp55ak489ttcnmaozpryuv3 0 191741 1601380 1527076 2026-09-25T16:20:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodor Alexander Corbeanu''' (alizaliwa Mei 17, [[2002]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji kwa klabu ya Granada CF na timu ya taifa ya Kanada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canadasoccer.com/profile/?id=13484|title=Theo Corbeanu Soccer Canada profile|work=[[Canadian Soccer Association]]}}</ref><ref name=gettoknow>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/features/20200617-get-to-know-theo-corbeanu/|title=Get to Know Theo Corbeanu|work=[[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.]]|date=June 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name=thespec>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thespec.com/sports/hamilton-region/opinion/2021/01/02/theo-corbeanu-just-18-has-streaked-from-hamilton-soccer-pitches-onto-historic-wolverhampton-wanderers-first-team.html|title=Theo Corbeanu, just 18, has streaked from Hamilton soccer pitches onto historic Wolverhampton Wanderers' first team|first=Steve|last=Milton|work=[[Hamilton Spectator]]|date=January 2, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202060443/https://www.thespec.com/sports/hamilton-region/opinion/2021/01/02/theo-corbeanu-just-18-has-streaked-from-hamilton-soccer-pitches-onto-historic-wolverhampton-wanderers-first-team.html|archivedate=2022-02-02|accessdate=2024-11-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2002|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 6uqat0t6svj55m62w6o25gl32vz2gbj 0 192292 1601574 1432187 2026-09-26T05:03:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alison Heydorn''' (alizaliwa [[5 Desemba]], [[1984]]) ni mchezaji wa kimataifa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] mwenye asili ya [[Kanada]] na [[Guyana]]. Aliwahi kucheza soka ya vyuo vikuu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Central Michigan.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.hamiltonscores.com/2011/05/19/st-mary-does-athletic-decorating/| title = St. Mary honours OFSAA champion Crusaders|work=HamiltonScores|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215165240/http://www.hamiltonscores.com/2011/05/19/st-mary-does-athletic-decorating/|archive-date=2016-02-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thespec.com/sports-story/6265683-there-s-someone-to-watch-on-the-other-side-of-the-pitch/|title=There's someone to watch on the other side of the pitch|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301034446/http://www.thespec.com/sports-story/6265683-there-s-someone-to-watch-on-the-other-side-of-the-pitch/|archivedate=2016-03-01|accessdate=2024-11-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1984|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Guyana]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] tctqv2atou7t8cuhzpn9boy4qd66odc 0 192891 1601589 1587681 2026-09-26T06:44:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Anthony J. Mifsud Publicity and Promotional Photograph 2008.jpg|thumb|Mifsud mwaka 2008]] '''Anthony J. Mifsud''' ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo aliyezaliwa [[Malta]], ambaye ni raia wa [[Kanada]]. Anatumbuiza kitaalamu kwa jina la '''Mif'''.<ref name="Ballbustermusic.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ballbustermusic.com/2019/06/10/anthony-j-mifsud-a-full-time-actor-musician/|title=Anthony J. Mifsud: A Full-Time Actor / Musician|work=Ballbuster Music (Interview)|author=Mark St. John|date=June 10, 2019}}</ref><ref name="UberDadPodcast">{{cite web|url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-uberdad-29223789/episode/actor-singer-songwriter-anthony-j-mifsud-29833689/|title=Actor, Singer, songwriter Anthony J. Mifsud (Mif)|work=Uber Dad (iHeartRadio Podcast Interview)|author=Rick Brown|date=September 11, 2018|accessdate=2024-12-05|archive-date=2025-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224051827/https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-uberdad-29223789/episode/actor-singer-songwriter-anthony-j-mifsud-29833689/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MIF-Playing Doctor">{{cite web|url=http://carlbegai.com/2009/08/24/mif-playing-doctor//|title=MIF-Playing Doctor|work=Carl Begai (Interview)|author=Carl Begai|date=August 24, 2009|accessdate=2024-12-05|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203063757/http://carlbegai.com/2009/08/24/mif-playing-doctor/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BWBKCBFeature">{{cite web|url=http://bravewords.com/features/slash-puppet-the-long-end-of-the-wishbone|title=SLASH PUPPET-The Long End Of The Wishbone|work=Bravewords (Feature)|author=Carl Begai|date=September 11, 2007|accessdate=2024-12-05|archive-date=2018-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084057/http://bravewords.com/features/slash-puppet-the-long-end-of-the-wishbone|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sleazeroxx.com">{{cite web|url=https://sleazeroxx.com/interviews/mif-interview/|title=Mif Interview|work=Sleaze Roxx (Interview)|author=Olivier|date=January 21, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Malta]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kanada]] gfo7k45vstk31lyxzo7nt1d1zksh82d 0 193126 1601381 1371323 2026-09-25T16:32:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas W. "Tom" Alfano''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 9]], [[1959]]) alikuwa mjumbe wa Chama cha Republican katika [[Bunge]] la Jimbo la [[New York]], akiwakilisha wilaya ya 21 ya Bunge. Wilaya hii inajumuisha maeneo ya Elmont, Franklin Square, North Valley Stream, Malverne, Floral Park, na West Hempstead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/2-veteran-li-gop-assemblymen-calling-it-quits-1.1991950|title=Two veteran LI GOP assemblymen calling it quits|work=[[Newsday]]|first=William|last=Murphy|date=June 7, 2010|accessdate=March 13, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232748/http://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/2-veteran-li-gop-assemblymen-calling-it-quits-1.1991950|archivedate=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] 5glarlhtcg1x0li84ywii8y7m13kftf 0 193402 1601262 1372031 2026-09-25T14:11:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gianni Motta''' (amezaliwa [[Cassano d'Adda]], Lombardia; [[13 Machi]] [[1943]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani [[Mwitalia]] wa mbio za [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] ambaye alishinda Giro d'Italia ya mwaka [[1966]]. Gianni Motta alizaliwa huko. Ushindi wake mkuu ni pamoja na Giro d'Italia ([[1966]]), Giro di Lombardia ([[1964]]), Tour de Suisse ([[1967]]) na Tour de Romandie mbili ([[1966]], [[1971]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=A history of foreign starts at the Giro d'Italia |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/a-history-of-foreign-starts-at-the-giro-ditalia/ |website=cyclingnews.com |access-date=13 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gianni Motta |url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/gianni-motta |website=www.procyclingstats.com |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gianni Motta – FirstCycling.com |url=https://firstcycling.com/rider.php?r=1691 |website=firstcycling.com |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]] jgm9i85vl511wsqls20h9m53m6wz8rw 0 194409 1601388 1374108 2026-09-25T16:50:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Timofey Sergeyevich Kalachyov''' (kwa [[Kibelarus]]: Цімафей Сяргеевіч Калачоў; kwa [[Kirusi]]: Тимофей Сергеевич Калачёв; alizaliwa [[Mei 1]], [[1981]]) ni kocha wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka Belarus na mchezaji wa [[zamani]] aliyewakilisha timu ya taifa ya Belarus kwa karibu miaka kumi na miwili. Kwa sasa, ni kocha msaidizi wa klabu ya Kirusi, Chayka Peschanokopskoye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=136293.html|title=Kalachev captured by Shakhtar|date=7 January 2004|publisher=UEFA.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Belarus]] 8g63tl2nbva8zqye9kp215gicasz3qj 0 194458 1601387 1374158 2026-09-25T16:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tim Feehan''' (alizaliwa [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], [[27 Aprili]], [[1957]]) ni mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji, mchanganyaji na mmiliki wa studio katika eneo la Los Angeles kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/arts/weekend-post/you-oughta-juno-what-happened-to-those-artists-voted-most-likely-to-succeed-part-1-1986-1999 "You oughta Juno: What happened to those artists voted most likely to succeed? Part 2 — 1986 – 1999"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''National Post'', David Berry and Rebecca Tucker | March 14, 2015</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/arts/weekend-post/you-oughta-juno-what-happened-to-those-artists-voted-most-likely-to-succeed-part-1-1986-1999 "You oughta Juno: What happened to those artists voted most likely to succeed? Part 2 — 1986 – 1999"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''National Post'', David Berry and Rebecca Tucker | March 14, 2015</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] ebbfuhs5dj77hfktpa9j8hfx5xsxzda 0 195815 1601146 1391375 2026-09-25T13:41:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{vyanzo}} '''Justin Marie Bomboko''', '''Lokumba Is'Elenge''' ([[22 Septemba]] [[1928]] – [[10 Aprili]] [[2014]]) alikuwa waziri wa kwanza wa mambo ya nje wa Kongo huru. Anachukuliwa kama mmoja wa watu mashuhuri wa siasa za nchi hiyo kwa kushiriki, akiwa na Patrice-Emery Lumumba, katika utiaji saini wa kitendo cha kuweka wakfu uhuru wa Kongo ya Ubelgiji, ambayo ikawa Zaire, wakati huo Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC), alikuwa baba mkuu wa anamongo, kundi la watu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. == Wasifu == Patriaki Justin Bomboko alikuwa kiongozi wa Anamongo, kundi la watu katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ana muda mrefu zaidi kisiasa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], alikuwa Waziri Kamishna Mkuu wa Mambo ya Nje na Biashara ya Nje na kufuatia mapinduzi ya kwanza ya Jenerali [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]], akawa [[Waziri mkuu|Waziri Mkuu]] (rais wa Chuo cha Makamishna Mkuu ) kutoka. [[1960]] hadi [[1961]], Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Mambo ya Nje, mwaka 1963 Waziri wa Sheria, kuanzia 1965 hadi 1969 Balozi wa Zaire mjini [[Washington, D.C.|Washington.]], mwaka 1981 naibu waziri mkuu anayehusika na mambo ya nje na ushirikiano wa kimataifa, mwaka [[1982]] balozi wa Zaire katika Ufalme wa [[Ubelgiji]] mwenye mamlaka ya Uholanzi, [[Luxemburg|Grand Duchy ya Luxembourg]] na Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya, mwaka [[2002]] makamu wa rais wa seneti. na [[2010|mwaka wa 2010]] kama shahidi wa pekee wa uhuru ambapo alipandishwa cheo hadi cheo cha mkuu wa amri ya Mashujaa wa Kitaifa "cheo cha waziri". === Masomo === Katika umri mdogo sana, aligunduliwa kwa wit yake ya haraka na wamisionari. Alijikuta katika shule ya sekondari katika "School Group" ya Coquilhatville (Mbandaka). Mwaka 1951, alipata diploma yake ya mwisho katika Shule ya Sayansi ya Siasa na Utawala huko Lovanium-Kisantu. Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi kwa miaka mitatu katika utawala wa kikoloni wa Coquilhatville. Mnamo 1955, kwa msaada wa Waziri wa Liberal wa Wakoloni Auguste Buisseret, aliondoka kwenda kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Free cha Brussels, ambacho alikuwa raia wa kwanza wa Kongo kuhitimu. === Maisha ya kisiasa === Waziri wa kwanza wa Mambo ya nje wa Kongo huru, mtu huyo, licha ya tabia yake ya ujinga, aliacha picha ya mwanadiplomasia mkubwa. Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni kazi yake. [[Faili:Aankomst_op_Schiphol_van_Justin_Bomboko_minister_in_reg_Ileo_op_doorreis_naar_P,_Bestanddeelnr_911-6368.jpg|thumb| Anefo 911-6368 Aankomst op]] Kuanzia hadi {{Date|20 février 1960}}, [[Ubelgiji]] ilipanga, huko Brussels, jedwali la pande zote utangulizi wa kutawazwa kwa Kongo kwa uhuru wa kimataifa. Bomboko anashiriki kama mwangalizi katika nafasi yake kama rais wa Muungano Mkuu wa Wanafunzi wa Ubelgiji Kongo na Ruanda-Urundi (UGEC-RU). Lakini pia, katibu wa Muungano wa Kifalme wa Kongo wa Ubelgiji. Atakuwa naibu wa taifa baada ya uchaguzi ulioshinda MNC (Congolese National Movement) ya [[Patrice Lumumba|Patrice Emery Lumumba]] aliyemfanya kuwa Waziri wake wa Mambo ya Nje. Siku chache baada ya sherehe kubwa ya uhuru uliopatikana, jeshi la taifa liligeuka. Wengine wanajulikana kwa vita vya kikabila, kujitenga na mauaji ya kisiasa. Wakati wa kuchochea baadhi ya mataifa ya Magharibi, mnamo Septemba 4, 1960, Kanali Joseph Mobutu alifanya mapinduzi yake ya kwanza. "Aliwaondoa" wakuu wawili wa mtendaji na kuanzisha Chuo cha Kamishna Mkuu (serikali ya muda) iliyoongozwa na Justin Marie Bomboko. Ilikuwa katika kipindi hiki cha misukosuko ambapo "Binza Group" maarufu alizaliwa. Joseph Désiré Mobutu (Army), Justin Marie Bomboko (Diplomacy), Victor Nendaka (Usalama), Albert Ndele (Currency), Cyrille Adoula (Waziri), Damien Kandolo (Katibu Mkuu wa Mambo ya Ndani) walikuwa wanachama maarufu zaidi. Watu hawa wazuri waliishi na kukutana katika kambi ya Para Commando huko Binza (Camp Tshatshi). Mnamo Agosti 1961, Cyrille Adoula aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri Mkuu. Aliunda serikali ambayo Justin Bomboko alirudi kwenye wizara ya mambo ya nje kabla ya kuchukua Wizara ya Sheria mwaka 1963. Baada ya mazungumzo ya kisiasa, Moïse Tshombe alirudi kutoka uhamishoni nchini Hispania. Aliunda timu yake ya serikali, ishara maalum ambayo ilikuwa kutokuwepo kwa haiba iliyo na lebo "Binza Group". Justin anajikuta hana wadhifa na anarudi kwenye hemicycle ya "Palace of the Nation" na mamlaka yake kama naibu. Mwishoni mwa uchaguzi mkuu uliofanyika mwaka 1965, chama cha Moïse Tshombe cha CONACO (Congolese National Convention) kiliibuka mshindi. Kutokana na hali hiyo, Rais Joseph Kasa-Vubu alimteua Evariste Kimba kuunda serikali. Mvutano mpya wa vita unajitokeza. Tarehe 24 Novemba 1965, Mobutu, alipandishwa cheo na kuwa Jenerali, akachukua madaraka na kumkumbuka Justin Bomboko kuongoza diplomasia katika serikali iliyoongozwa na Jenerali Léonard Mulamba. Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani inaongozwa na Etienne Tshisekedi. Mwaka 1969, "Justin Marie" aliondoka serikalini baada ya mabadiliko. Aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Marekani mjini Washington, ambako alichukua nafasi ya Cyril Adoula. Mwaka 1977, alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati Kuu ya chama cha MPR wakati ilipoundwa mwaka 1980. Mnamo Februari 1981, aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Kamishna wa Kwanza wa Nchi wa Mambo ya Nje na Ushirikiano wa Kimataifa. Mwaka 1982, aliteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa Zaire katika Ufalme wa Ubelgiji na mamlaka juu ya Uholanzi, Grand Duchy ya Luxembourg na Jumuiya ya Uchumi ya Ulaya. Mwaka 2002, wakati wa kipindi cha mpito, makamu wa rais wa Seneti na mwaka 2010 aliinua Grand Cordon ya Amri ya Mashujaa wa Kitaifa iliyopambwa na Rais Joseph Kabila. === MPR (chama kimoja) === [[Faili:ImagesCA46L4Y7.jpg|link=Fichier:ImagesCA46L4Y7.jpg|ImagesCA46L4Y7]] Mwaka 1967, Justin Bomboko, Joseph Mobutu, Etienne Tshisekedi na Singa Udjuu waliandaa Ilani ya Nsele. Mei 20, mwaka huu, Chama cha Mapinduzi (MPR) kilizaliwa. Anachukua nafasi ya Corps of Volunteers of the Republic (CVR) inayoongozwa na Joseph Kabayidi na Gaston N'sengi Biembe. Bomboko, kwa kweli, ni mwanachama wa Ofisi ya Siasa ya MPR. Mnamo Septemba 1968, mkuu wa diplomasia ya Kongo alikwenda Kongo-Brazzaville kuomba mamlaka ya nchi hiyo kuidhinisha kurudi kwa Pierre Mulele Kinshasa kwa jina la "upatanisho wa kitaifa". Wengine wanajulikana. Mwaka 1969, "Justin Marie" aliondoka serikalini baada ya mabadiliko. Aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Marekani mjini Washington, ambako alichukua nafasi ya Cyril Adoula. Katika mkutano wa MPR mapema miaka ya 1970, alikamatwa na "mshirika" wake Victor Nendaka Bika kwa "kudhoofisha usalama wa serikali". Kufuatia hatua za utaifa zinazojulikana kama "Zairianization" mnamo 1973, Justin Bomboko akawa mnunuzi wa "SAPA", kampuni iliyobobea katika biashara ya jumla, na akawa rais wa kampuni kadhaa. === Kuanguka kwa MPR === Mwishoni mwa kazi ya Mkutano Mkuu wa Taifa (SNC), Justin Bomboko aliketi kwenye Baraza Kuu la Bunge la Jamhuri-Transitional (HCR-PT). Mwaka 1997, alipojiunga na AFDL, hakuondoka nchini humo bali alijiweka chini ya ulinzi wa kidiplomasia wa Ubelgiji hadi kuuawa kwa Laurent-Désiré Kabila mwaka 2001. === Mpito na mapambo === Mwaka 1998, vita vilianza tena baada ya kuvunjika kwa uhusiano kati ya Laurent-Désiré Kabila na wadhamini wake wa zamani wa Rwanda na Uganda. Baada ya kutiwa saini kwa makubaliano ya kusitisha mapigano ya Lusaka mnamo Julai 1999, wapambe, waliotiwa moyo na "jamii ya kimataifa", walizindua wazo la kuandaa "mazungumzo ya kisiasa" au Mazungumzo ya Inter-Congolese. Mnamo Januari 2002, Louis Michel, aliyekuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Ubelgiji, aliandaa mkutano wa mashauriano wa wanachama wa mashirika ya kiraia huko Brussels. Bomboko alishiriki katika mkutano huu chini ya lebo ya "Pioneers of Independence". Ilikuwa chini ya lebo hii hiyo ambapo alishiriki katika Mazungumzo ya Inter-Congolese huko Sun City, Afrika Kusini. Mnamo {{Date|30 juin 2010}} wakati wa Siku ya Uhuru, Kansela wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo alikabidhi, wakati wa hafla iliyoandaliwa katika hemicycle ya Palais de la Nation huko [[Kinshasa]], kwa Rais Joseph Kabila, nembo ya mkuu. kanuni ya kitaifa" Mashujaa wa kitaifa Kabila – Lumumba », ishara ya ubora kwa kile alichokifanya nchini. Kwa upande wake, Mkuu wa Nchi aliwainua waanzilishi sita wa uhuru hadi cheo cha Grand cordon ya utaratibu huo, ambao ni Patriaki Justin Bomboko, Patriaki Antoine Gizenga, Christophe Gbenye, nk. Walengwa hawa wote walicheza jukumu la upainia kabla ya uhuru. Kwa kutambua dhabihu waliyojitolea na huduma nyingi sana walizotoa kwa taifa, walipewa hadhi maalum ya kuwa mashahidi wa pekee wa uhuru wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Sasa wana cheo cha uwaziri wa maisha na kila mmoja anastahili gari la huduma ya serikali, matibabu kwa gharama za serikali na marupurupu mengine wanayopewa mawaziri (mshahara). Alichukua nafasi kubwa katika utawala wa [[Joseph Kabila]]. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1928|2014}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] t1ycnwn1l8e7n2cw0oopcrjk65jha6t 0 195819 1601073 1380290 2026-09-25T13:14:52Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{vyanzo}} '''In Koli Jean Bofane''' (amezaliwa [[Mbandaka]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[24 Oktoba]] [[1954]]) ni mwandishi wa Kongo (zamani Zaire). == Wasifu == Kama waandishi wengi katika nchi hiyo, In Koli Jean Bofane alichagua uhamishoni kufanya kazi yake na ilikuwa mwaka 1993 aliamua kuondoka Kongo yake ya asili kwenda Ubelgiji. Mnamo [[1996]], alichapisha Pourquoi le simba n'est plus le roi des animaux (Kwa nini Simba sio tena Mfalme wa Wanyama) na Gallimard Jeunesse, ambayo ilitafsiriwa katika lugha kadhaa na kushinda tuzo ya wakosoaji wa jamii ya Ufaransa nchini Ubelgiji. Mwaka 2000, alichapisha Bibi et les Canards, na mwaka 2008, Mathématiques congolaises (Congolese Hisabati) iliyochapishwa na Actes sud. Kazi ya mwisho ilimpa tuzo ya fasihi ya SCAM mnamo 2009 na pia Grand Prix littéraire d'Afrique noire mwaka huo huo. Kazi yake ya kubuni inahusu, miongoni mwa mambo mengine, na [[utandawazi]], mtandaoni, kuwepo kwa mtu binafsi, kumbukumbu na kijamii na vurugu za kisiasa katika jamii za Kiafrika baada ya ukoloni - hasa [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Afrika inafafanuliwa kama maabara ya ulimwengu na nafasi ya saruji ya pembezoni ambayo tunafuata shukrani kwa wahusika tofauti wa pembezoni (sarakasi, mhalifu mdogo, mwanasiasa fisadi, n.k.). Wanadhihirisha na kuashiria vurugu mbalimbali za jiografia yao na hali yao ya kuwepo kama watu binafsi, mara nyingi. == Inafanya kazi == # Kwa nini Simba sio Mfalme wa Wanyama tena, Ed. Gallimard, 1996 # Mia & the Ducks, 2000 # Mathématiques congolaises: roman, Actes sud, coll. "Aventure", 2008 (<nowiki>ISBN 978-2-7427-7457-9</nowiki>, soma mtandaoni) # Kongo Inc. Le Testament de Bismarck, Ed. Actes Sud, 2014, Grand Prix du roman métis; Prix des cinq continents de la Francophonie # Ubakaji, silaha ya ugaidi, na Colette Braeckman, Guy-Bernard Cadière, Simon Gasibirege, Michèle Hirsch, Nathalie Kumps, Jean-Paul Marthoz, Thierry Michel, Hélène Morvan, Simone Reumont, Isabelle Seret, Maddy Tiembe na Damien Vandermeersch, Mardaga, 2015 # La Belle de Casa, Ed. Actes Sud, 2018 == Tuzo == * Tuzo la Ukosoaji la Jumuiya ya Wafaransa ya Ubelgiji 1997 * Tuzo la Jean-Muno 2008 * SCAM Literary Prize 2009 * Black African Literary Grand Prize ( ADELF ) 2009 * Tuzo kuu la riwaya ya jamii-mseto ya Jiji la Saint-Denis kwenye [[Réunion|Reunion]] 2014 * Tuzo la Mwani wa Dhahabu 2015 * Tuzo la Maktaba za Jiji la Brussels 2015 * Bei" Kipendwa » ''Defector 2015'' * Tuzo la mabara matano ya Francophonie 2015 * Tuzo ya Heshima ya Makomi 2019 na Tamasha la Vitabu la Kinshasa. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] nayvkibe7s14yvb3cq3c3wlim1neqqw 0 196171 1601108 1403122 2026-09-25T13:18:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Joël Kimwaki 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Joël Kimwaki Mpela mwaka 2016]] '''Joël Kimwaki Mpela''' (alizaliwa Oktoba 14, 1986) ni mwanasoka wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Anacheza kama kipa mbele ya mlinda mlango, akicheza katika klabu ya FC Renaissance. == Wasifu == Kimwaki alianza kazi yake katika Daring Club Motema Pembe mjini [[Kinshasa]]. Mnamo 2010, Kimwaki alisaini na [[TP Mazembe]] Alicheza Kombe la Dunia la Klabu mnamo 2010, ambapo alicheza fainali dhidi ya Inter Milan (kipigo 3-0). == Katika uchaguzi wa Kongo == Kimwaki alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwa Libya kwenye CHAN ya 2009 (ushindi wa 2-0). Alijiunga na CHAN mwaka wa 2009 akiwa na timu ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mnamo 2015, aliitwa na Florent Ibenge kucheza katika CAN ya 2015. Alishiriki katika CHAN ya 2016 na timu ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ambayo ilishinda mashindano hayo. == Kombe la Dunia la Vilabu la FIFA la 2010 na [[TP Mazembe]] == ''Joël Kimwaki Mpela'', alianza kwa fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la Vilabu la FIFA 2010 pamoja na kipa nyuma ya uwanja au katika safu ya ulinzi kutoka kwa chaguo moja, nne, tano na moja safu ya 1-4-5-1. wa [[TP Mazembe]] kocha ndugu Lamine N'Diaye. Mechi ilikuwa kati ya [[TP Mazembe]] ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na FC Internazionale Milano ya Italia, mwisho ilishuhudia Wakongo wakiwafunga Waitaliano 3-0 (3 - 0). alishinda, mapumziko ya heshima kwa timu ya '''Joël Kimwaki Mpela''' kwa sababu [[TP Mazembe]] imekuwa klabu ya kwanza katika bara la Afrika kufika fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la Vilabu la FIFA mnamo 2010, ilikuwa ni kazi ya kuvutia sana.<ref name="footballdatabase.eu">Lien web |langue=fr |titre=footballdatabase : FIFA Coupe du Monde des Clubs 2010 - Finale |url=https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/match/resume/1136546-mazembe-inter_milan|site= footballdatabase.eu |date=18 décembre 2010 |année=2010 |consulté le=09 novembre 2024</ref>. == Heshima == * Mshindi wa Mashindano ya DCMP ya 2008 * Mshindi wa Kombe la Kongo 2009 akiwa na DCMP * Mshindi wa fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la Klabu 2010 * Mshindi wa michuano ya 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 na 2016 ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo akiwa na [[TP Mazembe]] * Washindi wa 2010 na 2015 wa CAF Champions League wakiwa na [[TP Mazembe]] * Washindi wa 2010 na 2015 wa CAF Super Cup wakiwa na [[TP Mazembe]] * Mshindi wa fainali ya Kombe la Shirikisho la Soka Afrika 2013 na [[TP Mazembe]] * Mshindi wa Kombe la Shirikisho 2017 '''Tangu Uchaguzi wa Jamhuri ya Kongo''' * Mshindi wa 2009 na 2016 michuano ya Mataifa ya Afrika (CHAN) katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] * Ya tatu katika Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2015 == Tazama pia == * [[TP Mazembe]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] lueiz5gc47wuxhtrh7hoashi7hpwjto 0 196225 1601198 1403229 2026-09-25T13:47:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph-Floribert Cornelis''' (6 Oktoba 1910 – 20 Desemba 2001) alikuwa mmonaki wa Ubelgiji wa Abbey wa Saint-André. Mmisionari huko Katanga (Congo), aliteuliwa kuwa Askofu Mkuu wa Lubumbashi mwaka 1958 na Askofu Mkuu wa kwanza wa Alagoinhas, Brazil, kuanzia 1974 hadi 1986. == Vipengele vya wasifu == Akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 Cornelis aliingia katika watawa wa Benedikto wa Abbey wa St. Andrew, huko Zevenkerken, karibu na Bruges. Alitawazwa kuwa kuhani huko mnamo Julai 28, 1935. Mnamo Oktoba 1936 Cornelis aliondoka kama mtawa [[mmisionari]] huko [[Katanga]], sehemu ya mashariki ya [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji|Kongo ya Ubelgiji]], eneo ambalo [[uinjilishaji]] wake ulikabidhiwa kwa watawa wa Wabenediktini wa abasia yake. Tarehe 27 Disemba 1958 aliwekwa wakfu kuwa [[askofu]] na Papa [[Papa Yohane XXIII|Yohane XXIII]] mwenyewe, huko [[Roma]], kumrithi Jean-Félix de Hemptinne kama [[Vikarieti ya Kitume|kasisi wa kitume]] wa [[Katanga]]. Alikuwa askofu mkuu wa kwanza wakati, mnamo [[1959]], miundo ya kikanisa ilipoanzishwa nchini Kongo (muda mfupi kabla ya uhuru wa nchi hiyo) na kasisi ya kitume ya Katanga ikawa [[Jimbo Kuu la Lubumbashi|jimbo kuu la Élisabethville]] (baadaye [[Lubumbashi]]). Askofu huyo kijana alishiriki katika vikao vinne vya [[Mtaguso Mkuu]] [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikani|wa Vatikani II]] (1962-1965). Mnamo 1967, alijiuzulu ili kutoa nafasi kwa askofu Mwafrika na kuondoka kwenda [[Brazil]] - tena kama mmisionari rahisi - ambapo alitoa huduma zake kwa Jimbo kuu la São Salvador da Bahia. Wakati wa mwisho ulivunjwa ili kuunda diocèse d'Alagoinhas (13 Novemba 1974), Cornelis alichaguliwa kuwa mchungaji wake wa kwanza, [[askofu]] mkuu. Baada ya kufikia umri wa kisheria wa 75, alijiuzulu mnamo 1986 na kustaafu kwa Saint-André Abbey huko Bruges. Alikufa huko mnamo 20 Disemba 2001, baada ya ugonjwa wa muda mrefu na uchungu. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 91. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1910|2001}} [[Jamii:wamonaki]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:watu wa Ubelgiji]] ixi624p7tcq3bg6kpygls84o4vdq0y3 0 196856 1601521 1384614 2026-09-25T22:58:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wayne Anthony Petti''' ni mwimbaji na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] kutoka [[Kanada]], maarufu kama mtunzi na mwimbaji wa [[bendi]] ya indie rock na Cuff the Duke.<ref name=Hudson>{{cite web |url=http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/cuff_dukes_wayne_petti_launches_grey_lands_project_announces_covers_album_featuring_joel_plaskett_hayden_sarah_harmer |title=Cuff the Duke's Wayne Petti Launches Grey Lands Project, Announces Covers Album Featuring Joel Plaskett, Hayden, Sarah Harmer |last=Hudson |first=Alex |date= May 27, 2014 |website=refexclaim.ca |publisher=[[Exclaim!]]|access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Warnica>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/the-reluctant-rock-star-how-toronto-singer-songwriter-hayden-got-famous-rejected-the-spotlight-and-came-to-play-music-on-his-own-terms |title=The Reluctant Rock Star |last=Warnica |first=Richard |date=2014 |website=news.nationalpost.com |publisher=[[National Post]] |access-date=April 18, 2015}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 0djpvloffsswxa1mq9vfv6q35yzbwid 0 197174 1601526 1395626 2026-09-25T23:37:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Wakefield Baum''' ([[1 Novemba]] [[1926]] – [[23 Julai]] [[2015]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka Marekani ambaye alihudumu kama Askofu wa Springfield-Cape Girardeau (1970–1973) na [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] wa Washington (1973–1980) kabla ya kuhudumu katika Curia ya Roma kama mkuu wa Idara ya Elimu Katoliki (1980–1990) na mkuu wa Idara ya Kipapa ya Toba (1990–2001).<ref name="weigel">{{cite news|date=March 16, 2011|work=First Things|title=Cardinal Baum: A New Record-Holder|url=http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2011/03/cardinal-baum-a-new-record-holder|first=George|last=Weigel|author-link=George Weigel|access-date=2025-01-13|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927110241/http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2011/03/cardinal-baum-a-new-record-holder|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/william-baum-dead-former-catholic-cardinal-and-washington-archbishop-was-88-1.10675543|title=William Baum dead; former Catholic cardinal and Washington archbishop was 88|publisher=Newsday|access-date=July 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212912/https://www.newsday.com/news/nation/william-baum-dead-former-catholic-cardinal-and-washington-archbishop-was-88-1.10675543|archivedate=2018-06-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelusnews.com/news/national/long-serving-cardinal-baum-lived-a-generous-response-to-god-8524/#.VbQvvM863cs|title=Long-serving Cardinal Baum lived a generous response to God|publisher=Angelusnews.com|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=August 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804085633/http://www.angelusnews.com/news/national/long-serving-cardinal-baum-lived-a-generous-response-to-god-8524/#.VbQvvM863cs|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baum aliteuliwa kuwa [[kardinali]] mwaka 1976. Wakati wa uteuzi wake mwaka 1980 kama mkuu wa Idara ya Elimu Katoliki, alikuwa [[Marekani|Mmarekani]] wa ngazi ya juu zaidi katika Kanisa Katoliki hadi wakati huo. Kufikia kifo chake, alikuwa pia kardinali wa Marekani aliyedumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika historia. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 6l3avc0x8aq37ahts97n69cl6u335lh 0 197228 1601365 1526856 2026-09-25T15:38:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taylor Lord''' (alizaliwa Mei 30, [[1990]]) ni mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anahudumu kama kocha msaidizi kwa programu ya mpira wa miguu ya wanaume katika Chuo cha Seneca.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Canada Soccer|url=https://www.canadasoccer.com/?pid=1921&t=profile&|access-date=2020-06-24|website=www.canadasoccer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://soccerstats.us/bios/taylor-lord/|title=Taylor Lord {{!}} SoccerStats.us|website=soccerstats.us|access-date=2018-10-19|archive-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404221713/http://soccerstats.us/bios/taylor-lord/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Hayakawa|first=Michael|date=2011-08-29|title=York Shooters rebound to beat St. Catharines|url=https://www.yorkregion.com/community-story/1425207-york-shooters-rebound-to-beat-st-catharines/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=YorkRegion.com|publisher=Newmarket Era|language=en-CA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626150918/https://www.yorkregion.com/community-story/1425207-york-shooters-rebound-to-beat-st-catharines/|archivedate=2020-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1990|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] ke5z9xhcdopwncdkau1wnnfodgbm7as 0 197280 1601400 1527368 2026-09-25T17:22:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Petkau Falk''', anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la '''Touching''' (alizaliwa [[1979]]), ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na mtayarishaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://digmagazine.ca/2017/01/michael-petkau-falk-stepping-up/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103184642/http://digmagazine.ca/2017/01/michael-petkau-falk-stepping-up/ |archive-date=2018-01-03 |title=Michael Petkau Falk: Stepping Up|first=Charlene |last=Diehl|date=1 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mcgilltribune.com/a-e/les-jupes-are-in-vogue-this-year/|title=Les Jupes are in vogue this year|first=Manisha|last=Aggawal-Schifellite|date=7 March 2011|accessdate=2025-01-13|archive-date=2022-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016011415/https://www.mcgilltribune.com/a-e/les-jupes-are-in-vogue-this-year/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.durhamregion.com/whatson-story/3516831-durham-part-of-music-s-dude-triangle-/|title=Durham part of music's 'Dude Triangle'|date=14 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012154421/https://www.durhamregion.com/whatson-story/3516831-durham-part-of-music-s-dude-triangle-/|archivedate=2022-10-12|accessdate=2025-01-13|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] kasl95zk1tmwz8ohhvknqk098xp8why 0 198101 1600996 1388463 2026-09-25T12:06:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Myers''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[muziki]] wa nchi kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Shirley+Myers&ChartEn=Country+Albums%2fCDs&|title=Search results for Shirley Myers - Country Albums/CDs|work=RPM|date=17 July 2013|access-date=February 27, 2023}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 7lij9fec0oiovanku6l66prpiwnu0ai 0 198288 1601576 1389254 2026-09-26T05:24:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ambre McLean'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidehalton.com/community-story/5362939-women-songwriters-to-be-featured-at-source-of-song-17-on-saturday/|title=Women songwriters to be featured at Source of Song 17 on Saturday|publisher=Inside Halton|date=27 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901080512/https://www.insidehalton.com/community-story/5362939-women-songwriters-to-be-featured-at-source-of-song-17-on-saturday/|archivedate=2018-09-01|accessdate=2025-01-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] aliyezaliwa [[Kanada]], anayeishi Smiths Falls, [[Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cashboxcanada.ca/node/5827|last=Williams|first=Michael|title=Canada's Best Kept Secret, Ambre McLean! |date=12 December 2014|publisher=Cashbox Canada}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 70hoo43qjth2y58ikc68o66u9km9idy 0 198338 1601590 1389320 2026-09-26T06:46:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Anthony Novak Forge 2019.jpg|thumb|Novak mwaka 2019 akiwa na Forge FC]] '''Anthony Joseph Novak''' (aliyezaliwa Machi 27, [[1994]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northerntribune.ca/canada-anthony-novak-kneel/|title=Canadian Striker Anthony Novak Takes A Stand – By Kneeling|date=July 17, 2021|work=Northern Tribune|first=John|last=Jacques}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Brad|last=Kelly|title=Pickering's Anthony Novak picks Lake Erie College|url=https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/3507042-pickering-s-anthony-novak-picks-lake-erie-college/|website=Oshawa This Week|date=19 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509015215/https://www.durhamregion.com/community-story/3507042-pickering-s-anthony-novak-picks-lake-erie-college/|archivedate=2019-05-09|accessdate=2025-01-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] omhn1d6d3augue3kg8pf40ao8b0q1pj 0 198430 1601575 1389552 2026-09-26T05:17:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alyssa Ashley Reid''' (aliyezaliwa [[15 Machi]], [[1993]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] kutoka [[Kanada]].<ref name="mindyourmind interview">{{cite news|title=mindyourmind interview with Alyssa Reid|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7MRF_mCRS8|access-date=8 July 2016|work=Mind Your Mind|date=14 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bramptonguardian.com/what's%20on/article/1218004--alyssa-reid-plays-free-show-at-rose |title= Alyssa Reid plays free show at Rose |author= Goodfellow, Ashley |date= October 2, 2011 |work= Brampton Guardian |access-date= September 2, 2012 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130210222913/http://www.bramptonguardian.com/what%27s%20on/article/1218004--alyssa-reid-plays-free-show-at-rose |archivedate= 2013-02-10 |url-status= dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] jw2wculxqusxajm16chpw0rjrfukopo 0 198519 1601554 1426904 2026-09-26T03:37:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agnelo Rossi''' ([[4 Mei]] [[1913]] – [[21 Mei]] [[1995]]) alikuwa [[Kardinali]] wa [[Brazil|Brazili]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na Mkuu wa Rika la Makardinali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|access-date=2024-02-15|author=Arquidiocese de Campinas| date = 1913-08-13| title = Assento de batismo de Agnelo Rossi|website=[[FamilySearch]]|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939F-RZQP-W}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|access-date=2024-02-15|author=Ney de Souza|date=2019|title=Cardeal Rossi e a recepção do Vaticano II em São Paulo|url=https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/46368/46368.PDF}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Brazil]] 4cieib89lr9s7t71p400euqi2bw30lu 0 198629 1601501 1416209 2026-09-25T19:44:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kangaru School''' pia '''Shule ya Upili ya Kangaru''' au '''Kangaru High School''' ni [[Shule za Kaunti za ziada]] iliyopo [[Kaunti ya Embu]] nchini [[Kenya]].Ni shule ya Wavulana ya bweni. Kangaru School ilianzishwa mwaka 1947 na Sir Robin Wainwright. Kangaru ina idadi ya wanafunzi takribani 1,600 na walimu takribani 60. Ni moja ya shule za zamani zaidi nchini Kenya.Inaitwa kangaru kutokana na jina la Kijiji cha Kangaru <ref>{{Cite Web|url=http://kangaruschool.org/aboutus.html|title=Origin Of Kangaru School|accessdate=2025-01-24|archive-date=2011-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216075810/http://kangaruschool.org/aboutus.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Wahitimu mashuhuri== * '''Ben Mutua Jonathan Muriithi''' ,Anajulikana sana kama '''BMJ Muriithi''', ambaye ni mwandishi wa habari anayeishi Marekani akifanya kazi na Voice of America, na pia msanii maarufu wa muziki wa benga. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:elimu]] [[Jamii:Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Embu]] cptmf8c0yq365jwgjbxx0qj63nizgqr 0 199096 1601444 1527917 2026-09-25T19:04:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Leonard Platt''' ([[Novemba 28]], [[1981]] – [[24 Januari|Januari 24]], [[2025]]), alijulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii ''Unk'', alikuwa [[Disc jockey|DJ]], [[mchekeshaji]] wa jukwaa (hype man), na rapa wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana sana kwa wimbo wake wa aina ya snap uitwao "Walk It Out" wa mwaka [[2006]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=#FreshHeat: DJ Unk "Wait"|url=http://allhiphop.com/2014/01/24/freshheat-dj-unk-wait/|website=Hip-Hop News, Rumors, Rap Music & Videos {{!}}AllHipHop|date=24 January 2014|access-date=2016-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What the Fuck Happened to...DJ Unk and Chingy? - Notmad Notmad|url=http://notmad.us/2015/02/what-the-fuck-happened-to-dj-unk-and-chingy/#|website=notmad.us|access-date=2016-02-15}}</ref><ref name="US200">{{cite magazine|title=Unk Album & Song Chart History: Billboard 200|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=unk|chart=Billboard 200}}|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|access-date=April 5, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="USR&BAl">{{cite magazine|title=Unk Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=unk|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums B}}|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|access-date=April 5, 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] rtl84foh9gzrpefby9kah7im1n1hfr1 0 199191 1601051 1521431 2026-09-25T13:12:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Ficus sycomorus''''', inayoitwa '''mtini wa mkuyu''' au '''mtini-mulberry''' (kwa sababu majani yanafanana na [[Mforosadi|mkuyu]]), au '''mkuyu''', ni aina ya [[mti]] ambayo imekuzwa tangu zamani. <ref name="Zohary">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Domestication of plants in the Old World|last=Zohary|first=Daniel|last2=Hopf|first2=Maria|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|edition=fourth|pages=130–131}}</ref> ''Ficus sycomorus'' inakua hadi urefu wa 20 m na ina kuenea kwa kiasi kikubwa, na mataji yenye mviringo yenye matawi ya kuenea. Majaniyake yana umbo la moyo na kilele cha mviringo, 14 urefu wa cm 10 upana wa cm, na kupangwa kwa mzunguko karibu na tawi yake. Zina rangi ya kijani kibichi juu na nyepesi na mishipa ya manjano chini, na nyuso zote mbili ni ngumu kwa kuguswa. Petiole ni 0.5-3  urefu wa cm na pubescent. Matunda ni mtini mkubwa wa chakula, 2-3 cm kwa kipenyo, kukomaa kutoka buff-kijani hadi njano au nyekundu. Hubebwa katika makundi mazito kwenye matawi marefu. Maua na matunda hutokea mwaka mzima, kilele kutoka Julai hadi Desemba. Gome ni kijani-njano hadi machungwa na kufanya majani katika vipande karatasi kufichua njano gome ndani. Kama tini zingine zote, ina mpira. Matunda huzalishwa mwaka mzima, kuanzia Aprili au baadaye kidogo kulingana na aina, na kuendelea hadi majira ya baridi. Wakati mwingine hugawanywa katika "mazao" mata ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mmea}} [[Jamii:Mforosadi na jamaa]] 6ori65kkd73wuczqj9v5pdfof3i1j9a 0 200350 1601000 1595409 2026-09-25T12:24:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601000 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sierra Dawn Hull''' (alizaliwa [[27 Septemba]], [[1991]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mwandishi wa [[nyimbo]] kutoka [[Marekani]], anayeimba [[muziki]] wa bluegrass.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/ct-ott-0219-sierra-hull-20160218-story.html|title=How bluegrass prodigy Sierra Hull turned frustration into inspiration|first=Chrissie|last=Dickinson|website=chicagotribune.com|date=February 18, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://bluegrassmusic.com/content/2016/feature/sierra-hull-takes-weight-off-mind/|title=Sierra Hull, Takes a Weight Off Her Mind|date=May 1, 2016|website=Bluegrass Unlimited|accessdate=2025-02-05|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005036/http://bluegrassmusic.com/content/2016/feature/sierra-hull-takes-weight-off-mind/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/daybreak/1440792724|title=Daybreak by Sierra Hull|via=music.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://patch.com/massachusetts/backbay/calendar/event/20180201/289125/sierra-hull-w-opener-phoebe-hunt-at-city-winery|title=Sierra Hull w/ Opener Phoebe Hunt at City Winery|date=January 26, 2018|website=Back Bay, MA Patch}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.unifiednewsgroup.com/singer-songwriter-hull-to-perform-march/article_7a1322ab-d5da-5c5e-81c8-a45bdce0f1cb.html|title=Singer-songwriter Hull to perform March 4|first=Bill Livick Unified Newspaper|last=Group|website=Unified Newspaper Group|date=February 21, 2017 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lrbaggs.com/artists/sierra-hull|title=Sierra Hull|website=LR Baggs|accessdate=2025-02-05|archive-date=2025-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611035901/https://www.lrbaggs.com/artists/sierra-hull|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] onxiiwz3ybvv3wb98n7qo0ac2wyen84 0 201265 1601245 1522941 2026-09-25T14:09:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''OnlyFans''' ni huduma ya usajili wa maudhui ya intaneti iliyoko [[London]], Uingereza. Huduma hii ni maarufu kwa wafanyabiashara ya ngono ambao hutengeneza [[ponografia]], lakini pia huandaa kazi za watengeneza maudhui wengine kama vile wataalamu wa utimamu wa mwili na [[Mwanamuziki|wanamuziki]]. Maudhui kwenye mtandao huu, huundwa na mtumiaji na kujipatia mapato kupitia usajili wa kila mwezi, vidokezo na kulipa kwa kila mtazamo. Watayarishi hulipwa 80% ya ada hizi na hupata wastani wa $1,300 kwa mwaka. Kampuni hii imekosolewa kwa kutozuia ipasavyo nyenzo za unyanyasaji wa kijinsia kwa watoto kuenea kwenye jukwaa. Mnamo Agosti 2021, kampeni ya kuchunguza OnlyFans ilianza katika Bunge la Marekani, na iliripotiwa kuwa kuanzia Oktoba 2021 na kuendelea OnlyFans hawataruhusu tena nyenzo za ngono wazi, kutokana na shinikizo kutoka kwa benki ambazo OnlyFans walitumia kwa malipo ya watumiaji. Hata hivyo, uamuzi huu ulibatilishwa siku sita baadaye kutokana na pingamizi kutoka kwa watumiaji na watayarishi vile vile. == Maudhui yasiyo ya ponografia == Mnamo Machi 2021, kampuni ilizindua hazina yake ya ubunifu ili kutoa ruzuku ya £20,000 kwa wanamuziki wanne wanaochipukia nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]], waliochaguliwa na Stokely na Stefflon Don. Baadaye mwaka huo, OnlyFans laini ilizindua OFTV, programu na tovuti ya kutiririsha maudhui ya kazi salama. Bondia Floyd Mayweather Jr., [[DJ Khaled]] na [[Fat Joe]], na Terrell Owens walikuwa miongoni mwa waundaji wapya wa maudhui katika mwaka huo. == Marejeo == # {{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/onlyfans-sex-workers-porn-creators-999881/|title=Sex Workers Built OnlyFans. Now They Say They're Getting Kicked Off|first1=E. J.|last1=Dickson|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=18 May 2020|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423103841/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/onlyfans-sex-workers-porn-creators-999881/|url-status=live}} # {{cite news|title=OnlyFans to ban sexually explicit content|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58273914|access-date=20 August 2021|publisher=BBC News|date=20 August 2021|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820004312/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58273914|url-status=live}} # {{cite news|last1=Pryce|first1=Jonathan|title=Porn app OnlyFans and platform JustFor.Fans stars share personal stories, paid sexual content creation, and the online adult entertainment marketplace|url=https://www.esquiresg.com/features/porn-app-onlyfans-and-platform-justfor-fans-stars-share-personal-stories-paid-sexual-content-creation-and-the-online-adult-entertainment-marketplace/|access-date=22 May 2023|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire Singapore]]|date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625083145/https://www.esquiresg.com/features/porn-app-onlyfans-and-platform-justfor-fans-stars-share-personal-stories-paid-sexual-content-creation-and-the-online-adult-entertainment-marketplace/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2020}} # {{Rejea tovuti|last=Browne|first=Ryan|date=2021-08-25|title=OnlyFans says it will no longer ban porn in stunning U-turn after user backlash|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/25/onlyfans-says-it-will-no-longer-ban-porn-after-backlash-from-users.html|access-date=2021-08-25|publisher=CNBC|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008120136/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/25/onlyfans-says-it-will-no-longer-ban-porn-after-backlash-from-users.html|url-status=live}} # {{Rejea tovuti|last1=Baker|first1=Sinéad|last2=Akhtar|first2=Allana|date=2021-08-25|title=OnlyFans no longer plans to ban porn, saying in abrupt U-turn that it wants to be a 'home for all creators'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/onlyfans-reverses-ban-sexually-explicit-content-2021-8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825132827/https://www.businessinsider.com/onlyfans-reverses-ban-sexually-explicit-content-2021-8|archive-date=25 August 2021|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}} # [https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/20/tech/onlyfans-explicit-content-ban-payment/index.html "Why did OnlyFans ban sexually explicit content? It says it's the credit card companies."] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821043238/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/20/tech/onlyfans-explicit-content-ban-payment/index.html|date=21 August 2021}}). [[Jamii:Mitandao ya kijamii]] m31be2l4xj0wr5el5knx6265zdqib15 0 202021 1601538 1569072 2026-09-26T00:44:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Tongolele in a photograph from circa 1950s (cropped).jpg|thumb|Yolanda Montes]] '''Yolanda Montes''' (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii ''Tongolele''; [[3 Januari]] [[1932]] – [[Februari 16]], [[2025]]) alikuwa mcheza densi, [[mwigizaji]], na ''vedette'' wa Meksiko–Marekani. Wakati wa kifo chake, alikuwa miongoni mwa nyota wa mwisho waliosalia kutoka katika Enzi ya Dhahabu ya Sinema ya [[Meksiko]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=López Durán|first1=Mariel|title=Muere Tongolele, "La Diosa pantera", a los 93 años|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/muere-tongolele-la-diosa-pantera-a-los-93-anos/|access-date=17 February 2025|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=17 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="excelsior.com.mx">{{cite web|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/funcion/2015/01/02/1000507|title=Yolanda Montez 'Tongolele' cumplirá años tras ser galardonada|date=January 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diariodecuba.com/cultura/1365248487_2645.html|title=Tongolele en La Habana|date=October 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="informador.com.mx">{{cite web|url=http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2010/167242/6/llega-tongolele-a-78-anos-como-la-bailarina-mas-famosa-de-america.htm|title=Llega Tongolele a 78 años como la bailarina más famosa de América|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908222331/http://www.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2010/167242/6/llega-tongolele-a-78-anos-como-la-bailarina-mas-famosa-de-america.htm|archivedate=2017-09-08|accessdate=2025-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Meksiko]] 8k266l1ql15umg8sjke2cp6t8f8wr4p 0 203195 1601052 1413183 2026-09-25T13:12:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Jane Seymour Fonda'''<ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|1990|p=50}}. "Jane alibatizwa kwa jina Jane Seymour Fonda, alipokuwa mtoto, mama yake na watu wengine walimtambua kama Lady Jane."</ref> (alizaliwa [[21 Disemba]] [[1937]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anatambulika kama nguli wa filamu, Kazi yake inajumuisha aina mbalimbali za filamu na [[televisheni]] kwa zaidi ya miongo sita. Ameshinda tuzo nyingi, ikijumuisha [[Tuzo za Akademi|Tuzo mbili za Academy]], Tuzo mbili za Filamu za British Academy, [[Golden Globe|Tuzo saba za Golden Globe]], na Tuzo ya Primetime Emmy pamoja na uteuzi wa [[Grammy Awards|Tuzo ya Grammy]] na Tuzo mbili za Tony. Fonda alipokea Tuzo ya Heshima ya Palme d'Or mwaka [[2007]], Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha ya AFI mwaka [[2014]], Tuzo ya Golden Lion kwa Mafanikio ya Maisha mwaka [[2017]], Tuzo ya Cecil B. DeMille mwaka [[2021]], na Tuzo la Mafanikio ya Maisha ya Screen Actors Guild mwaka [[2025]]. Alizaliwa na mjamaa [[Frances Ford Seymour]] na mwigizaji [[Henry Fonda]], alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza katika filamu ya vichekesho ya mapenzi ''Tall Story'' ([[1960]]). Alipata umaarufu kupitia uigizaji wake katika filamu za vichekesho kama ''Cat Ballou'' ([[1965]]), ''Barefoot in the Park'' ([[1967]]), ''Barbarella'' ([[1968]]), ''Fun with Dick and Jane'' ([[1977]]), ''California Suite'' ([[1978]]), ''The Electric Horseman'' ([[1979]]), na ''9 to 5'' ([[1980]]). Fonda alijidhihirisha kama mwigizaji wa kazi za sanaa, akishinda Tuzo mbili za Academy za Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike kwa majukumu yake kama [[Ukahaba|kahaba]] katika filamu ya msisimko ''Klute'' (1971) na kama mwanamke aliyependana na mkongwe wa [[Vita ya Vietnam|Vita vya Vietnam]] katika tamthilia ya ''Coming Home'' (1978). Alipata uteuzi wa Oscar kwa filamu ya ''They Shoot Horses, Don't They?'' (1969), ''Julia'' (1977), ''The China Syndrome'' (1979), ''On Golden Pond'' ([[1981]]), na ''The Morning After'' ([[1986]]). Baada ya mapumziko ya miaka 15, alirudi kuigiza katika filamu ya ''Monster-in-Law'' ([[2005]]), ''Youth'' ([[2015]]), na ''Our Souls at Night'' ([[2017]]). Akiwa kwenye jukwaa la Broadway, Fonda alicheza katika tamthilia ''ya There Was a Little Girl'' (1960), ambayo aliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Tony ya Mwigizaji Bora Msaidizi katika Tamthilia. Mnamo mwaka [[2009]], alirudi Broadway kwa tamthilia ya ''33 Variations'' (2009), na kupata uteuzi wa Tuzo ya Tony kwa Mwigizaji Bora katika Tamthilia. Kwa kazi yake kwenye televisheni, alishinda Tuzo ya Primetime Emmy kwa Mwigizaji Bora katika Mfululizo au Filamu ya televisheni ya ''The Dollmaker'' (1984). Pia alipata uteuzi wa Emmy kutokana na uhusika wake katika ''The Newsroom'' (2012-2014) na ''Grace and Frankie'' (2015-2022). Fonda alikuwa mwanaharakati wa kisiasa katika enzi ya counterculture wakati wa [[Vita ya Vietnam|Vita vya Vietnam]]. Alipigwa picha akiwa ameketi kwenye bunduki ya kupambana na ndege ya Kaskazini mwa Vietnam kwenye ziara yake mwaka 1972 huko [[Hanoi]], jambo lililompa jina la utani "Hanoi Jane". Fonda alipinga Vita vya Iraq pamoja na ukatili dhidi ya wanawake, na anatambulika kama mwanaharakati wa [[Ufeministi|haki za wanawake]] na mazingira.<ref>{{cite news |title=Interview |work=WNYC Radio FM |publisher=NPR |date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> Fonda alishiriki kuanzisha Hollywood Women's Political Committee mnamo mwaka 1984 na Women's Media Center mwaka 2005. Pia anajulikana kwa kanda zake za mazoezi, kuanzia ile ya ''Jane Fonda's Workout'' (1982), ambayo iilikuwa kanda ya video iliyouzwa zaidi wakati wake.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.shape.com/fitness/trends/jane-fondas-workout-videos-be-released-dvd |title=Work Out with Jane Fonda, No VHS Required |date=December 29, 2014 |work=Shape Magazine |access-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115448/https://www.shape.com/fitness/trends/jane-fondas-workout-videos-be-released-dvd |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa filamu wa kike wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] ov2le2tmwvg74pbamlmm3hu07spt3e9 0 203272 1601402 1600988 2026-09-25T17:25:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shelly West''' (alizaliwa [[23 Mei]], [[1956]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[muziki wa country]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p137248/biography|pure_url=yes}} Biography at Allmusic.com]</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/west_shelly/artist.jhtml |title=CMT.com: Shelly West |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403061454/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/west_shelly/artist.jhtml |archivedate=2007-04-03 |accessdate=2025-02-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1956|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] kue918we0wqzuvjoa1hopnb4dgip18y 0 205057 1601361 1526833 2026-09-25T15:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Taslima Nasrin''' (alizaliwa [[25 Agosti]] [[1962]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa Bangladesh-Uswidi, [[daktari]], [[mwanafeministi]], mwanahumanisti wa kilimwengu na mwanaharakati. Anajulikana kwa maandishi yake juu ya ukandamizaji wa wanawake na ukosoaji wa Uislamu; baadhi ya vitabu vyake vimepigwa marufuku nchini [[Bangladesh]]. Pia ameorodheshwa katika orodha nyeusi na kuondolewa katika eneo la Bengal, kutoka Bangladesh na jimbo la India la West Bengal.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/split-printer-on-strikeback-path-signature-drive-to-protest-taslima-book-ban-high-court-suit-in-mind/cid/1086798 |title=Split printer on strikeback path - Signature drive to protest Taslima book ban, high court suit in mind |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309220933/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/split-printer-on-strikeback-path-signature-drive-to-protest-taslima-book-ban-high-court-suit-in-mind/cid/1086798 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mahasweta-devi-slams-bengal-govt-for-banishing-taslima/702087 |title=Mahasweta Devi Slams Bengal Govt for Banishing Taslima |magazine=Outlook |access-date=2025-03-10 |archive-date=2021-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922060108/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mahasweta-devi-slams-bengal-govt-for-banishing-taslima/702087 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-facing-bans-taslima-nasreen-says-no-hope-of-returning-to-kolkata-1959059 |title=Facing bans, Taslima Nasreen says no hope of returning to Kolkata |first=Mona |last=Parthsarathi |date=3 February 2014 |work=DNA India |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134517/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-facing-bans-taslima-nasreen-says-no-hope-of-returning-to-kolkata-1959059 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Suvojit |last=Bagchi |date=21 March 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/taslima-nasreen-interview-dont-call-me-muslim-i-am-an-atheist/article7016166.ece |title='Don't call me Muslim, I am an atheist' |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/2017/12/14/hindus-becoming-extremists-taslima-nasreen/ |title=Why are Hindus trying to prove that they can become ISIS-like extremists: Taslima Nasreen |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=14 December 2017 |access-date=16 December 2017 |archive-date=16 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091601/https://theprint.in/2017/12/14/hindus-becoming-extremists-taslima-nasreen/ }}</ref> Alipata umakini wa kimataifa mwanzoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]] kutokana na insha zake na riwaya zenye maoni ya kifeministi na ukosoaji wa kile anachokielezea kama dini zote "zinazochukia wanawake." Nasrin amekuwa akiishi uhamishoni tangu [[1994]], na fatwa nyingi zikitoa wito wa kumuua. Baada ya kuishi zaidi ya muongo mmoja huko Ulaya na Marekani, alihamia India mnamo [[2004]] na amekuwa akiishi huko kwa kibali cha makazi cha muda mrefu, visa ya mara nyingi au 'X' tangu wakati huo. Nasrin ni binti ya Dk. Rajab Ali na Edul Ara, Waislamu wa Kibengali wa Mymensingh. Baba yake alikuwa daktari, na profesa wa Sheria ya Tiba katika Chuo cha Tiba cha Mymensingh, pia katika Chuo cha Tiba cha Sir Salimullah, Dhaka na Chuo cha Tiba cha Dhaka. Baada ya shule ya upili mnamo 1976 (SSC) na masomo ya juu ya sekondari chuoni (HSC) mnamo [[1978]], alisoma tiba katika Chuo cha Tiba cha Mymensingh, chuo cha tiba kilichoshirikiana na Chuo Kikuu cha Dhaka na kuhitimu mnamo [[1984]] na digrii ya MBBS.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/taslima-nasrins-life-in-exile |title=Taslima Nasrin's Life in Exile |work=SheThePeople |date=25 October 2016 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134520/https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/taslima-nasrins-life-in-exile |url-status=live}}</ref> == Maisha na Kazi == Chuoni, aliandika na kuhariri jarida la ushairi liitwalo "Shenjuti." Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi katika kliniki ya upangaji uzazi huko Mymensingh, kisha akafanya mazoezi katika idara ya magonjwa ya wanawake ya [[hospitali]] ya Mitford na katika idara ya ganzi ya [[hospitali]] ya Chuo cha Tiba cha [[Dhaka]]. Alipokuwa akisoma na kumudu fanya tiba, aliona wasichana waliobakwa; pia alisikia wanawake wakilia kwa kukata tamaa katika chumba cha kujifungulia ikiwa mtoto wao alikuwa msichana. Alizaliwa katika familia ya Kiislamu, alikua mtu asiyeamini Mungu baada ya muda. Katika mchakato wa kuandika alichukua mbinu ya kifeministi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Taslima-Nasreens-long-term-visa-extended-by-just-2-months/articleshow/39386561.cms |title=Taslima Nasreen's long-term visa extended by just 2 months |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122021508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Taslima-Nasreens-long-term-visa-extended-by-just-2-months/articleshow/39386561.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/exiled-bangladeshi-author-taslima-nasrin-opens-up-on-her-delhi-connect/story-krh2slTI82fvED4gwdOQ9O.html |title=Exiled Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasrin opens up on her Delhi connect |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193847/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/exiled-bangladeshi-author-taslima-nasrin-opens-up-on-her-delhi-connect/story-krh2slTI82fvED4gwdOQ9O.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Walsh|first=James|title=Death To the Author|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=15 August 1994|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981247,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018211500/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981247,00.html|archive-date=18 October 2008|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladeshi author and doctor Taslima Nasreen threatened by Islamic fundamentalists|publisher=Fileroom|url=http://www.thefileroom.org/documents/dyn/DisplayCase.cfm/id/1058|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-date=29 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829160034/http://www.thefileroom.org/documents/dyn/DisplayCase.cfm/id/1058|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="richards">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-KwuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6488,3824580&dq=taslima+nasrin+passport+bangladesh&hl=en|title=Home is where they hate you|last=Richards|first=David|date=25 July 1998|work=[[The Nation]]|access-date=8 March 2010|archive-date=2 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134537/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-KwuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6488,3824580&dq=taslima+nasrin+passport+bangladesh&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dam|first=Marcus|title=Kolkata is my home|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 November 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/26/stories/2007112650020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201105515/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/26/stories/2007112650020100.htm|archive-date=1 December 2007|access-date=30 May 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|title=Cleric quizzed over author threat|work=BBC News|date=27 June 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5121548.stm|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916233543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5121548.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Imam-issues-fatwa-against-Taslima/articleshow/1679206.cms|title=Imam issues fatwa against Taslima|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=2 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Imam-issues-fatwa-against-Taslima/articleshow/1679206.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm12/fatwa-to-blacken-taslima-s-face/article1-113625.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm12/fatwa-to-blacken-taslima-s-face/article1-113625.aspx|archive-date=27 February 2015|title=Fatwa to blacken Taslima's face|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 June 2006|access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref> Mapema katika kazi yake ya kifasihi, Nasrin aliandika hasa ushairi, na akachapisha mikusanyiko sita ya ushairi kati ya [[1982]] na [[1993]], mara nyingi na ukandamizaji wa wanawake kama mada, na mara nyingi ikiwa na lugha ya wazi sana. Alianza kuchapisha prosa mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1980]], na akatoa mikusanyiko mitatu ya insha na riwaya nne kabla ya kuchapishwa kwa riwaya yake ya maandishi "Lajja" (Kibengali: লজ্জা, romanized: Lôjja, lit. 'Aibu') ambapo familia ya Kihindu ilikuwa ikishambuliwa na wafuasi wa [[Kiislamu]] wenye msimamo mkali na ikaamua kuondoka nchini. Nasrin alipata mashambulizi kadhaa ya kimwili na mengine kwa uchunguzi wake wa kimudu hakiki wa Uislamu na madai yake ya usawa wa wanawake. Mamia ya maelfu ya watu waliingia mitaani wakidai auawe kwa kunyongwa. Mnamo Oktoba [[1993]], kikundi cha wafuasi wa msimamo mkali kilichoitwa Baraza la Wanajeshi wa Kiislamu kilitoa [[zawadi]] kwa kifo chake.<ref name="scholarblogs">{{cite web |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nasrin-taslima/ |title=Taslima Nasrin |last=Devarajan |first=Arthi |date=Spring 1998 |website=Postcolonial Studies |publisher=Emory University |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134537/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nasrin-taslima/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mnamo Mei [[1994]], alihojiwa na toleo la Kolkata la "The Statesman," ambalo lilimnukuu akisema wito wa marekebisho ya Quran; anadai alitaka tu kukomeshwa kwa Sharia, sheria ya dini ya [[Kiislamu]]. Mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1994]] alifikishwa kwenye "mashtaka ya kutoa taarifa za uchochezi," na akakabiliwa na ukosoaji kutoka kwa wafuasi wa [[Kiislamu]] wa msimamo mkali. Wapiga debe mia kadhaa ya maelfu walimwita "murtadi aliyeteuliwa na nguvu za kifalme kumudu sifia Uislamu"; mwanachama wa kikundi cha wapiganaji alitishia kuachilia maelfu ya nyoka wenye sumu katika mji mkuu isipokuwa angeuawa. Baada ya kutumia miezi miwili akijificha, mwishoni mwa [[1994]] alitorokea Uswidi, kwa hiyo akaacha mazoezi yake ya kitabibu na kuwa mwandishi na mwanaharakati wa wakati wote.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Taslima |title=For freedom of expression |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=12 November 1999 |url=http://www.unesco.org/webworld/points_of_views/nasreen_121199.shtml |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235801/http://www.unesco.org/webworld/points_of_views/nasreen_121199.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=O'Connor |first=Ashling |title=Feminist author rewrites novel after death threats from Muslim extremists |work=The Times |date=30 November 2007 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2978120.ece |access-date=28 May 2009 |location=London |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715234813/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2978120.ece }}</ref><ref name="fume">{{cite news |last=Targett |first=Simon |author-link = Simon Targett|title=She who makes holy men fume |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=24 February 1995 |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=96825&sectioncode=26 |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011927/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=96825&sectioncode=26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh: A group called the Sahaba Soldiers; the goals and activities of the group; treatment of those who hold progressive religious and social views by the Sahaba Soldier members (1990–2003) |publisher=[[United Nations High Commission for Refugees]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,BGD,,3f7d4d5e7,0.html |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014060725/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,BGD,,3f7d4d5e7,0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nasrin Sahak, Taslima: Bangladeshi author |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/404019/Taslima-Nasrin |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629052338/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/404019/Taslima-Nasrin |url-status=live }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Bangladesh]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] tm6yvv32rd7h805uj8wqcxolmrneq8a 0 205941 1601414 1416579 2026-09-25T17:46:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BAFTA Mask and BBC Logo (2008).jpg|thumb|300px|Kinyago cha BAFTA na nembo ya BBC ambaye amekuwa kama mtangazi wa onesho hilo tangu 1956.]] '''Tuzo za Filamu za British Academy''' (kwa [[Kiing.]]: '''The British Academy Film Awards'''), zinazojulikana zaidi kama '''BAFTAs''' au '''Tuzo za BAFTA''' (BAFTA Awards), ni onyesho la kila mwaka la tuzo za filamu linaloandaliwa na British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) ili kuheshimu michango bora ya [[Uingereza]] na kimataifa katika [[filamu]]. Hafla hiyo ilifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza katika sinema kuu ya Odeon (Odeon Cinema) iliyopo [[Leicester Square]], [[London]], kisha katika [[Royal Opera House]] kuanzia 2007 hadi 2016. Kuanzia 2017 hadi 2022, tukio hilo liliandaliwa katika [[Royal Albert Hall]], kabla ya kuhamia [[Royal Festival Hall]] kwa mwaka wa 2023. Sanamu inayotolewa kwa washindi inaonyesha kinyago cha kisanii (theatrical mask). Sherehe ya kwanza ya Tuzo za BAFTA ilifanyika mwaka 1949, na kwa mara ya kwanza ilitangazwa moja kwa moja kwenye BBC mwaka 1956, ikiwa na Vivien Leigh kama mtangazaji. Awali, sherehe hiyo ilikuwa ikifanyika mwezi Aprili au Mei; lakini tangu 2001, kwa kawaida hufanyika mwezi Februari. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|BAFTA Film Awards}} * {{Official website|http://www.bafta.org/}} * [http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html BAFTA Awards database] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html |date=20081224022607 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091005220249/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/B/htmlB/britishacade/britishacade.htm Museum of Broadcast Communications: BAFTA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100411022756/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/BAFTA_Awards/ IMDB: BAFTA] [[Jamii:Tuzo za filamu]] 6b1w85x5nx7nt09a53pi2pvxp4m1dd2 0 206877 1601199 1490510 2026-09-25T13:47:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Douce Namwezi N'Ibamba''', ambaye alizaliwa tarehe [[11 Februari]] [[1989]] huko [[Bukavu]], ni [[mwanahabari]], [[mtayarishaji]] wa vipindi vya [[redio]] na [[mjasiriamali]] wa kijamii kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], anayelenga kuwapa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] na [[Ujana|vijana]] uwezo wa kujitokeza kupitia utamaduni, elimu na mafunzo, kwa kuweka mkazo kwenye usawa wa kijinsia na usafi wa [[mazingira]]. == Wasifu == N'Ibamba alizaliwa tarehe 11 Februari 1989 huko [[Bukavu]], jiji lililoko kwenye ufukwe wa kusini-magharibi wa [[Ziwa Kivu]], mji mkuu wa jimbo la [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]], katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Wazazi wake wote wawili ni wauguzi. Yeye ni mmoja wa watoto wanane. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minane, familia yake ililazimika kukimbia nyumba yao na kuishi pamoja na watu wengine waliokuwa wamekimbia makazi yao kwa muda fulani, kufuatia vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya kugombea madaraka. Alisoma katika shule ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] ya Alfajiri na baadaye akapata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya mahusiano ya kimataifa katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] Rasmi cha Bukavu. Tangu akiwa mdogo, N'Ibamba alitamani kuwa [[mwanahabari]], lakini watu wengi walimwambia kuwa hiyo si kazi ya wanawake. Hata hivyo, akiwa na dhamira thabiti, alianza kutayarisha vipindi vya redio akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 katika kituo cha redio cha [[Kikatoliki]], [[Radio Maria]], na miaka miwili baadaye alijiunga na Chama cha Wanawake wa [[Vyombo vya habari|Vyombo vya Habari]] cha Kivu Kusini (AFEM) nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Wakati huo, nchi ilikuwa vitani, na N'Ibamba alisimulia hewani hadithi za watoto wa zamani waliotumikishwa vitani na visa vya ubakaji wa halaiki. Baada ya miaka 10 ndani ya AFEM, alichukua nafasi ya kaimu mratibu wa shirika hilo. Mwaka [[2016]], N'Ibamba alisimamia mipango ya vipindi katika MAMA Radio, kituo cha redio kilicholenga kukuza usawa wa kijinsia. Mwaka [[2018]], aliacha MAMA Radio na kuanzisha Initiative Uwezo Afrika, shirika lisilo la faida linalolenga kupambana na miiko inayozunguka [[hedhi]] kupitia elimu na uhamasishaji kuhusu usafi wa afya ya uzazi. Hili hufanyika kupitia uandishi wa habari, mafunzo ya ufundi stadi na ujasiriamali wa kijamii ili kufikia uwezeshaji wa wanawake. Wanawake hao pia wanasambaza vifaa vya afya ya uzazi na usafi wa [[hedhi]] kwa wanawake wa DRC, ikiwa ni pamoja na taulo za kike zinazoweza kutumika tena na kuoshwa. Mwaka [[2020]], kwa kushirikiana na taasisi sita za kitamaduni kutoka jiji la Bukavu, Douce alianzisha Espace Culturel KWETU ART, ambapo anahudumu kama [[mwenyekiti]] wa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2020, alitajwa na [[BBC]] katika orodha yake ya kila mwaka ya wanawake wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi wa mwaka huo. [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] k8b0v3x249r9f922rz4dwy7q94jg1bb 0 207764 1601053 1549855 2026-09-25T13:12:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 |Jina = Sarah Kalume |Img= |Jina la kuzaliwa = Sarah Kalume |Asili yake = [[DRC]] |Amezaliwa = 1990 |utaifa = [[Tanzania|Mtanzania]] |Aina = {{hlist|[[R&B]]|Afro pop}} |Kazi yake = {{hlist|[[mwanamuziki]]|[[mtunzi wa nyimbo]]|mtangazaji}} |Pia anajulikana kama=Vee Money|Miaka ya kazi=2012 }} '''Sarah Kalume''' ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo na mnenguaji wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], kutoka mji wa Kongolo, katika jimbo la Tanganyika. == Wasifu == == Kazi == Alianza kazi yake katika kwaya ya [[kanisa]] lake <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Marie-Ange|title=Sarah Kalume : La nouvelle star|url=https://zaidoirie.com/sarah-kalume|date=2016-12-15|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Sarah Kalume|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/directory/sarah-kalume|date=2018-06-05|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Découverte : Sarah Kalume – Posa Kobimisa [Clip]|url=https://bwelitribe.com/2020/10/22/decouverte-sarah-kalume-posa-kobimisa-clip/|date=2020-10-22|accessdate=2021-03-30|archive-date=2024-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130100149/https://bwelitribe.com/2020/10/22/decouverte-sarah-kalume-posa-kobimisa-clip/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Katika umri wa miaka 16, alishiriki katika shindano la wasanii wachanga wa kikundi " [[Makoma]] ", shindano lililoandaliwa katika Cinépolis huko [[Kinshasa]] <ref name=":2"/> . Baada ya uzoefu huu, aliendeleza ladha ya kazi ya muziki <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":1"/> . Sarah Kalume anashiriki katika msimu wa pili wa shindano la televisheni " Vodacom Superstar ", aliibuka mshindi kwa bahati ya kurekodi ''swichi moja ya Light'' na mfadhili wa hafla hiyo, bosi wa lebo ya [[Konvict Muzik]], nyota wa Marekani [[Akon]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=RDC : la lauréate de la Vodacom Superstar 2011, Sarah Kalume, enregistre un titre avec Akon|url=https://www.radiookapi.net/culture/2012/07/10/rdc-la-laureate-de-la-vodacom-superstar-2011-sarah-kalume-enregistre-titre-avec-akon|date=2012-07-10|accessdate=2021-03-31}}</ref> . Mnamo 2020, alitangaza kuwa alikuwa akipanga kushirikiana na Innoss'B, tayari akiwa amerekodi vizuri tangu 2016, wakati wa uzinduzi wa wimbo "Osakana wa nga". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=mediacongo.net - Actualités - Bientôt une collaboration entre innoss'b et sarah kalume, deux anciens lauréats de voda superstar|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-74452_bientot_une_collaboration_entre_innoss_b_et_sarah_kalume_deux_anciens_laureats_de_voda_superstar.html|accessdate=2021-03-31}}</ref> . Sarah Kalume pia anashiriki katika kupigania haki za wanawake nchini Kongo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=La|last=Pros|title=JIF : Sarah Kalume appelle les femmes congolaises à lutter pour leurs droits|url=https://laprosperiteonline.net/2020/03/08/societe/jif-sarah-kalume-appelle-les-femmes-congolaises-a-lutter-pour-leurs-droits/|date=2020-03-08|accessdate=2021-03-31|archive-date=2020-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309153406/https://laprosperiteonline.net/2020/03/08/societe/jif-sarah-kalume-appelle-les-femmes-congolaises-a-lutter-pour-leurs-droits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Mnamo 2020, wimbo " ''En confinement"'' wa Sarah Kalume <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=DEJA PRETE A SE REMETTRE SUR SCÈNE, SARAH KALUME PROPOSE DEUX NOUVEAUX SONS – VOILA NIGHT|url=https://voila.cd/deja-prete-a-se-remettre-sur-scene-sarah-kalume-propose-deux-nouveaux-sons/|accessdate=2021-03-31}}</ref> ulisambaa na hata kufikia masikio ya rapper wa Kifaransa Booba. Mwisho huchapisha video ya wimbo huu kwenye Facebook na Instagram <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Glody|last=Pinganayi|title=Sarah Kalume en mode "Confinement Covid-19"|url=https://www.lemag.cd/people/2020/04/09/sarah-kalume-en-mode-confinement-covid-19|date=2020-04-08|accessdate=2021-03-31}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=RDC – Musique : La chanson « En confinement » de Sarah Kalume fait craquer Booba|url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/rdc-musique-la-chanson-en-confinement-de-sarah-kalume-fait-craquer-booba/|date=2020-05-06|accessdate=2021-03-31}}</ref> . == Diskografia == === Nyimbo === * 2012 : Light switch feat (Akon) * 2019 : Buzoba na nga * 2020 : En confinement * 2020 : Posa 'a ko bimisa * 2020 : Je te garde == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] i1ncqustzh52dndisibkz0biscrlaja 0 207779 1601373 1598611 2026-09-25T15:59:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Teyana Taylor | picha = Teyana Taylor (cropped).jpg | maelezo picha = Taylor Aprili 2023 | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1990|12|10}} | jina la kuzaliwa = Teyana Me Shay Jacqueline Taylor<ref name="4CymE7wJJyE">Taylor katika {{kunukuu AV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CymE7wJJyE|kichwa=Teyana Taylor Anauliza Maswali 30 kwa Iman Shumpert|tarehe=Julai 23, 2019|muda=10:08|chapisho=GQ|medium=[[YouTube]]|maneno=Je, jina langu la kati ni? Me Shay Jacqueli.|tarehe ya kupata=Oktoba 29, 2020|tarehe ya kuhifadhi=Novemba 1, 2020|kiungo cha kupitia=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101234258/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CymE7wJJyE&feature=youtu.be|hali ya kiungo=hai}}</ref> | jina lingine = {{orodha mkadiri|Spike Tee<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/schoolboy-q-yg-and-ty-dolla-sign-turn-up-the-drive-in-for-lies-video-new-video.45642.html|kichwa=ScHoolboy Q, YG & Ty Dolla $ign Waanzisha Video ya "Lies"|mwandishi=Aaron A.|chapisho=HotNewHipHop|tarehe=Agosti 1, 2019|tarehe ya kupata=Agosti 1, 2019|tarehe ya kuhifadhi=Agosti 1, 2019|kiungo cha kupitia=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801192652/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/schoolboy-q-yg-and-ty-dolla-sign-turn-up-the-drive-in-for-lies-video-new-video.45642.html|hali ya kiungo=hai}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|Jimmy Neutch<ref>{{cite web | url=https://people.com/music/teyana-taylor-iman-shumpert-relationship-timeline/ | kichwa=Muda wa Mahusiano ya Teyana Taylor na Iman Shumpert }}</ref>}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Jiji la New York]], Marekani | kazi yake = * Mwigizaji * Mwanamuziki * Mwandishi wa nyimbo * Mcheza ngoma * Mfano wa mitindo * Mwongozaji wa video za muziki * Mratibu wa ngoma | miaka ya kazi = 2005–sasa | ndoa = {{marriage|[[Iman Shumpert]]|2016|2024|kuvunjwa kwa ndoa}} | watoto = 2 | tuzo = | tovuti = {{URL|teyanataylor.com}} | studio = * [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] * [[GOOD Music|GOOD]] * [[Star Trak Entertainment|Star Trak]] * [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] | wanamuziki wenzi = {{orodha mkadiri| * [[Che Pope]] * [[Fabolous]] * [[Jazze Pha]] * [[Kanye West]] * [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]] }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist 2|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | ala = Sauti | aina = * [[R&B ya kisasa|R&B]] * [[hip hop]] * [[muziki wa pop]] }} }} '''Teyana Me Shay Jacqueli Taylor''' (amezaliwa 10 Desemba, 1990)<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://newrochelle.dailyvoice.com/neighbors/happy-birthday-to-new-rochelles-teyana-taylor/422425/|title=Happy Birthday To New Rochelles Teyana Taylor|work=New Rochelle Daily Voice|access-date=August 9, 2018|language=en|archive-date=August 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122002/https://newrochelle.dailyvoice.com/neighbors/happy-birthday-to-new-rochelles-teyana-taylor/422425/|url-status=live}}</ref> ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mwanamitindo, mnenguaji, mtayarishaji na mwongozaji wa muziki mjongeo (video za muziki), na mchoreografia kutoka nchini Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/teyana-taylor-kanye-west-fade-video-dancer|title=Everything You Need to Know About Teyana Taylor, the Dancer in Kanye West's "Fade" She is also famous for her brand new movie in the Eddie Murphy film Coming 2 America as Bopoto Izzi Video|last=Petrarca|first=Emilia|work=W Magazine|access-date=June 4, 2018|language=en|archive-date=July 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709142447/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/teyana-taylor-kanye-west-fade-video-dancer|url-status=live}}</ref> Baada ya kuandaa video ya wimbo wa [[Beyoncé]] wa mwaka 2006 "[[Ring the Alarm]]", alisaini mkataba wa kurekodi na [[the Neptunes]] kupitia kampuni yao ya [[Star Trak Entertainment]], tawi la [[Interscope Records]], mwaka uliofuata. Taylor alionekana katika kipindi cha [[MTV]] cha ''My Super Sweet 16'' kabla ya kutoa wimbo wake wa kwanza, "[[Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)|Google Me]]", mwaka 2008. Alipata umaarufu zaidi kutokana na kushiriki bila kutajwa rasmi katika nyimbo za [[Kanye West]] za mwaka 2010 "Dark Fantasy" na "Hell of a Life" — zote kutoka kwenye albamu yake ''[[My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy]]'' (2010). Aliondoka Star Trak na Interscope na kujiunga na kampuni ya West ya [[GOOD Music]], tawi la [[Def Jam Recordings]], miaka miwili baadaye. Alishiriki katika albamu ya pamoja ya GOOD Music [[Cruel Summer (GOOD Music album)|''Cruel Summer'']] (2012), ambayo ilishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, [[VII (Teyana Taylor album)|''VII'']] (2014), ilipokelewa vyema na wakosoaji wa muziki na kufikia ndani ya 20 bora, pamoja na albamu zake za pili na tatu, ''[[K.T.S.E.]]'' (2018) na [[The Album (Teyana Taylor album)|''The Album'']] (2020); ya mwisho ilifika ndani ya 10 bora kwenye chati hiyo, huku ''K.T.S.E.'' ikizalisha singo "[[Gonna Love Me]]" (iliyoremixiwa ikiwashirikisha [[Ghostface Killah]], [[Method Man]], na [[Raekwon]]), ambayo ilipata cheti cha platinum kutoka [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA). Katika kazi yake ya uigizaji, Taylor alianza kuigiza katika filamu ya mwaka 2010 ya tamthilia ya dansi ''Stomp the Yard: Homecoming'', na alionekana katika filamu ya [[Tyler Perry]] ya ''Madea's Big Happy Family'' mwaka uliofuata.<ref name="Rap-Up.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/05/14/teyana-taylor-signs-to-kanye-wests-good-music/#more-123727 |title=Teyana Taylor Signs to Kanye West's G.O.O.D. Music |publisher=Rap-Up.com |date=May 14, 2012 |access-date=July 23, 2012 |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711195939/http://www.rap-up.com/2012/05/14/teyana-taylor-signs-to-kanye-wests-good-music/#more-123727 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kwenye runinga, Taylor alishiriki katika misimu miwili ya ''Star'' (2017–18), na filamu ya [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] ''[[Coming 2 America]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://variety.com/feature/2024-oscars-best-actress-predictions-1235678121/ |title=Final Oscar Predictions: Best Actress – In the Closest Acting Race, Lily Gladstone Could Emerge Victorious and Make Academy History |publisher=Variety |date=2024-03-07 |access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref> Taylor na aliyekuwa mume wake [[Iman Shumpert]] walipata kipindi cha uhalisia kiitwacho ''Teyana and Iman'' kupitia [[VH1]], kilichorushwa kutoka 2020 hadi 2023. Alipata sifa kubwa kwa uigizaji wake mkuu katika filamu ya mwaka 2023 ''[[A Thousand and One]]'', ambapo alishinda tuuzo kutoka National Board of Review.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Edgemagazinesite Resources and Information. |url=http://ww1.edgemagazinesite.com/follow-the-leader-teyana-taylor/ |website=Ww1.edgemagazinesite.com |access-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123175958/http://ww1.edgemagazinesite.com/follow-the-leader-teyana-taylor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Teyana Taylor's new album features collaborations with Erykah Badu, Missy Elliott and more |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/teyana-taylors-new-album-features-collabs-with-erykah-badu-missy-elliott |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=The Line of Best Fit |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804203757/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/teyana-taylors-new-album-features-collabs-with-erykah-badu-missy-elliott |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://urbannewsroom.com/2010/05/12/blog-get-to-know-teyana-taylor/|title=Career 4|website=Urbanewsroom.com|access-date=August 15, 2013|archive-date=June 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623135053/http://urbannewsroom.com/2010/05/12/blog-get-to-know-teyana-taylor/|url-status=live}}</ref> Katika shughuli nyingine, Taylor ametambuliwa kwa kazi ya kuongoza video za muziki kwa jina "Spike Tee". Ameshafanya kazi hiyo kwa wasanii mbalimbali wakiwemo yeye mwenyewe, [[Sean Combs|Diddy]], [[Schoolboy Q]], na [[Queen Naija]]. Alishinda BET Award for Video Director of the Year mwaka 2020 na 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/article/grjwtu/bet-awards-2023-wins-video-director-of-the-year|title=BET Awards 2023: Teyana 'Spike Tey' Taylor Wins Video Director Of The Year, Accepts After Mom Calls Her on Video Chat|date=June 23, 2023|last=Meara|first=Paul|website=BET.com|accessdate=2025-06-15|archive-date=2025-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420062604/https://www.bet.com/article/grjwtu/bet-awards-2023-wins-video-director-of-the-year|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Diskografia== {{Main|Diskografia ya Teyana Taylor}} * ''[[VII (Teyana Taylor)|VII]]'' (2014) * ''[[K.T.S.E.]]'' (2018) * ''[[The Album (Teyana Taylor)|The Album]]'' (2020) * ''Escape Room'' (2025) ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *{{IMDb name|nm3692520|Teyana Taylor}} *{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p1022208}} *[https://www.myspace.com/rockstarteyana Teyana Taylor] on [[MySpace]] *[http://prettystatus.com/teyana-taylor-slays-at-fashion-week/ Teyana Taylor at Fashion Week] {{BD|1990}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] rceq7grxcmzd3yer2zcus22x4z9z5bw 0 208098 1601054 1582410 2026-09-25T13:12:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Josépha Madoki''' (anajulikana pia kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Princess Madoki'''; alizaliwa [[Kinshasa]], 9 Januari 1981) ni mcheza dansi mwenye uraia wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Ufaransa]]. == Wasifu == === Utoto na elimu === Josépha Madoki Mayemba aliwasili [[Lille]] akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu. Mama yake ni mlezi wa watoto na baba yake ni [[mhandisi]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita, Josépha Madoki alijiunga na kampuni ya densi ya hip-hop ya nusu mtaalamu,<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=La danseuse Princess Madoki, digne héritière du waacking !|url=https://www.redbull.com/fr-fr/princess-madoki-waacking|date=2019-04-24|accessdate=2024-05-03}}</ref>. Mnamo 2003, aliondoka kwenda Paris na kujiunga na [[Académie internationale de danse|Chuo cha Kimataifa cha Ngoma]] <ref name=":2" />, baada ya kuanza na kuacha masomo ya sheria, ambayo yalimfanya apoteze mawasiliano na wazazi wake kwa miaka kadhaa. Alipata uraia wa Ufaransa mnamo Januari 12, 2011. === Kazi ya mapema === Baada ya mafunzo yake, ilimbidi kupitisha majaribio mia moja kabla ya kupata mkataba wake wa kwanza, ambao alipewa na [[Yano Iatridès]] <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=La danseuse Princess Madoki, digne héritière du waacking !|url=https://www.redbull.com/fr-fr/princess-madoki-waacking|date=2019-04-24|accessdate=2024-05-03}}</ref> . Kisha akashirikiana kwenye maonyesho ya Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui kutoka 2013, na urekebishaji wa ukumbi wa michezo ''A Season huko Kongo'', na Babson of the Wanted Posse, pia akishiriki katika muziki ''wa Kirikou na Karaba'' wa Wayne McGregor. Ziara hii ilidumu miaka mitatu na kuzindua kazi yake <ref name=":2" /> . Akiwa kwenye ziara, Madoki anahudhuria mhadhara kuhusu tohara ya wanawake. Alitoa onyesho lake la kwanza la solo kutoka kwake, " Maneno yangu ni maumivu yako ", mwaka wa 2010, ambapo alishinda shindano la Paris Jeunes Talents, ambalo lilimruhusu kuanzisha kampuni yake ya densi <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=La danseuse Princess Madoki, digne héritière du waacking !|url=https://www.redbull.com/fr-fr/princess-madoki-waacking|date=2019-04-24|accessdate=2024-05-03}}</ref> . === Waacking === Josépha Madoki anachanganya ushawishi kutoka kwa densi ya kisasa, hip hop na densi ya Kiafrika <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=La danseuse Princess Madoki, digne héritière du waacking !|url=https://www.redbull.com/fr-fr/princess-madoki-waacking|date=2019-04-24|accessdate=2024-05-03}}</ref> . ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Ufaransa]] ousfz04462axquv4tkye6yqyhripd3x 0 208442 1601272 1437714 2026-09-25T14:12:12Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Douce Dibondo''' (alizaliwa 1993) ni mwandishi wa habari na mwanaharakati wa kifeministi wa Ufaransa mwenye asili ya Kongo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Douce Dibondo|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Douce-Dibondo/627351|accessdate=2025-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Douce Dibondo {{!}} Éditions Fayard|url=https://www.fayard.fr/auteur/douce-dibondo/|accessdate=2024-05-13}}</ref> . Anajitambulisha kama mwanamke mweusi, queer na afrofeministi. Yeye ni mshiriki mwanzilishi wa podikasti. == Wasifu == Mwenye asili ya Kongo, anajitambulisha kama mwanamke mweusi, afrofeministi na queer wa msimamo mkali.<ref name=":1"/> . Katika ujana wake, alitamani kuwa mshauri wa vyombo vya habari, mwandishi wa habari, au kufanya kazi inayohusiana na taaluma ya sosholojia.<ref name=":1"/> . Aliendelea na masomo ya jumla na akapata diploma ya elimu ya sekondari ya fasihi. Kisha akaendelea na masomo yake katika mji wa Tours, ambako alipata shahada ya kwanza katika taaluma ya sosholojia. <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Douce DIBONDO {{!}} Le Club de Mediapart|url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/douce-dibondo|accessdate=2021-07-07}}</ref> ; Kisha akaendelea na masomo yake katika miji ya Bordeaux na Nantes <ref name=":3" />,<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Précarité étudiante : « Pendant mes études, j’étais en mode survie »|url=https://zep.media/textes/precarite-etudiante-pendant-mes-etudes-jetais-en-mode-survie/|date=2019-12-02|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref>, ambako alisomea shahada ya uzamili katika sayansi ya siasa na shahada nyingine ya uzamili katika taaluma ya habari na mawasiliano. <ref name=":1" />,<ref name=":3" /> . Hutaja mara kwa mara hali ya maisha duni ya wanafunzi, akielezea matatizo ya kifedha aliyoyapitia wakati wa masomo yake ya chuo kikuu. <ref name=":2"/> . Katika mahojiano hayo hayo, alitaja pia safari ya maisha ya wazazi wake waliokuwa wahamiaji kutoka Afrika ya Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara nchini Ufaransa, akieleza kuwa ilikuwa ‘sawa na maisha ya dhiki, umaskini, mapambano ya kimya kimya na ustahimilivu.’ Aliongeza kuwa yeye mwenyewe alikumbana na hali ya maisha duni alipokuwa mtoto <ref name=":2"/> . == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Tangu mwaka 2016, alianza kuandika makala kama mwandishi wa kujitegemea kwa majarida ya Komitid, Paulette, TelQuel na Censored Magazine<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=Wendie|title=Douce Dibondo (Journaliste) – « Collectivement, nous avons une force»|url=https://reinesdestempsmodernes.com/rtm-world/queenspiration/2020/10/douce-dibondo-afrofeministe-queer/|date=2020-10-06|accessdate=2021-07-06|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422145520/https://reinesdestempsmodernes.com/rtm-world/queenspiration/2020/10/douce-dibondo-afrofeministe-queer/|url-status=dead}}</ref>, huku pia akifanya kazi kama mhudumu, ili kuhakikisha mapato ya kawaida ya kifedha <ref name=":1" /> . Kuanzia hadi, alimaliza mafunzo ya ndani ya miezi sita katika chombo cha habari cha Afrocentric ''Nothing But The Wax,'' ambacho kinaripoti hadithi za watu Weusi na Waafrika. Uzoefu huu ulimwezesha kufahamu ukweli wa kazi ya uandishi wa habari na kugundua kile alichopenda<ref name=":1"/> . Huko pia alikutana na Anthony Vincent, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa mhariri wa kujitolea wa chombo hiki cha habari, ambaye naye aliunda podcast Extimité, miezi michache baadaye <ref name=":1" /> . Douce Dibondo akichangia mradi huo” Jiografia ya uandishi », iliyoanzishwa na ''Le Monde diplomatique'', mnamo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Géopolitique des écritures|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/cartes/ecritures|date=2017-08-01|accessdate=2021-07-07}}</ref> . Mnamo, alishiriki katika mradi wa ''The Encyclopedia of Migrants'', ulioanzishwa na msanii [[Paloma Fernández Sobrino]] na chama cha Rennes ''L'Âge de la tortue'', ambacho huleta pamoja shuhuda mia nne za hadithi za maisha za wahamiaji, wanaoishi katika miji minane kwenye pwani [[Atlantiki|ya Atlantiki]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=L'Encyclopédie des migrants|url=https://www.laurencebrassamin.com/projets/lencyclopedie-des-migrants/|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Paloma Fernández|title=L'Encyclopédie des Migrants|url=http://www.encyclopedie-des-migrants.eu/|date=2018|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . Mnamo, alizungumza kama msimamizi wa mkutano huo wenye kichwa " Inawakilisha utambulisho », iliyoandaliwa kama sehemu ya Vyuo Vikuu vya Uwepo wa Afrika Kurudi Shuleni (URPA) 2018, iliyoandaliwa na Jean Fall, kutoka Cinéwax; Virginie Ehonian, kutoka Nooru Box; Martial Ze Belinga na Michel Bampely <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-fr|title=UNIVERSITES DE LA RENTREE PRESENCE AFRICAINE (URPA) 2018|url=http://www.presenceafricaine.com/agenda/evenements/universites-de-la-rentree-presence-africaine-urpa-2018-|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . Mnamo, Douce Dibondo alishiriki pamoja na Laura Nsafou na [[Wendie Zahibo]] katika onyesho la jukwaa " Rangi ya Ufeministi ", iliyopendekezwa na ''podikasti ya Cervyx ya maneno ambayo hayajachujwa'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Cervyx des paroles sans filtre|url=https://soundcloud.com/cervyxdesparolessansfiltre|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . Mnamo, alishiriki katika onyesho la ''Clique Paulette'', lililoitwa " Inamaanisha nini kushiriki katika 2019? ? », pamoja na Grace Ly, kutoka kwa podcast ''mbio za Kiffe ta''; ya Anais Bourdet, muundaji wa <nowiki><i id="mwrQ">Paye Ta Shnek</i></nowiki>, na Agy, kutoka kwa kikundi cha ''La Rue Tourne'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Clique Paulette : Ça veut dire quoi s'engager en 2019 ?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI0jROeFhPI|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . Mnamo, katika hafla ya Mwezi wa Fahari, Douce Dibondo, Nassira El Moaddem na Sihame Assbague, walishiriki kama wawakilishi wa Chama cha Wanahabari wa LGBTI (AJL), katika kipindi cha ''Juu'' kuhusu mapambano ya walio wachache na jinsi wanavyotendewa na vyombo vya habari, kama sehemu ya mjadala kuhusu vurugu za polisi ubaguzi wa rangi kwenye vyombo vya habari <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Journalistes|last=LGBT|title=Out: l'émission|url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/journalistes-lgbt/blog/300620/out-lemission-0|accessdate=2021-07-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=OUT : L'émission|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrvBoAhmr6A|accessdate=2021-07-07}}</ref> Amealikwa pamoja na Anthony Vincent, kama sehemu ya hafla ''ya Amours imaginaires'', iliyoandaliwa kama sehemu ya tamasha kuu la Everybody's Perfect, ambalo litafanyika Geneva mnamo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Tables rondes - Film Festival Everybody’s Perfect 2020 - Centre Maurice Chalumeau en sciences des sexualités - CMCSS - UNIGE|url=https://www.unige.ch/cmcss/cite/conferences/tables-rondes-festival-everybodys-perfect-2020/|date=2020-10-05|accessdate=2021-07-06|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190136/https://www.unige.ch/cmcss/cite/conferences/tables-rondes-festival-everybodys-perfect-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Mnamo, kazi yake ilitajwa katika mapendekezo ya kusoma dhidi ya ubaguzi, yaliyotolewa na vyombo vya habari ''#dièses'', ambayo inakumbuka katika " Ukaguzi wa wavuti "kwamba anazidisha ukosoaji kuhusu kampeni dhidi ya unyanyasaji wa mitaani unaowasilishwa na serikali <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Florian|last=Bouché|title=Revue du web (23 avril)|url=https://dieses.fr/revue-du-web-23-avril|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . Yeye pia huchangia katika utayarishaji wa podcast ''Isolation termique'', mpango wa C. AA N (Black Autonomous Action Coordination), iliyotayarishwa na Kizû Studio, kama meneja wa uzalishaji na mhariri <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Isolation|last=termique|title=Isolation termique|url=https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy8zNjE1NTJiYy9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . Kuanzia hadi Julai 2021 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=“Extimité”, le podcast où “la parole est existence et résistance”|url=https://www.telerama.fr/radio/extimite-le-podcast-ou-la-parole-est-existence-et-resistance-6815034.php|date=2021-02-10|accessdate=2025-02-22}}</ref>, Douce Dibondo alifanya kazi kama msaidizi wa utangazaji wa kipindi cha ''24H Pujadas ,'' kwenye LCI <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=“Extimité”, le podcast où “la parole est existence et résistance”|url=https://www.telerama.fr/radio/extimite-le-podcast-ou-la-parole-est-existence-et-resistance-6815034.php|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . === Extimacy Podcast === [[Faili:Podcast_Extimite_-_Douce_Dibondo_et_Anthony_Vincent.jpg|thumb| Douce Dibondo na Anthony Vincent, ambao waliunda podcast ''ya Extimité'' .]] Mnamo 2018, Douce Dibondo na Anthony Vincent waliunda na kutoa [[Podikasiti|podikasti ya]] ''Extimité'', ili kutoa nafasi ambapo kila mtu ana fursa ya kusimulia hadithi yake kibinafsi, katika utata wao wote, bila vichujio [[Ukoloni|vya kikoloni]], [[Ubaguzi jinsia|vya jinsia]] au tofauti. Kwa macho yao, hadithi za karibu zina nguvu ya kisiasa. Watu ambao ni wahasiriwa wa ubaguzi wanaalikwa kushiriki mazungumzo ya karibu, wakati ambapo inawezekana kusimulia bila staha hatua za maisha yao, kutoka utoto hadi utu uzima, pamoja na vikwazo vilivyopatikana kama watu wa rangi au LGBTQI <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Condé|last=Nast|title=Huit podcasts pour s’éduquer au sujet du racisme|url=https://www.vanityfair.fr/culture/voir-lire/story/actu-huit-podcasts-pour-seduquer-au-sujet-du-racisme/11888|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> . Kwa gazeti la Paulette, " Douce na Anthony, aka "Yin na Yang", ni mshikamano na ukamilishano ambao unaweza kuhimili chochote. ", watu wawili wa kuchekesha na wenye ubaguzi wa rangi, mshiriki, katika ulinganifu <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=PAULETTE TALKS : EXTIMITÉ, UN PODCAST À CŒUR OUVERT|url=https://www.paulette-magazine.com/paulette-talks-extimite-un-podcast-a-coeur-ouvert/|date=2020-04-26|accessdate=2021-07-06|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513165751/https://www.paulette-magazine.com/paulette-talks-extimite-un-podcast-a-coeur-ouvert/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ufaransa]] bwg1ui2bbvi1qnfshpacbav6xfhec3u 0 208448 1601055 1579399 2026-09-25T13:12:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Acacia Bandubola Mbongo''' (alizaliwa [[Kisangani]], 16 Juni) ni mfanyabiashara na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], na ni mwanachama wa chama cha Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social (UDPS). Amekuwa Waziri wa Masuala ya Ardhi tangu [[2024]] katika serikali ya Judith Suminwa Tuluka <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ORDONNANCE n°24‑039 du 28 mai 2024 portant nomination du gouvernement Suminwa|publisher=Ministère de la Coopération (RDC)|url=https://cooperation.gouv.cd/dev/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ORDONNANCE-N%C2%B024-039-DU-28-MAI-2024-portant-nomination-membres-du-gouvernement-Suminwa.pdf|date=28 mai 2024|accessdate=21 juin 2025|archive-date=2025-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624042048/https://cooperation.gouv.cd/dev/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ORDONNANCE-N%C2%B024-039-DU-28-MAI-2024-portant-nomination-membres-du-gouvernement-Suminwa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Wasifu == === Masomo === Acacia Bandubola Mbongo alizaliwa na Henriette Mbokoso Bokwetenge na Raphael Bandubola. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Complexe Scolaire Okapi, shule ya binafsi mjini Kisangani, ambako wazazi wake waliishi wakati huo. Mwaka 1994, alihamia Kinshasa, mji mkuu na mkubwa zaidi wa nchi. Aliendelea na masomo yake katika Lycée Bosangani kuanzia 1994 hadi 1999. Mwaka 2000, alipata diploma ya taifa kutoka Lycée Molière. Ana shahada ya uzamili ya pili (Master 2) katika uchumi wa fedha, akiwa amehitimu kwa heshima ya ‘distinction’ kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiprostanti cha Kongo.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=RDC : Voici le portrait de la nouvelle ministre de l'économie Acacia Bandubola Mbongo|url=https://www.7sur7.cd/2019/09/06/rdc-voici-le-portrait-de-la-nouvelle-Ministre-de-leconomie-acacia-bandubola-mbongo|date=2019-09-06|accessdate=2020-05-21}}</ref> . == Kazi == Acacia Bandubola Mbongo amefanya kazi Ecobank, FINCA, BIAC na [[Vodacom]]. Alianza harakati za kisiasa akiwa mwanafunzi. Aliajiriwa na Delly Sesanga kwa chama chake cha siasa cha ENVOL <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Infocongo|title=Acacia Bandubola, patronne de l’Economie congolaise - Infocongo|url=https://infocongo.net/2019/09/05/acacia-bandubola-patronne-de-leconomie-congolaise/|date=2019-09-04|accessdate=2025-06-21}}</ref>. Baadaye alijiunga na RNS ( Rally for a New Society ), ambayo alikuwa mgombea wa wadhifa wa naibu wa kitaifa huko [[Wilaya ya Funa]], Kinshasa. Baada ya kushindwa katika uchaguzi wa wabunge wa 2006, alijiunga na Muungano wa Demokrasia na Maendeleo ya Kijamii (UDPS) na kuendelea na shughuli zake za kisiasa nchini Ufaransa. Alitambuliwa na Étienne Tshisekedi. Alishiriki katika maandamano kadhaa na alisafiri hadi nchi nyingine za Ulaya kusaidia wanaharakati wa Kongo. Aliteuliwa katika serikali ya Ilunga kama Waziri wa Uchumi wa Kitaifa mnamo Agosti 26, 2019 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ORDONNANCE n°19‑077 du 26 août 2019 portant nomination du gouvernement Illunga|publisher=Primature de la RDC|url=https://www.primature.cd/public/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Ordonnance-Portant-nomination-PM-Ilunga.pdf|date=27 août 2024|accessdate=21 juin 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Webmaster|last=Webmaster|title=RDC : Voici le parcours politique d’Acacia Bandubola, nommée ministre de l’économie – PROVINCES 26 RDC.net::: site d'information|url=https://provinces26rdc.com/rdc-voici-le-parcours-politique-dacacia-bandubola-nommee-ministre-de-leconomie/|accessdate=2025-06-21}}</ref>, alipokuwa akishikilia wadhifa wa Makamu wa Rais wa UDPS-Ufaransa. Sanjari na Jacquemain Shabani, Acacia Bandubola aliteuliwa kuwa mkurugenzi mwenza wa kampeni ya rais anayemaliza muda wake [[Félix Tshisekedi]] kwa uchaguzi wa urais wa decemba 2023 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1497302/politique/en-rdc-deux-cadres-de-ludps-pour-diriger-la-campagne-de-felix-tshisekedi/|title=En RDC, deux cadres de l’UDPS pour diriger la campagne de Félix Tshisekedi|publisher=Jeune Afrique|author=Vincent Duhem|date=25 10 2023}}</ref> . Wakati wa uchaguzi wa wabunge wa Desemba 20, 2023, Acacia Bandubola alichaguliwa kuwa naibu wa kitaifa katika [[Wilaya ya Lukunga|eneo bunge la Lukunga]] katika jimbo la jiji la [[Kinshasa]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|author=Monge Junior Diama|first=|last=|title=Législatives 2023 : Muyaya, Mwaba, Kibuka, Kazadi, Mwabilu, Kabuya, Tshilumbu, … voici la liste des 56 députes élus de Kinshasa|url=https://www.politico.cd/archives/elections-2023/2024/01/14/legislatives-2023-muyaya-mwaba-kibuka-kazadi-mwabilu-kabuya-tshilumbu-voici-la-liste-des-56-deputes-elus-de-kinshasa.html/153762/|date=2024-01-14|accessdate=2024-01-14|archive-date=2024-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222102237/https://www.politico.cd/archives/elections-2023/2024/01/14/legislatives-2023-muyaya-mwaba-kibuka-kazadi-mwabilu-kabuya-tshilumbu-voici-la-liste-des-56-deputes-elus-de-kinshasa.html/153762/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . == Maisha binafsi== Acacia Bandubola Mbongo ameolewa na ni mama wa mtoto mmoja. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|karne ya 20|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] q5j3rzm75wq5vohcf34ipp51rfx5so0 4 208508 1601510 1600977 2026-09-25T21:20:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1601510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-25) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-25)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 628 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3415 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 697 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 717 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 345 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 330 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 719 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35040 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22141 || ↑ +23.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3415 || ↑ +31.7% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 719 || ↑ +1118.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 697 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 596 || ↑ +25.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 435 || ↑ +2.8% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 389 || ↑ +16.1% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 372 || ↑ +18.8% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 347 || ↑ +28.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 345 || ↓ -20.5% |- | 10 || [[Ethiopia]] || 340 || ↑ +39.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 30.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 144 || 12.0% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.9% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 5xu3pvv7hrw08ynwt2cyp8c3fs8db3f 1601512 1601510 2026-09-25T21:23:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1601512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-25) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-25)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 628 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3415 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 697 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 717 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 345 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 347 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 330 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 719 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35042 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22141 || ↑ +23.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3415 || ↑ +31.7% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 719 || ↑ +1118.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 697 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 596 || ↑ +25.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 435 || ↑ +2.8% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 389 || ↑ +16.1% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 372 || ↑ +18.8% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 347 || ↑ +28.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 345 || ↓ -20.5% |- | 10 || [[Ethiopia]] || 340 || ↑ +39.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 30.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 146 || 12.2% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 58ebcsnxgco29q3lfhkyaozgvy4a48l 1601563 1601512 2026-09-26T04:17:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1601563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 613 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3452 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 695 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 346 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 330 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35042 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22141 || ↑ +23.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 127.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3415 || ↑ +31.7% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 719 || ↑ +1118.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 697 || ↑ +16.6% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 596 || ↑ +25.2% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 435 || ↑ +2.8% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 389 || ↑ +16.1% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 372 || ↑ +18.8% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 347 || ↑ +28.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 345 || ↓ -20.5% |- | 10 || [[Ethiopia]] || 340 || ↑ +39.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 30.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 146 || 12.2% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 47di7v5b6tva6fe2ueh20ut9emmi8ce 1601564 1601563 2026-09-26T04:31:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1601564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 613 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3452 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 695 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 346 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 330 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 715 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35043 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22399 || ↑ +26.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 128.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3452 || ↑ +31.6% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1034.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 695 || ↑ +14.5% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 613 || ↑ +26.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 462 || ↑ +10.5% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +16.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 367 || ↑ +14.7% |- | 8 || [[Urusi]] || 358 || ↓ -16.7% |- | 9 || [[Ethiopia]] || 346 || ↑ +41.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 330 || ↑ +17.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 30.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 147 || 12.2% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} sy0ss4fz3ke12bpvnv2juluu7hb0oz5 1601781 1601564 2026-09-26T11:06:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1601781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 655 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3326 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 695 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 346 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 346 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 719 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35043 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22399 || ↑ +26.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 128.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3452 || ↑ +31.6% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1034.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 695 || ↑ +14.5% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 613 || ↑ +26.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 462 || ↑ +10.5% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +16.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 367 || ↑ +14.7% |- | 8 || [[Urusi]] || 358 || ↓ -16.7% |- | 9 || [[Ethiopia]] || 346 || ↑ +41.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 330 || ↑ +17.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 30.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 147 || 12.2% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} kq39y81o607vzpxm2kzp45fagyj1dg0 1601787 1601781 2026-09-26T11:10:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1601787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-09-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 64 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 71 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-09-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 655 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3326 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 695 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 346 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 394 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 346 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 233 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 719 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35044 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 22670 || ↑ +26.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.4 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 130.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3452 || ↑ +31.6% |- | 2 || [[Nepal]] || 715 || ↑ +1034.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 695 || ↑ +14.5% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 613 || ↑ +26.7% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 462 || ↑ +10.5% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 394 || ↑ +16.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 367 || ↑ +14.7% |- | 8 || [[Urusi]] || 358 || ↓ -16.7% |- | 9 || [[Ethiopia]] || 346 || ↑ +41.8% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 330 || ↑ +17.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 485 || 40.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 30.1% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 148 || 12.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 94 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 6 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 4 || 0.3% |- |} 404ku422ociy5amlnb9gh42m5cy54ld 0 208607 1601460 1435795 2026-09-25T19:26:28Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:2017 klexikon lesezeichen.jpg|thumb|Klexikon]] '''Klexikon''' ni [[ensaiklopidia]] (kamusi elezo) ya [[Kijerumani]] iliyopo na kutumika mtandaoni kwa ajili ya [[watoto]] wenye umri wa kati ya miaka sita hadi kumi na mbili. Ilizinduliwa mnamo [[Desemba]] [[2014]]. Neno ''Klexikon'' ni mjumuisho wa maneno mawili ya kijerumani ''Kinder'' (watoto0 na ''Lexikon'' (ensaiklopidia). Kama jinsi ilivyo [[Wikipedia]], tovuti hii iliundwa kama [[wiki]] kwa kutumia programu ya MediaWiki. Maudhui ya maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni [[Leseni ya Creative Commons|ya Creative Commons By Attribution Share-alike]] toleo la 3.0 huku midia yake ikichukuliwa kutoka [[Wikimedia Commons]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Hilfe:In_English|title=In English|work=Klexikon|date=5 July 2017|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Hilfe:Freies_Wissen|title=Freies Wissen|language=German|work=Klexikon|date=1 September 2017|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> [[Sheria]] maalum zilitekelezwa ili kuhakikisha kuwa maudhui yote yanafaa kwa watoto. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Hilfe:Grundregeln|title=Grundregeln|language=German|work=Klexikon|date=22 July 2017|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, wahariri wote wanatakiwa kujiandikisha kupitia [[barua pepe]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Hilfe:Mitmachen|title=Grundregeln|language=German|work=Klexikon|date=22 July 2017|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> == Historia == Kamusi elezo ya Klexikon ilianzishwa na [[mwanahabari]] Michael Schulte na [[mwanahistoria]] Ziko van Dijk, ambaye alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Wikimedia Uholanzi kuanzia mwaka [[2011]] hadi [[2014]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.geo.de/geolino/mensch/1175-rtkl-interview-klexikonde-wikipedia-fuer-kinder|title=Klexikon.de - Wikipedia für Kinder|language=German|work=[[GEO (magazine)|GEOlino]]|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> [[Tovuti]] hii inamilikiwa na shirika lisilo la faida ''la Zentrale für Unterrichtsmedien im Internet'' [online educational media center] ambayo pia huandaa aina tofauti tofauti za Wiki. Mwaka mmoja baada ya kuzinduliwa, Klexikon ilikuwa na nakala 1,000 na nakala 1,500 ziliundwa baada ya miaka miwili.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zeit.de/2015/47/klexikon-internet-kinder-lexikon |title=Wikipedia für Kinder: Wo bleibt der Pups? |language=German |first=Johanna |last=Schoener |work=[[Die Zeit]] |date=14 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Hilfe:Daten_zum_Klexikon |title=Daten zum Klexikon |language=German |work=Klexikon |date=19 August 2017 |accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> Jumuiya ya wahariri wa Klexikon huamua kwa makubaliano ni makala gani inapaswa kuundwa ama kuchapishwa ili kuhakikisha kuwa maudhui yenye umuhimu, masomo ya [[shule]] na maeneo yanayowavutia watoto yanapewa kupaumbele.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Hilfe:Artikelw%C3%BCnsche |title=Artikelwünsche |language=German |work=Klexikon |date=12 September 2017 |accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> Klexikon ilikuwa ikiendeshwa kwa msaada wa Wikimedia Deutschland kwenye uratibu wa maudhui kwaajili ya watoto.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/07/15/klexikon-encyclopedia-for-children/ |title=The Klexikon: a new wiki encyclopedia for children |work=[[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia BLog]] |date=15 July 2015 |first=Ed |last=Erhart |accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> Wazo hilo ambalo lilikuja kuungwa mkono zaidi na Chuo Cha Ufundi Cha Dortmund na Chuo Cha Cologne.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studiger.tu-dortmund.de/images/Ank%C3%BCndigung_Klexikon.pdf |title=klexikon.de: Auf dem Weg zu einer Wikipedia für Kinder – Möglichkeiten für den Deutschunterricht |language=German |publisher=[[Technical University of Dortmund]] |accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.th-koeln.de/hochschule/projekt-klexikon_21748.php |title=Projekt 'Klexikon' |language=German |first=Mirka |last=Dickmann |publisher=[[Technical University of Cologne]] |editor-first=Ute Barbara |editor-last=Schilly |accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> ==Mapokezi== Wizara ya [[Ujerumani]] inayohusika na masuala ya [[Familia]], [[Raia]], [[Mzee|Wazee]], [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]] na [[Ujana|Vijana]] imekuwa mbele kutoa umuhimu wa tovuti hii kwa watoto. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bmfsfj.de/blob/96218/584a19f47509dba7282aa41091959d57/ein-netz-fuer-kinder-gutes-aufwachsen-mit-medien-data.pdf |title=Gutes Aufwachen mit Medien. Ein Netz für Kinder |publisher=[[Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth]] |language=German |page=9}}</ref> Kulingana na chama kimoja cha [[televisheni]] cha nchini Ujerumani kijulikanacho kama ''Voluntary Self Control Association of German Television'', kilisema kuwa tovuti hii ya Klexikon ina umuhimu mkubwa sana ukilinganisha na Wikipedia ya kawaida kwasababu hii ni mahususi kwa ajili ya watoto. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.fsf.de/digitale-welt/klexikon-de/2016/07 |title=Klexikon.de: Wenn Wissen mitmachen lässt. |language=German |publisher=Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Fernsehen |access-date=2017-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518192838/http://blog.fsf.de/digitale-welt/klexikon-de/2016/07 |archive-date=2017-05-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tovuti ya Shule ya [[Austria]] iliandika kwamba Klexikon ilikuwa "sehemu kubwa ya marejeleo" ambayo ilitoa maudhui ambayo yalitumiwa haswa kwa watoto.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schule.at/news/detail/wikipedia-fuer-kinder.html |title=Wikipedia für Kinder |language=German |first=Sabrina |last=Mayrhofer |publisher=Österreichisches Schulportal |date=15 June 2016 |accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> Jarida la ''Merz'' lilibainisha kuwa Klexikon ilikuwa chanzo kizuri cha [[habari]] mtandaoni chenye maudhui ya kutegemewa, lakini lilikosoa kuwa baadhi ya makala hayakutoa vyanzo vyovyote. Hii ilikuwa kinyume na hitaji la kuhamasisha upatikanaji wa maudhui kwaajili ya wanafunzi wa shule za sekondari.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.merz-zeitschrift.de/?NAV_ID=11&HEFT_ID=149&RECORD_ID=7026 |title=Klexikon: Eine Wikipedia für Kinder |first=Katrin |last=Fleischmann |language=German |issue=4 |year=2015 |magazine=Merz – Medien + Erziehung}}</ref> ==Tuzo na teuzi== * [[2015]]: ''Pädi – der pädagogische Interaktiv-Preis'' ([[Tuzo]] za Pedagogical Interactive)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.studioimnetz.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Pädi-Preisträger-2015.pdf |title=PÄDI – der Pädagogische Interaktiv-Preis 2015 |language=German |page=2 |publisher=SIN - Studio im Netz e.V.}}</ref> * 2016: Ilichaguliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[2016]] ya Rasilimali za [[elimu]] huria katika kitengo cha "elimu"<ref>{{cite web |title=OER-Award 2016 – Wettbewerb und oer.academy |language=German |work=OERinfo – open-educational-resources.de |url=http://open-educational-resources.de/16/award/ |accessdate=16 September 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602192634/http://open-educational-resources.de/16/award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[2017]]: Tuzo za OER katika kitengo cha "Elimu za mashuleni" <ref>{{citation|access-date=2017-12-11|periodical=OERinfo – Informationsstelle OER|title=OER-Award - OERinfo – Informationsstelle OER|url=https://open-educational-resources.de/veranstaltungen/17/award/|archive-date=2018-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625183626/https://open-educational-resources.de/veranstaltungen/17/award/|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> * [[2018]]: "Uvumbuzi kwa Ujerumani" kwenye shindano la mawazo yenye tija <ref>{{citation|access-date=2018-06-26|periodical=Land der Ideen|title=Ausgezeichnete Orte im Land der Ideen|url=https://land-der-ideen.de/projekt/klexikon-de-online-lexikon-fuer-kinder-3827}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> * ''Seitenstark Seal of Approval for Digital Children's Media'', iliyotolewa na Seitenstark e. V. na Wizara ya Shirikisho ya Masuala ya Familia, Wazee, Wanawake na Vijana<ref>{{citation|access-date=2022-12-11|date=2022-12-06|periodical=klicksafe|title=Neues SEITENSTARK-GÜTESIEGEL - 31 herausragende Kinderwebseiten ausgezeichnet|url=https://www.klicksafe.de/news/31-herausragende-kinderwebseiten-ausgezeichnet}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *{{Commons category-inline}} *[https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Klexikon:Willkommen_im_Klexikon Main page in Klexikon] {{Mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Kamusi elezo]] [[Jamii:Kamusi mtandaoni]] [[Jamii:Elimu huria]] 8v86qjg9s3o0l265ntza6zcwu27uaf6 0 210767 1600998 1442330 2026-09-25T12:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox siasa ya nchi | jina_la_nchi = Shelisheli | picha_ya_nembo = Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg | maelezo_ya_nembo = Nembo ya Taifa ya Shelisheli | aina_ya_serikali = Jamhuri ya Nusu‑Urais ya Kidemokrasia | rais_wa_nchi = [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] | makamu_wa_rais = [[Ahmed Afif]] | chama_tawala = Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS) | vyama_vikuu = LDS, United Seychelles, SNP, Seychelles Party for Social Justice, Seychelles United Party | uchaguzi_wa_mwisho = Oktoba 2020 (rais, bunge) | uchaguzi_ujao = Septemba, 2025 (rais, bunge) | katiba = Katiba ya 1993 (marekebisho ya 2024) }} '''Siasa ya [[Shelisheli]]''' huendeshwa katika mfumo wa [[Jamhuri]] ya Urais ambapo Rais wa Shelisheli ni kiongozi wa nchi na serikali kwa pamoja. Huyu ndiye Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Mawaziri na Mkuu wa Jeshi la Nchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles: Political System |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/seychelles/government_profile.html |website=Index Mundi |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref> [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] alishinda uchaguzi wa rais mwaka 2020 kwa asilimia 54.9 % na anatarajiwa kushiriki tena uchaguzi 2025 akiwa na mgombea mwenza, Makamu wa Rais [[Ahmed Afif]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles’ President to stand again in 2025 elections |url=https://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/21203/Seychelles%27+President+to+stand+again+in+2025+elections |website=Seychelles News Agency |date=13 Septemba 2024 |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles Executive branch |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/seychelles/executive_branch.html |website=Index Mundi |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref> Madaraka ya kutunga sheria ni kwa Bunge la Kitaifa lenye wabunge 35, linapoongozwa na kozi ya chaguzi za moja kwa moja na uwakilishi wa kikanda.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Assembly (Seychelles) |url=https://www.nationalassembly.sc/our-system-government |website=National Assembly Seychelles |access-date=24 Julai 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802132410/https://www.nationalassembly.sc/our-system-government |archivedate=2025-08-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The political framework of the Seychelles |url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/seychelles/political-context |website=Lloyds Bank Trade |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref> Chama tawala ni Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS) ikiwa na wajumbe 25 bungeni, ikifuatiwa na chama cha United Seychelles (US) lenye viti 10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Linyon Demokratik Seselwa |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linyon_Demokratik_Seselwa |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref> Katiba ya 1993 (iliyorekebishwa mwaka 2011) inaweka utawala wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi, kwa vigezo vya uchaguzi huru na uwazi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles – Government and society |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Seychelles/Government-and-society |website=Britannica |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Africa in topic|Siasa ya}} {{mbegu‑siasa}} [[Jamii:Afrocrowd 2025]] j4sylytnrdcvx5mtcifsh0p3lr9b1kn 0 212751 1601307 1449583 2026-09-25T14:17:03Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shule ya Sekondari ya Fidel Castro''' ni shule ya sekondari iliyopo katika kijiji cha Wawi, wilaya ya [[Chake-Chake]], katika Kisiwa cha Pemba, Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203042/http://tanzania.usembassy.gov/pr_09292008.html</ref>   Ilijengwa mwaka [[1963]] wakati wa utawala wa Usultani wa [[Zanzibar]] na wakati huo iliitwa Shule ya Sekondari ya Sayyid Khalifa kwa heshima ya [[Sultani]] wa 9 wa Zanzibar, Sir Seyyid Khalifa bin Haroub Al-Busaidy. Baada ya [[Mapinduzi]] ya Zanzibar yaliyomuondoa sultani madarakani na kuanzisha. Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar jina la shule lilibadilishwa na kuwa *Fidel Castro Secondary School. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Chake Chake]] [[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]] a05e0vp2ydqgsggkbf3lej0a79vi81d 0 213065 1601228 1471455 2026-09-25T13:50:22Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ethereum''' ni jukwaa la [[kompyuta]] lililosambazwa na linalotegemea teknolojia ya blockchain, linalowezesha ukuzaji na utekelezaji wa mikataba mahiri na programu zisizohitaji udhibiti wa kati. Tofauti na Bitcoin, ambayo inalenga zaidi kama sarafu ya kidijitali, Ethereum imejengwa kama mfumo wa kuendeleza teknolojia ya kidijitali unaotumia lugha ya programu Solidity.<ref>Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum Whitepaper, 2013</ref> == Historia == Ethereum ilianzishwa mwaka 2013 na Vitalik Buterin, mprogramu wa Urusi-Kanada, pamoja na waanzilishi wenzake kama Gavin Wood na Joseph Lubin. Mnamo 2015, Ethereum ilizinduliwa rasmi kupitia kampeni ya ufadhili wa umma, na ikawa moja ya miradi ya blockchain yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.<ref>Antonopoulos & Wood, Mastering Ethereum, 2018</ref> == Teknolojia == Ethereum hutumia Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), injini inayoweza kutekeleza kanuni za programu zilizowekwa kwenye blockchain. Vipengele muhimu ni pamoja na: * Ether (ETH): Sarafu ya asili ya mtandao wa Ethereum inayotumika kwa malipo ya ada za miamala.<ref>Ethereum.org, 2024</ref> * Smart Contracts: Vipande vya kanuni vinavyotekeleza masharti moja kwa moja bila kuhitaji mpatanishi. * dApps: Programu zinazojengwa juu ya mtandao huu kwa matumizi kama fedha za kidijitali (DeFi), NFT, na usimamizi wa mali. == Mageuzi == Ethereum imepitia maboresho makubwa, likiwemo Ethereum 2.0 (The Merge) mwaka 2022, ambapo mtandao uliondoka kwenye mbinu ya Proof of Work na kuingia Proof of Stake. Hatua hii ililenga kupunguza matumizi ya nishati kwa zaidi ya 99% na kuongeza ufanisi wa mtandao.<ref>Ethereum Foundation, 2022</ref> == Umuhimu == Kwa sasa, Ethereum ni moja ya mifumo inayoongoza katika kuunda mustakabali wa teknolojia za fedha, usimamizi wa kidijitali, na matumizi mapya ya Web3. Uwezo wake wa kuchanganya teknolojia ya fedha na programu huru umelifanya kuwa jukwaa kuu katika uvumbuzi wa kidijitali.<ref>Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, 2023</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] db42c8152zpc5oibvf99n6506z361fi 0 213190 1601263 1452915 2026-09-25T14:11:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601263 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[Faili:Logo_pbk.png|thumb|Nembo ya Benki ya Premier]] '''Benki ya Premier (Premier Bank Kenya Limited)''', ambayo hapo awali iliitwa '''Benki ya First Community (FCB)''', ni benki ya kibiashara nchini Kenya yenye mamlaka kamili katika kufuata Shari'ah ya Dini ya Kiislamu, ambapo Kenya ni nchi yenye uchumi mkubwa zaidi katika [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]]. Benki hii ilipokea kibali rasmi kutoka kwa [[Banki Kuu ya Kenya|Benki Kuu ya Kenya]], mdhibiti wa benki nchini, mwaka wa 2007 lakini ikaanza shughuli zake rasmi tarehe 1 Juni 2008. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Directory of Commercial Banks And Mortgage Finance Companies|date=|url=https://www.centralbank.go.ke/images/docs/Bank%20Supervision%20Reports/Commercial%20Banks%20Directrory%20-%2013%20December%202011.pdf|accessdate=9 August 2014|publisher=[[Central Bank of Kenya]] (CBK)}}</ref> Kufikia Juni 2025, jumla ya mali za Benki hii zilithaminiwa kuwa bilioni KES 27,100,396, na jumla ya usawa wa wanahisa wa bilioni KES 4,715,867, na amana za wateja za bilioni KES 16,812,123. Wakati huo, Benki hii ilikuwa katika nafasi ya 28 kati ya taasisi 38 zinazofanya kazi nchini. == Historia == Benki ya Premier ilianzishwa mwaka 2007 kama First Community Bank (FCB) ili kufanya kazi kwa mujibu wa [[Sharia|Shari'ah]] ya Kiislamu na wawekezaji binafsi [[Mwislamu|wa Kiislamu]] nchini [[Kuwait]], [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://muslim-investor.com/news/kenyas-first-islamic-bank-steps-staff-recruitment.html|title=Kenya's First Islamic Bank Steps Up Staff Recruitment|date=8 July 2014|accessdate=9 August 2014|publisher=Muslim-Investor.Com}}</ref> Benki hii ilipokea leseni ya benki ya kibiashara ya Kenya mwaka huo huo, na ikaanza kazi rasmi Juni 2008. FCB ilikuwa benki ya kwanza yenye mamlaka ya kufuata Shariah ya Dini ya Kiislamu katika shughuli zake yenye makao yake makuu nchini Kenya. Tangu kuanzishwa kwa First Community Bank, benki nyingine zinazotii Sharia ya Dini ya Kiislamu kama vile Gulf African Bank (GAB), Dubai Islamic Bank (DIB) na madirisha kadhaa ya Kiislamu yanayofanya kazi chini ya benki za mfumo usiokuwa wa sheria ya Kiislamu pia zimepokea leseni za kibiashara kutoka [[Banki Kuu ya Kenya|Benki Kuu ya Kenya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/islamic-banking-revolution-africa-seeing-explosion-banks-looking-cash-continents-growing-muslim|title=Islamic Banking Revolution: Africa Is Seeing An Explosion In Banks Looking To Cash In On Continent's Growing Muslim Population|author=Harress|first=Christopher|date=26 September 2013|work=[[International Business Times]]|accessdate=10 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-islamicbanks-idUSLDE6520WV20100603|title=Kenyan Islamic Bank Gulf Says Swings To Q1 Profit|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=10 August 2014|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]}}</ref> Tarehe 20 Aprili, 2023 Benki ya Premier ilinunua hisa nyingi zaidi katika Benki ya First Community. Ununuzi huu uliidhinishwa na Benki Kuu ya Kenya tarehe 18 Mei, 2023 ili benki hii ifanye sasa biashara zake chini ya jina Premier Bank Kenya Limited! Kwa mtazamo wa haraka, Benki ya Premier hutumia teknolojia ya kisasa ili kuwawezesha wateja, Biashara na kubadilisha uzoefu wao wa benki. Kwa kuzingatia uzingatiaji wa wateja, Benki hii haitoi tu chaguo jingine la benki; inalenga kutoa mwisho wa mageuzi ili kukomesha uzoefu wa benki kupitia kauli mbiu yake ya "Mwanzo Mpya". Mtazamo mpya wa Benki hii kuhusu huduma za benki na shauku ya uvumbuzi ndio unaoitofautisha. Madhumuni yake si tu kuvuruga mazingira ya kitamaduni ya benki lakini pia kuinua kiwango cha uzoefu wa wateja katika sekta hii ili kufafanua upya maana ya kuwa benki inayoongozwa na teknolojia na inayozingatia wateja kupitia kufungua ulimwengu wa uwezekano na kufikiria upya mustakabali wa benki. == Kampuni tanzu == Kampuni tanzu ya kwanza ya Benki hii ni Premier Takful Broker, ambayo inamilikiwa 100% na Benki ya Premier. Premier Takful Broker ilianzishwa mwaka wa 2010.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ads.the-star.co.ke/news/article-152206/islamic-re-insurance-be-unveiled-year|title=Islamic Re-Insurance To Be Unveiled This Year|date=24 January 2014|first=Peter|author=Kiragu|accessdate=10 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810093356/http://ads.the-star.co.ke/news/article-152206/islamic-re-insurance-be-unveiled-year|archivedate=10 August 2014}}</ref> Benki hii pia inamiliki kampuni tanzu ya pili, FCB Capital Limited, ambayo ni kampuni ya kwanza wa Uwekezaji unaotii Shari'ah ya Kiislamu nchini Kenya, inayomilikiwa kikamilifu na Benki ya Premier.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=10 August 2014|url=http://www.firstcommunitybank.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=133|title=Profile of FCB Capital Limited|publisher=First Community Bank of Kenya|date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817061809/http://www.firstcommunitybank.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=133|archivedate=17 August 2014}}</ref> == Mtandao wa Tawi == Kufikia Machi 2020 [sasisho], Benki hii imedumisha mtandao wa matawi katika maeneo yafuatayo:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Branch Network of First Community Bank|publisher=First Community Bank Limited|url=http://www.firstcommunitybank.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=149|date=|accessdate=31 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817061659/http://www.firstcommunitybank.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=149|archivedate=17 August 2014}}</ref> # Tawi la Mtaa wa Wabera - Jengo la Uhakikisho wa Uangalifu, Ghorofa ya 1, Wing B, Mtaa wa Wabera, [[Nairobi|Nairobi.]] # Eastleigh Tawi I - United Textile Centre, 1st Floor, First Avenue, Eastleigh, [[Nairobi]] # Eastleigh Branch II - General Warungu Street, Opposite Kilimanjaro Food Court, Eastleigh, [[Nairobi]] # Tawi la Eneo la Viwanda - Barabara ya Enterprise, Chumba cha Maonyesho cha Volvo, [[Nairobi]] # Tawi la Kimathi - Jamia plaza, mtaa wa Kimathi Msikiti wa Jamia, [[Nairobi]] # Tawi la Westlands - Mpaka Plaza, Mpaka Road, [[Westlands (Nairobi)|Westlands]], [[Nairobi]] # Tawi la South C - South C Shopping Centre, Muhoho Avenue, [[Nairobi]] # Tawi la Garissa - Jengo la Bajweed, Barabara ya Kismayu, [[Garissa]] # Tawi la Lunga Lunga - Kituo cha Biashara cha Lunga Lunga, Ghorofa ya 1, Barabara ya Lunga Lunga, [[Nairobi|Nairobi.]] # Tawi la Kisumu - Kituo cha Wedco, Barabara ya Oginga Odinga, [[Kisumu]] # Tawi la Nakuru - Jengo la Merika, Ground Floor,Kenyatta avenue, [[Nakuru]] # Tawi la Malindi - Malindi Shopping Complex, Barabara ya Lamu, [[Malindi (Kenya)|Malindi]] # Mombasa Branch I - Shah Mansion Building, Digo Road, [[Mombasa]] # Mombasa Branch II - Imara Building, Digo Road, [[Mombasa]] # Tawi la Moyale - Nyumba ya Wageni ya Shariff, [[Moyale]] # Tawi la Wajir - Mji wa Wajir, Barabara ya Garissa Mandera karibu na Kilimanjaro Hotel, [[Wajir]] # Ofisi Kuu, Tawi la Mihrab - Jengo la FCB Mihrab, Barabara ya Lenana/Barabara ya Pete Kilimani [[Nairobi]] # Tawi la Isiolo- Jengo la Ikulu, Barabara kuu ya Isiolo-Moyale, [[Isiolo]] == Tazama pia == * [[Banki Kuu ya Kenya|CBK]] * [[Orodha ya benki nchini Kenya|Benki za Kenya]] * [[Uchumi wa Kenya]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.firstcommunitybank.co.ke/ Tovuti ya First Community Bank] {{Wayback|url=http://www.firstcommunitybank.co.ke/ |date=20250803114101 }} * [http://www.centralbank.go.ke/ Tovuti ya Benki Kuu ya Kenya]  {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Benki za Kenya]] 8u7nrgmm4c8utdfr3gxrjcn535a4d5o 0 214454 1601246 1517495 2026-09-25T14:09:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge to|ubunifu}} [[File:Braun ABW30 (schwarz).jpg|thumb|[[Braun (company)|Braun]] ABW30 Saa ya ukutani iliyo buniwa na [[Dieter Rams]] na [[Dietrich Lubs]] (Mapema 1980s)]] '''Kubuni''' ni dhana au pendekezo la kitu, mchakato, au mfumo. Neno kubuni linamaanisha kitu ambacho kimeundwa au kiliundwa kwa makusudi kwa kufikiri, na wakati mwingine hutumiwa kurejelea asili ya kitu - muundo wake. Kitenzi cha kubuni kinaonyesha mchakato wa kuunda muundo. Kwa baadhi ya matukio, ujenzi wa moja kwa moja wa kitu bila mpango wazi wa awali unaweza pia kuchukuliwa kuwa muundo, kama vile katika sanaa na ufundi. Muundo unatarajiwa kuwa na madhumuni ndani ya muktadha mahususi, kwa kawaida hulenga kukidhi malengo na vikwazo fulani huku ikizingatiwa urembo, utendakazi na uzingatiaji wa ubunifu. Mifano ya kitamaduni ya miundo ni michoro ya usanifu na uhandisi, michoro ya saketi, cherehani, na vitu vya sanaa visivyoshikika kama vile miundo ya mchakato wa biashara.<ref name=":1">Dictionary meanings in the [//dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/design Cambridge Dictionary of American English], at [//www.dictionary.com/browse/design Dictionary.com] (esp. meanings 1–5 and 7–8) and at [//en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/design AskOxford] (especially verbs).</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=The greatest designs of modern times |url=https://fortune.com/longform/100-best-designs/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Sayansi]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2025]] 3n5qabrujcvpbuxonr8c2oqxv0b45ml 0 214894 1601095 1526046 2026-09-25T13:17:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sonja Herholdt''' (alizaliwa tarehe 1 Desemba [[1952]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na pia ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kiafrikana]]. {{Mwigizaji 2|jina=Sonja Herholdt|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 desemba 1952|mahala pa kuzaliwa=Afrika kusini|kazi yake=Mtunzi, muigizaji|miaka ya kazi=1976- mpaka sasa}} == Maisha binafsi == Akiwa na ushirikiano wa Carel Cronjé, alichapisha wasifu wake mwaka [[2007]] uitwao Sonja: Meisie van Nigel. Baadaye mwaka huo alijeruhiwa katika tukio la uporaji alipokuwa akirejea nyumbani kutoka kwa Cronjé jijini [[Johannesburg]]. Herholdt alizaliwa katika kijiji kidogo cha machimbo cha Nigel kilichopo Gauteng, na akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu alifanya onyesho lake la kwanza la kuimba katika ukumbi wa burudani wa jamii, akiimba wimbo wa kulala wa Kiafrikana uitwao Slaap, my Kindjie Alisoma katika shule ya msingi ya lugha ya Kiafrikana ya Tini Vorster na baadaye Hoërskool John Vorster, ambako alichaguliwa kuwa Kiongozi wa Wanafunzi (Head Girl) katika shule zote mbili na kuendelea kushiriki katika maigizo ya kisanaa.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=4730 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-09-27 |archive-date=2025-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222162753/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=4730 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baadaye alipata diploma ya ualimu kwa heshima ya cum laude baada ya kusoma kwa miaka mitatu katika Chuo cha Elimu cha [[Johannesburg]] (Goudstad). Aliacha ualimu ili kufuata ndoto yake ya muziki baada ya kukutana na mume wake wa baadaye, FC Hamman. Walifunga ndoa mwaka [[1976]] na kuanzisha familia, ambapo mtoto wao wa mwisho alipata tatizo kubwa la kusikia mwaka 1993. Baada ya hapo, Herholdt aliamua kuanzisha shule kwa ajili ya watoto wa Kiafrikana wenye matatizo ya kusikia na lugha, shule hiyo ilikuwa katika sehemu ya awali ya Shule ya Msingi ya Bryanston. Hii ilimfanya Herholdt kurejea katika ualimu kwa muda. Mwaka [[1996]], Herholdt alipata ajali mbaya ya gari. Yeye na mumewe walitalikiana baada ya miaka 21 ya ndoa.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.sonjaherholdt.co.za/en/biography |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-09-27 |archive-date=2017-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805174709/http://www.sonjaherholdt.co.za/en/biography |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Taaluma == Mwaka [[1995]], alisaini mkataba wa albamu na BMG Records, na kupata mafanikio kupitia wimbo wake Skipskop, ambao pia ulikuwa jina la mkusanyiko mpya wa nyimbo zake<ref>. Albamu yake ya mwaka [[1998]] Ritsel in die Rietbos haikufanikisha matarajio ya kitaaluma wala kibiashara. Hata hivyo, alirudi kwa mafanikio kupitia albamu ya mwaka 2000 Reconstructing Alice, iliyosifiwa sana na wakosoaji. Mwaka [[2002]], alianzisha kampuni yake ya kurekodi muziki, Son Music, na akatoa albamu Sonjare, mkusanyiko wa kumbukumbu wa nyimbo zake za awali.<ref name=":2" /> Mafanikio yake makubwa yalikuja aliposhiriki katika kipindi cha Gwynneth Ashley Robin, na hivi karibuni akaombwa kurekodi wimbo Ek Verlang Na Jou. Wimbo huo uliuza zaidi ya nakala 25,000<ref name=":2" /> na kupata hadhi ya dhahabu nchini Afrika Kusini. Albamu na nyimbo zake zilizofuata zilimletea mafanikio makubwa ya kibiashara na ya kitaaluma. Alishinda jumla ya tuzo nane za Sarie.<ref name=":1" /> Katika miaka ya [[1970]] na [[1980]], alikuwa mara kwa mara msanii wa kike anayeuza zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref name=":1" /> Mwaka [[1979]], alitimiza ndoto yake ya kuigiza kwa kucheza filamu Sing vir die Harlekyn, ambapo alishinda tuzo ya Rapport Oscar kama Msanii Bora wa Kike Mchipukizi.<ref name=":1" /> Baadaye alipata mafanikio ya muziki barani Ulaya, akiwa msanii wa kwanza kabisa kutoka Afrika Kusini kualikwa kuimba kwenye televisheni ya nchini Uholanzi. Alirekodi wimbo wake Oberammergau kwa lugha ya Kiholanzi. Pia alitumbuiza nchini Ubelgiji, ambapo Oberammergau ulifika nafasi ya tano kwenye chati za muziki za Ubelgiji.Mwaka, alitumbuiza kwenye Shirika la Utangazaji wa Kidini mjini Washington, sambamba na uzinduzi wa albamu yake ya injili The Warrior is a Child. Mwaka [[1991]], alipokea tuzo kutoka Chama cha Biashara cha [[Kiafrikana]] kwa mchango wake katika muziki wa [[Kiafrikana]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] n3ngeg4owvmgq9npv49yazfqhk5gv0w 0 215287 1601308 1520693 2026-09-25T14:17:10Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Milipuko ya mwaka 2011 jiini Dar es Salaam''' ilikuwa mfululizo wa milipuko ya [[Bomu|mabomu]] katika ghala la kuhifadhia [[Silaha za moto|silaha]] katika kata ya [[Gongolamboto]] [[Wilaya ya Ilala]] mkoani [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], ambayo yaliua watu 20-32.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home|url=http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=26173|work=www.ippmedia.com|accessdate=2025-10-06}}</ref> Kulingana na maafisa wa kituo hicho, mlipuko wa kwanza ulitokea saa 2:30 usiku kwa [[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|saa za Afika mashariki]] ukiwa ni mlipuko wa pili katika miaka miwili ya ghala la silaha karibu na makazi ya watu wengi, vikundi kadhaa vilihoji maeneo ya vituo hivi vya kuhifadhi silaha na kuomba vihamishwe. Ripoti zinaonyesha kwamba majengo 23 ya kijeshi, nyumba mbili na [[shule]] ziliharibiwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vatican Radio - Explosion causes mayhem in Tanzania|url=http://www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org/en1/Articolo.asp?c=463072|work=www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org|accessdate=2025-10-06|language=it|archive-date=2011-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727195021/http://www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org/en1/Articolo.asp?c=463072|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mlipuko wa kwanza kati ya kadhaa ulioripotiwa ulitokea majira ya saa 4 usiku kwa [[saa za Afrika Mashariki]], mashuhuda waliripoti kwamba milipuko iliendelea mara kwa mara katika kipindi cha takribani saa moja iliyofuata.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Breaking News, Latest News and Videos|url=https://www.cnn.com/|work=CNN|accessdate=2025-10-06|language=en|author=Monica Sarkar}}</ref> Ripoti za vyombo vya habari zilisema kuwa kati ya watu 20 na 32 waliuawa na milipuko hiyo <ref name=":0" /> na wengine 300 walijeruhiwa huku nyumba zikibomolewa na vifusi vikianguka kutoka angani. Vifo vilitokana na milipuko hiyo moja kwa moja au matokeo ya shinikizo la damu.<ref name=":0" /> Uchafu wa vifusi uliripotiwa umbali wa kilomita 15 kutoka kambini. Takriban [[Mtoto|watoto]] 200 waliripotiwa kukosa [[wazazi]] wao pia; haikujulikana ikiwa wazazi wao hawakupatikana kutokana na milipuko hiyo au walitenganishwa wakati wa kuhamishwa.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=25 killed in Tanzania blasts after accidental explosion at military base in capital city|url=http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/184960--25-killed-in-tanzania-blasts-after-accidental-explosion-at-military-base-in-capital-city|access-date=2025-10-06|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707065458/http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/184960--25-killed-in-tanzania-blasts-after-accidental-explosion-at-military-base-in-capital-city|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mara tu kufuatia tukio hilo, ma afisa katika jiji hilo waliwaamuru wakazi wote waliokuwa ndani ya eneo la kilomita 10 kutoka kambi ya kijeshi kuhama.<ref name=":1" /> Wakazi wanaokadiriwa kufikia 4,000 walikimbia nyumba zao.<ref name=":2" /> Wakaazi wa jiji hilo walitoa wito kwa waziri ya Ulinzi na [[Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa|Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa,]] [[Hussein Mwinyi]], na Mkuu wa Majeshi ya Ulinzi, Jenerali [[Davis Mwamunyange]] kujiuzulu. Mnamo [[17 Februari|Februari 17]], uchunguzi ulianzishwa ili kupata sababu ya milipuko hiyo. Uwanja mkuu wa ndege nchini, [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere]], pia ulifungwa kwa muda.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania blasts: At least 20 dead in Dar es Salaam|date=2011-02-17|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12490089|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-10-06}}</ref> Tukio kama hilo lilitokea Aprili mwaka [[2009]] katika kata ya Mbagala jijini.<ref>{{Citation|title=Deadly blasts rock Tanzanian city|date=2009-04-29|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8024656.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-10-06}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:2011]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2025]] 4jl4na0hj6pt0tstth9j0whdjq093bj 0 215367 1601328 1465059 2026-09-25T14:27:24Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=Mheshimiwa Jaji wa Kike|name=Philomena Mbete Mwilu|honorific-suffix=MGH|image=Lady Justice Philomena Mbete Mwilu.jpg|alt=|caption=Jaji wa Kike Mheshimiwa Philomena Mwilu akitoa hotuba katika hafla iliyofanyika jijini Nairobi|office=Naibu Jaji Mkuu wa Tatu wa Kenya|nominator=|appointer=[[Uhuru Kenyatta]]|predecessor=[[Kalpana Rawal]]|birthname=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|4|15}}|birth_place=[[Kenya]]|death_date=|death_place=|restingplace=|nationality=Kenyan|children=|residence=|alma_mater=[[University of Nairobi]] {{small|([[Master of Laws|LLM]])}}<br /> [[University of Nairobi]] {{small|([[PhD]])}}|occupation=Naibu Jaji Mkuu wa Kenya|profession=Mwanasheria|signature=|website=|footnotes=}} '''Philomena Mbete Mwilu''' (alizaliwa 15 Aprili 1957) ni mwanasheria na jaji wa nchini Kenya, ambaye amehudumu kama Naibu Jaji Mkuu wa Kenya na Makamu wa Rais wa Mahakama ya Juu ya Kenya tangu mnamo 28 Oktoba 2016. Baada ya kustaafu kwa Jaji Mkuu David Maraga, na kabla ya Martha Koome kuteuliwa kuwa Jaji Mkuu, alihudumu kama Kaimu Jaji Mkuu kuanzia 11 Januari 2021 mpaka 19 Mei 2021, na hivyo kumfanya kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika wadhifa huo. == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Philomena Mwilu alizaliwa tarehe 15 Aprili 1957 katika [[Kaunti ya Makueni]] ya sasa, Tarafa ya Kaiti, eneo la Kilala. Yeye ni mama wa watoto wanne. Philomena Mwilu ni mke wa Amos Wako, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Kenya na baadaye Seneta wa Kaunti ya Busia. == Usuli na elimu == Alisomea katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Alliance. Baadaye alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]], na kuhitimu kwa Shahada ya kwanza ya Sheria. Mnamo mwaka 1984, alikubaliwa kuwa wakili wa Mahakama Kuu ya Kenya. <ref name="Bio">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://softkenya.com/kenya/philomena-mbete-mwilu/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051229/https://softkenya.com/kenya/philomena-mbete-mwilu/|archivedate=2017-09-22|title=Biography of Philomena Mbete Mwilu|accessdate=21 September 2017|date=2016|publisher=Softkenya.com (SoftKenya)|author=SoftKenya|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoftKenya2016">SoftKenya (2016). . Nairobi: Softkenya.com (SoftKenya). Archived from the original on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> Baadaye alirejea katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi kusomea Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria, ambayo aliihitimu mwaka 2018. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">nukuu inahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kazi ya awali ya kisheria == Jaji Philomena Mbete Mwilu amekuwa na taaluma ndefu ya sheria inayodumu kwa zaidi ya miaka 35. Alianza kazi yake ya uwakili mwaka 1984 katika kampuni ya sheria ya "Muthoga Gaturu & Company" kisha baadaye akajiunga na "Mutunga & Company Advocates." <ref name="Bio"/> Mnamo Juni 1991, aliteuliwa kuwa Meneja Mwandamizi wa Masuala ya Kisheria katika Kampuni ya Bima ya Jubilee, ambapo alihudumu hadi mwaka 1997. <ref name="Bio" /> Kuanzia mwaka 1999 hadi 2001, alihudumu kama Katibu wa Bodi ya Kudhibiti Umeme ya Kenya, na baadaye, kutoka mwaka 2006 hadi 2007, alihudumu kama Naibu Mwenyekiti wa bodi ya [https://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/index.php/en/ Kampuni ya Maji na Maji Taka ya Nairobi] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/index.php/en/ |date=20210411174313 }} na baadaye kama mwenyekiti wa Kamati za Kisheria na Rasilimali Watu za bodi hiyo, kabla ya kujiunga na Mahakama ya Kenya. <ref name="Bio"/> == Kazi ya mahakama == Aliteuliwa kuwa Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu mwaka wa 2008, akihudumu kwa mara ya kwanza katika Kitengo cha Biashara cha Mahakama Kuu Jijini [[Nairobi]]. Baadaye alihamishwa hadi Mahakama Kuu ya [[Eldoret]]. Kutoka Eldoret, alihamishwa tena kurudi Nairobi ambako alihudumu katika Kitengo cha Uhalifu cha Mahakama Kuu. Mnamo Januari 2012, aliteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa Kitengo cha Mazingira na Ardhi cha Mahakama Kuu. Mnamo Novemba 2012, aliteuliwa kuwa Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufani ya Kenya. <ref name="Bio"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=21 September 2017|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/10/10/judge-philomena-mwilu-nominated-as-deputy-chief-justice_c1435405|title=Judge Philomena Mwilu nominated as Deputy Chief Justice|date=10 October 2016|first=Nancy|author=Agutu|archive-date=2017-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051804/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/10/10/judge-philomena-mwilu-nominated-as-deputy-chief-justice_c1435405|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2016, aliteuliwa kushika nafasi ya Naibu Jaji Mkuu wa Kenya, akichukua nafasi ya Kalpana Rawal, ambaye alikuwa ametimiza umri wa lazima wa kustaafu wa miaka 70. <ref name="Top">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/10/10/nominated-dcj-philomena-mwilu-hailed-by-judges-as-valuable-team-player_c1435581|title=Nominated DCJ Philomena Mwilu hailed by judges as 'valuable team player'|date=10 October 2016|author=Kiplagat|first=Sam|accessdate=21 September 2017|archive-date=2017-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051912/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/10/10/nominated-dcj-philomena-mwilu-hailed-by-judges-as-valuable-team-player_c1435581|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kumhoji Jaji Mwilu na wagombea wengine zaidi ya 14, Tume ya Huduma za Mahakama ilimchagua Philomena Mbete Mwilu kuwa Naibu Jaji Mkuu mpya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=10 October 2016|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Justice-Mwilu-picked-as-next-Deputy-CJ/539546-3411578-tc6qjxz/|title=Justice Mwilu picked as next Deputy CJ|accessdate=21 September 2017|first=Stellar|author=Murumba}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 2017, alichaguliwa na majaji wenzake wa Mahakama ya Juu kama mwakilishi wao katika Tume ya Huduma za Mahakama. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001238492/philomena-mwilu-elected-supreme-court-representative-at-jsc|title=Philomena Mwilu elected Supreme Court representative at JSC}}</ref> Jaji Mwilu alikuwa mmoja wa majaji waliyosikiliza kesi ya uchaguzi wa urais wa mwaka 2017, akiungana na Jaji Mkuu David Maraga pamoja na Majaji Smokin Wanjala na Isaac Lenaola katika kufuta ushindi wa Rais Kenyatta. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenya-Election-Petition-Supreme-Court-Judgment-Uhuru/1056-4079158-j52377/index.html|title=Supreme Court quashes Uhuru Kenyatta's re-election|date=28 June 2020}}</ref> Wakati kesi iliwasilishwa kupinga uchaguzi mpya uliopangwa kufanyika kufuatia kufutwa kwa uchaguzi wa urais wa Agosti, alikuwa miongoni mwa majaji ambao hawakufika mahakamani kusikiliza kesi hiyo, na kumlazimu Jaji Mkuu Maraga kuahirisha kusikilizwa kwake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2017/10/petition-seeking-block-thursday-poll-flops-quorum-hitch/|title=Petition seeking to block Thursday poll flops over quorum hitch » Capital News|date=25 October 2017}}</ref> Mbali na Jaji Mkuu, ni jaji mmoja tu kati ya majaji wengine sita ambaye alipatikana kwa ajili ya kusikiliza kesi hiyo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">nukuu inahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Mnamo siku moja kabla ya kusikilizwa kwa kesi hiyo, gari lake rasmi ilishambuliwa kwa risasi wakati lilipokuwa likipita kwenye msongamano wa magari, ambapo dereva wake alipata majeraha kutokana na risasi hizo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001258320/deputy-cj-philomena-mwilu-s-driver-shot-in-an-attack-along-ngong-road|title=Deputy CJ Philomena Mwilu's driver shot in an attack along Ngong Road}}</ref> === Kukamatwa na kufunguliwa mashitaka === Mnamo Agosti 2018, Jaji Mwilu alikamatwa kwa hali ya kushangaza katika ofisi zake zilizoko katika Jengo la Mahakama ya Juu, kisha kupelekwa katika makao makuu ya Idara ya Upelelezi wa Jinai, na baadaye jioni kufikishwa mahakamani. Alishtakiwa kwa makosa kadhaa yanayohusiana na mali na miamala ya kifedha na Benki ya Imperial, ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa imeporomoka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Deputy-Chief-Justice-Philomena-Mwilu-arrested/1056-4732484-m59wxbz/index.html|title=Judge Philomena Mwilu arrested at Supreme Court|date=28 June 2020}}</ref> Ilidaiwa kuwa alipokea mikopo bila dhamana kutoka kwa benki hiyo, ambayo alishindwa kulipa, akitumia nafasi yake wakati huo kama Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufaa, na pia alidaiwa kushindwa kulipa kodi ya mali kwa [[Kenya Revenue Authority|Mamlaka ya Mapato ya Kenya]]. Aliwasilisha pingamizi dhidi ya mashitaka ya jinai, akidai kuwa, kama afisa wa mahakama, madai yoyote ya ukiukaji wa maadili dhidi yake yalipaswa kuwasilishwa kwa Tume ya Huduma za Mahakama badala ya kuwasilishwa katika mahakama za kawaida. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kenya-today.com/facing-justice/deputy-cj-philomena-mwilu-files-petition-high-court-stop-criminal-proceedings-against-her|title=Deputy CJ Philomena Mwilu Files Petition at High Court to Stop Criminal Proceedings Against Her|date=29 August 2018}}</ref> Jopo la majaji watatu wa Mahakama Kuu lilitoa uamuzi kuhusu kesi yake mnamo Mei 2019, likisema kwamba, ingawa mashauri yanaweza kuwasilishwa kwa wakati mmoja katika Tume ya Huduma za Mahakama na katika Mahakama za jinai, mashitaka dhidi ya Naibu Jaji Mkuu yalikuwa na dosari kwa kuwa Idara ya Upelelezi wa Jinai ilikuwa imepata ushahidi dhidi yake kwa njia isiyo halali. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Mwilu-survives-court-blocks-prosecution/1056-5139704-a92gw8z/index.html|title=Philomena Mwilu survives as court stops prosecution over graft|date=28 June 2020}}</ref> Mara tu baada ya uamuzi huo, Mkurugenzi wa Mashtaka ya Umma alitoa taarifa akilaani uamuzi huo na akaahidi kukata rufaa katika Mahakama ya Rufaa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001328388/dcj-mwilu-s-battle-with-dpp-heads-to-appeal-court|title=DCJ Mwilu's battle with DPP heads to appeal court}}</ref> Wiki moja baadaye, kesi ya kutaka aondolewe kazini iliwasilishwa kwa Tume ya Huduma za Mahakama ambako yeye mwenyewe ni mwakilishi wa Mahakama ya Juu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://citizentv.co.ke/news/two-petitions-now-filed-for-removal-of-deputy-cj-philomena-mwilu-257883/|title=Two petitions filed for removal of DCJ Philomena Mwilu|date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Mkurugenzi wa Mashtaka ya Umma, Noordin Haji aliwasilisha kesi nyingine mbele ya Tume ya Huduma za Mahakama akiitaka Tume ichunguze mwenendo wake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2019/06/dpp-now-petitions-jsc-on-the-removal-of-mwilu/|title=DPP now petitions JSC on the removal of Mwilu » Capital News|date=27 June 2019}}</ref> Kesi hiyo ilitokana na mashtaka ya jinai ambayo yalikuwa yameondolewa na Mahakama Kuu. == Kaimu Jaji Mkuu na Rais wa Mahakama ya Juu == Wakati Jaji Mkuu David Maraga alipoenda likizo ya lazima ya kustaafu tarehe 11 Januari 2021 baada ya kutimiza umri wa miaka 70 kama inavyoelekezwa na Katiba ya Kenya, Mwilu alichukua uongozi wa Idara ya Mahakama kama Kaimu Jaji Mkuu, akisubiri kuteuliwa kwa Jaji Mkuu wa kudumu kuchukua nafasi ya Maraga. Hata hivyo, Mwilu alianza kutekeleza majukumu ya Jaji Mkuu tarehe 13 Desemba 2020, wakati Maraga alipoenda likizo ya mwisho kabla ya kustaafu kwake, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kwamboka|first=Paul Ogemba and Everlyn|title=Mwilu takes charge as jostling for Chief Justice seat begins|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/nairobi/article/2001397106/mwilu-takes-charge-as-jostling-for-chief-justice-seat-begins|accessdate=2021-01-11|work=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Makabidhiano rasmi ya mamlaka yalifanyika tarehe 11 Januari 2021. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=11 January 2021|first=Monday|title=Mwilu takes helm of Judiciary as Chief Justice Maraga retires|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/maraga-retires-as-chief-justice-3253742|accessdate=2021-01-11|work=Business Daily|date=11 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> Alianza kuhudumu licha ya kesi iliyowasilishwa na mwanaharakati aliyedai kwamba hakupaswa kuteuliwa kuwa Kaimu Jaji Mkuu wakati alipokuwa akikabiliwa na kesi mahakamani kuhusu matumizi mabaya ya mamlaka na ufisadi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=11 December 2020|first=Friday|title=Why activist Omtatah wants Mwilu barred from CJ office|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/why-activist-omtatah-wants-mwilu-barred-from-cj-office-3225120|accessdate=2021-01-11|work=Business Daily|date=11 December 2020|language=en}}</ref> Kipindi chake kama Kaimu Jaji Mkuu kilikamilika tarehe 19 Mei 2021, kufuatia kuteuliwa kwa Martha Koome kuwa Jaji Mkuu wa kumi na tano wa Kenya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Njeru|first=Betty|title=President Uhuru appoints Martha Koome as new Chief Justice|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001413299/uhuru-appoints-martha-koome-as-chief-justice|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b978u7snk0jvsrsi75z7vseu416jjkh 0 215563 1601109 1523042 2026-09-25T13:18:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nana Agyemang Badu I''' alikuwa mtawala wa jadi nchini Ghana na chifu mkuu wa Eneo la Jadi la Dormaa katika [[Mkoa wa Bono]]. Cheo chake rasmi kilikuwa Dormaahene - yaani chifu wa Dormaa. Alikuwa rais wa sita wa Baraza Kuu la Kitaifa la Machifu na alihudumu kuanzia mwaka [[1978]] hadi mwaka [[1982]]. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nsromamedia.com/pictures-list-of-presidents-of-ghanas-national-house-of-chiefs/|title=Pictures: List of Presidents of Ghana's National House of Chiefs|date=2016-01-24|work=NsromaMedia|access-date=2017-12-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228124108/https://www.nsromamedia.com/pictures-list-of-presidents-of-ghanas-national-house-of-chiefs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pia alikuwa mkuu wa Baraza la Machifu wa Brong Ahafo. Yeye ndiye baba mwanzilishi wa Shule ya Sekondari ''Dormaa'' inayojulikana pia kama ''Dormas'' ambayo iko katikati ya Mkoa wa Dormaa Ahenkro Bono. Osagyefo alikuwa rafiki wa karibu wa marehemu Rtd.Ft. Luteni [[Jerry Rawlings|Jerry John Rawlings]] ambaye mara nyingi alionekana kwenye Tamasha la Kwafie. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://viewghana.com/events/kwafie-festival-4/|title=Kwafie Festival|work=viewghana.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921005919/https://viewghana.com/events/kwafie-festival-4/|archivedate=2020-09-21}}</ref> Katika maisha yake ya kibinafsi, Osagyefo alikuwa daktari. Osagyefo alifariki mnamo [[Januari]] [[1998]]. Mrithi wake ni Dk. Nana Agyemang Badu II, ambaye ni mpwa wake, alichukua uongozi mwaka [[1999]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dormaa Chiefs unveil Osagyefo Oseadeeyo Agyemang-Badu's 20th anniversary|url=https://ghanaunion.org/dormaa-chiefs-unveil-osagyefo-oseadeeyo-agyemang-badus-20th-anniversary/|work=Ghana Union|accessdate=22 March 2023|archivedate=28 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928214547/https://ghanaunion.org/dormaa-chiefs-unveil-osagyefo-oseadeeyo-agyemang-badus-20th-anniversary/}}</ref> == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]] peciep0j702yq1rb2qshkwi0wckzbnu 0 215683 1601278 1461731 2026-09-25T14:12:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601278 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rene Claude Meka 2019.jpg|thumb|Mecca mwaka 2019.]] '''René Claude Meka''' (alizaliwa Enongal, karibu na [[Ebolowa]], [[2 Februari]] [[1939]]) ni [[Ofisa|afisa]] mwandamizi wa [[Jeshi|kijeshi]] kutoka [[Kamerun]] ambaye amekuwa Mkuu wa Majeshi ya Ulinzi ya Kamerun tangu [[Septemba]] [[2001]].<ref name="JA">[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/203764/politique/ren-claude-meka/ Les 50 personnalités qui font le Cameroun : René Claude Meka], ''Jeune Afrique'', 26 Aprili 2019. Imetembelewa tarehe 19 Julai 2019. (kwa Kifaransa)</ref> Meka. Alisomea katika Shule Maalum ya Kijeshi ya Saint-Cyr mwaka [[1962]], kisha akahudhuria shule ya askari wa miguu ya Saint-Maixent mwaka [[1963]]. Wakati wa mgogoro wa mpaka kati ya [[Kamerun]] na [[Nigeria]] kuhusu Rasi ya Bakassi, Meka alipewa jukumu la kulinda eneo hilo kwa kupeleka Kikosi Maalum cha Uingiliaji wa Haraka.<ref name="JA"/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hz2qtqh6db3c8rawr5offrl0opl6a5h 0 215862 1601147 1462666 2026-09-25T13:41:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{vyanzo}} '''Fainali ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA ya 2010''' ilikuwa mechi ya mwisho ya Kombe la Dunia la 2010, toleo la 19 la mashindano ya [[FIFA]] kwa timu za kitaifa [[Mpira wa miguu|za kandanda]]. Mechi hiyo ilichezwa huko Soccer City jijini [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]], tarehe 11 Julai 2010, na ilishindaniwa na Uholanzi na [[Uhispania]]. Hafla hiyo ilijumuisha wenyeji [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Afrika Kusini|Afrika Kusini]] na timu nyingine 31 ambazo zilitoka katika awamu ya kufuzu, iliyoandaliwa na mashirikisho sita ya FIFA. Timu 32 zilichuana katika hatua ya makundi, ambapo timu 16 zilifanikiwa kuingia katika hatua ya mtoano. Wakiwa katika safari ya kuelekea fainali, Uholanzi walimaliza wa kwanza katika Kundi E, wakishinda mechi tatu zote, baada ya hapo wakafanikiwa kuwatoa [[Slovakia]] katika hatua ya 16 bora, [[Brazil]] katika robo fainali na [[Uruguay]] katika nusu fainali. [[Uhispania]] ilimaliza kileleni mwa Kundi H kwa kushinda mechi mbili na kupoteza moja, kabla ya kuitoa [[Ureno]] katika hatua ya 16 bora, [[Paraguay]] katika robo fainali na [[Ujerumani]] katika nusu fainali. Fainali hiyo ilifanyika mbele ya watazamaji 84,490, na zaidi ya watu milioni 909 waliitazama kwenye televisheni, na ilichezeshwa na mwamuzi Howard Webb kutoka Uingereza. == Marejeleo == a3h1bgagilvw9mcrrxxvxulkb8oh992 0 215969 1601507 1528660 2026-09-25T20:30:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uweza Foundation''' ni [[Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali|shirika lisilo la kiserikali]] ambalo linafanya kazi ya kukuza maendeleo ya binadamu katika mtaa wa mabanda wa [[Kibera (Nairobi)|Kibera]] jijini [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Lilianzishwa mwaka wa 2008 na limesajiliwa nchini Marekani kama shirika la [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|501(c)3]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Financials|url=https://uwezakenya.org/financials/|work=Uweza Foundation|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref>Linaongozwa na mwigizaji [[:en:Rooney_Mara|Rooney Mara]]<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rooney Mara and Mom, Hair Twins|url=https://www.thecut.com/2013/05/rooney-mara-and-mom-hair-twins.html|work=The Cut|date=2013-05-31|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|author=Julie Ma}}</ref> Uweza limepewa jina kutokana na neno la [[Kiswahili]] ambalo linamaanisha fursa, uwezo na uwezeshaji.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rooney Mara on reinventing Lisbeth Salander for Hollywood|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/13042819.rooney-mara-reinventing-lisbeth-salander-hollywood/|work=The Herald|date=2011-12-17|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref> == Historia == Uweza Foundation ilianzishwa mwaka wa 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=In Nairobi, Naperville native Jennifer Sapitro helps Kenyans fulfill their artistic dreams|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2023/1/6/23516603/nairobi-kenya-jennifer-sapitro-uweza-foundation-kibera|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=2023-01-06|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US|author=Stefano Esposito}}</ref> Mwanzilishi wake alikuwa amehamia nchini na kuolewa na mwanamume wa huko baada ya kutembelea Kenya kwa ajili ya kujitolea katika makao ya watoto katika kituo cha watoto kilichoko katika mtaa wa mabanda wa Kibera.<ref name=":0" /> Mnamo Januari 2011, Uweza Foundation ilishirikiana na Faces of Kibera, shirika la hisani lililoanzishwa na [[:en:Rooney_Mara|Rooney Mara]].<ref name=":1" />Faces of Kibera ililenga kutoa makazi, chakula, na huduma za matibabu kwa mayatima kwa kujenga kituo cha watoto yatima katika eneo hilo.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.lohud.com/article/20100816/ENTERTAINMENT/100816004/1164/entertainment/Meet%20Rooney%20Mara+%2C%20she+%27s%20not%20just%20following%20in%20her%20sister+%27s%20footsteps |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-10-16 |archive-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907030655/http://www.lohud.com/article/20100816/ENTERTAINMENT/100816004/1164/entertainment/Meet%20Rooney%20Mara+%2C%20she+%27s%20not%20just%20following%20in%20her%20sister+%27s%20footsteps |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirika hilo lilipata msaada wa michango kutoka kwa timu za NFL chini ya uongozi wa Mara.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Steelers, Giants memorabilia auctioned to help Kenyan orphans|url=http://www.post-gazette.com:80/pg/08346/934457-66.stm|work=www.post-gazette.com|accessdate=2025-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417114944/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08346/934457-66.stm|archivedate=2011-04-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>Mara alikuwa ameanza shirika hilo baada ya kutembelea eneo hilo kama mfanyikazi wa kujitolea mwaka wa 2006,ambapo aliguswa na hali ya mayatima,wengi waliokuwa wamepoteza wazazi kutokana na UKIMWI na magonjwa yanayohusiana na VVU.Alianzisha shirika lake kutokana na kuchoshwa na ongezeko la mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali ambayo alihisi kwamba yalikuwa yanatafuta faida za biashara tu: "The people who need help aren't really getting it.So I started my own " aliambia jarida la [[:en:Interview_(magazine)|Interview]] mwaka wa 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rooney Mara|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/rooney-mara|work=Interview Magazine|date=2009-04-24|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US|author=Michael Martin}}</ref>Uweza Foundation inaendelea kusimamiwa na Mara ambaye anahudumu kama rais wa bodi ya wakurugenzi wa shirika hilo.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rooney Mara - Voguepedia|url=http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Rooney_Mara|work=www.vogue.com|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|archive-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107003939/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Rooney_Mara|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo 2022, Uweza Foundation ilishirikiana na ROAM Gallery na Xtina Parks kuonyesha kazi za wasanii wa Kibera katika [[:en:Massachusetts_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art|Jumba la Museum of Contemporary Art]] huko [[Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=5 gallery shows to see in the Berkshires over Memorial Day weekend|url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/arts_and_culture/arts-theater/5-gallery-shows-berkshires-memorial-day-weekend/article_a263f9a4-dc3b-11ec-a5e8-97e53c37766e.html|work=The Berkshire Eagle|date=2022-05-26|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|author=The Berkshire Eagle}}</ref> == Maeneo ya kuzingatia == Shirika hilo linafanya kazi kuwawezesha wakazi wa Kibera, hasa wanawake na vijana, kupitia programu za elimu zinazolenga kusaidia kukuza vipaji vya wasanii wachanga na kuwasaidia wasanii kujikimu kimaisha kupitia masoko ya kazi zao za sanaa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Young artists turn passion into income|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001447094/young-artists-turn-passion-into-income|work=The Standard|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|author=Joy Rutou}}</ref>Shirika hilo pia limejikita katika kuwawezesha wanawake na wasichana kwa kushughulikia changamoto zinazowakabili wasichana balehe katika eneo la Kibera.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenya Election Results: Empowering Kenyan Girls is the Next Step For a Peaceful Kenya|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/33919/kenya-election-results-empowering-kenyan-girls-is-the-next-step-for-a-peaceful-kenya|work=Mic|date=2013-04-10|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref>Pia lina eneo maalum linalowawezesha wanafunzi ambao hawana umeme majumbani mwao kusoma nje ya shule na kufadhili timu ya soka ya vijana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kibera pupils jam study centre as teachers' strike bites|url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2015/09/kibera-pupils-jam-study-centre-as-teachers-strike-bites/|work=Capital News|date=2015-09-15|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US|author=JUDIE KABERIA}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uweza Soccer Academy are the winners of the thirteenth edition of the Annual Ramadhan Cup|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktnnews/checkpoint/video/2000095746/uweza-soccer-academy-are-the-winners-of-the-thirteenth-edition-of-the-annual-ramadhan-cup|work=The Standard|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|author=Standard Group PLC}}</ref> == Uweza Gallery == Kama mojawapo ya shughuli zake,shirika hilo lilianzisha Uwezo Gallery katika eneo la Olympic Estate, Kibera mwaka wa 2012.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Finding a ten-year-old art gallery in Kibera|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/art/finding-a-ten-year-old-art-gallery-in-kibera-3854076|work=Business Daily|date=2022-06-20|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref>Jumba hilo la sanaa linaonyesha kazi za wasanii wa eneo hilo na pia linakuza vipaji vipya vinavyochipukia.Limewawezesha wasanii wachanga kufadhili elimu yao kupitia sanaa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Uzalendo News|title=Uweza Art Gallery - Positive Community Impact by Kibera Youth - HUSTLE|date=2019-09-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T8JbKc3H0M|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>Awali,jumba hilo lilikuwa katika kontena la mizigo la zamani, lakini lilihamishwa mwezi Januari mwaka wa 2019.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=“The Cure Is Us”: Kibera artists take on the pandemic|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/cure-us-kibera-artists-take-pandemic|work=www.gavi.org|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=I am out to create a new image of Kibera, using paint and brush|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/mynetwork/i-am-out-to-create-a-new-image-of-kibera-using-paint-and-brush-3782438|work=Daily Nation|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Instagram|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CKuYP-UJCMh/|work=www.instagram.com|accessdate=2025-10-16}}</ref> == Janga kubwa la virusi vya korona == Wakati wa [[Mlipuko wa virusi vya korona 2019-20|janga la virusi vya korona]], Uweza ilishirikiana na washirika kutoka sekta binafsi kuanzisha mpango wa kukuza usafi wa mazingira katika makazi yasiyo rasmi kama vile Kibera na kutoa barakoa za kisanii bila malipo kwa wakazi iliyoundwa na msanii wa eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Strive Masiyiwa, Dangote Group, Safaricom… Africa’s private sector leads the fight against Covid|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/85503/strive-masiyiwa-dangote-group-safaricom-africas-private-sector-leads-the-fight-against-covid/|work=The Africa Report.com|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=In 2020, masks aren’t just for protection – they’re being used to make a statement|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/10/world/coronavirus-face-masks-statement-trnd|work=CNN|date=2020-05-10|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|author=Alicia Lee}}</ref>Shirika hilo pia lilishirikiana na wasanii kutoka Uweza Gallery kuunda michoro ya ukutani yenye ujumbe wa kuelimisha jamii kuhusu tahadhari na uelewa wakati wa janga hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mural art: Coronavirus pandemic inspires global graffiti artists|url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/mural-art-coronavirus-pandemic-inspires-global-graffiti-artists-1.1596703113643|work=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema|date=2020-08-06|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|author=Agencies and compiled by Devadasan K. P, Picture Editor}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artists in Kenya’s Kibera slum are kicking out coronavirus with these eye-popping murals|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/artists-in-kenyas-kibera-slum-are-kicking-out-coronavirus-with-these-eye-popping-murals|work=Face2Face Africa|date=2020-03-30|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en|author=Ama Nunoo}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Nairobi]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qqlwkqf29on5kewg9nqb4z5kbx71baw 0 216440 1601148 1464927 2026-09-25T13:41:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mkutano wa Dunia wa Wanawake mwaka 1985,''' au '''Mkutano wa Tatu wa Dunia wa Wanawake,''' ulifanyika kati ya tarehe 15 na 26 Julai 1985 jijini [[Nairobi]], Kenya kwa lengo la kutathmini mafanikio na changamoto katika kutekeleza malengo ya Muongo wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Wanawake, kama yalivyoainishwa katika Mpango wa Dunia wa Utekelezaji uliowekwa katika mkutano wa kwanza wa wanawake wa mwaka 1975, na kurekebishwa na [[World Programme of Action|Mpango wa Dunia wa Utekelezaji wa Pili]] wa mwaka 1980. Kwa kutambua kuwa malengo ya Muongo kwa Wanawake hayakuwa yametimizwa, mkutano huo ulipendekeza, na Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa likakubali, kufanyika kwa tathmini endelevu ya mafanikio na changamoto za wanawake hadi mwaka 2000. Umuhimu mmoja wa mkutano huo ni kwamba tamko lake rasmi, " [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 40/108|Mikakati ya Kuangalia Mbele kwa Maendeleo ya Wanawake]] ", lilikubaliwa kwa kauli moja, tofauti na matamko ya mikutano miwili iliyotangulia. Mkutano huo pia uliashiria mara ya kwanza ambapo haki za wasagaji ziliwasilishwa katika kikao rasmi [[Umoja wa Mataifa|cha Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Vilevile, ulikuwa ni hatua muhimu ambapo suala la [[ukatili dhidi ya wanawake]] lilianza kujitokeza hadharani, kutoka kuwa mada iliyofichwa hadi kutambuliwa kama changamoto inayohitaji kushughulikiwa. == Historia == Mwaka 1975, Umoja wa Mataifa uliidhinisha maadhimisho ya [[Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Wanawake]]. Kama sehemu ya maadhimisho hayo, Mkutano wa Kwanza wa Dunia wa Wanawake ulifanyika jijini [[Mexico (mji)|Mexico City]] mwaka huohuo. Katika mkutano huo, ilipendekezwa kwamba muongo unaofuata utangazwe kuwa Muongo wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Wanawake na mikutano ya ufuatiliaji ifanyike mwaka 1980 na 1985 ili kutathmini maendeleo yaliyopatikana. Baraza Kuu lilikubali Mpango wa Dunia wa Utekelezaji uliotoa malengo yaliyopendekezwa kwa serikali kuunganisha usawa wa kijinsia, maendeleo, na ushiriki wa wanawake katika juhudi za kudumisha ya amani. Mkutano wa katikati ulifanyika jijini [[Kopenhagen|Copenhagen]], {{Sfn|Earth Summit|2002}} ambapo sehemu mpya ziliongezwa katika Mpango wa Dunia uliorekebishwa, zikilenga kuhakikisha wanawake wanapata fursa sawa za elimu, ajira, na huduma bora za afya. {{Sfn|Women's World Conferences|2008}} Mikutano miwili ya awali ilikabiliwa na changamoto za mgawanyiko uliosababishwa na siasa [[Vita baridi|za Vita Baridi]] na mahitaji ya nchi zinazoendelea. {{Sfn|Ghodsee|2010}} {{Sfn|West|1999}} Hali ya kisiasa duniani ilipoingia katika mkutano wa tatu bado ilikuwa tete, huku kukiwa na mgogoro mkubwa wa madeni barani [[Historia ya kiuchumi ya Afrika|Afrika]] na Amerika ya Kusini, sera za ulinzi wa kiuchumi chini ya [[Margaret Thatcher]] na [[Ronald Reagan]] zikisababisha hali ya kutokuwa na uhakika, kudorora kwa Umoja wa Kisovieti, mashindano ya silaha na uvamizi wa Afghanistan na Urusi ya Kisovieti. Swali kuu lilikuwa kama mkutano huo ungeweza kubaki ukilenga masuala ya wanawake, licha ya mashutumu ya Kisovieti kwamba Marekani ilikuwa ikitumia mbinu za kiimla na za kichokozi za kivita ambazo zilidhoofisha malengo ya Muongo wa Wanawake, na wasiwasi wa Marekani kwamba juhudi za nchi za Kambi ya Mashariki za kuigiza siasa zingetatiza maendeleo halisi katika kushughulikia changamoto mahususi zinazowakabili wanawake.{{Sfn|Ghodsee|2010}} == Mkutano rasmi == Mkutano wa 1985 uliofanyika kati ya tarehe 15 hadi 26 Julai jijini [[Nairobi]], Kenya, ulikuwa ni tathmini ya mwisho ya muongo wa Wanawake. {{Sfn|Women's World Conferences|2008}} Mkutano huo, uliongozwa na rais wa Mkutano, Margaret Kenyatta. {{Sfn|Maters|1986}} Leticia Shahani, mwanadiplomasia kutoka [[Ufilipino]] ambaye pia alikuwa mama mjane wa watoto watatu, alihudumu kama Katibu Mkuu wa mkutano huo.Yeye ndiye aliyetoa pendekezo muhimu kwamba majadiliano yasiyo rasmi kati ya wajumbe yangeweza kupunguza migawanyiko iliyotatiza mikutano ya awali, na hivyo kuruhusu mazungumzo ya wazi zaidi na hatimaye kufanikisha makubaliano. {{Sfn|Fraser|2013}} Jumla ya nchi 157 zilihudhuria, zikiwa na takribani wajumbe rasmi 1,400. Miongoni mwa wajumbe mashuhuri walikuwa: [[Phoebe Asiyo]] wa [[Kenya]]; [[Ylva Ericsson]] wa [[Uswidi]]; Saida Hassan wa [[Jibuti]]; {{Sfn|''The Salina Journal''|1985}} Elena Lagadinova wa [[Bulgaria]]; {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Carolyn McAskie afisa wa Shirika la Maendeleo la Kimataifa la Kanada; {{Sfn|''Awareness Times''|2007}} [[Maureen O'Neill]], mkuu wa ujumbe wa Kanada na mratibu wa Waziri wa Masuala ya Wanawake; {{Sfn|Maters|1986}} {{Sfn|''The Chilliwack Progress''|1986}} Maureen Reagan, binti wa rais wa Marekani; {{Sfn|Ghodsee|2010}} Yvette Roudy, Waziri wa Haki za Wanawake wa Ufaransa; {{Sfn|Maters|1986}} Jean Spautz wa [[Luxemburg|Luxembourg]]; {{Sfn|Maters|1986}} na Tom Vraalsen wa [[Norwei|Norway]]; miongoni mwa wengine. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Baada ya hotuba ya ufunguzi iliyotolewa na Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]], {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Rais wa Kenya [[Daniel Arap Moi|Daniel arap Moi]] aliwakaribisha washiriki wa mkutano huo akielezea matumaini yake kwamba mkutano huo ungefanikiwa na kwamba malengo ya wanawake yasingepotoshwa na mambo yasiyo ya msingi. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}}Baada ya hotuba ya Margaret Kenyatta kuhusu historia ya mkutano huo, kikao cha majadiliano ya jumla kilianza. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Katika kikao hicho, ilijadiliwa kwamba wanawake wanapaswa kuishi kwa usalama katika mazingira yanayowapatia usawa na haki, ingawa ilitambuliwa kuwa mabadiliko ya mitazamo ya kijadi na uhamasishaji kuhusu umuhimu wa mabadiliko hayo unahitaji muda. Ilibainika kuwa, licha ya maendeleo makubwa katika usawa wa kisheria, bado kuna pengo kubwa kati ya uhalisia wa kisheria na utekelezaji wake katika jamii. Pia ilijadiliwa kwamba mvutano wa kisiasa, ukosefu wa utulivu, na migogoro vimekuwa vikikwamisha maendeleo ya wanawake, sambamba na athari za ukoloni, ubaguzi wa rangi, na kudorora kwa uchumi. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Mkutano ulitambua kuwa, ingawa nchi zilizoendelea zimepiga hatua katika kuhakikisha usawa wa elimu, bado kuna tofauti kubwa kati ya elimu ya wasichana na wavulana katika nchi zinazoendelea, jambo ambalo linaathiri fursa za ajira kwa wanawake katika siku zijazo. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Ingawa kumekuwa na maendeleo fulani katika ajira za wanawake, ilibainika kuwa tofauti za ujira, kiwango cha juu cha ukosefu wa ajira kwa wanawake kuliko wanaume, na ukosefu wa huduma za malezi ya watoto vinaendelea kudhoofisha uthabiti wa kiuchumi wa wanawake. Kuhusu afya, lilitambuliwa kwamba kwa kuwa wanawake mara nyingi ndio watoa huduma za afya kwa familia zao, juhudi zaidi zinahitajika kuhakikisha afya bora kwa wanawake ili waweze kuendelea kutunza familia zao. Ukosefu wa elimu bora na huduma za afya, pamoja na viwango vya juu vya uzazi na tamaduni au sheria zinazowazuia wanawake kudhibiti uzazi wao, uliendelea kuwa changamoto kuu.{{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Miradi iliyotekelezwa katika kipindi chote cha muongo huo ilichangia kuongeza uelewa kuhusu umuhimu wa kuboresha fursa za wanawake, na ukusanyaji wa takwimu uliimarika ili kupima maendeleo yao au changamoto zilizobakia. Ukatili dhidi ya wanawake uliendelea kuwa tatizo kubwa, kama ilivyokuwa pia kwa hali ya kutokuwa salama kwa wanawake wa jamii za kiasili, wanawake wazee, wanawake wahamiaji na wakimbizi pamoja na watoto wao, na wanawake wa vijijini. Masuala ya upatikanaji wa maji na chakula yalihitaji kushughulikiwa, kwani katika maeneo mengi wanawake walitumia muda mwingi katika kazi zisizolipwa ili kudumisha familia zao. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Katika kipindi cha Muongo wa Wanawake, programu nyingi za Umoja wa Mataifa zilipanuliwa ili kuwaunganisha wanawake katika miradi ya maendeleo, ingawa ilibainika kuwa ushiriki wa wanawake, hata katika ajira ndani ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa, licha ya kuimarika, bado ulikuwa chini ya viwango vilivyokusudiwa. Programu zinazohusiana na kilimo, uchumi, watoto, maendeleo, makazi, afya, teknolojia na sekta nyingine nyingi zilipitiwa upya, na kwa ujumla kulikuwa na maendeleo katika kujumuisha upatikanaji wa fursa kwa wanawake. Hata hivyo, ilibainika kuwa kuweka misingi ya usawa si sawa na kufanikisha usawa halisi wa fursa. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Ilitambuliwa kwamba jukumu la kitamaduni katika kudumisha ubaguzi wa [[:en:Sexism|kijinsia]] na [[:en:Stereotypes|mitazamo ya kijinsia]] ni suala tata linalohitaji juhudi mahsusi, ikiwemo kubadili mitaala ya shule na kuboresha maudhui ya vyombo vya habari, ili kuwezesha wanawake kupata usawa wa kijamii, kiuchumi, kitamaduni, kisheria na kisiasa. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Ilibainika pia kwamba kwa mara ya kwanza, haki za wasagaji ziliwasilishwa katika mkutano rasmi wa Umoja wa Mataifa na mjumbe wa Uholanzi, Annelien Kappeyne van de Coppello. {{Sfn|Bunch|Hinojosa|2000}} {{Sfn|Swiebel|2015}} Kamati ya kwanza, chini ya uenyekiti wa Cecilia López kutoka [[Kolombia]], ikiwa na manaibu wenyeviti Kulsum Saifullah wa [[Pakistani|Pakistan]], [[Olimpia Solomonescu]] wa [[Romania]], na [[Laetitia van den Assum]] wa [[Uholanzi]], pamoja na Mwandishi wa Taarifa [[Diaroumeye Gany]] wa [[Niger]], {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} ilijadili sura tatu za mwanzo za ''rasimu ya Mikakati ya Kuangalia Mbele kwa Maendeleo ya Wanawake.'' {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Kamati ya pili, chini ya uenyekiti wa Rosario Manalo kutoka [[Ufilipino]], ikiwa na manaibu wenyeviti, Dame Billie Miller wa [[Barbadosi|Barbados]], [[Konjit SineGiorgis]] wa [[Ethiopia]], na [[Eva Szilagyi]] wa [[Hungaria]], pamoja na Mwandishi wa Taarifa [[Helen Ware (academic)|Helen Ware]] wa Australia, {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} ilijadili sura zilizobaki za Mikakati hiyo. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Kamati zote mbili zilipendekeza kupitishwa kwa rasimu hiyo, na kikao cha jumla kilijadili hati hiyo kwa kupitia kila kipengele kwa kina. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} Ingawa kamati zote mbili zilipitia miswada kadhaa ya maazimio, muda haukutosha kwa kikao cha jumla kuijadili, na hivyo hakuna hatua rasmi iliyochukuliwa kuhusu maazimio hayo. {{Sfn|''Report of the World Conference''|1986}} == Jukwaa == Dame Nita Barrow wa [[Barbadosi|Barbados]] alichairi na kuandaa Jukwaa hilo, {{Sfn|Fraser|2013}} kwa msaada wa [[Edith Ballantyne]], rais wa Mkutano wa Mashirika Yasiyo ya Kiserikali (CONGO) wa Umoja wa Mataifa. {{Sfn|Foster|1989}} {{Sfn|Winslow|1995}} Jukwaa hilo liliwahusisha zaidi ya watu 15,000, ambapo 60% walikuwa wawakilishi kutoka nchi zisizo za viwanda, na lilifanyika katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]]. {{Sfn|Fraser|2013}} {{Sfn|Bunch|2012}} Tofauti na vyumba vilivyokuwa Copenhagen, nchini Kenya, kilichowekwa kituo cha chekechea kwa watoto wa wajumbe. {{Sfn|Maters|1986}} Hapo pia, Hema ya Amani iliwekwa kwenye uwanja wa chuo kikuu na kuandaa vikao kuhusu migogoro na athari za vita kwa wanawake. {{Sfn|Bunch|2012}} Miongoni mwa washiriki mashuhuri walikuwa: [[Charlotte Bunch]], mwanaharakati wa wasagaji kutoka Marekani; {{Sfn|Bunch|2012}} Betty Friedan, mwanzilishi wa Shirika la Kitaifa la Wanawake (NOW); {{Sfn|''The Telegraph''|2006}} Eddah Gachukia mkuu wa kamati ya mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali ya Kenya; {{Sfn|Sciolino|1985}} na wengine wengi. Mbali na mada kuu za kikao rasmi, Jukwaa liliombwa kushughulikia masuala yanayohusu wanawake maskini, wazee, wahamiaji na wakimbizi, vijana, na jinsi wanawake wanavyowakilishwa katika vyombo vya habari. Mazungumzo ya meza za duara, warsha, na vikao viwili vya plenari viliandaliwa.{{Sfn|Maters|1986}} Mchanganyiko wa mada zilizojadiliwa katika mikutano rasmi na isiyo rasmi ulikuwa mkubwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na masuala kama vile malezi ya watoto; elimu ya watumiaji; mikopo; upangaji uzazi; [[Ukeketaji|ukeketaji wa wanawake]]; ukuaji wa masomo ya wanawake; haki za kisheria; umahiri wa kusoma na kuandika; uwakilishi wa wanawake katika vyombo vya habari; uzazi na programu za maendeleo kwa familia; wafungwa wa kisiasa; biashara ya ngono; ubaguzi wa kimfumo dhidi ya wanawake; ukatili; wanawake na maendeleo; wanawake na dini; wanawake na teknolojia; pamoja na warsha za wasagaji na mada nyingine nyingi katika takriban warsha 1,200 zilizopangwa katika muda wote wa mkutano.{{Sfn|Bunch|2012}}{{Sfn|Maters|1986}}{{Sfn|''The San Bernardino County Sun''|1985}} Warsha za wasagaji zilikuwa '''“'''mjadala wa kwanza wa umma kuhusu usagaji nchini Kenya"{{Sfn|Bunch|Hinojosa|2000}} na zilipelekea mkutano wa waandishi wa habari wa wasagaji ambapo ilitambuliwa kuwa usagaji sio dhana ya Kimagharibu pekee, bali unahusisha haki za wanawake duniani kote.{{Sfn|Bunch|Hinojosa|2000}} Aidha, ulitolewa pendekezo kutoka kwa mmoja wa wawakilishi wa Uholanzi kwamba haki za wasagaji zishughulikiwe katika nyaraka rasmi za mkutano.{{Sfn|Bunch|2012}} Katika warsha kuhusu maendeleo, Helen Safa alileta wazo kwamba "Jinsia na Maendeleo" (GAD) inapaswa kuchukua nafasi ya mkakati wa awali wa "Wanawake katika Maendeleo" (WID) uliotumika na [[UNCSW|Kamisheni ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Hali ya Wanawake]] (CSW). Hii ililingana na imani ya NGO, Mibadala ya Maendeleo na Wanawake kwa Enzi Mpya (DAWN)'s kwamba WID ilikuwa ikijaribu tu kuingiza wanawake katika mifumo iliyopo bila kupunguza au kubadili [[Taasubi ya kiume|asili ya kiume]]. Walipendekeza kwamba GAD, kama njia ya kupanga mikakati ya muda mrefu, iwe kiwango kipya cha kawaida, ikilenga kujenga mifumo iliyoundwa mahsusi kwa maendeleo ya wanawake.{{Sfn|Bae|2004}} Mbali na warsha, Washauri Wakuu wa Wanawake wa Shirika la Mpango wa Mazingira la Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP), Margaret Kenyatta; Bi. Hawa Aden wa Somalia; Bibi Victoria Chitepo, Waziri wa Mazingira, nchini Zimbabwe; Dkt. Shafika Nasser, mjumbe wa baraza la juu la bunge nchini Misri; Dkt. Eideh M. Mutlag Qanah, Mshauri wa Malkia wa Jordan; Hedia Bacca, mwanaharakati wa mazingira nchini Tunisia; Margarita Marina de Botero, kiongozi wa masuala ya mazingira kutoka Colombia; Yolanda Kakabadse, kiongozi wa mazingira kutoka Ecuador; Mhe. Sheila Dikshit, Mbunge wa India; Bi. Soepardjo Roestam, mke wa Waziri Mkuu wa Indonesia na kiongozi wa Huduma ya Ustawi wa Familia; Bi. Veronica Villavicencio, kutoka Ufilipino; HRH Khunying (Lady) A. Meesook, kutoka Thailand; Luteni. Kanali Christine Deborah, Waziri wa Maliasili, Ghana (mhitimu wa Sandhurst, Uingereza); Bi. Eva Szilagyi, kutoka Hungaria; Fiona McConnell, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Uingereza; Aira Kalela, Wizara ya Mazingira na Mambo ya Nje, Finland; Mashuhuri; Bi.Simone Veil, Ufaransa; Mhe. Claudine Schneider, (R. Rhode Island), Mbunge wa Marekani; na Wangari Maathai, mwanzilishi wa Harakati ya Green Belt nchini Kenya waliandaa programu ya jioni katika usiku mkesha wa mkutano, kwa lengo la kuhamasisha ushiriki wa wanawake katika kutatua changamoto za kimazingira, na wanawake pia walipewa mwaliko kushiriki katika matukio kadhaa ya kitamaduni kama vile Jukwaa la Filamu la Nairobi ambalo lilionyesha filamu na video kuhusu wanawake, na pia kuandaa warsha; maonyesho ya sanaa na upigaji picha; warsha za utamaduni wa jadi; tamasha; madarasa ya sanaa ya kijeshi; ziara ya kujifunza katika vijiji vya karibu. {{Sfn|Maters|1986}} Kutokana na hali nzuri ya hewa, wanawake waliweza kukusanyika katika maeneo ya wazi kushiriki katika shughuli zilizopangwa na zisizopangwa, hali iliyowapa fursa ya kujenga mitandao na mshikamano miongoni mwa washiriki. {{Sfn|Maters|1986}} Baada ya Jukwaa la mwaka 1985, mijadala ilianza kubadilika na kuakisi mgawanyiko kati ya mitazamo ya kimaendeleo na kihafidhina, tofauti na mgawanyiko wa kibepari na ukomunisti uliotawala mikutano ya awali. Washiriki walitambua kuwa changamoto za kimataifa zilikuwa pia masuala ya wanawake, ingawa ndani ya mifumo ya serikali zao kulikuwa na viwango tofauti vya utayari wa kuhimiza au kuzuia mabadiliko ya kijamii. Mabadiliko ya kimsingi yalijitokeza ambapo washiriki walitambua kwamba, bila kujali mfumo wa kisiasa au kiuchumi, wanawake bado walibaki katika nafasi ya chini. Kuendeleza mtazamo wa dunia kutoka kwa mtazamo wa wanawake kuliwasaidia kuvuka tofauti zao na kuzingatia yale waliyo nayo kwa pamoja. {{Sfn|Bae|2004}} Kwa mfano, wanawake wa jamii asilia walitambua kuwa popote walipotoka waliunganishwa na mapambano ya kutetea haki za ardhi za jamii zao; wanawake wa Kiarabu na Kiyahudi walijadili haja ya amani; na wanasheria wanawake kutoka nchi za Kiislamu za Kusini mwa Asia na nchi za Kikatoliki za Amerika ya Kusini walitambua mapambano yao ya pamoja ya kudai haki za wanawake chini ya mifumo ya kidini ya kiupatriaki. {{Sfn|Sciolino|1985}} == Matokeo == [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 40/108|Mikakati ya Kuangalia Mbele kwa Maendeleo ya Wanawake]] ilipitishwa kwa makubaliano ya pamoja kutokana na mbinu iliyoundwa iliyoruhusu wajumbe kueleza mashaka yao kwa misingi ya aya mahususi badala ya hati nzima. Kwa sababu ya uhusiano wa kimataifa uliokuwa umeimarishwa kupitia mikutano miwili iliyotangulia {{Sfn|Ghodsee|2010}} , uelewa ulioongezeka wa serikali kuhusu mahitaji ya wanawake katika nchi zao, utayari wa wafadhili kusaidia wanawake kuunganishwa katika maendeleo, na ufanisi ulioboreshwa wa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs) katika harakati zao, orodha ya mada zilizoshughulikiwa katika Mkakati huo ilikuwa pana zaidi, ikijumuisha mada kama vile: kilimo, mawasiliano, masuala ya kikatiba na kisheria, elimu, ajira, mahitaji ya nishati, mazingira na maji, usalama wa chakula, afya, makazi, sayansi na teknolojia, huduma za kijamii, usawa wa kijamii na kisiasa pamoja na ushiriki ulioongezeka wa wanawake. Mada kuu maendeleo, usawa, na amani zilibaki kama zilivyokuwa, huku pia kukiwa na msisitizo juu ya masuala ya ubaguzi wa rangi na wakimbizi. {{Sfn|Fraser|2013}} Hati hiyo ilipitisha mikakati mipya ya kuelekea mwaka 2000 na kubadilisha maneno [[Apartheid]] na Uzayuni kwa neno pana zaidi “ubaguzi wa rangi,” ili kudumisha umakini katika masuala ya wanawake badala ya yale yenye mgawanyiko wa kisiasa. {{Sfn|''The Ukiah Daily Journal''|1985}} {{Sfn|''The Salina Journal''|1985}} Kutokana na jukwaa la mkutano, mashirika kadhaa ya wanawake yaliibuka ambayo baadaye yangekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa: [[Asian-Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development|Jukwaa la Asia-Pacific la Wanawake, Sheria na Maendeleo]] (APWLD), Comité de América Latina y El Caribe para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer (CLADEM), Wanawake katika Sheria na Maendeleo Afrika (WILDAF), {{Sfn|Bunch|2012}} na [[Chama cha Wanahabari Wanawake Tanzania|Chama cha Wanawake wa Vyombo vya Habari Tanzania]] (TAMWA) . <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Tripp |first=Aili Mari |author-link=Aili M. Tripp |date=January 2003 |title=Women in Movement Transformations in African Political Landscapes |journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=233–255 |doi=10.1080/1461674032000080585 |issn=1461-6742 |s2cid=247676}}</ref> Mashirika haya yalionyesha ukuaji mkubwa wa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs) yanayoshughulika na masuala ya wanawake, ambayo mengi yaliundwa baada ya kumalizika kwa mkutano huo. Mashirika mengi kati ya haya yalikuwa vikundi vya kubadilishana taarifa vilivyoshirikisha rasilimali na mikakati yao ili kuunda suluhisho bunifu. {{Sfn|Chen|1995}} Mitandao hii ilibadilisha mwelekeo wa harakati na tafiti kutoka Kaskazini mwa dunia kuelekea katika Nusu ya Kusini, na kutoka kwenye miundo ya kijamii ya juu kwenda chini hadi kwenye ile inayounda ushirikiano mpana unaovuka mipaka ya kitamaduni, kikabila na kijamii. {{Sfn|Chen|1995}} Mkutano huo pia uliashiria hatua muhimu ya kuvunja ukimya kuhusu [[ukatili dhidi ya wanawake]], ambalo hatimaye lilipelekea kupitishwa kwa [[Tamko la kutokomeza ukatili dhidi ya wanawake|Azimio la Kutokomeza Ukatili Dhidi ya Wanawake]] mwaka 1993. {{Sfn|Pietilä|1999}} Kwa kuwa malengo ya Muongo wa Wanawake hayakuwa yamefikiwa kikamilifu tangu yalipoainishwa mwaka 1975, [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] ililifanya uamuzi baada ya mkutano wa Nairobi wa kufanya tafiti za dunia kuhusu hali ya wanawake kila baada ya miaka mitano, kama juhudi endelevu za kufuatilia utekelezaji wa Mikakati ya Maendeleo ya Wanawake. {{Sfn|Pietilä|1999}} Moja ya matokeo muhimu zaidi ilikuwa ni kuwatoa wanawake kutoka katika hali ya kutoonekana na kuweka mifumo mahsusi ya kupima maendeleo ya wanawake. {{Sfn|Zinsser|1990}} ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:1985]] pttropifk98g4s7ig2citkywzlehzve 0 218653 1601149 1475690 2026-09-25T13:41:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Bin Abdur Rahman Al Hudhaify''' (amezaliwa [[22 Mei]] [[1947]]) ni [[Imamu]] wa Saudia na khateeb wa Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, na Imam wa zamani wa Msikiti wa Quba. Mtindo wake wa kusoma Qur'ani kwa sauti ya polepole na ya kina unatambulika sana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.assabile.com/ali-al-huthaify-19/ali-al-huthaify.htm|title=Ali Al huthaify - علي الحذيفي - Holy Quran on Assabile|work=www.assabile.com|accessdate=October 27, 2019}}</ref> == Maisha na kazi == Mnamo mwaka [[1972]], alihitimu na shahada ya kwanza ya sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu cha Imam Muhammad bin Saud. Mnamo mwaka [[1975]], alipata [[Uzamili|shahada ya uzamili]] katika [[Sharia|sheria ya Kiislamu]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Al-Azhar]], na kisha akachukua [[Uzamivu|udaktari]] wake kutoka chuo kikuu hicho hicho. Mnamo mwaka [[1979]], akawa imamu wa Al-Masjid al-Nabawi. Mnamo mwaka [[1981]], wakati wa mwezi wa [[Ramadan (mwezi)|Ramadhani]], aliteuliwa kuwa imamu wa sala za Tarawih katika Masjid al-Haram na kisha akarudi kwenye Msikiti Mkuu wa [[Madina|Medina]] ambapo anaendelea kuongoza sala. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:watu wa Saudia]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 5xszivpka8nu0dhm55pt6b2wdu2w0q1 0 219198 1601329 1477466 2026-09-25T14:27:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clinton Derricks-Carroll''' (aliyezaliwa [[15 Mei|Mei 15]], [[1953]] huko Knoxville, Tennessee ) ni mwigizaji na mwanamuziki wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa ''Introducing Dorothy Dandridge'' ([[1999]]), ''Wally Brown'' ([[1979]]) na ''Sanford'' (1980-1981). == Maisha ya Awali == Derricks alizaliwa [[Knoxville, Tennessee]] kwa mama mpiga piano na mhubiri/mtunzi wa [[Baptisti|Kibaptisti]] Cleavant Derricks, Sr, maarufu kwa wimbo wake maarufu wa muziki wa injili wa Just a Little Talk with Jesus. Ndugu yake pacha ni Cleavant Derricks, ambaye pia ni mwigizaji. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] nvi06xx6dmb6qe6cppnt2wl1hq0w7hd 0 219200 1601475 1477469 2026-09-25T19:39:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dkt. Wa'il Adel Hasan Salman al-Fayad''' (aliyefariki Septemba 7, [[2016]]), anayejulikana kama '''Abu Muhammad al-Furqan''', alikuwa mwanamume wa [[Iraki|Iraq]] na kiongozi mkuu katika Dola ya Kiislamu, ambaye alihudumu kama mkuu wa idara yake kuu ya vyombo vya habari na alikuwa katika baraza la shura la kundi hilo. == Historia == Hayajulikani mengi kuhusu maelezo ya wasifu wake, lakini alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wachache wa kizazi cha kwanza waliobaki wa IS ambao pia walikuwa wanachama wa kundi la awali kabisa. Anajulikana kuongoza idara ya habari kwa muda wake mwingi katika kundi hilo. Alichangia sana katika kuanzisha bidhaa za vyombo vya habari vya kundi hilo ambazo sasa ni maarufu kama vile jarida la Dabiq na Shirika la Habari la Amaq. Alipata jina lake "al-Furqan" kutokana na kuanzishwa kwake kwa al-Furqan Media Foundation, chombo kikuu cha habari kinachotoa taarifa muhimu zaidi za kundi hilo, kama vile ujumbe kutoka kwa viongozi wake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-islamic-state-idUSKCN12A2BU|title=Islamic State confirms death of propaganda chief: statement|publisher=Reuters|date=2016-10-10|accessdate=2017-04-21}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] bl7gawa9gvhr3iua23n3505ux6cvcqs 0 219204 1601303 1477473 2026-09-25T14:14:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601303 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Powys Mathers''' (28 Agosti 1892 &#x2013; 3 Februari 1939) alikuwa [[Tafsiri|mtafsiri]] na mshairi wa [[Kiingereza]], na pia mwanzilishi wa kukusanya maneno ya siri ya hali ya juu. == Wasifu == Powys Mathers alizaliwa tarehe 28 Agosti 1892 huko Forest Hill, London, Uingereza, akiwa mwana wa Edward Peter Mathers, mmiliki wa gazeti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.crossword.org.uk/mathers.htm|title=Edward Powys Mathers|work=www.crossword.org.uk}} </ref> Alisoma katika Shule ya Loretto na Chuo cha Trinity, Oxford. Alitafsiri toleo la Kifaransa la JC Mardrus la ''One Thousand and One Nights''. Toleo lake la Kiingereza la Mardrus lilitokea mwaka wa 1923, na linajulikana kama Mardrus/Mathers. Pia alitafsiri ''The Garden of Bright Waters: One Hundred and Twenty Asiatic Love Poems'' (1920); na mshairi wa Kikashmiri Bilhana katika ''Bilhana: Black Marigolds'' (1919), tafsiri huru katika utamaduni wa Edward FitzGerald, iliyonukuliwa kwa urefu katika riwaya ya John Steinbeck ya 1945 ''Cannery Row''. Hizi si kazi za kitaaluma, na katika baadhi ya matukio zinategemea matoleo ya kati katika lugha za Ulaya. Baadhi ya tafsiri zake ziliwekwa kwenye muziki na Aaron Copland. Kama ilivyoelezwa na ''[[The New York Times]]'', Powys Mathers "alitafsiriwa katika mashairi ya Kiingereza kutoka karibu lugha zote za Asia: kutoka Sanskrit na [[Kichina]], Annamese na [[Kiarabu]], Hindustani na [[Afghanistan]]." ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 3zh5fxufxi10ym6otujk1ig3br9kl3l 0 219379 1601265 1478287 2026-09-25T14:11:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youcef Zighoud''' ( Februari 18, 1921 - Septemba 23, 1956), ambaye pia anajulikana kama Kanali Si Ahmed, alikuwa mpiganaji wa FLN wa Algeria wakati wa [[Vita ya Algeria|Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria]]. Mnamo Agosti 20, 1955, alipanga shambulio dhidi ya Wafaransa huko Philippeville (kwa sasa inaitwa [[Skikda]] ) na mazingira yake, ambayo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama Vita vya Philippeville. Shambulio hilo lilisababisha ukandamizaji mkali na ukandamizaji kutoka kwa serikali ya Ufaransa. Ingawa idadi inabishaniwa, mgogoro huo ulisababisha vifo kati ya 1,239 na 12,000. Zighoud aliuawa huko Sidi Mezghiche wakati wa mapigano dhidi ya Jeshi la Ufaransa. Mji wa Zighoud Youcef umepewa jina lake. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1921|1956}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] bexltemml1bgr5cygp6aqp0xx63usx6 0 219687 1601150 1479019 2026-09-25T13:41:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Groce''' ni mshairi na mfanyakazi wa jamii. Mama yake, Cherry Groce, alipigwa risasi na kupooza na polisi wakati wa uvamizi wa alfajiri nyumbani kwake kuanzia ghasia za Brixton za mwaka [[1985]] huko [[London]], [[Uingereza]]. Sasa ni mshairi aliyechapishwa, akiwa ameshinda Tuzo ya Ushairi ya Cheltenham, na hushirikiana kikamilifu na vijana kuwafahamisha kuhusu uzoefu wake mwenyewe. == Wasifu == Michael Groce alilelewa katika Tinworth House, katika eneo la makazi huko Vauxhall, London. Eneo hili wakati huo lilionyesha viwango vya juu vya umaskini. Sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake kuanzia umri wa miaka sita aliitumia katika utunzaji wa makazi. Alihusika na magenge ya mitaani, na alikuwa amekabiliwa na [[bunduki]] wakati wa utoto wake. Alitumia muda mwingi ndani na nje ya gereza; katika maisha yake yote, alijikusanyia hatia 50 na vipindi 15 tofauti gerezani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/hometruths/redemption.shtml|title=Leaving a life of crime|accessdate=2006-11-16}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] m54ysu4puj3wvossfb0diqq9r6kb8yc 0 219704 1601074 1479063 2026-09-25T13:14:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Madebe''' (alizaliwa [[1954]]) ni [[msanii]] wa taswira, ambaye mara nyingi anasifiwa kama mmoja wa wachongaji mashuhuri zaidi wa [[Zimbabwe]] waliofanya kazi katika chuma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://1-54.com/london/artists/adam-madebe/|title=1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair|website=1-54.com|access-date=2018-07-27|archive-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918050248/http://1-54.com/london/artists/adam-madebe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anaishi na kufanya kazi [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nai.uu.se/research/finalized_projects/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/sculpture/madebe/|title=Adam Madebe - The Nordic Africa Institute|website=nai.uu.se|access-date=2018-07-27|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145636/http://nai.uu.se/research/finalized_projects/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/sculpture/madebe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Zimbabwe]] ooyhdsm9xf6xdd8abmvtitf7g1akih8 0 219846 1601419 1481627 2026-09-25T18:10:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uchafuzi wa mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' unajumuisha aina zote za [[uharibifu wa mazingira]] unaotokana na shughuli za [[binadamu]], unaoathiri hewa, maji, udongo, na mifumo ya ekolojia. Inajumuisha changamoto kubwa ya afya ya umma, mazingira, na kijamii na kiuchumi, hasa katika maeneo makubwa ya mijini na maeneo ya migodi, ambapo shinikizo la idadi ya watu na viwanda ni kubwa<ref>"Pollution / Democratic Republic of the Congo, Interactive Country Fiches", [https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/democratic-republic-congo/pollution?, dicf.unepgrid.ch, consulté le 29 décembre 2025]</ref>. == Mfumo wa Kisheria na Kitaasisi == Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inatambua ulinzi wa mazingira kama kanuni ya msingi ya kikatiba. Kifungu cha 53 cha Katiba ya Februari 18, 2006, kama ilivyorekebishwa, kinahakikisha kila mtu haki ya kuishi katika mazingira yenye afya na kinaweka kwa Serikali wajibu wa kulinda mazingira na afya ya watu<ref>en:"Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, WIPO Lex", [https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/7449, www.wipo.int, consulté en 2025-12-29]</ref>. Haki hii inaimarishwa na Sheria namba 11/009 ya Julai 9, 2011, inayoweka kanuni za msingi zinazohusiana na ulinzi wa mazingira, ambayo inasisitiza hasa kanuni za kuzuia, tahadhari na dhima ya uchafuzi wa mazingira, huku ikiweka misingi ya usimamizi endelevu wa maliasili na mapambano dhidi ya uchafuzi wa mazingira<ref>en:"Law No. 11/009 of 09 July 2011 on fundamental principles relating to the protection of the environment? – Policies - IEA", [https://www.iea.org/policies/11937-law-no-11009-of-09-july-2011-on-fundamental-principles-relating-to-the-protection-of-the-environment, IEA , consulté en 2025-12-29], archive, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250909063856/https://www.iea.org/policies/11937-law-no-11009-of-09-july-2011-on-fundamental-principles-relating-to-the-protection-of-the-environment archive-date=2025-09-09]</ref>. == Uchafuzi wa Maji == Uchafuzi wa maji ni mojawapo ya masuala yanayohusu zaidi mazingira nchini DRC, licha ya kuwa na rasilimali nyingi za maji nchini humo. Ni matokeo ya kimsingi kutoka: * utupaji wa maji machafu ya nyumbani na ya viwandani ambayo hayajatibiwa; * uchimbaji madini na ufundi<ref>en:"Fresh water, UNEP - UN Environment Programme", [https://www.unep.org/topics/fresh-water |site=www.unep.org, 2023-10-18, consultéen 2025-12-29]</ref><ref>"Eau, hygiène et assainissement, UNICEF", [https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/ce-que-nous-faisons/eau-hygi%C3%A8ne-et-assainissement, www.unicef.org, consulté en 2025-12-29]</ref>. Kulingana na Benki ya Dunia, sehemu kubwa ya wakazi wa Kongo hutumia maji machafu, jambo ambalo huongeza sana hatari ya magonjwa yatokanayo na maji, kutia ndani kipindupindu, kuhara, na homa ya matumbo. == Uchafuzi wa Hewa == Uchafuzi wa hewa ni mkubwa sana katika miji mikubwa kama Kinshasa, Lubumbashi na Goma. Inasababishwa kimsingi na: * uzalishaji kutoka kwa magari ya zamani na duni; * Uchomaji wa kuni na mkaa kwa ajili ya kupikia; * shughuli za viwanda zisizodhibitiwa<ref name="Air pollution">en:"Air pollution", [https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution, www.who.int, consulté en 2025-12-29]</ref>. Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) linaonyesha kuwa uchafuzi wa hewa ni sababu kuu inayochangia magonjwa ya kupumua na ya moyo katika nchi za kipato cha chini. == Uchafuzi wa Udongo == Uchafuzi wa udongo hutamkwa haswa katika maeneo ya uchimbaji madini kusini mashariki mwa nchi. Inahusishwa na uwepo wa metali nzito (shaba, cobalt, risasi) kutoka kwa shughuli za madini ya viwanda na ufundi. Tafiti za Mpango wa Mazingira wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) zinaonyesha kuwa uchafuzi huu unaathiri kilimo, usalama wa chakula, na afya ya wakazi wa eneo hilo. == Uchafuzi Unaohusiana Na Taka == Usimamizi duni wa taka ngumu mijini ni mchangiaji mkuu wa uchafuzi wa mazingira nchini DRC. Katika miji mingi, taka hutupwa kwenye madampo ya wazi, na hivyo kuzidisha uchafuzi wa hewa, maji na udongo. Kuziba kwa mifereji ya maji kutokana na uchafu pia ni sababu kubwa ya mafuriko mijini, na kusababisha kuzorota kwa hali ya maisha na kuenea kwa magonjwa. == Athari za kiafya == Uchafuzi wa mazingira nchini unahusishwa na: * kuongezeka kwa magonjwa ya kupumua; * magonjwa yanayotokana na maji yanayohusiana na maji machafu; * sumu ya muda mrefu ya metali nzito. Watoto, wanawake wajawazito, na watu wanaoishi katika umaskini wako hatarini zaidi kwa hatari hizi za kiafya<ref>en:"Climate change and environment, UNICEF", [https://www.unicef.org/environment-and-climate-change, www.unicef.org, consulté en 2025-12-29]</ref><ref>en:"Fact sheets", [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets, www.who.int, consulté en 2025-12-29]</ref> == Changamoto na Matarajio == Licha ya kuwepo kwa mfumo wa kisheria, mapambano dhidi ya uchafuzi wa mazingira nchini yanatatizwa na: * ukosefu wa miundombinu ya kutosha; * Rasilimali zisizotosheleza za ufuatiliaji wa mazingira; * Utekelezaji dhaifu wa sheria zilizopo; * ukuaji wa haraka na usiopangwa wa mijini. Mashirika ya kimataifa yanapendekeza kuimarisha utawala wa mazingira, kuwekeza katika usimamizi wa taka na maji machafu, na kuongeza uelewa wa umma ili kufikia upunguzaji endelevu wa uchafuzi wa mazingira<ref>"=Accueil", [https://medd.gouv.cd/, MEDD-NEC, consulté en 2025-12-29]</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 4v5b1xqq6u7bvegzo8sohg8b9wbjmo2 0 219969 1601487 1479947 2026-09-25T19:42:46Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thania Petersen''' ni msanii wa fani mbalimbali. Kazi zake za sanaa zinapatikana katika makusanyo ya makumbusho na majumba ya [[sanaa]] mashuhuri, yakiwemo Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Sanaa ya [[Afrika]] ya Smithsonian na Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Kisasa ya Afrika ya Zeitz (Zeitz MOCAA).<ref>{{cite web|first1=Malibongwe|last1=Tyilo|access-date=2022-03-21|title=MATTERS OF OBSESSION: Taxis and art: Rethinking 'Cape Malay' and 'Coloured' identity|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-06-01-taxis-and-art-rethinking-cape-malay-and-coloured-identity/|date=1 June 2021|website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-21|title=Cape Town artist challenges Cape Malay stereotypes|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lifestyle/cape-town-artist-challenges-cape-malay-stereotypes-713ac861-d95d-4dd0-96f8-a27c0abe1483|website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)]]}}</ref> == Wasifu == Katika kazi zake za sanaa, hutumia upigaji picha, sanaa ya utendaji na usimikaji wa kazi za sanaa ili kushughulikia mada za chuki dhidi ya [[Uislamu]], [[ubeberu]] na [[ukoloni]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] 1y2mkmnofq5qvdlmfojan6kb8atvs9j 0 219991 1601229 1479953 2026-09-25T13:50:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Philippe Martin''' (alizaliwa Januari 26, 1955) ni [[Mashindano ya magari|dereva wa zamani wa mbio za magari]] [[Ubelgiji|kutoka Ubelgiji]]. <ref name="sref">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Profile|url=http://www.driverdb.com/drivers/philippe-martin/career/|publisher=driverdb.com|accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> Alishiriki katika Mashindano ya mbio za Hours 24 za Le Mans kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1985. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.racing-reference.info/driver/Philippe_Martin|title=Philippe Martin|work=Racing-Reference|publisher=USA Today Sports Media Group|accessdate=2013-05-12}}</ref> Alishinda mbio hizo mara mbili pamoja na kaka yake Jean-Michel. Mpwa wake Maxime pia alishinda mashindano hayo mwaka 2016 . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:wanamichezo wa Ubelgiji]] idj98n6dwv6jpa270l4p8ozm1ub2brv 0 220735 1601771 1491356 2026-09-26T10:41:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bogolo Joy Kenewendo''' (inakadiliwa alizaliwa [[1987]]) ni [[mchumi]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka nchini [[Botswana]]. Anahudumu kama [[Mbunge]] wa Teuzi Maalum katika [[Bunge la Botswana]]. Kuanzia Novemba [[2024]], yeye ni [[waziri]] mwenye dhamana ya [[Madini]] na [[Nishati]] katika [[serikali]] ya sasa, baada ya kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Uwekezaji, Biashara na Viwanda wa Botswana chini ya Rais Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana's 30 year old minister becomes internet sensation across Africa|url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/04/06/botswana-s-30-year-old-minister-becomes-internet-sensation-across-africa/|work=Africanews|date=2018-04-06CEST03:00:00+02:00|accessdate=2026-01-22|language=en|author=AfricaNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bogolo Kenewendo {{!}} Chevening|url=https://35.chevening.org/changemakers/bogolo-kenewendo/|work=35.chevening.org|accessdate=2026-01-22|language=en|archive-date=2023-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003025546/https://35.chevening.org/changemakers/bogolo-kenewendo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kuondolewa katika baraza la mawaziri mnamo mwezi [[Novemba]] [[2019]], amekuwa [[mkurugenzi]] mtendaji wa Kenewendo Advisory, iliyo na makao yake Gaborone, Botswana. Anaongoza Programu ya Uongozi na Ushauri wa Wanawake ya Molaya Kgosi na ni [[Mwenyekiti]] wa Bodi ya Molaya Kgosi Trust. Mnamo [[Juni]] [[2022]], Kenewendo aliteuliwa kama Mshauri Maalum na Mkurugenzi wa Afrika wa Wakuu wa Mabadiliko ya [[Tabianchi]] wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] == Nyuma na elimu == Kenewendo alizaliwa katika Kijiji cha Motopi katika Eneo la Boteti, Botswana, karibu mwaka [[1987]]. Baada ya kumaliza shule ya msingi, alijiunga na Pitzer College nchini Botswana. Alipewa nafasi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana, akihitimu na Shahada ya Sanaa katika Uchumi. Baadaye, alipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Uchumi wa Kimataifa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Sussex nchini Uingereza. Pia ni meneja wa miradi anayekubaliwa na amepata mafunzo katika Filosofia ya Uhuru wa Kiuchumi kutoka Foundation for Economic Education. == Kazi kabla ya siasa == Baada ya masomo yake ya uzamili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sussex nchini Uingereza kama [[Mwanafunzi]] wa Chevening, Kenewendo alifanya kazi kama mchumi wa biashara kama ODI Fellow katika Wizara ya Biashara na Viwanda ya Ghana. Pia alihudumu kama mshauri wa kiuchumi katika Econsult Botswana, think tank iliyo na makao yake Gaborone. == Kariara ya kisiasa == Mnamo mwaka [[2016]], rais wa wakati huo wa Botswana, Ian Khama, alipendekeza Kenewendo katika Bunge la Botswana, ambapo alichaguliwa kama mteule wa rais. Tarehe [[4 Aprili]] 2018, rais mpya, Mokgweetsi Masisi, alimteua Kenewendo kuwa Waziri wa Uwekezaji, Biashara na Viwanda. Katika wadhifa wake huo, Kenewendo aliteuliwa na Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa António Guterres mnamo mwaka 2018 kwenye Paneli ya Juu juu ya Ushirikiano wa Kidijitali, ambayo iliongozwa kwa pamoja na Melinda Gates na Jack Ma. Kama Waziri wa Uwekezaji, Biashara na Viwanda wa Botswana, alitekeleza marekebisho ya kuboresha sana mazingira ya kufanya biashara, kufungua masoko ya ndani na kimataifa, na kuweka nchi hiyo katika nafasi ya kufanikiwa katika minyororo ya thamani ya kimataifa na uchumi wa kidijitali. Wakati wa utawala wake, alikuwa Waziri mdogo zaidi katika baraza la mawaziri barani Afrika na katika historia ya Botswana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kayawe |first=Baboki |date=2019-06-03 |title=Youthful minister opening doors for women and girls |url=https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/25179829/33/1/3 |journal=Africa Renewal |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=8–8 |doi=10.18356/3cb1bf5d-en}}</ref> Kenewendo alitajwa kama mmoja wa Watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi barani [[Afrika]] na jarida la New African mnamo mwaka [[2018]]. Wakati Uingereza iliposhika urais wa G7 mnamo mwaka [[2021]], Kenewendo aliteuliwa na Waziri wa Wanawake na Usawa wa Kijinsia, Liz Truss, kuwa mwanachama wa Baraza la Ushauri wa Usawa wa Kijinsia lililoanzishwa hivi karibuni, linaloongozwa na Sarah Sands. Mwaka [[2024]] ulionyesha mabadiliko kwa Kenewendo na Botswana huku akichaguliwa kwa njia maalum kuwa Mbunge chini ya serikali mpya na kuapishwa kama waziri wa Madini na Nishati. == Maisha binafsi == Katika wakati wake wa ziada, Kenewendo hupenda kutafakari, kusafiri na kusoma.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mlambo|first=Nontobeko|title=Botswana: Meet Botswana's Youngest Minister, Bogolo Kenewendo|date=2018-04-06|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201804060524.html|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|access-date=2026-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502111723/https://allafrica.com/stories/201804060524.html|archive-date=2023-05-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Botswana]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Botswana]] 59nkpacdlfk610f6rq3f1ehftn3leu3 0 221105 1601230 1513505 2026-09-25T13:50:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hassnae Bouazza''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 15]], [[1973]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]], mwandishi wa [[vitabu]], na mtayarishaji wa vipindi mwenye asili ya [[Moroko]] na [[Uholanzi]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hassnae Bouazza - Radio Netherlands Worldwide - English|url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/radiobooks/090318rb|work=www.radionetherlands.nl|accessdate=2026-01-24}}</ref>. Anajulikana kwa kazi zake zinazojadili masuala ya kijamii, utamaduni wa Kiarabu, [[Uislamu]], na [[haki za wanawake]], akijitofautisha kwa mtindo wake wa uandishi usio na woga. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Hassnae alizaliwa nchini Moroko na kuhamia Uholanzi akiwa na umri wa miaka minne. Alikulia mjini Arkel na kusoma lugha na fasihi ya [[Kiingereza]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Utrecht. Yeye pia ni dada wa mwandishi maarufu wa nchini Moroko marehemu Hafid Bouazza. == Kazi ya uandishi na utangazaji == Bouazza amefanya kazi na vyombo mbalimbali vya habari nchini Uholanzi, vikiwemo magazeti ya "Vrij Nederland" na "NRC Handelsblad".Bouazza pia alifanya kazi kwa [[VPRO]] kama mtengenezaji wa vipindi vya televisheni. Anajulikana kwa kujadili mada zilizokatazwa kama vile ponografia katika ulimwengu wa Kiarabu. Bouazza ni mhariri wa mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi zinazoitwa ''Achter de sluier'' (Nyuma ya Pazia) kuhusu wanawake wenye nguvu wa Kiarabu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/radiobooks/090318rb|publisher=Radio Netherlands|title=Hassnae Bouazza|first=David|author=Swatling|language=|date=March 19, 2009|accessdate=28 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322171707/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/radiobooks/090318rb|archivedate=22 March 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.womenincagency.nl/women2/?pg_aid=334|publisher=Women-Inc Agency|title=Hassnae Bouazza - schrijfster, journaliste, tv-programmamaakster, vertaalster|language=Dutch|accessdate=28 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173400/http://www.womenincagency.nl/women2/?pg_aid=334|archivedate=24 July 2011}}</ref> Amekuwa mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara katika vipindi vya televisheni vya majadiliano (talk shows) akichambua siasa za [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na masuala ya kijinsia. == Harakati == Hassnae anajulikana kwa kupinga vikali ubaguzi, chuki dhidi ya Uislamu (Islamophobia), lakini pia anakosoa mifumo dume ndani ya jamii za Kiislamu. Amekuwa sauti muhimu katika kutetea uhuru wa kujieleza na haki za wanawake wa kipato cha chini. == Tuzo == Mnamo mwaka 2015, alishinda [[tuzo]] ya ''Miriam Guensberg'' kwa ajili ya kazi zake zinazohimiza uelewa kati ya tamaduni tofauti na utu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lmubr98sgrhre7n1nmyfh5cojrgq6dl 0 221522 1601330 1484893 2026-09-25T14:27:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Linda Fagan|image=Admiral Linda L. Fagan, Coast Guard Vice Commandant.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2021|order=27th|office=Commandant of the Coast Guard|president=[[Joe Biden]]<br />[[Donald Trump]]|1blankname=[[Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard|Vice Commandant]]|1namedata=[[Steven D. Poulin]]<br />Kevin Lunday|predecessor=[[Karl L. Schultz]]|successor=[[Kevin Lunday|Kevin E. Lunday]]|order1=32nd|office1=Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard|1blankname1=Commandant|1namedata1=Karl L. Schultz|predecessor1=[[Charles Ray (admiral)|Charles W. Ray]]|successor1=Steven D. Poulin|birth_date={{birth date and age|1963|7|1}}|birth_place=[[Columbus, Ohio]], U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|allegiance=United States|branch=[[United States Coast Guard]]|serviceyears=1985–2025|rank=[[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]]|commands={{plainlist| * [[Commandant of the Coast Guard]] * [[Coast Guard Pacific Area]] * First Coast Guard District * Coast Guard Sector [[New York City|New York]] }}}}'''Linda Lee Fagan''' (alizaliwa [[1 Julai|Julai 1]], [[1963]]) <ref name="US-Senate-Committee-on-Commerce-Science-and-Transportation">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/0F993919-6E34-4DAF-8ADA-D20831FC3CDD|title=Biographical Information and Qualifications of Linda L. Fagan|accessdate=2021-04-20|publisher=U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation|archivedate=April 20, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420115324/https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/0F993919-6E34-4DAF-8ADA-D20831FC3CDD}}</ref> <ref name="US-Senate-Committee-on-Commerce-Science-and-Transportation-2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/22827B23-AA23-4B31-90AB-56E77FCA4D6F|title=Senate Commerce Committee Coast Guard Nominee Questionnaire, 117th Congress - Linda L. Fagan|accessdate=2021-05-13|publisher=U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation|archivedate=August 26, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826160533/https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/22827B23-AA23-4B31-90AB-56E77FCA4D6F}}</ref> ni [[admirali]] mstaafu wa jeshi la [[Marekani]] ambaye alihudumu kama kamanda wa 27 wa Walinzi wa Pwani wa Marekani kuanzia Juni 2022 hadi Januari 2025. Awali, alikuwa naibu kamanda wa 32 wa Walinzi wa Pwani chini ya Kamanda Karl L. Schultz kuanzia 2021 hadi 2022. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/adm-linda-fagan-becomes-u-s-coast-guard-s-first-four-star-admiral|title=Adm. Linda Fagan Becomes USCG's First Female Four-Star Admiral|work=The Maritime Executive|accessdate=June 2, 2022|archivedate=July 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703100125/https://maritime-executive.com/article/adm-linda-fagan-becomes-u-s-coast-guard-s-first-four-star-admiral}}</ref> Kabla ya nafasi hii, alikuwa kamanda wa Eneo la Pasifiki la Walinzi wa Pwani akiwa na vipindi vya awali kama Naibu wa Walinzi wa Pwani wa Operesheni, Sera, na Uwezo; kamanda, Wilaya ya Walinzi wa Pwani ya Kwanza; na kamanda, Sekta ya Walinzi wa Pwani ya New York. Fagan pia ndiye mlinzi wa kwanza wa Pwani katika nafasi ya Gold Ancient Trident, afisa mwenye rekodi ndefu zaidi ya huduma katika uwanja wa usalama wa baharini. Mnamo Aprili 2021, Katibu wa Usalama wa Nchi Alejandro Mayorkas alitangaza uteuzi wake kama naibu kamanda anayefuata wa Walinzi wa Pwani, akimrithi Charles W. Ray. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.uscg.mil/Biographies/Display/Article/1391225/vice-admiral-linda-l-fagan/|title=Vice Admiral Linda L. Fagan|accessdate=2021-04-20|archivedate=October 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025191732/https://www.uscg.mil/Biographies/Display/Article/1391225/vice-admiral-linda-l-fagan/}}</ref> <ref name="RADM bio">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Portals/10/senior_leaders/bio/LindaFagan.pdf|title=Rear Admiral Linda L. Fagan|accessdate=2021-04-20|archivedate=November 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115184820/https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Portals/10/senior_leaders/bio/LindaFagan.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=U.S. Coast Guard Public Affairs|date=2021-04-19|title=Vice Adm. Linda L. Fagan nominated to be Coast Guard Vice Commandant, first Coast Guard female 4-star admiral|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2cd64a8|accessdate=2021-04-19|work=U.S. Coast Guard|language=en|archivedate=November 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115184821/https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2cd64a8}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dhs.gov/news/2021/04/19/statement-secretary-mayorkas-president-biden-s-nomination-vice-adm-fagan-uscg-vice|title=Statement by Secretary Mayorkas on President Biden's Nomination of Vice Adm. Fagan for USCG Vice Commandant|date=2021-04-19|accessdate=2021-04-20|work=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|archivedate=November 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115184822/https://www.dhs.gov/news/2021/04/19/statement-secretary-mayorkas-president-biden-s-nomination-vice-adm-fagan-uscg-vice}}</ref> Alithibitishwa katika nafasi hio mnamo Juni 17, 2021, na akachukua wadhifa mnamo Juni 18. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2e4807b|title=U.S. Coast Guard welcomes new vice commandant|date=2021-06-18|accessdate=2021-06-19|publisher=U.S. Coast Guard|archivedate=November 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115184846/https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDHSCG/bulletins/2e4807b}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 2022, ilitangazwa kwamba Fagan angeteuliwa kumrithi Schultz kama Kamanda, hali ambayo ingemfanya kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza katika historia ya Marekani kuongoza huduma ya kijeshi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=LaGrone|first=Sam|url=https://news.usni.org/2022/04/05/biden-nominates-adm-linda-fagan-to-head-coast-guard-first-woman-to-lead-military-service|title=Biden Nominates Adm. Linda Fagan to Head Coast Guard, First Woman to Lead Military Service|date=2022-04-05|work=USNI News|accessdate=April 5, 2022|archivedate=May 20, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520111549/https://news.usni.org/2022/04/05/biden-nominates-adm-linda-fagan-to-head-coast-guard-first-woman-to-lead-military-service}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benson|first=Samuel|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/biden-nominate-first-woman-lead-military-service-00023037|title=Biden to nominate first woman to lead a military service|date=2022-04-05|work=[[Politico]]|accessdate=April 5, 2022|archivedate=April 29, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429220332/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/biden-nominate-first-woman-lead-military-service-00023037}}</ref> Uteuzi wake uliwasilishwa katika [[Senati (Marekani)|Seneti]] mnamo Aprili 7, 2022, na kuthibitishwa kwa ridhaa ya pamoja mnamo Mei 11. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1947?s=1&r=8|title=PN1947 — Adm. Linda L. Fagan — Coast Guard, 117th Congress (2021-2022)|date=2022-04-07|accessdate=2022-04-08|work=U.S. Congress|archivedate=April 25, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425145200/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/1947?s=1&r=8}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=O'Brien|first=Connor|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/11/coast-guard-confirmed-first-woman-military-service-00031991|title=Coast Guard admiral approved to be first woman to lead a military service|date=2022-05-11|work=[[Politico]]|accessdate=May 12, 2022|archivedate=May 20, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520173834/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/11/coast-guard-confirmed-first-woman-military-service-00031991}}</ref> Alichukua madaraka mnamo Juni 1. <ref name="Workboat">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.workboat.com/coast-guard/fagan-to-be-first-woman-to-serve-as-coast-guard-commandant|title=Fagan to be first woman to serve as Coast Guard commandant|date=2022-04-12|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=Workboat|archivedate=May 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507130753/https://www.workboat.com/coast-guard/fagan-to-be-first-woman-to-serve-as-coast-guard-commandant}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 21, 2025, Fagan aliondolewa mamlakani baada ya kuapishwa kwa Rais [[Donald Trump]], na kumfanya pia kuwa kamanda wa kwanza kufukuzwa kazi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mongilio|first=Heather|date=2025-01-21|title=Updated: Adm. Linda Fagan Removed as Coast Guard Commandant|url=https://news.usni.org/2025/01/21/adm-linda-fagan-removed-as-coast-guard-commandant|accessdate=2025-01-22|work=USNI News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Commandants|url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/browse-by-topic/notable-people/commandants/|accessdate=2025-01-21|work=United States Coast Guard {{!}} History|archivedate=January 15, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115113504/https://www.history.uscg.mil/browse-by-topic/notable-people/commandants/}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kycvguprie4b0o4bteocm0d81t6vgo3 0 221639 1601096 1511908 2026-09-25T13:17:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Esther Murugi Mathenge''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Kenya]]. Awali alikuwa Mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Kitaifa la Kenya akiwakilisha Jimbo la Nyeri. == Kazi ya Kisiasa == Esther Murugi Mathenge alikuwa Waziri wa Programu Maalumu katika [[serikali]] ya muungano wa Kibaki na Raila. Alianza kuwania nafasi ya kisiasa katika uchaguzi wa Kenya wa mwaka [[2002]].Pia alichaguliwa chini ya chama cha National Unity katika uchaguzi wa bunge la Kenya wa mwaka [[2007]]. Murugi aliendelea kushikilia wadhifa huo katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2013]] akiwa na chama cha The National Alliance, katika kipindi cha Jubilee ya Uhuru Kenyatta na William Ruto, na kuwa mtu wa kwanza kihistoria kushikilia kiti cha bunge cha Nyeri mara mbili mfululizo. Hata hivyo, alipoteza kiti hicho katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2017]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bunge.go.ke/members.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-01-31 |archive-date=2008-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616160507/http://www.bunge.go.ke/members.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Anakumbukwa pia kama mwanamke wa pili kushinda uchaguzi katika Kaunti ya Nyeri baada ya Profesa Wangari Maathai kushinda kiti cha bunge cha Tetu mwaka 2002. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Mashariki]] 30se6hy5rxfzl9zglxq77xp4trgfl4u 0 222455 1601206 1511852 2026-09-25T13:48:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erna Laura Keighley''' (25 Juni 1891 - 16 Julai 1955) alikuwa [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] aliyezaliwa [[Uingereza]] na kufanya shughuli zake [[Australia]]. ==Maisha== Keighley alizaliwa [[Manningham, Bradford|Manningham]] karibu na Bradford, Uingereza mwaka 1891. Wazazi wake walikuwa Josephine Maria (aliyezaliwa Jussen) na baba yake, Gustav Salomon. Baba yake alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa usafirishaji wa baharini. Alisoma katika shule ya wasichana ya Belle Vue.<ref name=kadrb/> Aliwasili [[Sydney]] mwaka 1930 akiwa na watoto wake wawili. Mume wake, ambaye alimwoa Yorkshire miaka kumi na miwili kabla, alikuwa mshirika katika viwanda vya pamba katika kitongoji cha [[Camperdown, New South Wales|Camperdown]] huko [[Sydney]]. Biashara hiyo ilianzishwa na mume wake, Albert William Keighley, pamoja na kaka yake Frank, na iliitwa [[Bradford Cotton Mills Ltd]]. Albert pia alikuwa na maslahi mengine ya kibiashara ikiwemo [[Westminster Carpets Pty Ltd]].<ref name=kadrb/> Shirika la [[United Associations of Women]] (UAW) liliundwa mwaka 1929 na wanaharakati wa haki za wanawake waliokuwa wamekatishwa tamaa na maendeleo ya mashirika mengine yaliyofanana. Waanzilishi wake walijumuisha [[Linda Littlejohn]], [[Ruby Sophia Rich|Ruby Rich]], [[Adela Pankhurst Walsh]] na [[Jessie Street]].<ref name=uaw>{{Rejea tovuti |title=The United Associations of Women |url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/entries/the-united-associations-of-women/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=AWR |language=en-AU}}</ref> Keighley alijiunga na kuwa rafiki wa karibu na Jessie Street.<ref name=kadrb>{{Citation |last=Oppenheimer |first=Melanie |title=Erna Laura Keighley (1891–1955) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/keighley-erna-laura-10667 |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |access-date=2023-12-21 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 1941 waziri mkuu wa baadaye [[Ben Chifley]] alipokea ujumbe wa pamoja kutoka mashirika kadhaa ya wanawake. Walimhimiza kuanzisha kodi kwa wanaume ambao hawakuwa wameoa. Pendekezo hili lilitolewa badala ya wazo la kuanzisha kodi mpya kwa jumla ya mapato ya wanandoa waliooa. Ujumbe huo ulihusisha [[Jessie Street]], [[Vivienne Newson]], [[Edna Lillian Nelson]] na Keighley.<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=1941-11-20 |title=Bachelor Tax Suggested |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17774822 |access-date=2023-12-26}}</ref> Mwaka 1942 alikua Rais wa UAW<ref name=kadrb/> na alijishughulisha na masuala ya usawa wa malipo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=What Choice Will They Make? - Daily Mirror (Sydney, NSW : 1941 - 1955) - 1 May 1942 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article271769069 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Trove |language=en}}</ref> Yeye na Jessie Street walimtembelea waziri [[Arthur Drakeford]] tarehe 25 Machi 1942 kujadili madai ya malipo sawa. Wanawake walikuwa wakifanya kazi zilizokuwa zikifanywa na wanaume pekee hapo awali na UAW ilitaka serikali kupitisha sheria kuzuia mishahara midogo kwa wanawake. Bodi ya Ajira ya Wanawake iliundwa kushughulikia migogoro. Kwa ujumla bodi hiyo ilipendekeza wanawake walipwe asilimia 90 ya mshahara wa wanaume.<ref name=street>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Street |first=Lady Jessie M. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fltUCD0TVRwC&dq=erna+Keighley&pg=PA163 |title=Jessie Street: A Revised Autobiography |date=2004 |publisher=Federation Press |isbn=978-1-86287-502-9 |page=157|language=en}}</ref> Keighley pia alijihusisha na juhudi za kuanzisha haki na uraia wa wanawake na watoto wao baada ya mwanamke wa Australia kuolewa na askari Mmarekani. Wamarekani walijibu kwamba ndoa hizo zilikatisha tamaa. Hata hivyo ilionekana suala hilo halikuwa limezingatiwa. Wanawake walioolewa walifanya hivyo "kwa hatari yao wenyewe" na hadhi yao ingeamuliwa baada ya vita kumalizika.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=McKerrow |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28swBwAAQBAJ&dq=erna+Keighley&pg=PA67 |title=The American Occupation of Australia, 1941-45: A Marriage of Necessity |date=2013-07-26 |page=67|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5078-0 |language=en}}</ref> UAW iliandaa Mkutano wa Hati ya Wanawake wa Australia mwaka 1943. "[[Australian Women’s Conference For Victory in War and Victory in Peace]]" uliitishwa [[Sydney]] mwaka 1943.<ref name=charter>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Australian Women's Charter |url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/entries/australian-womens-charter/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=AWR |language=en-AU}}</ref> Mwaka 1945 alikuwa London ambako alihudhuria mikutano pamoja na Jessie Street. Street alikuwa amepanga "[[Australian Women's Register]]" isambazwe katika bara la Amerika na Keighley alijadiliana mpango kama huo kwa Uingereza kupitia kampuni ya vifaa vya maandishi [[W.H.Smith]].<ref name=street/> Mwaka 1949 mume wake, ambaye bado alikuwa mkurugenzi mkuu wa [[Bradford Cotton Mills Ltd]], alifariki akiacha mali ya zaidi ya pauni 200,000. Alimwachia nyumba yao na mapato ya mali hiyo kwa maisha yake yote. Mwana wao William alipangiwa kupokea robo tatu ya mali baada ya kifo chake na binti yao robo moja. Binti yao Sylvia alikuwa ameolewa na mchezaji wa tenisi mtaalamu [[Adrian Quist]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=1949-07-29 |title=QUIST'S WIFE GETS FORTUNE |work=Barrier Miner |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48597119 |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref> Keighley alifariki mwaka 1955 akiwa na umri wa miaka 64 huko [[Clifton Gardens, New South Wales|Clifton Gardens]].<ref name=kadrb/> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1891|1955}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Australia]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] fgdzizpf5j5lmbiiwcnuutk2pij3euw 0 223250 1601279 1518081 2026-09-25T14:13:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leticia Adelaide Appiah''' ni daktari wa [[Ghana]] na mtaalamu mwandamizi wa afya ya jamii pia ni mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Baraza la Taifa la Idadi ya Watu. Leticia alisoma katika shule ya upili ya Achimota.<ref>{{cite web|last1=National Population council|title=EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S PROFILE|url=http://www.npc.gov.gh/|website=National Population council|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/160743/Ghana-needs-practical-measures-to-slow-down-population-growth-Dr-Appiah|title=Ghana needs practical measures to slow down population growth – Dr Appiah - BusinessGhana News {{!}} General|website=www.businessghana.com|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Ghana]] 6k1qlcu0i34p0xhyvp7cnr2allxm1x7 0 223320 1601542 1529996 2026-09-26T01:11:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaina Kapepula''' (amezaliwa [[14 Agosti]] [[1975]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zaina Kapepula Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/zaina-kapepula-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-02-13|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718041129/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/zaina-kapepula-1.html|archivedate=2017-07-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Zaina Kapepula ni miongoni mwa wanamichezo wa kike waliowahi kuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha taifa cha mpira wa kikapu cha Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ushiriki wake katika mashindano ya kimataifa ulimpa nafasi ya kuiwakilisha nchi yake katika jukwaa la juu la michezo duniani. == Kazi ya kimichezo == Katika taaluma yake ya mpira wa kikapu, Zaina Kapepula alikuwa sehemu ya kizazi cha wanamichezo wa kike wa Kongo waliolisaidia taifa lao kujitokeza katika mashindano ya kimataifa. Ushiriki wake katika timu ya taifa unaonyesha mchango wake katika maendeleo ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake katika nchi hiyo. == Ushiriki katika Olimpiki ya 1996 == Zaina Kapepula alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Atlanta 1996, ambako alicheza katika mashindano ya mpira wa kikapu kwa wanawake. Ushiriki huo ulikuwa hatua muhimu kwa timu ya wanawake ya Kongo, kwa kuwa uliiwezesha nchi hiyo kuonekana katika moja ya majukwaa makubwa zaidi ya michezo duniani. Kupitia mashindano hayo, alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichowakilisha taifa lake mbele ya ushindani wa kimataifa. == Umuhimu wake katika historia ya michezo ya wanawake == Zaina Kapepula anatambulika kama mmoja wa wanamichezo wanawake waliochangia historia ya ushiriki wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo katika mpira wa kikapu wa kimataifa. Jina lake linaendelea kubaki katika kumbukumbu za Olimpiki na katika historia ya mpira wa kikapu wa wanawake wa Kongo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] k0seff38n22zuzux94ydagrdxan6epd 0 223500 1601633 1491960 2026-09-26T08:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Ann Rosenthal''' (alizaliwa 1948) ni [[msanii]], [[mwandishi]], msanii wa maonyesho na mbunifu wa [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa kazi zake za taaluma mbalimbali.<ref name="a-n.co.uk">Rijs, Cassandra. "Barbara Rosenthal: Hoarder of Life to Yield Art", Interface, Sept. 2013, retrieved Nov. 9, 2013 http://www.a-n.co.uk/interface/reviews/single/3824777 {{Wayback|url=http://www.a-n.co.uk/interface/reviews/single/3824777 |date=20140305102114 }}</ref><ref name="bookarts.uwe.ac.uk">Kray, Pamela. "Provocative Barbara Rosenthal Existentially Grows Up" ''Book Arts Newsletter'' No. 84 Sept.-Oct 2013, pgs 40–42. ISSN 1754-9086, retrieved Nov. 9, 2013 {{Cite web| title=Provocative Barbara Rosenthal Existentially Grows Up | journal=Book arts newsletter | number=84 | date=September 2013 | author=Pam Kray | page=42 | url=http://www.bookarts.uwe.ac.uk/newspdfs/84.pdf | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008091136/http://www.bookarts.uwe.ac.uk/newspdfs/84.pdf | archivedate=2013-10-08 | accessdate=2013-11-14}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] kyina7im8xfmh1z8k28nxi3bdlk4id5 0 224538 1601110 1493363 2026-09-25T13:18:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''CP Lim''' (akijulikana pia kama Chiok-Ping Lim) ni mwanataaluma aliyezaliwa nchini [[Malaysia]], aliyebobea katika masuala ya sanaa na ubunifu. Kati ya mwaka 1987 na 1999, alihudumu kama Dekani wa Shule ya Ubunifu katika Chuo cha Sanaa cha Nanyang (NAFA) nchini [[Singapore]]. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:watu wa Malaysia]] 6wb9ekqvhpn4ipxmtyz2ijc086zl6ds 0 224820 1601599 1493809 2026-09-26T07:27:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arisoa Lala Razafitrimo''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[26 Aprili]], [[1954]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Madagascar]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Madagascar kuanzia mwaka 2014 hadi 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ledaily.mg/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CV-MAE-Arisoa-Razafitrimo.pdf|title {{Wayback|url=http://ledaily.mg/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CV-MAE-Arisoa-Razafitrimo.pdf{{!}}title |date=20141028044516 }} = Logiciel Gestion Commerciale 2021 : Comparatif des 4 meilleurs|date = 29 January 2017|access-date = 28 October 2014|archive-date = 28 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028044516/http://ledaily.mg/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CV-MAE-Arisoa-Razafitrimo.pdf</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Madagaska]] lxb2k7xqf2ec4nue9cigab2l7pk4bvp 0 225792 1601304 1518649 2026-09-25T14:14:53Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Lyudmila_Pavlichenko_portrait.jpg|alt=Lyudmila_Pavlichenko_portrait|thumb|Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko,1943.]] '''Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko''' ([[12 Julai]] [[1916]] - [[10 Oktoba]] [[1974]]) alikuwa askari wa kulenga [[shabaha]] wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] wakati wa [[vita kuu ya pili ya dunia]]. Yeye ndiye mwanamke mwenye mauaji mengi zaidi yaliyothibitishwa, na pia ni mmoja wa walenga shabaha hatari zaidi katika historia, akiwa na mauaji 309 yaliyothibitishwa.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/lyudmila-pavlichenko-female-sniper|title=Meet the world's deadliest female sniper who terrorized Hitler's Nazi army|last=Lockie|first=Alex|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3F3DAAAQBAJ|title=Avenging Angels: Young Women of the Soviet Union's WWII Sniper Corps|last=Vinogradova|first=Lyuba|date=2017|publisher=Quercus|isbn=9781681442839|pages=37–47|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/lyudmila-pavlichenko-female-sniper | title=Meet the world's deadliest female sniper who terrorized Hitler's Nazi army | website=[[Business Insider]] }}</ref> Alihudumu katika [[jeshi jekundu]] la kisovyeti, katika hatua za mwanzo za mapigano kwenye vita kuu ya pili ya dunia. Baada ya kujeruhiwa vitani na mlipuko wa ganda la bomu,alihamishwa kwenda jijini [[Moscow]].<ref name=":02">{{cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=Lady Death: Lyudmila Pavlichenko, the Greatest Female Sniper of All Time |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/565151/retrobituaries-lyudmila-pavlichenko |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=mentalfloss.com |language=en}}</ref>Baadaye alipona majeraha yake,ambapo alifundisha kulenga shabaha kwa askari wengine wa jeshi jekundu la kisovyeti na pia kuwa msemaji wa umma wa jeshi hilo. Mwaka 1942 alitembelea Marekani, Kanada na Uingereza. Baada ya vita kumalizika mwaka 1945, alipewa kazi mpya kama mtafiti mwandamizi katika jeshi la majini la Kisovyeti. Alifariki kwa kiharusi akiwa na umri wa miaka 58.<ref name=":3"/> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lyudmila Belova alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Bila Tserkva|Belaya Tserkov]], tarehe {{OldStyleDate|12 July|1916|29 June}}. Baba yake alikuwa Mikhail Belov, fundi kufuli kutoka mji wa [[Petrograd]], na mama yake Elena Trofimovna Belova (1897–1972),<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-06-28|title=Велика Вітчизняна Війна|url=http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?4601000126510000010|access-date=2020-11-12|archive-date=2009-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628111614/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?4601000126510000010|url-status=dead}}</ref> ambaye alikuwa na asili ya ukoo wa [[Russians|Urusi]] wenye hadhi ya kifalme.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title=Как мать-одиночка уничтожила на войне 309 фашистов }}</ref> Familia ilihamia mji wa [[Kyiv|Kiev]],pale Lyudmila alipofikisha umri wa miaka 14.<ref name="smithsonian2">{{cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/eleanor-roosevelt-and-the-soviet-sniper-23585278/|title=Eleanor Roosevelt and the Soviet Sniper}}</ref> Baba yake alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Kikomunisti na aliwahi kuwa kamisaa wa kikosi katika jeshi jekundu la kisovyeti.<ref>Pavlichenko, L. ''Lady Death: the Memoirs of Stalin's Sniper''</ref> Akiwa mtoto, Lyudmila alijieleza kama msichana mwenye tabia za kiume na alikuwa mshindani mkubwa katika michezo. Akiwa jijini Kiev alijiunga na klabu ya upigaji risasi katika shirika la [[DOSAAF|OSOAVIAKhIM]], akajifunza kuwa mpiga risasi stadi na kupata beji ya umahiri wa upigaji wa risasi pamoja na cheti cha mpiga risasi hodari. Mwaka 1932 aliolewa na Alexei Pavlichenko wakapata mtoto wa kiume, Rostislav (1932–2007). Hata hivyo ndoa hiyo ilivunjika haraka na Lyudmila akarudi kuishi na wazazi wake. Alisoma shule ya usiku huku akifanya kazi za nyumbani.<ref name=":02" /> Wakati wa mchana alifanya kazi kama [[fundi mashine]] katika kiwanda cha [[Kiev Arsenal factory]].<ref name="propbook2"/> Mwaka 1937 alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kiev]] kusoma historia akikusudia kuwa mwanahistoria na mwalimu. Huko pia alishiriki katika timu ya riadha ya chuo kama mkimbiaji wa mbio fupi.<ref name="smithsonian2"/> Pia alipata mafunzo ya upigaji risasi wa mbali kwa miezi sita katika shule ya kijeshi ya jeshi jekundu la kisovyeti.<ref name=":02" /> == Vita vya Pili vya Dunia == [[File:Pavlichenko in a trench.jpg|thumb|Pavlichenko katika mtaro wa vita (1942).]] Mwezi Juni 1941 Pavlichenko alikuwa na miaka 25 na alikuwa katika mwaka wa nne wa masomo yake katika chuo kikuu cha [[Kiev University]] wakati wa utawala wa Nazi wa Kijerumani ulipoanza uvamizi dhidi ya Umoja wa Kisovieti.<ref name="propbook2"/> Afisa wa usajili alijaribu kumshawishi awe muuguzi lakini alikataa. Baada ya kuona kuwa alikuwa na mafunzo kadhaa ya kijeshi,na alikubaliwa kujiunga na jeshi kama askari wa kulenga shabaha.<ref name="propbook2"/> Huko akawa mmoja wa wanawake 2,000 waliokuwa askari wa kulenga shabaha,<ref name=":02" /> ambapo takriban 500 tu walinusurika katika vita hiyo.<ref name="smithsonian2"/> Alipandishwa cheo kuwa sajenti mkuu Agosti 1941 baada ya kufikisha mauaji 100 zaidi. Baadaye aliolewa na mlenga shabaha mwenzake Alexei Kitsenko, lakini muda mfupi baadaye alijeruhiwa vibaya na kufariki hospitalini.<ref name="smithsonian2"/> Mnamo Mei 1942 alitajwa rasmi kwa kuua askari 257. Kwa jumla alihesabiwa kuua askari 309 katika vita kuu ya pili ya dunia,<ref name="FareySpicer20092"/> wakiwemo walenga shabaha 36 wa adui. Mnamo Juni 1942 alijeruhiwa usoni na vipande vya ganda la bomu na alihamishwa kutoka mji wa Sevastopol kwa manowari. Baada ya kupona alibadilishwa na kuwa mtu wa propaganda wa jeshi jekundu la kisovyeti na kupewa jina la utani la "Mama wa kifo". Pia aliendelea kufundisha walenga shabaha wengine hadi mwisho wa vita mwaka 1945.<ref name=":3"/> == Maisha ya baadaye == Baada ya vita, Pavlichenko alimaliza masomo yake katika chuo kikuu cha [[Kiev University]] na kuwa mwanahistoria. Kuanzia 1945 hadi 1953 alifanya kazi kama msaidizi wa utafiti katika makao makuu ya jeshi la majini la umoja wa Kisovyeti. Baadaye alijihusisha na Kamati ya umoja wa kisovyeti ya Wanajeshi Wastaafu wa Vita. == Kifo na urithi == Pavlichenko alifariki kwa kiharusi tarehe 10 Oktoba 1974 akiwa na miaka 58 na alizikwa mjini Moscow. Mwanawe Rostislav alizikwa karibu naye. Stampu ya kumbukumbu ya Umoja wa Kisovieti yenye picha yake ilitolewa mwaka 1976.<ref name="smithsonian2"/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1974]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] 2m5yld72cxeo55jtr9gna5u1zjta8oo 0 226206 1601305 1520395 2026-09-25T14:15:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meskerem Abera''' (kwa [[Kiamhari]] : መስከረም አበራ; alizaliwa [[1989]]) ni mwanaharakati mwanamke pamoja na mwandishi wa habari wa [[Ethiopia]] ndani ya bara la [[Afrika]] ambaye amekamatwa na kuwekwa kizuizini kiholela na utawala wa [[Abiy Ahmed]]. Alikamatwa Aprili 2023 kwa tuhuma za ugaidi na kushtakiwa mwezi Juni. Katika mwezi Novemba 2024, hukumu ya Meskerem ilibadilishwa kutoka na kupunguzwa kutoka mwaka mmoja hadi miezi minne tu.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Account |date=2024-11-28 |title=Ethiopian Government Sentences Meskerem Abera to 1 Year and 4 Months in Prison |url=https://borkena.com/2024/11/28/ethiopian-government-sentences-meskerem-abera-to-1-year-and-4-months-in-prison/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Borkena Ethiopian News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali na elimu === Abera alizaliwa mwaka wa 1989 kwenye mji wa Dangila ndani ya Gojjam. Alimaliza elimu yake ya shule ya msingi, sekondari huko Dangla, na kujipatia BA yake katika ya historia na usimamizi wa kihistoria na MA katika Mafunzo ya Maendeleo kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Addis Ababa]]. Abera alihudumu katika ngazi tofauti tofauti, kama vile mwalimu katika Chuo cha Ualimu cha Hawassa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Hawassa. Katika chuo hicho, alijulikana kwa kufanya utafiti kuhusu masuala ya kijamii na kiuchumi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EPRDF was a source of our problem and it became part of our solution thanks to Premier Dr. Abiy. I cannot imagine the reform without Dr. Abiy: Meskerem Abera instructor, researcher. – Ethiopian Press Agency|url=https://press.et/herald/?p=2645|accessdate=2024-12-08|language=en-US}}</ref> === Uandishi wa Habari na Uanaharakati === Abera ni mwandishi wa habari na mwanaharakati, na mwanzilishi wa chaneli [[YouTube|ya YouTube]] inayoitwa ''Ethio Nikat Media''. Mwaka 2023 na Mwezi Aprili, alikamatwa [[Addis Ababa]] kwa madai ya "kuchochea vurugu na ghasia" na kushtakiwa kwa ugaidi mwezi Juni. Mnamo Mei, alijiunga na mgomo wa kuto kula ambao wafungwa hao waliuelezea kama mateso ya kisiasa. Meskerem alikuwa mmoja wa Kamati ya Kuwalinda Waandishi wa Habari. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meskerem Abera|url=https://cpj.org/data/people/meskerem-abera/|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=Committee to Protect Journalists|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Account|date=2023-04-10|title=Critic, journalist Meskerem Aberra detained by police|url=https://borkena.com/2023/04/10/critic-journalist-meskerem-aberra-detained-by-police/|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=Borkena Ethiopian News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Insight|first=Addis|date=2023-04-11|title=Media Professional Meskerem Abera Accused of Providing Shooting Practice to Informal Organizations in Ethiopia|url=https://addisinsight.net/2023/04/media-professional-meskerem-abera-accused-of-providing-shooting-practice-to-informal-organizations-in-ethiopia/|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=Addis Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> Kulingana na Chama cha Amhara cha Amerika, amekuwa na hatia kwa madai ya uhalifu wa kompyuta kulingana na wakili wake alivyozungumza na [[BBC]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=AAA-admin|date=2024-11-01|title=BBC Amharic – Meskerem Abera accused of computer crimes|url=https://www.amharaamerica.org/post/bbc-amharic-meskerem-abera-accused-of-computer-crimes|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=Amhara Association o|language=en}}</ref> Kwenye tarehe 25 Novemba 2024, mahakama ya shirikisho ilipunguza kifungo cha Meskerem kutoka mwaka mmoja hadi miezi minne. <ref name=":0"/> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] bof5tzacbzsj0x4wawc7csr9xx7kpws 0 226257 1601476 1571986 2026-09-25T19:39:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toni Stuart''' (alizaliwa Januari 21, 1983) ni mshairi kutoka Afrika Kusini anayejulikana zaidi kwa uandishi wake wa mashairi na maonyesho. <ref name="Young">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ysa2013.mg.co.za/toni-stuart/|title=200 YOUNG SOUTH AFRICANS|accessdate=5 September 2014|archivedate=9 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709050733/http://ysa2013.mg.co.za/toni-stuart/}}</ref> <ref name="CommonWealth">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://commonwealthpoetsunited.com/author/toni-stuart/|title=Common Wealth Poets United|date=2013|accessdate=5 September 2014}}</ref> Amesema analenga kuwatia moyo watu wengine kutafuta sauti zao wenyewe kwa kufanya warsha za ubunifu zenye kutia moyo. <ref name="Flagstone">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://flagstonewines.com/blog/the-mcgregor-poetry-festival-toni-stuart/|title=McGregor Poetry Festival|date=26 June 2013|accessdate=5 September 2014|author=Andrew Arnott}}</ref> <ref name="Forge">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://theforgekalkbay.withtank.com/events/2012/11/10/poet-toni-stuart-performs-original-works/|title=The Forge Kalkbay|date=10 November 2012|accessdate=5 September 2014|archive-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730131441/http://theforgekalkbay.withtank.com/events/2012/11/10/poet-toni-stuart-performs-original-works/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Stuart alianza kuandika mashairi akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Alikulia Athlone, huko [[Cape Town]]. Tangu akiwa na umri mdogo kazi yake ilionyesha nia thabiti ya kupambana na maswala ya watu kukosa haki za usswa katika jamii. Baada ya kumaliza shule ya sekondari, alisomea Uandishi wa Habari katika CPUT kuanzia 2001 hadi 2003. <ref name="ArtWeek">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://artweek.co.za/resources/Art%20Week%20Cape%20Town.pdf|title=Art Week|date=23 November 2013|accessdate=18 September 2014|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101252/http://artweek.co.za/resources/Art%20Week%20Cape%20Town.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ushawishi == Toni Stuart alivutiwa na washairi, kama vile Janet E. Aalfs, [[Audre Lorde]], Anis Mojgani, Jacob Sam-La Rose, [[Gabeba Baderoon]], [[Antjie Krog]], Lemn Sissay, Kelwyn Sole, Rustum Kozain, D'bi Young, [[Diana Ferrus]], na [[Mary Oliver]]. Katika muziki pia alivutiwa na watu kama John Mayer, [[Miles Davis]], Kyle Shepherd, Arvo Pärt, Jenni Thompson, Gregory Porter, Damien Rice, [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninov]]. Toni anapata msukumo zaidi kutoka kwa wasanii wa kwenye mitandao ya kidigitali kama vile Burning Museum, Ernestine White, Firdous Hendricks, Anthony Gormley, na Shantell Martin. Watu wa mfano wa kuigwa kwake ni Malika Ndlovu, Tina Schouw, na Shelley Barry. == Mafanikio == Toni Stuart pia anafahamika kama mwezeshaji wa warsha mbalimbali. <ref name="PoetryPotion">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://poetrypotion.com/toni-stuarts-the-silence-that-words-come-from/|work=Poetry Potion|title=Toni Stuart's The Silence that Words Come From|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> Amefanya kazi na shule mbalimbali, mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali na Taasisi ya Haki na Maridhiano. <ref name="ConnectZA">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://connectza.tumblr.com/post/68155157734/toni-stuart|title=Connect ZA|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> <ref name="SASArtists">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sasartists.blogspot.com/2010_03_01_archive.html|title=SASArtists|accessdate=18 September 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103402/http://sasartists.blogspot.com/2010_03_01_archive.html}}</ref> <ref name="OurTeam">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://iamsomebody.co.za/our-board/|title=Our Team|accessdate=18 September 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003047/http://iamsomebody.co.za/our-board/}}</ref> == Kazi zake == Kazi za Stuart zimechapishwa na STE Publishers, Jacana Media, Quickfox Publishing, Africa Sun Press na Deep South Publishing. <ref name="Badilisha">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://badilishapoetry.com/toni-stuart/|title=Badilisha Poetry X-change|date=23 July 2014|accessdate=5 September 2014|archive-date=2014-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217130423/http://badilishapoetry.com/toni-stuart/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === hadithi za kubuni === * ''The Agenda Journal on Teenage Fertility and Desire'' (Unisa Press and Routledge, 2011)<ref name="LiveMag">{{cite web | url=http://livemag.co.za/livecreativehustlesnov/ | title=Live Creative Hustles | date=14 November 2013 | accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> * ''Facing Feelings in Faith Communities, William Kondrath'' (Alban, 2013)<ref name="Grief">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGTOAgAAQBAJ&q=Facing+Feelings+in+Faith+Communities+toni+stuart&pg=PT53 | title=Facing Feelings in Faith Communities | isbn=9781566995207 | accessdate=18 September 2014| last1=Kondrath | first1=William M. | date=5 August 2013 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> === Warsha === * ''The Silence that Words Come From''<ref name="SilenceWords">{{cite web | url=http://unbrandedtruth.com/portfolios/656/ | title=Unbranded Truth | accessdate=18 September 2014 | archive-date=22 September 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140922143408/http://unbrandedtruth.com/portfolios/656/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Arts Aweh Ambassadors''<ref name="ShouldBeTold">{{cite web | url=https://shouldbetold.wordpress.com/tag/toni-stuart/ | title=Should Be Told | date=12 April 2013 | accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> === Mshairi === * ''Innocent Wisdom''<ref name="Badilisha"/> * ''Ma ek ko huis toe''<ref name="Badilisha"/> == Viungo vya nje == {{wikiquote}} * [http://ysa2013.mg.co.za/toni-stuart/ 200 Young South Africans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709050733/http://ysa2013.mg.co.za/toni-stuart/ |date=9 July 2015 }} at ysa2013.mg.co.za * [http://commonwealthpoetsunited.com/author/toni-stuart/ Commonwealth Poets United] at commonwealthpoetsunited.com * [http://flagstonewines.com/blog/the-mcgregor-poetry-festival-toni-stuart/ McGregor Poetry Festival] at flagstonewines.com * [http://theforgekalkbay.withtank.com/events/2012/11/10/poet-toni-stuart-performs-original-works/ The Forge] {{Wayback|url=http://theforgekalkbay.withtank.com/events/2012/11/10/poet-toni-stuart-performs-original-works/ |date=20190730131441 }} at theforgekalkbay.com * [http://badilishapoetry.com/toni-stuart/ Badilisha] {{Wayback|url=http://badilishapoetry.com/toni-stuart/ |date=20141217130423 }} at badilishapoetry.com * [http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/07/23/join-denis-hirson-for-the-launch-of-in-the-heat-of-shadows-south-african-poetry-1996-2013-at-the-book-lounge/ Books Live] at bookslive.co.za * [http://otwtom.blogspot.com/2013_04_01_archive.html Off the Wall Poetry Performing] at otwtom.blogspot.com * [https://books.google.com/books?id=XGTOAgAAQBAJ&dq=Facing+Feelings+in+Faith+Communities+toni+stuart&pg=PT53 Google Books] at books.google.co.za * [http://browngirllove.wordpress.com/2011/04/29/may-featured-writer/ "May: Toni Stuart"] at Brown Girl Love, 29 April 2011. * [https://www.linkedin.com/vsearch/p?keywords=Board+member+of+I+Am+Somebody%21+NPO+090-001%0ABoard+member+of+the+Children%27s+Radion+Foundation&trk=prof-org-additonal_orgs-link I Am Somebody!] at linkedin.com * [http://www.digitalwomenuk.co.uk/dwuktalks-with-malika-booker-and-toni-stuart/ Digital Women UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417092435/http://www.digitalwomenuk.co.uk/dwuktalks-with-malika-booker-and-toni-stuart/ |date=17 April 2016 }} at digitalwomenuk.co.uk * [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/uhadi-at-festival-d-automne-de-paris uHadi] at indiegogo.com * [http://www.iziko.org.za/news/entry/celebrate-heritage-week-with-free-entry-for-all-at-iziko-museums1 Heritage Week] at iziko.org.za * [http://www.tonistuart.com/about/ Biography] at tonistuart.com == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] ehmbm09ab0wkjn2ozqtfwwcnq9xshe6 0 226861 1601151 1589759 2026-09-25T13:41:48Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mauaji ya Mei 2020 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' yalikuwa mfuatano wa mauaji yaliyotokea katika eneo la mashariki mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] mwishoni mwa Mei [[2020]]. Mashambulizi hayo yalitekelezwa na Allied Democratic Forces, Kundi la waasi wa [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] wenye [[itikadi kali]]. == Mauaji == Wapiganaji wa Allied Democratic Forces walivamia raia huko [[Beni (mji)|Beni]] tarehe 24 Mei na kuwaua watu tisa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=actu7|title=RDC : Au moins 13 morts dans 2 attaques attribuées aux présumés ADF à Beni|url=https://actu7.cd/2020/05/24/rdc-au-moins-13-morts-dans-2-attaques-attribuees-aux-presumes-adf-a-beni/|date=2020-05-24|accessdate=2026-01-09|archive-date=2026-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430113243/https://actu7.cd/2020/05/24/rdc-au-moins-13-morts-dans-2-attaques-attribuees-aux-presumes-adf-a-beni/|url-status=dead}}</ref> .Wapiganaji hao waliteketeza makazi kabla ya kuondoka baada ya mapigano ya risasi na vikosi vya jeshi. Wanajeshi kadhaa walipata majeraha wakati wa mapigano hayo ya risasi. Tarehe 25 Mei, Vikosi vya Allied Democratic Forces vilifanya shambulio Makutano na kuua watu 17 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en|first=News|last=Agencies|title=At least 40 killed in latest DR Congo massacre|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/27/at-least-40-killed-in-latest-dr-congo-massacre|date=2020-05-27|accessdate=2026-01-09}}</ref> . Tarehe 26 Mei, Vikosi vya Allied Democratic Forces vilifanya shambulio katika kijiji cha Samboko, katika [[Mkoa wa Ituri|jimbo la Ituri]]. Washambuliaji waliwaua watu 40 kwa kutumia mapanga na kupora chakula pamoja na vitu vya thamani katika kijiji hicho. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:historia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:2020]] dgib4i1db65rvexhmirtqd8f553g0ef 0 226995 1601152 1502802 2026-09-25T13:41:55Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecca Ayoko''' (alizaliwa [[Agogo (Ghana)|Agogo]], [[Ghana]], [[1960]] hivi) ni [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Togo]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.decitre.fr/livres/quand-les-etoiles-deviennent-noires-9782350133652.html|title=Quand les étoiles deviennent noires - Des rues d'Abidjan aux podiums d'Yves Saint Laurent|last=Ayoko|first=Rebecca|publisher=EBOXK|year=2012|isbn=9782350133652}}</ref> == Maisha ya Mapema na Kazi == Rebecca alikulia katika familia yenye hali duni ya maisha na alitendewa vibaya wakati wa utoto wake. Rebecca alifanya biashara ya kuuza donati katika utoto wake. Baada ya kuonekana katika majarida ya matangazo ya Kodak, Rebecca Ayoko alienda nchini Paris, na Ufaransa mwaka wa 1980, ambapo alitambuliwa na timu ya Hachette Filipacchi. Pia alikutana na Regis Pagniez, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa mkurugenzi wa ''Lui'', na akajiunga na wakala wa uanamitindo wa Glamour. Alikutana na Yves Saint Laurent, na akawa mmoja wa wanamitindo weusi wa kwanza kutembea katika matukio katikati ya miaka ya 1980. Alifanya kazi kama mwanamitindo kwa muongo uliofuata. Akawa kisura na nyota wa maonyesho tofauti tofauti ya mitindo. Alipata mkataba wa kufanya kazi katika nyumba ya mitindo ya kifahari nchini Ufaransa Yves Saint Laurent. Baada ya miaka kadhaa kama uso wa YSL, Rebecca alibadilishwa na Katoucha Niane. Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Rebecca alichapisha wasifu wake ulioitwa ''Quand les étoiles deviennent noires'' (''Wakati nyota zinageuka kuwa nyeusi''). Kitabu hicho kilichapishwa na nyumba ya uchapishaji ya Ufaransa Jean-Claude Gawsewitch Éditeur. Alijitolea wasifu wake kwa watoto wake wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.francetv.fr/culturebox/rebecca-ayokolex-egerie-dyves-saint-laurent-raconte-son-enfance-battue-128989|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208014714/http://www.francetv.fr/culturebox/rebecca-ayokolex-egerie-dyves-saint-laurent-raconte-son-enfance-battue-128989|archivedate=2012-12-08|title=Rebecca Ayoko, ex-égérie d'Yves Saint-Laurent, raconte son enfance battue &#124; Culturebox|accessdate=2017-11-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{BD|1960|}} [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Togo]] 0dk59feqh95m4ef7l9pi6sbibiol0tq 0 227055 1601477 1508770 2026-09-25T19:39:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olanike Adeyemo''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 17]], [[1970]]) ni profesa wa afya ya mifugo na dawa za kuzuia magonjwa wa kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]] kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]]. Alikuwa naibu makamu mkuu wa kwanza, utafiti, uvumbuzi na ushirikiano wa kimkakati, Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, kwa mwaka wa 2017 hadi mwaka 2021. Alishika nafasi ya Katibu wa Serikali ya Jimbo la Oyo kuanzia kipindi cha Julai 2023 hadi Januari 2026. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=admin|date=2023-07-24|title=Ilaji Resort Boss, Scholars, Biz Community Laud Makinde Over New SSG|url=https://oyoinsight.com/ilaji-resort-boss-scholars-biz-community-laud-makinde-over-new-ssg/|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=Oyoinsight|language=en-US}}</ref> Utafiti wake unalenga [[Epidemiolojia|magonjwa ya]] majini na wanyamapori na sumu, usalama wa chakula, afya ya umma duniani, sumu ya majini, pamoja na dawa ya mifugo ya majini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=InsideOyo|date=2020-06-02|title=UI DVC, Prof. Olanike Adeyemo, Wins International Scientist of the Year 2020 Award|url=https://insideoyo.com/ui-dvc-prof-olanike-adeyemo-wins-international-scientist-of-the-year-2020-award/|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=InsideOyo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Adeyemo yeye ndiye daktari wa mifugo wa kwanza mwanamke kuingizwa ndani ya Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika na Chuo cha Sayansi cha Nigeria. Anaheshimiwa kwa mafanikio yake na mashirika mengi na amepewa tuzo kadhaa za masomo, na amechaguliwa kuwepo kwenye kamati kadhaa za kimataifa na vyombo vingine. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Adeyemo alizaliwa [[Ibadan|Ibadan, Jimbo la Oyo, Nigeria]] tarehe 17 Julai 1970 <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|title=PROFILE OF DEPUTY VICE-CHANCELLOR (RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS)|url=http://ui.edu.ng/news/profile-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-innovation-and-strategic-partnerships|accessdate=2017-11-22|work=Unibadan}}</ref> kwenye familia ya Alhaji Moshood Akanni Salami, Baale Ladogan wa Iseyin, [[Jimbo la Oyo]], na mkewe Modupeola Aduke Salami wa Ile-Loosare, Igbajo, [[Jimbo la Osun]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mind|first=Oyo|date=2020-07-17|title=PERSONALITY OF THE WEEK: The Iseyin Born Professor Who Was Recently Recognized as the 'Scientist of the Year 2020' Clocks 50|url=https://oyomind.com.ng/personality-of-the-week-the-iseyin-born-professor-who-was-recently-recognized-as-the-scientist-of-the-year-2020-clocks-50/|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=OYO MIND|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1975 hadi mwaka 1978, Adeyemo alisoma kwenye Shule ya Msingi ya LEA huko [[Kaduna]]; huko mbeleni, kuanzia mwaka 1979 hadi mwaka 1981, alisomea Shule ya Msingi ya CAC, Sango, Ibadan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PROFILE OF DEPUTY VICE-CHANCELLOR (RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS) {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN|url=https://ui.edu.ng/news/profile-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-innovation-and-strategic-partnerships|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=ui.edu.ng}}</ref> Alifanikisha elimu yake ya sekondari kwenye Shule ya Grammar ya Ahmadiyya (sasa Shule ya Grammar ya Anwar-Ul-Islam) huko eneo la [[Eleyele]], Ibadan, ambapo alipata matokeo yake ya Baraza la Mitihani la Afrika Magharibi kwenye mwaka wa 1986. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-17|title=Professor Olanike Adeyemo @ 50 - PrimeStarNews|url=https://www.primestarnews.com/professor-olanike-adeyemo-50/|accessdate=2025-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Kabla ya kukubaliwa kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, Adeyemo alipata masomo ya Kiwango cha Juu kwa muda mfupi ndani ya Shule ya St. Annes, Molete, Ibadan. <ref name=":0"/> Alipata shahada yake ya kwanza ya Tiba ya Mifugo kutokea [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] mwaka wa 1994. Pamoja na hayo alipata [[Uzamili|shahada yake ya uzamili]] na uzamivu kutoka taasisi hiyo hiyo mwaka 1998 na 2005 kwa mtiririko huo. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=2017-11-22|title=Olanike Adeyemo|url=http://vet.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/CV-OLANIKE_ADEYEMO.PDF|accessdate=2017-11-22|work=vet.ui.edu.ng}}</ref> == Kazi == Kutokea Juni 1994 hadi Mei 1995, Adeyemo alishiriki kwenye mpango wa Kikosi cha Huduma ya Vijana wa Kitaifa kama Afisa wa Mifugo katika Eneo la Serikali ya Mitaa ya Safana, Safana katika [[Katsina (jimbo)|Jimbo la Katsina]]. Alianza kazi yake ya kitaaluma kama mhadhiri wa kiwango cha 2 mwaka wa 1999 kwenye Idara ya Afya ya Umma ya Mifugo na Tiba ya Kinga ndani ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] baada ya mpango wake wa shahada ya uzamili. <ref name=":0"/> Mwaka 2002, alipandishwa cheo hadi kiwango cha 1 la mhadhiri hadi mwaka 2005 alipoteuliwa kuwa profesa msaidizi. Kipindi cha mwaka 2008 alichaguliwa kuwa profesa msaidizi na mwaka 2011 alipandishwa cheo hadi cheo cha [[profesa]]. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olanike Adeyemo|url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/olanike-adeyemo/|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=Global Young Academy|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka Machi 2017, Adeyemo aliteuliwa kwenye ofisi mpya ya naibu makamu mkuu wa utafiti, uvumbuzi na ushirikiano wa kimkakati. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-06-27|title=Olanike Adeyemo|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/olanike-adeyemo-766560|accessdate=2025-02-06|work=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> Hapo nyuma, alikuwa mkuu wa idara ya Afya ya Umma ya Mifugo na Tiba ya Kinga. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=March 9, 2017|title=UI GETS NEW DEPUTY VICE-CHANCELLORS|url=http://thepageng.com/2017/03/09/ui-gets-new-deputy-vice-chancellors/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309210118/http://thepageng.com/2017/03/09/ui-gets-new-deputy-vice-chancellors/|archivedate=9 March 2017|accessdate=22 November 2017|work=thepageng.com}}</ref> Mwaka 2020, wakati wa janga la COVID-19 nchini Nigeria, Adeyemo alichaguliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Timu ya Kuondoa na Kudhibiti COVID-19 [[Jimbo la Oyo|ya Jimbo la Oyo]]. Olanike alichaguliwa na Serikali ya Jimbo la Oyo chini ya Seyi Makinde kwa nafasi ya Katibu wa Serikali ya Jimbo mwaka tarehe 25 Julai 2023. Adeyemo ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza wa Nigeria ndani ya uwanja wa dawa za mifugo za majini. Kwenye mahojiano na ''The Punch'', alielezea asili ya uwanaume wa utalamu wake na akasema kwamba anaelewana vyema na wanaume kuliko wanawake. Pia alielezea kwamba alifika kileleni mwa taaluma yake kupitia kufanya kazi kwa bidii, na jinsia haina uhusiano wowote nayo. == Majukumu mengine == Mwaka wa 2011, Adeyemo alichaguliwa kuwa mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mlipuko na sumu kwenye Kamati ya Pamoja ya Wataalamu ya FAO/ [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|WHO]] ( JECFA ). <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Olanike K. Adeyemo {{!}} FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE|url=https://vet.ui.edu.ng/OKAdeyemo|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=vet.ui.edu.ng|language=en|archivedate=30 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030190655/https://vet.ui.edu.ng/OKAdeyemo}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2012, aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Adeyemo Olanike Kudirat {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/adeyemo-olanike-kudirat|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=17 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717220043/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/adeyemo-olanike-kudirat}}</ref> Adeyemo kwa sasa ni au amekuwa mjumbe mtendaji wa shirika la Global Young Academy (2013), mwanakikundi wa Tume ya Wanawake katika Sayansi ya Chuo cha Sayansi barani Afrika (tarehe 2014), mwanachama wa Azimio la Mauritius kuhusu Sayansi ya Bahari (2016), mwanakikundi wa Kamati ya Ushauri wa Sayansi ya Chuo cha Sayansi cha Nigeria barani Afrika (2019), Kikundi cha Wataalamu cha Jopo la Ngazi ya Juu kuhusu Kujenga Uchumi Endelevu wa Bahari (2019). <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=17 July 2020|title=PERSONALITY OF THE WEEK: The Iseyin Born Professor Who Was Recently Recognized as the 'Scientist of the Year 2020' Clocks 50|url=https://oyomind.com.ng/personality-of-the-week-the-iseyin-born-professor-who-was-recently-recognized-as-the-scientist-of-the-year-2020-clocks-50/|accessdate=10 July 2021|work=OYO MIND|language=en-US}}</ref> Pamoja na hayo Adeyemo ni mwanakikundi wa Jumuiya ya Sumu, Chama cha Madaktari wa Mifugo Duniani, Chama cha Magonjwa ya Wanyamapori, na Chuo cha Sayansi cha Nigeria. <ref name=":3"/> Mpaka mwaka 2024 amekuea mwanachama wa Steering Committee of the Panel of Experts (HLPE) juu ya Usalama wa Chakula na Lishe [[Committee on World Food Security]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Steering Committee (2023-25)|work=HLPE - High Level Panel of Experts|url=https://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/experts/SteeringCommittee/en|accessdate=22 June 2024}}</ref> == Tuzo na utambuzi == Mwaka wa 2002, Ademeyo alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Programu ya Uongozi wa Mazingira na Maendeleo ndani ya nchi ya [[Uingereza]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olanike Adeyemo|url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/olanike-adeyemo/|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=Global Young Academy|language=en-US}}</ref> na mwaka wa 2007, alizawadiwa Ushirika wa Eisenhower. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet the Fellows|url=https://www.efworld.org/meet-the-fellows/|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=Eisenhower Fellowships|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2010, alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Taasisi ya Sayansi ya Afrika (ASI) huko [[California]], na mwaka 2011 aliandikwa kwenye toleo la ASI la "Wanaofanikiwa Weusi katika Sayansi na Teknolojia". Kwenye mwaka wa 2016, alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Nigeria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2016-10-19|title=Fellows of the Academy {{!}} The Nigerian Academy of Science|url=https://nas.org.ng/all-fellows/|accessdate=2021-07-10|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717220046/https://nas.org.ng/all-fellows/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka uliofata 2017 aliangaziwa kwenye "Wanawake katika Sayansi - Hadithi Zinazotia Moyo kutoka Afrika", chapisho la Mtandao wa Akademia za Sayansi za Kiafrika (NASAC); chapisho hili lilijumlisha wanawake thelathini kutoka nchi 18 kote nani ya bara la Afrika ambao wamefaulu kwenye kazi mbalimbali za STEM. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2017|title=Women in Science - Inspiring Stories from Africa|url=https://globalyoungacademy.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Women-in-Science-Inspiring-Stories-from-Africa.pdf|accessdate=10 July 2021|work=globalyoungacademy.net}}</ref> Mnamo 2019 aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanakikundi wa Chuo cha Sayansi Duniani kwa lengo la maendeleo ya sayansi kwenye nchi zinazoendelea, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=TWAS elects 46 new Fellows|url=https://twas.org/article/twas-elects-46-new-fellows|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=TWAS|date=27 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> na Mwanachama kwenye Jumuiya ya Kupunguza Sumu na Uchafuzi wa Mazingira. <ref name=":3"/> Mwaka wa 2020, Adeyemo alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mwanasayansi wa Mwaka na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Mafanikio ya Kimataifa (IARC). Adeyemo ndiye daktari wa mifugo wa kwanza wa jinsia ya kike kuingizwa kwenye Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika na Chuo cha Sayansi cha Nigeria. <ref name=":2"/> na mtu pekee kwenye Chuo Kikuu chochote cha Nigeria ambaye ni Mwanachama, Chuo cha Sayansi cha Nigeria; Mwanakikundi, Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika; Mwanachama, Chuo cha Sayansi cha Dunia; na pia Mwanakikundi wa Baraza la Sayansi la Kimataifa. == Maisha binafsi == Adeyemo ameolewa <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":3"/> na Bwana Biodun Adeyemo, mfamasia, na kwa pamoja wana vijana watatu wa kiume na binti pekee. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Luc|title=Olanike Adeyemo: Breaking Through The Glass-Ceiling|url=https://www.afriscitech.com/en/blogs/sci-com-nigeria/1015-olanike-adeyemo-breaking-through-the-glass-ceiling|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=www.afriscitech.com|language=en-gb|archivedate=10 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710223148/https://www.afriscitech.com/en/blogs/sci-com-nigeria/1015-olanike-adeyemo-breaking-through-the-glass-ceiling}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PROFILE OF DEPUTY VICE-CHANCELLOR (RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS) {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN|url=https://www.ui.edu.ng/news/profile-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-innovation-and-strategic-partnerships|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=www.ui.edu.ng|archivedate=10 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710223156/https://www.ui.edu.ng/news/profile-deputy-vice-chancellor-research-innovation-and-strategic-partnerships}}</ref> == Makala za kitaaluma zilizochaguliwa == Adeyomo ana machapisho kwenye majarida ya kitaaluma, na pia kuwa mhakiki wa majarida ya kitaaluma yanayotambuliwa kimataifa. * Agbede, SA; Adedeji, OB; Adeyemo, OK na Olufemi, BE (2001). Ukuzaji, usalama na uenezaji wa chakula cha samaki nchini Nigeria. Kesi za mkutano wa kimataifa uliosimamiwa kifedha na USDA/USAID/NIGERIA juu ya usalama na uendelezaji wa chakula kwenye nchi ya Nigeria, uliofanyika IITA, Ibadan-Nigeria kwenye tarehe 1–3 Agosti 2001. 58–69. Marekani * Naigaga, I. na Adeyemo, OK (2007). Tathmini ya Mabadiliko ya Mazingira barani Afrika: Mabadiliko ya Msimu katika Viwango vya Anga na Maji vya Methane na Nitrous Oxide kwenye Mifumo Teule ya Ikolojia ya Majini nchi za Uganda pamoja na Nigeria. Ripoti ya Mwisho ya Mradi wa 2006 START/PACOM African Global Change Research Grants, 26pp. * Adeyemo, OK (2009). Tathmini ya Uendelevu wa Maendeleo ya Kilimo cha Majini nchini Nigeria. Ripoti ya Mwisho ya Mradi kuhusu ruzuku ya USDA/Huduma ya Kilimo cha Kigeni (FAS) ya 2008/2009, 28pp. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://vet.ui.edu.ng/prof-olanike-k-adeyemo Prof. Olanike K. Adeyemo] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan * [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-5090 Olanike Kudirat Adeyemo] kwenye ORCID [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s8ll30vm0t4491dzwn3xg11bqicc0ef 0 227096 1601056 1502951 2026-09-25T13:12:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omowunmi "Wunmi" A. Sadik''' (alizaliwa 19 Juni 1964) ni [[profesa]], mwanakemia, na mvumbuzi kutoka nchini Nigeria anafanya kazi katika Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya New Jersey. Ametengeneza vihisi bioelektrodi kwa ajili ya kugundua dawa za kulevya na vilipuzi na anafanya kazi katika maendeleo ya teknolojia za kuchakata ioni za chuma kutoka kwa taka, kwa matumizi ya mazingira na viwanda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Omowunmi Sadik Keeps Breaking New Grounds In Scientific Research|url=http://woman.ng/2018/07/how-omowunmi-sadik-keeps-breaking-new-grounds-in-scientific-research/|author=Woman.NG|date=2018-07-07|work=Woman.NG|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2019-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910114953/http://woman.ng/2018/07/how-omowunmi-sadik-keeps-breaking-new-grounds-in-scientific-research}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Sadik alianzisha Shirika lisilo la faida la Nanoteknolojia Endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sadik bio|url=https://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/Jefferson/PGA_176873|work=sites.nationalacademies.org|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Sadik alizaliwa mwaka wa 1964 huko jijini Lagos, nchini Nigeria. Familia yake ilijumuisha wanasayansi kadhaa, waliounga mkono katika mambo aliyopenda katika fizikia, kemia, na biolojia. Alisoma shahada yake katika ya kwanza katika kemia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos mwaka wa 1985, na akaendelea kupata shahada yake ya uzamili katika kemia mwaka wa 1987. Kisha Sadik alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Wollongong nchini Australia. Mnamo mwaka wa 1994, alipata shahada yake ya Uzamivu katika kemia kutoka Wollongong. <ref name="HistoryMakers">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik|work=The History Makers|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik {{!}} People|url=https://people.njit.edu/faculty/sadik|accessdate=2023-06-04|work=people.njit.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Udhamini wa baada ya udaktari kutoka Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti ulimuunga mkono kama mtafiti katika Shirika la Ulinzi wa Mazingira la Marekani kuanzia mwaka wa1994 hadi mwaka 1996. <ref name="HistoryMakers">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik|work=The History Makers|accessdate=13 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik "ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik"]. ''The History Makers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Kisha akakubali nafasi kama profesa msaidizi wa kemia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Binghamton huko [[Binghamton, New York]]. Alipandishwa cheo na kuwa profesa msaidizi kuanzia mwaka wa 2002, na profesa kamili mnamo mwaka wa 2005. Wakati huo, pia akawa mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Vihisi vya Juu na Mifumo ya Mazingira (CASE) huko Binghamton. kuanzia mwaka wa 2019, Dkt. Sadik alihamia Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya New Jersey (NJIT), kama mwenyekiti wa Idara ya Kemia na Sayansi ya Mazingira na mkurugenzi wa Vifaa vya Vihisi vya BioSensors vya NJIT kwa Utafiti na Teknolojia ya Juu (Kituo cha BioSMART). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik {{!}} People|url=https://people.njit.edu/faculty/sadik|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=people.njit.edu|language=en}}</ref> Pia amefanya kazi kama mshiriki wa kitivo mgeni katika Maabara ya Utafiti wa Jeshi la Wanamaji, Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell, na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik's Biography|url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/omowunmi-sadik|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=The HistoryMakers|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2024, aliteuliwa na kuwa Makamu Mkuu wa Masuala ya Kitivo katika NJIT. Sadik anasoma kemia ya eneo, akisisitiza hasa maendeleo katika vitambuzi vya kibiolojia kwa ajili ya matumizi katika kemia ya mazingira. <ref name="HistoryMakers">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik|work=The History Makers|accessdate=13 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik "ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik"]. ''The History Makers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Amegundua kuwa kufanya polima kunaahidi sana kutumika katika matumizi ya kuhisi. <ref name="Bioaffinity">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=Omowunmi A. |date=August 1999 |title=Bioaffinity Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers: A Short Review |journal=Electroanalysis |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=839–844 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199908)11:12<839::AID-ELAN839>3.0.CO;2-1}}</ref> <ref name="polymers">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=Omowunmi A. |last2=Brenda |first2=Sharin |last3=Joasil |first3=Patrick |last4=Lord |first4=John |date=July 1999 |title=Electropolymerized Conducting Polymers as Glucose Sensors |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=76 |issue=7 |pages=967 |bibcode=1999JChEd..76..967S |doi=10.1021/ed076p967}}</ref> Ametengeneza vitambuzi vya kibiolojia vya elektrodi ndogo nyeti kwa kiasi kidogo cha vifaa vya kikaboni, <ref name="Spotlight">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=Omowunmi A. |date=2009 |title=JEM Spotlight: Applications of advanced nanomaterials for environmental monitoring |journal=Journal of Environmental Monitoring |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1039/B820365M |pmid=19137135}}</ref> teknolojia ambayo inaweza kutumika kwa kugundua dawa na mabomu. <ref name="Discover-e">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sadik invited to give talk at NSF biochemical terrorism workshop|url=https://discovere.binghamton.edu/news/sadik-invited-to-give-talk-at-nsf-biochemical-terrorism-workshop-438.html|work=Discover-e|date=December 7, 2001}}</ref> <ref name="Bomb">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=O. A. |last2=Zhou |first2=A. L. |last3=Kikandi |first3=S. |last4=Du |first4=N. |last5=Wang |first5=Q. |last6=Varner |first6=K. |date=2009 |title=Sensors as tools for quantitation, nanotoxicity and nanomonitoring assessment of engineered nanomaterials |journal=Journal of Environmental Monitoring |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1782–800 |doi=10.1039/b912860c |pmid=19809701}}</ref> Pia alisomea mifumo ya kuondoa sumu mwilini taka kama vile misombo ya organochlorine katika mazingira, kwa lengo la kutengeneza teknolojia za kuchakata ioni za chuma kutoka katika taka za viwandani na mazingira. <ref name="Binghamton">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY|url=http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm|work=Binghamton University|accessdate=13 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm "Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY"]. ''Binghamton University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Katika mradi mmoja, vimeng'enya vya vijidudu viliongeza na ubadilishaji wa chromium yenye sumu kali (VI) hadi chromium isiyo na sumu (III) kutoka 40% hadi 98%. <ref name="Farrington">{{Rejea jarida |last=Farrington |first=Keith |date=4 March 2010 |title=Interview: Monitoring the environment |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2010/03/omowunmi_sadik_interview.asp |journal=Highlights in Chemical Technology |volume=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> Sadik anasifiwa kwa zaidi ya karatasi 135 za utafiti zilizopitiwa na wenzake na maombi ya hataza. Ana hati miliki za nchini Marekani kwa aina fulani za sakafu mbili. <ref name="HistoryMakers" /> kuanzia mwaka wa 2011, alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Mkutano wa kwanza wa Gordon kuhusu Nanoteknolojia ya Mazingira. <ref name="Nano.gov">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik, SUNY-Binghamton : Nano|url=http://www.nano.gov/Sadik|work=National Nanotechnology Initiative|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=30 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005148/https://www.nano.gov/Sadik}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Sadik na Barbara Karn walianzisha Shirika la Nanoteknolojia Endelevu, katika jumuiya ya kitaaluma ya kimataifa isiyo ya faida kwa ajili ya matumizi ya nanoteknolojia kwa ajili ya uwajibikaji duniani kote. <ref name="SNO">{{Rejea tovuti|author=SNO Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization|title=First Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization Conference Program|url=http://www.susnano.org/images/SNO_Program2012.pdf|work=SNO Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization|date=November 6, 2012}}</ref> Sadik ni mshiriki aliyechaguliwa wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Kemia (ya mwaka wa 2010), Taasisi ya Marekani ya Uhandisi wa Kimatibabu na Biolojia (ya mwaka wa 2012), Jumuiya ya Kemikali ya Marekani (ya mwaka wa 2023), na Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Wavumbuzi (ya mwaka wa 2024). Anahusika na Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira na Wakfu wa Kitaifa wa Sayansi, na alikuwa sehemu ya Jopo la Utafiti la Taasisi za Kitaifa za Afya kuhusu Uundaji wa Vifaa na Maendeleo ya Mifumo. <ref name="HistoryMakers">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik|work=The History Makers|accessdate=13 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik "ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik"]. ''The History Makers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Anahusika katika ushirikiano wa kimataifa na Kituo cha Kimataifa [[UNESCO|cha UNESCO]] cha Biodynamics huko [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania, Chuo Kikuu cha Ege nchini [[Uturuki]], na Chuo Kikuu cha Fukui nchini Japani. <ref name="Binghamton">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY|url=http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm|work=Binghamton University|accessdate=13 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm "Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY"]. ''Binghamton University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Tuzo == * 2000, Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti (NRC) ushirika wa COBASE <ref name="SUNYBio">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi "Wunmi" Sadik|url=http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/SADIK/sadik.htm|work=Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=23 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123114712/http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/SADIK/sadik.htm}}</ref> * 2001, Tuzo ya Chancellor ya Utafiti katika Sayansi na Tiba, SUNY <ref name="Binghamton">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY|url=http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm|work=Binghamton University|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref> * 2002, Tuzo ya Chancellor kwa Wavumbuzi Wakuu, SUNY <ref name="Binghamton" /> * 2003–2004, Ushirika Maarufu wa Radcliffe kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard <ref name="Radcliffe">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fellow: Omowunmi A.Sadik|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/omowunmi-sadik|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=7 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172334/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/omowunmi-sadik}}</ref> * 2005–2006, Ushirika wa Wazee wa NSF Discovery Corps <ref name="NSF2005">{{Rejea tovuti|title=NSF Announces New Discovery Corps Fellows|url=https://www.nsf.gov/mobile/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104365&org=MPS|work=National Science Foundation|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133341/http://www.nsf.gov/mobile/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104365&org=MPS}}</ref> * 2016, Tuzo ya Kitaifa ya Sifa ya Nigeria (NNOM) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.binghamton.edu/inside/index.php/inside/story/16999/sadik-honored-with-nigerian-national-order-of-merit/|title=Sadik honored with Nigerian National Order of Merit Kudu|author=Katie Ellis|date=17 January 2017|accessdate=29 July 2017|publisher=Binghamton University, State University of New York}}</ref> * 2017, Mwanasayansi wa Jefferson <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/Jefferson/PGA_046613|title=2017 Jefferson Science Fellow|date=2017|accessdate=29 July 2017|publisher=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine}}</ref> * Tuzo ya Sifa ya Australia <ref name="HistoryMakers">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik|work=The History Makers|accessdate=13 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik "ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik"]. ''The History Makers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * 2023, Mshirika wa Jumuiya ya Kemikali ya Marekani * 2024, Ushirika wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Wavumbuzi (NAI) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik – NAI Fellow|url=https://academyofinventors.org/fellow/omowunmi-sadik/|accessdate=2025-01-08}}</ref> * 2024, Tuzo ya Wallace H. Coulter kwa Mafanikio ya Maisha Yote, Pittcon <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NJIT Chemist Wins Wallace H. Coulter Award for Career Achievements|url=https://news.njit.edu/njit-chemist-wins-wallace-h-coulter-award-career-achievements|accessdate=2025-01-08}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:wanakemia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] dlo2jcbgvybxtbgibhvj9yr6gidj7sr 0 227098 1601153 1502952 2026-09-25T13:42:02Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Esi Awuah''' ni Balozi wa kutokea nchini [[Ghana]] kwa nchi ya [[Uswisi]], msomi na makamu mkuu wa zamani wa Chuo Kikuu cha Nishati na Maliasili huko [[Sunyani]], Ghana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Prof-Esi-Awuah-calls-for-a-shift-from-grades-oriented-curricula-547300|title=Prof Esi Awuah calls for a shift from grades-oriented curricula|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Energy & Natural Resources University, blessing for Ghana-VC|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=237888|work=GhanaWeb|accessdate=4 January 2013|date=4 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526053731/http://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=237888|archivedate=26 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana inducts second female University Vice Chancellor|url=http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/ghana-inducts-second-female-university-vice-chancellor|work=GhanaToGhana|date=18 November 2012|accessdate=4 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427062708/http://www.ghanatoghana.com/Ghanahomepage/ghana-inducts-second-female-university-vice-chancellor|archivedate=27 April 2017}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Awuah ni mtoto wa kwanza wa Emmanuel Broni Asare na Margaret Annan. Baba yake anatokea [[Akim Oda]] kwenye [[Mkoa wa Mashariki, Ghana|Mkoa wa Mashariki wa Ghana]], na alishika nafasi ya Naibu Mhifadhi Mkuu wa Misitu kwenye maeneo ya [[Mkoa wa Ashanti|Ashanti]] na [[Mkoa wa Brong-Ahafo|Brong-Ahafo]]. Mama yake, Margaret Annan, ni msaidizi muuguzi mstaafu anatokea kijiji cha Gomoa Dago nchini Ghana. Awuah alipokea elimu yake ya kawaida ndani ya Akim Oda mnamo 1973 na kukamilisha elimu yake ya juu kwenye Shule ya Sekondari ya Wasichana ya Aburi mnamo 1975. Alipata elimu ya Shahada ya Sayansi kwenye Sayansi ya Biolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST), Shahada ya Uzamili kwenye Sayansi ya Mazingira katika SUNY ESF Syracuse nchi ya [[Marekani]] na Shahada ya Uzamivu kwenye Matibabu ya Maji Taka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wageningen /UNESCO-IHE Delft [[Uholanzi]]. Hapo baadae alipohitimisha huduma yake ya kitaifa kwenye Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Bidhaa za Misitu huko Kumasi (sasa Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Misitu ya Ghana ). Awuah alipata nafasi ya kazi kama msaidizi wa utafiti kwenye Idara ya Uhandisi wa Kiraia. Mwaka 1981, alipata udhamini wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] ili kusoma sayansi ya mazingira nchi ya Marekani kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la New York cha Sayansi ya Mazingira na Misitu huko eneo la [[Syracuse, New York]]. Mwaka 1998, alipewa ufadhili kutoka serikalini ya Uholanzi ili kufuatilia Shahada ya Uzamivu katika matibabu ya maji machafu katika Taasisi ya Uhandisi wa Miundombinu, Maji, na Mazingira (sasa [[UNESCO-IHE]] ) huko [[Delft]] nchini Uholanzi. == Kazi == Awuah alianza kazi yake ya kitaaluma kwenye KNUST mwaka 1986 kwenye Idara ya Uhandisi wa Ujenzi. Alishika nafasi ya mhadhiri mkuu mwaka wa 1996, profesa msaidizi mwaka 2002, na akaomba uprofesa kamili mwaka 2008 na kumaliza mwaka 2014. Awuah amefundisha kozi kwenye KNUST, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Coast]], na Chuo Kikuu cha Elimu, Winneba, kwa sekta zote mbili za shahada ya kwanza na ya uzamili. Pamoja na hayo ameandaa mitaala juu ya taaluma kadhaa zinazotumika kuanzisha programu za kitaaluma nchini Ghana na [[Liberia]]. <ref name="UENR">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml|title=Mrs. Esi Awuah, Prof. (Senior Member)|publisher=University of Energy and Natural Resources|accessdate=31 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051501/http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml|archivedate=8 August 2014}}</ref> Akiwa mtafiti mwenye malengo maalum kwenye usambazaji wa maji, usafi wa maeneo, matibabu ya maji taka, usafi, na [[EIA|tathmini ya hatari ya mazingira]], Awuah aliongoza miradi kadhaa ya ufafanuajii wa ubora wa maji ili kuongeza uelewa kuhusu uchafuzi wa mazingira kwenye vijito vya mijini na uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini kutoka kwa mifumo ya usafi wa mazingira ya ndani. Maendeleo yake ya utafiti ni ujumuishaji na mifumo ya kupima uzito kwa ajili ya tathmini ya athari za maendeleo ya maji nchini Ghana na kuondolewa kwa arseniki kutolewa kwa maji ya ardhini kwa kutumia vifaa vya ndani. Maeneo mengine yanayoangaziwa ni jumla na mifumo mikubwa ya kutoa vimelea kwenye mabwawa ya utulivu wa taka, jukumu la arseniki kwenye vidonda vya Buruli jumla na desturi za mazingira na sababu za hatari zinazohusiana na ugonjwa huo, sababu za hatari zinazohusiana na matumizi ya maji machafu kwenye kilimo, nafasi ya arseniki na athari za kiafya zinazohusianishwa na uzalishaji wa mkaa na usafi wa muuzaji wa chakula. Awuah ana machapisho zaidi ya 100 yanayozunguka kwenye majarida yaliyorejelewa, karatasi za mikutano, ripoti za maeneo, na sura za vitabu. <ref name="UENR">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml|title=Mrs. Esi Awuah, Prof. (Senior Member)|publisher=University of Energy and Natural Resources|accessdate=31 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051501/http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml|archivedate=8 August 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051501/http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml "Mrs. Esi Awuah, Prof. (Senior Member)"]. University of Energy and Natural Resources. Archived from [http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml the original] on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Amekua mwangalizi wa zaidi ya wanafunzi 200 wa shahada ya kwanza na zaidi ya wanafunzi 50 wa shahada ya kwanza na kusimamia ushirikiano kadhaa wa utafiti wa kimataifa kwenye utoaji wa maji, afya ya mazingira, na usafi wa mazingira. Miongoni mwao ni mradi wa SWITCH unaoungwa mkono kiuchumi na EU juu ya usimamizi wa maji mijini na mradi wa CapWa juu ya ukusanyaji wa mvuke wa maji ili kuhifadhi maji na nishati kwenye viwanda, mradi wa African SNOWS kuhusu ujenzi wa uwezo wa utafiti kwa lengo la usambazaji wa maji, afya ya mazingira, na usafi wa mazingira, na mradi wa usafi wa mazingira wa SMART ili kuendeleza teknolojia za vyoo maalumu kwa maskini wa mijini. Miradi hii imezalisha mamilioni ya dola kwa shirika zinazohusika na zimemfanya Awuah kuwa mtaalamu wa kimataifa. <ref name="UENR" /> Pamoja na kazi yake ya ualimu ya miaka 32, Awuah amehudumu kwenye nafasi kadhaa za uongozi kwenye KNUST. Alikuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Mazingira na Teknolojia katika Taasisi yake ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Afrika kutoka mwaka 2004 hadi mwaka 2006, mkuu wa idara ya Uhandisi wa Kiraia kuanzia 2006 hadi 2008, na mkuu wa Kitivo cha Uhandisi wa Kiraia na Jiosumaku kuanzia mwaka 2008 hadi mwaka 2010. Zaidi ya hayo, alishika nafasi katika Kamati ya Uteuzi na Utangazaji ya Chuo cha Uhandisi, Kamati ya Miundombinu ya Chuo, na Kamati ya Maktaba ya Chuo cha Uhandisi. Pamoja na hayo alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Nidhamu, na kama mshirika wa Bodi ya Kitivo cha Sayansi ya Jamii, ni mhadhiri anayehusika na Uhandisi wa Ubora wa Mazingira. Yeye ni mjumbe kiongozi wa bodi ya utendaji, anayewakilisha eneo la Afrika, la Shirika la Wanawake katika Sayansi kwenye Nchi za uchumi wa chini, na anatumika kwenye bodi zingine kadhaa za ndani na ulimwenguni, ikiwa ni pamoja na Baraza la Ushirikiano la Ugavi wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira Duniani, Wakfu wa Kimataifa wa Sayansi, SPLASH, Bodi ya EU ya Ugavi wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira, Water Aid Ghana, na Zoom-lion Ghana Limited. Mwishoni mwa mnamo 1980 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, Awuah alibobea kwenye kushughulikia suala la VVU/UKIMWI. Pamoja na hayo aliongoza timu ya wanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell kuandaa warsha juu ya elimu ya usafi huko Bimbilla. Kikundi hicho pia kilinunua na kuweka pampu za maji kwenye jamii. Miongoni mwa heshima zake za kitaaluma, Awuah alitunukiwa Tuzo ya UNESCO Mondialogo mwaka wa 2007 kwa utafiti bunifu juu ya uhandisi. <ref name="UENR">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml|title=Mrs. Esi Awuah, Prof. (Senior Member)|publisher=University of Energy and Natural Resources|accessdate=31 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051501/http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml|archivedate=8 August 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051501/http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml "Mrs. Esi Awuah, Prof. (Senior Member)"]. University of Energy and Natural Resources. Archived from [http://www.uenr.edu.gh/index.php/staff/17.xhtml the original] on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://leversinheels.tumblr.com/post/87694083177/environmental-sanitation-is-a-way-of-life-professor|title=Environmental Sanitation is a way of life|publisher=Levers in Heels|accessdate=31 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812101128/http://leversinheels.tumblr.com/post/87694083177/environmental-sanitation-is-a-way-of-life-professor|archivedate=12 August 2014}}</ref> Pamoja na hayo alitambuliwa mwaka wa 2008 na Wizara ya Serikali za Mitaa na Maendeleo Vijijini nchini Ghana kipindi cha mwaka wa kimataifa wa usafi wa mazingira. Mwaka 2011, alipokea tuzo ya fedha kwa utafiti bora kwenye eneo la mazingira, maji, na usafi wa mazingira, wakati wa Kongamano la kwanza la Sayansi ya Kitaifa nchini Ghana. == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Awuah mshirika wa Kanisa la Methodisti la Mount Zion huko Kotei, Kumasi, ambapo yeye ni mpiga kinanda na mwimba kwaya. Ameolewa na RT Awuah, mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mimea na Kiongozi wa zamani wa Chuo cha Kilimo kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Elimu, [[Winneba]] (Kampasi ya Ashanti Mampong), pamoja na kua mkuu wa zamani wa Kitivo cha Kilimo huko KNUST. Wanandoa hao wana watoto wawili, Ato na Kobbina. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Vyungo vya nje == * [https://archive.today/20140806181403/http://gh.linkedin.com/pub/esi-awuah/8a/234/617/ Esi Awuah] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 976ggozztqz8hknyr0a90y7tmvc0fll 0 227100 1601247 1548157 2026-09-25T14:09:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babalola Chinedum Peace''' (née '''Anyabuike''') {{Small|[[List of fellows of the Nigerian Academy of Science|FAS]]}}, {{Small|[[African Academy of Sciences|FAAS]]}} ni [[Profesa]] wa Kemia ya Dawa na Pharmacokinetics kutoka Nigeria. Anafundisha ufamasia kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]], FAS, na FAAS <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Babalola Peace Chinedum {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/babalola-peace-chinedum|work=www.aasciences.africa|accessdate=2020-05-25|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520084559/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/babalola-peace-chinedum}}</ref> na awali alikuwa naibu-chansela wa Chuo Kikuu cha Chrisland mnamo 2017 hadi mnamo 2024. == Mandharinyuma == === Elimu === Babalola alipata elimu yake ya Shahada ya Kwanza ya Famasia (B.Pharm.) mwaka wa 1983, Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi kwenye Kemia ya Famasia mwaka 1987 na [[Uzamivu|Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa]] kwenye Kemia ya Famasia (chaguo la Famakonetiki ) mwaka 1997 ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ife, ambacho kwasasa ni Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo. Alishinda kushikwa mkono kiuchumi na Benki ya Dunia/NUC kwa lengo la mafunzo ya wafanyakazi na akahitimisha ushirika wake wa kabla ya udaktari kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha British Columbia kati ya mwaka 1994 na mwaka 1995. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Chinedum Peace Babalola is our Personality of the Month|url=https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/professor-chinedum-peace-babalola-is-our-personality-of-the-month/|author=admin|date=2017-11-27|work=Pharmanewsonline|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-25}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nigerian Universities Commission|date=2017|title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System 2017|url=https://nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System.pdf|work=NUC}}</ref> Kwenye mwaka wa 2012, Babalola alipata elimu ya Stashahada ya Uzamili juu ya Mafunzo ya Kina ya Famasi ya Viwandani (IPAT) iliyotolewa kwa ujumla na Shule ya Famasi ya Kilimanjaro, [[Tanzania]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Purdue, [[Marekani]]. <ref name="babalola">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Chinedum Peace Babalola is our Personality of the Month 2003 while in 2006 she was confirmed full professor.|url=https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/professor-chinedum-peace-babalola-is-our-personality-of-the-month/|author=Admin|date=27 November 2017|publisher=Pharmacy Heath cast|accessdate=15 June 2018}}</ref> === Kazi === Babalola alianza kazi yake ya kitaaluma kama Mkufunzi Msaidizi wa Uzamili kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo mwaka wa 1985. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Long Profile of Prof Mrs Chinedum 2024 (2) (1).pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G2wkZpapMQvogVZtVM0KmROY59L6jvSX/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2025-03-19|work=Nigerian Female Vice Chancellors}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1994, alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha British Columbia ili kuhitimisha masomo ya awali ya udaktari. Alipandishwa cheo hadi Mhadhiri daraja la kwanza kwenye Idara ya Kemia ya Dawa Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo kabla ya kujiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan kama Mhadhiri Mkuu mwaka 1998. Babalola akawa Profesa wa kwanza wa kike wa Famasia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan mwaka wa Oktoba 2006. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.swankpharm.com/2014/12/18/drugs-are-poisons-prof-babalola-dean-faculty-of-pharmacy-ui/|title='Drugs are poisons' ~ Prof. Babalola, Dean Faculty Of Pharmacy UI|work=swankpharm.com|accessdate=12 October 2015|archivedate=4 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504085159/http://www.swankpharm.com/2014/12/18/drugs-are-poisons-prof-babalola-dean-faculty-of-pharmacy-ui/}}</ref> Tangu mwaka 2002, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|title=Chinedum Babalola|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8032|accessdate=12 December 2024|work=ORCID|publisher=|quote=}}</ref> amekuwa Mtafiti msaidizi kwenye Taasisi ya Utafiti na Mafunzo ya Kimatibabu ya Juu <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2020-10-30|title=Chinedum Babalola|url=http://com.ui.edu.ng/institute-detail/1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030154511/http://com.ui.edu.ng/institute-detail/1|archivedate=2020-10-30|accessdate=12 December 2024|work=College Of Medicine, University Of Ibadan}}</ref> (IAMRAT) ndani ya Kitengo cha Utafiti wa Jenetiki na Maadili ya Kibiolojia; Chuo cha Tiba, Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan. Kitengo hicho pia alikisimamia kuanzia mwaka 2010 hadi mwaka 2012. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Adebola Babatunde Ekanola|url=https://nalonline.org.ng/adebola-babatunde-ekanola/|accessdate=2026-04-07|archive-date=2026-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412112826/https://nalonline.org.ng/adebola-babatunde-ekanola/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hapo kabla ya kuteuliwa kuwa Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Chrisland, alishika nafasi kama Mkuu wa kwanza wa kike wa Kitivo cha Famasia Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan (kwa mwaka 2013 hadi mwaka 2017), <ref name=":0"/> na kama Profesa msaidizi juu ya Idara ya Kemia ya Dawa, Kitivo cha Famasia, Chuo Kikuu cha Olabisi Onabanjo. <ref name=":2"/> Alikuwa Mkurugenzi wa Mafunzo ya Jumla kwa vipindi viwili (mwaka wa 2005 hadi mwaka 2010) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pharmanewsonline.com/ui-pharmacy-faculty-marks-white-coat-ceremony/|title=UI pharmacy faculty marks White Coat Ceremony|work=Pharmanews|date=July 2015|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan. Yeye ndiye mfamasia wa kwanza kutechaguliwa kama mshauri na mshauri maalum katika hospitali ya Nigeria— Hospitali ya Chuo Kikuu (UCH), Ibadan. <ref name="PNO">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://pharmanewsonline.com/chinedum-babalola-first-nigerian-lady-pharmacist-to-emerge-vice-chancellor/|title=Chinedum Babalola: First Nigerian Lady Pharmacist to Emerge Vice-Chancellor|author=Obayendo|first=Temitope|date=30 April 2023|work=Pharma News Online|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2024|quote=}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2018 hadi mwaka 2019, alitumia miezi kumi na tatu kama Daktari wa Famasia kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Benin]]. <ref name="O">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8032|title=Chinedum Babalola|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|work=ORCID|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2024|quote=}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2024 alihitimisha jukumu lake kama Mchunguzi Mkuu, kwenye mradi wa USAID unaofadhiliwa na USP PQM+ juu ya kukuza Ubora wa Dawa katika LMIC katika CDDDP, UI core-flex (makubaliano ya ushirikiano - $160M Global). <ref name="O" /> Kuanzia mwaka 2017 hadi mwaka 2024, Babalola alishika nafasi naibu chansela wa Chuo Kikuu cha Chrisland, Abeokuta kwenye Jimbo la Ogun. <ref name="PNO"/> Hapo tangu alipokuwa profesa, ameongoza mamia ya wanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza na zaidi ya wanafunzi 30 wa shahada ya kwanza (PGD, MSc, M.Phil. & PhD). Ana makala zaidi ya 150 za kitaaluma kwenye majarida ya kitaaluma jumla na vitabu, sura za vitabu, muhtasari wa mikutano na monografu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Breaking the Yoke of Patriarchy: Nigerian Women in Governance (1914-2014)|url=http://bioreports.net/news/breaking-the-yoke-of-patriarchy-nigerian-women-in-the-various-professions-politics-and-governance-1914-2014-by-siyan-oyeweso/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825061907/http://bioreports.net/news/breaking-the-yoke-of-patriarchy-nigerian-women-in-the-various-professions-politics-and-governance-1914-2014-by-siyan-oyeweso/|archivedate=25 August 2015|accessdate=12 October 2015|work=Bioreport.com}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2024, kiashiria chake cha h kilikuwa 22. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|title=Chinedum Babalola|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Lvw32FsAAAAJ&hl=en|accessdate=12 December 2024|work=Google Scholar|publisher=|quote=}}</ref> == Michango ya kitaaluma == Utafiti wa Babalola umebobea juu ya maadili ya utafiti wa binadamu, pharmacogenetics, majaribio ya kimatibabu, mwingiliano wa dawa PK/PD, pamoja na magonjwa yasiyoambukiza ( ugonjwa wa seli mundu na [[saratani]] ). Aliunda mbinu ya chromatografia ya kioevu yenye utendaji wa hali ya juu kwa lengo la ufafanuaji wa [[kwinini]] kwenye biometriki. Njia hii ya ufafanuaji wa kwinini ilisababisha ufafanuzi wa pharmacokinetics ya kwinini. Utafiti wake wa uwezekano kuhusu mwingiliano wa dawa na [[Metaboli|kimetaboli]] unadhihirisha kupungua kwa upatikanaji wa kibiolojia na shughuli za bakteria za [[Antibiotiki|viuavijasumu]] fulani vinapojumuishwa na baadhi ya dawa za kushindana na malaria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Babalola Chinedum Peace|url=http://www.aasciences.org/index.php/nigeria/288-babalola-chinedum-peace-prof-ms|work=African Academy of Science|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064807/http://www.aasciences.org/index.php/nigeria/288-babalola-chinedum-peace-prof-ms|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> Ripoti yake inahusu matumizi ya proguanil ilipendekeza kua baadhi ya Wanigeria ni wabebaji wa jeni za CYP2C19 zilizobadilishwa na vibadilishaji duni vya dawa. == Ushirika na uanachama == Babalola ni mshirika wa masomo kadhaa na mwanachama wa mashirika mengi ya kitaaluma: * Mwanakikundi, Chuo cha Famasia cha Nigeria (NAPharm), 2015 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nigeria Academy of Pharmacy(NAPharm) Annual General Meeting/ Investiture of New Fellows and Award Night|url=https://medicalworldnigeria.com/post/nigeria-academy-of-pharmacy-napharm-annual-general-meeting-investiture-of-new-fellows-and-award-night?pid=11595|accessdate=2020-05-30|work=Medical World Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> * Mwanachama, Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika, 2012 * Mwanakikundi, Chama cha Madawa cha Nigeria (F PSN), 2012 * Mwanachama, Taasisi ya Mchambuzi wa Umma ya Nigeria (MIPAN) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Profile|url=http://www.ipan.gov.ng/|accessdate=30 May 2020|work=ipan.gov.ng|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613224611/http://www.ipan.gov.ng/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tuzo na heshima == * Tuzo la Kwame Nkrumah la Umoja wa Afrika kwa Ubora wa Kisayansi (Kikanda) kwenye [[Umoja wa Afrika]] Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ($20,000), 2019. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africa's Top Scientists Awarded the Prestigious African Union Kwame Nkrumah Awards for Scientific Excellence (AUKNASE) 2019 Edition {{!}} African Union|url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20200209/africas-top-scientists-awarded-prestigious-african-union-kwame-nkrumah-awards|work=au.int|accessdate=2020-05-03|archive-date=2020-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704063506/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20200209/africas-top-scientists-awarded-prestigious-african-union-kwame-nkrumah-awards|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mwaka wa 2011, alishinda Ruzuku ya Wakfu wa MacArthur yenye uthamani wa $950,000 (2012) kwa nafasi ya Elimu ya Juu ya Elimu, ambayo aliitumia kuanzisha Kituo cha Maendeleo na Uzalishaji wa Ugunduzi wa Dawa za Kulevya (CDDDP), katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Centres of Excellence(Chinedum Peace BABALOLA )|url=http://macarthur.ui.edu.ng/chinedumpeaceba|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041246/http://macarthur.ui.edu.ng/chinedumpeaceba|archivedate=2016-03-04|accessdate=12 October 2015|work=macarthur.ui.edu.ng}}</ref> * Mwaka wa 2022, alichaguliwa kuwa Makamu Mkuu wa Chansela bora kwenye Jimbo la Ogun kwa mnamo wa 2022 na Gateway News. == Machapisho == Zifuatazo ni machapisho yaliyochaguliwa ya kitaaluma yaliyopitiwa na rika na Profesa Chinedum. * Adehin A, Igbinoba SI, Soyinka JO, Onyeji CO, Babalola CP (2019) "Famakokinetiki ya kwinini kwa watu wenye afya njema wa Nigeria na kwa wagonjwa walio na malaria rahisi: uchambuzi wa data kwa kutumia mbinu ya idadi ya watu" Utafiti wa Tiba wa Sasa 91, 33–38 * Oluwasanu MM, Atara N, Balogun W, Awolude O, Kotila O, Aniagwu T, Adejumo P, Oyedele OO, Ogun M, Arinola G, Babalola CP, Olopade CS, Olopade OI na Ojengbede O (2019) Sababu na tiba za watafiti wa taaluma ya chini na wasio na tija wa kitaaluma katika Nigeria wasio na tija wa kitaaluma. Madokezo ya Utafiti wa BMC 12:403, 2019 doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4458-y * Nwogu JN, Babalola CP, Ngene SO, Taiwo BO, Berzins B, Gandhi M (2019) Utayari wa Kuchangia Sampuli za Nywele kwa ajili ya Utafiti Miongoni mwa Watu Wanaoishi na VVU/UKIMWI Wanaohudhuria Kituo cha Afya cha Juu huko Ibadan, Nigeria. Utafiti wa Ukimwi na Virusi vya Retrovirusi vya Binadamu 35 (7) Imechapishwa Mtandaoni: 26 Juni 2019 doi:10.1089/aid.2018.0242 * Kotila OA, Fawole OI, Olopade OI, Ayede AI, Falusi AG, Babalola CP (2019) Utofauti wa kimeng'enya cha N-asetilitransferasi 2 cha jenotipu-fenotipu katika Wanigeria wasio na VVU na walio na VVU Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 29 (5), 106–113, 2019 DOI:doi:10.1097/FPC.00000000000000373 * Adejumo OE, Kotila TR, Falusi AG, Silva BO, Nwogu JN, Fasinu PS, Babalola CP (2016) Uchambuzi wa jeni na uainishaji wa CYP2C19 kwa kutumia metaboli linganishi ya proguanil kwa wagonjwa wa ugonjwa wa seli mundu na vidhibiti vyenye afya nchini Nigeria. Utafiti wa Famasia na Mitazamo, 4(5): e00252. doi:10.1002/prp2.252 * Ong CT; et al. (2005). Kupenya, mkusanyiko wa ndani ya seli na kutokwa kwa tigecycline katika neutrofili za polimofonuklea za binadamu (PMNs). ''Jarida la Tiba ya Kemotherapia ya Antimicrobial'' 56:498-501. * Babalola CP; et al. (2013) Athari ya Sumu ya Dawa ya Halofantrine Hydrochloride ya Chini ya Tiba, Tiba na Overdose kwa Panya Albino wa Kiume. ''Pharmacologia'' 4 (3): 180–185, 2013 * Babalola, CP.; et al. (2010). Jenotipu za saitokromu P450 CYP2C19 kwa wagonjwa wa ugonjwa wa seli mundu na udhibiti wa kawaida. ''Jarida la Dawa ya Kliniki na Tiba''. 35:471-477 * Babalola CP; et al. (2009) Athari ya fluconazole kwenye pharmacokinetics ya halofantrine kwa watu wenye afya njema. ''Jarida la Kliniki ya Dawa na Tiba''. 34:677-682 * Maglio D et al. (2005). Wasifu wa kifamasia wa ertapenem dhidi ya ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' na ''Escherichia coli'' katika mfumo wa paja la paja. ''Jarida la Wakala wa Antimicrobial na Chemotherapy'' 49(1):276-280. * Babalola CP; et al. (2002). Athari ya mwingiliano wa proguanil kwenye upatikanaji wa bioavailability wa cloxacillin. ''Jarida la Kliniki la Dawa na Tiba'', 27: 461–464 * Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Shughuli ya pamoja ya vancomycin na teicoplanin pekee na pamoja na streptomycin dhidi ya Enterococci faecalis pamoja na uwezekano mbalimbali wa vancomycin. ''Jarida la Kimataifa la Wakala wa Antimicrobial'' 23: 343–348 * Babalola CP; et al. (2004). Utafiti wa ulinganisho wa upatikanaji wa kibiolojia wa suppository mpya ya kwinini na kwinini ya mdomo kwa watu waliojitolea wenye afya njema. ''Jarida la Tropical la Utafiti wa Dawa''. 3(1): 291–297 * Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Ufanisi wa ziada wa G-CSF katika matibabu ya nimonia ya Pseudomonas aeruginosa katika wenyeji wa neutropenia na wasio neutropenia. ''Jarida la Tiba ya Kemotherapi ya Antimicrobial'' 53(6):1098-1100. * Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Tathmini ya upatikanaji wa kibiolojia na usawa wa kibiolojia (BA/BE). ''Kuelekea Uhakikisho Bora wa Ubora wa Dawa katika ..., 2004 Uk. 79'' * Babalola CP; et al. (2006) Uchambuzi wa halofantrine ya dawa ya malaria na kimetaboliki yake kuu ya N-desbutyl halofantrine katika plasma ya binadamu kwa kutumia kromatografia ya kioevu yenye utendaji wa juu- Jarida la uchambuzi wa dawa na matibabu, 2006 Imetajwa na Makala 10 Zinazohusiana Matoleo yote 6 * Babalola CP; et al. (2012) Majaribio ya kimatibabu ya mitishamba - maendeleo ya kihistoria na matumizi katika Karne ya 21- Pharmacologia, 2012 yaliyonukuliwa na makala 10 zinazohusiana * Babalola CP; et al.(2003) Uamuzi wa kromatografia ya kioevu ya pyranadine katika plasma ya binadamu na umbo la kipimo cha mdomo - Jarida la Kromatografia B, lililonukuliwa na makala 16 zinazohusiana matoleo yote 6 * Babalola CP; et al. (2011) Utafiti wa Mimea ya Kimatibabu na Kimatibabu cha Mimea: Mtazamo wa Kimataifa. * Babalola CP; et al. (2002) Umetaboli wa oksidi wa polima ya proguanil katika idadi ya watu wa Nigeria - Jarida la Ulaya la Famasia ya Kliniki, lililonukuliwa na makala 19 zinazohusiana matoleo yote 9 * Babalola CP; et al. (2011) Tathmini ya muundo wa dawa katika jimbo la Osun (Kusini Magharibi) Nigeria - Jarida la Afya ya Umma na Epidemiolojia, lililonukuliwa na makala 39 zinazohusiana matoleo yote 4 == Maisha binafsi == Babalola ni Mkristo mcha Mungu na ameolewa na Askofu Collins Olufemi Babalola. Wana wana watatu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ssiinitiative.org/chinedum.html|title=Prof. Mrs Chinedum Peace Babalola|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|work=SSI Initiative|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2024|quote=}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://anglican-nig.org/bishop-elect-for-ajayi-crowther-diocese/|title=The Profile of Ven. Collins Olumfemi Babalola, Bishop-Elect for Ajayi-Crowther Diocese|author=Korede Akintunde|date=31 July 2023|work=Church of Nigeria, Anglican Communion|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2024|quote=}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanakemia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4in9d17hech8lbxr79e0pju6rnmizh2 0 227375 1601057 1509217 2026-09-25T13:13:04Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yalemtsehay Mekonnen''' (alizaliwa [[30 Mei]], [[1955]]) ni mtaalamu wa fiziolojia na mtaalamu wa dawa wa [[Ethiopia]] ambaye ni mtaalamu wa matumizi na usalama wa mimea ya dawa. Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, akawa mwanamke wa kwanza nchini Ethiopia kuwa profesa kamili. Yeye ni Profesa wa Fiziolojia ya Seli na Binadamu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Addis Ababa]] (AAU). == Wasifu == Yalemtsehay Mekonnen alizaliwa tarehe 30 Mei mwaka wa 1955 huko [[Assela|Asella]], Mkoa wa Arsi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Laureates for the Regional Awards for women 2015 Edition|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=African Union|archivedate=16 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216100318/https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf}}</ref> Alisoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Addis Ababa]], ambapo alisoma Shahada yake ya Kwanza ya Sayansi katika Biolojia mwaka wa 1977 na pia alisoma Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika Wanyama mwaka wa 1980, na katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Heidelberg]], ambapo alisoma Shahada ya Uzamivu katika Fiziolojia ya Binadamu mwaka wa 1992.Baadaye alirudi Chuo Kikuu cha Addis Ababa na hatimaye akawa profesa kamili mnamo mwezi Januari na mwaka wa 2009, akiwa mwanamke wa kwanza nchini Ethiopia kufanya hivyo. Yeye ni Profesa wa Fiziolojia ya Seli na Binadamu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Addis Ababa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yalemtsehay Mekonnen|url=http://www.aau.edu.et/cns/yalemtsehay-mekonnen/|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=Addis Ababa University|archivedate=13 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313130454/http://www.aau.edu.et/cns/yalemtsehay-mekonnen/}}</ref> Yalemtsehay alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Martin Luther Halle-Wittenberg (mwaka wa 2001 hadi mwaka wa 2002) kama Mtafiti wa Georg Forster. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Dr. Yalemtsehay Mekonnen|url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview?tx_rsmavhsolr_solrviewhumboldtians%5BpPersonId%5D=1072850|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation}}</ref> Alihudumu kama rais wa Jumuiya ya Biolojia ya Ethiopia kuanzia mwaka wa 2004 hadi mwaka wa 2006. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CURRICULUM VITAE: YALEMTSEHAY MEKONNEN|url=https://twas.org/sites/default/files/short_cv_yalemtsehay_mekonnen_jan_2022.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=The World Academy of Sciences|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529113059/https://twas.org/sites/default/files/short_cv_yalemtsehay_mekonnen_jan_2022.pdf}}</ref> Pia anahudumu kama mweka hazina na mjumbe wa bodi katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha Ethiopia na kama rais wa Bodi ya Utendaji ya Jumuiya ya Wanawake wa Ethiopia katika Sayansi na Teknolojia. <ref name="aau">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yalemtsehay Mekonnen|url=http://www.aau.edu.et/cns/yalemtsehay-mekonnen/|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=Addis Ababa University|archivedate=13 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313130454/http://www.aau.edu.et/cns/yalemtsehay-mekonnen/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240313130454/http://www.aau.edu.et/cns/yalemtsehay-mekonnen/ "Yalemtsehay Mekonnen"]. ''Addis Ababa University''. Archived from [http://www.aau.edu.et/cns/yalemtsehay-mekonnen/ the original] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aau.edu.et/cns/yalemtsehay-mekonnen/ |date=20240313130454 }} on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="au">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Laureates for the Regional Awards for women 2015 Edition|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=African Union|archivedate=16 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216100318/https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241216100318/https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf "Laureates for the Regional Awards for women 2015 Edition"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Union''. Archived from [https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf the original] {{Wayback|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf |date=20241216100318 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mbali na kuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Biolojia katika AAU, pia ni mkuu wa Ofisi ya Jinsia katika Chuo cha Sayansi Asilia, <ref name="aau" /> na alisema alianza kufanya hivyo kwa sababu "kama mfano wa kuigwa, kuwaendeleza wanawake ni zaidi ya moyo [wake]". Kama msomi,kama Yalemtsehay na mtaalamu katika matumizi na usalama wa mimea ya dawa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Laureates for the Regional Awards for women 2015 Edition|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=African Union|archivedate=16 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216100318/https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241216100318/https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf "Laureates for the Regional Awards for women 2015 Edition"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Union''. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Yalemtsehay alipewa Tuzo ya Umoja wa bara la Afrika ya Kwame Nkrumah ya Ubora wa Kisayansi kwa eneo la Mashariki mwaka wa 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Laureates for the Regional Awards for women 2015 Edition|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=African Union|archivedate=16 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216100318/https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241216100318/https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf "Laureates for the Regional Awards for women 2015 Edition"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''African Union''. Archived from [https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf the original] {{Wayback|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27661-wd-2015_reginal_award-final.pdf |date=20241216100318 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Alichaguliwa kuwa Mshiriki wa TWAS mwaka wa 2022, <ref name="twas">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mekonnen, Yalemtsehay|url=https://twas.org/directory/mekonnen-yalemtsehay|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=The World Academy of Sciences|language=en}}</ref> na Mshiriki wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha barani Afrika mwaka wa 2020. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yalemtsehay Mekonnen|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/Yalemtsehay-Mekonnen|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=Africa Academy of Sciences|language=en}}</ref> Yeye ni Mshiriki wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Ethiopia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=List of EAS Fellows|url=https://eas-et.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EAS-Fellows-.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=Ethiopian Academy of Sciences|archive-date=2023-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521231123/https://eas-et.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EAS-Fellows-.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ameolewa na ana watoto wawili. <ref name="cv">{{Rejea tovuti|title=CURRICULUM VITAE: YALEMTSEHAY MEKONNEN|url=https://twas.org/sites/default/files/short_cv_yalemtsehay_mekonnen_jan_2022.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=The World Academy of Sciences|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529113059/https://twas.org/sites/default/files/short_cv_yalemtsehay_mekonnen_jan_2022.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230529113059/https://twas.org/sites/default/files/short_cv_yalemtsehay_mekonnen_jan_2022.pdf "CURRICULUM VITAE: YALEMTSEHAY MEKONNEN"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The World Academy of Sciences''. Archived from [https://twas.org/sites/default/files/short_cv_yalemtsehay_mekonnen_jan_2022.pdf the original] {{Wayback|url=https://twas.org/sites/default/files/short_cv_yalemtsehay_mekonnen_jan_2022.pdf |date=20230529113059 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] 709t4y0j3za2zyphobs9vp6ywmaqsye 0 227540 1601309 1548046 2026-09-25T14:17:17Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Gianni Matheja Hamburg 34.png|thumb|Gianni Matheja mijni [[Hamburg]]]] '''Gianni Matheja''' (aliyezaliwa [[14 Machi|Machi 14]][[2005|, 2005]] huko [[Berlin]]) ni [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] [[Ujerumani|wa Ujerumani]], mtayarishaji wa video za wavuti, na mwanafunzi. Tangu 2025, amekuwa akiandaa kipindi cha redio cha kila mwezi kwenye Rundfunk Berlin Brandenburg na ni mwandishi wa habari wa televisheni wa nembo ya kipindi cha habari cha watoto cha ZDF. == Wasifu == Matheja alikulia Berlin kama mtoto wa mama mmoja. Baba yake anatoka Italia na aliacha familia alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 10. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.de/books/edition/K%C3%BCmmern_und_K%C3%A4mpfen/5nx9zwEACAAJ?hl=en|title=Kümmern und Kämpfen: warum Geschlechtergerechtigkeit in Erziehung und Familie uns alle freier macht|last=Waak|first=Anne|date=2023|publisher=Goldmann|isbn=978-3-442-31703-5|language=de|access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, alitoa ushahidi dhidi ya baba yake katika mahakama [[Potsdam|ya Potsdam]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|first=Bent|last=Freiwald|title=Warum Gianni, 17, für seine Mutter kämpft|url=https://krautreporter.de/politik-und-macht/4378-warum-gianni-17-fur-seine-mutter-kampft|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2025-05-01}}</ref> Kuanzia 2017, alihudhuria Gymnasium ya Lilienthal huko Steglitz-Zehlendorf na, katika mwaka wake wa kwanza shuleni, alishiriki katika Shindano la Mijadala la Berlin, ambapo alishinda taji la "Mzungumzaji Bora" katika mjadala wa lugha ya Kiingereza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|title=Erfolgreiche Juniors beim Debating Contest 2018 – Lilienthal-Gymnasium Berlin|url=https://lilienthal-gymnasium-berlin.de/erfolgreiche-juniors-beim-debating-contest-2018/|accessdate=2025-05-01}}</ref> Mnamo 2021, aliongoza majadiliano ya jopo na wagombea wa moja kwa moja wa [[Jimbo la uchaguzi|jimbo]] katika shule yake kwa uchaguzi wa shirikisho. Hawa ni pamoja na Birgit Malsack-Winkelmann, Raia wa Reich ambaye baadaye alikamatwa. == Kazi == Akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, Matheja alizindua podikasti yake.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |date=25 octobre 2022 |title=Jugendwort des Jahres 2022: 20 junge Prominente über ihr wichtigstes Wort 2022 |url=https://www.zeit.de/zett/2022-10/jugendwort-jahr-2022-jugendsprache |journal=ZEIT ONLINE ze.tt |language=de |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> Mnamo Juni 2022, alitoa kipindi cha kwanza cha "Ujerumani ya Kijamii." Katika kila kipindi, alizungumzia mada ya kijamii na kisiasa. Vipindi vingi vilitokana na mijadala ya sasa na vilikuwa na mgeni maarufu pamoja na mtaalamu wa kisayansi au uandishi wa habari. Wakati mwingine, mazungumzo pia yalifanyika na vijana wengine. Mnamo 2024, Matheja alisimamia usomaji na Katja Riemann na akaendelea na umbizo lake la podikasti kwenye [[YouTube]], ambapo aliwahoji Lea Van Acken na Marcel Fratzscher, miongoni mwa wengine.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|first=Antonia|last=Trinkaus|title=„Zeit der Zäune - Orte der Flucht“: Katja Riemann: „Wir lernen nichts aus der Geschichte“|url=https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/saarland/saar-pfalz-kreis/homburg/homburg-katja-riemann-mit-zeit-der-zaeune-bei-der-hombuch-2024_aid-121616379|date=2024-12-03|accessdate=2025-05-01}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba, sanjari na kuanza kwa masomo yake, alianza kupakia video kwenye [[TikTok]] na [[Instagram]] chini ya jina ''gianni.studiert'', ambalo lilionyesha maisha ya kila siku ya wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu kwa njia ya kejeli. Ndani ya miezi michache tu, alikuwa amekusanya jumla ya wafuasi 200,000 katika majukwaa yote (kufikia Aprili 2025) na kuonekana kwenye televisheni kwenye jarida la kejeli la ARD Extra 3.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=ONLINE |first=ZEIT |date=2025-04-12 |title=Uni-Memes: Der Trost von Mensakaffee und Milchreis |url=https://www.zeit.de/campus/2025-03/uni-memes-studium-humor-social-media |journal=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> Video zake kuhusu kutumia [[ChatGPT]] kwa ajili ya kusoma, haswa, zilivutia umakini mkubwa. Mnamo Mei 2025, alitoa hotuba ya ufunguzi katika Siku za Habari za chuo kikuu chake—hotuba ambayo katika miaka iliyopita ilikuwa ikitolewa na [[Rais]] Günther Ziegler. Hotuba yake baadaye ilisambaa sana kwenye mitandao ya kijamii. Tangu Juni 2025, Matheja amekuwa akiendesha kipindi cha redio cha kila mwezi kiitwacho Blue Moon kwenye rbb.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|title=Podcast: Geburtstage: Feiern oder lieber ignorieren? - mit Gianni|url=https://www.ardsounds.de/episode/urn:ard:episode:91bd3b263f90d0ff/|accessdate=2026-04-08}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba, alionekana kama mwandishi wa habari kwenye nembo ya kipindi cha habari cha televisheni ya watoto kinachoitwa logo! kwenye ZDF.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|title=Reporter unterwegs: Gianni fällt einen Weihnachtsbaum|url=https://www.zdf.de/video/magazine/logo-154/gianni-weihnachtsbaumkauf-100|accessdate=2026-04-08}}</ref> Matheja hafichui anachosoma. Alieleza kwamba hii ilikuwa kwa sababu za kutokujulikana chuoni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=de|last=Cara|title=Interview Gianni Studiert|url=https://campusradio-mainz.de/2025/07/14/gianni-studiert/|date=2025-07-14|accessdate=2026-04-08}}</ref> Anaishi [[Berlin]], [[Potsdam]], na [[Mainz]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Köhler |first=Charlotte |last2=Farkas |first2=Christoph |date=2026-02-10 |title=Unileben: Ist die Uni ein Witz, Gianni Matheja? |url=https://www.zeit.de/wissen/2026-02/universitaet-leben-alltag-uni-podcast |journal=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070 |access-date=2026-04-08}}</ref> Mnamo 2022, ''Die Zeit'' ilimtaja kama mmoja wa nyota 20 wanaochipuka wa kizazi chake.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|2005|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[jamii:watu wa Ujerumani]] gvi4w3xmlr471714lvmwpdqbr8xldlc 0 227640 1601154 1509565 2026-09-25T13:42:09Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Janice Limson''' ni Profesa wa [[Biotekinolojia|Bioteknolojia]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]], Mwenyekiti wa awali wa Shule ya Bioteknolojia kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes]] na Mwenyekiti wa SARChI kwenye Ubunifu na Ushiriki wa Bioteknolojia kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes. Amefanyika kuwa mwanzilishi na mhariri mkuu wa jarida la ''Science in Africa'', jarida la kwanza maarufu la sayansi mtandaoni kwa bara la [[Afrika]]. Utafiti wake unajikita kwenye mada kuanzia maendeleo ya vihisi bioteknolojia [[Teknolojia ya nano|vya nanoteknolojia]] kwa lengo la kufayna uchunguzi wa [[saratani]], utoaji wa dawa, kubainisha [[Pathojeni|vimelea]] kwenye chakula hadi muundo wa teknolojia ya seli za mafuta. [[Faili:Rhodes_University_Clock_Tower_2018.jpg|thumb|Mnara wa saa wa Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes, 2018]] Limson alikulia [[Port Elizabeth]], Afrika Kusini. Hapo aadaye alihamisha makazi [[Grahamstown]], na alipata elimu kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes]] mahali ambapo alihitimisha Shahada yake ya Sayansi ya Sanaa (Honours) mwaka wa 1994. Mwaka wa 1997 alipewa Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) katika Kemia kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes. Alihitimisha Stashahada ya Uzamili katika Elimu ya Juu kuanzia mnmo 2006 hadi mnamo 2008. Kipindi cha mwaka 1999 Limson alipata nafasi ya kuwa mtafiti wa baada ya udaktari kwenye Kituo cha Sayansi ya Afya cha Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko San Antonio. Mwaka wa mbele alianzisha jarida la mtandaoni ''la Sayansi barani Afrika'' na kuwa mhariri mkuu wake. Jarida hilo lina lengo la kutumika "kama jukwaa la wanasayansi kwenye nyanja mbalimbali barani Afrika kuripoti utafiti wao, kutoa maoni yao ya kitaalamu juu ya masuala ya sayansi na kutoa taarifa sahihi kwa umma wa Kiafrika unaotafuta uelewa wa kina wa sayansi na jukumu lake kwenye maisha ya kila mtu." Mwaka wa 2003 Limson alianzisha Kikundi cha Utafiti cha BioSENS (Vihisi, Nishati na Nanomaterials ) huko maeneo ya Rhodes kwa lengo la maendeleo ya vihisi bioteknolojia vya nanoteknolojia kwa lengo la utambuzi wa saratani na utoaji wa dawa. Kuanzishwa mwaka wa 2007 kwa Kituo cha Ubunifu cha Nanoteknolojia kinachofadhiliwa na DST /Mintek katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape]], [[Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes kuliipa msaada sana utafiti huu. Kuanzia mwaka 2003 hadi mwaka 2009 Limson alikuwa mhadhiri kwenye chuo kikuu cha Rhodes, na mwaka wa 2010 alichaguliwa kuwa Profesa Mshiriki kwenye Rhodes. Pia alipokea Tuzo ya Utafiti Iliyotukuka ya Makamu wa Chansela mwaka huo kwa "kiasi na athari ya matokeo yake ya utafiti". Mwaka wa 2011 akawa Mwenyekiti wa Shule ya Bioteknolojia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes. Mwaka wa 2014 alitunukiwaa tuzo ya Profesa wa Bioteknolojia na alichaguliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Ubunifu cha Bioteknolojia cha Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes. Kwanzia wakati huo Kituo kimezindua bidhaa zake za kwanza, vichocheo vya vitambuzi, na kinafanya kazi kwenye vitambuzi vya CD4 na [[malaria]] kwa ushirikiano na [[UNICEF]] na Baraza la Utafiti wa Matibabu la Afrika Kusini. Kwenye mwaka wa 2015 alichaguliwa kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Mpango wa Viti vya Utafiti wa DSI/NRF Kusini mwa Afrika (SARChI) kwenye Ubunifu na Ushiriki wa Bioteknolojia huko Rhodes. Mwaka wa Machi 2019 alitoa mchango kwenye mfululizo wa mihadhara ya umma juu ya "Ukweli na Uaminifu kwenye Sayansi" iliyoratibiwa na ASSAf na Ubalozi Mkuu wa Uingereza nchi ya Afrika Kusini. Mjadala aliohusika nao ulikuwa na kichwa cha habari: "Kutokuelewana na Matumizi Mabaya: Uandishi wa Habari za Sayansi". Limson ni mhariri wa jarida la Programu ya Ushirikishwaji wa Umma ya Shirika la Sayansi na Teknolojia Kusini mwa Afrika (SAASTA), lenye jina la ''Ushirikishwaji wa Umma wa Nanotech'', na ni mshiriki wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika. == Tuzo na utambuzi == Limson amepokea tuzo nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Tuzo za Wanawake katika Sayansi katika Sayansi ya Maisha za Idara ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ya 2011. Mshindi wa Pili wa Kwanza * Nishani ya Utafiti Bora ya Makamu wa Chansela wa 2010, Chuo Kikuu cha Rhodes * M<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;G 2010 Vijana Bora wa Afrika Kusini Kuchukua Chakula cha Mchana! * M&G 2009 Vijana Bora wa Afrika Kusini Kuchukua Chakula cha Mchana! * Tuzo za NSTF za 2002 kwa Mchango Bora kwa Sayansi, Uhandisi na Teknolojia, Afrika Kusini * Tuzo ya Uandishi wa Habari ya Highway Africa ya 2001 "Matumizi bunifu ya Vyombo vya Habari Vipya Barani Afrika". == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == === Majarida === * {{Rejea jarida |last=Fogel |first=Ronen |last2=Limson |first2=Janice |date=2 February 2016 |title=Developing Biosensors in Developing Countries: South Africa as a Case Study |journal=Biosensors |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.3390/bios6010005 |issn=2079-6374 |pmc=4810397 |pmid=26848700 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Limson |first=Janice |date=15 December 2018 |title=Putting responsible research and innovation into practice: a case study for biotechnology research, exploring impacts and RRI learning outcomes of public engagement for science students |journal=Synthese |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=198 |pages=4685–4710 |doi=10.1007/s11229-018-02063-y |issn=0039-7857 |s2cid=255067039}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Fogel |first=R. |last2=Limson |first2=J.L. |year=2011 |title=Probing fundamental film parameters of immobilized enzymes—Towards enhanced biosensor performance. Part I—QCM-D mass and rheological measurements |journal=Enzyme and Microbial Technology |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=146–152 |doi=10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.05.011 |issn=0141-0229 |pmid=22112401}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Ho |first=Lance St. John |last2=Limson |first2=Janice L. |last3=Fogel |first3=Ronen |date=26 March 2019 |title=Certain Methods of Electrode Pretreatment Create Misleading Responses in Impedimetric Aptamer Biosensors |journal=ACS Omega |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=5839–5847 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.9b00075 |issn=2470-1343 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Kruid |first=Jan |last2=Fogel |first2=Ronen |last3=Limson |first3=Janice |date=18 September 2018 |title=Unsubstituted metallophthalocyanine catalysts for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds using H2O2 as oxidant |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=25 |issue=32 |pages=32346–32357 |bibcode=2018ESPR...2532346K |doi=10.1007/s11356-018-3215-4 |issn=0944-1344 |pmid=30229492 |s2cid=52297638}} === Vitabu === * {{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.africanminds.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Science-Communication-in-South-Africa-WEB.pdf|title=SCIENCE COMMUNICATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: Reflections on Current Issues|last=Limson|first=Janice|date=2019|publisher=African Minds|isbn=978-1-928502-04-3|editor-last=Weingart|editor-first=Peter|location=Somerset West|pages=19–44|chapter=Engaging the public in scientific research: Models, prospects and challenges from the perspective of scientists|editor-last2=Joubert|editor-first2=Marina|editor-last3=Falade|editor-first3=Bankole}} == Marejeo == </references> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.scienceinafrica.com/ ''Science in Africa'' website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scienceinafrica.com/ |date=20200623185852 }} Archived 23 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cy0e80dtge5nfpyv8dubwxpqzqolrsq 0 227642 1601111 1510371 2026-09-25T13:18:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus''' ''née'' '''Kensit''' ([[31 Julai]] [[1877]] huko Burgersdorp - [[5 Aprili]] [[1970]] huko [[Cape Town]]) alikuwa mtaalamu [[Botania|wa mimea]] na uainishaji wa mimea wa [[Afrika Kusini]], na mhifadhi wa kipindi kirefu wa Bolus Herbarium, kuanzia mwaka wa 1903. Bolus pia ana historia wa kuandika spishi nyingi zaidi za mimea ya ardhini kuliko mwanasayansi mwingine yeyote wa jinsia ya kike, kwa jumla akitaja spishi 1,494. {{Sfn|Lindon|Gardiner|Brady|Vorontsova|2015}} == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Bolus alizaliwa mahali panaitwa Burgersdorp, [[Jimbo la Rasi]], [[Afrika Kusini]], tarehe 31 Julai 1877. Alikuwa binti wa William Kensit na Jane Stuart Kensit. Wazazi wake wote walizaliwa [[Uingereza]]. {{Sfn|Creese|Creese|2010}} Babu yake William Kensit alikuwa mtaalamu wa mimea na mkusanyaji sampuli nchini Afrika Kusini. Alipata elimu kwenye Shule ya Sekondari ya Wasichana ya Vyuo Vikuu huko [[Port Elizabeth]], akapata sifa ya ualimu mnamo 1899, na akatunukiwa shahada ya BA kwenye fasihi na falsafa na Chuo Kikuu cha Cape of Good Hope mwaka mnamo wa 1902. {{Sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000}} == Kazi == Alifanya kazi kwa nafasi ya msaidizi wa mume wa shangazi yake mkubwa Sophia, [[Harry Bolus|Harry Bolus,]] kwenye bustani yake ya mimea alipokuwa chuoni. Kipindi cha Juni 1913, akawa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa baraza la Jumuiya ya Mimea ya Afrika Kusini; pamoja na kuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Jumuiya ya Ulinzi wa Maisha ya Wanyamapori, na mwanachama wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Afrika Kusini, Jumuiya ya Linnean, na Chama cha Kusini mwa Afrika cha Maendeleo ya Sayansi. {{Sfn|Creese|Creese|2010}} Alichaguliwa kuwa msimamizi wa Bolus Herbarium mwaka wa 1903, na akastaafu kutoka nafasi hiyo mwaka 1955. {{Sfn|Staples|}} Alimwajiri msanii wa mimea [[Louise Guthrie]] kama mfanyakazi katika bustani hiyo ya mimea. {{Sfn|Rourke|2001}} Kitabu chake cha kwanza, ''Masomo ya Msingi katika Botania ya Kimfumo'', kilichapishwa mwaka wa 1919. {{Sfn|Creese|Creese|2010}} Hiki kilifuatiwa na vitabu viwili vinavyohusu maua ya Afrika Kusini. {{Sfn|Bolus|Barclay|1928}} {{Sfn|Bolus|1936}} Louisa alitoa michango kwenye majarida kadhaa ya mimea katika maisha yake yote, na akahariri ''Annals of the Bolus Herbarium''. {{Sfn|Bolus|1914}} Louisa Bolus alimimina muda mwingi wa maisha yake akiendekeza utafiti wa kina juu ya ''Mesembryanthemum''. ''Maelezo yake juu ya Mesembryanthemum na Allied Genera'' yalichapishwa mnamo wa 1927. {{Sfn|Bolus|1927}} Hii ilifuatiwa na uchapishaji wa vitabu vitatu, vinavyoelezea maelezo ya kina ya Kilatini ya takriban mimea 1500. Mwaka wa 1936 Louisa alipewa shahada ya heshima ya Uzamivu wa Sayansi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]]. {{Sfn|Gunn|Codd|1981}} Mmea unaotokana na familia kubwa ''ya Mesembreyanthemum'', jenasi ''[[Kensitia]]'' ulirasimishwa kwa lengo la kuheshimu kazi ya Bolus juu ya mada hii. Louisa Bolus alichangisha mchango wake kwa ''Flowering Plants of South Africa'', iliyohaririwa na EP Phillips mnamo 1943, na mwaka wa 1951 akashika nafasi ya mdhamini wa uchapishaji wa ''Wild Flowers of the Cape of Good Hope'' na [[Elsie Garrett Rice]] na RH Compton. Bolus pia alichukuliwa kuwa mwanzilishi wa madarasa ya masomo ya asili katika Bustani ya Kitaifa ya Mimea ya Kirstenbosch. {{Sfn|Creese|Creese|2010}} Mwaka wa 1966, akawa makamu wa rais wa Jumuiya ya Mimea ya Succulent ya Afrika. Bolus alipata elimu juu ya mimea ya eneo linalozunguka [[Rasi ya Tumaini Jema|Cape of Good Hope]], hasa juu ya Ericaceae na juu ya Orchidaceae. Alichapisha mara nyingi kwenye majarida ya mimea pamoja na makala na vitabu maarufu vya bustani, hasa ''Kitabu cha Mimea ya Afrika Kusini''. Aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Afrika Kusini mwaka wa 1920 na akapokea udaktari wa heshima kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]]. [[Jenasi]] ''Bolusanthus'' na [[spishi]] ''[[Geissorhiza louisabolusiae]]'' zimepewa jina kwa heshima yake. {{Sfn|Ogilvie|Harvey|2000}} == Maisha binafsi == Mwaka wa 1912 Louisa aliolewa na mwana wa Harry Bolus (na binamu wa baba yake) Frank Bolus. Alikuwa mjane kipindi Frank Bolus alipofariki dunia mwaka wa 1945. Louisa Bolus alifariki nyumbani kwake huko Claremont, Cape Town mwaka wa 1970 akiwa na umri wa miaka 93. {{Sfn|Creese|Creese|2010}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1970]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1877]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9n2x0txe0fr5xmsw165u9p2a6okwca4 0 227737 1601200 1504502 2026-09-25T13:47:19Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwendoline Joyce Lewis''' ([[1909]] – [[1967]]) alikuwa [[Botania|mtaalamu wa mimea]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Maisha == Kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town alihitimu, akiwa na Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lewis, Gwendoline Joyce (1909–1967)|work=JSTOR|url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000004979}}</ref> Alikuwa mshiriki hai kwenye maelezo na uainishaji wa [[spishi]] za [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] ya Iridaceae. Alikuwa mkusanyaji hodari wa mimea na aliongeza zaidi ya sampuli 8000 za mimea kwenye mimea ya mimea. Alikuwa mtaalamu wa mimea kwenye Bolus Herbarium ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] kwa miaka 2 na baada ya hapo akachaguliwa kuwa msimamizi wa Jumba la Makumbusho la Afrika Kusini Herbarium. Mwaka wa 1956, mimea hii na wafanyakazi wake walihamia Bustani ya Kitaifa ya Mimea ya Kirstenbosch. <ref name="JSTOR" /> Lewis alichaguliwa nafasi ya Afisa wa Utafiti kwenye Bustani za Kitaifa za Mimea. Alikuwa Mwanachama wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Afrika Kusini. Alifariki Cape Town mwaka 11 Aprili 1967. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isogAQAAMAAJ|title=The Journal of the Botanical Society of South Africa|date=1 January 1968|publisher=Botanical Society of South Africa|language=en}}</ref> Mimea ifuatayo ilipewa jina lake: ''Geissorhiza lewisiae'' Forester; ''Muraltia lewisiae'' Levyns; ''Psilocaulon lewisiae'' Lbol na ''Thamnochortus lewisiae'' Pillans. <ref name="JSTOR">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lewis, Gwendoline Joyce (1909–1967)|work=JSTOR|url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000004979}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000004979 "Lewis, Gwendoline Joyce (1909–1967)"]. ''JSTOR''.</cite></ref> === Vitabu === * Gwendoline J. Lewis, A. Amalia Obermeyer, TT Barnard (1972). ''Gladiolus: Marekebisho ya Spishi za Afrika Kusini.'' Purnell. Vielelezo vya rangi vya kurasa 316 na Gwendoline Joyce Lewis. (iliyochapishwa baada ya kifo chake) * Gwendoline J. Lewis. 1954. ''Baadhi ya Vipengele vya Mofolojia, Filogenia na Uainishaji wa Iridaceae ya Afrika Kusini''. Juzuu ya 40, Inagawanya 2 ya Annals. Toleo la Ann. la Jumba la Makumbusho la Afrika Kusini, 99 uk. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Vyanzo == * Brummitt, RK; CE Powell. 1992. ''Waandishi wa Majina ya Mimea.'' Bustani za Kifalme za Mimea, Kew. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-84246-085-4|<bdi>1-84246-085-4</bdi>]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jwang802lsjbsjqmc44re8rqg22mmmj 0 228002 1601331 1505153 2026-09-25T14:27:45Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uche Azikiwe''' ni msomi, mwalimu wa mafunzo na mwandishi kutoka Nigeria, mjane wa [[Rais wa Nigeria|Rais wa zamani wa Nigeria]] [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nklElrKYz2MC|title=My Concern: Reflections of a Sensitive Mind|publisher=Dorrance Publishing|isbn=1434926133|page=10|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> Anafanya kazi kama profesa kwenye Idara ya Wakfu wa Elimu, Kitivo cha Elimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka]]. Mwaka wa 1999, alichaguliwa kuwepo kwenye bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Benki Kuu ya Nigeria (CBN). == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Yeye ni mtoto wa Sajenti Meja Lawrence A. na Florence Ewah. <ref >{{Rejea tovuti|title=Azikiwe, Uche 1947|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2699600016/azikiwe-uche-1947.html|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref> Azikiwe alosomea masomo ya chuoni ya shahada ya Sanaa juu ya Kiingereza kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN). Baada ya hapo safari ya elimu ikaendelea alafu akasomea shahada ya uzamili katika Masomo ya Mtaala na Sosholojia ya Elimu. Mwaka wa 1992, alifanikiwa kupata [[Uzamivu|Shahada ya Uzamivu]] juu ya Sosholojia ya Elimu/Masomo ya Jinsia kutoka chuo kikuu hicho hicho. == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Mnamo wa 1981 mpaka mnamo 1987, Azikiwe alikuwepo kazini kwa nafasi ya mwalimu kwenye Shule ya Sekondari ya Nsukka. Aliingia rasmi kwenye Idara ya Wakfu wa Elimu, Kitivo cha Elimu, Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka mwaka wa 1987. <ref name="Azikiwe">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nklElrKYz2MC|title=My Concern: Reflections of a Sensitive Mind|publisher=Dorrance Publishing|isbn=1434926133|page=10|access-date=17 September 2015}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://books.google.com/books?id=nklElrKYz2MC ''My Concern: Reflections of a Sensitive Mind'']. Dorrance Publishing. p.&nbsp;10. [[Namba sanifu ya kimataifa ya vitabu|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1434926133|<bdi>1434926133</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Azikiwe ni mshirika wa vyama tofauti tofauti kadhaa vya kitaaluma ikiwa ni jumla na, Baraza la Dunia la Mtaala na Maelekezo (WCCI), <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Azikiwe, Uche 1947- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/azikiwe-uche-1947|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Mtandao wa Masomo ya Wanawake kwenye nchi ya Nigeria (NWSN), <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Azikiwe, Uche 1947- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/azikiwe-uche-1947|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Shirika la Mtaala la Nigeria (CON), <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AZIKIWE, Prof.(Dame)Uche (Nee Ewah)|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/azikiwe-dr-dameuche-nee-ewah/|author=Admin|date=2016-11-09|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Chama cha Kitaifa cha Mafunzo ya Wanawake (NWSA), Chama cha Wanawake wa Vyuo Vikuu cha [[Marekani]] na Nigeria (NAUW). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=H-Net Discussion Networks -|url=https://lists.h-net.org/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-AfrLitCine&month=9810&msg=7mBY1DvXb41W+2XpqM6+KQ|work=lists.h-net.org|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Kwa sasa Uche Azikiwe ambae ni profesa ni mjane wa Rais wa kwanza wa nchi ya Nigeria, Dk Nnamdi Azikiwe. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Okoli |first=Chinedu |last2=Ebubedike |first2=Uzoamaka |last3=Anyanwu |first3=Stanley |last4=Chianakwana |first4=Gabriel |last5=Emegoakor |first5=Chinemelum |last6=Ukah |first6=Cornelius |last7=Umeh |first7=Eric |last8=Onwukamuche |first8=Micheal |last9=Egwuonwu |first9=Ochonma |last10=Ihekwoaba |first10=Eric |date=2020-06-24 |title=Ultrasound-Guided Core Biopsy of Breast Lesions in a Resource Limited Setting: Initial Experience of a Multidisciplinary Team |url=https://doi.org/10.5152/ejbh.2020.5075 |journal=European Journal of Breast Health |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=171–176 |doi=10.5152/ejbh.2020.5075 |issn=2587-0831 |pmc=7337914}}</ref> Alifunga pingu za maisha na Bwana Nnamdi Azikiwe akiwa na umri wa miaka 26, na walifanikiwa kuongeza familia kwa kupata watoto wawili, Uwakwe Ukuta na Molokwu Azubuike. <ref name="Uche A.">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Azikiwe, Uche 1947|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2699600016/azikiwe-uche-1947.html|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=17 September 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2699600016/azikiwe-uche-1947.html "Azikiwe, Uche 1947"]. ''Encyclopedia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Tazama pia == Orodha ya watu kutoka Jimbo la Ebonyi == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=9366553&privcapId=9241078 Wasifu wa Uche Azikiwe] huko Bloomberg [[Jamii:Waigbo]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0p9vzlamre7sgz62vlrwp2iqi7bj5zv 0 228033 1601155 1548326 2026-09-25T13:42:16Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bolanle Omolara Otegbayo''' ni [[profesa]] wa sayansi na teknolojia wa Nigeria. Yeye ni mwanachama wa katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika na Msimamizi wa sasa katika Chuo cha Mafunzo cha Uzamili ktoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bowen (COPGS). == Elimu == Bolanle awali alipata udahili katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] ili kusoma Sayansi ya Wanyama, lakini baada ya kiwango chake cha 100 alifikiria Sayansi ya Chakula. Baadaye alipata udahili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo ili kusoma Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Chakula kuanzia tarehe 10 mwezi 09 mwaka wa 1986 hadi tarehe 10 mwezi wa 01 mwaka wa 1994 kwa ajili ya shahada yake ya Sayansi. Aliendelea kupata shahada ya Uzamili katika Teknolojia ya Chakula katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] kuanzia tarehe 01 mwezi wa 04mwaka wa 1997 hadi tarehe 01 mwezi 05 na mwaka wa 1998. Alisoma [[Uzamivu|Shahada]] yake ya Uzamivu katika Teknolojia ya Chakula katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] kati ya 16/09/1998 hadi 09/07/2004. Bolanle ni mwelimishaji na kwa sasa anafundisha katika Idara ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Chakula ya Chuo Kikuu cha Bowen ambapo anazingatia kutambua viashiria katika ubora wa chakula katika mazao ili kuhakikisha kuna wadau wazuri wanaotoa huduma katika kutoa thamani nzuri. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bowen University Official Website|url=https://bowen.edu.ng/|accessdate=2025-08-21|work=bowen.edu.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> == Uanachama na tuzo == Ulipofika mwaka wa 2024, alichaguliwa kama mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika. Mnamo mwaka wa 2011 na mwaka wa 2012, alipewa Tuzo ya Ushirika wa Baada ya Uzamili wa Wanawake wa Kiafrika katika Utafiti na Maendeleo ya Kilimo (AWARD). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Bolanle Otegbayo {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/bolanle-otegbayo|accessdate=2025-08-21|work=aasciences.africa|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bowen University Official Website|url=https://bowen.edu.ng/|accessdate=2025-08-08|work=bowen.edu.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> == Machapisho Maarufu == * {{Rejea jarida |last=Otegbayo |first=Bolanle |last2=Oluyinka |first2=Oroniran |last3=Tanimola |first3=Abiola R. |last4=Bisi |first4=Fawehinmi |last5=Ayomide |first5=Alamu |last6=Tomilola |first6=Bolaji |last7=Madu |first7=Tessy |last8=Okoye |first8=Benjamin |last9=Chijioke |first9=Ugo |last10=Ofoeze |first10=Miriam |last11=Alamu |first11=Emmanuel Oladeji |last12=Adesokan |first12=Michael |last13=Ayetigbo |first13=Oluwatoyin |last14=Bouniol |first14=Alexandre |last15=DJibril-Mousa |first15=Imayath |date=2024 |title=Food quality profile of pounded yam and implications for yam breeding |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=104 |issue=8 |pages=4635–4651 |bibcode=2024JSFA..104.4635O |doi=10.1002/jsfa.12835 |hdl=10568/132099 |issn=0022-5142 |pmid=37439058 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Adesokan |first=Michael |last2=Alamu |first2=Emmanuel Oladeji |last3=Otegbayo |first3=Bolanle |last4=Asfaw |first4=Asrat |last5=Afolabi |first5=Michael Olutoyin |last6=Fawole |first6=Segun |last7=Meghar |first7=Karima |last8=Dufour |first8=Dominique |last9=Ayetigbo |first9=Oluwatoyin |last10=Davrieux |first10=Fabrice |last11=Maziya-Dixon |first11=Busie |date=2025 |title=Rapid analysis of starch, sugar, and amylose in fresh yam tubers and boiled yam texture using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889157525002406 |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |volume=142 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107425 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-21 |article-number=107425}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Houngbo |first=Mahugnon Ezékiel |last2=Desfontaines |first2=Lucienne |last3=Irep |first3=Jean-Luc |last4=Dibi |first4=Konan Evrard Brice |last5=Couchy |first5=Maritza |last6=Otegbayo |first6=Bolanle O. |last7=Cornet |first7=Denis |date=2024 |title=Starch granule size and shape characterization of yam ( Dioscorea alata L.) flour using automated image analysis |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=104 |issue=8 |pages=4680–4688 |bibcode=2024JSFA..104.4680H |doi=10.1002/jsfa.12861 |issn=0022-5142 |pmid=37452681 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Otegbayo |first=Bolanle Omolara |last2=Tanimola |first2=Abiola Rebecca |last3=Ricci |first3=Julien |last4=Gibert |first4=Olivier |date=2024-01-10 |title=Thermal Properties and Dynamic Rheological Characterization of Dioscorea Starch Gels |journal=Gels |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=51 |doi=10.3390/gels10010051 |issn=2310-2861 |pmc=10815548 |pmid=38247774 |doi-access=free}} == Maisha ya Ndoa == Ameolewa na Profesa Jesse Abiodun Otegbayo, na wamejaliwa kuzaa watoto pamoja wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Comments|first=Admin General 5|title=MEET UCH'S NEW CMD, PROF. J.A. OTEGBAYO – UIMSA|url=https://uimsa.org.ng/meet-uchs-new-cmd-prof-j-a-otegbayo/|accessdate=2025-08-08|language=en-GB|archive-date=2025-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513011231/https://uimsa.org.ng/meet-uchs-new-cmd-prof-j-a-otegbayo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] el260xcq95hjffjn1mlz19o480hdxm2 0 228061 1601058 1509853 2026-09-25T13:13:11Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wendy Onyinye Osefo''' (née '''Ozuzu''', amezaliwa 21 Mei 1984) ni mchambuzi wa siasa wa nchini Nigeria, amesomea masuala ya utumishi wa umma, na mtangazaji wa televisheni. Yeye ni mshiriki mkuu wa waigizaji wa ''The Real Housewives of Potomac''. Wendy anafanya kazi katika uwanja wa uandishi wa habari na amepokea tuzo za kutambua michango yake katika eneo la uandishi wa habari. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa katika familia ya [[Waigbo]] nchini Nigeria, akahamia Marekani na familia yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 3 hadi [[Durham, North Carolina]] kabla ya kutua Maryland. Alisoma [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada ya kwanza]] katika sayansi ya siasa kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Temple na shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika serikali, kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins. Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Osefo alikamilisha Shahada ya Uzamili katika masuala ya umma akiwa amejikita katika maendeleo ya jamii kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers–Camden. Mnamo mwaka wa 2016, alikuwa mwanamke Mweusi wa kwanza kupata Shahada ya Uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika masuala ya umma na maendeleo ya jamii kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers-Camden. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://admissions.camden.rutgers.edu/stories/wendy-osefo-16|title=Wendy Osefo '16|work=Rutgers University–Camden|accessdate=November 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004123123/https://admissions.camden.rutgers.edu/stories/wendy-osefo-16|archivedate=October 4, 2020}}</ref> Tasnifu yake inaitwa ''Kushirikisha Wazazi wa Kipato cha Chini Shuleni: Zaidi ya Mkutano wa PTA''. Gloria Bonilla-Santiago alikuwa mshauri wa udaktari wa Osefo. == Tuzo na utambuzi == * Mnamo 2017, Osefo alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa Wanawake 12 wa Pan African wa Kutazamwa na ''Face2Face Africa''. <ref name="face2faceafrica" /> * Alipokea Tuzo Bora ya Uzamili ya 2017 kutoka kwa mwanafunzi wake wa alma, Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Outstanding Recent Graduate Award|url=https://alumni.jhu.edu/awards/recentgrad|work=Johns Hopkins Alumni|accessdate=October 19, 2020}}</ref> * Pia mnamo 2017, alipokea Tuzo ya Distinguished Recent Alumni kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Johns Hopkins. <ref name="face2faceafrica">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nkem|first=Omolayo|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/12-influential-young-pan-african-women-watch|title=12 Influential Young Pan-African Women to Watch|date=June 2, 2017|work=Face2Face Africa|accessdate=November 22, 2019}}</ref> * Yeye ndiye mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya Utambuzi wa Tofauti. * Osefo alitajwa katika darasa la 2017 la 40 Under 40 na ''Jarida la Biashara la Baltimore''. * ''Gazeti la Baltimore Sun'' lilimtaja Osefo kama mmoja wa Wanawake 25 wa Kutazamwa. * Alitajwa kuwa mshindi wa tuzo ya Wanawake Weusi katika Vyombo vya Habari mwaka wa 2018 kwa kazi yake katika vyombo vya habari na televisheni. == Maisha binafsi == Mnamo Agosti mwaka wa 2011, aliolewa na Edward Osefo. Wawili hao wanaishi Finksburg, Maryland na watoto wao watatu waliojaliwa. Uhusiano wao huonyeshwa mara kwa mara kwenye ''The Real Housewives of Potomac''. Familia hiyo ni [[Kanisa Katoliki|ya dini ya Wakatoliki]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Singleton|first=Sheridan|date=November 21, 2023|title='RHOP' Is Demonizing the Culture and Spirituality of Nigeria|url=https://collider.com/real-housewives-of-potomac-wendy-osefo-nneka-nigerian/|accessdate=December 11, 2023|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|language=en}}</ref> Osefo alimuunga mkono hadharani [[Kamala Harris]] katika [[Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024|uchaguzi wa rais wa Marekani wa mwaka wa 2024.]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Harris|first=Raquel|date=November 5, 2024|title=Halle Berry, Kumali Nanjiani, Andy Cohen and More Celebrate Election Day With 'I Voted' Selfies|url=https://www.thewrap.com/celebrity-election-day-i-voted-selfie-photos/|accessdate=November 6, 2024|work=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}</ref> === Mashtaka ya ulaghai === Osefo na mumewe walikamatwa mnamo Oktoba Tarehe 10,ya mwaka wa 2025, na kushtakiwa kwa makosa 16 ya ulaghai wa bima. Mashtaka hayo yanatokana na wizi unaodaiwa kutokea Aprili mwaka wa 2024 nyumbani kwa Osefo. Akina Osefo walidai kwamba vitu vingi vya kifahari viliibiwa, vikiwa na thamani ya $450,000. Manaibu waliripotiwa kubaini kwamba vitu vingi vilikuwa vimerudishwa madukani kwa ajili ya kurejeshewa pesa. Baada ya kuwekwa kwenye nafasi, akina Osefo waliachiliwa kwa dhamana ya $50,000. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7l78t358flhrnd2b90k9hdnvmlsbotj 0 228256 1601156 1505556 2026-09-25T13:42:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya''' ni daktari wa watoto wa kutoka nchini Nigeria. Ni mtaalamu wa dawa na wa matibabu ya sauti. == Maisha ya awali == Olusanya ana changamoto ya kutokusikia ya kuzaliwa nayo, lakini hakugunduliwa hadi alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 33. Alisomea udaktari katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]], akahitimu mwaka wa 1982. Kisha akapata mafunzo kama daktari wa watoto katika Taasisi ya Afya ya Mtoto ya UCL Great Ormond Street na Kituo cha Donald Winnicott, vyote vikiwa London. Baada ya kumaliza mafunzo yake nchini Nigeria, alikabiliwa na chaguo kati ya kufuata taaluma ya Ujuzi au kuwa mjasiriamali wa kijamii, na hadi alipoamua kufuata njia ya mwisho. <ref name="WHO">{{Rejea jarida |date=1 October 2019 |title=Bolajoko Olusanya: personal challenges, public health |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.2471/BLT.19.031019 |pmc=6796670 |pmid=31656329 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kazi == Olusanya alizindua Hearing International Nigeria (HING) mnamo mwaka wa 1999. Baadaye aliunda Chama cha Dyslexia cha Nigeria na kisha akakiunganisha na HING katika Kituo cha Mpango wa mwanzo wa Afya mnamo mwaka wa 2011. Kati ya mwaka wa 2003 na mwaka wa 2007, alirudi Chuo Kikuu cha London kufanya kazi katika Shahada ya Uzamivu katika magonjwa ya watoto na tiba ya kusikia. <ref name="WHO">{{Rejea jarida |date=1 October 2019 |title=Bolajoko Olusanya: personal challenges, public health |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.2471/BLT.19.031019 |pmc=6796670 |pmid=31656329 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6796670 "Bolajoko Olusanya: personal challenges, public health"]. ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization''. '''97''' (10): <span class="nowrap">652–</span>653. 1 October 2019. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2471/BLT.19.031019|10.2471/BLT.19.031019]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6796670 6796670]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31656329 31656329].</cite></ref> Shahada yake ya Uzamivu, iliyotolewa mnamo mwaka wa 2008, ilikuwa na kichwa "Mifumo ya uchunguzi wa kusikia kwa watoto wachanga kwa ajili ya kugundua mapema upotevu wa kusikia wa kudumu kwa watoto nchini Nigeria". <ref name="PhD">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Olusanya|first=Bolajoko Olubukunola|title=Infant hearing screening models for the early detection of permanent childhood hearing loss in Nigeria|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1445237/|work=UCL|publisher=UCL (University College London)|accessdate=3 May 2020|date=31 January 2008}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2020, Olusanya alikuwa amechapisha zaidi ya makala 200 katika majarida ya kitaaluma. <ref name="Orcid">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bolajoko Olusanya (0000-0002-3826-0583)|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3826-0583|work=Orcid|accessdate=3 May 2020|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, alijiunga na Tume ya Lancet ya Upotevu wa Kusikia Duniani, mpango wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) wa kutibu watu wenye changamoto ya kusikia duniani kote. <ref name="Bento">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Ricardo Bento is invited to integrate the OMS/Lancet Commission for Hearing Loss|url=http://www.fm.usp.br/en/news/prof-ricardo-bento-is-invited-to-integrate-the-oms-lancet-commission-for-hearing-loss|work=www.fm.usp.br|accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> Kulingana na Olusanya, sababu kuu za upotevu wa kusikia nchini Nigeria zilikuwa jenereta za umeme, dawa za kuua vijidudu na uwepo wa kelele unaoendelea. Olusanya ni mkurugenzi wa Utafiti wa Kimataifa kuhusu Washirika wa Ulemavu wa Maendeleo (GRDDC), kundi la wataalamu wa watoto wanaofadhiliwa na [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|Wakfu wa Bill na Melinda Gates]] na Taasisi ya Vipimo na Tathmini ya Afya. Mnamo mwaka wa 2018, ilichapisha utafiti katika ''The Lancet'' unaoonyesha kwamba nchini Nigeria, mwaka wa 2016 kulikuwa na watoto milioni 2.5 wenye ulemavu wa ukuaji ambapo ambapo mwaka1990 idadi ilikuwa milioni 1.5. Ulemavu wa ukuaji hufafanuliwa zaidi kama hali za kiafya zinazoathiri watoto kwa muda mrefu, kama vile [[Tawahudi|ugonjwa wa wigo wa tawahudi]], [[Tatizo la Kutotulia|shida ya upungufu wa umakini]], [[kupooza kwa ubongo]], ugonjwa wa Down na upotevu wa kusikia. == Pongezi == Olusanya alipewa Tuzo ya Aram Glorig na Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Utaalamu wa Sauti mnamo mwaka wa 2018. <ref name="WHO">{{Rejea jarida |date=1 October 2019 |title=Bolajoko Olusanya: personal challenges, public health |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.2471/BLT.19.031019 |pmc=6796670 |pmid=31656329 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6796670 "Bolajoko Olusanya: personal challenges, public health"]. ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization''. '''97''' (10): <span class="nowrap">652–</span>653. 1 October 2019. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2471/BLT.19.031019|10.2471/BLT.19.031019]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6796670 6796670]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31656329 31656329].</cite></ref> == Kazi zilizochaguliwa == * {{Rejea jarida |last=Olusanya |first=Bolajoko |last2=Eletu |first2=Olaseinde |last3=Odusote |first3=Olatunde |last4=Somefun |first4=Abayomi |last5=Olude |first5=Olufemi |date=October 2006 |title=Early detection of infant hearing loss: Current experiences of health professionals in a developing country |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=1300–1302 |doi=10.1080/08035250600603016 |pmid=16982506 |s2cid=25978633}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Olusanya |first=Bolajoko O. |last2=Afe |first2=Abayomi J. |last3=Onyia |first3=Ngozi O. |date=August 2009 |title=Infants with HIV-infected mothers in a universal newborn hearing screening programme in Lagos, Nigeria |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=98 |issue=8 |pages=1288–1293 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01337.x |pmid=19519758 |s2cid=39310671}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Olusanya |first=Bolajoko O. |date=July 2012 |title=Neonatal hearing screening and intervention in resource-limited settings: an overview |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=654–659 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2012-301786 |pmid=22611062 |s2cid=15564631}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Olusanya |first=Bolajoko O. |last2=Davis |first2=Adrian C. |last3=Kassebaum |first3=Nicholas J. |date=February 2019 |title=Poor data produce poor models: children with developmental disabilities deserve better – Authors' reply |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e189 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30496-0 |pmid=30683237 |doi-access=free}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cmx36me1z3jppw5mzvg3dryjc2let1b 0 228295 1601433 1508461 2026-09-25T18:46:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joy Nwosu Lo-Bamijoko''' (alizaliwa [[Enugu]], [[Nigeria]], [[Agosti 27]], [[1940]]) ni mtaalamu wa muziki wa ethno wa Nigeria, kondakta wa kwaya, mkosoaji wa muziki na soprano wa jinsia ya kike. Wakati yupo kwenye nafasi ya mwalimu wa muziki kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos, alitangaza maonyesho ya Bel canto ndani ya nchi ya Nigeria ili kutanua shauku katika opera na mtindo wa uimbaji wa Italia. Amekua sehemu ya zaidi ya matamasha 50 ya peke yake au ya kikundi nchini Nigeria na nchi nyingine chache. Mwaka wa 1968, aliandika kitabu chenye jina ''Cinema e Africa'' kwa Aracne editrice, maandishi kuhusu Waafrika katika Sinema. == Maisha == Alizaliwa kwenye familia ya Charles Belonwu, mchungaji, na mkewe Deborah Nwosu, wote wakiwa washiriki wa kwaya wa kanisa lao. Nwosu aliungana na wazazi wake kama mshirika mwimbaji kwenye kwaya ya Kanisa la Faith Terbanacle. Mwendelezo wa kuimba ulikuwepo kama burudani kwenye elimu yake ya sekondari na huku akipata cheti cha ualimu cha daraja la II katika Chuo cha Holy Rozari, Enugu. Alipokuwa chuoni, alikiwakilisha kwenye mashindano mbalimbali ya kwaya na akapata ushindi kwenye mashindano saba ya uimbaji wa peke yake kwenye Tamasha la Sanaa la Enugu. Baada ya kukamilisha masomo ndani ya Holy Rozari, alibakia shuleni humo kama mwalimu. Chuo cha Holy Rozari kilikuwa ni shule ya kidini ya kikatoliki; watawa walioona kipaji cha Nwosu kwenye uimbaji wake na walimpa udhamini wa kiuchumi wa kusoma muziki kwenye Chuo cha Muziki huko Dublin. alifanikiwa pia kupata udhamini wa serikali ya kikanda ya Mashariki na fursa ya kusoma muziki huko Roma. Nwosu alifanya uchaguzi wa Roma na akasoma sauti kwenye Conservatori Do Musica Santa Cecilia. Alihamisha makazi kwenda Italia mnamo wa 1962 japo kabla ya kukubaliwa shuleni, ilipaswa afanye majaribio na kusomea masomo ya Kiitaliano. Aliitimisha masomo baada ya kukaa miaka mitano kwenye kihafidhina na akasomea kozi za ziada juu ya mawasiliano ya umma. Nchi ya Italia, aliangaziwa kwenye majukumu ya opera kama vile ''Turandot'' ya [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]] ndani Ukumbi wa Bustani wa Castel Gandolfo na pia alibeba kazi za ziada kwenye Cleopatra and the Tenth Victim. Kisha alionekana katika filamu ndogo iliyoonyeshwa, Giovanni Vento's, Ill Nero mnamo wa 1966. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cinemafrodiscendente.com/it/--nwosu-joy/|title=Nwosu, Joy|work=Cinemafrodiscendente.com|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=5 October 2017|archive-date=2017-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005222452/http://www.cinemafrodiscendente.com/it/--nwosu-joy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Alirejesha makazi kutoka Ulaya mpaka Nigeria, kisha alifanya kazi kwa nafasi ya mtayarishaji kwenye Shirika la Utangazaji la Nigeria (NBC). Katika NBC, aliunda kikundi cha muziki. Mwaka wa 1973, kikundi hicho kilitoa wimbo wa UWAM chini ya Decca records ambao ukawa unafahamika sana. Umaarufu wa wimbo huo ulileta kuonekana zaidi kwa njia za redio na televisheni kwa Nwosu; kati ya mwaka 1975 na mwaka 1975, alijiingiza kwenye kipindi cha Cultural Nights kwenye NBC. Eanzi za Festac, alikuwa kiongozi wa soprano kwenye Festac Cantata ya Ayo Bankole na alishika nafasi ya mkurugenzi msaidizi wa programu za muziki kwa sherehe hizo. Kwenye wakati huo huo alijiunga na kikundi cha kwaya cha Lazarus Ekwueme na kusafiri na wanakikundi hao hadi nchini Ghana na majimbo tofauti tofauti ndani ya nchi ya Nigeria kwa maonyesho ya kwaya. Mwaka wa 1975, aliondoka NBC ili kuwa mhadhiri katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos. Nwosu hakuwahi kupata shahada ya udaktari na alikutana na vikwazo katika taaluma kutoka kwa wahadhiri mfano vile Akin Euba ambao hawakuona anastahili nafasi kwenye idara hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://indieauthorsreviews.blogspot.com/2015/04/welcome-to-joy-nwosu-lo-bamijoko.html|title=Indie Authors and Reviews: Welcome to Joy Nwosu Lo-Bamijoko!|first=April|author=Adams|date=17 April 2015|work=Indieauthorsreviews.blogspot.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1978, alisomea Michigan kwa udaktari ambao aliukamilisha mnamo wa 1981. Aliporejea kutoka Michigan, Nwosu aliweza kupata heshima zaidi katikati mwa wenzake waliokuwa chini ya wanaume. Kati ya mwaka 1986 na 1987, alikuwa na wadhifa ya mkuu wa idara ya muziki na baadaye mkuu wa kitengo cha muziki katika kituo cha masomo ya utamaduni. Nwosu aliachana na kwaya ya Ekwueme ili aweze kutengeneza kikundi chake mwenyewe, Joy Nwosu na Ensemble yake mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980. Mwaka wa 1985, kikundi hicho kilifanya onyesho la siku tatu ndani Ukumbi wa Sanaa wa Kitaifa, Iganmu kuadhimisha jubilei ya fedha ya Nigeria. == Maisha ya baadaye == Nwosu alikuja kustaafu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos huko mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 na kwenda safari ya huko [[Marekani|Amerika]] mahali ambapo mwanzoni alijaribu kutafuta miadi ya chuo kikuu bila mafanikio, baada ya hapo akafanya kazi kwa muda mfupi kama msaidizi wa utunzaji wa nyumbani kabla ya kuwa mwalimu wa muziki wa shule ya upili huko New Jersey. Ameandika vitabu viwili, ''Mirror of Our Lives'' na ''Legend of the Walking Dead: Igbo Mythologies''. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">nukuu inahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] mzmkilcb0q6lvqhg5p9ro3r4yxhcpo5 0 228327 1601059 1582412 2026-09-25T13:13:18Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gbemisola Oke''' (alizaliwa '''Gbemisola Aderemi Aderinokun''') ni profesa kutoka nchini Nigeria wa Periodontolojia na Meno ya Jamii katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]]. Alikuwa Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo kwa miaka miwili kati ya mwaka wa 2015 na mwaka wa 2017. Pia ameshika nafasi za utawala kama vile Mkuu wa Chuo, Kitivo cha Meno na Mkurugenzi, Kituo cha Ujasiriamali na [[Ubunifu]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Oke alisoma shahada yake ya kwanza kutoka katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] kati ya mwaka wa 1976 na mwaka wa 1981. Kisha akaenda nchini Marekani ili kusomea maswala ya afya ya umma, na kupata shahada ya uzamili katika Afya ya Umma mwaka wa 1985. Baadaye, alirudi nchini Nigeria kuanza na kukamilisha tasnifu yake katika [[Epidemiolojia]] kati ya mwaka wa 1987 na mwaka wa 1997. Yeye ni mwanachama wa mashirika mengi ya kitaaluma ikiwa ni pamoja na Chama cha Madaktari cha Nigeria, Chama cha Meno cha Nigeria, Chama cha Kimataifa cha Utafiti wa Meno, Jumuiya ya Wanawake na UKIMWI barani Afrika miongoni mwa mengine. <ref name="one">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/prof-oke-gbemisola-aderemi?id=449|title=Prof Oke Aderemi|author=admin|work=College of Medicine|accessdate=2017-11-21|archive-date=2017-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913182348/http://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/prof-oke-gbemisola-aderemi?id=449|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Machapisho na majukumu ya utawala == Kati ya mwaka wa 2007 na mwaka wa 2010, Oke alikuwa Mkuu wa Chuo, Kitivo cha Meno katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]]. Hadi alipoteuliwa kuwa Naibu Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo mwaka wa 2015, alikuwa Mkurugenzi, Kituo cha Ujasiriamali na Ubunifu. <ref name="one"/> Mnamo Januari mwaka wa 2015, aliteuliwa kuwa naibu VC, akichukua nafasi ya Makamu Mkuu wa Chuo wa siku zijazo, Abel Idowu Olayinka. Alikuwa mwanamke wa pili kuchukua nafasi hiyo. Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, aliona kwamba kuharika kwa meno si hatari sana nchini Nigeria, ikilinganishwa na nchi zingine zilizoendelea kwa kuwa hatutegemei sana vyakula vyenye [[sukari]]. Alisisitiza hitaji la kutumia [[dawa ya meno]] yenye floridi kwani hiyo itapunguza hatari ya kuoza. Alizungumza katika moja ya kituo cha meno cha jamii alichoanzisha, Oke alisisitiza hitaji la aina yake zaidi, huku akisisitiza imani za kishirikina kuhusu huduma ya afya ya kinywa na mzigo wa kifedha ili kuweka gharama nafuu kama kikwazo kikubwa katika kutimiza malengo yake yaliyowekwa ya kufafanua upya mfumo wa meno nchini Nigeria. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qchnkdc5sgq3yal2p24mr6oympfeam4 0 228345 1601201 1508661 2026-09-25T13:47:26Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy Jumeyi Ogbadu''' (alizaliwa Septemba 25, 1953) ni mwanabiolojia kutoka nchini Nigeria na alifanya kazi kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu /Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Shirika la Kitaifa la Maendeleo ya Bioteknolojia (NABDA), shirika la utafiti chini ya Wizara ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Nigeria hadi mwisho wa muda wake mwaka wa 2018. == Kazi == Kabla ya kuchukua wadhifa kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu/Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa NABDA mnamo Novemba mwaka wa 2013, Ogbadu alikuwa mhadhiri katika chuo chake cha alma mater. Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello, [[Zaria]], kwa miaka ishirini na baadaye katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Benue, [[Makurdi]], kwa miaka mingine sita. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.jrbiotekfoundation.org/summit_speakers/professor-lucy-jumeyi-ogbadu-2/|title=Professor Lucy Jumeyi Ogbadu|work=JR Biotek Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-08|archive-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508120635/http://www.jrbiotekfoundation.org/summit_speakers/professor-lucy-jumeyi-ogbadu-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2002 aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti na Maendeleo katika NABDA na baadaye alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Ujasiriamali wa Bio-Entrepreneurship kuanzia mwaka wa 2004 hadi mwaka wa 2005. Ogbadu pia alifanya kazi katika nafasi ya kaimu kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu/Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa NABDA kwa miezi mitatu mnamo mwaka wa 2005, na baadaye akawa mkuu wa idara ya Bioteknolojia ya Chakula na Viwanda katika NABDA kuanzia mwaka wa 2005 hadi mwaka wa 2011. Pia alihudumu kama mkurugenzi wa utafiti kuanzia mwwaka wa 2011 hadi mwaka wa 2013, alipoteuliwa katika nafasi yake ya sasa. Ogbadu alianzisha uhamishaji wa teknolojia kwenye "Mfumo wa Bioreactor Kwa muda mfupi" kutoka AZUTECNIA ya Cuba hadi Nigeria kwa ajili ya uzalishaji mkubwa wa mimea midogo ya hali ya juu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2016)">ufafanuzi unahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Pia alishiriki na kuhakikisha kusainiwa kwa mkataba wa makubaliano kuhusu uzalishaji wa chanjo kati ya Finlay wa Cuba na Nigeria (FMST, Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Shirikisho, Minna na CDC waliuchagua) mapema mwaka wa 2013. Wakati akiwa utumishi kama Kaimu Mkurugenzi Mkuu, Ogbadu alirejesha uanachama wa nchini Nigeria katika Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Uhandisi wa Jeni na Bioteknolojia. Miradi mingine ya bioteknolojia ilianzishwa kupitia ushirikiano na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] chini ya ushirikiano wa Kusini mwa Afrika katika kipindi hiki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2016)">ufafanuzi unahitajika</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Mwanzoni mwa janga la virusi vya Ebola Afrika Magharibi la mwaka wa 2014, NABDA chini ya uongozi wake ilitengeneza vipimo na vifaa vya kugundua [[Ebola|ugonjwa wa virusi vya Ebola]]. Vifaa hivyo vilikuwa na uwezo wa kugundua ndani ya saa 24 baada ya kuambukizwa virusi hivyo, hata kabla ya dalili kuanza kujitokeza, na hivyo ilisaidia kuzuia kuenea kwa ugonjwa huo. Hii ilifanikiwa kwa ushirikiano na kampuni ya teknolojia ya kibiolojia yakutoka nchini Korea Kusini ya Bioneer. Chini ya miaka miwili ya uongozi wake kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu, alifanikiwa kuhamasisha kupitishwa kwa Muswada wa Usalama wa Bio wa nchini Nigeria, ambao ulikuwa katika hali tata tangu kuanzishwa kwake mwaka wa 2002, kuwa sheria. Vile vile, Muswada wa Bioteknolojia umepitishwa na Baraza Kuu la Shirikisho ndani ya kipindi hicho hicho na sasa umepelekwa mbele ya Bunge. Mpango Mkakati wa bioteknolojia wa miaka mitano pia umetengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kwa sasa unatekelezwa. == Machapisho == Ogbadu amechapisha zaidi ya jarida/kitabu 40 kilichorejelewa kuhusu matokeo ya utafiti wake, asilimia 87 kati yake zikiwa katika majarida ya kimataifa yenye sifa nzuri na mengine katika majarida/vitabu vya ndani vyenye hadhi ya juu. Ogbadu amechangia sura katika ''Elsevier Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology''. Amewasilisha zaidi ya Semina 22 na Karatasi za Mikutano katika mikusanyiko mbalimbali ya kisayansi. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sz717vx17fd0cwa1txf6jf9if9rohcc 0 228660 1601493 1506215 2026-09-25T19:43:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tikvah Alper''' ([[22 Januari]] [[1909]] - [[2 Februari]] [[1995]]) alikuwa mtaalamu bingwa wa mionzi, ambaye alipata mafunzo kama mwanafizikia. <ref name="SAJS">{{Rejea jarida |last=Hunter |first=A |year=2012 |title=Radiation biology – An important science |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=108 |issue=7/8 |page=972 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i7/8.972 |hdl=11427/29930 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Katikati ya mipango na uvumbuzi mwingine mwingi, alikuwemo kati ya wa kwanza kupata uthibitisho unaoonyesha kwamba [[Pathojeni|wakala wa kuambukiza]] kwenye scrapie hauna asidi ya kiini : ugunduzi ambao ulikuwa wa msingi kwenye kuelewa maendeleo ya nadharia ya prioni. Alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Kitengo cha Majaribio cha Radiopatholojia ya MRC, Hospitali ya Hammersmith, London, Uingereza, 1962-1974. == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Tikvah Alper alizaliwa ndani ya nchi ya [[Afrika Kusini]], mdogo kuliko wote kati ya binti wanne kwenye familia ya wakimbizi wa Kiyahudi kutoka nchi ya [[Urusi]]. <ref name="JWA2016">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Vogt|first=Annette B.|title=Tikvah Alpert 1909-1995|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/alper-tikvah|work=Jewish Women's Archive Encyclopedia|publisher=Jewish Women's Archive|accessdate=17 December 2016}}</ref> Akiwa msichana wa shule kwenye Shule ya Sekondari ya Wasichana ya Durban, watu walimsema kwamba "ni msichana mwenye sifa nzuri zaidi kiakili aliyewahi kuhudhuria shule hiyo", <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Hornsey |first=S |last2=Denekamp |first2=J |year=1997 |title=Tikvah Alper: An indomitable Spirit |journal=[[International Journal of Radiation Biology]] |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=631–42 |doi=10.1080/095530097143635 |pmid=9246177}}</ref> na akahitimu kwa alama ya juu mwaka mmoja mapema. Alimaliza kwa alama ya juu katika fizikia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] mwaka 1929, na bada ya hapo akasoma huko Berlin na mwanafizikia wa nyuklia Lise Meitner mnamo 1930-32, akichapisha karatasi iliyoshinda tuzo <ref name="HandD" /> kuhusu miale ya delta iliyozalishwa na chembe za alpha mnamo 1933. <ref name="ZFP1932">{{Rejea jarida |last=Alper |first=T |year=1932 |title=Über die δ-Strahlen und die Beziehung zwischen Reichweite und Geschwindigkeit für langsame Elektronen |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik |volume=76 |issue=3–4 |pages=172–189 |bibcode=1932ZPhy...76..172A |doi=10.1007/BF01341810 |s2cid=122840914}}</ref> Mwaka 1932, alirejea Afrika Kusini ili kuolewa na mtaalamu wa bakteria (baadaye) maarufu Max Sterne, mgunduzi wa chanjo bora zaidi ya mifugo kwa ajili ya kimeta. Aliendelea kutumia jina lake la ukoo katika ndoa miaka yote. Kwa sababu wanawake walioolewa ilikuwa ni marufuku kufanya kazi chuo kikuu enzi hizo, Tikvah na Max walianzisha maabara ya nyumbani mahali walifanya kazi pamoja. Watoto wao, Jonathan na Michael, walizaliwa mwaka 1935 na mwaka 1936. Kuanzia nyakati hizo na kuendelea, Tikvah Alper alichanganya mahitaji ya kuwa mama (Jonathan alizaliwa kiziwi sana), ndoa na kazi. Hizi zilijumuisha vipindi vya kabla na baada ya vita ndani ya nchi [[Uingereza]], ambapo alifanya kazi na mtaalamu wa radiobiolojia waanzilishi, Douglas Lea. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ipem.ac.uk/Conferencesandevents/eponymouslectures/Pages/DouglasLeaLecture.aspx|title=Lecture by Douglas Lea|accessdate=10 December 2012|archivedate=14 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614055309/http://www.ipem.ac.uk/Conferencesandevents/eponymouslectures/Pages/DouglasLeaLecture.aspx}}</ref> Zaidi ya miaka kumi kutokea mwaka 1937, Tikvah alipata mafunzo tena na kisha pia alihudumu kama mwalimu wa viziwi. Mafunzo yake ya fizikia na ujuzi wake wa kiufundi yalidhuhurishwa kwenye utafiti wake uliochapishwa kuhusu kufanya usemi uonekane, kwa matumizi kwenye mafunzo ya usemi kwa watoto viziwi <ref name="JSI1939">{{Rejea jarida |last=Alper |first=T. |last2=Zimmerman |first2=H. J. |year=1939 |title=A thyraton inflexion indicator for teaching the deaf |journal=[[Journal of Scientific Instruments]] |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=334–6 |bibcode=1939JScI...16..334S |doi=10.1088/0950-7671/16/10/304}}</ref> Alikuwa a afasi ya mkuu wa sehemu ya Biofizikia ya Maabara ya Kitaifa ya Fizikia ya Afrika Kusini mwaka1948. == Kazi ya baadaye == Japo umaarufu wao wa kisayansi ulizidi kuenea, mwaka 1951, Max Sterne na Tikvah Alper walilazimika kuondoka Afrika Kusini kwa sababu ya upinzani wao wa wazi dhidi ya [[Apartheid|ubaguzi wa rangi]]. Tikvah alipata nafasi ya utafiti (isiyolipwa) kwenye Maabara ya Radiobiolojia ya MRC katika Hospitali ya Hammersmith, London, iliyosimamiwa na Hal Gray, ambaye alikuwa ameshakutana naye katika ziara za awali. Hapa, kazi ilikusudia mifumo ya athari za mionzi kwenye biolojia ya seli. Ugumu wa athari za mionzi kwenye aina tofauti za seli, na mwingiliano wao na michakato mingine ya kisaikolojia na kemikali ulianza kuwekewa mipango wakati huu, na kuendelea hadi miaka ya 1950 na 60. Alikuwa na cheo cha mkurugenzi wa Kitengo cha Radiobiolojia kuanzia mnamo 1962 hadi kustaafu kwake mwaka1974. Maandishi yake ya kitamaduni ''ya Cellular Radiobiolojia'' yalichapishwa mwaka 1979. Tikvah Alper aliendelea na maisha ya kitaaluma ndani ya kustaafu kwake, na kufikia "hotuba nzuri kwa Jumuiya ya Utafiti wa Mionzi huko Dallas, [[Marekani]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 83..". <ref name="HandD">{{Rejea jarida |last=Hornsey |first=S |last2=Denekamp |first2=J |year=1997 |title=Tikvah Alper: An indomitable Spirit |journal=[[International Journal of Radiation Biology]] |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=631–42 |doi=10.1080/095530097143635 |pmid=9246177}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHornseyDenekamp1997">Hornsey, S; Denekamp, J (1997). "Tikvah Alper: An indomitable Spirit". ''[[International Journal of Radiation Biology]]''. '''71''' (6): <span class="nowrap">631–</span>42. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/095530097143635|10.1080/095530097143635]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9246177 9246177].</cite></ref> Alifariki dunia Sarisbury, Hampshire, Uingereza, mwaka wa 1995, <ref name="RR1995">{{Rejea jarida |last=Fowler |first=J |date=April 1995 |title=In memoriam Tikvah Alper 1909-1995. |journal=Radiation Research |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=110–2 |pmid=7899554}}</ref> na aliacha mumewe Max, wanawe Jonathan na Michael, wajukuu sita, na vitukuu watatu. == Jukumu katika utafiti wa scrapie == Scrapie ni ugonjwa wenye hatari wa kuambukiza wa mfumo wa neva wa kondoo; na ni moja kati ya ya aina ya magonjwa ya prioni yenye uwezo wa kuathiri ng'ombe (BSE) na wanadamu (Kuru, nCJD) . Scrapie ilidhaniwa kusababishwa na 'virusi vya polepole' - ambavyo vinaweza kuchukua miaka kuonyesha kama mabadiliko ya tabia au mwendo. Hadi ilivyofika katikati ya miaka ya 1960, iligundulika kuwa seli zingeweza kujirudia tu kupitia [[DNA]]. Utendaji wa mionzi huzuia kujirudia kwa seli kwa 'kuua' DNA. Alper aligundua kuwa mionzi haikuua wakala wa kuambukiza kwenye scrapie, ikidokeza kwamba virusi havina uwezo wa kuwa wakala wa kuambukiza. Wakala wa kuambukiza ilibidi awe mdogo na rahisi zaidi ya DNA (ya virusi). Alper alifanya ugunduzi pia kuwa wakala huyo alibaki akifanya kazi chini ya mwanga wa urujuanimno. DNA haitendi kazi chini ya mwanga wa UV. Badala yake, wakala huyo alikufa kutokana na mwanga akiwa na nyuzi joto 237.&nbsp;nm, urefu wa wimbi maalum kwa kuzuia polysaccharide. Alper na wenzake <ref name="Nature1967">{{Rejea jarida |last=Alper |first=T. |display-authors=etal |year=1967 |title=Does the agent of scrapie replicate without Nucleic Acid? |journal=Nature |volume=214 |issue=5090 |pages=764–766 |bibcode=1967Natur.214..764A |doi=10.1038/214764a0 |pmid=4963878 |s2cid=4195902}}</ref> waliripoti sifa hizi za wakala wa scrapie - ugunduzi ambao ulipokelewa kwa mshangao katika robo nyingi, kwani ulionekana kwenda kinyume na fundisho kuu linaloshikilia kwamba uigaji (na hivyo ukuaji wa ugonjwa na sifa zake za kuambukiza) unaweza kuendelea kupitia DNA pekee. Hata hivyo, baada tu ya matokeo haya ya majaribio yalipokubaliwa, nadharia kadhaa zilitengenezwa ili kuzingatia sifa za kipekee za wakala wa scrapie. Nadharia inayokubalika zaidi leo ni nadharia ya prion, ambayo inadai protini 'rogue' kama chanzo cha kuambukiza. Hata hivyo, Alper hakuweza kukubali kwamba 'mutation' ya protini ndiyo wakala. Kwanza, masomo yake ya mionzi ya UV hayakuonyesha wakala wa protini na, pili, prions zilizotengwa hazikusababisha scrapie. Nadharia zake mwenyewe juu ya wakala zilitengenezwa kwenye miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake na zilipendekeza hadithi yenye uzito na ngumu zaidi. <ref name="FEMSML1992">{{Rejea jarida |last=Alper |first=T. |date=July 1992 |title=The infectivity of spongiform encephalopathies: does a modified membrane hypothesis account for lack of immune response? |journal=[[FEMS Microbiology Letters]] |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05000.x |pmid=1355344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d4hhpav0bj0xyho21ol1mde3mu8gmze 0 229206 1601248 1529951 2026-09-25T14:09:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rita Oyoku''' ([[24 Desemba]] [[1977]]) ni mfadhili wa [[Nigeria]]. Anahudumu kama Kamishna wa Biashara na Uwekezaji wa [[Vanuatu|Jamhuri ya Vanuatu]] nchini [[Nigeria]], akiwa na jukumu la kuimarisha uhusiano wa kibiashara na kiuchumi kati ya nchi hizo mbili tangu Februari 2023. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gleamer|first=The|date=2023-02-08|title="Rita Oyoku appointed first republic of Vanuatu trade commissioner"|url=https://thegleamer.com/rita-oyoku-appointed-first-republic-of-vanuatu-trade-commissioner/|accessdate=2025-06-02|work=The Gleamer News|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Elimu == Rita Oyoku alizaliwa katika [[Delta (jimbo)|Jimbo la Delta]], Nigeria. Alikamilisha elimu yake ya msingi Shule ya Watoto ya Jeshi, Ikeja Cantonment huko Lagos (1983-1989). Kisha alihudhuria Chuo cha Hopebay huko Lagos (1990-1995). Alifuata elimu ya juu katika Masoko ya Biashara katika Shule ya Usimamizi ya London, Uingereza, kati ya 2009 na 2011. == Kazi == Mnamo 2013, Oyoku alianzisha shirika la Rita Oyoku, shirika lisilo la faida linalolenga kuwawezesha jamii kupitia mipango ya elimu, afya, na maendeleo ya kijamii nchini Nigeria na kwingineko. Mnamo 2016, alizindua Mpango wa Kimataifa wa Mjumbe wa Harmony ili kushughulikia sababu kuu za uhamiaji usio wa kawaida kupitia uwezeshaji wa kiuchumi, njia za uhamaji kisheria, na ushirikiano wa kuvuka mipaka na serikali na asasi za kiraia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Staff|first=Reputation Poll|date=2024-01-28|title=100 MOST REPUTABLE AFRICANS [2024 EDITION] - Reputation Poll Intl|url=https://www.reputationpoll.com/100-most-reputable-africans-2024/|accessdate=2025-07-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kuanzia 2021 hadi 2023, alihudumu kama mshauri maalum wa biashara ya nje kwa meya wa [[Belmopan]], Belize. Mnamo 2021, Rita aliteuliwa miongoni mwa wanachama wa kamati za uangalizi za Shirikisho la Darts la Nigeria. ''<ref>''sunnews (2021-05-02).'' "Full list of members of national sports federations' caretaker committees"''. The Sun. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-06-02.''</ref>'' Baadaye mwaka huo, aliteuliwa kuwa Rais wa Shirikisho. <ref>"FULL LIST: Minister inaugurates 29 sports federation boards"''. Premium Times. Retrieved 2025-06-04.''</ref> Mnamo Februari 2022, Oyoku aliteuliwa kuwa Kamishna wa Biashara wa [[Vanuatu|Jamhuri ya Vanuatu]] nchini [[Nigeria]]. Ana jukumu la kuimarisha uhusiano wa pande mbili, kukuza biashara na uwekezaji, na kuchunguza ushirikiano mpana wa kimkakati kati ya [[Vanuatu]] na [[Nigeria]]. <ref>''Reporter, Our (2023-02-16).'' "Vanuatu appoints first trade commissioner to Nigeria"''. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-06-02.''</ref> Mnamo 2025, Rita Oyoku aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Azimio la Jena, mpango wa kimataifa ulioko Ujerumani unaounga mkono Malengo 17 ya Maendeleo Endelevu ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Akiwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa GHEII, Oyoku alisaini kwa pamoja taarifa ya hatua sita ya kimataifa mwezi Aprili 2024 kabla ya Mkutano wa Asasi za Kiraia wa Umoja wa Mataifa uliofanyika [[Nairobi]]. Taarifa hiyo ilitoa wito wa kuchukuliwa hatua kuhusu changamoto muhimu za kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na elimu ya bei nafuu, usalama wa chakula, harakati huru kote Afrika, na zaidi. <ref>''Gbadebo, Bode (2024-05-01).'' "Nigerian CSOs Make 6-point Demand Ahead Kenya Confab, Summit Of Future"''. Leadership. Retrieved 2025-06-04.''</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] puga3eibupgdmgdn4loy9m0de1e23xi 0 229289 1601202 1508821 2026-09-25T13:47:33Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olufunmilayo Adunni Olayinka''' ( née Famuagun; 20 Juni 1960&nbsp;– 6 Aprili 2013), alikuwa anafanya kazi [[benki]] na mwanasiasa wa Nigeria ambaye alihudumu kama naibu gavana wa Jimbo la Ekiti kuanzia 2010 hadi kifo chake mwaka wa 2013. <ref name="naij">"Deputy Governor of Ekiti State Mrs Funmilayo Olayinka Is dead"''. naij.com. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.''</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Olayinka alizaliwa [[Ado Ekiti|Ado-Ekiti]], Jimbo la Ekiti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ekitistate.gov.ng/2013/04/biography-of-mrs-funmi-olayinka/|title=Biography of Mrs Funmi Olayinka|publisher=Government of Ekiti State|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref> Alihudhuria Shule ya Sarufi ya Utatu Mtakatifu [[Ibadan]], ambapo alipata cheti chake cha kwanza cha kumaliza shule kwa alama ya juu. Baadaye aliendelea na Shule ya Upili ya Olivet Baptist, [[Jimbo la Oyo]], Nigeria, ambapo alipata Cheti chake cha Shule ya Upili (HSC). Alikuwa na shahada ya uzamili katika utawala wa umma na Shahada ya Utawala wa Biashara katika masoko kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Kati, Wilberforce, Ohio, [[Marekani]], mnamo 1981 na 1983 mtawalia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Admin|title=Ekiti State Deputy Governor Bows To Cancer at 52|url=http://www.newsofthepeople-ng.com/ekiti-state-deputy-governor-bows-to-cancer-at-52/|work=News of the people|accessdate=24 January 2019}}</ref> Alishinda mara tatu orodha ya heshima ya Mkuu wa Shule. == Kazi == Olayinka, mchambuzi wa masoko na mtaalamu wa mikakati, alianza kazi yake katika benki na First Bank of Nigeria Plc mwaka wa 1986. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama meneja wa uhusiano wa akaunti za makampuni katika Access Bank, ambayo sasa ni Merchant Banking Corporation [MBC] na United Bank for Africa Plc. Mnamo Agosti 2002, alianza kufanya kazi katika mawasiliano ya makampuni na akaendelea kuongoza Kitengo cha Masuala ya Kampuni, United Bank for Africa. Baadaye akawa mkuu wa usimamizi wa chapa na masuala ya makampuni, na hivyo kuongoza timu iliyohusika na kutoa pendekezo la kuvutia la chapa na kuibadilisha chapa ya United Bank for Africa ambayo ilisaidia kuendesha mkakati wa biashara wa benki na kuongeza thamani kwa taswira kamili ya chapa hiyo. <ref name="premiumtimesng.com">''Admin (6 April 2013).'' "Ekiti Deputy Governor, Olufunmilayo Olayinka, dies at 52"''. Premium Times. Retrieved 24 January 2019.''</ref> Olayinka pia alikuwa makamu wa pili wa rais wa Chama cha Wasimamizi wa Mashirika ya Benki kati ya 2002 na 2004. <ref name="premiumtimesng.com2">''Admin (6 April 2013).'' "Ekiti Deputy Governor, Olufunmilayo Olayinka, dies at 52"''. Premium Times. Retrieved 24 January 2019.''</ref> Olayinka alichukua jukumu la kimkakati wakati wa mchakato wa kuunganishwa kwa Benki ya zamani ya United Bank for Africa & Standard Trust, ambapo aliongoza Kamati Ndogo ya Chapa. Pia alihudumu kama mjumbe muhimu wa Kamati Ndogo ya Mahusiano ya Vyombo vya Habari. Hadi kuchaguliwa kwake kama naibu gavana wa [[Jimbo la Ekiti]], alikuwa mkuu wa huduma za makampuni, Ecobank Transatlantiki Inc., ambapo alikuwa na jukumu la kuwasilisha shughuli za benki kwa umma, usimamizi wa uhusiano na umma na kutoa maoni kwa usimamizi kuhusu taswira kamili ya benki. Zaidi ya hayo, pia alisimamia Kitengo Kikuu cha Huduma za Ndani akiwa na jukumu la uratibu wa jumla wa huduma za utawala kwa benki nzima. Kufuatia mchakato wa uchaguzi uliokuwa na utata wakati wa uchaguzi wa Ugavana wa 2007, mgombea wa Chama tawala cha People's Democratic Party cha Nigeria, Segun Oni alitangazwa mshindi wa uchaguzi huo. Hapo ndipo Olayinka pamoja na Kayode Fayemi walielekea mahakamani kupinga ukweli wa matokeo. Mnamo Oktoba 14, 2010, baada ya Mchakato wa uchaguzi wa marudio wa na kesi ya mahakamani, Mahakama ya Rufaa ya Uchaguzi iliyoketi [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (jimbo)|Jimbo la Kwara]], [[Nigeria]] ilimfukuza kazi gavana wa zamani Segun Oni wa Chama cha Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) na kumtangaza Dkt. Kayode Fayemi wa [[:en:Action_Congress_of_Nigeria|Action Congress of Nigeria]] (ACN) kuwa gavana mpya wa [[Jimbo la Ekiti]]. <ref>234NEXT Newspapers 15 October 2010 {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5630802-146/fayemi_is_new_ekiti_governor_.csp|title=Fayemi is new Ekiti governor|accessdate=2010-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018232116/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5630802-146/fayemi_is_new_ekiti_governor_.csp|archivedate=18 October 2010}}</ref> Bi. Olufunmilayo Olayinka baadaye aliapishwa kama naibu gavana mkuu wa Jimbo la Ekiti kutokana na nafasi yake ya sasa kama mgombea mwenza wa Dkt. Kayode Fayemi wakati wa uchaguzi wa ugavana wa 2007. <ref>The Sun Newspapers Monday 18 October 2010.</ref> Yeye ni mwanamke wa pili tu katika historia ya Jimbo la Ekiti kuchukua nafasi ya naibu gavana wa jimbo hilo. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Bunge la Kitendo la Nigeria == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] ogaqnujqg8c4ky6woacxnlhq3fet80f 0 229579 1601231 1526371 2026-09-25T13:50:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kayza Ayine Ka-A Massey''' (alizaliwa [[2 Februari|Februari 2]], [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] wa kitaalamu ambaye anacheza kama kipa wa klabu ya Reims ya Ufaransa katika Ligi Kuu. Alizaliwa Ghana, anaiwakilisha Kanada katika ngazi ya kimataifa. == Maisha ya awali == Massey alizaliwa [[Walewale]], Ghana <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/kayza-massey-est-remoise/|title=Kayza Massey est Rémoise !|date=January 29, 2024|language=fr|work=Stade de Reims}}</ref> na kukulia katika kituo cha watoto yatima, hadi alipolelewa akiwa na umri wa mwezi mmoja na mwanamke Mkanada ambaye alikuwa akifanya kazi nchini Ghana na [[UNICEF]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://inside.fifa.com/news/kayza-massey-from-the-orphanage-to-the-world-cup-2842324|title=Kayza Massey: From the orphanage to the World Cup|date=October 11, 2016|work=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> Alilelewa Ottawa, Kanada <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thedaonline.com/sports/womens_soccer/massey-and-the-mountaineers-trying-to-create-change-one-game-at-a-time/article_1904ebb8-3b56-11ec-89d0-eba0efe10909.html|title=Massey and the Mountaineers trying to create change one game at a time|first=Wesley|author=Shoemaker|date=November 4, 2021|work=[[The Daily Athenaeum]]}}</ref> na alianza kucheza soka ya vijana na Ottawa Gloucester Hornets, kabla ya baadaye kujiunga na Ottawa South United mwaka wa 2015. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ottawasportspages.ca/2016/12/01/ottawa-sportspage-cover-story-from-orphan-to-champion/|title=Ottawa Sportspage cover story: From Orphan, to Champion|date=December 1, 2016|first=Dan|author=Plouffe|work=Ottawa Sportspages}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ottawasun.com/2016/11/01/ottawa-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-gets-international-call-for-ghana|title=Ottawa goalkeeper Kayza Massey gets international call for Ghana|first=Martin|author=Cleary|date=November 1, 2016|work=[[Ottawa Sun]]}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 2017, alianza kucheza na mpango wa Ontario EXCEL. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ottawasportspages.ca/2017/11/30/osu-force-academy-zone-3-osu-players-join-excel-program/|title=OSU Force Academy Zone: 3 OSU players join EXCEL Program|date=November 30, 2017|work=Ottawa Sportspages}}</ref> Mnamo 2017, alichezea Timu ya Ontario katika Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya Kanada ya 2017, akishinda medali ya fedha. <ref name="mountain">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wvusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/kayza-massey/17235|title=Kayza Massey West Virginia profile|work=[[West Virginia Mountaineers]]}}</ref> == Kazi == Mnamo mwaka wa 2019, Massey alianza kuhudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha West Virginia, ambapo alichezea timu ya soka ya wanawake. Alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza chuoni mnamo Septemba 12, 2019 dhidi ya Stony Brook Seawolves. <ref name="mountain2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wvusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/kayza-massey/17235|title=Kayza Massey West Virginia profile|work=[[West Virginia Mountaineers]]}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa msimu wake wa mwaka wa kwanza, aliteuliwa kuwa mmoja wa Timu ya Vijana wapya wa Academic All-Big 12. <ref name="mountain2" /> Katika msimu wa 2020-21, alikua kipa wa mwanzo wa timu hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wboy.com/goldandbluenation/wvu-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-makes-sportscenter-top-10-for-reaching-save-vs-virginia/|title=WVU goalkeeper Kayza Massey makes SportsCenter Top 10 for reaching save vs. Virginia|first=Sam|author=Coniglio|date=April 11, 2021|work=[[WBOY-TV]]|accessdate=2026-04-20|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203011842/https://www.wboy.com/goldandbluenation/wvu-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-makes-sportscenter-top-10-for-reaching-save-vs-virginia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thedaonline.com/sports/womens_soccer/massey-continues-to-be-a-difference-maker-in-net-for-wvu/article_8d02728e-05d1-11ec-b6d4-83484247a260.html|title=Massey continues to be a difference maker in net for WVU|date=August 26, 2021|first=Wesley|author=Shoemaker|work=[[The Daily Athenaeum]]}}</ref> Aliteuliwa katika Timu ya Kwanza ya Academic All-Big 12 mwishoni mwa msimu. <ref name="mountain3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wvusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/kayza-massey/17235|title=Kayza Massey West Virginia profile|work=[[West Virginia Mountaineers]]}}</ref> Kabla ya msimu wake wa tatu, aliteuliwa kuwa Kipa Bora wa Wiki wa Makipa 12 wa Kabla ya Msimu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wvusports.com/news/2021/8/3/womens-soccer-brewster-massey-named-to-preseason-all-big-12-team.aspx|title=Brewster, Massey Named to Preseason All-Big 12 Team|date=August 3, 2021|work=[[West Virginia Mountaineers]]|first=Olivia|author=Sneed}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2021, aliteuliwa kuwa Kipa Bora wa Wiki wa Makipa 12 wa Makipa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wboy.com/goldandbluenation/wvu-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-named-big-12-goalkeeper-of-the-week/|title=WVU goalkeeper Kayza Massey named Big 12 Goalkeeper of the Week|date=October 26, 2021|work=[[WBOY-TV]]|accessdate=2026-04-20|archive-date=2023-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810113215/https://www.wboy.com/goldandbluenation/wvu-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-named-big-12-goalkeeper-of-the-week/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2021, aliteuliwa kuwa Kipa Bora wa Wiki wa Makipa 12 wa Makipa na Mchezaji Bora wa Wiki wa Makocha wa Soka wa United. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wvusports.com/news/2021/10/26/womens-soccer-massey-collects-big-12-honor.aspx|title=Massey Collects Big 12 Honor|date=October 26, 2021|work=[[West Virginia Mountaineers]]|first=Olivia|author=Sneed}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wvusports.com/news/2021/10/27/womens-soccer-massey-honored-by-united-soccer-coaches.aspx|title=Massey Honored by United Soccer Coaches|date=October 27, 2021|work=[[West Virginia Mountaineers]]|first=Olivia|author=Sneed}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa msimu, aliteuliwa kuwa Kipa Bora wa Pili wa Makipa 12 wa Makipa na Timu ya Kwanza ya Makipa Bora wa Makipa 12 wa Makipa wa Kitaifa. <ref name="mountain4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wvusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/kayza-massey/17235|title=Kayza Massey West Virginia profile|work=[[West Virginia Mountaineers]]}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2024, Massey alisaini mkataba wa kitaalamu na klabu ya Ufaransa Reims katika Ligi Kuu hadi mwisho wa msimu wa 2023-24. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bluegoldsports.com/2024/01/29/former-mountaineer-kayza-massey-signs-professional-contract-with-stade-de-reims/|title=Former Mountaineer Kayza Massey signs professional contract with Stade de Reims|first=Mark|author=Wratchford|date=January 29, 2024|work=Blue Gold Sports}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lunion.fr/id563299/article/2024-01-29/le-stade-de-reims-recrute-une-gardienne-canadienne-jusqua-la-fin-de-la-saison|title=Le Stade de Reims recrute une gardienne canadienne jusqu'à la fin de la saison|language=fr|date=January 29, 2024|work=L'Union}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Mnamo 2016, Massey alitajwa kwenye orodha ya wachezaji wa Ghana walio chini ya umri wa miaka 17 kwa ajili ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake la FIFA la 2016 U-17 . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2016/10/12/touching-story-ghanas-black-maidens-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-orphanage-world-cup/|title=The Touching Story Of Ghana's Black Maiden's Goalkeeper Kayza Massey – From The Orphanage To The World Cup|date=October 12, 2016|work=Ghana Celebrities|first=Nii Smiley|author=Byte}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sportsworldghana.com/kayza-massey-is-a-fantastic-goalkeeper-escobar/|title=Kayza Massey is a 'Fantastic' Goalkeeper- Escobar|first=David|author=Stevenson Manu|date=February 11, 2017|work=Sports World Ghana}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghanas-u17-female-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-honoured-in-canada|title=Ghana's U17 female goalkeeper Kayza Massey honoured in Canada|date=January 24, 2017|work=Ghana Soccernet}}</ref> Mnamo 2018, alibadilisha uaminifu wa kimataifa ili kuanza kuiwakilisha Kanada. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/from-ghana-to-canada-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-looks-to-make-a-difference-1.4191323?cache=%3FclipId%3D89619|title=From Ghana to Canada, goalkeeper Kayza Massey looks to make a difference|first=Neil|author=Davidson|date=November 24, 2018|work=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/u17-female-goalkeeper-kayza-massey-snubs-ghana-pledges-allegiance-to-canada|title=Breaking News: Ghana U17 female keeper Massey snubs country, pledges allegiance to Canada|date=October 9, 2018|work=Ghana Soccernet}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 2018, aliitwa kwenye programu ya kitaifa ya Kanada kwa mara ya kwanza kwa kambi na timu ya Kanada ya U17 . Kisha baadaye alitajwa kwenye orodha ya wachezaji wa Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake la FIFA la U-17 la 2018. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ottawasportspages.ca/2018/12/15/3-osu-products-play-at-u17-womens-world-cup/|title=3 OSU products play at U17 Women's World Cup|date=December 15, 2018|work=Ottawa Sportspages}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Nigeria]] h0gdfvd1uekh5geh89vtrmu2ghizg6g 0 229588 1601310 1507858 2026-09-25T14:17:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jennifer Onyinyechi Echegini Listen''' (alizaliwa [[22 Machi|Machi 22]], [[2001]]) ni [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu]] wa Nigeria ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo wa kati]] wa klabu ya Premier Ligue Paris Saint-Germain. Alizaliwa Uholanzi, anachezea timu ya taifa ya Nigeria. Echegini alichezea chuo kikuu kwa Mississippi State Bulldogs na Florida State Seminoles. Mnamo 2023, aliiongoza Seminoles kwenye ubingwa wa NCAA na kushinda Kombe la Hermann kama mchezaji bora katika soka ya vyuo vikuu. Alijiunga na Juventus kwa taaluma kabla ya kuhamia Paris Saint-Germain == Maisha ya awali na kazi ya chuo == Echegini alizaliwa Uholanzi kwa wazazi wa Nigeria. Familia yake ilihamia Uingereza alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 11. <ref name="nedeng">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Echegini gelijk beslissend voor Juventus: 'Wilde ooit voor Nederland spelen'|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2505767-echegini-gelijk-beslissend-voor-juventus-wilde-ooit-voor-nederland-spelen|language=nl|date=21 January 2024|accessdate=10 July 2024|archivedate=10 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710163520/https://nos.nl/artikel/2505767-echegini-gelijk-beslissend-voor-juventus-wilde-ooit-voor-nederland-spelen}}</ref> Alitumia taaluma yake wakati akiwa kijana katika SCE Nijmegen, Charlton Athletic, Millwall na Arsenal. <ref name="nedeng" /> Echegini aliajiriwa na kocha mkuu mpya James Armstrong kucheza chuo kikuu kwa timu ya soka ya Bulldogs katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Mississippi mnamo 2019. <ref>"Mississippi State signs 6 more players, completing 2019 recruiting class"''. SoccerWire. 24 July 2019.'' Archived ''from the original on 20 January 2025. Retrieved 18 January 2025.''</ref> Alitumia misimu mitatu huko, akifunga mabao 11 na pasi 6 katika michezo 42. <ref>"Onyi Echegini"''.'' Mississippi State Bulldogs''.'' Archived ''from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2025.''</ref> Mnamo 2022, alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Florida kuchezea timu ya soka ya Seminoles chini ya Brian Pensky, ambaye alikuwa amejaribu kumsajili hapo awali. Katika msimu wake wa kwanza kwa mabingwa watetezi wa taifa, alikuwa na mabao 11 na pasi 6 katika michezo 21 na akapata heshima ya timu ya pili ya All- ACC. Alikuwa na mabao mawili na pasi tatu wakati wa mashindano ya NCAA, ikiwa ni pamoja na bao moja na pasi moja katika kupoteza kwao 3-2 dhidi ya North Carolina katika nusu fainali. <ref name="FSU">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Onyi Echegini - 2023-24 - Women's Soccer|url=https://seminoles.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/onyi-echegini/1879|accessdate=2024-01-04|publisher=[[Florida State Seminoles]]|language=en}}</ref> Katika msimu wa 2023, Echegini aliongoza ACC kwa mabao 16 na kutoa pasi 5 za mabao katika michezo 23 kwa Seminoles. Alikuwa MVP wa mashindano ya ACC, akijiandaa na ushindi wa fainali wa 2-1 dhidi ya Clemson. Alifunga mabao matatu na pasi mbili za mabao wakati wa mashindano ya NCAA, ikiwa ni pamoja na moja kati ya hayo katika ushindi wa fainali wa 5-1 dhidi ya Stanford, na kuhitimisha msimu wa Florida State ambao haukushindwa. Alipambwa sana kwa msimu huo, akipokea tuzo ya All-ACC ya timu ya kwanza na tuzo ya All-American ya timu ya kwanza, Mchezaji Bora wa Mwaka wa ACC wa Kukera, Tuzo ya Michezo ya Honda, na Tuzo ya Hermann, ambayo hutolewa kwa mchezaji bora zaidi wa soka wa chuo kikuu wa msimu huo. <ref name="FSU2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Onyi Echegini - 2023-24 - Women's Soccer|url=https://seminoles.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/onyi-echegini/1879|accessdate=2024-01-04|publisher=[[Florida State Seminoles]]|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 4, 2024, Echegini alisaini mkataba wa miaka mingi na klabu ya Italia ya Juventus hadi Juni 2026. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=JOE ECHEGINI JOINS JUVENTUS! - Juventus|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/joe-echegini-joins-juventus|date=4 January 2024|accessdate=4 January 2024|work=Juventus.com}}</ref> Alifunga mabao 10 katika mechi 16 kabla ya kuondoka klabuni hapo Julai 2024. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=JOE ECHEGINI LEAVES JUVENTUS|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/joe-echegini-leaves-juventus|date=10 July 2024|accessdate=10 July 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] per23jy7z5lf4nwul4thj4sf4ry0jif 0 229666 1601123 1510676 2026-09-25T13:20:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Seth Loeb''' (Alizaliwa [[Desemba 18]], [[1961]]) ni mwekezaji, meneja wa hazina (hedge fund), na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=La Roche |first=Julia |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Dan Loeb turned $3 million into a $17.5 billion hedge fund empire in 20 years — here's his fabulous life |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/fabulous-life-of-dan-loeb-2015-6 |website=Business Insider |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418083508/https://www.businessinsider.com/fabulous-life-of-dan-loeb-2015-6 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanzilishi na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Third Point'', hazina ya ukingo yenye makao yake [[New York]] inayozingatia uwekezaji unaoendeshwa na matukio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel Loeb |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Loeb alijulikana kwa mkakati wake wa kununua hisa katika makampuni yenye matatizo, kubadilisha usimamizi usiofaa, na kuyarudisha makampuni katika faida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get Richest Quickest |url=https://nymag.com/ |website=New York Magazine |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanaharakati aliyejulikana katika makampuni kama [[Yahoo!]], [[Sony]], na ''Sotheby's''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel Loeb |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ru2l3ukl1b8ao6lus4zsh406x6vv0rp 0 229839 1601112 1530386 2026-09-25T13:19:01Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prof. Wanjikū Mūkabi Kabira (EBS), (CBS).''' (alizaliwa [[15 Novemba]] [[1948]]) ni Profesa Mshiriki wa fasihi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Amebobea katika nyanja za [[fasihi simulizi]], fasihi ya Waamerika Weusi. Amekuwa akishiriki kikamilifu katika masuala ya wanawake na masuala ya kijinsia. Wanjiku amehudumu katika nyadhifa mbalimbali hasa kama Makamu Mwenyekiti katika Mchakato wa Mapitio ya Katiba ya Kenya (2000–2005), Mwenyekiti wa Muungano wa Siasa wa Wanawake (2002–2011), Mkurugenzi, Kituo cha Ushirikiano cha Jinsia na Maendeleo (1995–2009) na Mwenyekiti, Idara ya [[Fasihi]], Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi. Kabira ndiye Mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Wanawake wa Afrika (AWSC) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi mnamo Juni 2011. Mnamo 2014, alipewa Tuzo ya Mzee wa Agizo la Mkuki Uliowaka (EBS) . Pia amepewa tuzo ya juu zaidi ya Agizo la Mkuki Uliowaka (CBS) . Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Wizara ya Ugatuzi na Mipango ilimtunuku Tuzo ya Utambuzi wa Wajenzi wa Urithi. Kabira aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Wanawake Bora wa Afrika Mashariki za 2024. Pia aliheshimiwa nchini [[Marekani]] kwa usomi wake na ushawishi wake katika haki za wanawake na usawa wa kijinsia. == Maisha ya awali ya elimu == Kabira alizaliwa mwaka wa 1948 katika [[Eneo bunge la Lari|Jimbo la Lari]] la sasa. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gìthìrioni na baadaye katika Shule ya Upili ya Loreto, Limuru na Loreto Convent Msongari kwa cheti chake cha juu ("A"). Alisoma [[Fasihi]], [[Historia]] na Maandiko Matakatifu na akapokea tuzo ya "Mwanafunzi Bora Zaidi" katika Fasihi. Kabira alipata Shahada yake ya Sanaa katika fasihi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi mnamo 1978. Kisha akaendelea na masomo ya juu nje ya nchi, akipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika fasihi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin nchini [[Marekani]] mnamo 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-04-11|title=Wanjiku Kabira – Kenya Yearbook Editorial Board|url=https://sectors.kenyayearbook.go.ke/2022/04/11/wanjiku-kabira/|accessdate=2026-03-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa katika fasihi mnamo 1994 kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, akiwa na tasnifu inayochunguza 'Picha za Wanawake katika Fasihi Simulizi ya Gikuyu'. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kibet|first=Lonah|title=Prof Wanjiku Kabira;The literature guru|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/achieving-woman/article/2001257326/prof-wanjiku-kabirathe-literature-guru|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=Evewoman Magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Kabira ni profesa msaidizi wa fasihi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, Kenya. <ref name=":2">''Okello, Rosemary (December 30, 2011).'' "Women praise proposed law's provisions on gender equality"''. Daily Nation. Retrieved 30 December 2011.''</ref> Yeye ni mtaalamu wa kitaaluma na kijinsia kutoka Kenya. Kazi yake ya kitaaluma inazingatia fasihi simulizi, Fasihi ya Waamerika Weusi, na Fasihi ya Karibiani. Kabira ameshikilia nafasi kadhaa za uongozi, ikiwa ni pamoja na Makamu Mwenyekiti katika Mchakato wa Mapitio ya Katiba ya Kenya (2000–2005), Mwenyekiti wa Muungano wa Siasa za Wanawake (2002–2011), <ref name=":3">Joyce Mulama, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090715015733/http://www.ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=47632 "Raising the Bar for Gender Equality"], IPS, 15 July 2009.</ref> Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Ushirikiano cha Jinsia na Maendeleo (1995–2009) <ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091127160556/http://www.ccentregd.org:80/downloads/Gender_lens.pdf "Making Gender Count on Economic and Political Governance"], ''The Gender Lens'', Volume 7, Issue No. 1, August 2009.</ref>, na Mwenyekiti katika Idara ya Fasihi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi. Yeye ndiye Mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Wanawake wa Afrika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, kilichoanzishwa mnamo Juni 2011. Kabira anahakikisha kwamba hali halisi ya kiuchumi ya wanawake wa Kenya, hasa wale walio katika sekta za vijijini na zisizo rasmi, huathiri sera ya Taifa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-10-09|title=Prof Wanjiku Kabira: The scholar who turned women's struggles into state policy|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/prof-wanjiku-kabira-the-scholar-who-turned-women-s-struggles-into-state-policy-5221996|accessdate=2026-04-09|work=Daily Nation|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] npmwzl2xqxq3lr8md2eqpc0cm64ao6h 0 229845 1601461 1527364 2026-09-25T19:26:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tosin "OloriSuperGal" Ajibade''' (Oluwatosin Ajibade; alizaliwa [[17 Februari]] [[1987]]) kutoka Nigeria anajulikana kwa mtindo wake wa maisha na tovuti ya burudani. Pia ndiye mratibu wa Mkutano Mpya wa Vyombo vya Habari unaofanyika kila mwaka nchini [[Nigeria]] == Elimu == '''Tosin Ajibade''' ana shahada ya kwanza katika uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Lagos. Baadaye alipata Cheti katika Biashara ya Vyombo vya Habari kutoka Shule ya Vyombo vya Habari na Mawasiliano, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pan-Atlantic]], Nigeria. <ref name="id">''Bamgbola, Oyindamola.'' "#DigitalDivaSeries – Olori Supergal, Super Blogger And Social Media Strategist"''. ID Africa. Retrieved 16 June 2016.''</ref> == Kazi ya vyombo vya habari == Tosin Ajibade anajulikana kwa mtindo wake wa maisha na tovuti ya burudani, OloriSuperGal.com nchini Nigeria na pia toleo la Afrika Kusini. <ref>''Woman, NG.'' "Want To Be A Superblogger? Tosin 'Olorisupergal' Ajibade's Advice Will Do You Some Good!"''. Woman Nigeria. Retrieved 10 June 2016.''</ref> Tosin alianza kufanya kazi kama mtangazaji mnamo 2009. Aliunda blogu yake mnamo 2010. Mnamo 2011, aliajiriwa katika BlackHouse Media kama meneja wao wa wavuti lakini aliondoka mnamo 2012 ili kuzingatia kublogi. <ref name="id2">''Bamgbola, Oyindamola.'' "#DigitalDivaSeries – Olori Supergal, Super Blogger And Social Media Strategist"''. ID Africa. Retrieved 16 June 2016.''</ref> Alipokuwa akianzisha blogu yake, alifanya kazi na vyombo kadhaa vya habari kama vile The Net NG, Acada Magazine na Laff Mattaz Incorporated inayomilikiwa na Gbenga Adeyinka the 1st. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Oludimu|first=Titilola|date=2017-08-14|title=In conversation with Tosin Ajibade, founder of Olorisupergal|url=https://techpoint.ng/2017/08/14/tosin-ajibade-olorisupergal/|accessdate=2017-08-16|work=Techpoint.ng|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012946/https://techpoint.ng/2017/08/14/tosin-ajibade-olorisupergal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo 2014, Tosin Ajibade aliorodheshwa miongoni mwa Wanawake 100 Wenye Ushawishi Mkubwa Zaidi wa YNaija nchini Nigeria na blogu yake inachukuliwa leo kama mojawapo ya wanawake wenye sifa na umaarufu zaidi nchini Nigeria. <ref name="nation1">''The, Nation.'' "Olorisupergal makes Nigeria's 100 Most Influential Women list"''. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 13 June 2016.''</ref> Yeye ndiye mratibu wa Mkutano Mpya wa Vyombo vya Habari ambao umekuwa ukifanyika kila mwaka mnamo 2015, <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201506030196.html</ref> 2016, <ref>https://techpoint.africa/2016/05/28/new-media-nigeria/</ref> 2017, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/08/new-media-conference-2017-3/|title=New Media Conference 2017: Larry Madowo, Stephanie Busari, Chude Jideonwo, Adesumbo Adeoye share tips to maximize the Future of Media|date=August 2017}}</ref> 2018 <ref>"Youths gear up for Olorisupergal's event"''. Pulse Nigeria. 20 June 2018.''</ref> na 2019. <ref>"Nigerian leading media platform, Olorisupergal set to host the 6th annual New Media Conference"''. The NET. Lagos, Nigeria. 22 November 2019.''</ref> Mkutano huo unazingatia uwezo mpya wa vyombo vya habari, haswa katika uwezekano wa mtandaoni/kidijitali. <ref>''Ovih, Lawson.'' "New Media Conference to chart growth in Standards"''. Business World. Retrieved 16 June 2016.''</ref> == Shughuli za kijamii == Ajibade ametumia blogu yake kuelekeza mawazo kwenye masuala ya kijamii hasa kwa vile yanawaathiri wanawake na wasichana. Mfano dhahiri ni hadithi ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia ya mwanafunzi wa Chuo cha Malkia, Lagos na mwalimu wake ambayo aliichapisha na habari hiyo ikasambaa sana na kuvutia umakini wa mamlaka husika. <ref>''Kofoworola, Belo-Osagie.'' "Queen's College girls protest alleged sexual harassment"''. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. The Nation. Retrieved 17 June 2016.''</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, Tosin alitajwa katika Orodha ya Wanawake 100 Wenye Ushawishi Mkubwa Zaidi nchini Nigeria iliyoandaliwa na [[YNaija]]. <ref name="nation12">''The, Nation.'' "Olorisupergal makes Nigeria's 100 Most Influential Women list"''. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 13 June 2016.''</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2016, alishinda Tuzo la The Future Awards Africa kwa New Media. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://awards.thefutureafrica.com/see-inspiring-profiles-winners-future-awards-africa-2016/|title=See the inspiring profiles of the winners of the Future Awards Africa 2016|date=17 December 2016}}</ref> Tosin Ajibade ni mwandishi wa vitabu viwili, Kutoka kwa Social Misfit To Social Media Hero <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.kenyancollective.com/olori-supergal-talks-new-book-from-social-misfit-to-social-media-hero/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archive-date=2020-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608144436/https://www.kenyancollective.com/olori-supergal-talks-new-book-from-social-misfit-to-social-media-hero/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2018) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wanjiru|first=Njino|date=2018-10-29|title=Olori Supergal Talks About Her New Book 'From Social Misfit To Social Hero'|url=https://www.kenyancollective.com/olori-supergal-talks-new-book-from-social-misfit-to-social-media-hero/|accessdate=2020-06-08|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608144436/https://www.kenyancollective.com/olori-supergal-talks-new-book-from-social-misfit-to-social-media-hero/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na The Influencer Blueprint <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.tosinajibade.com/influencer-blueprint/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-04-21 |archive-date=2020-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608144437/https://www.tosinajibade.com/influencer-blueprint/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2020). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Influencer Blueprint|url=https://www.tosinajibade.com/influencer-blueprint/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Tosin Ajibade|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608144437/https://www.tosinajibade.com/influencer-blueprint/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] 2tf90qog09cfkce0rd9ltebw48prp49 0 229852 1601249 1508301 2026-09-25T14:09:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Graham Du Bois''' (alizaliwa '''Lola Shirley Graham Jr''' .; Novemba 11, 1896 - Machi 27, 1977) alikuwa mwandishi, mwandishi wa tamthilia, mtunzi, na mwanaharakati wa masuala ya [[Wamarekani weusi|Waamerika]] Weusi, miongoni mwa wengine. Alishinda tuzo za Messner na Anisfield-Wolf kwa kazi zake. Pia alikuwa mke wa mwanaharakati [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois|WEB Du Bois]]. Lola Shirley Graham Jr. alizaliwa Novemba 11, 1896, huko [[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]], akiwa binti pekee kati ya watoto watano. Baba yake alikuwa mchungaji [[African Methodist Episcopal Church|wa Kanisa la Methodisti Mwafrika]] na familia ilihama mara nyingi kutokana na kazi ya baba yake katika nyumba za watawa kote nchini. <ref>{{Citation|title=Afro-American Writers, 1940–1955|volume=76|page=67|year=1988|editor-last=Harris|editor-first=Trudier|series=[[Dictionary of Literary Biography]]|place=Detroit|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=0810345544|editor-link=Trudier Harris}}</ref> Mnamo Juni 1915, Shirley alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Upili ya Lewis na Clark huko [[Spokane, Washington]]. <ref name="Aptheker">[[Bettina Aptheker|Aptheker, Bettina]]. "Graham Du Bois, Shirley," in Susan Ware and Stacy Braukman (eds), ''Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004, pp. 248–249.</ref> Aliolewa na mumewe wa kwanza, Shadrach T. McCants, mnamo 1921. Mwana wao Robert alizaliwa mnamo 1923, akifuatiwa na David Graham Du Bois <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Woo|first=Elaine|date=February 10, 2005|title=David Graham Du Bois, 79; Professor, Journalist and Stepson of Famed Scholar|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-feb-10-me-dubois10-story.html|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> mnamo 1925. Mnamo 1926, Graham alihamia [[Paris|Paris, Ufaransa]], kusoma utunzi wa muziki katika Sorbonne. Hapo ndipo alianza kutunga tamthilia ya ''Tom-Tom''. <ref name="Lever176">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i1u11Y3wDIC&pg=PA176|title=The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress|last=Joel Mokyr|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-19-987946-5|page=176}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccEWAQAAIAAJ|title=A Socio-biography of Shirley Graham-Du Bois: A Life in the Struggle|last=Robert Dee Thompson|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|year=1997|page=54}}</ref> Alifikiri kwamba elimu huko Paris inaweza kumruhusu kupata ajira bora na kuweza kuwasaidia watoto wake vyema. Kukutana na Waafrika na watu wa Kiafrika-Karibi huko Paris kulimfanya ajue muziki na tamaduni mpya. Graham na McCants walitalikiana mnamo 1927. Graham alihudumu kama mkutubi wa muziki huku akihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Howard kama mwanafunzi asiye na cheti cha masomo chini ya uangalizi wa Profesa Roy W. Tibbs. Alimpendekeza kwa nafasi ya kufundisha katika Chuo cha Morgan ambayo ilimfanya awe mkuu wa idara ya muziki kuanzia 1929 hadi 1931. <ref>{{Citation|title=Afro-American Writers, 1940&ndash;1955|volume=76|page=68|year=1988|editor-last=Harris|editor-first=Trudier|series=[[Dictionary of Literary Biography]]|place=Detroit|publisher=Gale Research Co.|isbn=0810345544}}</ref> Mnamo 1931, Graham aliingia Chuo cha Oberlin kama mwanafunzi wa kiwango cha juu na, baada ya kupata shahada yake ya kwanza mnamo 1934, aliendelea kufanya kazi ya uzamili katika muziki, akikamilisha shahada ya uzamili mnamo 1935. <ref name="Oxford">[http://www.answers.com/topic/shirley-graham#ixzz1jx1YbRVl "Shirley Graham"], ''Oxford Companion to African-American Literature,'' 2001, accessed January 18, 2012.</ref> Mnamo 1936, Hallie Flanagan alimteua Graham kuwa mkurugenzi wa Kitengo cha Chicago Negro cha Mradi wa Shirikisho la Maigizo, sehemu ya Utawala wa Maendeleo ya Kazi wa Rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Aliandika alama za muziki, akaelekeza, na akafanya kazi zingine zinazohusiana. <ref name="Oxford" /> == Kazi == Kuanzia 1940 hadi 1942, Graham alifanya kazi katika Chama cha Wakristo Vijana cha Phillis Wheatley (YWCA) huko [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], ambapo alijikita katika kuanzisha programu ya maigizo na kisha akawa mkurugenzi wa kikundi cha YMCA-USO huko Fort Huachuca, Arizona. <ref>{{Citation|title=Afro-American Writers, 1940–1955|volume=76|page=71|year=1988|editor-last=Harris|editor-first=Trudier|series=[[Dictionary of Literary Biography]]|place=Detroit|publisher=Gale Research Co.|isbn=0810345544}}</ref> YWCA iliunga mkono Sheria ya Kupinga Unyanyasaji wa Kikomunisti ya Shirikisho. Hata hivyo, Elizabeth Dilling na vikundi vya kupinga ukomunisti na vya wazungu wenye ukuu wa juu vilidai kwamba YWCA ilikuwa "mashirika ya Kikomunisti yanayodhibitiwa na Wayahudi" na kushambulia uungaji mkono wa shirika hilo kwa haki sawa kwa watu weusi. Uchapishaji wa Dilling wa " Nyota Nyekundu " hatimaye ulizindua shutuma dhidi ya ukomunisti dhidi ya Graham Du Bois, na kusababisha kazi yake kutolewa kutoka maktaba na kuzuiwa. Wakiishi Ghana mwaka wa 1961, Graham Du Bois na mumewe walikana uraia wao wa Marekani. <ref name=":Gao">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century|last=Gao|first=Yunxiang|date=2021|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=9781469664606|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=62}}</ref> [[FBI|Ofisi ya Upelelezi ya Shirikisho la]] Marekani "ilifuatilia" shughuli zao nchini Ghana. <ref name=":Gao" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1896]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] oswdb6v0yfeccn88nhnxtv6ixu84550 0 229856 1601060 1508931 2026-09-25T13:13:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oluremi Comfort Sonaiya''' (alizaliwa Machi 2, 1955) ni mwanasiasa wa Nigeria, msomi na mwandishi. <ref>"Nigeria's first female presidential candidate done with 'cheerleading'". ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. March 18, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref> Alikuwa mgombea pekee wa kike wa urais wa [[Nigeria]] katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2015 chini ya jukwaa la Chama cha KOWA. Lakini hivi majuzi alipoteza azma yake kwa Dkt. Adesina Fagbenro Byron katika kukiwakilisha chama tena katika uchaguzi wa 2019. <ref>"Fagbenro Byron Emerges as (KOWA) partys President candidate". ''Pulse.ng''. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2020.</ref> <ref>Sanni, Kunle (September 30, 2018). "2019: KOWA Party announces presidential candidate". ''Premium Times''. Retrieved March 11, 2019.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Sonaiya alizaliwa [[Ibadan]], mji mkuu wa [[Jimbo la Oyo]], ambapo alikamilisha elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari katika Shule ya Maandamano ya St. Luke, Ibadan na Shule ya St. Anne, Ibadan. Mnamo 1977, alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ife (sasa Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo ), ambapo alisoma Kifaransa. <ref name="remi">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biography|work=remisonaiya.com|date=14 February 2015|url=http://www.remisonaiya.com/biography/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109142701/http://www.remisonaiya.com/biography/|archivedate=9 January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2025}}</ref> Baadaye alipata shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Fasihi ya Kifaransa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell nchini Marekani, na shahada nyingine ya uzamili katika isimu kutoka chuo kikuu nchini Nigeria mnamo 1984. Alirudi Cornell mnamo 1988 ili kufuatilia programu ya PhD katika Isimu. <ref name="ibtimes">Varghese, Johnlee (March 12, 2015). "Nigeria Elections 2015: Who is Comfort Remi Sonaiya, the Only Female Presidential Candidate?". ''International Business Times''. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref> == Kazi == Mnamo 1982, aliajiriwa kama Mhadhiri Msaidizi katika Idara ya Lugha za Kigeni, Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo kabla ya kupanda cheo cha Profesa wa Lugha ya Kifaransa na Isimu Inayotumika mnamo 2004. <ref>Agbonkhese, Josephine (February 8, 2015). "I'm rebuilding Nigeria into a nation that works— Remi Sonaiya, presidential candidate". ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref> Yeye ni mshiriki wa Wakfu wa Alexander von Humboldt ambapo aliendelea kuteuliwa kuwa Balozi wa Mwanasayansi wa shirika hilo kuanzia 2008 hadi 2014. <ref name="ibtimes2">Varghese, Johnlee (March 12, 2015). "Nigeria Elections 2015: Who is Comfort Remi Sonaiya, the Only Female Presidential Candidate?". ''International Business Times''. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref> Mnamo 2010, alistaafu kutoka wadhifa wake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo na akawa mshiriki wa kisiasa, akijiunga na Chama cha KOWA ambapo alipigiwa kura kuwa Afisa wa Uhusiano wa Umma wa Kitaifa, na akaendelea kuwa mgombea wa chama hicho kwa uchaguzi wa Rais wa 2015. <ref>"Ordinary Citiziens&nbsp;&#x5B;''sic''&#x5D; Like Me Can Be President Too&nbsp;– Sonaiya". ''Channels TV''. January 7, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref> <ref>"Soyinka receives Presidential Candidate, Remi Sonaiya, in Lagos". ''Premium Times''. March 26, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref> Katika uchaguzi huo, Sonaiya alipata kura 13,076 na kumaliza katika nafasi ya 12. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/summary-of-results.pdf|title=Summary of Results|publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission|accessdate=July 18, 2016|format=PDF|archivedate=March 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051326/http://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/summary-of-results.pdf}}</ref> Sonaiya ni mwandishi wa safu za ''The Niche'', <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://africa.rizing.org/professor-remi-sonaiya-breaking-down-barriers-for-nigerian-women|title=Professor Remi Sonaiya, breaking down barriers for Nigerian women|first=Laila|author=Johnson-Salami|work=rizing.org|accessdate=July 19, 2016|archivedate=August 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806234214/https://africa.rizing.org/professor-remi-sonaiya-breaking-down-barriers-for-nigerian-women}}</ref> <ref name="Olisa19Jul16">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.olisa.tv/2015/04/25/worked-jonathan-kowa-partys-remi-sonaiya/|title=There was no way I could have worked with Jonathan – KOWA Party's Remi Sonaiya – Olisa.tv|work=olisa.tv|accessdate=July 19, 2016|archive-date=2016-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623214332/http://www.olisa.tv/2015/04/25/worked-jonathan-kowa-partys-remi-sonaiya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> gazeti la mtandaoni la Nigeria, Sonaiya amechapisha vitabu kadhaa vikiwemo: == Maisha binafsi == Ameolewa na Babafunso Sonaiya, profesa wa sayansi ya wanyama, na wana mtoto mmoja wa kiume, binti mmoja na mjukuu. <ref name="remi2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Biography|work=remisonaiya.com|date=14 February 2015|url=http://www.remisonaiya.com/biography/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109142701/http://www.remisonaiya.com/biography/|archivedate=9 January 2015|accessdate=22 March 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] p18fspp1d1fvi2jk6jrwo3egj33z5zf 0 229860 1601061 1508904 2026-09-25T13:13:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Philomena Njeri Mwaūra''' ni mwanatheolojia wa kike kutoka [[Kenya]] na Profesa Mshiriki wa Masomo ya Kidini katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta|Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta, Kenya]]. Amechapisha sana kuhusu [[Ukristo barani Afrika|Ukristo wa Kiafrika]], ukuzaji wa mtaala wa kitheolojia, masomo ya dini na jinsia, Harakati mpya za kidini, Harakati za Kipentekoste na za karismatiki barani [[Afrika]]. <ref name="wciu">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wciu.edu/faculty-1/philomena-njeri-mwaura|title=Philomena Njeri Mwaura|work=William Carey International University|accessdate=2021-06-04|archivedate=2021-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604105556/https://www.wciu.edu/faculty-1/philomena-njeri-mwaura}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Philomena Njeri Mwaura|url=https://www.wciu.edu/people-all/philomena-njeri-mwaura|accessdate=2025-07-09|work=William Carey International University|language=en-US}}</ref> Alikuwa mratibu wa Tume ya Theolojia na Tume ya Wanawake katika Chama cha Kiekumeni cha Wanatheolojia wa Dunia ya Tatu. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Circle of Concerned African Theologyists, na yuko katika baraza la ushauri la Kamusi ya Wasifu wa Wakristo wa Kiafrika == Elimu == Mwaūra alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Loreto huko Matunda na kumaliza mwaka wa 1973. Alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Loreto huko [[Limuru]] na akamaliza mwaka wa 1975. Mwaūra alipata shahada ya kwanza ya elimu mwaka wa 1979 kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi|Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, Kenya]], na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa mwaka wa 1984 kutoka chuo kikuu hicho hicho. Aliandika tasnifu yake ya uzamili kuhusu ''makanisa ya Akurinu: utafiti wa historia na baadhi ya imani za msingi za Kanisa la Roho Mtakatifu la Afrika Mashariki''. <ref>{{Cite thesis|title=The Akurinu churches: a study of the history and some of the basic beliefs of the Holy Ghost Church of East Africa 1926-1980|url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/23812|publisher=University of Nairobi|date=1984|degree=Thesis|language=en|first=Philomena|last=Njeri}}</ref> Alipata Shahada yake ya Uzamivu (PhD) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta mwaka wa 2001 ikiwa na tasnifu yenye kichwa cha habari ''A theological and cultural analysis of healing in Jerusalem church of Christ and Nabii Christian church of Kenya''. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nslAQAAIAAJ|title=African Christianity: An African Story|last=Mwaura|first=Philomena Njeri|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2007|isbn=9780620336475|editor-last=Ogbu U. Kalu|page=429|chapter=Gender and Power in African Christianity: African Instituted Churches and Pentecostal Churches}}</ref> <ref name="know">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://theglobalchurchproject.com/african-women-theologians-you-should-know-about/|title=9 African Women Theologians You Should Know About|first=Stephanie A.|author=Lowery|publisher=The Global Church Project|date=2020|accessdate=21 May 2021}}</ref> == Kazi == Mwaūra ni mwanachama wa mashirika kadhaa ya kitaaluma ikiwa ni pamoja na; Chama cha Kimataifa cha Masomo ya Misheni, Chama cha Kiekumeni cha Wanatheolojia wa Dunia ya Tatu, Kongamano la Kiekumeni la Wanatheolojia wa Afrika Mashariki, Kamusi ya Wasifu wa Wakristo wa Afrika, na Chama cha Kiafrika cha Masomo ya Dini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-07-10|title=The African Association for the Study of Religions – International Collaboration in the Study of Religions of Africa|url=https://www.a-asr.org/|accessdate=2025-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaūra amepokea tuzo nyingi, ushirika, na ruzuku za utafiti katika taaluma yake yote. Kuanzia Mei 2012 hadi Agosti 2018, alihudumu kama Mtafiti Mwandamizi katika Taasisi ya Nagel, Chuo cha Calvin, [[Marekani]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home|url=https://nagelinstitute.org/|accessdate=2025-07-23|work=nagelinstitute.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo 2010, alishikilia Ushirika wa Utafiti Mwandamizi katika Shule ya Yale Divinity na Kituo cha Utafiti cha Wizara za Nje huko New Haven, Connecticut. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=OMSC|url=https://omsc.ptsem.edu/|accessdate=2025-07-23|work=OMSC|language=en-US}}</ref> Hapo awali, mnamo 2007, alipewa Ushirika wa Utafiti wa William Paton katika Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham na alitambuliwa kama wa 4 kati ya watafiti 50 bora katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta. Mnamo 1996, alipata udhamini wa kusoma katika Kituo cha Utafiti wa Harakati Mpya za Kidini katika Vyuo vya Selly Oak, Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham. Mwaūra pia alitambuliwa kama Mkurugenzi wa 8 anayefanya vizuri zaidi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta kwa kutimiza Malengo yake ya Mkataba wa Utendaji. Zaidi ya hayo, alihudumu kama mshauri wa mradi wa "Engaging Africa" (2013-2017), ulioandaliwa na Taasisi ya Nagel na kufadhiliwa na Wakfu wa John Templeton. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Kooistra|first=Nellie|date=2021|title=Engaging Africa:The Prospects for Project Funding in Selected Fields|url=https://nagelinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Engaging-Africa-2014.pdf|work=nagelinstitute}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] f2fyy20gakdk2hw1h20rorbrhgs53in 0 230762 1601075 1513657 2026-09-25T13:15:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Thompson Nicholas III''' (Alizaliwa [[Oktoba 8]], [[1959]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''Broadcom Corporation'', na pia alikuwa mwenyekiti mwenza wa bodi, rais, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa kampuni hiyo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huffstutter |first1=P.J.  |title=Nicholas' Niche |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-11-fi-techqa11-story.html |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=11 February 2002}}</ref> Kufikia [[2025]], Nicholas ni mtu wa 99 tajiri zaidi duniani kulingana na orodha ya mabilionea ya ''Forbes'' akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 21.3.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Henry Nicholas, III.|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/henry-nicholas-iii/|access-date=2025-06-27|website=Forbes}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ib02sm83m1qmyqtrgx27g1ss1c0nj1z 0 230885 1601391 1527260 2026-09-25T17:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toby Randolph Neugebauer''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea na mfadhili wa kisiasa nchini [[Marekani]] aliyeishi jimbo la [[Texas]].<ref name="forbes1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/toby-neugebauer/|title=Toby Neugebauer & family|website=Forbes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211061400/http://www.forbes.com/profile/toby-neugebauer/|archivedate=2014-12-11|accessdate=2026-04-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] h72c5dzqpehpvtj8zxbih4ksstlrbzi 0 231171 1601174 1520131 2026-09-25T13:44:31Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Xiaolan Bao''' (1949 – 22 Januari 2006) alikuwa mwanahistoria, mwalimu na mtafiti wa asili ya [[Myanmar]] na [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwandishi wa kitabu cha mwaka 2001, ''Holding Up More Than Half the Sky: Chinese Women Garment Workers in New York City'', ambacho kinachukuliwa kuwa kazi muhimu ya mwanzo katika historia ya wafanyakazi wa Waamerika wenye asili ya Asia ndani ya historia ya kazi. Eneo lake la kitaaluma lilikuwa historia ya wanawake Wachina na Wachina wa Marekani pamoja na historia ya kazi. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Bao alizaliwa na kukulia katika [[Rangoon]], Burma.<ref name=":1">Tilly, Charles (2002). "Holding Up More Than Half the Sky. Chinese Women Garment Workers in New York City, 1948–92. (Book Reviews)". ''International Migration Review,''. '''36.4''': 1226+ – kupitia Gale General OneFile.</ref> Mwaka 1975 alikamilisha shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) katika Beijing Teachers College, akifuatiwa na shahada ya uzamili (M.A.) kutoka Jinan University mwaka 1981. Mwaka 1984 aliendelea na masomo katika Chuo cha New York, ambako alipata shahada ya uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika historia mwaka 1991.<ref name=":2">"In Memoriam". ''web.csulb.edu''. Ilirejeshwa 2020-07-15.</ref> Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya uzamivu, aliendelea na utafiti kuhusu wafanyakazi wanawake Wachina katika viwanda vya mavazi mjini New York.<ref name=":1" /> Bao aliweza kuzungumza Kiburma, Kiingereza, Kichina cha Mandarin, Taishanese, pamoja na lahaja nyingine kadhaa za Kantonese.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1949|2006}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] i2ng05rrcadr2u2apvt6fd8f6t7m2jn 0 232100 1601264 1533859 2026-09-25T14:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean Stéphane Achy''' (alizaliwa 11 Julai 1988) ni [[mchezaji]] wa soka kutoka [[Gabon]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa kati katika klabu ya Missile FC. == Kazi yake == Alianza kuchezea [[timu]] ya taifa ya Gabon mwaka 2009, ambapo alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa.<ref>{{Citation|last=FIFA.com|title=Giresse turns to Aubameyang youngsters - FIFA.com|date=2009-03-24|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/news/newsid=1040520/index.html|work=FIFA.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111123635/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/news/newsid=1040520/index.html|archive-date=2012-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stéphane Achy (Player)|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30589/Stephane_Achy.html|work=www.national-football-teams.com|accessdate=2026-05-06|language=en|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] naidcz7nt9u2t1wes8qnx7qsn9kkdsq 0 232503 1601587 1545736 2026-09-26T06:38:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annie B. Martin''' (20 Desemba 1920 – 12 Juni 2012) alikuwa mwanzilishi muhimu katika harakati za vyama vya wafanyakazi na vuguvugu la haki za kiraia nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa katika jimbo la [[South Carolina]] na alishiriki katika maandamano mengi yaliyofanyika [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="UFT05242012">{{cite web|url=[http://www.uft.org/around-uft/honoring-woman-valor|title=Honoring](http://www.uft.org/around-uft/honoring-woman-valor|title=Honoring) a woman of valor|date=May 24, 2012|work=UFT.com|publisher=United Federation of Teachers|access-date=17 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Womack06152012">{{cite web|url=[http://www.apri.org/ht/display/ArticleDetails/i/5354](http://www.apri.org/ht/display/ArticleDetails/i/5354) |title=Labor Committee of the NAACP Saddened By Loss of Sister Dr. Annie B. Martin |last=Womack, Sr. |first=Richard |author2=Brown, Clayola |author3=Holifield, General |date=June 15, 2012 |work=A. Philip Randolph Institute website |publisher=A. Philip Randolph Institute |access-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030065723/http://www.apri.org/ht/display/ArticleDetails/i/5354](https://web.archive.org/web/20121030065723/http://www.apri.org/ht/display/ArticleDetails/i/5354) |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwa naibu kamishna wa kazi wa jimbo la New York chini ya magavana watatu tofauti, na pia alihudumu kwa mihula 16 kama rais wa tawi la [[New York City]] la Chama cha Kitaifa cha Kuendeleza Watu Weusi (NAACP).<ref name="TandDObituary06182012">{{cite web|url=[http://thetandd.com/news/local/obituaries/dr-annie-b-martinnew-york/article_a3648510-b8fd-11e1-a046-001a4bcf887a.html|title=Dr](http://thetandd.com/news/local/obituaries/dr-annie-b-martinnew-york/article_a3648510-b8fd-11e1-a046-001a4bcf887a.html|title=Dr). Annie B. Martin -- New York|date=June 18, 2012|work=The Times and Democrat|access-date=17 July 2012|location=Orangeburg, South Carolina}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Rangel06192012">{{cite web|url=[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-06-19/pdf/CREC-2012-06-19-pt1-PgE1075.pdf|title=In](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-06-19/pdf/CREC-2012-06-19-pt1-PgE1075.pdf|title=In) Celebration of the Life of Our Beloved Freedom Fighter and Freedom Sister Dr. Annie B. Martin|last=Rangel|first=Charles|date=June 19, 2012|work=Congressional Record|publisher=U.S. House of Representatives|access-date=17 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia alihudumu katika bodi ya kitaifa ya NAACP kwa kipindi cha miaka 19.<ref name="NAACP06132012">{{cite web|url=[http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp-mourns-the-passing-of-dr-annie-b-martin1|title=NAACP](http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp-mourns-the-passing-of-dr-annie-b-martin1|title=NAACP) Mourns the Passing of Dr. Annie B. Martin|date=June 13, 2012|work=NAACP.com|publisher=National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120724141142/http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp-mourns-the-passing-of-dr-annie-b-martin1|archive-date=24](https://web.archive.org/web/20120724141142/http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp-mourns-the-passing-of-dr-annie-b-martin1|archive-date=24) July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Amalgamated06192012">{{cite web|url=[http://amalgamatedbank.wordpress.com/2012/06/19/amalgamated-bank-mourns-the-passing-of-dr-annie-b-martin/|title=Amalgamated](http://amalgamatedbank.wordpress.com/2012/06/19/amalgamated-bank-mourns-the-passing-of-dr-annie-b-martin/|title=Amalgamated) Bank Mourns the Passing of Dr. Annie B. Martin|date=June 19, 2012|work=Amalgamated Bank News|publisher=Amalgamated Bank|access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 6wm9ffz80v0a2nw9liufij7indh7gqx 0 233473 1601076 1539804 2026-09-25T13:15:13Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Charles Stone''' (anayejulikana kama '''Bill Stone''') ni mwanzilishi, mwenyekiti na afisa mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa SS&C Technologies, mtoa huduma na programu kwa tasnia ya huduma za kifedha na afya.<ref name="forbes-ssc">{{cite web |title=Bill Stone |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-stone/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Alianzisha SS&C Technologies mwaka [[1986]] na kuipeana hadharani mwaka [[1996]]. Chini ya uongozi wake, kampuni ilikua kupitia ununuzi zaidi ya 120. Kufikia [[2025]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola bilioni 4.6<ref name=Bloomberg>[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=204939169 SS&C Technologies, Inc.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg] March 2019</ref><ref name=Nasdaq>[https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/ssnc SSNC Stock Quote] March 2019</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] o7dq2zele5bjyuzvuqi8147l8qh3ufg 0 233891 1601266 1540684 2026-09-25T14:11:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chudaree "Chef Tam" Debhakam''' (amezaliwa takriban mwaka 1993) ni mpishi kutoka [[Thailand]] na [[Bangkok]]. Mwaka 2024 alikua mpishi mwanamke wa kwanza wa Kithai kutunukiwa nyota mbili za Michelin. Mwaka 2025 alitangazwa kuwa Mpishi Bora Mwanamke wa Asia. == Wasifu == Akiwa mtoto, Chudaree Debhakam alikuwa na ndoto ya kuwa mwanariadha wa kulipwa. Baada ya kugundua kuwa hangeweza kufanikiwa katika michezo ya ushindani wa kitaalamu, alielekeza juhudi zake katika sanaa ya upishi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chef ‘Tam’ Chudaree Debhakam on coping with pressure, creating change and the beauty of humble ingredients |url=[https://www.theworlds50best.com/stories/News/chef-tam-chudaree-debhakam-best-female-chef-asias-50-best-restaurants-2025.html](https://www.theworlds50best.com/stories/News/chef-tam-chudaree-debhakam-best-female-chef-asias-50-best-restaurants-2025.html) |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=50B - STORIES |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-30 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20250430081411/https://www.theworlds50best.com/stories/News/chef-tam-chudaree-debhakam-best-female-chef-asias-50-best-restaurants-2025.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20250430081411/https://www.theworlds50best.com/stories/News/chef-tam-chudaree-debhakam-best-female-chef-asias-50-best-restaurants-2025.html) |url-status=live }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uthai]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] pg3a9ra69zz40vh6fg23phida7rzgzk 0 233986 1601629 1564363 2026-09-26T08:44:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Contini''' (alizaliwa [[Milano]], 22 Septemba 1961) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Italia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sen. Barbara CONTINI - cosa fa in parlamento - OpenParlamento|url=https://parlamento16.openpolis.it/parlamentare/barbara-contini/333055|access-date=2021-05-24|website=parlamento16.openpolis.it}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na afisa wa mashirika ya kimataifa, akiwa mtaalamu wa siasa za kimataifa na usalama. == Wasifu == Contini alipata umaarufu mkubwa kutokana na kazi yake katika maeneo yenye migogoro duniani. Mnamo mwaka 2004, aliteuliwa na utawala wa muda wa muungano (CPA) nchini [[Iraki]] kuhudumu kama mkuu wa mkoa wa [[Nasiriyah]], akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo ya juu ya utawala katika mazingira ya vita nchini humo. Kabla ya hapo, alifanya kazi na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na mashirika mengine katika nchi kama [[Sudan]] (Darfur) na [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. Katika siasa za kitaifa, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Seneti la Italia mwaka 2008 kupitia chama cha People of Freedom (Italy)|Popolo della (PdL). Baadaye alijiunga na vuguvugu la ''Future and Freedom'' (FLI) lililoanzishwa na [[Gianfranco Fini]]. Katika kipindi chake cha useneta, alijikita zaidi katika masuala ya nje, ulinzi, na haki za binadamu. Kazi yake imetambuliwa kimataifa, na amepokea tuzo mbalimbali kwa ujasiri wake na mchango wake katika diplomasia na usimamizi wa migogoro ya kimataifa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] {{BD|1961||Contini, Barbara}} h7nrnsb34y6g4qblu7n5yddb9eom8v6 0 234336 1601025 1541795 2026-09-25T13:09:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chutatip "Nok" Suntaranon''' ni mpishi kutoka Thailand na mmiliki wa mgahawa Kalaya huko [[Philadelphia]]. Mnamo 2023, alishinda tuzo ya James Beard Foundation Award ya Mpishi Bora, eneo la Mid-Atlantic. == Maisha ya awali == Suntaranon alizaliwa katika Yan Ta Khao, wilaya ya Trang province, ambapo mama yake Kalaya aliendesha kibanda cha kuuza paste za kari katika soko la eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Sheehan |first=Jason |date=2022-10-16 |title=With Kalaya Fishtown, Iconic Restaurateur Nok Suntaranon's Past Steers Her Future |url=https://www.phillymag.com/foobooz/2022/10/15/nok-suntaranon-kalaya-fishtown/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Philadelphia Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suntaranon, Chutatip}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uthai]] 1h779703rw62mqtuiecu68ze1kyix1k 0 235535 1601203 1545316 2026-09-25T13:47:40Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Bradshaw''' (3 Aprili 1884 – Juni 1955)<ref name=efo>[[http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBradshawW.html](http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBradshawW.html) Billy Bradshaw] englandfootballonline.com</ref> alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]]. Alicheza katika kiwango cha kitaaluma na pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya England, akiwa katika nafasi ya kiungo wa pembeni wa kushoto (left half). == Kazi == === Kazi ya vilabu === Alizaliwa Padiham, Bradshaw alianza maisha yake ya soka akiwa na vilabu vya Padiham na Accrington Stanley. Ingawa nafasi yake kuu ilikuwa left-half, alikuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kushambulia na mara nyingi alielezewa kama "kama kuwa na mshambuliaji wa sita". Pia alikuwa mtaalamu wa kupiga penalti.<ref name="Betts">{{cite book | title=England: Player by player | url=https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah | publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing|last= Betts|first= Graham | year=2006| isbn=1-905009-63-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah/page/44 45]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1884|1955}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] n3fremyteq84sqjiezw3svm71d2jt2u 0 235683 1601479 1597981 2026-09-25T19:41:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Jacqui Frazier-Lyde | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_halisi = Jacqueline Frazier | jina_la_utani = Sister Smoke | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1961|12|2}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Beaufort, South Carolina, Marekani | utaifa = Marekani | uzito = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Kati Mkubwa *Uzani wa Kati Mzito *Uzani Mzito }} | urefu = mita 1.75 | mikono = mita 1.75 | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | jumla = 15 | ushindi = 13 | KO = 9 | kupoteza = 1 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 1 }} '''Jacqueline''' "'''Jacqui'''" '''Frazier-Lyde''' (alizaliwa 2 Desemba 1961) ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Marekani]] na bondia wa zamani wa ngumi za kulipwa. Yeye ni binti wa bingwa wa zamani wa dunia wa ngumi katika uzito wa juu, '''Joe Frazier'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.philly.com/2001-12-06/sports/25308132_1_jacqui-frazier-lyde-sister-smoke-laila-ali | title=Like ring father, like daughter: The story of Jacqui Frazier-Lyde | date=6 December 2001 | newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] | accessdate=3 March 2024 | archive-date=2016-08-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826131901/http://articles.philly.com/2001-12-06/sports/25308132_1_jacqui-frazier-lyde-sister-smoke-laila-ali | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2000, akiwa na umri wa miaka 38, Frazier alitangaza kuwa angeanza kushiriki katika mchezo wa ngumi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://a.espncdn.com/boxing/columns/graham/343466.html |title=ESPN.com: BOXING - Women's boxing becoming a real joke |website=A.espncdn.com |accessdate=2016-02-15}}</ref> Frazier-Lyde alijumuishwa katika Ukumbi wa makumbusho wa Mabondia wa Kike wa Kimataifa mnamo mwaka 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maxboxing.com/news/news/iwbhf-celebrates-10-years|title=IWBHF celebrates 10 years|publisher=maxboxing.com|accessdate=30 December 2024}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Frazier alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Beaufort West|Beaufort]],kwenye jimbo la [[Carolina Kusini|South Carolina]] nchini [[Marekani]], mnamo 2 Desemba 1961, akiwa binti wa bingwa wa zamani wa ngumi wa uzito wa juu, [[Joe Frazier]]. Baadaye alihamia kaunti ya Montgomery,kwenye jimbo la [[Pennsylvania]], ambapo alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Plymouth-Whitemarsh. Akiwa shuleni, alikuwa mwanamichezo aliyeshiriki michezo ya mpira wa laini (softball), mpira wa kikapu, lakrosi (lacrosse), na hoki. Frazier alipata ufadhili wa masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Marekani huko [[Washington D.C.]], ambapo alicheza mpira wa kikapu na kusomea mambo ya sheria na haki za jinai. Frazier alitunukiwa Shahada ya Uzamivu wa Sheria katika Shule ya Sheria ya Chuo Kikuu cha Villanova kilichopo katika kitongoji cha Villanova,huko Pennsylvania. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] adpp9ic7jhfxx8u0o9zu17i4zc84qs9 0 236150 1600999 1545295 2026-09-25T12:20:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1600999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sid Ahmed Ghozali''' (31 Machi 1937 – 4 Februari 2025) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Les argentiers de l�Alg�rie|url=http://www.mf.gov.dz/events/historic.htm|work=web.archive.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627235418fw_/http://www.mf.gov.dz/events/historic.htm|archivedate=2008-06-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 1991 hadi 1992. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] 1vlb2q7hs9c06wkkx2v8vantfps9etx 0 236275 1601026 1545489 2026-09-25T13:09:43Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harold John Allen''' (23 Januari 1923 – 2 Agosti 1990) alikuwa mchezaji wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akiichezea timu ya Edmonton Mercurys. == Wasifu wa uchezaji == Allen alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika 1950 World Ice Hockey Championships iliyofanyika mjini [[London]], [[England]]. Timu ya Edmonton Mercurys ya mwaka 1950 iliingizwa katika Alberta Sports Hall of Fame mwaka 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url=[http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|](http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|) title=Edmonton Waterloo Mercurys 1950| publisher=Alberta Sports Hall of Fame and Museum| accessdate=21 Mei 2013| archive-date=25 Machi 2017| archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170325054429/http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|](https://web.archive.org/web/20170325054429/http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|) url-status=dead}}</ref> Allen, ambaye alikuwa kaka yake Keith Allen, pia alicheza katika Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL) kwa timu za Los Angeles Monarchs na Oakland Oaks.<ref>"Harry Allen", Society for International Hockey Research Database, accessed 1 Agosti 2015.</ref> Baadaye alikuwa kocha wa Edmonton Oil Kings, na alitajwa kuwa Mwanamichezo Bora wa Mwaka wa Edmonton baada ya timu yake ya Oil Kings kufika katika michuano ya Memorial Cup ya mwaka 1959–60. Allen alifariki tarehe 2 Agosti 1990 akiwa na umri wa miaka 67.<ref>Edmonton sports personality Harry Allen dies at age 67: [Final Edition] Edmonton Journal [Edmonton, Alta] 3 Agosti 1990: B4.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1923|1990}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 19wpqcneb1cxoezrmyh51beqdhwxx9k 0 236303 1601267 1545543 2026-09-25T14:11:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Andru''' (20 Novemba 1932 – 15 Machi 2003) alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa uzio. Alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1964 na 1968.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web|url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html) |title=John Andru Olympic Results |access-date=11 December 2010 |work=sports-reference.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101112051809/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20101112051809/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html) |archive-date=12 November 2010 }}</ref> Baadaye alitunukiwa heshima ya kuingizwa katika Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame.<ref name="olympic.ca">{{cite web |url=[http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/john-andru/](http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/john-andru/) |title=Canadian Olympic Committee: John Andru |access-date=11 December 2010 |work=Canadian Olympic Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Olympedia|21381}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1932|2003}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] ee9w9c9h9cppw7zgj9579myj26tzopx 0 236472 1601234 1545899 2026-09-25T14:07:59Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anders Martin Dale''' ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa neva na profesa wa [[radiolojia]], sayansi ya neva, magonjwa ya akili, na sayansi ya utambuzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, [[San Diego]] (UCSD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiology.ucsd.edu/faculty_staff/adale.html |title=UCSD profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075706/http://radiology.ucsd.edu/faculty_staff/adale.html |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>, na yeye ni mmoja wa waendelezaji wakuu duniani wa mbinu za upigaji picha wa kompyuta wa muundo wa neva. Yeye ndiye Mkurugenzi Mwanzilishi wa Center for Multimodal Imaging Genetics (CMIG) katika UCSD.<ref name=ucsd>{{cite web| title =Stimulus Grant of Nearly $9 Million to UC San Diego Funds Big Study of Young Brains| work =UCSD News| url =http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/general/10-09ARRA.asp}}</ref><ref name=link>{{cite web| title =Anders Dale| work =LinkedIn| url =http://www.linkedin.com/pub/anders-dale/16/69a/463 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dygv3mfposbrztvha1ysjhqxme7g6vl 0 236702 1601545 1546417 2026-09-26T02:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdelrahman Ramadan Fetori''' (alizaliwa 2 Julai 1984) ni [[mwanasoka]] wa Libya. == Mafanikio == === Libya === * [[Mashindano]] ya Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] kwa Wachezaji wa Ndani (CHAN): 2014<ref>{{Citation|title=CHAN 2014: Libya beat Ghana to snatch first African title|date=2014-02-01|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25719387|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya African Nations Championship 2014 Squad|url=https://m.football-lineups.com/team/Libya/African-Nations-Championship-2014/players|work=football-lineups.com|accessdate=2026-05-19|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428210013/https://m.football-lineups.com/team/Libya/African-Nations-Championship-2014/players|archivedate=2026-04-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Libya]] 5fb4kfnpr8diafzu2xl4wp356qmzm3w 0 236805 1601027 1546626 2026-09-25T13:09:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tirtza Atar''' ({{he|תרצה אתר}}; jina la kuzaliwa: '''Tirtza Alterman'''; 27 Januari 1941 – 8 Septemba 1977) alikuwa mwandishi wa mashairi ya nyimbo, mwandishi wa vitabu, mwimbaji, muigizaji wa jukwaani, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, na mtafsiri kutoka nchi ya [[Israeli|Israeli.]] <ref name=ithl>[https://www.ithl.org.il/writer/tirtza-atar/ Tirtza Atar תרצה אתר]</ref><ref>[https://kneller.co.il/tirza-atar/?lang=en Tirza Atar (Estate)]</ref><ref name=osu>[https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/00847.php תרצה אתר (1941–1977)]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1941|1977}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Israeli]] miws4kubm88rpaxemwu962y4n14ju8o 0 237619 1601283 1548577 2026-09-25T14:13:29Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Axel Prip''' (anayejulikana pia kama '''Jack Prip'''; [[1922]] – [[2009]]) alikuwa mfua vyuma, mbunifu, na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[New York]] na kukulia [[Udeni]]. Alijulikana kwa kuweka viwango vya ubora katika ufundi chuma wa Marekani. Muundo wake wa "Dimension" wa seti ya chai na kahawa uliojengwa na ''Reed & Barton Company'' ulitokana na umbo la kitunguu. Baadhi ya miundo yake bado inazalishwa hadi leo. Alifundisha katika Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Rochester na alikuwa mmiliki mwenza wa Shop One.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Koplos|first1=Janet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7rqCQAAQBAJ|title=Makers: A History of American Studio Craft|last2=Metcalf|first2=Bruce|date=2010-07-31|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-9583-2|pages=338|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wavumbuzi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2009]] 5v8gifurkcykr3flgqrb02yhiqgup59 0 237691 1601556 1548514 2026-09-26T03:42:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601556 wikitext text/x-wiki Ahmed Kamal El Trbi ni [[mwanasoka]] wa kulipwa wa Libya anayeshika nafasi ya [[beki]] wa kati, akichezea [[klabu]] ya Kazma SC ya Kuwait pamoja na timu ya taifa ya Libya. == Maisha ya binafsi == El Trbi pia ni [[mwanafunzi]] wa udaktari katika mji wa Benghazi. == Mafanikio == === Libya === * CHAN (African Nations Championship): 2014<ref>{{Citation|title=CHAN 2014: Libya beat Ghana to snatch first African title|date=2014-02-01|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25719387|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya African Nations Championship 2014 Squad|url=https://m.football-lineups.com/team/Libya/African-Nations-Championship-2014/players|work=football-lineups.com|accessdate=2026-05-22|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428210013/https://m.football-lineups.com/team/Libya/African-Nations-Championship-2014/players|archivedate=2026-04-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a74arbhxyjv3zhuvhsg84cerxwv5pct 0 237847 1601077 1548936 2026-09-25T13:15:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeffrey Lynn Stephanic''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 28]], [[1946]]) ni mpiga picha za kisanaa, mbunifu, mwananadharia wa rangi, msanii wa dijiti, na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=GW Fine Arts + Art History 2012 Summer Newsletter |url=https://s2.docgo.net/uploads/DP2017/03/05/s7H1FyYfbz/89c2c4bc89e274fdbeffa75ecc74ff98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223927/https://s2.docgo.net/uploads/DP2017/03/05/s7H1FyYfbz/89c2c4bc89e274fdbeffa75ecc74ff98.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kll0rp7f830qj1s2w09qcilc07kzco1 0 237938 1601162 1549134 2026-09-25T13:43:06Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stewart Uoo''' (alizaliwa [[1985]], [[California]]) ni [[msanii]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Mazoezi yake ya sanaa yanachunguza maeneo ya makutano ya kijamii na kidijiti, mara nyingi yakijumuisha uzuri wa mitindo na michezo ya video kwenye rangi zake za maji, uchongaji, na vipande vya video<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://rfc.museum/ha-stewart-uoo|title=Stewart Uoo|website=rfc.museum|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.crane.tv/stewart-uoo|title=Stewart Uoo|work=Crane.tv|access-date=2017-12-02}}</ref>. Alijulikana kwa maonyesho yake ya "It's Get Better" ([[2013]]) na maonyesho yake ya peke yake kwenye jumba la sanaa la 47 Canal ([[2012]]) na Galerie Buchholz huko Berlin ([[2014]]). == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jgunn202v7k98f7p9iijdejpr5sbpyk 0 238020 1601163 1549225 2026-09-25T13:43:14Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Howard N. Watson''' ([[Mei 19]], [[1929]] – [[Juni 17]], [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] wa rangi za maji, msanii wa mandhari, mchoraji picha, na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya Kiafrika. Alijulikana kwa rangi zake za maji za kisanisha za majengo ya kihistoria, mitaa, vitongoji, na alama za ardhi katika eneo la [[Philadelphia]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari |date=2022-08-06 |title=Pottsville native, renowned artist, remembered |work=Republican Herald (Pottsville) |agency=via newspapers.com. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/865481134/ |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=1923-10-17 |title=Amos Hokum (cartoon) |work=New York Amsterdam News |id={{ProQuest|226348819}} }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=1936-08-29 |title=Amos Hokum (cartoon) |work=New York Amsterdam News |id={{ProQuest|531132340}} }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=1925-03-14 |title=Amos Hokum, The Comic Strip Supreme |work=Afro-American (Baltimore) |id={{ProQuest|530504895}} }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Jackson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeDeCwAAQBAJ&dq=james+f.+watson+cartoonist+hokum&pg=PT208 |title=Pioneering Artists of Color |year=2016|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781496804808 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=1923-05-11 |title=A sign of excellence |work=Afro-American (Baltimore) |id={{ProQuest|530468267}} }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=1923-09-28 |title=Jim Watson sees Dempsey-Willis "fite" (cartoon) |work=Afro-American (Baltimore) |id={{ProQuest|530571648}} }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] sjrfv22eplo5arrmp6dw56kn288jz4s 0 238166 1601097 1549445 2026-09-25T13:17:23Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carl Hoeckner''' ([[Desemba 19]], [[1883]] – [[1972]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] nchini [[Marekani]] alifanya kazi [[Chicago]] wakati wa [[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa kiuchumi.Alijulikana kwa [[uchoraji]] wake wa mada za kijamii za uhalisi, uchapishaji, na michoro ya ukutani.<ref name="SAAM">{{cite web |title=Carl Hoeckner |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/carl-hoeckner-2256 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1883]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1972]] t1ssf5tyhhnq1df5j910s6oi6rzp3xi 0 238440 1601078 1549907 2026-09-25T13:15:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Garth Jones''' ([[Agosti 10]], [[1872]] – [[Julai 6]], [[1955]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] na [[mchoraji]] picha wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye alifanya kazi hasa katika michoro ya mbao, michoro ya kalamu na wino, na michoro iliyotumia rangi za maji.<ref>[http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00095538?rskey=2Ymb0x&result=4 Benezit Dictionary of Artists]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1872]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1955]] mkvhh69hmnzirv8qzwudx01st0dnmbs 0 238510 1601237 1550044 2026-09-25T14:08:20Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aleksander Balos''' (alizaliwa [[1970]]) ni [[msanii]] wa [[Romania]], [[Polandi]], na [[Marekani]] na mchoraji, anayejulikana kwa uchoraji wake unaoonyesha mada za kisasa na masimulizi. Kwa sasa anaishi Marekani na ni raia wa Marekani kwa uraia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sjhsalumniassn.org/|title=Classmate Profiles (1991)|website=Sjhsalumniassn.org|access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8mxfani2w942dfx3sxr2xzer6ljrl29 0 238805 1601268 1550585 2026-09-25T14:11:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Haslewood Shannon''' ([[Aprili 26]], [[1863]] – [[Machi 18]], [[1937]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa [[Uingereza]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa picha zake za watu. Kazi zake zilionyeshwa katika makusanyo kadhaa makuu ya Ulaya, ikiwemo ''National Portrait Gallery, London''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.racollection.org.uk/ |title=Royal Academy of Arts Collections – Home |accessdate=2026-05-26 |archive-date=2010-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402092154/http://www.racollection.org.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1863]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1937]] p0tlwyk1rkluljidy22v12qez6btz2i 0 239070 1601488 1551084 2026-09-25T19:42:49Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hannah May Firmin''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 24]], [[1956]]) ni [[mchoraji]] picha na mtengenezaji wa michoro. Anajulikana kwa kuonyesha majalada ya mfululizo wa vitabu vya [[Alexander McCall Smith]] vya ''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency'', ambayo alitunukiwa "Jalada la Kitabu Bora cha Mwaka" katika ''British Book Awards'' mwaka [[2004]].[http://www.looktothestars.org/news/1392-british-stars-sign-favorite-books-for-africa] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 76mjs8gexr9a1l2t29ozp33eulo2kl9 0 239092 1601312 1551147 2026-09-25T14:17:41Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beate Reinstadler''' (amezaliwa tarehe 20 Mei 1967) ni aliyekuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[tenisi]] kutoka [[Austria]]. == Taaluma == Reinstadler alishiriki mashindano ya WTA Tour kati ya mwaka 1986 na 1997. Katika kipindi hicho alishinda mataji mawili ya ITF, moja huko [[Ashkelon]] na jingine huko [[Flensburg]]. Ingawa hakupata mafanikio makubwa katika mashindano ya Grand Slam, alifika raundi ya tatu ya Australian Open mwaka 1994 na French Open mwaka 1995. Reinstadler alifikia nafasi yake ya juu zaidi katika mchezo wa mmoja mmoja akiwa namba 60 duniani tarehe 20 Juni 1994. Nafasi yake ya juu zaidi katika mchezo wa wawili wawili ilikuwa namba 147 duniani, aliyofikia tarehe 6 Februari 1995. Katika taaluma yake, aliwahi kuwashinda wachezaji wengi waliokuwa katika kumi bora duniani, akiwemo namba 3 duniani Helena Suková na namba 7 duniani Lisa Raymond katika mashindano ya Stratton Mountain mwaka 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=[https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8238787.html](https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8238787.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161008201942/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8238787.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20161008201942/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8238787.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2016 |title=Weary Maleeva-Fragniere, Reinstadler advance at Acura |accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1967|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7kpssa3uduifkixdeiorfcmsdk0np2c 0 239169 1601118 1571083 2026-09-25T13:19:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Morisada Matsudaira''' ({{lang|ja|松平 保定}}; 1926 – 9 Agosti 2011) alikuwa mwanabenki wa [[Japani]] ambaye alijihusisha sana na shughuli za kuhifadhi historia na urithi wa kitamaduni. Alikuwa mjukuu wa Matsudaira Katamori na alitumia muda mwingi katika eneo la Aizu. Baada ya kuhitimu chuo kikuu, alifanya kazi katika Benki ya Norinchukin kwa kipindi cha miaka 29. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Morisada aliombwa na Shirika la Nyumba ya Kifalme ya Japani kuhudumu kama afisa katika sherehe za maombolezo ya Emperor Hirohito. Wakati huohuo, alitakiwa pia kuwa kuhani mkuu wa Yasukuni Shrine. Hata hivyo, Morisada alikataa uteuzi huo kwa sababu hekalu hilo lilijengwa kwa ajili ya kuwakumbuka wanajeshi wa Jeshi la Kifalme la Japani waliokufa katika Vita vya Boshin, huku likiwatenga waliopigana upande wa upinzani, wakiwemo watu wa maeneo ya Aizu, Sendai, Nihonmatsu, na Morioka.<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [[http://www.zaikai21.co.jp/zaifuku/back/0306.html](http://www.zaikai21.co.jp/zaifuku/back/0306.html){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}財界21 福島の経済情報誌「財界ふくしま」]</ref> Morisada alikuwa na mtoto mmoja wa kiume, Morihisa Matsudaira.<ref>Kobiyama Rokurō, ''Matsudaira Katamori no Shōgai: Shashinshu''. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha, 2003, uk. 189</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|2011}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] c1c7t9o9edylebtpjqkpwcmapdgq6lz 0 239241 1601280 1551957 2026-09-25T14:13:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David A. Hardy''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 10]], [[1936]]) ni [[mchoraji]] wa anga wa [[Uingereza]]. Alijulikana kwa uchoraji wake wa anga za juu, sayari, na vitu vya angani. Alionyesha majalada ya vitabu vingi vya sayansi ya anga na usanii wa kubuniwa, na ameshirikiana na [[NASA]] na [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hardy, David A|website=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|date=21 August 2023|accessdate=17 February 2024|url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/hardy_david_a}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fodfimgvq3xro3t6uqda1169j2ixr8g 0 239376 1601211 1553727 2026-09-25T13:48:36Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David William Gentleman''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 11]], [[1930]]) ni [[msanii]] wa [[Uingereza]]. Alisomea sanaa na uchoraji katika ''Royal College of Art'' chini ya [[Edward Bawden]] na [[John Nash (msanii)|John Nash]]. Alifanya kazi kwa kutumia rangi za maji, lithografia, na uchongaji wa mbao, katika viwango tofauti kuanzia picha za ukutani za ukubwa wa jukwaa kwa Charing Cross Underground Station hadi stempu za posta na logo. <ref name="whoswho">{{cite journal |title=Gentleman, David (William) |journal=Who's Who 2017 |year=2017 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U16933 |accessdate=24 July 2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a1zcqhth30kow4x2ehsf3170n85bosd 3 240191 1601382 1561133 2026-09-25T16:34:58Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Edwin Ndaba]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mahlathamnyama]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Edwin Ndaba|Edwin Ndaba]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mahlathamnyama|Mahlathamnyama]]" 1561133 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 1 Juni 2026 (UTC) 6wf1wnq08vibpe8tengk9fu99zzm7la 0 240308 1601434 1574424 2026-09-25T18:46:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stuart Richard Abbott''' '''MBE''' (amezaliwa 3 Juni 1978) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa raga ya muungano aliyezaliwa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alicheza katika nafasi ya senta kwa klabu ya London Wasps na timu ya taifa ya [[Uingereza]]. Abbott alizaliwa [[Cape Town]], Afrika Kusini. Mama yake alikuwa Mwingereza. Alisoma katika Shule ya Maandalizi ya Western Province na Bishops, ambako amesema aliadhibiwa kwa kuchapwa viboko.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2367088/Abbott-takes-it-in-his-stride.html|title=Abbott](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2367088/Abbott-takes-it-in-his-stride.html|title=Abbott) takes it in his stride|last=Ackford|first=Paul|date=23 Oktoba 2005|work=The Telegraph|access-date=14 Februari 2011}}</ref> Mchezaji wa nafasi ya senta wa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini, Robbie Fleck, pamoja na Selborne Boome, walihudhuria shule hiyo hiyo. Alipata shahada ya uchumi kutoka [[Stellenbosch University]] na akaichezea timu ya Northern Free State Griffons katika mashindano ya Currie Cup. Baadaye alichezea Western Province na timu ya Afrika Kusini U23. Wakati wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga la 1999, Abbott alisaini na klabu ya Uingereza ya Leicester Tigers, ambayo ilikuwa imepoteza wachezaji kadhaa waliokuwa katika majukumu ya kimataifa. Alicheza mechi mbili baada ya kupendekezwa na mchezaji wa zamani wa Tigers na Springbok, Joel Stransky, aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya fly-half. Mwaka 2001 alichezea timu ya Afrika Kusini ya Super 12 iitwayo Stormers. Mnamo Novemba 2001, Abbott alisajiliwa na klabu ya Uingereza ya Wasps. Alipata umaarufu mkubwa katika msimu wa 2002–03 akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu walioisaidia timu kushinda Zurich Premiership.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/english/2947768.stm|title=Wasps](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/english/2947768.stm|title=Wasps) romp to title|publisher=BBC|date=31 Mei 2003|access-date=6 Februari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alirudia mafanikio hayo katika msimu wa 2003–04 wakati klabu hiyo ilipofika fainali za Heineken Cup na hatua za mwisho za Zurich Premiership. Wasps ilishinda fainali zote mbili na Abbott alifunga ''try'' katika kila moja.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/english/3754577.stm|title=Wasps](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/english/3754577.stm|title=Wasps) 10-6 Bath|publisher=BBC|date=29 Mei 2004|access-date=6 Februari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/european/3733109.stm|title=Wasps](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/european/3733109.stm|title=Wasps) 27-20 Toulouse|publisher=BBC|date=23 Mei 2004|access-date=7 Februari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aliunda ushirikiano mzuri katika nafasi ya senta pamoja na Fraser Waters. Kabla ya Kombe la Dunia, alikataa mwito wa kocha wa Afrika Kusini Rudolf Straeuli, lakini akaamua kuichezea Uingereza. Abbott alifunga katika mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Uingereza alipofunga moja ya ''try'' tano katika ushindi wa 43–9 dhidi ya Wales kwenye Millennium Stadium mwezi Agosti 2003, ikiwa ni maandalizi ya Kombe la Dunia la Raga 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/3176179.stm|title=England](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/international/3176179.stm|title=England) crush woeful Wales|publisher=BBC|date=23 Agosti 2003|access-date=13 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> Baada ya kung'ara tena katika mechi ya majaribio dhidi ya Ufaransa wiki mbili baadaye, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Uingereza cha Kombe la Dunia. Mwaka 2003 alicheza mechi tatu za Kombe la Dunia la Raga na kuongeza ''try'' yake ya pili katika ushindi mkubwa dhidi ya Uruguay.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/3230061.stm|title=England](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/3230061.stm|title=England) hammer Uruguay|publisher=BBC|date=2 Novemba 2003|access-date=13 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> Uingereza ilishinda Kombe la Dunia, na Abbott pamoja na wachezaji wenzake walitunukiwa heshima ya MBE katika Orodha ya Heshima za Mwaka Mpya ya 2004. Alikosa mashindano ya Six Nations Championship ya mwaka 2004 kutokana na majeraha, lakini aliendelea kufanya vizuri katika klabu yake na akajumuishwa katika ziara ya kiangazi ya mwaka huo. Baada ya Kombe la Dunia alikumbwa na majeraha ya mara kwa mara na mwaka 2005 alivunjika mguu katika mechi ya Heineken Cup kati ya Wasps na Biarritz. Alikuwa na kipindi cha mafanikio makubwa akiwa London Wasps, akishinda Heineken Cup, Zurich Premiership na katika msimu wake wa mwisho pia akashinda Powergen Cup. Mwaka 2006 alijiunga na klabu ya Harlequins kwa msimu wa 2006–07, lakini alicheza mechi 17 pekee. Tarehe 24 Oktoba 2007, Abbott alitangaza kustaafu kucheza kutokana na jeraha la [[bega]].<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/harlequins/7060002.stm|title=Abbott](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/harlequins/7060002.stm|title=Abbott) career cut short by injury|date=24 Oktoba 2007|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=14 Februari 2011}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha baada ya kustaafu == Mnamo Mei 2008, Abbott alitangazwa kuwa kocha wa wachezaji wa nyuma katika Rosslyn Park FC, timu iliyomaliza katika nafasi ya pili msimu wa 2008–2009. Baadaye alirejea kuishi [[Cape Town]]. Kufikia mwaka 2025, alikuwa akifanya kazi kama muuzaji wa jumla wa mafuta.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2025/04/09/where-is-stuart-abbott-now-england-2003-world-cup-win/](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2025/04/09/where-is-stuart-abbott-now-england-2003-world-cup-win/)</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] etxxgtpygeh2yhuhdiwbxnukrfyqcxd 0 240612 1601164 1569293 2026-09-25T13:43:21Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuseph Williams "Boela" Abrahams''' (amezaliwa 23 Julai 1988) ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliichezea timu ya Leopards katika mashindano ya Currie Cup na Rugby Challenge. == Wasifu == Abrahams alianza kucheza raga katika ngazi za vijana akiwa na timu ya Griffons, kabla ya kujumuishwa katika kikosi chao mwaka 2007. Mwaka 2009 alijiunga na Eastern Province Kings na baadaye akatajwa katika kikosi cha timu hiyo kwa msimu wa Kombe la Vodacom 2011. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2011 aliachwa na timu hiyo na kujiunga na Maties kwa ajili ya mashindano ya Kombe la Varsity Cup 2012. Hata hivyo, miezi michache baadaye alirejea Eastern Province Kings kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili.<ref name="Boela terug by Kings">{{cite web|url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/17/GO/24/spt-eepee.html|title=Boela terug by Kings|date=17 Aprili 2012|publisher=Die Son|language=Afrikaans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023711/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/17/GO/24/spt-eepee.html|archive-date=4 Machi 2016}}</ref> Mwaka 2014 alijiunga tena na Griffons, timu yenye makao yake mjini [[Welkom]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu katika kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa 2014 Currie Cup First Division. Katika mchezo wa fainali, Abrahams alifunga ''try'' moja na pia alipiga ''drop goal'' muhimu katika dakika za mwisho za mchezo, jambo lililosaidia Griffons kushinda kwa mabao 23–21 dhidi ya Valke. Ushindi huo uliiwezesha Griffons kutwaa kombe lao la kwanza baada ya miaka sita.<ref name="Currie Cup Griffons win First Division title">{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/CurrieCup/Griffons-win-First-Division-title-20141017|title=Currie Cup Griffons win First Division title|publisher=Sport24|date=17 Oktoba 2014|access-date=21 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> Siku chache baada ya ushindi huo, Abrahams alialikwa kushiriki katika kambi ya mazoezi ya timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya raga, Springboks, kabla ya ziara yao ya mwisho wa mwaka ya Ulaya mwaka 2014.<ref name="More players join Bok training camp">{{cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/rugby/springboks/news/141019/More_players_join_Bok_training_camp|title=More players join Bok training camp|publisher=SuperSport|date=19 Oktoba 2014|access-date=21 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] h3y1lua38gw1cnvtnotu4e4ulhxez29 0 240729 1601269 1571428 2026-09-25T14:11:51Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601269 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Septic tank Bolduc.jpg|thumb|276x276px|Shimo la maji taka likisakinishwa ardhini {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Kipengele''' !Maelezo |- |Nafasi katika mnyororo wa usafi wa mazingira |Ukusanyaji na uhifadhi/matibabu (on-site)[ |- |Ngazi ya matumizi |Ngazi ya kaya au ujirani (shule, hoteli n.k.) |- |Ngazi ya usimamizi |Kaya, umma, iliyoshirikiwa (ya kawaida zaidi ni ngazi ya kaya) |- |Pembejeo |blackwater (taka), greywater, brownwater |- |Pato |Tope la kinyesi, maji yaliyotibiwa (effluent) |- |Aina |Tanki moja au matanki ya vyumba vingi (huenda yakawa na vizuizi/baffles) |- |Masuala ya mazingira |Uchafuzi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi, uchafuzi wa maji mfano wakati wa mafuriko |} ]] '''Tangi la maji taka''' ni shimo la chini ya [[ardhi]] lilichotengenezwa kwa zege, glasi, au plastiki ambapo maji machafu ya majumbani (maji taka) hutiririka kwa ajili ya usafishwaji wa msingi wa maji taka. <ref name="tilley2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|last=Tilley|first=Elizabeth|last2=Ulrich|first2=Lukas|last3=Lüthi|first3=Christoph|last4=Reymond|first4=Philippe|last5=Zurbrügg|first5=Chris|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|year=2014|isbn=978-3906484570|edition=2nd|location=Duebendorf, Switzerland|chapter=Septic tanks|chapter-url=http://ecompendium.sswm.info/sanitation-technologies/septic-tank?group_code=s}}</ref> Michakato ya usagaji wa maji taka na yasiyo na hewa hupunguza vitu vikali na vya kikaboni, lakini ufanisi wa matibabu ni wa wastani tu (unaojulikana kama "matibabu ya msingi"). <ref name="tilley2" /> Mifumo ya tanki la maji taka ni aina ya kituo rahisi cha maji taka. Inaweza kutumika katika maeneo ambayo hayajaunganishwa na mfumo wa [[Mfumo wa majitaka|maji taka]], kama vile maeneo ya vijijini. Hata hivyo, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini unaweza kutokea na ni tatizo. Neno "septic" linarejelea mazingira ya [[bakteria]] wa anaerobic yanayositawi ndani ya tanki ambayo huchambua au kuharibu taka zinazotiririshwa ndani ya tanki. Mashimo ya maji taka yanaweza kuunganishwa na vitengo vingine vya matibabu ya maji taka ya mahali hapo kama vile vichujio vya kibiolojia au mifumo ya aerobic inayohusisha uingizaji hewa wa kulazimishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=American Ground Water Trust - Septic Systems for Waste Water Disposal|url=http://www.agwt.org/info/septicsystems.htm|work=www.agwt.org|accessdate=2026-06-11|archive-date=2008-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517080933/http://www.agwt.org/info/septicsystems.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kiwango]] cha mkusanyiko wa tope—ambalo pia huitwa septage au tope la kinyesi—ni cha haraka kuliko kiwango cha [[mmeng'enyo]]. Kwa hiyo, tope la [[kinyesi]] lililokusanyika lazima liondolewe mara kwa mara, jambo ambalo kwa kawaida hufanywa kwa [[lori]] la kufyonza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Septic Systems|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/subpages/septic_defined.cfm|work=www.nesc.wvu.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11|archive-date=2016-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426142538/http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/subpages/septic_defined.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maelezo == [[Faili:Schematic of a septic tank 2.png|thumb|220x220px|Mchoro wa tanki la maji taka<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sanitation Systems Perspective {{!}} SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!|url=https://sswm.info/perspective/sanitation-systems-perspective|work=sswm.info|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>]] Shimo la maji taka lina tanki moja au zaidi za zege au plastiki zenye ujazo wa kati ya [[lita]] 4,500 na 7,500 (galoni 1,000 na 2,000); upande mmoja umeunganishwa na bomba la kuingizia maji machafu na mwingine kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka. Kwa ujumla, viungio hivi vya mabomba hufanywa kwa kutumia bomba la T, ikiruhusu maji kuingia na kutoka bila kuvuruga ukoko wowote ulio juu ya uso.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How to Care for Your Septic System|url=https://www.epa.gov/septic/how-care-your-septic-system|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-06-16|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Leo hii, muundo wa tanki kwa kawaida hujumuisha vyumba viwili, kila kimoja kikiwa na tundu la kufikia na mfuniko, na vimetenganishwa na ukuta wa mgawanyo wenye matundu yaliyopo katikati ya sakafu na [[paa]] la tanki. Maji machafu huingia kwenye chumba cha kwanza cha tanki, ikiruhusu yabisi kutulia na takataka kuwaka juu. Yabisi yaliyotulia humeng'enywa bila hewa, na kupunguza kiasi cha yabisi. Sehemu ya maji hutiririka kupitia ukuta wa mgawanyo kuingia kwenye chumba cha pili, ambapo utulivu zaidi hutokea. Chaguo moja kwa maji yaliyotibiwa ni kuyapeleka kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka, ambao pia hujulikana kama leach field, drain field au seepage field, kulingana na eneo. Jaribio la upenyezaji linahitajika kabla ya usakinishaji ili kuhakikisha kuwa utoboaji wa udongo unatosha kutumika kama uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How to run a percolation test : Moisture Management : Housing and Technology : Environment : University of Minnesota Extension|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/housing-technology/moisture-management/how-to-run-a-percolation-test/index.html|work=www.extension.umn.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|archive-date=2016-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419084621/http://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/housing-technology/moisture-management/how-to-run-a-percolation-test/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye matibabu ya sekondari, kwa kawaida kwenye ardhi oevu iliyotengenezwa na binadamu. Ardhi oevu zilizotengenezwa hunufaika na utendaji mzuri wa mashimo ya maji taka katika kuondoa yabisi, jambo ambalo huyaepusha kuziba haraka. [[Faili:Landpeople s cc8.PNG|thumb|180x180px|Tangi ya maji taka na uwanja wa kukimbia septic]] Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye kituo kikuu cha [[matibabu]]. Uchafu uliobaki hunaswa na kuondolewa kwenye udongo, huku maji ya ziada yakiondolewa kupitia upenyezaji ndani ya [[udongo]], kupitia uvukizi, na kwa kufyonzwa kupitia mfumo wa [[mizizi]] ya [[mimea]] na hatimaye upumuaji wa mimea au kuingia kwenye maji ya chini ya ardhi au maji ya juu ya ardhi. Mtandao wa mabomba, ambao mara nyingi huwekwa kwenye mfereji uliojazwa mawe (tazama weeping tile), husambaza maji machafu kote shambani kwa kutumia matundu mengi ya mifereji kwenye mtandao huo. Ukubwa wa uwanja wa mifereji ni sawia na kiasi cha maji machafu na kinyume na upenyezaji wa uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo mzima wa shimo la maji taka unaweza kufanya kazi kwa mvutano wa dunia pekee au, ambapo mazingira ya kijiografia yanahitaji, kwa kujumuisha [[pampu]] ya kunyanyua. Miundo fulani ya shimo la maji taka hujumuisha sifoni au vifaa vingine ili kuongeza kiasi na kasi ya mtiririko unaotoka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hizi husaidia kujaza bomba la mifereji kwa usawa zaidi na kuongeza muda wa maisha ya uwanja wa mifereji kwa kuzuia kuziba mapema au kuziba kwa viumbe. Shimo la maji taka la Imhoff ni mfumo wa shimo la maji taka wa hatua mbili ambapo tope humeng'enywa katika tanki tofauti. Hii huepuka kuchanganya tope lililomeng'enywa na maji taka yanayoingia. Pia, baadhi ya miundo ya mashimo ya maji taka ina hatua ya pili ambapo maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka hatua ya kwanza ya anaerobic huingizwa hewa kabla hayajatiririka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo wa shimo la maji taka ulioundwa vizuri na unaofanya kazi kawaida hauna harufu. Licha ya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara na uondoaji wa taka, shimo la maji taka linapaswa kudumu kwa miongo kadhaa na matengenezo madogo, huku matanki ya [[zege]], [[nyuzi]] za [[kioo]], au [[plastiki]] yakidumu kwa takriban miaka 50.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SEPTIC TANKS|url=http://cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu/realp.htm|work=cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11|archive-date=2009-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040517/http://cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu/realp.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kuondoa == Taka ambazo hazijameng'enywa na mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa lazima hatimaye ziondolewe kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka. Vinginevyo, shimo la maji taka hujaa na maji machafu yenye nyenzo zisizomeng'enywa hutiririka moja kwa moja kuelekea kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hili si tu kwamba ni hatari kwa mazingira bali, ikiwa tope litafurika kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka kuingia kwenye leach field, linaweza kuziba mabomba ya leach field au kupunguza upenyezaji wa udongo wenyewe, na kuhitaji ukarabati wa gharama kubwa. Wakati shimo la maji taka linapomwagwa, tope lililokusanyika (septage, pia hujulikana kama fecal sludge<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Fecal Sludge Management is Serious Business|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/why-fecal-sludge-management-serious-business|work=World Bank Blogs|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>) hufyonzwa kutoka kwenye tanki na [[lori]] la kufyonza. Ni mara ngapi shimo la maji taka lazima limwagwe inategemea ujazo wa tanki ikilinganishwa na pembejeo ya yabisi, kiasi cha yabisi kisichoweza kumeng'enywa, na halijoto iliyopo (kwa sababu mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa hutokea kwa ufanisi zaidi katika [[halijoto]] ya juu), pamoja na matumizi, sifa za mfumo na mahitaji ya mamlaka husika. Baadhi ya mamlaka za afya zinahitaji matanki yamwagwe katika vipindi vilivyowekwa, wakati zingine zinaiacha kwa uamuzi wa mkaguzi. Baadhi ya mifumo inahitaji kufyonzwa baada ya miaka michache au mapema zaidi, wakati mingine inaweza kwenda miaka 10–20 kati ya ufyonzaji na ufyonzaji. Mfumo wa zamani wenye tanki dogo ambalo linatumiwa na [[familia]] kubwa litahitaji ufyonzaji wa mara kwa mara zaidi kuliko mfumo mpya unaotumiwa na watu wachache tu. Mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa huanza tena kwa haraka wakati tanki linapojazwa tena. Tanki tupu linaweza kuharibiwa na shinikizo la maji na kusababisha tanki "kuelea" nje ya ardhi, hasa katika hali ya mafuriko au hali ya ardhi yenye maji mengi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Septic Systems - What to Do after the Flood|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/septic-systems-what-do-after-flood|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-11-18|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Chaguo jingine ni "scheduled desludging" ya mashimo ya maji taka ambayo imeanzishwa katika nchi kadhaa za Asia zikiwemo Ufilipino, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, na India.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mehta |first=Meera |last2=Mehta |first2=Dinesh |last3=Yadav |first3=Upasana |date=2019-11-27 |title=Citywide Inclusive Sanitation Through Scheduled Desludging Services: Emerging Experience From India |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188/full |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |language=English |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188 |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> katika mchakato huu, kila mali inahudumiwa kufuatia njia iliyopangwa na wakaazi wa mali hizo hupewa taarifa mapema kuhusu uondoaji wa tope utakaofanyika. == Matengenezo == Matengenezo ya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka mara nyingi ni jukumu la mkazi au mmiliki wa mali. Baadhi ya aina za matumizi mabaya au uzembe ni pamoja na yafuatayo: === Matendo ya mtumiaji === * Utupaji wa kupita kiasi wa mafuta ya kupikia na grisi unaweza kusababisha mifereji ya kuingilia kuziba. Mafuta na grisi mara nyingi ni vigumu kuvunjwa na vinaweza kusababisha matatizo ya harufu na ugumu wakati wa uondoaji wa mara kwa mara wa tope. * Kupeleka vitu vya taka visivyoweza kuoza chooni kama vile vipisi vya [[sigara]], [[pamba]] za masikioni/swabs au bidhaa za usafi wa [[hedhi]] na [[kondomu]] kunaweza kusababisha shimo la maji taka kuziba na kujaa haraka, kwa hivyo vifaa hivi havipaswi kutupwa kwa namna hiyo. Hali hiyo inatumika pia wakati [[choo]] kimeunganishwa kwenye mfumo wa maji taka badala ya shimo la maji taka. * Kutumia choo kwa ajili ya kutupa taka za [[chakula]] kunaweza kusababisha mfumo kulemewa haraka na yabisi na kuchangia katika kuharibika kwa mfumo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20041019011759/http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/homeowner_guide_long_customize.pdf </ref> * Kemikali fulani zinaweza kuharibu vijenzi vya shimo la maji taka au kuua [[bakteria]] wanaohitajika ndani ya shimo la maji taka ili mfumo ufanye kazi vizuri, kama vile viuatilifu, viua miguu, vifaa vyenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa bleach au soda ya kusafishia,<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Gross |first=Mark |date=1987-06-01 |title=Assessment of the Effects of Household Chemicals Upon Individual Septic Tank Performances |url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/awrctr/81 |journal=Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports}}</ref> au nyenzo nyingine zozote zisizo za kikaboni kama vile rangi au viyeyusho.<ref>{{Citation|title=Septic Tanks - The Guide - Septicleanse|date=2016-03-09|url=https://septicleanse.com/septic-tanks/|work=Septicleanse|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-11|archive-date=2017-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115144002/https://septicleanse.com/septic-tanks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kutumia vilainishi vya maji – maji yenye [[chumvi]] nyingi yanayotoka kwenye vilainishi vya maji yanaweza kuwadhuru bakteria wanaohusika na kuvunja maji machafu. Hata hivyo, kwa kawaida, maji hayo yenye chumvi huchanganyikana vya kutosha na maji mengine machafu kiasi kwamba hayaathiri vibaya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka.<ref>https://www.hockingcountyhealthdepartment.com/pdf/water-softener-fact-sheet.pdf</ref> == Matatizo ya mazingira == === Uchafuzi wa maji === Katika maeneo yenye [[msongamano]] mkubwa wa watu, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini kupita mipaka inayokubalika unaweza kutokea. Baadhi ya miji midogo hupata gharama za kujenga mifumo ya matibabu ya maji machafu ya gharama kubwa sana kwa sababu ya tatizo hili, kutokana na gharama kubwa ya mifumo ya ukusanyaji iliyopanuliwa. Ili kupunguza maendeleo ya makazi ambayo yanaweza kuongeza mahitaji ya kujenga mfumo wa maji taka wa [[gharama]] kubwa wa kati, kusitishwa kwa ujenzi na vikwazo katika [[Ugawaji (Nachingwea)|ugawaji]] wa mali mara nyingi huwekwa. Kuhakikisha mashimo ya maji taka yaliyopo yanafanya kazi vizuri pia kunaweza kusaidia kwa muda mfupi, lakini inakuwa na ufanisi mdogo kama mkakati mkuu wa kurekebisha hali hiyo kadiri msongamano wa watu unavyoongezeka. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:teknolojia]] [[Jamii:afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Maji]] o29c3s1n1r5mra3acgg5ulsb99134cu 0 240863 1601489 1572205 2026-09-25T19:42:56Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Timothy John Greene''' (alizaliwa 1969 huko Cape Town, Afrika Kusini) ni mwigizaji, mkurugenzi wa filamu, na mwandishi wa Afrika Kusini. Anajulikana pia kama Tim Greene na ametajwa kwa jina hilo katika nakala nyingi kumhusu. == Utengenezaji wa Kijana Anayeitwa Twist == Filamu ya kwanza ya Greene ya Boy Called Twist ilikuwa ni uvumbuzi katika ufadhili wa filamu nchini Afrika Kusini. Mnamo 2002 Greene alitoa wito kwamba alikuwa akitafuta wawekezaji 1000 ambao kila mmoja angeweza kuwekeza kuhatarisha  kiasi cha [[Randi ya Afrika Kusini|Randi]] 1000.00 za Afrka Kusini, (takribani dola za Marekani  145) kueneza hatari katika jumuiya pana ya watu wenye nia moja. Kufikia Agosti 2003 randi milioni zilikuwa zimepatikana. Wadhamini wawili walichangia ruzuku za ziada zenye  jumla ya Randi 400,000.00 za Afrika Kusini  kwa mradi huo. Upigaji picha mkuu wa filamu (principal photography) ulidumu kwa siku 21 na ulikamilika kwa wakati uliopangwa na kubaki  ndani ya bajeti iliyotengwa. Watoto wa mtaani wa maisha halisi walishiriki katika filamu hiyo. Toleo la awali la  filamu (offline edit) lilionyeshwa mwaka wa 2004 na baadae  kiasi cha Randi 1,000.000.00 za [[Afrika Kusini]]  kilitolewa ili kukamilisha  filamu hiyo na National Film and Video Foundation of South Africa. Mnamo tarehe 18 Novemba 2004, filamu ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza na kupokelewa kwa shangwe katika Tamasha la Sinema la Dunia la [[Cape Town]]. Mnamo mwezi  Mei 2005, filamu ilionyeshwa katika Tamasha la Filamu la [[Cannes|Cannes,]] ikiwakilisha Afrika Kusini katika sehemu ya Tous Les Cinema de Monde (Sinema Zote za Dunia). Greene pia aliandaa maonyesho ya wazi ya filamu hiyo kwa  watoto wa mitaani huko Cape Town. Wakati wote wa utengenezaji wa [[Filamu|filamu,]] Greene aliwafahamisha wafadhili wake kuhusu maendeleo ya filamu hiyo kupitia barua pepe na Watayarishaji Washirika 1000 wote wameorodheshwa katika sifa za filamu hiyo, na kuifanya filamu hiyo kuwa na orodha ndefu Zaidi ya wazalishaji washirika katika historia. == Filamu zilizochaguliwa == Filamu: * 2004 ''Boy Called Twist'' * 2011 ''Skeem'' * 2020 ''Cabin Fever''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tim Greene makes history with lockdown movie, 'Cabin Fever'|url=https://iol.co.za/entertainment/2020-05-28-tim-greene-makes-history-with-lockdown-movie-cabin-fever/|work=IOL|date=1991-10-30|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en|author=Debashine Thangevelo}}</ref> * TBA The Fury<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15307244/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-12}}</ref> TV: * 2002 ''Tsha Tsha'' * 2003 ''Zero Tolerance'' * 2006 ''Hard Copy'' (7 episodes) * 2009 The Lab (2 episodes) * 2017 Taryn & Sharon (13 seasons) Filamu Fupi: * 1998 ''Kap ‘an, Driver'' * 1995 ''Corner Caffie'' == Marejeo == {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] mhk1wsipx1virn80ulfa9l0qeuaykjo 0 241059 1601131 1576858 2026-09-25T13:39:25Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601131 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Guadeloupe (4).JPG|thumb|Cascade Acomat (Guadeloupe), Ufaransa.]] '''Maporomoko ya Acomat''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika [[Guadeloupe]], [[Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa|eneo la visiwa linalomilikiwa]] na [[Ufaransa]]. Yapo kwenye Mto Grande Plaine, takribani kilomita mbili kutoka barabara ya RN2 katika kisiwa cha Basse-Terre. Maporomoko haya ni maarufu sana kutokana na rangi yake ya kijani-kibichi inayofanana na zumaridi, ambayo hutokana na maji yake safi na mazingira ya mimea mingi ya kijani kibichi na miamba ya asili inayoyazunguka. Kimo chake ni takribani mita 9, na chini yake kuna bwawa la asili ambapo watu huogelea. Eneo lote ni la miamba, mimea mingi, na mazingira ya msitu wa tropiki, jambo linalolifanya kuwa kivutio maarufu cha utalii katika kisiwa cha Basse-Terre.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chute d'Acomat - Pointe-Noire|url=https://fr.guadeloupe-tourisme.com/685/chute-dacomat-pointenoire/|work=fr.guadeloupe-tourisme.com|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=fr|archive-date=2025-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221201508/https://fr.guadeloupe-tourisme.com/685/chute-dacomat-pointenoire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> = Marejeo = <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ufaransa}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Amerika]] [[Jamii:Guadeloupe]] f6yb3s1jv8r0thqmgipdbk7o70m9w9e 0 241295 1601157 1595405 2026-09-25T13:42:30Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Organisation2|type=Établissement public|latitude=6.360387145587819|longitude=2.4211998328988638|titre dirigeant=Directeur Général|dirigeant=Sylvain Adokpo-Migan|affiliation=Présidence de la République du Bénin|site web=}}'''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin. Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkruzugengi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2"/> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0"/> , <ref name=":2"/> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190730/https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190733/https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3"/> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190734/https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190735/https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618190731/https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2"/> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin. '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1"/> . == Makala zinazohusiana == == Vidokezo na marejeleo == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Liens}}{{Palette|Administration publique du Bénin}}{{Lango|Bénin|politique|eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] 696i5yvhsd3tm85ks8fmlp3cx6gixtb 0 241472 1601462 1576706 2026-09-25T19:26:44Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601462 wikitext text/x-wiki Katika ''hidrolojia'', '''maji yaliyoshikamana''', ni safu nyembamba sana ya maji yanayozunguka nyuso za madini. Molekuli za [[maji]] zina nguvu kubwa [[Chaji ya umeme|ya umeme]], jambo ambalo linamaanisha kuwa zina chaji hasi yenye nguvu katikati na chaji nguchanya yenye nguvu kwenye ncha zake. Hii inafanya molekyuli za maji kushikamana zenyewe kwa zenyewe na kwenye sehemu nyingine zenyi chaji,kama vile madini ya ardhini au biomoculecules. [[Udongo kinamo|Udongo]] hasa una uwezo mkubwa wa kushikamana na molekyuli za maji. Mvuto mkubwa kati ya nyuso hizi husababisha utepe mwembamba sana wa maji (molekuli chache zenye unene) kuunda kwenye uso wa madini. Molekuli hizi za maji hazisongi sana kuliko maji mengine kwenye udongo, na zina athari kubwa kwenye uimara wa dielectric ya udongo na kuyeyuka kwa kuganda<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Soil physics|last=Jury|first=William|last2=Horton|first2=Robert|date=2004|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-05965-3|edition=6th ed|location=Hoboken}}</ref>. Katika biolojia ya molekuli na sayansi ya chakula, maji yaliyofungwa hurejelea kiasi cha maji katika tishu za mwili ambazo zimeunganishwa na makromolekuli au organelles. Katika sayansi ya chakula aina hii ya maji haipatikani kwa shughuli za [[Mikrobiolojia|kibiolojia]] kwa hivyo haitasababisha kupungua kwa ubora au kuongezeka kwa [[Pathojeni|vimelea]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Hidrolojia]] q9w6a7v9trwbv590i18yr3cjywit364 0 242563 1601372 1581801 2026-09-25T15:44:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Telisha Shaw.jpg|thumb|Telisha Shaw]] '''Telisha Shaw''' (alizaliwa [[4 Oktoba]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[dansi]] na [[mwimbaji]] mstaafu kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>Birthday and Credits taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930161352/http://www.tv.com/telisha---shaw/person/384397/summary.html?q=&tag=search_results;title;1 TV.com]</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kwa kufanya maonyesho ya dansi na wasanii maarufu kama [[Janet Jackson]], [[Christina Aguilera]] na Green Day. Pia amejulikana kwa majukumu yake katika vipindi vya [[televisheni]] kama Weeds na It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Shaw pia aliigiza katika filamu Dirty pamoja na Cuba Gooding Jr.. Mwaka [[2008]], aliigiza nafasi ya Felicia katika filamu ya Buena Vista Pictures, Step Up 2: The Streets, iliyotolewa mwezi [[Februari]] [[2008]].<ref>As stated in [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i78ed7fdd05f8f5f5d59ab1a45457a809 The ''Hollywood Reporter''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i78ed7fdd05f8f5f5d59ab1a45457a809 |date=20071001001309 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] nn4a8ptunkvrto59wkggat9sua9tc0z 0 243047 1601079 1583205 2026-09-25T13:15:34Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox music genre|name=Coladeira|asili ya mtindo=''[[Morna (music)|Morna]]''|asili ya utamaduni=[[Cape Verde]]}} [[Faili:Koladera rhythm.png|thumb|Muundo wa mdundo wa coladeira, mapigo 106–120 kwa dakika (BPM)]] '''Coladeira''' (matamshi ya Kireno ya eneo: ''[kulɐˈdejɾɐ]''; kwa lugha ya Kabuverdianu: koladera ''[kolɐˈdeɾɐ]'') ni aina ya [[muziki]] kutoka [[Cabo Verde]]. Aina hii ya muziki hutambulika kwa kuwa na: * [[Mdundo]] wenye kasi inayobadilika. * Mpangilio wa mapigo mawili kwa kila [[kipimo]] cha muziki. * Katika mfumo wake wa [[jadi]] zaidi, muundo wa [[sauti]] unaotegemea mzunguko wa noti za tano. * Muundo wa [[maneno]] ya [[nyimbo]] hupangwa katika beti ambazo hubadilishana na sehemu ya kurudia. Kwa kifupi, Coladeira ni muziki wa jadi wa Cape Verde wenye asili ya visiwani, unaojulikana kwa midundo ya kuchezeka, beti na kiitikio, pamoja na matumizi ya mpangilio maalumu wa sauti. == Aina ya Muziki == Kama aina ya muziki, coladeira hutambulika kwa kuwa na [[kasi]] ya mdundo inayobadilika, kuanzia kasi ya juu hadi kasi ya taratibu, pamoja na kuwa na mpangilio wa mapigo mawili kwa kila kipimo cha muziki. Katika mfumo wake wa jadi zaidi, coladeira huwa na muundo wa sauti unaotegemea mzunguko wa tano, huku muundo wa [[maneno]] ya nyimbo ukipangwa katika beti zinazobadilishana na kiitikio. Mara nyingi, coladeira huwa ni ya toni moja, maana yake hutungwa kwa kutumia mlio mkuu mmoja wa muziki. [[Nyimbo]] zinazotumia zaidi ya toni moja ni nadra, na mara nyingi huwa ni zile zinazobadilika kutoka toni ndogo kwenda toni kubwa, au kinyume chake. == Urithi == [[Tuzo]] ya (''Muziki ya Cape Verde kwa Coladeira Bora'') ilianzishwa [[mwaka]] [[2011]]. Tuzo hiyo hutolewa kila mwaka kwa wimbo [[bora]] unaohusiana na aina hii ya muziki. Tuzo hii imekuwa njia ya kutambua na kuendeleza mchango wa coladeira katika utamaduni na muziki wa Cape Verde.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap_Verd_Band</ref><ref>https://www.attambur.com/Recolhas/PDF/FormasMusicaisCaboVerde.pdf</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Cabo Verde]] 54s684xzmxu6il60w04p4khn717lzft 0 243155 1601288 1583249 2026-09-25T14:13:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kurt-Lee Arendse 2022.jpg|thumb|Kurt-Lee Arendse]] '''Kurt-Lee Arendse''' (alizaliwa [[17 Juni]] [[1996]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya winga kwa klabu ya Bulls katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Arendse anajulikana kwa: * Kasi kubwa * Uwezo wa kubadilisha mwelekeo kwa haraka * Uwezo wa kufunga pointi kupitia majaribio Tangu alipoanza kucheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwa Springboks mwaka [[2022]], amekuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu katika safu ya nyuma ya timu hiyo, akitoa mchango mkubwa katika mashambulizi ya Afrika Kusini. == Maisha ya awali == Kurt-Lee Arendse alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Paarl]], nchini Afrika Kusini. Alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Paulus Joubert, ambako alianza kuonyesha uwezo wake katika mchezo wa raga. Mwaka [[2014]], alichaguliwa kujiunga na timu ya Boland Cavaliers sevens iliyoshiriki mashindano ya SARU ya chini ya miaka 18. Ushiriki huo ulimsaidia kuendeleza vipaji vyake katika raga ya wachezaji saba kabla ya baadaye kuendelea na taaluma ya raga ya wachezaji 15 na kufikia kiwango cha kuchezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. == Tuzo na mafanikio == ==== Afrika Kusini ==== * Kombe la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup) ** Mshindi: 2023 * The Rugby Championship ** Mshindi: 2024, 2025 ==== Blitzboks (Timu ya Raga ya Wachezaji 7 ya Afrika Kusini) ==== * Mashindano ya World Rugby ** Mshindi wa Canada Sevens: 2019 ** Mshindi wa Singapore Sevens: 2019 ** Mshindi wa Dubai Sevens: 2019 ** Mshindi wa USA Sevens: 2020 ==== Bulls ==== * Super Rugby Unlocked ** Mshindi: 2020 ** === Tuzo na mafanikio === ==== Bulls ==== * Currie Cup ** Mshindi: 2020–21 * United Rugby Championship (URC) ** Mshindi wa pili (Runner-up): 2021–22 === Tuzo binafsi === * Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa United Rugby Championship (Afrika Kusini) ** Machi 2022 * United Rugby Championship Elite XV (Kikosi bora cha wachezaji wa URC) ** Amechaguliwa: 2022–23, 2023–24 === Tuzo za Bulls === * Vodacom Bulls Heineken Champions Cup Player of the Year ** 2022–23 * Vodacom Fans Player of the Year – APP ** 2023 * Vodacom Players’ Player of the Year ** 2023 * Vodacom Player of the Year ** 2023 <ref>https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/60620</ref><ref>https://rugby365.com/schools/news-sa-schools/wp-u18-sevens-champs/</ref><ref>https://iol.co.za/sport/rugby/springboks/2025-01-08-watch-the-kurt-lee-arendse-story-from-the-butchery-to-springbok-star-and-the-influence-of-chester-williams/</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{BD|1996|}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] atm3wimvofrftefac7nwjq2zuqj2jid 0 243188 1601494 1583256 2026-09-25T19:43:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Reinach 2021.jpg|thumb|Reinach 2021]] '''Jaco Reinach''' (jina kamili '''Jacobus Meyer Reinach''', alizaliwa [[7 Februari]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa klabu ya Stormers katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Reinach ni mtoto wa mchezaji wa zamani wa Springboks, Jaco Reinach, ambaye alicheza nafasi ya winga kwa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Springboks kilichoshinda: * [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la [[2019]] nchini [[Japani]]. * Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga la [[2023]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Jaco Reinach anajulikana kwa kasi yake, uwezo wa kusoma mchezo na uchezaji wa haraka katika nafasi ya namba 9 , ambayo ni nafasi muhimu katika kuanzisha mashambulizi ya [[timu]]. == Kazi ya awali == Jaco Reinach alizaliwa na kukulia katika [[mji]] wa [[Bloemfontein]], Afrika Kusini. Alisoma katika [[shule]] maarufu ya raga ya Grey, ambayo inajulikana kwa kuzalisha [[wachezaji]] wengi wa kiwango cha juu wa raga nchini Afrika Kusini. Mwanzoni mwa [[safari]] yake ya raga, alicheza katika viwango vya umri kwa timu ya Free State. Mwaka [[2009]], alihamia Durban ili kujiunga na mfumo wa maendeleo wa Sharks. Katika sehemu ya kazi yake ya [[klabu]], pia alicheza nafasi ya (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa timu ya Durban iliyodhaminiwa na SA Home Loans.<ref>https://www.northamptonsaints.co.uk/</ref><ref>https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-17/sharks-beat-crusaders-despite-red-card/5459936</ref><ref>https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/reinach-in-coenie-and-kolisi-out/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/39103649</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] kvl9mqz1ptkoow1ggrn715k5jufukzs 0 243232 1601397 1583337 2026-09-25T17:11:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Toni Braxton |picha = Toni Braxton press photo 2015.png |maelezo ya picha = Toni Braxton mwaka 2015 |jina la kuzaliwa = Toni Michele Braxton |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1967|10|7}} |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Severn, Maryland]], Marekani |kazi yake = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mhusika wa televisheni |miaka ya kazi = 1989–sasa |mwenza = {{marriage|Keri Lewis|2001|2013|reason=talaka}}<br>{{marriage|[[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]]|2024}} |watoto = 2 |ndugu = * [[Traci Braxton]] (dada) * [[Towanda Braxton]] (dada) * [[Trina Braxton]] (dada) * [[Tamar Braxton]] (dada) |tuzo = Orodha kamili ya tuzo na uteuzi |aina = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Pop music|pop]] |ala = Sauti |studio = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]], [[Arista Records|Arista]], [[Blackground Records|Blackground]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], Inot, [[Motown]], [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]], [[Island Records|Island]] |ameshirikiana na = [[The Braxtons]] |wavuti = {{URL|tonibraxton.com}} |saini = Toni Braxton signature.svg }} {{Databox}} '''Toni Michele Braxton''' (alizaliwa 7 Oktoba 1967) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Braxton ameshinda [[Tuzo za Grammy]] saba, [[Billboard Music Awards|''Billboard'' Music Awards]] tisa, [[American Music Awards]] saba, pamoja na tuzo nyingine kibao. Mnamo mwaka 2011, Braxton aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Sifa wa Muziki wa Georgia ([[Georgia Music Hall of Fame]]).<ref name="GAHall">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Georgia Music Hall of Fame Inductees |url=https://www.georgiamusic.org |access-date=December 1, 2020 |website=Georgia Music Hall of Fame}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2017, alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Mkongwe (Legend Award) kwenye [[2017 Soul Train Music Awards|Soul Train Music Awards]].<ref name="Legend">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Anthony Anderson presents the Legend Award to Toni Braxton onstage at...|url=https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/anthony-anderson-presents-the-legend-award-to-toni-nachrichtenfoto/870716248|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=Getty Images|date=November 6, 2017 |language=it|archive-date=February 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213094125/https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/anthony-anderson-presents-the-legend-award-to-toni-nachrichtenfoto/870716248|url-status=live}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Braxton alianza kutumbuiza na dada zake katika kundi la R&B la [[The Braxtons|the Braxtons]]; kundi hilo lilipata mkataba na [[Arista Records]].<ref name="BraxtonsArista">{{Rejea tovuti |title=The Braxtons Biography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-braxtons-mn0000034637/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> Baada ya kuvutia umakini wa watayarishaji [[Antonio "L.A." Reid]] na [[Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds]], alisaini mkataba na lebo yao ya [[LaFace Records]] kama msanii wa kujitegemea ili kutoa [[Toni Braxton (albamu)|albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio iliyoitwa kwa jina lake]] (1993).<ref name="LaFaceSign">{{Rejea habari |last=Reynolds |first=JR |title=LaFace's Toni Braxton Ready to Make Solo Statement |url=https://www.billboard.com |work=Billboard |date=July 17, 1993}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilifikia nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikauza nakala milioni 10 duniani kote, na kutoa nyimbo zilizotamba kimataifa kama "[[Another Sad Love Song]]" na "[[Breathe Again]]".<ref name="DebutSales">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Toni Braxton Chart History (Billboard 200) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/toni-braxton/chart-history/tlp/ |website=Billboard |access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> Pia ikiwa imepata mafanikio makubwa ya kikosoaji, albamu hiyo ilimpa Braxton [[Tuzo za Grammy]] tatu, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Msanii Mpya Bora]].<ref name="Grammys1994">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Toni Braxton Artist Profile |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/toni-braxton/12170 |website=Grammy.com |access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> Mafanikio yake yaliendelea kupitia albamu ya ''[[Secrets (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Secrets]]'' (1996), iliyojumuisha nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] za "[[You're Makin' Me High]]/[[Let It Flow (wimbo)|Let It Flow]]" na "[[Un-Break My Heart]]".<ref name="SecretsHot100">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Toni Braxton Chart History (Hot 100) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/toni-braxton/chart-history/hsi/ |website=Billboard |access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> Albamu ya tatu ya studio ya Braxton, ''[[The Heat (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|The Heat]]'' (2000), ilianza katika nafasi ya pili kwenye ''Billboard'' 200, ikitoa wimbo ulioshika nafasi tano za juu kimataifa wa "[[He Wasn't Man Enough]]".<ref name="TheHeatBB">{{Rejea habari |last=Dansby |first=Andrew |title=Toni Braxton Scores Hot Hits |url=https://www.rollingstone.com |work=Rolling Stone |date=May 4, 2000}}</ref> Albamu zake zilizofuata za studio, ''[[Snowflakes (albamu)|Snowflakes]]'' (2001), ''[[More Than a Woman (albamu)|More Than a Woman]]'' (2002), ''[[Libra (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Libra]]'' (2005) na ''[[Pulse (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Pulse]]'' (2010), zilitolewa katikati ya migogoro ya mikataba na matatizo ya kiafya.<ref name="HealthLegal">{{Rejea habari |last=Lewis |first=Pete |title=Toni Braxton: Un-Break My Heart |url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com |work=Blues & Soul |date=May 2010}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Braxton na aliyekuwa bosi wake wa lebo, Babyface, walitoa albamu ya pamoja ya nyimbo za kushirikiana iliyoitwa ''[[Love, Marriage & Divorce]]'' (2014), iliyoshinda tuzo ya [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Album|Albamu Bora ya R&B]] kwenye [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|Tuzo za 57 za Kila Mwaka za Grammy]].<ref name="Grammy2015">{{Rejea tovuti |title=57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/57th-annual-grammy-awards-2014 |website=Grammy.com |access-date=December 1, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828110331/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/57th-annual-grammy-awards-2014 |archivedate=2020-08-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mabadiliko zaidi ya lebo yalishuhudia kutolewa kwa albamu ya ''[[Sex & Cigarettes]]'' (2018) chini ya [[Def Jam Recordings]] na ''[[Spell My Name]]'' (2020) chini ya [[Island Records|Island]].<ref name="DefJamIsland">{{Rejea habari |last=Mitchell |first=Gail |title=Toni Braxton Signs With Island Records |url=https://www.billboard.com |work=Billboard |date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> Braxton pia yuko hai katika utayarishaji na uwasilishaji wa vipindi vya televisheni. Alishiriki katika [[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)|msimu wa saba]] wa mfululizo wa mashindano ya uwasilishaji halisi wa ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''.<ref name="DWTS">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Dancing With The Stars Season 7 Cast Announced |url=https://abcnews.go.com |website=ABC News |date=August 25, 2008}}</ref> Alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu na mshiriki katika ''[[Braxton Family Values]]'', mfululizo wa vipindi halisi vya televisheni vilivyotushwa kwenye [[We TV]] kuanzia mwaka 2011 hadi 2020.<ref name="BFV">{{Rejea tovuti |title=WE tv Renews 'Braxton Family Values' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> Braxton pia alikuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa ''[[Tamar & Vince]]'', kipindi cha pembeni cha uwasilishaji halisi kilichomshirikisha dada yake mdogo, Tamar.<ref name="TamarVince">{{Rejea tovuti |title=WE tv Announces Order for Tamar & Vince |url=https://www.thefutoncritic.com |website=The Futon Critic |date=December 19, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] == Diskografia == {{Kuu|Diskografia ya Toni Braxton}} {{tazama pia|Diskografia ya The Braxtons}} '''Albamu za studio''' * ''[[Toni Braxton (albamu)|Toni Braxton]]'' (1993) * ''[[Secrets (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Secrets]]'' (1996) * ''[[The Heat (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|The Heat]]'' (2000) * ''[[Snowflakes (albamu)|Snowflakes]]'' (2001) * ''[[More Than a Woman (albamu)|More Than a Woman]]'' (2002) * ''[[Libra (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Libra]]'' (2005) * ''[[Pulse (albamu ya Toni Braxton)|Pulse]]'' (2010) * ''[[Sex & Cigarettes]]'' (2018) * ''[[Spell My Name]]'' (2020) '''Albamu za ushirikiano''' ''[[Love, Marriage & Divorce]]'' <small>(akiwa na [[Babyface (mwanamuziki)|Babyface]])</small> (2014) [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] l2tco1jw5dghiht6x4cr9s6ohya14t5 0 243251 1601113 1583722 2026-09-25T13:19:08Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601113 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Joost RWC 1995.jpg|thumb|Joost RWC 1995]] '''Joost van der Westhuizen''' ([[20 Februari]] [[1971]] – [[6 Februari]] [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Aliichezea [[timu ya taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini katika [[mechi]] 89 za kimataifa na kufunga majaribio 38. Alicheza zaidi katika nafasi ya (kiungo wa scrum) na alishiriki katika mashindano matatu ya [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga. Mashindano yaliyompatia umaarufu zaidi yalikuwa ya mwaka [[1995]], ambapo Afrika Kusini ilitwaa ubingwa wa Kombe la Dunia la Raga. Joost van der Westhuizen anatambuliwa na wengi kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora zaidi wa nafasi ya mchezaji wa kiungo katika [[historia]] ya mchezo wa raga. == Maisha ya awali == Joost van der Westhuizen alizaliwa tarehe 20 Februari 1971 katika jiji la [[Pretoria]], Afrika Kusini. Alipata elimu yake katika Hoërskool F.H. Odendaal na baadaye katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Pretoria, ambako alihitimu [[shahada]] ya [[Biashara]]. Mwaka [[1992]], alicheza kwa timu ya taifa ya [[vijana]] ya Afrika Kusini ya Junior Springboks. <ref>https://www.ruck.co.uk/ranking-10-best-scrum-halves-rugby-history/</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/06/joost-van-der-westhuizen-obituary</ref><ref>http://news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Joost-van-der-Westhuizen-20031003</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 7cqx7ov0maxezivmpc2lbfjutv6ireh 0 243253 1601175 1583724 2026-09-25T13:44:38Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601175 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Francois Pienaar 2017.jpg|thumb|Francois Pienaar 2017]] '''Francois Pienaar''' (jina kamili '''Jacobus Francois Pienaar''', alizaliwa [[2 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni [[mchezaji]] mstaafu wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alicheza nafasi ya (mchezaji wa safu ya tatu) kwa [[timu]] ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini kuanzia mwaka [[1993]] hadi [[1996]]. Katika kipindi chake cha kimataifa: * Alicheza jumla ya [[mechi]] 29 za kimataifa. * Mechi zote hizo alicheza akiwa [[nahodha]] wa Springboks. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuiongoza Afrika Kusini kutwaa ushindi katika [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga la mwaka [[1995]]. Ushindi huo ulikuwa wa kihistoria kwa sababu ulikuja wakati wa mabadiliko makubwa ya kijamii nchini Afrika Kusini. Baada ya kuondolewa kwenye kikosi cha Springboks mwaka [[1996]], Pienaar aliendelea na [[taaluma]] yake ya raga katika [[klabu]] ya [[Uingereza]] Saracens. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Francois Pienaar alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Vereeniging]], Afrika Kusini, katika [[familia]] ya Waafrika wa tabaka la wafanyakazi. Alikuwa mkubwa kati ya wavulana wanne katika familia yao. Baada ya kumaliza [[shule]] ya [[sekondari]] katika Hoërskool Patriot Witbank, alipata ufadhili wa masomo kwa ajili ya [[michezo]] katika [[Chuo]] cha Rand Afrikaans, ambako alisoma [[sheria]]. == Tuzo na heshima == Francois Pienaar alipata [[tuzo]] na heshima mbalimbali kutokana na mchango wake katika raga: * Mwaka 1995, alichaguliwa kuwa Mtu wa Michezo wa [[Mwaka]] wa Raga na Rugby Union Writers' Club ya [[Uingereza]]. Pia alitajwa kuwa Mtu wa [[Habari]] wa Mwaka nchini Afrika Kusini. * Mwaka 2004, alichaguliwa kuwa wa nafasi ya [[50]] katika orodha ya Waafrika Kusini [[100]] Maarufu Zaidi. * Mwaka [[2005]], aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Kimataifa wa Raga (International Rugby Hall of Fame). * Tarehe 24 Oktoba [[2011]], aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa IRB (IRB Hall of Fame), ambao baadaye ulijulikana kama World Rugby Hall of Fame.<ref>https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-23-from-the-archives-rugby-world-cup-1995-madiba-and-francois-pienaar-give-hope-to-the-new-south-africa/</ref><ref>https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/greatest-one-liner-world-cup-26075558</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 0z9ae68hdjjn2cm2ymcsymspv15cwm3 0 243282 1601028 1583734 2026-09-25T13:09:57Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rassie Erasmus''' (jina kamili '''Johan "Rassie" Erasmus''', alizaliwa [[5 Novemba]] [[1972]]) ni [[kocha]] wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na pia alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa raga. Kwa sasa ni kocha mkuu wa [[Timu ya Taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini ya Raga ya Chama, timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini, na hii ni mara yake ya pili kushika nafasi hiyo. Aliongoza Afrika Kusini kushinda: * Kombe la Dunia la Raga mwaka [[2019]] * [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga mwaka [[2023]] Anatambuliwa kama mmoja wa watu wenye uwezo mkubwa zaidi wa kupanga mbinu za mchezo katika kizazi chake. == Heshima na mafanikio == Mchezaji === Afrika Kusini === Kombe la Dunia la Raga / Kombe la Webb Ellis * Nafasi ya tatu: [[1999]] (Mashindano ya Mataifa Matatu) * Washindi: [[1998]] * Washika nafasi ya pili: [[1997]] === Cats === Super 12 * Nusu fainali: [[2000]], [[2001]] === Free State Cheetahs === Currie Cup * Washika nafasi ya pili: [[1994]], [[1997]] Kocha === Free State Cheetahs === Currie Cup * Mabingwa: [[2005]], [[2006]] ''(walishirikiana ubingwa na Blue Bulls)'' === Stormers === Super 14 * Washika nafasi ya pili: 2010 === Western Province === Currie Cup * Washika nafasi ya pili: [[2010]] <ref>https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/rassie-erasmus-scared-alcoholic-upbringing-27938885</ref><ref>https://www.news24.com/sport/rugby/worldcup/rassie-erasmus-the-bok-puppet-master-who-divides-opinion-im-a-quiet-uncomplicated-person-20230919</ref><ref>https://iol.co.za/capeargus/sport/2001-04-30-mains-erasmus-deny-talk-of-cat-fight-in-camp/</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 7jp7oo2abmcx1nuckmkitdoqyi2xfqo 0 243339 1601252 1583748 2026-09-25T14:10:05Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:CJ van der Linde.jpg|thumb|CJ van der Linde]] '''CJ van der Linde''' (jina kamili '''Christoffel Johannes van der Linde''', alizaliwa [[27 Agosti]] [[1980]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] wa scrum wa klabu ya Raga ya [[Montpellier]] Hérault inayoshiriki ligi ya Top 14 nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alicheza raga ya kiwango cha juu kati ya mwaka [[2002]] na [[2015]] katika nchi za: * Afrika Kusini * [[Ireland]] * [[Uingereza]] * Ufaransa Pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini katika mechi 75 za kimataifa, zikiwemo zile zilizoifanya Afrika Kusini kutwaa [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga mwaka [[2007]]. Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ilikuwa (mchezaji wa safu ya mbele anayesukuma ). == Kazi ya uchezaji == ==== Vijana ==== CJ van der Linde aliwakilisha Free State Cheetahs katika mashindano ya Craven Week kwa wachezaji chini ya [[miaka]] 18 Craven Week mwaka [[1998]], jambo lililomwezesha kuitwa kujiunga na timu ya [[Shule]] za Afrika Kusini mwaka huohuo. Alipoendelea kupanda ngazi za maendeleo katika Cheetahs, aliendelea pia kuichezea timu za taifa za vijana, akiwakilisha: * Afrika Kusini Chini ya Miaka 1 mwaka [[1999]] * Afrika Kusini Chini ya Miaka [[21]] miaka [[2000]] na [[2001]] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150610212548/http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/1999/02/23/13/9.html</ref><ref>https://www.news24.com/sport</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] l6cr6bqy95ivdthpveyljlfaaqa2fgl 0 243601 1601124 1584380 2026-09-25T13:20:27Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:USO - UBB - 20150829 - Emile N'Tamack.jpg|thumb|'''Émile Ntamack''']] '''Émile Ntamack''' (alizaliwa [[25 Juni]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[raga]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Alicheza kwa kiwango cha kitaalamu kwa [[klabu]] ya Stade Toulousain na Timu ya Taifa ya Raga ya Ufaransa, ambapo alicheza jumla ya [[mechi]] [[46]] za kimataifa. Ntamack alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa timu ya taifa ya Ufaransa dhidi ya [[Wales]] raga ya taifa wakati wa mashindano ya Mashindano ya Mataifa Matano ya mwaka [[1994]]. Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya Ufaransa iliyoshinda Grand Slam mwaka [[1997]]. Pia alishiriki katika vikosi vya Ufaransa kwenye: * 1995 Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga * [[1999]] [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga Awali alitangaza kustaafu mwaka [[2003]] kutokana na jeraha la usoni, lakini aliendelea kucheza kwa mwaka mmoja zaidi kabla ya kustaafu rasmi mwaka [[2004]]. <ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/retiring-ntamack-seeks-redress-for-nightmare-humiliation-by-wasps-564224.html</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/47054569</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] giqpveppvsr844rc2vdnnq15uqpzz5q 0 243633 1601213 1584386 2026-09-25T13:48:50Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Paris-FR-75-Roland Garros-5 juin 2014-Jean Gachassin-11.jpg|thumb|Jean Gachassin.]] '''Jean Gachassin''' (alizaliwa [[23 Desemba]] [[1941]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]], aliyezaliwa katika mji wa Bagnères-de-Bigorre, katika [[jimbo]] la Hautes-Pyrénées. Pia aliwahi kuwa [[Rais]] wa Fédération Française de Tennis (Shirikisho la Tenisi la Ufaransa). Alikuwa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Ufaransa katika mchezo wa raga ya chama. Nafasi zake za kawaida zilikuwa winga, senta, beki wa mwisho na kiungo mshambuliaji. Kwa kweli, alikuwa mchezaji mwenye uwezo mkubwa wa kucheza nafasi mbalimbali kiasi kwamba aliwahi kucheza kila nafasi ya wachezaji wa nyuma katika timu ya taifa ya Ufaransa, isipokuwa nafasi ya kiungo. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241216231527/http://www.espnscrum.com/timeline/rugby/player/6564.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lyvo8nsiz6rt2ql5c1n28sk5oltz6if 0 243817 1601306 1585260 2026-09-25T14:15:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sheikh Sulaiman bin Abdulaziz Al Rajhi''' (alizaliwa [[1929]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Saudia]] na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Al Rajhi Bank, benki kubwa zaidi ya Kiislamu duniani. Mnamo [[2011]], utajiri wake ulikadiriwa na [[Forbes]] kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 7.7, na kumfanya kuwa mtu tajiri wa 120 duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title= Sulaiman-al-rajhi's life rags riches story|url= http://www.arabnews.com/economy/sulaiman-al-rajhi's-life-rags-riches-story}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{cite web |title=Sulaiman Bin Abdul Al Rajhi |url=https://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml?passListId=10&passYear=2004&passListType=Person&uniqueId=OH45&datatype=Person |work=[[Forbes]] |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522103659/http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml?passListId=10&passYear=2004&passListType=Person&uniqueId=OH45&datatype=Person |archivedate=2011-05-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi donates billions to charity |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2011/05/201151522136786875.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |last=Gatenby |first=Victoria |date=2011-05-16 |accessdate=2011-05-16}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali== Al Rajhi alizaliwa Al-Bukairiyah, Mkoa wa Qassim, Saudia, na alikulia katika jangwa la Nejd ambako yeye na kaka yake Saleh walianza biashara kwa kutoza pesa kwa mahujaji waliosafiri kwa misafara ya ngamia kuvuka jangwa kwenda [[Makka]] na [[Madina]]. Alianza kazi akiwa na umri wa miaka 9, akifanya kazi za kusaidia kabla ya kujiunga na biashara ya kaka yake ya kubadilisha fedha kwa mahujaji. Katikati ya miaka ya 1950, alihamia Jeddah na kuanza biashara yake mwenyewe ya kubadilisha fedha. ==Kazi== Mnamo [[1957]], alianzisha Al Rajhi Bank pamoja na kaka zake Saleh, Abdullah, na Mohammed. Benki hiyo ilikua na kuwa benki kubwa zaidi ya Kiislamu duniani, ikiwa na mtandao wa matawi 514 nchini Saudia, 16 nchini [[Malaysia]], 10 nchini [[Yordani]], na 2 nchini [[Kuwait]]. Sheikh Al Rajhi ndiye mwenye hisa kubwa zaidi katika benki hiyo . == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Saudia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Saudia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] knepyyexo9m6bgxo2o3cugeuzv8lpiq 0 243874 1601165 1585431 2026-09-25T13:43:28Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Xu Hang''' (alizaliwa [[1967]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[China]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa kampuni ya kimataifa ya vifaa vya matibabu yenye makao yake Shenzhen ''Mindray Medical International''.<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/xu-hang/?sh=1abbf42d4593|title=Xu Hang|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=2022-04-17}}</ref>Xu Hang ana shahada ya sayansi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tsinghua. Baadaye alisoma Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika uhandisi wa biomedical katika Idara ya Uhandisi wa Umeme ya Tsinghua. Baada ya kuhitimu, Xu alijulikana kwa kuvumbua mashine ya kwanza ya ndani ya China ya B-ultrasound ya rangi, ambayo alishinda Tuzo ya Kitaifa ya Maendeleo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctbuh.org/people-profile/hang-xu|title=Hang Xu|publisher=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat|accessdate=2022-04-17}}</ref>. Mwaka [[1991]], alikua mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Mindray, pamoja na Li Xiting na Cheng Minghe, ambayo upesi ikawa mtengenezaji mkubwa wa vifaa vya matibabu vya teknolojia ya juu nchini. Mwaka [[2001]], Xu pia alianzisha ''Pengrui Investment Group Co., Ltd'' ambayo inalenga katika ulinzi wa mazingira wa teknolojia ya juu, majengo, na maendeleo ya miradi ya utalii wa ikolojia. Mwaka [[2012]], alijiuzulu kutoka nafasi ya mwenyekiti mwenza wa Mindray lakini aliendelea kuhudumu kama mwenyekiti wa kampuni hiyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/mindray-medical-s-b-mr-xu-hang-b-has-resigned-from-co-ceo-/|title=Mindray Medical's Mr. Xu Hang Has Resigned From Co-CEO|date=2012-11-06|publisher=BioSpace|accessdate=2022-04-17}}</ref> Xu aliorodheshwa kwenye orodha ya [[Forbes]] ya mabilionea wa dunia ya mwaka [[2022]] akiwa na utajiri wa dola bilioni 16.1 na akachukua nafasi ya 113 duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=McClain |first=James |date=2024-04-16 |title=A Chinese Billionaire Just Spent More Than $250 Million on Lavish Mansions Spanning Half the Globe |url=https://robbreport.com/shelter/celebrity-homes/xu-hang-house-beverly-hills-hong-kong-1235583972/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Robb Report |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa China]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uchina]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 687jafx3b8c48mse43ilam3z5ytzc3f 0 243953 1601158 1585474 2026-09-25T13:42:37Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daihatsu Mira''' (pia inajulikana kama '''Cuore''', '''Domino''', na katika miaka ya hivi karibuni '''Charade''') lilikuwa [[kei car|gari la aina ya kei]] la [[city car|matumizi ya mjini]] lililotengenezwa na kampuni ya [[Daihatsu]] Japani. Lilitengenezwa katika matoleo mbalimbali yenye chaguo tofauti na aina tofauti za chassis. Toleo la mwisho lilikuwa na modeli nne: Mira, Mira AVY, Mira Gino na Mira VAN. Mira ndilo toleo lililofuata mfululizo wa magari ulioanza na [[Daihatsu Fellow Max|Daihatsu Fellow]] mwaka 1966, na awali lilianzishwa kama toleo la kibiashara la Cuore. Nje ya Japani, Mira pia liliwahi kutolewa likiwa na injini kubwa zaidi zenye ujazo wa 850 cc au 1,000 cc. Nchini [[Australia]], toleo lenye viti viwili liliuzwa kwa jina la Daihatsu Handivan na baadaye Daihatsu Handi.{{cite web |url=http://www.microcarforum.com/1980s/daihatsu-mira-handi-handivan.html |title=Daihatsu Mira / Handi / Handivan |publisher=Microcarforum.com |access-date=5 February 2009}} Neno ''[[wikt:mira|mira]]'' linamaanisha "tazama" katika [[Spanish language|Kihispania]], na "lengo" au "kusudi" katika [[Latin|Kilatini]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Magari ya Daihatsu]] [[Jamii:Daihatsu Mira]] [[Jamii:Magari yaliyoanzishwa mwaka 1980]] [[Jamii:Magari ya kei]] [[Jamii:Magari madogo]] [[Jamii:Magari ya mjini]] [[Jamii:Magari ya hatchback]] [[Jamii:Magari yanayoendesha magurudumu ya mbele]] ci3cn0oi7dgd89hfxqf9ho1uly05ir4 0 244117 1601204 1585843 2026-09-25T13:47:47Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la tukio | vita = Vita vya Punic | sehemu_ya = Historia ya Bahari ya Mediteranea ya Kale | picha = Domain changes during the Punic Wars BC.gif | maelezo_ya_picha = Maeneo yaliyodhibitiwa na Roma na Carthage katika vipindi tofauti wakati wa Vita vya Punic.<br />{{legend|#ffcb90|Maeneo ya Carthage}}{{legend|#b4d5b1|Maeneo ya Roma}} | tarehe = 264–146 KK | mahali = Ukanda wa Mediteranea ya Magharibi (Italia, Hispania, Sicily, na Afrika Kaskazini) | uwanja_wa_mapambano = Bahari ya Mediteranea na nchi kavu jirani | chanzo = Ushindani wa kiuchumi na kisiasa juu ya udhibiti wa biashara na maeneo katika Mediteranea | matokeo = Ushindi mkubwa wa Roma | mabadiliko_ya_mipaka = Roma iliteka maeneo yote ya [[Carthage ya Kale|Carthage]] (isipokuwa [[Numidia]]) na jiji la Carthage liliharibiwa kabisa. | upande1 = [[Jamhuri ya Roma|Roma]] | upande2 = [[Carthage ya Kale|Carthage]] | amri1 = [[Scipio Africanus]]<br>[[Scipio Aemilianus]]<br>[[Marcus Atilius Regulus|Regulus]]<br>[[Hamilcar Barca]] | amri2 = [[Hannibal Barca|Hannibal]]<br>[[Hamilcar Barca]]<br>[[Hasdrubal Barca]]<br>[[Hasdrubal Gisco]] | vikosi1 = Nguvu kubwa ya majini na vikosi vya askari wa miguu (Legions) vya Roma na washirika wa Italiki | vikosi2 = Meli za kivita za Carthage na jeshi kubwa la mamluki (Wanyumidia, Wiberia, na Wagali) | vifo1 = Makadirio: Askari na mabaharia zaidi ya 250,000–400,000+ waliouawa au kupotea baharini | vifo2 = Mamia ya maelfu ya askari waliouawa; waliobaki walichukuliwa mateka au kukimbia | vifo_vyama_raia = Raia wengi sana waliuawa au kufanywa watumwa (karibu raia 50,000 waliobaki Carthage walihamishwa kama watumwa mnamo 146 KK) | maelezo = Mfululizo wa vita vitatu vikubwa (Vita vya Kwanza, vya Pili, na vya Tatu vya Kipuni) vilivyodumu kwa miaka 118 na kuifanya Roma kuwa nguvu kuu pekee katika Mediteranea. }} '''Vita vya Kipuni''' ni mfululizo wa vita vilivyopiganwa kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Roma]] na Milki ya [[Karthago]] mwaka 264 hadi 146. BC. Vita hivi vilivyopiganwa katika awamu tatu vilichukua jumla ya miaka arobaini na mitatu vikipiganwa nchi kavu na majini magharibi mwa eneo la [[Bahari ya Mediterania|Mediterania]], na uasi wa miaka minne dhidi ya Carthage. Vita vya Kwanza vya Kipuni vilianza katika kisiwa kilichopo bahari ya Mediterania kiitwacho [[Sisilia]] mnamo mwaka 264 BC kutokana na sera ya upanuzi wa Roma iliyogongana na mbinu ya umiliki ya Carthage kuelekea kisiwa hicho. Mwanzoni mwa vita, Carthage ilikuwa msingi mkuu katika magharibi mwa Mediterania, ikiwa na himaya kubwa ya baharini, huku Roma ikiwa dola inayoenea kwa kasi nchini Italia, ikiwa na jeshi lenye nguvu lililokosa jeshi la wanamaji. Mapigano yalifanyika zaidi katika kisiwa cha Sicilia na maji yanayoizunguka, na pia katika [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]], [[Korsika]] na [[Sardinia]]. Vita hivi vilidumu miaka ishirini na mitatu, hadi mwaka 241 BC, wakati Wacarthagini waliposhindwa. Kwa mujibu wa masharti ya mkataba wa amani, Carthage ililipa fidia kubwa na Sicily ikachukuliwa kuwa jimbo la kwanza la Kirumi. Mwisho wa vita ulisababisha uasi mkubwa lakini hatimaye usiofanikiwa ndani ya eneo la Carthage unaojulikana kama Vita vya Mamluki. Chanzo cha kuaminika zaidi cha Vita vya Kipuni ni mwanahistoria Polybius (200 KK hivi – 118 KK hivi), Mgiriki aliyetumwa Roma mnamo 167 BC kama mateka. {{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006}} Anajulikana zaidi katika <nowiki><i id="mwWQ">The Histories</i></nowiki>, iliyoandikwa muda fulani baada ya 146 BC. {{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006}} {{Sfn|Walbank|1990}} Polybius alikuwa mwanahistoria wa uchambuzi na popote ilipowezekana aliwahoji washiriki kutoka pande zote mbili katika matukio aliyoandika. {{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006}} {{Sfn|Shutt|1938}} {{Sfn|Champion|2015}} Aliandamana na mlinzi wake na rafiki yake, {{Sfn|Astin|2006}} jenerali wa Kirumi Scipio Aemilianus, huko Afrika Kaskazini wakati wa Vita vya Tatu vya Punic; {{Sfn|Champion|2015}} wanahistoria wa sasa wanamwona Polybius kuwa alimtendea Scipio na jamaa zake kwa upendeleo usio wa lazima, lakini makubaliano ni kukubali maelezo yake kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa thamani ya sura. {{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006}} {{Sfn|Lazenby|1996}} Craige Champion anamtaja kama "mwanahistoria mwenye ujuzi wa kutosha, mwenye bidii na mwenye ufahamu", {{Sfn|Champion|2015}} huku mwandishi wa vitabu vya kale Adrian Goldsworthy akisema kwamba "simulizi ya Polybius kwa kawaida hupendelewa inapotofautiana na simulizi zetu zingine zozote". {{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006}} Kazi ya Polybius inachukuliwa kuwa isiyo na upendeleo kwa ujumla licha ya mtazamo wavita katika vyanzo vya kisasa yanategemea sana tafsiri za simulizi la Polybius. {{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006}} {{Sfn|Lazenby|1996}} {{Sfn|Tipps|1985}} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:vita]] [[Jamii:historia ya Italia]] [[Jamii:historia ya Tunisia]] o3ibwyqk42mzzz6s3n2vmehi4w0jmti 0 244327 1601401 1600964 2026-09-25T17:22:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sergey Alekseyevich Veremeenko''' (alizaliwa [[26 Septemba]] [[1955]], Ufa) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Urusi]]. Kulingana na jarida la [[Forbes]], utajiri wake unakadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 1.4<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Sergei-Veremeenko_5UCS.html |title=Forbes, The World's Billionaires No 843 Sergei Veremeenko, 03.05.2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106095406/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Sergei-Veremeenko_5UCS.html |archivedate=2016-11-06 |accessdate=2026-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/global/2007/0917/120.html Forbes, Putin, May I?, 09.08.207]</ref>. Veremeenko ana uwekezaji katika chuma, uchimbaji madini, benki, na mikronesi. Anamiliki asilimia 25 ya Estar, kundi la chuma na madini. Pia anawekeza katika maendeleo ya nyumba za kifahari katika vitongoji vya Moscow na katika ardhi ya kilimo katika mikoa ya [[Tver]], [[Kaluga]], na [[Penza]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mrqhsxdky78g2ugfrd4mwd8ixrbheco 0 244936 1601166 1587408 2026-09-25T13:43:35Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Alexander Mamut 2018.jpg|thumb|Mamut mnamo 2018]] '''Alexander Leonidovich Mamut''' (alizaliwa [[29 Januari]] [[1960]]) ni mfanyabiashara, wakili, mmiliki wa benki na mwekezaji bilionea nchini [[Urusi]] na [[Israeli]]. Hadi [[2020]], alikuwa mmiliki mwenza wa Rambler Group.Mnamo Juni [[2022]], [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wa Mamut kuwa dola bilioni 2<ref name="Why Israel Became A Safe Haven For Russian Billionaires">{{Cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |date=Apr 28, 2022 |title=Why Israel Became A Safe Haven For Russian Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2022/04/28/why-israel-became-a-safe-haven-for-russian-billionaires/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=forbes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Alexander Mamut |url=https://www.forbes.com/nft-profile/alexander-mamut/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fgevrk951o4tqpy8onml26a2qvzd2xk 0 246036 1601014 1589555 2026-09-25T12:56:13Z Said Mfaume 68307 Kubore 1601014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dayle Haddon''' ([[26 Mei]] [[1948]] – [[27 Desemba]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mwanamitindo]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]].<ref name="GlobeObit">{{cite news | last=Genzlinger | first=Neil | title=Dayle Haddon, Model Who Defied Age Boundaries, Dies at 76 | work=The New York Times | date=30 December 2024 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/30/fashion/dayle-haddon-dead.html | access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> Alipata umaarufu mkubwa kimataifa kwa kutangaza bidhaa za kuzuia kuzeeka zilizotengenezwa na kampuni ya L'Oréal, pamoja na kuwa mwanamitindo wa vipodozi vya Estée Lauder na Max Factor.<ref name="NYTModel">{{cite news | last=Nemy | first=Enid | title=Making Up Is Hard to Do, but Profitable | work=The New York Times | date=29 September 1991 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/29/style/making-up-is-hard-to-do-but-profitable.html | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="LATimesBeauty">{{cite news | last=Valle | first=Tootsie | title=Model Dayle Haddon Advocates Ageless Beauty | work=Los Angeles Times | date=18 May 1999 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-may-18-cl-38419-story.html | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Aidha, alikuwa mwandishi wa kitabu kilichopata mafanikio makubwa cha ''Ageless Beauty: A Woman's Guide to Lifelong Beauty and Well-Being''.<ref name="Dallas40">{{cite news | last=Maslin | first=Janet | title=Film: 'Dallas Forty':Cynicism and Comedy | work = The New York Times | date=1 August 1979 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/01/archives/film-dallas-fortycynicism-and-comedy.html | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="AgelessBook">{{cite book | last=Haddon | first=Dayle | title=Ageless Beauty: A Woman's Guide to Lifelong Beauty and Well-Being | publisher=Hyperion | year=1999 | isbn=978-0786863891}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na kazi == Haddon alizaliwa mjini [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Kanada.<ref name="CanBio">{{cite news | last=Langan | first=Fred | title=Model Dayle Haddon Broke Barriers in the Beauty Industry | work=The Globe and Mail | date=31 December 2024 | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-model-dayle-haddon-dead/ | access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> Alianza kujifunza kucheza [[dansi]] ya [[ballet]] tangu akiwa mdogo na alijiunga na [[Les Grands Ballets Canadiens]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 13. Mnamo mwaka 1965, alitwaa taji la Miss Montreal.<ref name="HarperBio">{{cite magazine | title=The Evolution of Dayle Haddon | magazine=Harper's Bazaar | volume=112 | issue=3210 | pages=45–48 | date=April 1978}}</ref> Katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980, Haddon alifanya kazi kama mwanamitindo mashuhuri katika majarida mbalimbali kama ''Vogue'', ''Harper's Bazaar'', na ''Elle'', pamoja na kuigiza katika filamu kadhaa nchini [[Marekani]], [[Ufaransa]], na [[Italia]].<ref name="WWDProfile">{{cite magazine | last=Feitelberg | first=Rosemary | title=Dayle Haddon on Modeling, Beauty Contracts, and Aging Gracefully | magazine=WWD | date=12 October 2018 | url=https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/dayle-haddon-interview-1202865412/ | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="AFIArchive">{{cite web | title=Dayle Haddon Filmography | website=American Film Institute Catalog | url=https://catalog.afi.com/Person/124503-Dayle-Haddon | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> == Filmografia == === Filamu === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka !! Anwani !! Nafasi !! Maelezo |- | 1973 || ''[[Paperback Hero (filamu ya 1973)|Paperback Hero]]'' || Joanna || Filamu yake ya kwanza<ref name="CanBio" /> |- | 1973 || ''[[The World's Greatest Athlete]]'' || Jane Douglas || <ref name="AFIArchive" /> |- | 1974 || ''[[The Last Porno Movie]]'' || Mwanamke || |- | 1975 || ''[[Spermula]]'' || Spermula || Filamu ya [[Ufaransa]]<ref name="VarietySpermula">{{cite magazine | title=Film Reviews: Spermula | magazine=Variety | date=26 November 1975 | page=18}}</ref> |- | 1976 || ''[[La Sexorciste]]'' || Corinne || Pia inajulikana kama ''L'Education amoureuse de Valentin'' |- | 1977 || ''[[Madame Claude (filamu ya 1977)|Madame Claude]]'' || Elizabeth || Filamu ya Ufaransa<ref name="IMDbMC">{{cite web | title=Madame Claude (1977) - Full cast & crew - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076347/fullcredits/#cast | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |- | 1978 || ''[[Pigeons a'frenzel]]'' || Liza || |- | 1979 || ''[[North Dallas Forty]]'' || Charlotte Caulder || <ref name="Dallas40" /> |- | 1981 || ''[[La disubbidienza]]'' || Angela || Filamu ya [[Italia]]<ref name="ItalFilm">{{cite book | last=Chiti | first=Roberto | title=Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film dal 1980 al 1989 | publisher=Gremese Editore | year=2000 | page=192 | isbn=978-8877424235}}</ref> |- | 1983 || ''[[Paroles et Musique]]'' || Corinne || Filamu ya Ufaransa |- | 1986 || ''[[The Bedroom Window (filamu ya 1987)|The Bedroom Window]]'' || Denise || <ref name="VarietyBW">{{cite magazine | title=Film Reviews: The Bedroom Window | magazine=Variety | date=14 January 1987 | page=16}}</ref> |- | 1989 || ''[[Cyborg (filamu)|Cyborg]]'' || Pearl Prophet || <ref name="AFIArchive" /> |- | 1989 || ''[[Zwei Frauen]]'' || Dk. Singer || Pia inajulikana kama ''Silence Like Glass'' |- | 1995 || ''[[Bullets Over Broadway]]'' || Mgeni wa sherehe || |- | 1998 || ''[[Celebrity (filamu ya 1998)|Celebrity]]'' || Mgonjwa wa upasuaji wa plastiki || |} === Televisheni === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka !! Anwani !! Nafasi !! Maelezo |- | 1986 || ''[[The Hitchhiker (mfululizo wa TV)|The Hitchhiker]]'' || Debby || Sehemu: "O.D. Feelin'" |- | 1992 || ''[[Fiesta Fear]]'' || Mgeni || Filamu ya televisheni |- | 1997 || ''[[The Last Don (mfululizo mdogo)|The Last Don]]'' || Claudia || Mfululizo mdogo wa TV<ref name="VarietyLastDon">{{cite magazine | last=Richmond | first=Ray | title=The Last Don | magazine=Variety | date=11 May 1997 | url=https://variety.com/1997/tv/reviews/the-last-don-1117341352/ | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> |} == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb name|0352726|Dayle Haddon}} {{BD|1948|2024}} [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] p5tmd6fj37yyj10jv79ca0pfym4gx7d 3 247502 1601546 1592137 2026-09-26T02:40:22Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:GregariousMadness]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Silvers Rayleigh]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/GregariousMadness|GregariousMadness]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Silvers Rayleigh|Silvers Rayleigh]]" 1592137 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 27 Agosti 2026 (UTC) kce3ipzooq1d81894xt09i2dq6eybgn 0 247556 1601605 1592225 2026-09-26T08:02:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601605 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Auwalu Abdullahi Rano''' (alizaliwa [[7 Februari]] [[1974]]), anayejulikana pia kama AA Rano, ni [[mfanyabiashara]] nchini [[Nigeria]]. Alianzisha AA Rano Nigeria Limited, kampuni inayojihusisha na tasnia mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na mafuta na gesi, mashirika ya ndege, na kilimo.<ref>{{cite web|date=2023-10-05|title=Industry expert raise eyebrows as the nnpcl awards oil pipeline rehabilitation contracts to Mrs AA Rano 2 others|url=https://thestreetjournal.org/industry-experts-raise-eyebrows-as-nnpcl-awards-oil-pipeline-rehabilitation-contracts-to-mrs-aa-rano-2-others/|access-date=2023-10-05|website=The Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-07-27|title=Subsidy probe oil companies deny receiving payment from Nigerian government|url=https://von.gov.ng/subsidy-probe-oil-companies-deny-receiving-payment-from-nigerian-government/|last=Essien|first=Gloria|access-date=2024-08-30|newspaper=[[Voice of Nigeria]]}}</ref> Rano anatoka katika eneo la serikali ya mtaa ya Rano ya [[Kano]] Kusini, katika sehemu ya kaskazini mwa Nigeria. Utajiri wake unakadiriwa kuwa dola za Marekani bilioni 3.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carl-Abu'Bakar|first=Oyakhamoh|date=2022-11-18|title=Profile: Alhaji Auwalu Rano: From Roadside Fuel Hawker To Airline Business - Dr. Tosan Blessing|url=https://www.pegasusreporters.com/2022/11/18/profile-alhaji-auwalu-rano-from-roadside-fuel-hawker-to-airline-business-dr-tosan-blessing/|access-date=2024-01-27|website=Pegasus Reporters}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2022-04-01|title=The Sun Award Winners 2021: Auwalu Rano: Entreprenurial giant|access-date=2024-08-30|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/the-sun-award-winners-2021-auwalu-rano-entreprenurial-giant/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|last=Sanyaolu|first=Adewale|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fujiyo2igz6aa4ml7j9avlge02o9vxz 0 247882 1601551 1593181 2026-09-26T03:13:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adeniyi Michael Akintola''' (amezaliwa 21 Januari 1960) ni [[wakili]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Wakili Mkuu wa Nigeria (SAN), yeye ndiye mshirika mkuu wa [[kampuni]] ya uwakili ya Niyi Akintola & Co<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Election Petition Advocates in Nigeria - Adeniyi Akintola (SAN)|url=https://thetop10magazine.com.ng/top-10-election-petition-advocates-in-nigeria-adeniyi-akintola-san/|work=The Top10 Magazine|date=2023-12-14|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|author=top10admin}}</ref>na Naibu Spika wa Ikulu ya Oyo wakati wa Jamhuri ya Tatu. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Akintola alizaliwa tarehe 21 Januari 1960 huko Ido, Jimbo la Oyo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BIOGRAPHY: ADENIYI MICHEAL AKINTOLA SAN|url=https://urbannewsng.wordpress.com/2018/05/12/biography-adeniyi-micheal-akintola-san/|work=URBAN NEWS NG|date=2018-05-12|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=urbannewsng}}</ref> Alikuwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[ufundi]] mechanic, mvulana wa [[magari]], na [[mwanafunzi]] wa mpiga picha katika Jimbo la Kaduna katika miaka ya mapema ya maisha yake. <ref>{{Cite web|title=How I became a SAN from motor mechanic – Niyi Akintola|url=https://thesun.ng/how-i-became-a-san-from-motor-mechanic-niyi-akintola/|work=The Sun Nigeria|date=2017-07-22|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en|author=The Sun}}</ref> Akintola alisomea [[sheria]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, na kupata LL.B. mwaka wa 1984. Aliitwa kwenye baa ya Nigeria mwaka wa 1986. Akintola pia ana M.Sc. katika sayansi ya siasa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan.<ref>{{Citation|title=University of Ibadan|date=2026-08-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ibadan&oldid=1368978733|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-08-29}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Akintola ameolewa na Jaji Boyede Racheal Akintola, jaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya Jimbo la Oyo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Adeniyi Akintola Biography - 88Lately|url=https://88lately.com/chief-adeniyi-akintola-biography/|date=2025-08-15|accessdate=2026-08-29|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260829161032/https://88lately.com/chief-adeniyi-akintola-biography/|archivedate=2026-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1960|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] cgkk4qytuduvjnh6yy50071rjz78osm 0 248228 1601608 1596159 2026-09-26T08:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aymen''' '''Boutoutaou''' (kwa Kiarabu: أيمن بوتوتائو) alizaliwa tarehe 18 Februari 2001 nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Yeye ni [[Mpira wa miguu|mwanasoka]] wa kulipwa ambaye anacheza katika nafasi ya winga au kiungo mshambuliaji. Kwa sasa anacheza katika klabu ya FCSB, inayoshiriki katika Liga I, ligi kuu ya soka nchini [[Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aymen Boutoutaou (VAFC): " Ma mère est Marocaine mais je veux jouer pour l'Algérie|url=https://dzballon.com/2019/11/04/aymen-boutoutaou-vafc-ma-mere-est-algerienne-mais-je-veux-jouer-pour-lalgerie/|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2026-09-01|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2026-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260901084037/https://dzballon.com/2019/11/04/aymen-boutoutaou-vafc-ma-mere-est-algerienne-mais-je-veux-jouer-pour-lalgerie/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobile livescore - Flashscore.mobi football scores|url=https://www.flashscore.mobi/|work=www.flashscore.mobi|accessdate=2026-09-01|language=en}}</ref> Boutoutaou ni mchezaji mwenye uwezo wa kucheza katika nafasi mbalimbali za upande wa ushambuliaji. Akiwa kama winga, jukumu lake kubwa ni kutumia kasi na uwezo wa kuuchezea mpira ili kupeleka mashambulizi mbele, kupita walinzi wa timu pinzani na kutengeneza nafasi za kufunga kwa ajili yake au wachezaji wenzake. Winga pia anaweza kutumia maeneo ya pembeni ya uwanja kuvuta walinzi na kufungua nafasi kwa washambuliaji au viungo wengine. Anapocheza kama kiungo mshambuliaji, jukumu lake hubadilika kwa kiasi fulani. Kiungo mshambuliaji mara nyingi hucheza nyuma ya mshambuliaji mkuu na huwa kiungo kati ya sehemu ya kati ya uwanja na safu ya ushambuliaji. Mchezaji wa aina hii anahitaji kuwa na uwezo mzuri wa kupiga pasi za kutengeneza nafasi, kudhibiti mpira, kusoma mchezo na wakati mwingine kufunga mabao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=But magnifique d'Aymen Boutoutaou avec la sélection Algérienne des U23|url=https://dzballon.com/2022/05/25/but-magnifique-daymen-boutoutaou-avec-la-selection-algerienne-des-u23/|date=2022-05-25|accessdate=2026-09-01|language=fr-FR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006172337/https://dzballon.com/2022/05/25/but-magnifique-daymen-boutoutaou-avec-la-selection-algerienne-des-u23/|archivedate=2024-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa kuwa Boutoutaou alizaliwa nchini Ufaransa, alianza safari yake ya soka katika mazingira ya soka la vijana nchini humo. Ufaransa ina mfumo mpana wa maendeleo ya wachezaji vijana, unaowasaidia wanasoka kukuza vipaji vyao kabla ya kufikia kiwango cha soka la kulipwa. Kupitia mafunzo na mashindano ya vijana, wachezaji hupata uzoefu unaohitajika ili kukabiliana na ushindani wa kiwango cha juu. Licha ya kuzaliwa Ufaransa, Boutoutaou ana uhusiano na Algeria na alipata nafasi ya kuiwakilisha nchi hiyo katika Timu ya Taifa ya Algeria chini ya miaka 23 (U-23). Kuchezea timu ya taifa ya vijana ni hatua muhimu katika maisha ya mwanasoka, kwa sababu humwezesha kupata uzoefu wa kimataifa na kushindana dhidi ya wachezaji kutoka mataifa mengine. Baadaye, taaluma yake ilimfikisha katika FCSB, klabu inayoshiriki katika Liga I, mashindano ya kiwango cha juu cha soka nchini Romania. Kucheza katika ligi ya nchi nyingine kunaweza kumpa mchezaji uzoefu mpya wa kimkakati na kumwezesha kukutana na aina tofauti za mifumo ya uchezaji. Akiwa na uwezo wa kucheza kama winga au kiungo mshambuliaji, Boutoutaou anaweza kuwa mchezaji mwenye thamani kwa timu inayohitaji kubadilisha mfumo wa mashambulizi. Uwezo wa kucheza zaidi ya nafasi moja huwapa makocha chaguo zaidi wakati wa kupanga kikosi na mbinu za mchezo. Kwa ujumla, Aymen Boutoutaou ni mwanasoka wa kulipwa aliyezaliwa nchini Ufaransa tarehe 18 Februari 2001. Anacheza kama winga au kiungo mshambuliaji na kwa sasa anaitumikia FCSB katika Liga I ya Romania. Katika ngazi ya kimataifa ya vijana, aliwahi kuiwakilisha Algeria U-23, hivyo kuwa sehemu ya wachezaji waliowahi kuwakilisha nchi hiyo katika soka la kimataifa la vijana. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] mrp0dc35irx0c6wik0qmfehkusgiln4 0 248261 1601281 1594147 2026-09-25T14:13:15Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Thierry Kambudi''' (alizaliwa Aprili 11, 1981) ni mwandishi wa habari wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Yeye hufanya kazi hasa katika uwanja wa habari za redio na kushiriki katika matangazo ya sasa ya kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijamii ya nchi. Anajulikana hasa kwa kazi yake ndani ya Top Congo FM, ambapo anashiriki katika programu kadhaa za habari na mjadala kama vile: (Kaka kwa Kaka, Wacha tuzungumze, Mjadala, Njia). == Wasifu == Thierry Kambudi alifanya masomo ya juu katika mawasiliano ya kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo kabla ya kugeukia sekta ya vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano. Upendezi wake katika uandishi wa habari na usambazaji wa habari ulimwongoza hatua kwa hatua kuelekea utoaji na uwasilishaji wa runinga. Yeye ni mmoja wa wataalamu wa vyombo vya habari kutoka chuo hicho. Katika tukio la kuadhimisha miaka 25 ya Chuo cha Mawasiliano ya Jamii, alitajwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa zamani ambao wamefuatilia kazi katika sekta ya vyombo vya habari. Na uzoefu wa miaka 20. Yeye ni mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, mkuu wa idara ya michezo ya redio hiyo, muundaji na mtangazaji wa "Parlons-en", mojawapo ya vipindi maarufu vya redio vyenye miito ya moja kwa moja, kipindi cha Le parcours, mwandishi wa safu za siasa, mchambuzi wa michezo, amepata fursa ya kuripoti CHAN, [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|JO]], [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 2023|CAN 2024]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://www.irisfootball.com/mondial-2026-nous-allons-tout-faire-pour-atteindre-les-16-emes-sebastien-desabre/|date=11-06-2026|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> Alibobea katika kuripoti habari za kitaifa na kuandaa vipindi vya mijadala. Shughuli zake za uandishi wa habari zimemfanya awahoji au kuwauliza maswali viongozi wa kisiasa, wanachama wa serikali, watendaji wa asasi za kiraia pamoja na watu mbalimbali wanaohusika katika maisha ya umma ya Kongo ,.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=UCC : 25 ans de la faculté des communications sociales|url=https://tchikeva.wordpress.com/2018/06/10/ucc-25-ans-de-la-faculte-des-communications-sociales/|date=22-09-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> == Kazi == === Uandishi wa Habari === Thierry Kambudi anafanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari na mhariri mkuu katika Top Congo FM, kituo cha redio cha Kongo kilichojitolea kwa habari za [[Siasa|kisiasa]], kiuchumi na kijamii. Ameorodheshwa miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari wanaojulikana sana katika kituo cha redio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kama sehemu ya majukumu yake, anashiriki katika programu za habari na mijadala. Alifanya kazi pamoja na waandishi wengine wa habari katika kituo hicho, akiwemo Christian Lusakueno, na mara kwa mara aliwahoji wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri kuhusu masuala yanayohusiana na utawala, uchumi, usalama na habari za kitaifa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Auteur Thierry Kambundi|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/author/thierry-kambundi/jov_t|date=|accessdate=31-08-2026}}</ref> Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari pia ilitajwa kuhusiana na uandishi wa habari kuhusu janga la Covid-19 katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Mnamo 2020, utafiti kuhusu mtazamo wa vitendo vya watu mashuhuri katika mapambano dhidi ya janga hili uliwataja Thierry Kambudi na Christian Lusakweno miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari kutoka Top Congo FM ambao kazi yao ya kuhamasisha ilithaminiwa na waliohojiwa. === Mawasiliano ya kiuchumi === Thierry Kambudi pia hushiriki katika shughuli zinazohusiana na kutafakari jukumu la vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano katika maisha ya umma. Mnamo 2025, alitangazwa vyema kama mzungumzaji katika tukio la kisayansi lililoandaliwa na Kitivo cha Mawasiliano ya Kijamii cha Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki cha Kongo wakati wa Siku ya Mawasiliano ya Kijamii Duniani. Alitarajiwa kushiriki katika jopo lililojitolea kwa shughuli za uandishi wa habari na changamoto zinazohusiana na taarifa za kiuchumi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Les enjeux socioprofessionnels en RDC, au centre d’une journée de réflexion à l’UCC|url=https://acp.cd/sciencetec/les-enjeux-socioprofessionnels-en-rdc-au-centre-dune-journee-de-reflexion-a-lucc/|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> === Shughuli za vyombo vya habari === Kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari inalenga zaidi habari za Kongo. Anashiriki katika mahojiano na mijadala na wanasiasa na watu mashuhuri wa umma. Katika kipindi chote cha kazi yake katika Top Congo FM, alishiriki katika utangazaji wa masuala mbalimbali yenye maslahi ya kitaifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na masuala ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kijamii na usalama. Kumbukumbu za vyombo vya habari pia zinamtaja kama mwandishi wa habari wakati wa mahojiano na viongozi wa kisiasa na watu wengine mashuhuri wa umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR|title=Kinshasa : pour le professeur Ribio Nzeza et Thierry Kambundi, le secteur culturel sera porteur d’emplois et de prospérité dans un futur proche|url=https://actualite.cd/2021/07/25/kinshasa-pour-le-professeur-ribio-nzeza-le-secteur-culturel-sera-porteur-demplois-et-de|date=23-07-2021|accessdate=27-08-2026}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{BD|1981|}} [[Jamii:watu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 3fhslkgnjpnjtgut4ccjnr2tazbmwwa 0 248296 1601612 1593978 2026-09-26T08:17:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pa Ayo Opadokun''' [CON] ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Nigeria]], [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[demokrasia]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mwanasiasa]] mkongwe. Yeye ni Katibu Mkuu wa zamani na [[Katibu]] wa Kitaifa wa Uenezi wa National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), mojawapo ya makundi yaliyofanya kampeni dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa kijeshi nchini Nigeria na kutetea kuthibitishwa kwa matokeo ya uchaguzi wa [[urais]] wa tarehe 12 Juni [[1993]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Opadokun alizaliwa tarehe [[26 Agosti]] [[1948]] huko Offa, katika [[Jimbo]] la Kwara la sasa, Nigeria. Alisoma katika Shule ya Baptist Day, Zaria, ambako alimaliza [[elimu]] yake ya [[msingi]] mwaka [[1961]]. Baadaye alisoma katika Chuo cha Nigerian Baptist, Minna, na kuhitimu mwaka [[1972]]. Alisoma pia katika [[Chuo kikuu]] [[Lagos]], ambako alipata [[Shahada]] ya Kwanza ya Sheria (LL.B.) mwaka [[1979]]. == Heshima na utambuzi == Wakati wa maadhimisho ya Siku ya Demokrasia ya mwaka [[2026]], [[Rais]] Bola Ahmed Tinubu alimtunuku Chief Ayo Opadokun heshima ya kitaifa ya Kamanda wa Daraja la Niger (CON) kwa kutambua mchango wake katika [[harakati]] za kuleta demokrasia nchini Nigeria na maendeleo ya kidemokrasia. == Vitabu == * ''Freedom Jail: The Traumatic Experience of Ayo Opadokun'' (1999). * ''Prison Memoirs'' (2000). * ''The Gun Hegemony: An Unusual Chronicle About the Nigerian Military'' (2025). * ''The NADECO Story'' (2026). <ref>https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/04/photos-meet-key-figures-of-nadeco-champions-of-nigerian-democracy/</ref><ref>https://guardian.ng/news/why-nigerias-development-is-stunted-nadeco-secretary-opadokun/</ref><ref>https://leadership.ng/ex-nadeco-chieftain-opadokun-urges-tinubu-to-return-nigeria-to-true-federalism/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newdawnngr.com/2026/06/01/the-nadeco-story-the-book-nobel-laureate-wole-soyinka-vouched-for/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260905082001/https://www.newdawnngr.com/2026/06/01/the-nadeco-story-the-book-nobel-laureate-wole-soyinka-vouched-for/ |archivedate=2026-09-05 |accessdate=2026-09-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} bnpckvgbaedsjmrj7vh6ad9ui07xspg 0 249197 1601132 1596001 2026-09-25T13:39:32Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Reid''' (alizaliwa [[20 Juni]] [[1956]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]] na meneja. Alichezea timu ya [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] na timu ya taifa ya [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa meneja wa [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Reid |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=6478 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Peter Reid alizaliwa tarehe 20 Juni 1956 huko Huyton, [[Liverpool]], Uingereza. Alianza kucheza mpira wa miguu akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Bolton Wanderers. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Bolton Wanderers na Everton (1974–1982) === Reid alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Bolton Wanderers mwaka [[1974]]. Mwaka [[1982]], alihamia Everton, ambako alikua mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa kati wa Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza (EPL). <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Peter Reid |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/formerplayers/992536/peter-reid |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=www.evertonfc.com |language=en}}</ref> === Klabu Nyingine (1982–1990) === Reid alichezea klabu kadhaa nchini [[Uingereza]] kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[1990]]. == Kazi ya Uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu, Reid alikua meneja wa [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], Sunderland A.F.C., Leeds United, Coventry City, na klabu nyingine. Alifanikiwa sana akiwa na Sunderland A.F.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=1031 |title=Peter Reid &#124; Latest Betting Odds |publisher=Soccer Base |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Reid alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza mechi 13 kati ya mwaka [[1985]] na [[1988]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/tv_radio_coverage/newsid_1987000/1987764.stm |title=Peter Reid|work= BBC Sport|date= 14 May 2002|access-date= 10 September 2010}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qreslnezlas4cn907ri5azi9ouunq6w 0 249537 1601586 1596611 2026-09-26T06:29:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annie Mae Aquash''' ([[27 Machi]], [[1945]] – katikati ya [[Desemba]], [[1975]] alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa Watu wa Kwanza na mwanachama wa [[kabila]] la Mi'kmaq kutoka [[Nova Scotia]], [[Kanada]].<ref name=Lee>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Stephen |title=Jackley: Aquash case might help solve other cold cases from Wounded Knee|url=https://www.capjournal.com/news/jackley-aquash-case-might-help-solve-other-cold-cases-from/article_4d07ab1c-c164-11e4-8994-2f1bd10207aa.html|access-date=25 June 2021 |agency=[[Capital Journal]] |date=2 March 2015|quote=John Graham is in prison for life for murdering Annie Mae Aquash in December 1975 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation}}</ref> Aquash alihamia [[Boston]] katika miaka ya 1960 na kujiunga na Watu wengine wa Kwanza na Wenyeji wa Marekani waliolenga [[elimu]], upinzani, na kupinga ukatili wa [[polisi]] dhidi ya Wenyeji wa mijini. Alikuwa mwanachama wa American Indian Movement (AIM) na alishiriki katika uvamizi na umiliki wa maeneo kadhaa pamoja nao.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-08-28|title=Richard Marshall indicted in AIM slaying of Aquash|url=https://www.lakotatimes.com/articles/richard-marshall-indicted-in-aim-slaying-of-aquash/|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Lakota Country Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817125450/https://www.lakotatimes.com/articles/richard-marshall-indicted-in-aim-slaying-of-aquash/|archivedate=2020-08-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945|1975}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] a0k5plnigpj98zlxs9kc4rbpiqekv4p 0 249858 1601570 1597199 2026-09-26T04:49:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Abdullah Harib Al-Habsi''' (alizaliwa [[30 Desemba]] [[1981]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Oman]]. Alikuwa kipa na alichezea Lyn Oslo, [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]], [[Reading F.C.|Reading]], [[Al-Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]], na timu ya taifa ya Oman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ali Al-Habsi |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=45762 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29849228 |title=Ali Al-Habsi: Brighton sign Wigan goalkeeper on loan |work=BBC Sport |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49516492|title=Ali Al-Habsi: West Brom sign veteran goalkeeper on deal until end of the season|work=BBC Sport|date=29 August 2019|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Ali Al-Habsi alizaliwa tarehe 30 Desemba 1981 huko [[Muscat]], Oman. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Al-Nasr Salalah. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Lyn Oslo (2003–2006) === Al-Habsi alihamia Lyn Oslo [[Norwei]] mwaka [[2003]]. Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kuzuia mabao. === Bolton Wanderers (2006–2011) === Mwaka [[2006]], Al-Habsi alihamia Bolton Wanderers F.C. [[Uingereza]]. Alicheza mechi kadhaa kama kipa wa akiba. === Wigan Athletic (2010–2013) === Mwaka [[2010]], Al-Habsi alihamia Wigan Athletic F.C. kwa mkopo, na baadaye kwa uhamisho wa kudumu. Akiwa Wigan, alikua kipa wa kwanza na alishinda Kombe la FA mwaka [[2013]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Latics sign goalkeeper Ali Al Habsi on loan for the season |date=15 July 2010 |url=http://www.wiganlatics.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10429~2092902,00.html |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721134835/http://www.wiganlatics.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10429~2092902%2C00.html |archive-date=21 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Reading na Al-Hilal (2013–2020) === Al-Habsi alichezea Reading F.C. na Al-Hilal SFC [[Saudi Arabia]] kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2020]].<ref name="Al Habsi moves to Al-Hilal">{{cite web |title=Al Habsi completes move to Al-Hilal |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2017/july/al-habsi-completes-move-to-al-hilal |website=readingfc.co.uk |publisher=Reading F.C. |access-date=17 July 2017 |date=17 July 2017}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Al-Habsi alichezea timu ya taifa ya Oman mechi 135 kati ya [[2001]] na [[2019]]. Ni mchezaji mwenye mechi nyingi zaidi katika historia ya timu ya taifa ya Oman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil.php?id=16823&modus=4 |title=Ali al Habsi > Spiele |access-date=14 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120123/http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil.php?id=16823&modus=4 |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Oman]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Oman]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b0sg31fs552umtuyelpwtnubouh2791 0 249859 1601595 1597200 2026-09-26T06:59:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601595 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antonio Juan Barragán Fernández''' (alizaliwa [[12 Juni]] [[1987]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uhispania]]. Alichezea [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], Deportivo La Coruña, Real Valladolid, [[Valencia CF|Valencia]], [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]], na timu ya taifa ya Uhispania chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antonio Barragán |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=44783 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2007/pdf/FWYC_2007_SquadLists.pdf|title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Canada 2007 – List of Players|publisher=FIFA|page=21|date=5 July 2007|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000046/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2007/pdf/FWYC_2007_SquadLists.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Antonio Barragán alizaliwa tarehe 12 Juni 1987 huko [[Pontedeume]], Uhispania. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Liverpool F.C. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Liverpool (2005–2006) === Barragán alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Liverpool F.C. mwaka [[2005]]. Alicheza mechi chache kwa timu ya kwanza.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/liverpool/4618379.stm Barragan set for Liverpool move]; [[BBC Sport]], 24 June 2005</ref> === Deportivo La Coruña (2006–2008) === Mwaka [[2006]], Barragán alihamia Deportivo La Coruña [[Uhispania]].<ref>[http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/203810/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739 Deportivo La Coruña 2–0 Real Sociedad]; [[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]], 1 October 2006</ref> === Valencia (2008–2016) === Mwaka [[2008]], Barragán alihamia Valencia CF. Akiwa Valencia, alikua mlinzi wa kulia mwenye uwezo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.superdeporte.es/valencia/2012/01/21/lateral-derecho-partidos-jugado/150738.html|title=Es el lateral derecho que más partidos ha jugado|trans-title=He is the right-back that has played the most matches|publisher=[[Super Deporte]]|first=P.|last=Fuster|language=es|date=21 January 2012|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> === Middlesbrough na Ustaafu (2016–2020) === Barragán alichezea Middlesbrough F.C. [[Uingereza]] kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2020]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfc.co.uk/news/article/2016/middlesbrough-fc-antonio-barragan-valencia-3188134.aspx|title=Antonio Barragán joins Boro from Valencia|publisher=Middlesbrough F.C.|date=15 July 2016|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Barragán alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uhispania chini ya umri wa miaka 21. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uhispania]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uhispania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b5dxyt3sbqi1nfmb7kfmzipogc67iv6 0 249960 1601544 1598817 2026-09-26T02:23:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alvin Lowell Trivette''' (amezaliwa [[17 Mei]], [[1970]]), anayejulikana kama '''A.L.T.''', ni [[rapa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana kwa kibao cha mwaka 1991 "Lowrider (On the Boulevard)" (akiwa mwanachama wa Latin Alliance) na kibao cha mwaka 1992 "Tequila (Champs song)#Covers]" (nambari 48 kwenye ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]).<ref>{{cite magazine|title=A.L.T. & the Lost Civilization|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/275276/alt-lost-civilization/chart|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group|accessdate=June 4, 2017|archive-date=2017-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703135958/http://www.billboard.com/artist/275276/alt-lost-civilization/chart|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Metason |title=A.L.T. |url=https://music.metason.net/artistinfo?name=A.L.T. |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=ArtistInfo |language=EN |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830015827/https://music.metason.net/artistinfo?name=A.L.T. |archivedate=2025-08-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 1a7uy0fjt42i9kw7l7ltgd5yvrhjw8y 0 250008 1601552 1597591 2026-09-26T03:20:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Adil Rami | nchi = Ufaransa | majina_mengine = | picha = Adil Rami in 2017.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Rami akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Ufaransa|Ufaransa]] mwaka 2017 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Adil Rami | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1985|12|27|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Bastia]], Ufaransa | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kati | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.90 m | uzito = }} '''Adil Rami''' (alizaliwa 27 Desemba 1985) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki wa kati. Rami alianza taaluma yake ya mpira wa miguu akichezea klabu ya [[Étoile Fréjus Saint-Raphaël]] bila malipo, iliyojulikana wakati huo kama ES Fréjus. Kwa sababu ya kucheza mchezo huo kama kitu anachokipenda pekee, alikaa misimu mitatu klabuni hapo akicheza katika ligi ya mpira wa miguu isiyo ya kulipwa ya Ufaransa ambalo ni daraja la nne la mpira wa miguu nchini Ufaransa. Mnamo mwaka 2006, Rami alipanda madaraja matatu baada ya kusaini mkataba na klabu ya [[Ligue 1]] ya [[Lille OSC|Lille]]. Akiwa Lille, Rami alikuwa mchezaji wa kikosi cha kwanza, akicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kulipwa mnamo Mei 2007. Alipewa jina la utani la ''"Shrek"'' na wachezaji wenzake pamoja na mashabiki wa Lille. Mnamo Januari 2011, Rami alijiunga na klabu ya [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] ya [[Hispania|Uhispania]] kwa mkataba wa miaka mine. Hata hivyo, alipelekwa mara moja kwa mkopo katika klabu yake ya zamani na alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Lille kilichotwaa ubingwa wa ligi na kombe kwa msimu mmoja.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39601/Adil_Rami.html |title=Adil Rami - National Football Teams |publisher=National Football Teams |access-date=19 September 2026}}</ref> Baada ya maombi ya awali kutoka [[Moroko|Morocco]] kabla ya kuchaguliwa kwake kwa mara ya kwanza, Rami alichagua kucheza katika timu ya taifa ya Ufaransa. Alikuwa katika orodha ya awali ya kuchezea Ufaransa katika fainali za [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] la mwaka 2010 lakini hakuingia katika kikosi cha mwisho. Rami alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza katika ngazi ya wakubwa mnamo 11 Agosti 2010 katika mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya [[Norwei|Norway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/9672-rami-adil/fiche.html |title=Adil Rami - FFF |publisher=FFF |access-date=19 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] ilz9rk7d1p6n4ox6be6yis5w4sb7uxt 0 250146 1601777 1597784 2026-09-26T10:57:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brede Paulsen Hangeland''' (alizaliwa [[20 Juni]] [[1981]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Norwei]]. Alichezea Viking, [[FC Copenhagen|Copenhagen]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], na timu ya taifa ya Norwei.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/46075/brede-hangeland |title=Brede Hangeland: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Brede Hangeland alizaliwa tarehe 20 Juni 1981 huko [[Houston]], [[Texas]], Marekani, katika familia ya Norwei. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/brede-hangeland/profil/spieler/46075 |title=Brede Hangeland - Player profile |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == === Viking (2001–2005) === Hangeland alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Viking mwaka [[2001]]. Akiwa Viking, alikua mlinzi wa kati mwenye uwezo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/person/profil/?fiksId=46075 |title=Brede Hangeland |publisher=NFF |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> === FC Copenhagen (2006–2008) === Mwaka [[2006]], Hangeland alihamia FC Copenhagen [[Udeni]]. Akiwa Copenhagen, alishinda Danish Superliga mwaka [[2006]] na [[2007]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fck.dk/en/player/brede-hangeland |title=Brede Hangeland |publisher=FC Copenhagen |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> === Fulham (2008–2014) === Mwaka [[2008]], Hangeland alihamia Fulham F.C. [[Uingereza]]. Akiwa Fulham, alikua mlinzi mkuu wa timu na nahodha. Alifika fainali ya UEFA Europa League mwaka [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/player/brede-hangeland |title=Brede Hangeland |publisher=Fulham FC |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> === Crystal Palace na Ustaafu (2014–2016) === Hangeland alichezea Crystal Palace F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2016]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/player/brede-hangeland |title=Brede Hangeland |publisher=Crystal Palace |access-date=20 August 2025}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Hangeland alichezea timu ya taifa ya Norwei mechi 91 kati ya [[2002]] na [[2014]], akifunga mabao 4.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/person/profil/?fiksId=46075 |title=Brede Hangeland |publisher=NFF |access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9b7dfnsxgoucd4y0x6ha1x14y1a7s3n 0 250185 1601232 1597865 2026-09-25T14:03:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601232 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Martin Lomas''' (alizaliwa [[18 Januari]] [[1974]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Eire ya Kaskazini]]. Alichezea Manchester City, West Ham United, [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], Gillingham, na timu ya taifa ya Eire ya Kaskazini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steve Lomas |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10463 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Hugman 2008-09">{{cite book | editor-last = Hugman | editor-first = Barry J. | title = The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2008–09 | publisher = Mainstream | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84596-324-8}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Steve Lomas alizaliwa tarehe 18 Januari 1974 huko [[Hanover]], [[Ujerumani]], katika familia ya Eire ya Kaskazini. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Manchester City (1991–1997) === Lomas alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Manchester City F.C. mwaka [[1991]]. Akiwa City, alikua mchezaji wa kati mwenye uwezo. === West Ham United (1997–2005) === Mwaka [[1997]], Lomas alihamia West Ham United.<ref name=Irons>{{cite web|url=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=2&ham=416&united=Steve_Lomas|title=Welcome to the Wonderful World of West Ham United Statistics Steve Lomas|publisher=www.westhamstats.info|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> === Queens Park Rangers na Gillingham (2005–2008) === Lomas alichezea Queens Park Rangers F.C. na Gillingham kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2008]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Lomas alichezea timu ya taifa ya Eire ya Kaskazini mechi 45 kati ya [[1994]] na [[2003]], akifunga mabao 3.<ref>{{cite news|last=English|first=Tom|title=No oasis of calm|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30343701.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329103916/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30343701.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 March 2015|work=Scotland on Sunday |access-date=20 February 2014|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|url-access=subscription|location=Edinburgh, Scotland|date=18 December 2011}}</ref> == Kazi ya Uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu, Lomas alikua meneja wa St Johnstone. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Eire ya Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Eire ya Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] sh25lcs41rvtg0gc6vdmu19ji7a1jrz 0 250239 1601519 1597957 2026-09-25T22:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walter Fredericks''' ([[16 Aprili]], [[1916]] – [[24 Julai]], [[2000]]) alikuwa [[Mmarekani]] [[mwimbaji]] wa [[opera]] mwenye sauti ya tenor, na mwimbaji wa matamasha aliyefanya shughuli zake kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1940 hadi angalau miaka ya 1980.<ref name=Ocean1>''The Ocean City Sentinel-Ledger'', Thursday, November 13, 1980, sec. 1, p. 8</ref><ref name=Titusville>''Titusville Herald'', Wednesday, April 16, 1963, p. 3</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Life and Times of Gloria Lane, Part III|url=http://listserv.bccls.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=OPERA-L;BrCsnQ;20010823211118-0400D|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233027/http://listserv.bccls.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=OPERA-L;BrCsnQ;20010823211118-0400D|archivedate=2016-03-03|accessdate=2026-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1916|2000}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] a9jyh343d0yy2y0sgdmabf7410b9f6s 0 250299 1601527 1598087 2026-09-25T23:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William John Boland''' (alizaliwa [[6 Agosti]] [[1975]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Eire]]. Alichezea Coventry City, [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]], [[Hartlepool United F.C.|Hartlepool United]], na timu ya taifa ya Eire chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Willie Boland |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10463 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |url=http://archive.org/details/skysportsfootbal0000unse_2008 |title=Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008–2009 |publisher=Headline |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7553-1819-3 |editor-last=Rollin |editor-first=Glenda |location=London |pages=478 |editor-last2=Rollin |editor-first2=Jack}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sportinglimerick.com/neil-mcdonald-appointed-new-limerick-fc-manager/ |title=Neil McDonald confirmed as new Limerick FC boss |publisher=Sporting Limerick |author=Adrian Finnin |date=18 May 2017 |accessdate=11 October 2017}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Willie Boland alizaliwa tarehe 6 Agosti 1975 huko [[Ennis]], County Clare, Eire. Alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Coventry City (1993–1997) === Boland alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Coventry City mwaka [[1993]]. === Cardiff City (1997–2007) === Boland alichezea Cardiff City F.C. Akiwa Cardiff, alikua mchezaji wa kati mwenye uwezo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gallagher |first1=Aaron |title='You're in Limerick watching Match of the Day and 10 years later you're actually out there playing at Old Trafford' |url=https://www.the42.ie/willie-john-boland-limerick-interview-league-of-ireland-coventry-city-cardiff-city-premier-league-4400232-Dec2018/ |website=The42 |access-date=10 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Hartlepool United na Ustaafu (2007–2010) === Boland alichezea Hartlepool United F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_div_2/7541028.stm |title=Hartlepool 4–2 Colchester |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=9 August 2008 |access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Boland alichezea timu ya taifa ya Eire chini ya umri wa miaka 21. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Eire]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Eire]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 561ofkfisxlecs5jd5qv1zzq9awiyoc 0 250362 1601396 1598237 2026-09-25T17:09:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Robert Black''' (alizaliwa [[26 Novemba]] [[1979]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alichezea Arsenal, Crystal Palace, [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]], [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]], na timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tommy Black |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10463 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |url=http://archive.org/details/skysportsfootbal0000unse_l8c8 |title=Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2005–06 |publisher=Headline |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7553-1384-6 |editor-last=Rollin |editor-first=Glenda |location=London |pages=467 |editor-last2=Rollin |editor-first2=Jack}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Tommy Black alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1979 huko [[London]], Uingereza. Alijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Arsenal F.C. akiwa na umri mdogo. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Arsenal (1997–2000) === Black alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Arsenal F.C. mwaka [[1997]]. Alicheza mechi chache kwa timu ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/tommy-black |title=Tommy Black |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=3 June 2025 }}</ref> === Crystal Palace (2000–2004) === Black alichezea Crystal Palace, ambako alikua mchezaji wa kati mwenye uwezo. === Sheffield United na Gillingham (2004–2008) === Black alichezea Sheffield United F.C. na Gillingham F.C. kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2008]].<ref name="Three new signings head to Grays">{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/g/grays_athletic/8190278.stm | title = Three new signings head to Grays | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 7 August 2009| access-date =7 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11683_2312010,00.html |title=Blades blunted by Coventry |publisher=Sky Sports |accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> == Timu ya Taifa == Black alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza chini ya umri wa miaka 21. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] behd8dieajkymg3g2v7jt69eajszl40 0 250390 1601579 1598284 2026-09-26T05:58:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andriy Mykolayovych Shevchenko''' (alizaliwa Dvirkivshchyna, Ukraini, [[29 Septemba]] [[1976]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani na meneja wa mpira wa miguu nchini [[Ukraini]]. Alichezea Dynamo Kyiv, [[A.C. Milan]], [[Chelsea F.C.]], na timu ya taifa ya Ukraini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andriy Shevchenko |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=10463 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.soccerbase.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/sports/soccer/30iht-soccer30.html |title=Ukraine's Ruthless Finisher Takes on Politics |first=Rob |last=Hughes |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503051929/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/sports/soccer/30iht-soccer30.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/coaches/andriy-shevchenko/696/ |title=A. Shevchenko: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520063210/https://uk.soccerway.com/coaches/andriy-shevchenko/696/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/3106/Andriy-Shevchenko/overview |title=Andriy Shevchenko: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503082514/https://www.premierleague.com/players/3106/Andriy-Shevchenko/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Andriy Shevchenko alianza kucheza soka akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na timu ya vijana ya Dynamo Kyiv. == Kazi ya Klabu == === Dynamo Kyiv (1994–1999) === Shevchenko alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Dynamo Kyiv mwaka [[1994]]. Akiwa Dynamo, alishinda Ukrainian Premier League mara tano.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chadband |first1=Ian |title=Shevchenko's debt to Reds hero Rush |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/shevchenko-s-debt-to-reds-hero-rush-7217352.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=Evening Standard |date=23 May 2005 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809063136/https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/shevchenko-s-debt-to-reds-hero-rush-7217352.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === AC Milan (1999–2006) === Mwaka [[1999]], Shevchenko alihamia A.C. Milan kwa ada ya £15 milioni. Akiwa Milan, alikua mmoja wa washambuliaji bora duniani. Alishinda Serie A mwaka [[2004]] na UEFA Champions League mwaka [[2003]]. Mwaka [[2004]], alitajwa kuwa Mchezaji Bora wa Ulaya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheva ritorna dove è "nato" |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/primi_piani/calcio/2004/pp_1.0.297825652.shtml |newspaper=La Gazzetta dello Sport |date=29 August 1999 |access-date=8 November 2019 |language=it |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729105418/https://www.gazzetta.it/primi_piani/calcio/2004/pp_1.0.297825652.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shevchenko completes Milan move |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/7573135.stm |access-date=19 February 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=25 August 2008 |archive-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828040135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/7573135.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> === Chelsea na Dynamo Kyiv (2006–2012) === Shevchenko alichezea Chelsea F.C. na kurejea Dynamo Kyiv kabla ya kustaafu mwaka [[2012]]. == Timu ya Taifa == Shevchenko alichezea timu ya taifa ya Ukraini mechi 111 kati ya [[1995]] na [[2012]], akifunga mabao 48. Ni mfungaji bora wa timu ya taifa ya Ukraini wa wakati wote. Alishiriki katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la [[2006]].<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=uk:Шевченко 25 років тому дебютував за збірну України – болюча поразка від топ-суперника та втрата шансів на Євро|trans-title=Shevchenko debuted for the Ukraine national football team 25 years ago: A painful defeat against a top rival and loss of chances at the Euro|url=https://football24.ua/shevchenko_25_rokiv_tomu_debyutuvav_za_zbirnu_ukrayini__bolyucha_porazka_vid_top_supernika_ta_vtrata_shansiv_na_yevro_n593082/|website=Football24|date=25 March 2020|access-date=22 June 2024|language=uk|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622120825/https://football24.ua/shevchenko_25_rokiv_tomu_debyutuvav_za_zbirnu_ukrayini__bolyucha_porazka_vid_top_supernika_ta_vtrata_shansiv_na_yevro_n593082/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Kazi ya Uongozi == Baada ya kustaafu, Shevchenko alikua meneja wa timu ya taifa ya Ukraini kuanzia [[2016]] hadi [[2021]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] harboiuleoh06tigd553x8yf5heilcn 0 250539 1601357 1599141 2026-09-25T15:28:00Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arnold Daniel Palmer''' ( [[10 Septemba]] [[1929]] – [[25 Septemba]] [[2016]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kama "The King" na alikuwa mmoja wa nyota wakubwa wa gofu katika miaka ya 1950 na 1960. Alishinda mataji saba makubwa: Masters mara nne, U.S. Open mara moja, na The Open Championship mara mbili. Alipokea Presidential Medal of Freedom na Congressional Gold Medal. Alifariki [[25 Septemba]] [[2016]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 87.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reilly |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Reilly |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/page/usopenreilly130617/tiger-major-problem |title=Sunday might never be the same |work=ESPN |date=June 17, 2013 |access-date=June 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/07/archives/arnold-palmers-father-dies.html |title=Arnold Palmer's Father Dies |date= February 7, 1976 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 26, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="shscdd">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zWIsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Os0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5836%2C1270696 |newspaper=Spartanburg Herald-Journal |location=South Carolina |agency=Associated Press |title=Palmer's father dies in Orlando |date=February 8, 1976 |page=B5}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] o2liz0df83n3kskcopxjowx5327phug 0 250543 1601374 1599143 2026-09-25T16:00:32Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack William Nicklaus''' (alizaliwa [[21 Januari]] [[1940]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kitaalamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana kama "The Golden Bear" na anachukuliwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa gofu wa wakati wote. Alishinda mataji 18 makubwa ya gofu : Masters mara sita, PGA Championship mara tano, U.S. Open mara nne, na The Open Championship mara tatu. Ushindi wake wa Masters mwaka [[1986]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 46 ulimfanya kuwa mshindi mzee zaidi wa Masters. Alitunukiwa ''PGA Golfer of the Century'' mwaka [[1988]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.biography.com/athlete/jack-nicklaus |title= Jack Nicklaus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= April 14, 2019 |publisher= Biography |access-date= August 5, 2021}}</ref><ref name="golf_Theb">{{Cite magazine |title=The best Jack Nicklaus golf courses |first=Stephen |last=Hennessey |magazine=Golf Digest |date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=August 24, 2021 |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/the-best-jack-nicklaus-golf-courses}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5psbdglm67j7x95v618epkuljkbv30j 0 250554 1601375 1599187 2026-09-25T16:01:06Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack Joseph Burke Jr.''' ( [[29 Januari]] [[1923]] – [[19 Januari]] [[2024]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Marekani]]. Mwaka [[1956]], alishinda Masters na PGA Championship katika msimu mmoja, na alitajwa kama PGA Golfer of the Year. Alishinda mataji 16 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na mataji manne katika wiki nne mwaka [[1952]]. Baadaye alikua mwalimu maarufu wa wachezaji kama Phil Mickelson na Hal Sutton, na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Champions Golf Club huko [[Houston]].<ref name="wghof">{{cite web |title=Member bio: Jack Burke Jr. |publisher=World Golf Hall of Fame |url=http://www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/jack-burke-jr/ |access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] r9wrjhozxkmge77fsj8b8uvpuu9n9dy 0 250627 1601363 1599197 2026-09-25T15:37:48Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601363 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones Jr.''' ( [[17 Machi]] [[1902]] huko [[Atlanta, Georgia]] – [[18 Desemba]] [[1971]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa wachezaji wakubwa wa gofu wa wakati wote. Mnamo [[1930]], alikamilisha Grand Slam ya gofu kwa kushinda mashindano manne makubwa katika mwaka mmoja (U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur, The Open Championship, na British Amateur). Alianzisha The Masters Tournament mwaka [[1934]] na alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa Augusta National Golf Club.<ref name="tech">{{cite web |url=http://livinghistory.gatech.edu/new/traditions/legend/jones.html |title=Bobby Jones |publisher=Georgia Tech |access-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-date=2016-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612034045/http://livinghistory.gatech.edu/new/traditions/legend/jones.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1971]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 8sd7bumjdmx5oos9rqhe5vfcml5azcp 0 250651 1601369 1598742 2026-09-25T15:40:15Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601369 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Byron Nelson Jr.''' ( [[4 Februari]] [[1912]] – [[26 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Texas]] na alikulia katika mazingira magumu ya shamba. Mnamo [[1945]], alishinda mashindano 18 ya PGA, ikiwa ni pamoja na 11 mfululizo, rekodi ambayo haijavunjwa. Alistaafu kucheza mashindano akiwa na umri mdogo na alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni na mwalimu wa wachezaji kama Ken Venturi na Tom Watson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/ben_hogan.htm |title=Ben Hogan |publisher=About.com |last=Kelley |first=Brent |access-date=May 25, 2007 |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527030254/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/ben_hogan.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/sam_snead.htm |title=Sam Snead |publisher=About.com |last=Kelley |first=Brent |access-date=May 25, 2007 |archive-date=January 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127014547/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/sam_snead.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] l7vfjo3pzzamlimt7588n4fuo7sh3uv 0 250726 1601359 1599247 2026-09-25T15:29:01Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ben Daniel Crenshaw''' (alizaliwa [[11 Januari]] [[1952]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Austin, Texas]]. Alishinda Masters Tournament mara mbili ([[1984]], [[1995]]). Ushindi wake wa [[1995]] ulikuja siku chache tu baada ya kifo cha mwalimu wake, Harvey Penick. Alishinda mataji 19 ya PGA Tour. Alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya Marekani katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1999]]. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa wapiga puti bora katika historia ya gofu.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jenkins |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Jenkins |title=Gentle Ben Is Very Tough |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1974/02/11/617697/gentle-ben-is-very-tough |magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=February 11, 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Melton |first=Zephyr |date=10 September 2025 |title=Ben Crenshaw’s legendary coach reveals secrets to elite putting |url=https://golf.com/instruction/putting/harvey-penick-keys-elite-putting-stroke/?srsltid=AfmBOoohYJB8U-pMK9IGmNqmZX23H0FERLGSggq57179y-_r2XF9lNjg |accessdate=7 October 2025 |publisher=Golf.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://golfweek-eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/golf/2019/05/08/ben-crenshaw-golf-putting-tips/76580230007/|title=Ben Crenshaw shares his tips to improving your putting game|publisher=GolfWeek|date=8 May 2019|accessdate=7 October 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4nlv53t9mvrxr9t3rt3tdutwxhsuqrk 0 250727 1601360 1599248 2026-09-25T15:30:32Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Earl Casper Jr.''' ( [[24 Juni]] [[1931]] – [[7 Februari]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[San Diego]], California. Alishinda mataji 3 makubwa: U.S. Open mara mbili ([[1959]], [[1966]]) na Masters Tournament mwaka [[1970]]. Alishinda mataji 51 ya PGA Tour, akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji wenye ushindi mwingi zaidi katika historia. Aliongoza orodha ya fedha ya PGA Tour mwaka [[1966]] na [[1968]]. Alishinda pia mataji 9 ya Senior PGA Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Strege |first=John |date=August 5, 2017 |title=San Diego CC recalls Mickey Wright, Billy Casper and a course deserving 'more national acclaim' |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/san-diego-cc-recalls-mickey-wright-billy-casper-and-a-course-deserving-more-national-acclaim |access-date=December 5, 2024 |magazine=Golf Digest}}</ref><ref name="DN-obit">{{Cite news |last=Benson |first=Lee |date=February 8, 2015 |title=Golf legend Billy Casper dies |url=https://www.deseret.com/2015/2/7/20558187/golf-legend-billy-casper-dies/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |newspaper=Deseret News}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 3s6a1ns4l4r01s3xjoca16jmif8a0ss 0 250737 1601367 1599260 2026-09-25T15:39:14Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruce Lee Fleisher''' ( [[16 Oktoba]] [[1948]] – [[23 Septemba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Union City]], [[New Jersey]]. Alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1968]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na New England Classic mwaka [[1991]]. Katika Champions Tour, alishinda mataji 18, ikiwa ni pamoja na U.S. Senior Open mwaka [[2001]].<ref name="PGApro">{{cite web |title=Bruce Fleisher Profile |publisher=PGA Tour |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/13/53/ |access-date=May 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525123233/http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/13/53/ |archive-date=May 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAq4TGQsWwwC&dq=bruce+fleisher+golf+jewish&pg=PA290 |title=Day by Day in Jewish Sports History |first=Bob |last=Wechsler |publisher=KATV Publishing House |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-60280-013-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW6sBwAAQBAJ&dq=bruce+fleisher+golf+jewish&pg=PT1489 |title=Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century |editor-first=Steven A. |editor-last=Riess |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-31745-946-0}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] drfy9qj184h9vi82qpxzz19x0hpcn72 0 250802 1601364 1599334 2026-09-25T15:38:28Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bradford John Faxon Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]] [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Oceanport, New Jersey]]. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa wapiga puti bora katika historia ya gofu. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Ryder Cup ya Marekani mwaka [[1995]] na [[1997]]. Alihudumu kama Rais wa PGA Tour mwaka [[2005]].<ref name="PGApro">{{cite web |title=PGA Tour Profile – Brad Faxon |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01329.html |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=November 8, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rflu8ugm8pzps7teh8jj568r1egzdc3 0 250932 1601490 1599843 2026-09-25T19:43:03Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reginald Thomas Kirkwood''' ( [[30 Mei]] [[1920]] – [[7 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa na [[mwigizaji]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Melbourne]], Australia. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour. Aliigiza filamu kama ''Joe Palooka Champ'' ([[1946]]) ,''Joe Palooka in the Knockout''([[1947]]) na nyingine nyingi.<ref name=barrett>{{cite book |title=Miracle at Merion: The Inspiring Story of Ben Hogan's Amazing Comeback and Victory at the 1950 U.S. Open |first=David |last=Barrett |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |date=October 8, 2010 |chapter=Chapter 7: 1949 Philadelphia Inquirer Open/Joe Palooka |asin=B004ULMIR8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Golfer Inducted |newspaper=Gazette and Bulletin |location=Williamsport, Pennsylvania |agency=Associated Press |date=January 5, 1944 |page=2}}<!-- full name --></ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19400310&id=Lm1RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vjMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4004,1196789 |title=Young Kirkwood Joins Atlanta Club Staff |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |date=March 10, 1940 |agency=Associated Press |page=16 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] acy9xue6ifdwa155977kpkjohq9n1y1 0 250985 1601205 1599950 2026-09-25T13:47:54Z Score Beethoven 26647 Typo fix: removed space before punctuation (, ; .) 1601205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ted J. Kroll''' ( [[4 Agosti]] [[1919]] – [[23 Aprili]] [[2002]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa New Hartford, [[New York]]. Alihudumu katika Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na alipokea Purple Heart mara tatu. Alishinda mataji 8 ya PGA Tour na aliongoza orodha ya fedha mwaka [[1956]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1955 Philadelphia Daily News Open |publisher=golfphilly.com |url=http://www.golfphilly.com/history.html |accessdate=December 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014074722/http://www.golfphilly.com/history.html |archivedate=October 14, 2006 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 6is7e9fdoz3im0apfkwihjz84fsb616 0 250990 1601072 1600915 2026-09-25T13:14:46Z SciFusion 76137 1601072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina=Eliangiringa Kaale |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Moshi, Tanzania |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=04 March 1971 |cheo=Profesa|kazi_yake=Mfamasia |picha=Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale, mfamasia na mtafiti mbobezi wa udhibiti na uimara wa ubora wa dawa.}} '''Eliangiringa Amos Kaale''' ni [[mfamasia]] na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya udhibiti wa dawa kutoka nchini Tanzania <ref>[https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale Wasifu wa Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale katika Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)]</ref>. Kazi na tafiti zake zimejikita zaidi katika uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa, uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, ufuatiliaji wa dawa zilizopo sokoni na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa Barani Afrika. Eliangiringa Kaale ni Profesa wa uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa na masuala ya udhibiti katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS)<ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/muhas-wadau-wajadili-mtaala-mpya-wa-usimamizi-na-ugavi-bidhaa-za-afya-5352336 Gazeti la Mwananchi: MUHAS na wadau wajadili mtaala mpya wa usimamizi na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya]</ref>.Pia amewahi kuwa mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Africa Oxford Initiative (AfOx Fellow)'' akishirikiana na kikundi cha ubora wa dawa cha ''Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)'' kilichopo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Yeye pia ni mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Georg Forster'' kwenye taasisi ya Alexander von Humboldt nchini Ujerumani.<ref>[https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale Ukurasa wa Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]</ref> == Elimu== Profesa Kaale alianzia elimu yake ya juu ya famasia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM), ambapo alitunukiwa shahada ya kwanza ya Famasia (B.Pharm) mwaka 1997. Baada ya hapo, aliendelea na masomo ya uzamili nchini [[Ubelgiji]] katika chuo kikuu cha [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], ambapo alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sayansi ya Famasia (M.Sc. Pharm. Sci.) mwaka 1999 na baadaye shahada ya uzamivu katika sayansi ya Famasia mwaka [[2003]].<ref name="AfricanScientists">{{cite web |title=Kaale - Academic Qualifications |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/kaale/ |website=African Scientists Directory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> Mwaka 2007, alipata stashahada ya juu ya Ufuatiliaji na tathmini kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2014, alikuwa mtafiti mshiriki mwandamizi wa ''Georg Forster'' katika taasisi ya famasia na kemia ya chakula kwenye chuo kikuu cha Julius Maximilian cha Würzburg nchini [[Ujerumani]].<ref name="Humboldt">{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Eliangiringa Kaale - Profile |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale |website=Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> <ref name="AfricanScientists">{{cite web |title=Kaale - Academic Qualifications |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/kaale/ |website=African Scientists Directory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Taaluma na uongozi == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya shahada ya uzamivu, Profesa Kaale alijiunga na kutoa mchango mkubwa katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS), ambapo alipanda ngazi za kitaaluma hadi kuwa Profesa Kamili wa Famasia mwaka 2018.<ref name="BioSpace">{{cite news |title=Serenus Biotherapeutics Names Accomplished Group Of Researchers To Scientific Advisory Board |url=https://www.biospace.com/serenus-biotherapeutics-names-accomplished-group-of-researchers-to-scientific-advisory-board |work=BioSpace |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> Katika utumishi wake ameshikilia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na kiutawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * '''Mkuu wa idara ya kemia ya dawa''': Akiongoza mafunzo na utafiti wa kemia ya dawa na uchanganuzi wa dawa. * '''Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi wa maabara ya utafiti na maendeleo ya famasia''' : Maabara hii imekuwa kituo muhimu nchini Tanzania na ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki kwa ajili ya kufanya uchanganuzi wa kiwango cha juu wa ubora wa dawa na maendeleo ya fomula za dawa. *''' Mratibu wa kituo cha kikanda cha umahiri cha udhibiti wa dawa '''(TMDA-MUHAS ''Regional Centre of Regulatory Excellence'' - RCORE): Akishirikiana na Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba (TMDA) kujenga uwezo wa kiutendaji na udhibiti wa dawa kwa wataalamu kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika. * '''Mhadhiri mwalikwa''': Amefanya kazi ya kufundisha na kushirikiana na vyuo vikuu vya kimataifa ikiwemo Chuo Kikuu cha Rwanda na Chuo Kikuu cha Würzburg cha Ujerumani. == Mchango ya Kitaalamu == Profesa Kaale ametoa mchango mkubwa katika mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na usalama wa afya ya jamii katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda na kimataifa: === Kitaifa na kikanda (Afrika Mashariki) === * Mwenyekiti wa bodi ya ushauri ya Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba Tanzania (TMDA)<ref>https://www.tmda.go.tz/pages/medicine-technical-committee</ref>: Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi inayotathmini usalama, ufanisi, na ubora wa dawa za binadamu kabla ya kusajiliwa na kuruhusiwa kutumika nchini Tanzania. * Mwenyekiti wa kamati ya viwango vya famasia katika Shirika la Viwango Tanzania (TBS): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi ya (TBS) inayoshughulikia viwango vya bidhaa za famasia. * Mratibu wa mpango wa uhakiki wa ubora wa nje wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC): Anaratibu mpango unaosaidia maabara za kupima dawa katika ukanda huo kudumisha viwango vya kimataifa vya uimara na usahihi wa vipimo. === Kimataifa === *Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Mfumo wa Viwango vya Dawa vya Kimataifa wa Shirika la Afya Duniani ([[Shirika la Afya Duniani|WHO]]) *Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Teknolojia za Ufuatiliaji na Ukaguzi wa Ubora wa Dawa (2015–2020) wa ''United States Pharmacopeial Convention'' (USP) *Mjumbe wa Bodi wa ''PharmaConnect Africa'' *Mshauri na Mtaalamu Mwelekezi wa Mapambano Dhidi ya Dawa Bandia na Zisizokidhi Viwango (SFMPs) wa Shirika la Maendeleo la Umoja wa Afrika (AUDA-NEPAD)<ref name="AUDA-SFMP">{{cite web |title=Call for Expression of Interest to join the African Working Group on Substandard and Falsified Medical Products |url=https://www.nepad.org/publication/call-expression-of-interest-join-african-working-group-substandard-and-falsified |website=AUDA-NEPAD |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IOL-SFMP">{{cite news |title=The six critical actions Africa must take to stop the deadly trade in fake, substandard medicines |url=https://iol.co.za/news/opinion/2025-07-11-the-six-critical-actions-africa-must-take-to-stop-the-deadly-trade-in-fake-substandard-medicines/ |work=IOL |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == Tuzo na nishani == *Tuzo ya Mfamasia Bora wa Mwaka kutoka Tanzania Health Summit (2023) *Ushirikiano wa Kukuza Elimu ya Famasia na Utafiti: Ufadhili kati ya Chuo Kikuu cha Muhimbili (MUHAS) na Chuo Kikuu cha Bergen (2019) *Tuzo ya Mchango Uliotukuka Katika Viwango (''USP Award for Outstanding Contribution to Standards'') kutoka ''United States Pharmacopeial Convention'' (2018)<ref>https://www.usp.org/news/volunteer-award-winners-2017</ref> *Ufadhili wa Kuimarisha Miundombinu ya Utafiti na Ugunduzi wa Dawa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili (MUHAS) (2018) *Tuzo na Ufadhili wa Utafiti wa Ulinganifu wa Kibiolojia: Mradi wa ulinganifu wa kibiolojia wa dawa za ''Amoxicillin'' na ''Captopril'' kwa ajili ya kuendeleza viwanda vya ndani Afrika Mashariki (2018) *Ufadhili wa Utafiti wa Georg Forster ''(Georg Forster Research Fellowship)'': Ulitolewa na Mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt, Ujerumani (2012) == Utafiti == Tafiti za Kaale zinahusisha uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, uundaji, uhakiki na ufuatiliaji wa ubora wa dawa, pamoja na vipimo vya umahiri. Shirika la IDDO linabainisha kuwa amechangia katika uundaji wa dawa za VVU zinazowafaa watoto, dawa za jeneriki na zana za kidijitali za kufanya tathmini ya ubora wa dawa katika maeneo ya vijijini na yaliyo mbali.<ref name="IDDO-Kaale">{{cite web |title=Professor Eliangiringa Kaale |url=https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale |website=Infectious Diseases Data Observatory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> === Ubora wa Dawa na Uchanganuzi wa Kifamasia === Kaale amechapisha tafiti kuhusu ubora wa dawa zinazouzwa katika maduka ya famasia na maduka ya dawa yaliyoidhinishwa (ADDO/Duka la Dawa Muhimu) nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaale |first1=Eliangiringa |last2=Manyanga |first2=Vicky |last3=Chambuso |first3=Mhina |last4=Liana |first4=Jaffary |last5=Rutta |first5=Edmund |last6=Embrey |first6=Martha |last7=Layloff |first7=Thomas |last8=Johnson |first8=Keith |title=The Quality of Selected Essential Medicines Sold in Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets and Pharmacies in Tanzania |journal=PLOS One |date=15 November 2016 |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=e0165785 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165785 |pmid=27846216 |pmc=5112859}}</ref> . Katika utafiti wa mwaka 2016 uliochapishwa kwenye jarida la ''PLOS ONE'', Kaale na wenzake walitathmini ubora wa dawa zilizochaguliwa za msingi zinazouzwa katika maduka ya dawa na famasia nchini Tanzania. Pia alikuwa mwandishi mwenza wa utafiti kuhusu matumizi ya simu za mkononi kusaidia mfumo wa kuthibitisha ukweli na ubora wa bidhaa za dawa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Hojeong |last2=Le |first2=Huy M. |last3=Kaale |first3=Eliangiringa |last4=Long |first4=Kenneth D. |last5=Layloff |first5=Thomas |last6=Lumetta |first6=Steven S. |last7=Cunningham |first7=Brian T. |title=Characterization of drug authenticity using thin-layer chromatography imaging with a mobile phone |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |date=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.016}}</ref> == Machapisho == Kaaya ametoa machapisho mbalimbali kama vile<ref name="ResearchGate-Kaale">{{cite web |title=Dr. Eliangiringa Kaale - ResearchGate Profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr-Eliangiringa-Kaale |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> * ''The Quality of Selected Essential Medicines Sold in Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets and Pharmacies in Tanzania (2016)'' * ''Characterization of drug authenticity using thin-layer chromatography imaging with a mobile phone (2016)'' * ''Medicines Regulation in Africa: Current State and Opportunities (2017)'' * ''Harmonization of medical products regulation: a key factor for improving regulatory capacity in the East African Community (2021)'' == Tanbihi== {{reflist}} 7mbi3hmrgl9p4ujkpvzugmrna61y5q3 1601081 1601072 2026-09-25T13:15:43Z SciFusion 76137 1601081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina=Eliangiringa Kaale |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Moshi, Tanzania |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=04 March 1971 |cheo=Profesa|kazi_yake=Mfamasia |picha=Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale, mfamasia na mtafiti mbobezi wa udhibiti na uimara wa ubora wa dawa.}} '''Eliangiringa Amos Kaale''' ni [[mfamasia]] na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya udhibiti wa dawa kutoka nchini Tanzania <ref>[https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale Wasifu wa Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale katika Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)]</ref>. Kazi na tafiti zake zimejikita zaidi katika uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa, uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, ufuatiliaji wa dawa zilizopo sokoni na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa Barani Afrika. Eliangiringa Kaale ni Profesa wa uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa na masuala ya udhibiti katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS)<ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/muhas-wadau-wajadili-mtaala-mpya-wa-usimamizi-na-ugavi-bidhaa-za-afya-5352336 Gazeti la Mwananchi: MUHAS na wadau wajadili mtaala mpya wa usimamizi na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya]</ref>.Pia amewahi kuwa mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Africa Oxford Initiative (AfOx Fellow)'' akishirikiana na kikundi cha ubora wa dawa cha ''Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)'' kilichopo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Yeye pia ni mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Georg Forster'' kwenye taasisi ya Alexander von Humboldt nchini Ujerumani.<ref>[https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale Ukurasa wa Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]</ref> == Elimu== Profesa Kaale alianzia elimu yake ya juu ya famasia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM), ambapo alitunukiwa shahada ya kwanza ya Famasia (B.Pharm) mwaka 1997. Baada ya hapo, aliendelea na masomo ya uzamili nchini [[Ubelgiji]] katika chuo kikuu cha [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], ambapo alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sayansi ya Famasia (M.Sc. Pharm. Sci.) mwaka 1999 na baadaye shahada ya uzamivu katika sayansi ya Famasia mwaka [[2003]].<ref name="AfricanScientists">{{cite web |title=Kaale - Academic Qualifications |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/kaale/ |website=African Scientists Directory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> Mwaka 2007, alipata stashahada ya juu ya Ufuatiliaji na tathmini kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2014, alikuwa mtafiti mshiriki mwandamizi wa ''Georg Forster'' katika taasisi ya famasia na kemia ya chakula kwenye chuo kikuu cha Julius Maximilian cha Würzburg nchini [[Ujerumani]].<ref name="Humboldt">{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Eliangiringa Kaale - Profile |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale |website=Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> <ref name="AfricanScientists">{{cite web |title=Kaale - Academic Qualifications |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/kaale/ |website=African Scientists Directory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Taaluma na uongozi == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya shahada ya uzamivu, Profesa Kaale alijiunga na kutoa mchango mkubwa katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS), ambapo alipanda ngazi za kitaaluma hadi kuwa Profesa Kamili wa Famasia mwaka 2018.<ref name="BioSpace">{{cite news |title=Serenus Biotherapeutics Names Accomplished Group Of Researchers To Scientific Advisory Board |url=https://www.biospace.com/serenus-biotherapeutics-names-accomplished-group-of-researchers-to-scientific-advisory-board |work=BioSpace |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> Katika utumishi wake ameshikilia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na kiutawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * '''Mkuu wa idara ya kemia ya dawa''': Akiongoza mafunzo na utafiti wa kemia ya dawa na uchanganuzi wa dawa. * '''Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi wa maabara ya utafiti na maendeleo ya famasia''' : Maabara hii imekuwa kituo muhimu nchini Tanzania na ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki kwa ajili ya kufanya uchanganuzi wa kiwango cha juu wa ubora wa dawa na maendeleo ya fomula za dawa. *''' Mratibu wa kituo cha kikanda cha umahiri cha udhibiti wa dawa '''(TMDA-MUHAS ''Regional Centre of Regulatory Excellence'' - RCORE): Akishirikiana na Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba (TMDA) kujenga uwezo wa kiutendaji na udhibiti wa dawa kwa wataalamu kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika. * '''Mhadhiri mwalikwa''': Amefanya kazi ya kufundisha na kushirikiana na vyuo vikuu vya kimataifa ikiwemo Chuo Kikuu cha Rwanda na Chuo Kikuu cha Würzburg cha Ujerumani. == Mchango ya Kitaalamu == Profesa Kaale ametoa mchango mkubwa katika mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na usalama wa afya ya jamii katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda na kimataifa: === Kitaifa na kikanda (Afrika Mashariki) === * Mwenyekiti wa bodi ya ushauri ya Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba Tanzania (TMDA)<ref>https://www.tmda.go.tz/pages/medicine-technical-committee</ref>: Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi inayotathmini usalama, ufanisi, na ubora wa dawa za binadamu kabla ya kusajiliwa na kuruhusiwa kutumika nchini Tanzania. * Mwenyekiti wa kamati ya viwango vya famasia katika Shirika la Viwango Tanzania (TBS): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi ya (TBS) inayoshughulikia viwango vya bidhaa za famasia. * Mratibu wa mpango wa uhakiki wa ubora wa nje wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC): Anaratibu mpango unaosaidia maabara za kupima dawa katika ukanda huo kudumisha viwango vya kimataifa vya uimara na usahihi wa vipimo. === Kimataifa === *Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Mfumo wa Viwango vya Dawa vya Kimataifa wa Shirika la Afya Duniani ([[Shirika la Afya Duniani|WHO]]) *Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Teknolojia za Ufuatiliaji na Ukaguzi wa Ubora wa Dawa (2015–2020) wa ''United States Pharmacopeial Convention'' (USP) *Mjumbe wa Bodi wa ''PharmaConnect Africa'' *Mshauri na Mtaalamu Mwelekezi wa Mapambano Dhidi ya Dawa Bandia na Zisizokidhi Viwango (SFMPs) wa Shirika la Maendeleo la Umoja wa Afrika (AUDA-NEPAD)<ref name="AUDA-SFMP">{{cite web |title=Call for Expression of Interest to join the African Working Group on Substandard and Falsified Medical Products |url=https://www.nepad.org/publication/call-expression-of-interest-join-african-working-group-substandard-and-falsified |website=AUDA-NEPAD |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IOL-SFMP">{{cite news |title=The six critical actions Africa must take to stop the deadly trade in fake, substandard medicines |url=https://iol.co.za/news/opinion/2025-07-11-the-six-critical-actions-africa-must-take-to-stop-the-deadly-trade-in-fake-substandard-medicines/ |work=IOL |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == Tuzo na nishani == *Tuzo ya Mfamasia Bora wa Mwaka kutoka ''Tanzania Health Summit'' (2023) *Ushirikiano wa Kukuza Elimu ya Famasia na Utafiti: Ufadhili kati ya Chuo Kikuu cha Muhimbili (MUHAS) na Chuo Kikuu cha Bergen (2019) *Tuzo ya Mchango Uliotukuka Katika Viwango (''USP Award for Outstanding Contribution to Standards'') kutoka ''United States Pharmacopeial Convention'' (2018)<ref>https://www.usp.org/news/volunteer-award-winners-2017</ref> *Ufadhili wa Kuimarisha Miundombinu ya Utafiti na Ugunduzi wa Dawa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili (MUHAS) (2018) *Tuzo na Ufadhili wa Utafiti wa Ulinganifu wa Kibiolojia: Mradi wa ulinganifu wa kibiolojia wa dawa za ''Amoxicillin'' na ''Captopril'' kwa ajili ya kuendeleza viwanda vya ndani Afrika Mashariki (2018) *Ufadhili wa Utafiti wa Georg Forster ''(Georg Forster Research Fellowship)'': Ulitolewa na Mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt, Ujerumani (2012) == Utafiti == Tafiti za Kaale zinahusisha uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, uundaji, uhakiki na ufuatiliaji wa ubora wa dawa, pamoja na vipimo vya umahiri. Shirika la IDDO linabainisha kuwa amechangia katika uundaji wa dawa za VVU zinazowafaa watoto, dawa za jeneriki na zana za kidijitali za kufanya tathmini ya ubora wa dawa katika maeneo ya vijijini na yaliyo mbali.<ref name="IDDO-Kaale">{{cite web |title=Professor Eliangiringa Kaale |url=https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale |website=Infectious Diseases Data Observatory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> === Ubora wa Dawa na Uchanganuzi wa Kifamasia === Kaale amechapisha tafiti kuhusu ubora wa dawa zinazouzwa katika maduka ya famasia na maduka ya dawa yaliyoidhinishwa (ADDO/Duka la Dawa Muhimu) nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaale |first1=Eliangiringa |last2=Manyanga |first2=Vicky |last3=Chambuso |first3=Mhina |last4=Liana |first4=Jaffary |last5=Rutta |first5=Edmund |last6=Embrey |first6=Martha |last7=Layloff |first7=Thomas |last8=Johnson |first8=Keith |title=The Quality of Selected Essential Medicines Sold in Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets and Pharmacies in Tanzania |journal=PLOS One |date=15 November 2016 |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=e0165785 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165785 |pmid=27846216 |pmc=5112859}}</ref> . Katika utafiti wa mwaka 2016 uliochapishwa kwenye jarida la ''PLOS ONE'', Kaale na wenzake walitathmini ubora wa dawa zilizochaguliwa za msingi zinazouzwa katika maduka ya dawa na famasia nchini Tanzania. Pia alikuwa mwandishi mwenza wa utafiti kuhusu matumizi ya simu za mkononi kusaidia mfumo wa kuthibitisha ukweli na ubora wa bidhaa za dawa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Hojeong |last2=Le |first2=Huy M. |last3=Kaale |first3=Eliangiringa |last4=Long |first4=Kenneth D. |last5=Layloff |first5=Thomas |last6=Lumetta |first6=Steven S. |last7=Cunningham |first7=Brian T. |title=Characterization of drug authenticity using thin-layer chromatography imaging with a mobile phone |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |date=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.016}}</ref> == Machapisho == Kaaya ametoa machapisho mbalimbali kama vile<ref name="ResearchGate-Kaale">{{cite web |title=Dr. Eliangiringa Kaale - ResearchGate Profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr-Eliangiringa-Kaale |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> * ''The Quality of Selected Essential Medicines Sold in Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets and Pharmacies in Tanzania (2016)'' * ''Characterization of drug authenticity using thin-layer chromatography imaging with a mobile phone (2016)'' * ''Medicines Regulation in Africa: Current State and Opportunities (2017)'' * ''Harmonization of medical products regulation: a key factor for improving regulatory capacity in the East African Community (2021)'' == Tanbihi== {{reflist}} 4nsfu685s0dn366p1ziul83acz6t59t 1601092 1601081 2026-09-25T13:16:52Z SciFusion 76137 1601092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina=Eliangiringa Kaale |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Moshi, Tanzania |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=04 March 1971 |cheo=Profesa|kazi_yake=Mfamasia |picha=Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale, mfamasia na mtafiti mbobezi wa udhibiti na uimara wa ubora wa dawa.}} '''Eliangiringa Amos Kaale''' ni [[mfamasia]] na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya udhibiti wa dawa kutoka nchini Tanzania <ref>[https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale Wasifu wa Prof. Eliangiringa Kaale katika Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)]</ref>. Kazi na tafiti zake zimejikita zaidi katika uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa, uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, ufuatiliaji wa dawa zilizopo sokoni na uimarishaji wa mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa Barani Afrika. Eliangiringa Kaale ni Profesa wa uhakiki wa ubora wa dawa na masuala ya udhibiti katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS)<ref>[https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/makala/afya/muhas-wadau-wajadili-mtaala-mpya-wa-usimamizi-na-ugavi-bidhaa-za-afya-5352336 Gazeti la Mwananchi: MUHAS na wadau wajadili mtaala mpya wa usimamizi na ugavi wa bidhaa za afya]</ref>.Pia amewahi kuwa mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Africa Oxford Initiative (AfOx Fellow)'' akishirikiana na kikundi cha ubora wa dawa cha ''Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)'' kilichopo [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Yeye pia ni mtafiti mshiriki wa ''Georg Forster'' kwenye taasisi ya Alexander von Humboldt nchini Ujerumani.<ref>[https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale Ukurasa wa Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]</ref> == Elimu== Profesa Kaale alianzia elimu yake ya juu ya famasia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM), ambapo alitunukiwa shahada ya kwanza ya Famasia (B.Pharm) mwaka 1997. Baada ya hapo, aliendelea na masomo ya uzamili nchini [[Ubelgiji]] katika chuo kikuu cha [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], ambapo alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sayansi ya Famasia (M.Sc. Pharm. Sci.) mwaka 1999 na baadaye shahada ya uzamivu katika sayansi ya Famasia mwaka [[2003]].<ref name="AfricanScientists">{{cite web |title=Kaale - Academic Qualifications |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/kaale/ |website=African Scientists Directory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> Mwaka 2007, alipata stashahada ya juu ya Ufuatiliaji na tathmini kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] nchini Afrika Kusini. Kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2014, alikuwa mtafiti mshiriki mwandamizi wa ''Georg Forster'' katika taasisi ya famasia na kemia ya chakula kwenye chuo kikuu cha Julius Maximilian cha Würzburg nchini [[Ujerumani]].<ref name="Humboldt">{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Eliangiringa Kaale - Profile |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1147811/prof-dr-eliangiringa-kaale |website=Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> == Taaluma na uongozi == Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake ya shahada ya uzamivu, Profesa Kaale alijiunga na kutoa mchango mkubwa katika Shule ya Famasia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili]] (MUHAS), ambapo alipanda ngazi za kitaaluma hadi kuwa Profesa Kamili wa Famasia mwaka 2018.<ref name="BioSpace">{{cite news |title=Serenus Biotherapeutics Names Accomplished Group Of Researchers To Scientific Advisory Board |url=https://www.biospace.com/serenus-biotherapeutics-names-accomplished-group-of-researchers-to-scientific-advisory-board |work=BioSpace |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> Katika utumishi wake ameshikilia nafasi mbalimbali za uongozi na kiutawala, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * '''Mkuu wa idara ya kemia ya dawa''': Akiongoza mafunzo na utafiti wa kemia ya dawa na uchanganuzi wa dawa. * '''Mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi wa maabara ya utafiti na maendeleo ya famasia''' : Maabara hii imekuwa kituo muhimu nchini Tanzania na ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki kwa ajili ya kufanya uchanganuzi wa kiwango cha juu wa ubora wa dawa na maendeleo ya fomula za dawa. *''' Mratibu wa kituo cha kikanda cha umahiri cha udhibiti wa dawa '''(TMDA-MUHAS ''Regional Centre of Regulatory Excellence'' - RCORE): Akishirikiana na Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba (TMDA) kujenga uwezo wa kiutendaji na udhibiti wa dawa kwa wataalamu kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika. * '''Mhadhiri mwalikwa''': Amefanya kazi ya kufundisha na kushirikiana na vyuo vikuu vya kimataifa ikiwemo Chuo Kikuu cha Rwanda na Chuo Kikuu cha Würzburg cha Ujerumani. == Mchango ya Kitaalamu == Profesa Kaale ametoa mchango mkubwa katika mifumo ya udhibiti wa dawa na usalama wa afya ya jamii katika ngazi ya kitaifa, kikanda na kimataifa: === Kitaifa na kikanda (Afrika Mashariki) === * Mwenyekiti wa bodi ya ushauri ya Mamlaka ya Dawa na Vifaa Tiba Tanzania (TMDA)<ref>https://www.tmda.go.tz/pages/medicine-technical-committee</ref>: Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi inayotathmini usalama, ufanisi, na ubora wa dawa za binadamu kabla ya kusajiliwa na kuruhusiwa kutumika nchini Tanzania. * Mwenyekiti wa kamati ya viwango vya famasia katika Shirika la Viwango Tanzania (TBS): Anaongoza kamati ya kiufundi ya (TBS) inayoshughulikia viwango vya bidhaa za famasia. * Mratibu wa mpango wa uhakiki wa ubora wa nje wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC): Anaratibu mpango unaosaidia maabara za kupima dawa katika ukanda huo kudumisha viwango vya kimataifa vya uimara na usahihi wa vipimo. === Kimataifa === *Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Mfumo wa Viwango vya Dawa vya Kimataifa wa Shirika la Afya Duniani ([[Shirika la Afya Duniani|WHO]]) *Mjumbe wa Jopo la Wataalamu wa Teknolojia za Ufuatiliaji na Ukaguzi wa Ubora wa Dawa (2015–2020) wa ''United States Pharmacopeial Convention'' (USP) *Mjumbe wa Bodi wa ''PharmaConnect Africa'' *Mshauri na Mtaalamu Mwelekezi wa Mapambano Dhidi ya Dawa Bandia na Zisizokidhi Viwango (SFMPs) wa Shirika la Maendeleo la Umoja wa Afrika (AUDA-NEPAD)<ref name="AUDA-SFMP">{{cite web |title=Call for Expression of Interest to join the African Working Group on Substandard and Falsified Medical Products |url=https://www.nepad.org/publication/call-expression-of-interest-join-african-working-group-substandard-and-falsified |website=AUDA-NEPAD |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="IOL-SFMP">{{cite news |title=The six critical actions Africa must take to stop the deadly trade in fake, substandard medicines |url=https://iol.co.za/news/opinion/2025-07-11-the-six-critical-actions-africa-must-take-to-stop-the-deadly-trade-in-fake-substandard-medicines/ |work=IOL |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == Tuzo na nishani == *Tuzo ya Mfamasia Bora wa Mwaka kutoka ''Tanzania Health Summit'' (2023) *Ushirikiano wa Kukuza Elimu ya Famasia na Utafiti: Ufadhili kati ya Chuo Kikuu cha Muhimbili (MUHAS) na Chuo Kikuu cha Bergen (2019) *Tuzo ya Mchango Uliotukuka Katika Viwango (''USP Award for Outstanding Contribution to Standards'') kutoka ''United States Pharmacopeial Convention'' (2018)<ref>https://www.usp.org/news/volunteer-award-winners-2017</ref> *Ufadhili wa Kuimarisha Miundombinu ya Utafiti na Ugunduzi wa Dawa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi cha Muhimbili (MUHAS) (2018) *Tuzo na Ufadhili wa Utafiti wa Ulinganifu wa Kibiolojia: Mradi wa ulinganifu wa kibiolojia wa dawa za ''Amoxicillin'' na ''Captopril'' kwa ajili ya kuendeleza viwanda vya ndani Afrika Mashariki (2018) *Ufadhili wa Utafiti wa Georg Forster ''(Georg Forster Research Fellowship)'': Ulitolewa na Mfuko wa Alexander von Humboldt, Ujerumani (2012) == Utafiti == Tafiti za Kaale zinahusisha uchanganuzi wa kifamasia, uundaji, uhakiki na ufuatiliaji wa ubora wa dawa, pamoja na vipimo vya umahiri. Shirika la IDDO linabainisha kuwa amechangia katika uundaji wa dawa za VVU zinazowafaa watoto, dawa za jeneriki na zana za kidijitali za kufanya tathmini ya ubora wa dawa katika maeneo ya vijijini na yaliyo mbali.<ref name="IDDO-Kaale">{{cite web |title=Professor Eliangiringa Kaale |url=https://www.iddo.org/eliangiringa-kaale |website=Infectious Diseases Data Observatory |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> === Ubora wa Dawa na Uchanganuzi wa Kifamasia === Kaale amechapisha tafiti kuhusu ubora wa dawa zinazouzwa katika maduka ya famasia na maduka ya dawa yaliyoidhinishwa (ADDO/Duka la Dawa Muhimu) nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaale |first1=Eliangiringa |last2=Manyanga |first2=Vicky |last3=Chambuso |first3=Mhina |last4=Liana |first4=Jaffary |last5=Rutta |first5=Edmund |last6=Embrey |first6=Martha |last7=Layloff |first7=Thomas |last8=Johnson |first8=Keith |title=The Quality of Selected Essential Medicines Sold in Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets and Pharmacies in Tanzania |journal=PLOS One |date=15 November 2016 |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=e0165785 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165785 |pmid=27846216 |pmc=5112859}}</ref> . Katika utafiti wa mwaka 2016 uliochapishwa kwenye jarida la ''PLOS ONE'', Kaale na wenzake walitathmini ubora wa dawa zilizochaguliwa za msingi zinazouzwa katika maduka ya dawa na famasia nchini Tanzania. Pia alikuwa mwandishi mwenza wa utafiti kuhusu matumizi ya simu za mkononi kusaidia mfumo wa kuthibitisha ukweli na ubora wa bidhaa za dawa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Hojeong |last2=Le |first2=Huy M. |last3=Kaale |first3=Eliangiringa |last4=Long |first4=Kenneth D. |last5=Layloff |first5=Thomas |last6=Lumetta |first6=Steven S. |last7=Cunningham |first7=Brian T. |title=Characterization of drug authenticity using thin-layer chromatography imaging with a mobile phone |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis |date=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.016}}</ref> == Machapisho == Kaaya ametoa machapisho mbalimbali kama vile<ref name="ResearchGate-Kaale">{{cite web |title=Dr. Eliangiringa Kaale - ResearchGate Profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr-Eliangiringa-Kaale |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2026-09-24}}</ref> * ''The Quality of Selected Essential Medicines Sold in Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets and Pharmacies in Tanzania (2016)'' * ''Characterization of drug authenticity using thin-layer chromatography imaging with a mobile phone (2016)'' * ''Medicines Regulation in Africa: Current State and Opportunities (2017)'' * ''Harmonization of medical products regulation: a key factor for improving regulatory capacity in the East African Community (2021)'' == Tanbihi== {{reflist}} 8lxmiszrjzhclps48azfhkgnic1ilav 0 250993 1601358 1599973 2026-09-25T15:28:25Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arron Matthew Oberholser''' (alizaliwa [[2 Februari]] [[1975]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa San Luis Obispo, [[California]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha San Jose State. Alishinda AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am mwaka [[2006]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. Alifikia nafasi ya 22 duniani mwaka [[2007]]. Baada ya kustaafu kutokana na majeraha, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye Golf Channel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.golfchannel.com/topics/people/arron-oberholser.htm |title=Arron Oberholser |work=Golf Channel |access-date=September 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golf-central-blog/one-time-tiger-arron-oberholser/ |title=One Time With Tiger: Arron Oberholser |last=Lavner |first=Ryan |date=November 28, 2016 |work=Golf Channel |access-date=September 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906153948/http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golf-central-blog/one-time-tiger-arron-oberholser/ |archive-date=September 6, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n9f2dvrga84tbi4toi1g8jtfhnb3ejs 0 251031 1601354 1600263 2026-09-25T15:26:49Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allen Lee Geiberger Sr.''' (alizaliwa [[1 Septemba]] [[1937]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Red Bluff, [[California]] na alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Southern California mwaka [[1959]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na PGA Championship mwaka [[1966]]. Mwaka [[1977]], alikua mchezaji wa kwanza kufunga chini ya 60 katika mashindano ya PGA Tour kwa kupiga 59 katika Danny Thomas Memphis Classic. Alishinda pia mataji 10 ya Champions Tour. Alishiriki katika Ryder Cup mwaka [[1967]] na [[1975]].<ref name="about">{{cite web |last=Kelley |first=Brent |title=Al Geiberger profile |url=http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/al_geiberger.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416062730/http://golf.about.com/od/golfersmen/p/al_geiberger.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |access-date=July 12, 2013 |publisher=About.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ballard |first=Sarah |date=May 15, 1989 |title=Building A New Life: Thanks to his family and to senior golf, Al Geiberger has another chance at happiness |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1989/05/15/building-a-new-life-thanks-to-his-family-and-to-senior-golf-al-geiberger-has-another-chance-at-happiness |access-date=January 13, 2015 |magazine=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hnliirelfmr6qo8tivuatbqacmtuth4 0 251033 1601351 1600266 2026-09-25T15:22:34Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carl Pettersson''' (alizaliwa [[29 Agosti]] [[1977]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Uswidi]]. Alizaliwa [[Gothenburg]], Uswidi na alianza kucheza gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka 10. Alihamia [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] nchini [[Marekani]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 na alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha North Carolina State. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Wyndham Championship mwaka [[2008]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://thefriedegg.com/swedish-pancake-club-ranked/ |title=The Swedish Pancake Club, Ranked |magazine=The Fried Egg |first=Andy |last=Johnson |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3gg3kvybrpcf2wiwksxpxfuwtlqwol2 1601352 1601351 2026-09-25T15:23:50Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carl Pettersson''' (alizaliwa [[29 Agosti]] [[1977]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Uswidi]]. Alizaliwa [[Gothenburg]], Uswidi na alianza kucheza gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka 10. Alihamia [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] nchini [[Marekani]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 na alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha North Carolina State. Alishinda mataji 5 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Wyndham Championship mwaka [[2008]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://thefriedegg.com/swedish-pancake-club-ranked/ |title=The Swedish Pancake Club, Ranked |magazine=The Fried Egg |first=Andy |last=Johnson |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] j069pnimozchqtvh651atwsreo5z1e1 0 251061 1601355 1600526 2026-09-25T15:27:26Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Andrew Bean''' ( [[13 Machi]] [[1953]] – [[14 Oktoba]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa Lafayette,[[Georgia]] na alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Florida, ambako alishinda ubingwa wa NCAA mwaka [[1973]]. Alishinda mataji 11 ya PGA Tour kati ya [[1977]] na [[1986]]. Alijulikana kwa hadithi ya kushika mamba mkia wakati wa mashindano ya [[1975]]. Alifariki [[14 Oktoba]] [[2023]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 70 kutokana na tatizo la upasuaji wa mapafu.<ref name="fshofprofile">{{cite web |publisher=Florida Sports Hall of Fame, Inductees |url=https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-Cav4WgUC7Ls/TXWavumWotI/AAAAAAAAAL0/KwjW5IF2oo0/s1600/Andy%20Bean%20-%202000.jpg |title=Andy Bean (2000) |access-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] nb9ltjwuovrzmkblc1z9iytdna83akt 0 251064 1601395 1600533 2026-09-25T17:09:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Dickson Armour III''' (alizaliwa [[1959]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Ni mjukuu wa [[Tommy Armour]], mshindi wa mashindano makubwa matatu. Alianza kucheza gofu kwa msaada wa wazazi wake. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Valero Texas Open mwaka [[2003]] kwa rekodi ya mashindano ya 254. Alishinda pia mataji 2 ya Champions Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/player/01035/tommy-armour-iii/bio |title=Tommy Armour III – Bio |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=September 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kelley |first=Brent |title=Lowest 72-Hole Stroke Total on PGA Tour |url=http://golf.about.com/od/progolftours/qt/lowscore72hole.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=January 16, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521145229/http://golf.about.com/od/progolftours/qt/lowscore72hole.htm |archivedate=2016-05-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3oxflq1p7utbbdp7xw01on9zkdx2bka 0 251090 1601233 1600580 2026-09-25T14:04:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Steven John Wheatcroft''' (alizaliwa [[21 Februari]] [[1978]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Indiana]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana. Aligeuka kuwa mtaalamu mwaka [[2001]]. Alishinda mataji 2 ya Korn Ferry Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na Melwood Prince George's County Open mwaka [[2011]] kwa tofauti ya vibao 12, rekodi ya tour hiyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ind/sports/m-golf/auto_pdf/2013-14/misc_non_event/MGOLFRecordsSept2013.pdf |title=Indiana Men's Golf: History and Records |publisher=Indiana Hoosiers |page=33 |accessdate=January 31, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121841/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ind/sports/m-golf/auto_pdf/2013-14/misc_non_event/MGOLFRecordsSept2013.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fp7wuqa0gxgknbp1pwjdbxza2h3f2hc 0 251110 1601543 1600637 2026-09-26T01:51:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ángel de la Torre''' ([[30 Novemba]] [[1896]] – [[28 Agosti]] [[1983]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Uhispania]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya The Open Championship mwaka [[1928]], [[1929]], na [[1930]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa kwanza wa Uhispania kushiriki katika mashindano makubwa ya gofu.<ref name="Chicago Tribune">{{cite web |title=Angel de la Torree longtime golf pro |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1983/09/02/page/34/article/angel-de-la-torre-longtime-golf-pro |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=2 September 1983 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162440/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1983/09/02/page/34/article/angel-de-la-torre-longtime-golf-pro/ |archivedate=2017-09-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1896]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1983]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Uhispania]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Uhispania]] 18w3yk7h19osc5xbu11vwbb52cv1n6k 0 251117 1601770 1600669 2026-09-26T10:36:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Cabot Sherman Jr.''' ([[22 Julai]], [[1943]] – [[26 Juni]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa sanamu ya [[vijana]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/3338835/bobby-sherman-turns-73-a-look-back-at-his-career-and-where-hes-been-for-the-past-30-years/ |title=Bobby Sherman Turns 73: A Look Back at His Career and Where He's Been for the Past 30 Years |publisher=inquisitr.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301133153/https://www.inquisitr.com/3338835/bobby-sherman-turns-73-a-look-back-at-his-career-and-where-hes-been-for-the-past-30-years |archivedate=2024-03-01 |accessdate=2026-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Citizen>{{cite magazine| last1=Laurent |first1=Lawrence | title=Bobby Sherman Bridges Age Gap |magazine= [[Tucson Citizen]]|date=August 13, 1971 | page=27}}</ref><ref name=BubbleGum>{{cite magazine| last1=Orloff |first1=Kathy | title=Bubble Gum Bobby and Micro-Boppers |magazine= [[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 8, 1970 | page=Ten}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1943|2025}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] rbt1w8ocyixcccrm3d79qp4dbceowsa 0 251123 1601370 1600700 2026-09-25T15:41:40Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Byron Smith''' (alizaliwa [[31 Machi]], [[1981]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Palm Springs, California]] na alishinda taji 1 la Korn Ferry Tour na amecheza katika PGA Tour. Mnamo mwaka wa 2001, Smith alianza kucheza kama mchezaji wa kulipwa. Mnamo mwaka wa 2005, alishiriki kwa mara ya kwanza katika mashindano ya Canadian Tour, lakini hakupata mafanikio makubwa hadi mwaka wa 2007. Katika msimu wake wa Canadian Tour wa mwaka wa 2007, alishinda mara mbili, akamaliza katika nafasi kumi za juu mara tano, na kujipatia mapato ya zaidi ya dola 89,000.<ref>https://www.pgatour.com/player/28023/byron-smith</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] dh67ztm8a5shk8dx8fe1drjfwiad9gh 0 251174 1601548 1600788 2026-09-26T02:46:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 1601548 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abid Mohammadi''' (alizaliwa 31 Desemba 2002) ni mchezaji wa kriketi wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1161047.html "Abid Mohammadi".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 April 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Kabul katika [[Mashindano]] ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2019 tarehe 22 Aprili 2019. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya Orodha A akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Nangarhar katika [[Kombe]] la Changamoto la Mikoa la Afghanistan la 2019 tarehe 31 Julai 2019. Alikuwa mwanachama wa kikosi cha Afghanistan katika Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi la Wachezaji Chini ya Miaka 19 la 2020.<ref>[https://www.cricket.af/post/afghanistan-u19-squad-announced-for-icc-u19-world-cup "Afghanistan U19 squad announced for ICC U19 World Cup".] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cricket.af/post/afghanistan-u19-squad-announced-for-icc-u19-world-cup |date=20191208083124 }} Afghanistan Cricket Board. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1c8hqr5n1bjjph2wbfge1et04elwpbc 0 251176 1601348 1600796 2026-09-25T15:14:33Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asadullah Matani''' (alizaliwa 10 Oktoba 1998) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1015503.html "Asadullah Matani".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya Orodha A akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Band-e-Amir katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ghazi Amanullah Khan ya Siku Moja ya Kikanda ya 2017 tarehe 16 Agosti 2017. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Amo katika Mashindano ya Siku Nne ya Ahmad Shah Abdali ya 2017–18 tarehe 20 Oktoba 2017. Mnamo Septemba 2018, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Balkh katika msimu wa kwanza wa [[Ligi]] Kuu ya Afghanistan. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa Twenty20 tarehe 7 Septemba 2020, akiwakilisha Amo Sharks katika Ligi ya Kriketi ya Shpageeza ya 2020.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1229740.html "2nd Match, Kabul, Sep 7 2020, Shpageeza Cricket League".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ljd086rivobm81h5jxuqis1jmdkqxb6 0 251195 1600995 1600839 2026-09-25T12:06:17Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1600995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ellona Rano Santiago''' (alizaliwa [[1 Agosti]], [[1996]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Ufilipino]]. Alikuwa mshiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni cha [[Marekani]] ''The X Factor (U.S. TV series)''.<ref name="brava.org">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.brava.org/current-shows/current-shows/inspired/#.UwGcCmKSxzp |title=Brava Theater Center :: INSPIRED |access-date=2014-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003716/http://www.brava.org/current-shows/current-shows/inspired/#.UwGcCmKSxzp |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1996|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] km4l8wfysxqoe3cfi8mc2olevbpzilf 0 251203 1601106 1600864 2026-09-25T13:18:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juan Carlos Bidegain Hananía''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa El Salvador ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama waziri wa mambo ya ndani katika baraza la mawaziri la Nayib Bukele.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Univision|title=Ministro de gobernación de El Salvador habría nacido en dos países el mismo día, según documentos obtenidos por Univision|url=https://www.univision.com/noticias/america-latina/juan-carlos-bidegain-hanania-acta-nacimiento-salvador-mexico|access-date=2023-10-23|website=Univision|language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] pyq5kv347ygt00m3n99iznumij6ah2n 0 251213 1600997 1600889 2026-09-25T12:13:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1600997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea''' ([[16 Desemba]] [[1899]] – [[9 Januari]] [[1966]]) alikuwa rais wa muda wa El Salvador kati ya tarehe 25 Januari na tarehe 1 Julai 1962.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_IV_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf |title=Historia del Órgano Legislativo de la República de El Salvador 1824-2006: 1936-2006 |access-date=2019-03-09 |archive-date=2019-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706085226/https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_IV_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1899]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1966]] 3ub047xqfe0qoktscmmo13tg3suoe1k 0 251218 1601337 1600910 2026-09-25T14:48:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mario Edgardo Durán Gavidia''' (alizaliwa [[3 Aprili]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mfanyabiashara wa [[El Salvador]]. Gavidia amefanya kazi katika utawala wa umma tangu mwaka 2012, alikuwa Waziri wa mambo ya ndani katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Rais Nayib Bukele, na tangu tarehe 1 Mei 2021 amekuwa meya wa San Salvador.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/nacional/mario-duran-alcaldia-san-salvador-elecciones-elsalvador/811744/2021/|title=Mario Durán, exministro de Gobernación, es el nuevo alcalde de San Salvador|date=1 March 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1983]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] kuhdi95n5i7v2594tq7rdcjoqxkn4hk 0 251219 1601386 1600911 2026-09-25T16:46:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pedro José Escalón''' ([[25 Machi]] [[1847]] – [[6 Septemba]] [[1923]]) alizaliwa mjini Santa Ana, [[El Salvador]]. Mnamo mwaka 1865 alifunga ndoa na Elena Rodríguez (aliyefariki 3 Desemba 1921) wakipata watoto watatu: Dolores, Federico na Pedro.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=theodorerooseveltcenter |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o53517}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1847]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1923]] 8rpi67la7pgof2tks1u9rthnmunus77 0 251243 1601038 1600963 2026-09-25T13:11:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James J. Hines''' ( [[29 Desemba]] [[1903]] – [[11 Mei]] [[1986]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour. Alifariki mwaka [[1986]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Hines Signs as New Golf Pro at Lakeville |newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |date=October 27, 1937 |page=14 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/686111135/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1903]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1986]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 9vzqvqv4ptaifklcxv4ijoppd3047kx 0 251244 1601390 1600965 2026-09-25T16:59:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ray Vasquez''' ([[12 Februari]], [[1924]] – [[25 Januari]], [[2019]]), anayejulikana pia kama '''Ray Victor''', alikuwa [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mpiga tromboni na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]], na alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika tasnia ya Latin jazz kuanzia mwaka 1940 hadi 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/rayvasquez|title=Ray Vasquez @ All About Jazz|first=All About|last=Jazz|website=All About Jazz Musicians}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0896145/|publisher=IMDb|title=Ray Victor}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1924|2019}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] kd8bgcretcpwg2ae2zbughwalkwno8w 0 251250 1601001 2026-09-25T12:32:51Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Hilderaldo Bellini | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Bellini, jogador de futebol, 1961.tif | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bellini mwaka 1961 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1930|6|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Itapira]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|2014|3|20|1930|6|7|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[São Paulo]], Brazil | sababu_ya_ki...' 1601001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Hilderaldo Bellini | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Bellini, jogador de futebol, 1961.tif | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bellini mwaka 1961 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1930|6|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Itapira]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|2014|3|20|1930|6|7|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[São Paulo]], Brazil | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kati | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.85 m | uzito = }} '''Hilderaldo Luiz Bellini''' (7 Juni 1930 – 20 Machi 2014) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Brazil]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki wa kati na alitambulika nchini Brazil kama mmoja wa mabeki bora kuwahi kutokea nchini humo. == Maisha == Katika kazi yake ya soka, alichezea klabu za [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://netvasco.com/n/338566/ha-94-anos-nascia-o-idolo-bellini |title=Há 94 anos nascia o ídolo Bellini |publisher=netvasco |language=Portuguese |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|Sao Paulo FC]], na [[Clube Atlético Paranaense|Atletico Paranaense]], na alikuwa Mbrazil wa kwanza kuinua kombe la [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mnamo mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1958|1958]]. Alishinda Kombe la Dunia lingine mnamo mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1962|1962]] na pia alishiriki katika kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1966 tena akiwa nahodha wa timu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=63862/index.html |title=FIFA.com - BELLINI |publisher=FIFA |language=English |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513234630/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=63862/index.html |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> Alipewa heshima ya kujengewa sanamu kwenye eneo la kuingia la uwanja wa [[Maracanã (stadium)|Maracana]], inayomwonyesha akiinua kombe la kombe la Dunia la mwaka 1958. Mwishoni mwa kazi yake ya kimataifa kuanzia mwaka 1957 hadi 1966 akiwa na Brazil, alicheza jumla ya mechi 51 za kimataifa<ref>{{cite web |title=Hideraldo Luiz Bellini - International Appearances |publisher=RSSSF |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/bellini-intl.html |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> akiwa nahodha wakati wa mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1958 nchini [[Uswidi]]. Bellini anasifiwa kwa kuanzisha utamaduni wa kuinua kombe juu angani katika mchezo wa mpira wa miguu. Alifanya hivi mara ya kwanza ili wapiga picha waweze kuliona kombe vizuri zaidi, na baada ya picha hizo kusambazwa duniani kote, kitendo hicho kikawa ishara rasmi ya ushindi. Bellini alifariki dunia mnamo 20 Machi 2014, akiwa na umri wa miaka 83, mjini Sao Paulo, kutokana na matatizo yaliyosababishwa na ugonjwa wa [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer]] yaliyopelekea mshtuko wa moyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esporte.uol.com.br/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2014/03/20/capitao-do-primeiro-titulo-mundial-do-brasil-bellini-morre-aos-83-anos.htm |title=Capitão do primeiro título mundial do Brasil, Bellini morre aos 83 anos |publisher=UOL |date=20 March 2014 |language=Portuguese |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> Muda mfupi baada ya kifo chake mwaka 2014, aligundulika pia kuwa na tatizo la majeraha ya ubongo yanayotokana na kugongana kichwa mara kwa mara. Bellini, pamoja na [[Pelé|Pele]], [[Didi (footballer, born 1928)|Didi]], na [[Garrincha]], waliongoza Brazil kutwaa mataji ya Kombe la Dunia la FIFA mnamo mwaka 1958 na 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2014/09/23/brazilian-soccer-star-bellini-has-cte-diagnosed-just-as-fifa-revamps-concussion-protocol/ |title=Brazilian soccer star Bellini has CTE diagnosed just as FIFA revamps concussion protocol |publisher=The Washington Post |date=23 September 2014 |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] bzqzspbot4bg8b38ywylk7bhcux0inh 0 251251 1601002 2026-09-25T12:33:25Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Cornelius Palmer''' ( [[3 Julai]] [[1918]] – [[14 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/story/9662414 |title=Former PGA Tour player Johnny Palmer dies |publisher=PGA Tour |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231336/http://www.pgatour.com/story/9662414/ |archivedate=June 3, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{r...' 1601002 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Cornelius Palmer''' ( [[3 Julai]] [[1918]] – [[14 Septemba]] [[2006]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/story/9662414 |title=Former PGA Tour player Johnny Palmer dies |publisher=PGA Tour |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231336/http://www.pgatour.com/story/9662414/ |archivedate=June 3, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2006]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] qs5qcsnvoxt0pq3ygcl2x0d8gbfkgx9 0 251252 1601003 2026-09-25T12:36:09Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Junius Joseph "Jay" Hebert''' ( [[14 Februari]] [[1923]] – [[25 Mei]] [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa St. Martinville,[[Louisiana]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1960]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=jhrtwpwt>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pMlaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PWwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7455%2C5708552 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |last=Gundelfinger |first=...' 1601003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Junius Joseph "Jay" Hebert''' ( [[14 Februari]] [[1923]] – [[25 Mei]] [[1997]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa St. Martinville,[[Louisiana]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1960]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref name=jhrtwpwt>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pMlaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PWwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7455%2C5708552 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |last=Gundelfinger |first=Phil |title=Jay Hebert Rallies to Win PGA With 281 |date=July 25, 1960 |pages=20, 23}}</ref><ref name=mrabmi>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1960/08/01/588765/mr-abear-makes-it<!--http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1071608/index.htm--> |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |last=Wright |first=Alfred |title=Mr. 'a-bear' Makes It |date=August 1, 1960 |page=12}}</ref><ref name=gdxldr>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1961/07/24/586575/golf-dixieland-and-dirty-rice<!-- http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1072800/index.htm--> |magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Cave |first=Ray |title=Golf, Dixieland And Dirty Rice |date=July 24, 1961 |page=24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 7tp78af76547sctuveguwocdpw67qui 0 251253 1601004 2026-09-25T12:38:42Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lionel Paul Hebert''' ( [[20 Januari]] [[1928]] – [[30 Desemba]] [[2000]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Lafayette, Louisiana]] na alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1957]].<ref name="hbfipgafi">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=38ZRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2GsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7311%2C3125400 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |agency=Associated Press |title=Hebert Beats Finsterwald in PGA...' 1601004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lionel Paul Hebert''' ( [[20 Januari]] [[1928]] – [[30 Desemba]] [[2000]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Lafayette, Louisiana]] na alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1957]].<ref name="hbfipgafi">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=38ZRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2GsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7311%2C3125400 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |agency=Associated Press |title=Hebert Beats Finsterwald in PGA Final, 2–1 |date=July 22, 1957 |page=21 |access-date=February 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="gdxldr">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1961/07/24/586575/golf-dixieland-and-dirty-rice<!--http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1072800/index.htm -->|magazine=Sports Illustrated |last=Cave |first=Ray |title=Golf, Dixieland And Dirty Rice |date=July 24, 1961 |page=24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] mjc54qky3ls2j8hmk9cd49w3boc4nou 0 251254 1601006 2026-09-25T12:43:03Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Billy Joe Maxwell''' ( [[23 Julai]] [[1929]] - [[20 Septemba]] [[2021]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Abilene, Texas]] na alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1951]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven-time Tour winner Billy Maxwell, a former Ryder Cup player, passes away |url=https://www.pgatour.com/news/2021/09/20/billy-maxwell-eight-time-pga-tour-winner-dies-age-92.html |publishe...' 1601006 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Billy Joe Maxwell''' ( [[23 Julai]] [[1929]] - [[20 Septemba]] [[2021]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Abilene, Texas]] na alishinda U.S. Amateur mwaka [[1951]]. Alishinda mataji 7 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven-time Tour winner Billy Maxwell, a former Ryder Cup player, passes away |url=https://www.pgatour.com/news/2021/09/20/billy-maxwell-eight-time-pga-tour-winner-dies-age-92.html |publisher=[[PGA Tour]] |date=September 20, 2021 |access-date=September 20, 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] 93cg4jqbv4qw46ekglsqkkviukoxz7g 0 251255 1601007 2026-09-25T12:44:17Z JUSCAR KARUBAMBA 72293 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/235160409|Aminata Traoré Bagayoko]]" 1601007 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aminata Traoré Bagayoko''', aliyezaliwa {{Date|17 Agosti 1964}} huko [[San, Mali|San]], ni mwanasiasa [[Mali|wa Mali]] na mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake. == Kazi == Aminata Traoré Bagayoko, mzaliwa wa San, inchini Mali, ni mwanasiasa wa Mali anayejulikana kwa kutetea haki za wanawake na kushiriki katika miradi ya maendeleo ya eneo. Ana uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka 17 katika kupanga na kusimamia miradi, akiwa na utaalamu katika mipango ya kimkakati, maendeleo ya taasisi, uchambuzi wa masuala ya kijinsia, haki za binadamu na kazi za kijamii , Ni mmoja wa waanzilishi wa chama cha kukuza wanawake na watoto nchini Mali (Aprofem) ,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Le|last=Matin|title=L’honorable Bagayoko Aminata TRAORE élue à San : Une femme battante et engagée ! {{!}} maliweb.net|url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/lhonorable-bagayoko-aminata-traore-elue-san-femme-battante-engagee-203454.html|date=2014-03-20|accessdate=2024-05-07}}</ref> Aminata Traoré alikuwa mkurugenzi mtendaji wake kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi kabla ya kuwa mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wakurugenzi. Ushiriki wa Aminata Traoré katika michakato ya uchaguzi ulianza na kuteuliwa kwake kama rais wa Tume Huru ya Kitaifa ya Uchaguzi (CENI) kwa uchaguzi wa manispaa wa mwaka 2004. Kisha akawa mratibu mkuu wa eneo la Koulikoro na kuwakilisha balozi za Mali nchini [[Gabon]], Jamhuri ya [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji|Kongo]] na [[Angola]] wakati wa uchaguzi wa rais na wabunge wa [[2007]] . Ndani ya CENI, alishikilia nafasi za mshindi wa pili na rais wa kamati ndogo ya mawasiliano. Akiwa mgombea wa chama cha Rally for Mali (RPM), taaluma ya kisiasa ya Aminata Traoré ilifikia kilele chake kwa kuchaguliwa kwake katika uchaguzi wa wabunge wa Mali wa 2013.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010184048/http://www.fes-mali.org/images/Annuaire_Assemblee_Nationale.pdf|title=L'Assemblée nationale du Mali - 5ème législature - un guide à l'usage des élus, des citoyens et des partenaires|last=Dr Zeïni Moulaye, Dr Amatou Keita, Dr Salabary Doumbia|publisher=[[Fondation Friedrich-Ebert]]|year=2015|page=255|format=pdf}}</ref> Alichaguliwa katika Bunge la Kitaifa katika jimbo la San kwa asilimia 60.11 katika raundi ya pili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Le|last=Pays|title=Bagayoko Aminata TRAORE élue à San : Une flèche d’espoir des femmes à l’hémicycle {{!}} maliweb.net|url=https://www.maliweb.net/politique/bagayoko-aminata-traore-elue-a-san-une-fleche-despoir-des-femmes-a-lhemicycle-187496.html|date=2013-12-30|accessdate=2024-05-07}}</ref> katika uchaguzi wa wabunge wa Mali wa 2020 Aligombea tena ,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Ousmane M. Traoré|title=Législatives du 29 mars : Que deviennent les anciennes têtes de 2013 ?|url=https://www.maliweb.net/politique/legislatives-du-29-mars-que-deviennent-les-anciennes-tetes-de-2013-2866271.html|date=4 avril 2020|accessdate=18 janvier 2022}}</ref> hata hivyo, hakuchaguliwa tena. == Familia == Binti yake, Awa Meité, ni mbunifu na mpangaji mitindo.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Awa Meité|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/109231/archives-thematique/awa-meit/|date=13 décembre 2004|accessdate=2026-04-14}}</ref> == Marejeleo == me7nyeojkb4cnlr2vi4wo4zvnbc2qhh 1601345 1601007 2026-09-25T15:10:40Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aminata Traoré Bagayoko''', aliyezaliwa {{Date|17 Agosti 1964}} huko [[San, Mali|San]], ni mwanasiasa [[Mali|wa Mali]] na mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake. == Kazi == Aminata Traoré Bagayoko, mzaliwa wa San, inchini Mali, ni mwanasiasa wa Mali anayejulikana kwa kutetea haki za wanawake na kushiriki katika miradi ya maendeleo ya eneo. Ana uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka 17 katika kupanga na kusimamia miradi, akiwa na utaalamu katika mipango ya kimkakati, maendeleo ya taasisi, uchambuzi wa masuala ya kijinsia, haki za binadamu na kazi za kijamii , Ni mmoja wa waanzilishi wa chama cha kukuza wanawake na watoto nchini Mali (Aprofem) ,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Le|last=Matin|title=L’honorable Bagayoko Aminata TRAORE élue à San : Une femme battante et engagée ! {{!}} maliweb.net|url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/lhonorable-bagayoko-aminata-traore-elue-san-femme-battante-engagee-203454.html|date=2014-03-20|accessdate=2024-05-07}}</ref> Aminata Traoré alikuwa mkurugenzi mtendaji wake kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi kabla ya kuwa mwenyekiti wa bodi ya wakurugenzi. Ushiriki wa Aminata Traoré katika michakato ya uchaguzi ulianza na kuteuliwa kwake kama rais wa Tume Huru ya Kitaifa ya Uchaguzi (CENI) kwa uchaguzi wa manispaa wa mwaka 2004. Kisha akawa mratibu mkuu wa eneo la Koulikoro na kuwakilisha balozi za Mali nchini [[Gabon]], Jamhuri ya [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji|Kongo]] na [[Angola]] wakati wa uchaguzi wa rais na wabunge wa [[2007]] . Ndani ya CENI, alishikilia nafasi za mshindi wa pili na rais wa kamati ndogo ya mawasiliano. Akiwa mgombea wa chama cha Rally for Mali (RPM), taaluma ya kisiasa ya Aminata Traoré ilifikia kilele chake kwa kuchaguliwa kwake katika uchaguzi wa wabunge wa Mali wa 2013.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010184048/http://www.fes-mali.org/images/Annuaire_Assemblee_Nationale.pdf|title=L'Assemblée nationale du Mali - 5ème législature - un guide à l'usage des élus, des citoyens et des partenaires|last=Dr Zeïni Moulaye, Dr Amatou Keita, Dr Salabary Doumbia|publisher=[[Fondation Friedrich-Ebert]]|year=2015|page=255|format=pdf}}</ref> Alichaguliwa katika Bunge la Kitaifa katika jimbo la San kwa asilimia 60.11 katika raundi ya pili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Le|last=Pays|title=Bagayoko Aminata TRAORE élue à San : Une flèche d’espoir des femmes à l’hémicycle {{!}} maliweb.net|url=https://www.maliweb.net/politique/bagayoko-aminata-traore-elue-a-san-une-fleche-despoir-des-femmes-a-lhemicycle-187496.html|date=2013-12-30|accessdate=2024-05-07}}</ref>Katika uchaguzi wa wabunge wa Mali wa 2020 Aligombea tena ,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Ousmane M. Traoré|title=Législatives du 29 mars : Que deviennent les anciennes têtes de 2013 ?|url=https://www.maliweb.net/politique/legislatives-du-29-mars-que-deviennent-les-anciennes-tetes-de-2013-2866271.html|date=4 avril 2020|accessdate=18 janvier 2022}}</ref> hata hivyo, hakuchaguliwa tena. == Familia == Binti yake, Awa Meité, ni mbunifu na mpangaji mitindo.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Awa Meité|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/109231/archives-thematique/awa-meit/|date=13 décembre 2004|accessdate=2026-04-14}}</ref> == Marejeleo == e8hwjl0jx8k5fwwvtb0g70is8jp07l6 0 251256 1601008 2026-09-25T12:45:55Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jackson Donald Fleck''' ( [[8 Novemba]] [[1921]] – [[21 Machi]] [[2014]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1955]] kwa kumshinda [[Ben Hogan]] katika playoff. <ref name=yv55usord5>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=niFcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TVUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=803%2C1803645 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |agency=Associated Press |title=Jack Fleck Registers 69 to Beat Ben Hogan...' 1601008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jackson Donald Fleck''' ( [[8 Novemba]] [[1921]] – [[21 Machi]] [[2014]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda U.S. Open mwaka [[1955]] kwa kumshinda [[Ben Hogan]] katika playoff. <ref name=yv55usord5>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=niFcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TVUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=803%2C1803645 |work=Youngstown Vindicator |agency=Associated Press |title=Jack Fleck Registers 69 to Beat Ben Hogan by 3 Strokes for National Open Title |last=Grimsley |first=Will |date=June 20, 1955 |page=7}}</ref><ref name=sinj55>{{cite magazine |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1129837/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213062811/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1129837/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |title=Jack, The Giant Killer |last=Wind |first=Herbert Warren |author-link=Herbert Warren Wind |date=June 27, 1955 |pages=17–23}}</ref><ref name=hwhh>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-11-sp-12007-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |last=Bonk |first=Thomas |title=He wasn't Hogan's hero |date=June 11, 1995 |access-date=January 12, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 5k45c22tadfbze6ckqz4sbhjhgjq30c 0 251257 1601010 2026-09-25T12:48:17Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lon Currey Hinkle''' (alizaliwa [[17 Julai]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Flint, Michigan]] na alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf Major Championships |url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=443 |accessdate=January 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.toledohistorybox.com/2011/07/19/the-hinkle-tree/ The Hinkle Tree]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mt...' 1601010 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lon Currey Hinkle''' (alizaliwa [[17 Julai]] [[1949]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Flint, Michigan]] na alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf Major Championships |url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=443 |accessdate=January 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.toledohistorybox.com/2011/07/19/the-hinkle-tree/ The Hinkle Tree]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] q5opyoegc550shhrxdvlvheul3evjcr 0 251258 1601011 2026-09-25T12:49:25Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Bobby Moore | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = Bobby moore elgrafico 1970.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Moore mwaka 1970 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1941|4|12|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Barking, London|Barking]], Essex, Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1993|2|24|1941|4|12|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Putney]], London, U...' 1601011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Bobby Moore | nchi = Uingereza | majina_mengine = | picha = Bobby moore elgrafico 1970.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Moore mwaka 1970 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1941|4|12|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Barking, London|Barking]], Essex, Uingereza | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1993|2|24|1941|4|12|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Putney]], London, Uingereza | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.78 m | uzito = }} '''Robert Frederick Chelsea Moore''' (12 Aprili 1941 – 24 Februari 1993) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa nahodha wa [[West Ham United]] kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi, na alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya Uingereza iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1966. Anachukuliwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama mmoja wa mabeki bora zaidi katika historia ya mpira wa miguu, na alitajwa na [[Pelé|Pele]] kama beki bora zaidi aliyewahi kucheza dhidi yake.<ref name="bobbymoore19412">{{cite web |url=http://www.bobbymoore.co.uk/Quotes.html |title=Bobby Moore 1941–1993 |publisher=Bobbymoore.co.uk |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Moore anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji bora wa nyakati zote.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/50-greatest-footballers-all-time-ranked |title=The 50 greatest footballers of all time |publisher=90min |date=13 May 2019 |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Akihesabiwa sana kama mchezaji bora kuwahi kuitumikia West Ham, Moore alicheza zaidi ya mechi 600 akiwa na klabu hiyo katika kipindi cha miaka 16, akishinda Kombe la FA mwaka 1964 na kombe la washindi la ulaya mwaka 1965. Katika kipindi chake klabuni hapo, alishinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora wa mwaka wa chama cha waandishi wa habari za mpira wa miguu ''(''FWA) mnamo mwaka 1964 na mchezaji bora wa mwaka wa West Ham mnamo 1961, 1963, 1968, na 1970. Mnamo Agosti 2008, West Ham United iliondoa rasmi jezi yake nambari 6, miaka 15 baada ya kifo chake.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_ham_utd/7541638.stm |title=Hammers make Moore shirt gesture |publisher=BBC News |date=4 July 2008 |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Moore alikuwa nahodha wa Uingereza mnamo 1963, akiwa na umri wa miaka 22, na aliendelea hadi kuinua [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] mnamo la mwaka 1966. Alicheza jumla ya mechi 108 za kimataifa kwa nchi yake, ambapo wakati anastaafu soka la kimataifa mnamo 1973 ilikuwa rekodi ya kitaifa. Rekodi hii baadaye ilivunjwa na [[Peter Shilton]]. Rekodi ya Moore ya mechi 108 iliendelea kuwa rekodi kwa mchezaji wa uwanjani (asiye golikipa) hadi tarehe 28 Machi 2009, wakati [[David Beckham]] alipocheza mechi yake ya 109.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1042546.html |title=Beckham dedicates record to family |date=28 March 2009 |publisher=Fifa.com |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Moore ni mchezaji wa timu ya Dunia ya karne ya 20, na anachukuliwa kama ishara ya timu ya taifa. Sanamu yake ya shaba ipo kwenye eneo la kuingia la Uwanja wa Wembley. Akiwa beki wa kati tulivu, Moore alijulikana zaidi kwa uwezo wake wa kusoma mchezo na kutabiri mienendo ya wapinzani, na hivyo kujitenga na taswira ya beki wa kukabili kwa nguvu au kuruka juu sana. Baada ya kupokea tuzo ya shujaa wa michezo wa mwaka wa BBC mnamo 1966, alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa mpira wa miguu kushinda tuzo hiyo na alibaki kuwa pekee kwa miaka mingine 24. Moore alitunukiwa nishani ya dola la Uingereza (OBE) katika orodha ya tuzo za mwaka mpya wa 1967. Aliingizwa kama mchezaji wa kwanza katika ukumbi wa umaarufu wa mpira wa miguu wa Uingereza mnamo 2002 kwa kutambua mchango wake katika mchezo wa Uingereza kama mchezaji, na katika mwaka huo huo alitajwa kwenye orodha ya BBC ya Waingereza 100 Bora wa nyakati zote. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] ei5lkky066t1hxh4b0ryzn2dai6a9da 0 251259 1601012 2026-09-25T12:49:57Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edward Ray Fiori''' (alizaliwa [[21 Aprili]] [[1953]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[1996]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Edward Ray Fiori |url=https://neptunesociety.com/obituaries/houston-tx/edward-fiori-12443567 |website=[[Neptune Society]] |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709085214/https...' 1601012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Ray Fiori''' (alizaliwa [[21 Aprili]] [[1953]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 4 ya PGA Tour, ikiwa ni pamoja na The Players Championship mwaka [[1996]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Edward Ray Fiori |url=https://neptunesociety.com/obituaries/houston-tx/edward-fiori-12443567 |website=[[Neptune Society]] |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709085214/https://neptunesociety.com/obituaries/houston-tx/edward-fiori-12443567 |archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] p2g52asxn7ufvnehjjl0kzd5y17m2r6 0 251260 1601015 2026-09-25T12:58:17Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Wilson Piazza | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Wilson Piazza.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Piazza akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Brazil|Brazil]] mwaka 1970 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|2|25}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Ribeirao das Neves]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | a...' 1601015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Wilson Piazza | nchi = Brazil | majina_mengine = | picha = Wilson Piazza.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Piazza akiwa na [[Timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Brazil|Brazil]] mwaka 1970 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|2|25}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Ribeirao das Neves]], Brazil | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki wa kati, Kiungo | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.75 m | uzito = }} '''Wilson da Silva Piazza''' (alizaliwa 25 Februari 1943 mjini [[Ribeirão das Neves|Ribeirao das Neves]])<ref name="nft">{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17962/Wilson_Piazza.html |title=Wilson Piazza |publisher=National Football Teams |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> ni aliyekuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Brazil]]. Alicheza kama kiungo mkabaji au beki wa kati, hasa akiwa na klabu ya [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro E.C.]] na timu ya taifa ya Brazil. Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya Brazil iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/wcwinners.html |title=World Cup Champions Squads 1930 - 2010 |author=Gwidon Naskrent, Roberto Di Maggio and José Luis Pierrend |date=17 September 2010 |publisher=RSSSF |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Pia alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya Cruzeiro iliyoshinda [[Copa Libertadores]] mnamo mwaka 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/sacups/copa76.html |title=Copa Libertadores 1976 |publisher=RSSSF |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Piazza alicheza mechi 51 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya Brazil kati ya mwaka 1967 na 1975.<ref name="nft" /> Alicheza kwa ajili ya nchi yake katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia mnamo mwaka [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1970|1970]] na [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1974|1974]], akicheza katika mechi sita mnamo 1970, ikiwa ni pamoja na ushindi wa mabao 4–1 katika mechi ya fainali dhidi ya [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=181326/index.html |title=Wilson Piazza |publisher=FIFA |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513231634/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=181326/index.html |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Brazil]] o98wu2e2y0fps188x8hqp8iry8r6s7u 0 251261 1601016 2026-09-25T12:58:39Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Anthony Gamez''' (alizaliwa [[21 Julai]] [[1968]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour. Alitajwa kama PGA Tour Rookie of the Year mwaka [[1990]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Jenkins |first=Sally |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=The '90 Masters Is Fair Game For Gamez |date=April 4, 1990 |quote=Of Mexican- American descent, he was born and raised amid games of chance in Las Vegas...}}<...' 1601016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Anthony Gamez''' (alizaliwa [[21 Julai]] [[1968]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour. Alitajwa kama PGA Tour Rookie of the Year mwaka [[1990]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Jenkins |first=Sally |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=The '90 Masters Is Fair Game For Gamez |date=April 4, 1990 |quote=Of Mexican- American descent, he was born and raised amid games of chance in Las Vegas...}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 303ec9yz1yqx8t6ofrwbfrkzr71clwl 0 251262 1601034 2026-09-25T13:10:42Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Ray Brown''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 5]], [[1963]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VDCC-4CR Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997], database, FamilySearch : 1 January 2015, William Ray Brown, 05 Apr 1963; database and images, Ancestry (http://www.ancestry.com : 2005); citing Texas...' 1601034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Ray Brown''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 5]], [[1963]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi wa gofu kwenye televisheni.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VDCC-4CR Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997], database, FamilySearch : 1 January 2015, William Ray Brown, 05 Apr 1963; database and images, Ancestry (http://www.ancestry.com : 2005); citing Texas Department of State Health Services.</ref><ref name="gc">{{cite web |title=Billy Ray Brown |url=https://www.golfchannel.com/authors/billy-ray-brown |work=Golf Channel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbspressexpress.com/cbs-sports/releases/view?id=35100 |title=Masters Live on CBSSports.com Returns for 2013 Masters |work=CBS Sports |date=April 3, 2013 |accessdate=November 8, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2r7h6l88ny2s88vyap4c6qii1bzvvxd 0 251263 1601087 2026-09-25T13:16:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tim Norris''' (alizaliwa [[20 Oktoba]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour.Norris alizaliwa na kukulia [[Fresno, California]]. Katika miaka ya 1990, Norris alibadili taaluma yake kutoka kuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa anayeshiriki mashindano mbalimbali na kuwa kocha wa chuo kikuu. Alikuwa kocha mkuu wa timu ya wanaume ya gofu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Texas-El Paso kuanzia mwaka [[1990]] ha...' 1601087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tim Norris''' (alizaliwa [[20 Oktoba]] [[1957]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour.Norris alizaliwa na kukulia [[Fresno, California]]. Katika miaka ya 1990, Norris alibadili taaluma yake kutoka kuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa anayeshiriki mashindano mbalimbali na kuwa kocha wa chuo kikuu. Alikuwa kocha mkuu wa timu ya wanaume ya gofu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Texas-El Paso kuanzia mwaka [[1990]] hadi [[1997]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Norris |url=https://www.pgatour.com/player/01877 |access-date=2025-09-08 |publisher=PGA Tour}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1pva58cc8hwtpxowjs649tf74gorvhu 0 251264 1601125 2026-09-25T13:23:02Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tom Creavy''' ([[Februari 3]] [[1911]] – [[Machi 3]] [[1979]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1931]].<ref name="sfct">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rfJYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b4UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4866%2C454992|newspaper=Youngstown Vindicator|agency=Associated Press|title=Shute faces Creavy today |date=September 19, 1931|page=7 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{...' 1601125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Creavy''' ([[Februari 3]] [[1911]] – [[Machi 3]] [[1979]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1931]].<ref name="sfct">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rfJYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b4UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4866%2C454992|newspaper=Youngstown Vindicator|agency=Associated Press|title=Shute faces Creavy today |date=September 19, 1931|page=7 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1979]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 9nxigykxcyg02gzpzy32q8w9h9y18bb 0 251265 1601260 2026-09-25T14:10:55Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Hector Zelada | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Miguel Zelada.png | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Zelada mwaka 2018 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|4|30}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Maciel]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji...' 1601260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Hector Zelada | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Miguel Zelada.png | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Zelada mwaka 2018 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|4|30}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Maciel]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.78 m | uzito = }} '''Hector Miguel Zelada Bertoqui''' (alizaliwa 30 Aprili 1957) ni aliyekuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya golikipa. Alianza kazi yake katika klabu ya [[Rosario Central]] lakini alicheza kwa muda mrefu zaidi nchini [[Meksiko]], akichezea klabu ya [[Club América|Club America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediotiempo.com |title=Héctor Miguel Zelada |publisher=Medio Tiempo |language=Spanish |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa golikipa wa tatu wa timu ya taifa ya Argentina iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1986 lakini hakucheza dakika hata moja katika mashindano hayo;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sport.de/fussball/pe47875/hector-zelada/ |title=Hector Zelada |publisher=sport.de |language=German |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> kimsingi, hakuwahi kucheza mechi yoyote katika timu hiyo ya taifa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] gw4aog6m2b3p2bjqgw8xkwlw8sglh6b 1601346 1601260 2026-09-25T15:11:50Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Hector Zelada | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Miguel Zelada.png | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Zelada mwaka 2018 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|4|30}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Maciel]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.78 m | uzito = }} '''Hector Miguel Zelada Bertoqui''' (alizaliwa 30 Aprili 1957) ni aliyekuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya golikipa. Alianza kazi yake katika klabu ya [[Rosario Central]] lakini alicheza kwa muda mrefu zaidi nchini [[Meksiko]], akichezea klabu ya [[Club América|Club America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediotiempo.com |title=Héctor Miguel Zelada |publisher=Medio Tiempo |language=Spanish |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa golikipa wa tatu wa timu ya taifa ya Argentina iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1986 lakini hakucheza dakika hata moja katika mashindano hayo;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sport.de/fussball/pe47875/hector-zelada/ |title=Hector Zelada |publisher=sport.de |language=German |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> kimsingi, hakuwahi kucheza mechi yoyote katika timu hiyo ya taifa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] g9g392elc4rvcdol2s1mtecy8542y6i 0 251266 1601319 2026-09-25T14:24:14Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Nestor Clausen | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Clausen independiente.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200 | maelezo_ya_picha = Clausen mwaka 1987 akiwa na [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1962|9|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[San Cristóbal Department|Arrufo]], [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], Argentina | tarehe_ya...' 1601319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Nestor Clausen | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Clausen independiente.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200 | maelezo_ya_picha = Clausen mwaka 1987 akiwa na [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]] | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1962|9|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[San Cristóbal Department|Arrufo]], [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.76 m | uzito = }} '''Néstor Rolando Clausen''' (alizaliwa 29 Septemba 1962) ni mkufunzi wa mpira wa miguu na aliyekuwa mchezaji kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya beki. Akiwa mwenyeji wa Arrufo, Jimbo la Santa Fe, mababu zake asili yao walikuwa kutoka [[Ernen]], Valais nchini [[Uswisi]] na walihamia nchini [[Argentina]] mnamo mwaka 1889.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swisslatin.ch/deportes-0658.htm |title=Nestor Clausen presentó su renuncia como entrenador del Sion |publisher=Portal suizo de Información y Servicios |language=Spanish |access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> Katika kazi yake ya soka, alichezea klabu za [[Club Atlético Independiente|Club Atletico Independiente]], [[FC Sion]], miongoni mwa zingine, na alishinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1986 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Argentina. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] kkysgvep8qyishhfzeh9plpn3djih61 0 251267 1601325 2026-09-25T14:26:20Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bob Hamilton''' ([[Januari 10]] [[1916]] – [[Desemba 6]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1944]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fort Lewis Golf Course|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8922|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa M...' 1601325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bob Hamilton''' ([[Januari 10]] [[1916]] – [[Desemba 6]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1944]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fort Lewis Golf Course|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8922|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] dpb0oio6nj9vnozx33s1kppmxiaj04y 1601326 1601325 2026-09-25T14:26:44Z Ally0111 85292 1601326 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert T. Hamilton''' ([[Januari 10]] [[1916]] – [[Desemba 6]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda PGA Championship mwaka [[1944]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fort Lewis Golf Course|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/8922|access-date=2020-09-07|website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] bp9egn1i4uyg6sfuxn3dq9mevari0z4 0 251268 1601333 2026-09-25T14:33:49Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Ricardo Bochini | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Bocho.JPG | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bochini mwaka 2008 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|1|25}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Zarate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa migu...' 1601333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Ricardo Bochini | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Bocho.JPG | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bochini mwaka 2008 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|1|25}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Zarate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.68 m | uzito = }} '''Ricardo Enrique Bochini''' (alizaliwa 25 Januari 1954) ni aliyekuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo mshambuliaji. Anajulikana kwa jina la utani ''"El Bocha"''. Alicheza takriban miaka 20 ya kazi yake ya soka katika klabu moja ya [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], na kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa mfano na shujaa mkubwa katika historia ya klabu hiyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elgrafico.com.ar/2016/08/31/C-13569-bochini-me-gusta-el-estilo-de-juego-de-milito.php |title=Bochini: "Me gusta el estilo de juego de Milito" |publisher=El Gráfico |date=31 August 2016 |language=Spanish |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Bochini alikuwa shujaa wa utotoni wa mchezaji nguli wa Argentina [[Diego Maradona]].<ref name="bochinibio">{{cite web |url=http://www.insidefutbol.com/2011/11/13/understated-legends-diego-maradona-idol-ricardo-bochini/52613/ |title=Understated Legends: Diego Maradona idol, Ricardo Bochini |publisher=Inside Football |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Mbali na kushinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1986 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Argentina, Bochini alishinda jumla ya mataji 13 akiwa na Independiente—ubingwa mara nne wa ligi kuu na mashindano ya kimataifa mara tisa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] 46owell9y2h3ki0u7pvfjm7g7xre0fc 1601336 1601333 2026-09-25T14:44:21Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1601336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Ricardo Bochini | nchi = Argentina | majina_mengine = | picha = Bocho.JPG | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Bochini mwaka 2008 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|1|25}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Zarate, Buenos Aires|Zárate]], Argentina | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.68 m | uzito = }} '''Ricardo Enrique Bochini''' (alizaliwa 25 Januari 1954) ni aliyekuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Argentina]] aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo mshambuliaji. Anajulikana kwa jina la utani ''"El Bocha"''. Alicheza takriban miaka 20 ya kazi yake ya soka katika klabu moja ya [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]], na kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa mfano na shujaa mkubwa katika historia ya klabu hiyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elgrafico.com.ar/2016/08/31/C-13569-bochini-me-gusta-el-estilo-de-juego-de-milito.php |title=Bochini: "Me gusta el estilo de juego de Milito" |publisher=El Gráfico |date=31 August 2016 |language=Spanish |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Bochini alikuwa shujaa wa utotoni wa mchezaji nguli wa Argentina [[Diego Maradona]].<ref name="bochinibio">{{cite web |url=http://www.insidefutbol.com/2011/11/13/understated-legends-diego-maradona-idol-ricardo-bochini/52613/ |title=Understated Legends: Diego Maradona idol, Ricardo Bochini |publisher=Inside Football |language=English |access-date=25 September 2026}}</ref> Mbali na kushinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1986 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Argentina, Bochini alishinda jumla ya mataji 13 akiwa na Independiente—ubingwa mara nne wa ligi kuu na mashindano ya kimataifa mara tisa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] 2nid6zx1vagg7sd6r33e6kqnwsehbxq 0 251269 1601338 2026-09-25T14:49:31Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Grady Neal Lancaster''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 13]] [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/player/06332/neal-lancaster/bio |title=Neal Lancaster – Bio |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=June 19, 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] Jamii:Wanaume wa Mareka...' 1601338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grady Neal Lancaster''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 13]] [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/player/06332/neal-lancaster/bio |title=Neal Lancaster – Bio |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=June 19, 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l0oh1j87hbpezwhzfuvzcbhja8z0ipm 0 251270 1601339 2026-09-25T14:53:50Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kermit Millard Zarley Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 29]] [[1941]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mwandishi wa vitabu vya kidini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=635}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Connor |first=Floyd |title=Golf's most wanted: the top 10 book of the great game's outrageous duf...' 1601339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kermit Millard Zarley Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 29]] [[1941]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mwandishi wa vitabu vya kidini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=635}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Connor |first=Floyd |title=Golf's most wanted: the top 10 book of the great game's outrageous duffers |date=June 1, 2001 |publisher=Potomac Books Inc. |isbn=978-1-57488-360-2 |page=55}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] jbdglb7n1cgeavqv9pxpb6stksth3zj 0 251271 1601341 2026-09-25T15:00:08Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronald Raymond Streck''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 17]] [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianza kucheza gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka 3 na nusu, akifundishwa na baba yake. Alipata ushindi wake wa kwanza wa PGA Tour mwaka [[1978]] huko [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]], akiwa na wazazi wake wakishuhudia. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite book |title=Official 1991 PGA Tour Media Guide |publisher=PGA Tour Cr...' 1601341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald Raymond Streck''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 17]] [[1954]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alianza kucheza gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka 3 na nusu, akifundishwa na baba yake. Alipata ushindi wake wa kwanza wa PGA Tour mwaka [[1978]] huko [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]], akiwa na wazazi wake wakishuhudia. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite book |title=Official 1991 PGA Tour Media Guide |publisher=PGA Tour Creative Services |year=1991 |page=204}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/golf/champions/2005-07-03-streck-bank_x.htm |title=Streck makes history with Champions Tour victory |first=Jim |last=O'Connell |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |agency=Associated Press |date=July 3, 2005 |accessdate=October 16, 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] khx75p9m4aqhkzvvgeop1sb0xfqru9f 0 251272 1601342 2026-09-25T15:02:31Z JUSCAR KARUBAMBA 72293 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/237937537|Mpho Andrea Tutu]]" 1601342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpho Andrea Tutu''', aliyezaliwa mwaka wa 1963 jijini [[London]], ni mwandishi wa insha na kasisi wa Kianglikana [[Afrika Kusini|kutoka Afrika Kusini]] . Binti yake [[Desmond Tutu]] (1931-2021), yeye ni mwanaharakati wa [[haki za binadamu]], ikiwa ni pamoja na haki za LGBT . == Wasifu == Binti yake na [[Desmond Tutu]] na mkewe Normalizo Leah Shenxane, alizaliwa mwaka wa 1963 jijini [[London]] . Kama ndugu zake watatu, Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu na Naomi Nontombi, yeye amesoma katika shule ya [[Waterford Kamhlaba|Waterford-Kamhlaba]] nchini [[Eswatini|Swaziland]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.helpkids.org.za/pages.php?id=26|title=Our Patron – Archbishop Desmond Tutu|accessdate=6 juin 2008}}</ref> Baada ya masomo yake kule marekani ,Mpho andrea Tutu alitawazwa kuwa kasisi wa kanisa la Episcopal na baba yake mwenyewe mwaka 2004 na amekuwa mchungaji wa kanisa hilo tangu wakati huo. Yeye ni mwanaharakati wa [[haki za binadamu]], anafanya kazi katika miradi nchini Afrika Kusini na Marekani. Anafanya kazi na watoto walio katika mazingira magumu huko [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], Marekani, kuhusu ukarabati wa waathiriwa wa ubakaji huko [[Grahamstown]], Afrika Kusini, na wakimbizi huko [[Jiji la New York|New York]] . Pia ni mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Tutu ya Maombi na Hija. Mpho Tutu, pamoja na baba yake [[Desmond Tutu|Desmond Tutu,]] waliandika ''Made for Goodness: And Why This Makes All the Difference'', ni kitabu ambacho kina msingi wa imani kwamba watu wote kwa asili ni wema na kwamba ni kwa kusambaza ujumbe wa amani na nia njema ndipo mabadiliko yanaweza kupatikana. Alishiriki katika mkutano wa Amani huko Vancouver ulioandaliwa na Victor Chan na Kituo cha Amani na Elimu cha Dalai Lama kuanzia tarehe 27 hadi {{Date|29 septemba 2009}} <ref>{{En}} [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/dalai-lama-headlines-vancouver-peace-summit-1.859400 Dalai Lama headlines Vancouver Peace Summit], ''[[CBC News]]'', 26 septembre 2009</ref> na Dalai Lama 14, Maria Shriver, Matthieu Ricard, Mary Robinson, Stephen Covey, Mairead Maguire, Betty Williams, Jody Williams, [[Murray Gell-Mann]], Kundi la Blue Man, Kim Campbell na Eckhart Tolle, tukio lililofanyika katika ''{{Lien|Chan Centre for the Performing Arts}}'' na kwa ''{{Lien|Orpheum (Vancouver)}}'' na kuwaleta pamoja watu 5 000,<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=O'Brian |first=Amy |date=28 septembre 2009 |title=Look within, peace summit told; Change yourself, and then the world, Tibetan spiritual leader says |url=https://vancouversun.com/life/Look+within+yourself+peace+Dalai+Lama/2046581/story.html |journal=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |language=en |location=Ottawa}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Todd |first=Douglas |date=June 16, 2009 |title=Toward a more enlightened society; Spiritual leaders, scientists at Vancouver event will look for ways to make the world a happier place |url=https://vancouversun.com/Technology/Toward+more+enlightened+society/1700677/story.html |journal=[[The Vancouver Sun|Vancouver Sun]] |language=en |location=Vancouver}}</ref> Alifunga ndoa mnamo januari 2016 kule uholanzi na daktari wa watoto na msomi wa kiholanzi anayeitwa Marceline van Furth , jambo ambalo lilisababisha kumaliza kwa huduma yake ndani ya kanisa la Angilikana la Afrika kusini, ambalo halikubali ndoa za watu wa jinsia moja,<ref>Carol Kuruvilla, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tag/mpho-tutu Desmond Tutu's Daughter Lost Her Job After Marrying A Woman], {{Date|Jun 9, 2016}}, sur huffpost.com, consulté le 5 avril 2025.</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=|author=Harriet Sherwood|title=Desmond Tutu's daughter: 'painful' to give up ministry after marrying woman|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/09/mpho-tutu-van-furth-its-painful-to-step-down-from-my-priestly-ministry|date=Jun 9, 2016|accessdate=5 avril 2025}}.</ref> Alikaribishwa kama mchungaji na Kanisa la Maaskofu la Marekani na mwanzilishi mwenza wa misheni ya Maaskofu huko [[Amsterdam]] ambapo alitekeleza huduma yake.<ref>[https://allsaintsamsterdam.church/ All Saints Amsterdam], consulté le {{Date|23 mars 2025}}.</ref> == Marejeleo == [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] h29oafgiec2t2o9igcjxmqu3xufcrot 0 251273 1601343 2026-09-25T15:03:41Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Menne''' ([[19 Februari]] [[1942]] – [[2 Juni]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda Kemper Open mwaka [[1974]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bob Mennee |publisher=Golf Major Championships |url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=2768}}</ref><ref name=GHS60blog>{{Cite web |title=Gardner High School Class of 1960: Robert Menne |date=May 3, 2009 |url...' 1601343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Menne''' ([[19 Februari]] [[1942]] – [[2 Juni]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda Kemper Open mwaka [[1974]], ushindi wake pekee wa PGA Tour. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bob Mennee |publisher=Golf Major Championships |url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=2768}}</ref><ref name=GHS60blog>{{Cite web |title=Gardner High School Class of 1960: Robert Menne |date=May 3, 2009 |url=https://ghsclassof1960.blogspot.com/2009/05/robert-menne.html |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref><ref name=wt>{{cite news |title=Family feud has been a long time coming |newspaper=Worcester Telegram |date=June 10, 2007 |url=http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070610/NEWS/706100604/1009/SPORTS}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] rxfk5ot8u6yf9jhiy8ogyv78i3vl00b 0 251274 1601344 2026-09-25T15:09:53Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Ruggles MacKenzie''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 28]] [[1974]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Aliacha kucheza gofu baada ya mwaka wake wa pili wa shule ya sekondari, akiwa mchezaji chipukizi wa juu, na hakurudi kucheza hadi karibu miaka 10 baadaye. Alihamasishwa na ushindi wa Payne Stewart wa U.S. Open wa [[1999]] huko Pinehurst katika jimbo lake la North Carolina. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour. == Marejeo ==...' 1601344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Ruggles MacKenzie''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 28]] [[1974]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Aliacha kucheza gofu baada ya mwaka wake wa pili wa shule ya sekondari, akiwa mchezaji chipukizi wa juu, na hakurudi kucheza hadi karibu miaka 10 baadaye. Alihamasishwa na ushindi wa Payne Stewart wa U.S. Open wa [[1999]] huko Pinehurst katika jimbo lake la North Carolina. Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6k0445gxu8ig73jdobx5j2dgevvy99y 0 251275 1601347 2026-09-25T15:12:12Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Richard Fletcher Pride III ''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 15]] [[1969]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour. Mnamo [[2026]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 56, alishinda DICK'S Open kwa kumshinda Pádraig Harrington katika shimo la kwanza la playoff, ushindi wake wa pili wa taaluma kwenye PGA Tour Champions na wa kwanza tangu [[2021]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [...' 1601347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Fletcher Pride III ''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 15]] [[1969]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 1 ya PGA Tour. Mnamo [[2026]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 56, alishinda DICK'S Open kwa kumshinda Pádraig Harrington katika shimo la kwanza la playoff, ushindi wake wa pili wa taaluma kwenye PGA Tour Champions na wa kwanza tangu [[2021]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6pvct3pph1h5zsmcome0nor9ys72e7r 14 251276 1601353 2026-09-25T15:26:14Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '==Orodha katika jamii==' 1601353 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Orodha katika jamii== hwt6n6s2dk87o3a3n5jbhi9y74ly8mg 0 251277 1601356 2026-09-25T15:27:59Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gene Craig Sauers''' (alizaliwa [[Agosti 22]], [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour: Bank of Boston Classic mwaka [[1986]], Hawaiian Open mwaka [[1989]], na Air Canada Championship mwaka [[2002]]. Mwaka [[2016]], alishinda U.S. Senior Open huko Scioto Country Club kwa kumshinda Billy Mayfair na Miguel Angel Jimenez kwa pigo moja. Kati ya [[2006]] na [[2010]], hakushiriki mashindan...' 1601356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gene Craig Sauers''' (alizaliwa [[Agosti 22]], [[1962]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour: Bank of Boston Classic mwaka [[1986]], Hawaiian Open mwaka [[1989]], na Air Canada Championship mwaka [[2002]]. Mwaka [[2016]], alishinda U.S. Senior Open huko Scioto Country Club kwa kumshinda Billy Mayfair na Miguel Angel Jimenez kwa pigo moja. Kati ya [[2006]] na [[2010]], hakushiriki mashindano baada ya kugundulika na ugonjwa wa Stevens-Johnson, ugonjwa adimu wa ngozi, na aliambiwa kuwa 25% ya kuishi. Baada ya kupokea vipandikizi vingi vya ngozi, aliweza kurudi kushiriki mashindano.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fj4gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1GkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5817,7329335&dq=gene+sauers+pleasant+valley&hl=en Sauers' Sweet Putt]</ref><ref name="ergscbd02">{{cite news |date=September 2, 2002 |title=Golf: PGA Tour at Surrey, British Columbia |page=6E |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Oregon |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sk1WAAAAIBAJ&pg=1244%2C469343}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1xw4ya2mj38bda32l190wlpqeaa4t85 3 251278 1601383 2026-09-25T16:34:58Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Edwin Ndaba]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mahlathamnyama]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Edwin Ndaba|Edwin Ndaba]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mahlathamnyama|Mahlathamnyama]]" 1601383 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mahlathamnyama]] jc89fyb8lsvuu4qdtf3yh6nct60800m 0 251279 1601399 2026-09-25T17:20:45Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lara Veronin''' anayejulikana pia kama '''Lara Liang''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Taiwan]] na [[Marekani]]. [[File:MW logo cn.png|thumb|left|Kampuni huru ya multimedia iliyoanzishwa na Lara na dada yake Esther Veronin]] ===Meimeiwawa Multimedia=== Baada ya kutafakari kwa kina, Veronin aliamua kuondoka JVR Music mwaka 2013 na kuanzisha Meimeiwawa Multimedia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meimeiwawa Multimedia Introduces New Genre Faux Reality|url=http://www.helloas...' 1601399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lara Veronin''' anayejulikana pia kama '''Lara Liang''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Taiwan]] na [[Marekani]]. [[File:MW logo cn.png|thumb|left|Kampuni huru ya multimedia iliyoanzishwa na Lara na dada yake Esther Veronin]] ===Meimeiwawa Multimedia=== Baada ya kutafakari kwa kina, Veronin aliamua kuondoka JVR Music mwaka 2013 na kuanzisha Meimeiwawa Multimedia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meimeiwawa Multimedia Introduces New Genre Faux Reality|url=http://www.helloasia.com.au/features/meimeiwawa-multimedia-introduces-new-genre-faux-reality-show-meiwa-diaries/|website=Hello Asia Net|date=February 18, 2016 |accessdate=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] sdfc9bs8v08hubi8z5w28q7ao66d2ya 0 251280 1601403 2026-09-25T17:26:18Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Daniel Vickrey''' (amezaliwa [[26 Agosti]], [[1966]])<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&q=%22Dan%20Vickrey%22.%20%221966%22&pg=PA2006-IA1445 |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music - Colin Larkin - Google Books |date=May 27, 2011 |isbn=9780857125958 |accessdate=June 4, 2014|last1=Larkin |first1=Colin |publisher=Omnibus Press }}</ref> ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]]. Amekuwa akitumbuiza tangu mwaka 1994 kama mpiga...' 1601403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Vickrey''' (amezaliwa [[26 Agosti]], [[1966]])<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&q=%22Dan%20Vickrey%22.%20%221966%22&pg=PA2006-IA1445 |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music - Colin Larkin - Google Books |date=May 27, 2011 |isbn=9780857125958 |accessdate=June 4, 2014|last1=Larkin |first1=Colin |publisher=Omnibus Press }}</ref> ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]]. Amekuwa akitumbuiza tangu mwaka 1994 kama [[mpiga gitaa]] mkuu katika bendi ya alternative rock Counting Crows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipea/A0763394.html |title=Counting Crows |publisher=Infoplease.com |date= |accessdate=June 4, 2014}}</ref> Vickrey pia hutoa sauti za usaidizi, na ni mwimbaji wa sauti za upatanifu ndani ya bendi hiyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1786108/awards |publisher=IMDb.com|title=Dan Vickery : Awards|accessdate=June 4, 2014}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1966|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 9ru3eafiupgcj4xfnm2097aglqzwx9j 0 251281 1601405 2026-09-25T17:29:09Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Image:Ramana Sitting.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mwimbaji wa Fado Ramana Vieira, San Francisco, California]] '''Ramana Vieira''' ni [[Mmarekani]] wa kisasa ambaye ni [[mwimbaji]] wa Fado ya jadi ya [[Ureno]].<ref name="Linn">{{cite news | first=Sarah | last=Linn | title=Ramana Vieira: Fated for Fado | url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/2011/02/17/1487108/ramana-vieira-fated-for-fado.html | date=17 February 2011 | newspaper=[[San Luis Obispo Tribune]] | accessda...' 1601405 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ramana Sitting.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mwimbaji wa Fado Ramana Vieira, San Francisco, California]] '''Ramana Vieira''' ni [[Mmarekani]] wa kisasa ambaye ni [[mwimbaji]] wa Fado ya jadi ya [[Ureno]].<ref name="Linn">{{cite news | first=Sarah | last=Linn | title=Ramana Vieira: Fated for Fado | url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/2011/02/17/1487108/ramana-vieira-fated-for-fado.html | date=17 February 2011 | newspaper=[[San Luis Obispo Tribune]] | accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 232zf1t6801xu58boicfg3d2hwtdcle 0 251282 1601406 2026-09-25T17:32:12Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Melissa Villaseñor''' (amezaliwa [[9 Oktoba]], [[1987]]) ni mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mchoraji wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Ryan |date=September 1, 2022 |title=''SNL'': Melissa Villaseñor and Alex Moffat Among 3 More Cast Members Out Ahead of Season 48 |url=https://www.tvline.com/lists/snl-melissa-villasenor-leaving-alex-moffat-season-48/ |access-date=September 1, 2022 |work=[[TVLine]]}}</ref><ref name=Lat...' 1601406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melissa Villaseñor''' (amezaliwa [[9 Oktoba]], [[1987]]) ni mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mchoraji wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Ryan |date=September 1, 2022 |title=''SNL'': Melissa Villaseñor and Alex Moffat Among 3 More Cast Members Out Ahead of Season 48 |url=https://www.tvline.com/lists/snl-melissa-villasenor-leaving-alex-moffat-season-48/ |access-date=September 1, 2022 |work=[[TVLine]]}}</ref><ref name=LatinTimes>{{cite web|work=[[Latin Times]]|url=https://www.latintimes.com/who-melissa-villasenor-watch-snl-cast-members-jennifer-lopez-impression-399522|title=Who Is Melissa Villaseñor? Watch SNL Cast Member's Jennifer Lopez Impression|last=Mountford|first=Jayne|date=October 2, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703095927/http://www.latintimes.com/who-melissa-villasenor-watch-snl-cast-members-jennifer-lopez-impression-399522|archive-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ihet4zhypvxrk4pakqgffvq0wmx2tdu 1601408 1601406 2026-09-25T17:33:24Z Christina Charles 71406 /* Marejeo */ 1601408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melissa Villaseñor''' (amezaliwa [[9 Oktoba]], [[1987]]) ni mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mchoraji wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Ryan |date=September 1, 2022 |title=''SNL'': Melissa Villaseñor and Alex Moffat Among 3 More Cast Members Out Ahead of Season 48 |url=https://www.tvline.com/lists/snl-melissa-villasenor-leaving-alex-moffat-season-48/ |access-date=September 1, 2022 |work=[[TVLine]]}}</ref><ref name=LatinTimes>{{cite web|work=[[Latin Times]]|url=https://www.latintimes.com/who-melissa-villasenor-watch-snl-cast-members-jennifer-lopez-impression-399522|title=Who Is Melissa Villaseñor? Watch SNL Cast Member's Jennifer Lopez Impression|last=Mountford|first=Jayne|date=October 2, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703095927/http://www.latintimes.com/who-melissa-villasenor-watch-snl-cast-members-jennifer-lopez-impression-399522|archive-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] qc3pd09jg7przhk1dwn6d6secj2mf1n 1601508 1601408 2026-09-25T20:41:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melissa Villaseñor''' (amezaliwa [[9 Oktoba]], [[1987]]) ni mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamuziki]] na mchoraji wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Schwartz |first=Ryan |date=September 1, 2022 |title=''SNL'': Melissa Villaseñor and Alex Moffat Among 3 More Cast Members Out Ahead of Season 48 |url=https://www.tvline.com/lists/snl-melissa-villasenor-leaving-alex-moffat-season-48/ |access-date=September 1, 2022 |work=[[TVLine]]}}</ref><ref name=LatinTimes>{{cite web|work=[[Latin Times]]|url=https://www.latintimes.com/who-melissa-villasenor-watch-snl-cast-members-jennifer-lopez-impression-399522|title=Who Is Melissa Villaseñor? Watch SNL Cast Member's Jennifer Lopez Impression|last=Mountford|first=Jayne|date=October 2, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703095927/http://www.latintimes.com/who-melissa-villasenor-watch-snl-cast-members-jennifer-lopez-impression-399522|archive-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 2tcr9x86j0hlcp42olyo3sgfij42rvr 0 251283 1601411 2026-09-25T17:39:08Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Deborah Joy Voigt''' (amezaliwa [[4 Agosti]], [[1960]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa soprano ya sauti nzito, ambaye ameimba nafasi mbalimbali katika opera za Richard Wagner na Richard Strauss.<ref>{{cite news|first=Barrymore Laurence|last=Scherer|date=February 7, 2002|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1013039486558464480|title=High Drama From Debbie the Diva|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325135...' 1601411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deborah Joy Voigt''' (amezaliwa [[4 Agosti]], [[1960]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] wa soprano ya sauti nzito, ambaye ameimba nafasi mbalimbali katika opera za Richard Wagner na Richard Strauss.<ref>{{cite news|first=Barrymore Laurence|last=Scherer|date=February 7, 2002|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1013039486558464480|title=High Drama From Debbie the Diva|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325135709/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1013039486558464480|archive-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="SFGate 1999-08-01">{{cite news|first=Carolyne|last=Zinko|date=September 3, 2006|url=https://www.sfgate.com/living/article/DETERMINED-DIVA-Stellar-soprano-Deborah-Voigt-2553265.php |title=Determined Diva|work=SFGate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325135709/https://www.sfgate.com/living/article/DETERMINED-DIVA-Stellar-soprano-Deborah-Voigt-2553265.php|archive-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1960|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 7btvyctito8pt5tytole86x6ro86yms 0 251284 1601412 2026-09-25T17:42:25Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Roger Voudouris''' ([[29 Desemba]], [[1954]] – [[3 Agosti]], [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake maarufu wa mwaka 1979 "Get Used to It (song)|Get Used to It". Alifariki kutokana na ugonjwa wa ini akiwa na umri wa miaka 48.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alt.obituaries.narkive.com/gZmR0U62/roger-voudouris |title=Roger Voudouris |website=Alt.obituaries.narkive.com |date= |accessdate=March 19, 2020}}</ref>...' 1601412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Roger Voudouris''' ([[29 Desemba]], [[1954]] – [[3 Agosti]], [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake maarufu wa mwaka 1979 "Get Used to It (song)|Get Used to It". Alifariki kutokana na ugonjwa wa ini akiwa na umri wa miaka 48.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alt.obituaries.narkive.com/gZmR0U62/roger-voudouris |title=Roger Voudouris |website=Alt.obituaries.narkive.com |date= |accessdate=March 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>Edgar Sanchez, 'Singer-guitarist Roger Voudouris had Top-40 hit with song 'Get Used to It', ''Sacramento Bee'' 13 August 2003 p. B4</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|2003}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] iqzzoy4joblacinrd3p4atifeditrfu 0 251285 1601413 2026-09-25T17:44:53Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Andrew Fetterly Wilkes-Krier''' (alizaliwa [[9 Mei]], [[1979]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Andrew W.K.''', ni [[mwimbaji]], mpiga ala mbalimbali, [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], mtayarishaji wa rekodi na mzungumzaji wa hamasa wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mojica |first=Frank |date=July 27, 2010 |title=YouTube Live: Andrew W.K. at the Gathering of the Juggalos |url=https://consequence.net/2010/07/youtube-live-andrew-w-k-at-the-gathering-of-the-juggal...' 1601413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrew Fetterly Wilkes-Krier''' (alizaliwa [[9 Mei]], [[1979]]), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Andrew W.K.''', ni [[mwimbaji]], mpiga ala mbalimbali, [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], mtayarishaji wa rekodi na mzungumzaji wa hamasa wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mojica |first=Frank |date=July 27, 2010 |title=YouTube Live: Andrew W.K. at the Gathering of the Juggalos |url=https://consequence.net/2010/07/youtube-live-andrew-w-k-at-the-gathering-of-the-juggalos/ |access-date=May 29, 2023 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galiher |first=Stephen Andrew |date=September 1, 2026 |title=One of the Most Notorious 2000s Rockers Just Returned From a Five-Year Hiatus to Drop an Experimental Jazz Album |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/one-of-the-most-notorious-2000s-rockers-just-returned-from-a-five-year-hiatus-to-drop-an-experimental-jazz-album/ |access-date=September 1, 2026 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8r4gqirg8fsaewvjycju85t1u76effs 0 251286 1601418 2026-09-25T18:07:09Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jason Michael Wade''' (alizaliwa [[5 Julai]], [[1980]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu na mpiga gitaa wa bendi ya alternative rock Lifehouse (band).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N48/lifehouse.48a.html|title=CONCERT REVIEW: Lifehouse Rocks the House Acoustic and A Capella Numbers Highlight Show|website=The Tech|last=Hwang|first=Pey-Hua|date=October 2, 2001|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref><ref...' 1601418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jason Michael Wade''' (alizaliwa [[5 Julai]], [[1980]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu na mpiga gitaa wa bendi ya alternative rock Lifehouse (band).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N48/lifehouse.48a.html|title=CONCERT REVIEW: Lifehouse Rocks the House Acoustic and A Capella Numbers Highlight Show|website=The Tech|last=Hwang|first=Pey-Hua|date=October 2, 2001|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressenterprise.com/2017/05/23/lifehouse-singer-reveals-the-story-behind-writing-hanging-by-a-moment/|title=Lifehouse singer reveals the story behind writing 'Hanging by a Moment'|work=The Press-Enterprise|last=Schulte|first=Stephanie|date=May 23, 2017|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inmaricopa.com/lifehouse-returning-to-maricopa/|title=Lifehouse returning to Maricopa|work=InMaricopa.com|date=September 8, 2019|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] e8y6sae1pvefh6ejgus0xjqka5ltv0i 1601438 1601418 2026-09-25T18:48:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1601438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jason Michael Wade''' (alizaliwa [[5 Julai]], [[1980]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mwimbaji mkuu na mpiga gitaa wa bendi ya alternative rock Lifehouse (band).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N48/lifehouse.48a.html|title=CONCERT REVIEW: Lifehouse Rocks the House Acoustic and A Capella Numbers Highlight Show|website=The Tech|last=Hwang|first=Pey-Hua|date=October 2, 2001|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pressenterprise.com/2017/05/23/lifehouse-singer-reveals-the-story-behind-writing-hanging-by-a-moment/|title=Lifehouse singer reveals the story behind writing 'Hanging by a Moment'|work=The Press-Enterprise|last=Schulte|first=Stephanie|date=May 23, 2017|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.inmaricopa.com/lifehouse-returning-to-maricopa/|title=Lifehouse returning to Maricopa|work=InMaricopa.com|date=September 8, 2019|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5htit61571chpa2r04nrhbqyj340nz0 0 251287 1601420 2026-09-25T18:10:55Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tommy Walker''' ni kiongozi wa [[ibada]] wa [[Marekani]], mtunzi wa muziki wa kisasa wa sifa na ibada, msanii wa kurekodi na [[mwandishi]]. Tangu mwaka 1990, amekuwa kiongozi wa ibada katika Christian Assembly,<ref name="CCM1">{{cite journal| title =Tommy Walker Unveils I Have a Hope March 18th |journal=[[CCM Magazine]] | date=February 2008|url=http://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/headlines/11567960/tommy%20walker/|access-date= 22 August 2009}}</ref><ref nam...' 1601420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tommy Walker''' ni kiongozi wa [[ibada]] wa [[Marekani]], mtunzi wa muziki wa kisasa wa sifa na ibada, msanii wa kurekodi na [[mwandishi]]. Tangu mwaka 1990, amekuwa kiongozi wa ibada katika Christian Assembly,<ref name="CCM1">{{cite journal| title =Tommy Walker Unveils I Have a Hope March 18th |journal=[[CCM Magazine]] | date=February 2008|url=http://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/headlines/11567960/tommy%20walker/|access-date= 22 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="ch1"> {{cite magazine|url=http://www.charismamag.com/index.php/component/content/article/235-unorganized/13299-vibes|title=Vibes|last=Mason|first=Tracee N.|date=30 June 2006|magazine=[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]|access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 3jycoggvq1v0p5pijmdpyl24wbl4z57 0 251288 1601421 2026-09-25T18:14:19Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lucy Marie Walsh''' (amezaliwa [[3 Desemba]], [[1982]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na mpiga piano wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana pia kwa nafasi zake katika televisheni na filamu.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtHoOaGUFus |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/FtHoOaGUFus |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Lucy Walsh - Heart Of The Matter |publisher=YouTube |date=201...' 1601421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy Marie Walsh''' (amezaliwa [[3 Desemba]], [[1982]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo na mpiga piano wa [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana pia kwa nafasi zake katika televisheni na filamu.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtHoOaGUFus |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/FtHoOaGUFus |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Lucy Walsh - Heart Of The Matter |publisher=YouTube |date=2010-10-19 |accessdate=2020-03-20}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/BWW-Reviews-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARES-THE-TEMPEST-Combines-Enchantment-and-the-Wonder-of-First-Love-20140811|title=BWW Reviews: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S THE TEMPEST Combines Enchantment and the Wonder of First Love|first=Shari|last=Barrett|website=BroadwayWorld.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1982|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] n9gnexwz81pgnotm231638ux45cg9ji 0 251289 1601423 2026-09-25T18:20:09Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ganna Walska''' ('''Hanna Puacz''' [[26 Juni]], [[1887]] – [[2 Machi]], [[1984]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa opera wa Poland na mpenda bustani aliyeunda bustani za mimea za Lotusland katika jumba lake la kifahari huko Montecito, [[California]].<ref>About Madame Walska http://www.lotusland.org/about-us/about-madame-walska {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426171112/http://www.lotusland.org/about-us/about-madame-walska/ |date=2016-04-26 }}<...' 1601423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ganna Walska''' ('''Hanna Puacz''' [[26 Juni]], [[1887]] – [[2 Machi]], [[1984]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa opera wa Poland na mpenda bustani aliyeunda bustani za mimea za Lotusland katika jumba lake la kifahari huko Montecito, [[California]].<ref>About Madame Walska http://www.lotusland.org/about-us/about-madame-walska {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426171112/http://www.lotusland.org/about-us/about-madame-walska/ |date=2016-04-26 }}</ref> [[File:Ganna Walska.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Ganna Walska baada ya ndoa yake na Harold Fowler McCormick|Harold F. McCormick]] Mwaka 1922, baada ya ndoa yake na Harold Fowler McCormick, Ganna Walska alinunua Théâtre des Champs-Élysées huko [[Paris]].<ref>"Walska Buys Theatre." ''The New York Times'', December 15, 1922</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1887|1984}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] j367tko99g3kydzt8ecy2lhggbnlx6e 0 251290 1601424 2026-09-25T18:23:24Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tsering Wangmo Satho''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1967]]) ni mcheza [[dansi]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa opera wa Kitibeti anayeishi [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mkurugenzi wa kisanii wa Chaksam-pa, kikundi cha densi na [[opera]] cha Kitibeti.<ref name="kongpo">{{Cite web |title=Songs of Kongpo |url=https://chaksampa.org/performances/songs-of-kongpo/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Chaksampa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="arts">{{Cite web |title=Tse...' 1601424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsering Wangmo Satho''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1967]]) ni mcheza [[dansi]] na [[mwimbaji]] wa opera wa Kitibeti anayeishi [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mkurugenzi wa kisanii wa Chaksam-pa, kikundi cha densi na [[opera]] cha Kitibeti.<ref name="kongpo">{{Cite web |title=Songs of Kongpo |url=https://chaksampa.org/performances/songs-of-kongpo/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Chaksampa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="arts">{{Cite web |title=Tsering Wangmo Satho |url=https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/tsering-wangmo-satho |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.arts.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1967|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 8mzj73ck12xvkjpzaluu07662oi3785 0 251291 1601426 2026-09-25T18:27:16Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jo Raquel Welch''' ([[5 Septemba]], [[1940]] – [[15 Februari]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Welch alipata umaarufu kwa mara ya kwanza kupitia nafasi yake katika filamu ''Fantastic Voyage'' (1966), baada ya hapo alisaini mkataba wa muda mrefu na 20th Century Fox.<ref>Longworth, Karina. (October 21, 2014). [http://www.youmustrememberthispodcast.com/episodes/youmustrememberthispodcastblog/ymrt-19-raquel-welch-from-pin-up-to-pariah/ "...' 1601426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jo Raquel Welch''' ([[5 Septemba]], [[1940]] – [[15 Februari]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Welch alipata umaarufu kwa mara ya kwanza kupitia nafasi yake katika filamu ''Fantastic Voyage'' (1966), baada ya hapo alisaini mkataba wa muda mrefu na 20th Century Fox.<ref>Longworth, Karina. (October 21, 2014). [http://www.youmustrememberthispodcast.com/episodes/youmustrememberthispodcastblog/ymrt-19-raquel-welch-from-pin-up-to-pariah/ "Raquel Welch, From Pin-up to Pariah"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602101625/http://www.youmustrememberthispodcast.com/episodes/youmustrememberthispodcastblog/ymrt-19-raquel-welch-from-pin-up-to-pariah |date=June 2, 2017 }} ''You Must Remember This''. Retrieved December 1, 2016.</ref><ref>Öncü, Ece. (February 9, 2012). [http://www.filmlinc.org/daily/spend-the-weekend-with-raquel-welch/ ''Spend the Weekend with Raquel Welch and Film Society''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923145738/http://www.filmlinc.org/daily/spend-the-weekend-with-raquel-welch/ |date=September 23, 2015 }} Film Society of Lincoln Center Retrieved August 5, 2015.</ref><ref>Heavey, John. (February 23, 2012). [http://www.filmlinc.org/daily/video-two-conversations-with-raquel-welch/ ''Video: Two Conversations with Raquel Welch''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923150514/http://www.filmlinc.org/daily/video-two-conversations-with-raquel-welch/ |date=September 23, 2015 }} Film Society of Lincoln Center Retrieved August 2015.</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1940|2023}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] hqy3p9pgycq3yp674wfn0yzftdnj6la 0 251292 1601428 2026-09-25T18:32:23Z Christina Charles 71406 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Barbara May Theresa Werle''' ([[6 Oktoba]], [[1928]] – [[1 Januari]], [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake katika filamu ''Seconds (1966 film)'' (1966).<ref name="etvs">{{cite book|last1=Terrace|first1=Vincent|title=Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010|date=2011|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-6477-7|pag...' 1601428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara May Theresa Werle''' ([[6 Oktoba]], [[1928]] – [[1 Januari]], [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], mcheza dansi na [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa nafasi yake katika filamu ''Seconds (1966 film)'' (1966).<ref name="etvs">{{cite book|last1=Terrace|first1=Vincent|title=Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010|date=2011|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-6477-7|page=926|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=utsd>{{cite news|title=Barbara May Theresa Werle obituary|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/utsandiego/obituary.aspx?n=barbara-may-theresa-werle&pid=162146393 |work=[[U-T San Diego]]|date=January 5, 2013|accessdate=January 7, 2013}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1928|2013}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] dktvnbr6u7vp87493rv0rawo6noat2m 0 251293 1601453 2026-09-25T19:15:15Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Charles Jacob Bagby Jr.''' ( [[8 Septemba]] [[1916]] – [[2 Septemba]] [[1988]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[baseball]] na mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Cleveland]], Ohio, na alifariki [[Marietta, Georgia]]. Alicheza kama mtupaji wa kuanzia katika Major League Baseball kwa Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, na Pittsburgh Pirates. Baba yake, Jim Sr., pia alikuwa mtupaji wa ligi kuu. Baada ya taaluma yake...' 1601453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Charles Jacob Bagby Jr.''' ( [[8 Septemba]] [[1916]] – [[2 Septemba]] [[1988]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[baseball]] na mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Cleveland]], Ohio, na alifariki [[Marietta, Georgia]]. Alicheza kama mtupaji wa kuanzia katika Major League Baseball kwa Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, na Pittsburgh Pirates. Baba yake, Jim Sr., pia alikuwa mtupaji wa ligi kuu. Baada ya taaluma yake ya baseball, alikua mchezaji wa gofu wa kulipwa. Alijiingiza katika Georgia Sports Hall of Fame mwaka [[1992]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=Russell|title=The Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia|date=2004|publisher=Sports Publishing LLC|page=134|isbn=9781582618401|edition=third|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjLiv-NNsiQC&q=%22Jim+Bagby%2C+Sr.%22+home+run+pitcher&pg=PA134|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>Joe DiMaggio ends 56-game hitting streak http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/joe-dimaggio-ends-56-game-hitting-streak</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1916]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] g0s8s1v4fevpi3wb8myogn27kpz1dzs 0 251294 1601463 2026-09-25T19:28:02Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francisco José Guerrero Cienfuegos''' ([[14 Mei]] [[1925]] – [[28 Novemba]] [[1989]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mwanasheria wa El Salvador aliyehudumu kama Makamu wa Rais wa El Salvador na Rais wa Baraza la kutunga sheria.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Historia del Órgano Legislativo de la República de El Salvador 1824–2006: 1936–2006 |url=https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_IV_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf |publisher=Legislative Assembly of El Salvador|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706085226/https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/sites/default/files/2017-12/Tomo_IV_Historia_AsambleaLegislativa.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-06 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1925]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1989]] accmfqsskj7n9kv4d6mqk9kun7wkv1o 0 251295 1601465 2026-09-25T19:30:06Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ángel Guirola de la Cotera''' ([[5 Agosti]] [[1826]] – [[27 Aprili]] [[1910]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa El Salvador aliyehudumu kama kaimu rais wa El Salvador mnamo mwaka 1884 na kama rais wa Baraza la kutunga sheria mnamo mwaka 1884 na 1885.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernández|first1=Nancy|last2=Martínez|first2=Omar|date=25 April 2021|title=Special: Peculiaridades Familia Guirola, ¿Por Qué Rafael Guirola Duke Llevaba un Limón a Sus Viajes Diplomáticos?|url=https://historico.elsalvador.com/historico/829740/mansion-familia-guirola-abolengo-personajes-emblematicos.html|trans-title=Special: Peculiarities of the Guirola Family, Why Did Rafael Guirola Duke Carry a Lemon on His Diplomatic Trips?|language=es|work=[[El Diario de Hoy]]|access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1826]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1910]] c2d8dit19ta5pew3p54bbfn3l9f0084 0 251296 1601466 2026-09-25T19:32:37Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabriel Mauricio Gutiérrez Castro''' (alizaliwa [[18 Machi]] [[1942]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa El Salvador aliyehudumu kama mmojawapo wa makamu watatu wa Rais wa El Salvador kuanzia tarehe 2 Mei 1982 hadi tarehe 1 Juni 1984 wakati wa urais wa Álvaro Magaña.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook 1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWlBPQG_u8oC |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=1982}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sancton |first1=Thomas A. |title=El Salvador: The Making of a President |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,925374,00.html |magazine=Time |date=10 May 1982}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1942]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] 2m6xqo6htx10egwzsbosuy1jfh6lbc9 0 251297 1601467 2026-09-25T19:33:51Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hanif Kunrai''' (alizaliwa 16 Juni 1994) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/976579.html "Hanif Kunrai".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Kunar katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19 tarehe 15 Februari 2019, ambapo alifunga runs 200 bila kutolewa katika inning...' 1601467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanif Kunrai''' (alizaliwa 16 Juni 1994) ni mchezaji wa [[kriketi]] wa [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/976579.html "Hanif Kunrai".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kriketi ya daraja la kwanza akiwakilisha Mkoa wa Kunar katika [[mashindano]] ya Mirwais Nika ya Siku Tatu ya Mikoa ya 2018–19 tarehe 15 Februari 2019, ambapo alifunga runs 200 bila kutolewa katika innings ya kwanza.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174251.html "2nd Match, Mirwais Nika 3-day Provincial at Kunar, Feb 15-17 2019".] ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-kriketi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 2d4mnkeuej4e7sc0oyno1c1wg2kh70k 0 251298 1601468 2026-09-25T19:35:18Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Dagoberto Gutiérrez Linares''' ([[12 Desemba]] [[1944]] – [[9 Julai]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa El Salvador, mchambuzi wa kisiasa, na mpiganaji wa gerila mbele ya ukombozi wa kitaifa ya Farabundo Martí (FMLN) wakati wa vita vya kiraia vya El Salvador.<ref name=pg>{{cite news |first=|last=|title=Fallece el analista político salvadoreño, Dagoberto Gutiérrez, a sus 79 años|url=https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Fallece-el-politico-salvadoreno-Dagoberto-Gutierrez-a-sus-79-anos-20240709-0076.html |work=[[La Prensa Gráfica]] |publisher= |date=2019-07-09 |access-date=2024-07-19 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1944]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2024]] m5f9xhiyk4oytx11gpgyrol5ra2wv2x 0 251299 1601469 2026-09-25T19:37:07Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juan José Guzmán''' ([[Julai]] [[1797]] – [[19 Oktoba]] [[1847]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na afisa wa jeshi wa El Salvador aliyehudumu kama Rais wa 2 wa El Salvador kuanzia mwaka 1842 hadi 1844. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1797]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1847]] m84agbcecx3icig76j41c17xcwcsjsx 0 251300 1601478 2026-09-25T19:39:22Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carla Evelyn Hananía de Varela''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[El Salvador]] aliyehudumu kama waziri wa Elimu, Sayansi na Teknolojia katika baraza la mawaziri la Nayib Bukele, akiwa ameteuliwa tarehe 1 Juni 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-19 |title=Conozca quien es Karla Hananía de Varela, la ministra de Educación en el gobierno de Nayib Bukele |url=https://diariolahuella.com/conozca-quien-es-karla-hanania-de-varela-la-ministra-de-educacion-en-el-gobierno-de-nayib-bukele/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=es}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] k6mgfo3h7gt45u3kqtwfb78mwk1jy2m 0 251301 1601503 2026-09-25T19:46:45Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Jacobo Handal''' alikuwa mfanyabiashara na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[El Salvador]] akihudumu kama Waziri wa fedha wa El Salvador kuanzia mei 2006 hadi juni 2009.<ref name="obituary" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Fallece en Miami exministro de Hacienda, William Handal |url=https://ultimahora.sv/fallece-en-miami-exministro-de-hacienda-william-handal/ |website=ultimahora.sv |language=es |date=2 July 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1951]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2017]] 64obqejocfmxr73xpombtgy4cav1pdo 1601504 1601503 2026-09-25T19:47:05Z AlvinDulle 61179 marekebisho madogo madogo 1601504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Jacobo Handal''' alikuwa mfanyabiashara na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[El Salvador]] akihudumu kama Waziri wa fedha wa El Salvador kuanzia mei 2006 hadi juni 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallece en Miami exministro de Hacienda, William Handal |url=https://ultimahora.sv/fallece-en-miami-exministro-de-hacienda-william-handal/ |website=ultimahora.sv |language=es |date=2 July 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1951]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2017]] p0zie3m5jsalcrfuu9l853l16sibn9s 0 251302 1601532 2026-09-26T00:11:28Z Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju 69361 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''Warren Kizza Besigye Kifefe''' (amezaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1956]]), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Kanali Dr. Kizza Besigye''', ni daktari, mwanasiasa, na aliyekuwa afisa wa jeshi nchini [[Uganda]]. Alikuwa mwenyekiti wa chama cha kisiasa cha [[Forum for Democratic Change]] (FDC) na mpinzani mkuu wa kisiasa nchini humo. Besigye aligombea urais wa Uganda mara nne (mwaka 2001, 2006, 2011, na 2016) dhidi ya Rais [[Yoweri Museveni]], ingawa hakushinda katika...' 1601532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warren Kizza Besigye Kifefe''' (amezaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1956]]), anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Kanali Dr. Kizza Besigye''', ni daktari, mwanasiasa, na aliyekuwa afisa wa jeshi nchini [[Uganda]]. Alikuwa mwenyekiti wa chama cha kisiasa cha [[Forum for Democratic Change]] (FDC) na mpinzani mkuu wa kisiasa nchini humo. Besigye aligombea urais wa Uganda mara nne (mwaka 2001, 2006, 2011, na 2016) dhidi ya Rais [[Yoweri Museveni]], ingawa hakushinda katika uchaguzi huo huku matokeo mengi yakilalamikiwa na kupelekwa mahakamani. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Besigye alizaliwa katika Wilaya ya Rukungiri, kusini-magharibi mwa Uganda. Wazazi wake wote walifariki kabla hajamaliza elimu ya msingi. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi Kinyasano na Mbarara Junior School, kabla ya kujiunga na Kitante High School na Kigezi High School kwa elimu ya sekondari. Mwaka 1975, alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] na kufuzu shahada ya udaktari wa binadamu mwaka 1980. == Maisha ya Jeshi na Siasa == Baada ya kumaliza masomo, alifanya kazi kama daktari katika Hospitali ya Rufaa ya Mulago na baadaye nchini Kenya. Mwaka 1982, alijiunga na jeshi la waasi la National Resistance Movement/Army (NRM/A) linaloongozwa na Yoweri Museveni, ambapo alihudumu kama daktari binafsi wa Museveni. NRM ilipochukua mamlaka mwaka 1986, Besigye aliteuliwa kushika nyadhifa mbalimbali za kiserikali na kijeshi, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Waziri wa Jimbo la Mambo ya Ndani. * Kamisaa wa Kisiasa wa Kitaifa. * Mkuu wa Vifaa na Uhandisi wa Jeshi (UPDF). Alistaafu jeshini mwaka 2001 akiwa na cheo cha Kanali. == Harakati za Kisiasa na Upinzani == Mwaka 1999, Besigye aliandika nyaraka iliyokosoa serikali ya NRM kwa kushindwa kufuata misingi ya demokrasia na kuenea kwa rushwa. Hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa kujitenga kwake na serikali ya Museveni. * '''Uchaguzi wa 2001 na 2006:''' Aligombea urais na kupata ushindani mkali. Matokeo ya uchaguzi wa 2006 yalipelekwa Mahakama Kuu, ambapo majaji walikiri kuwepo kwa wizi na ukiukwaji wa sheria, ingawa matokeo hayakufutwa. * '''Kukamatwa na Kesi:''' Mara kwa mara Besigye amekuwa akikamatwa na polisi kwa tuhuma mbalimbali za kisiasa, ikiwa ni pamoja na uhaini na kuongoza maandamano ya "Walk-to-Work" mwaka 2011 kupinga kupanda kwa gharama za maisha. * '''Uchaguzi wa 2016:''' Baada ya uchaguzi wa 2016, Besigye alijitangaza kuwa "rais wa wananchi" katika hafla ya siri na baadaye akakamatwa na jeshi. == Maisha Binfasi == Besigye alimwoa [[Winnie Byanyima]] mwaka 1999, ambaye ni mwanasiasa na mkurugenzi wa mashirika ya kimataifa. Wana mtoto mmoja wa kiume anayeitwa Anselm. == Angalia Pia == * [[Siasa za Uganda]] * [[Forum for Democratic Change]] * [[Yoweri Museveni]] == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Madaktari wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] a8095svwuhp1xuoh8uuzzwbp06sz95k 3 251303 1601547 2026-09-26T02:40:22Z Mfield 86615 Mfield alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:GregariousMadness]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Silvers Rayleigh]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/GregariousMadness|GregariousMadness]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Silvers Rayleigh|Silvers Rayleigh]]" 1601547 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Silvers Rayleigh]] g8ty3bh02m2ba3n1nbwrnk53lmuxrpn 0 251304 1601565 2026-09-26T04:31:56Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronald John Cerrudo''' ([[4 Februari]] [[1945]] – [[24 Aprili]] [[2024]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda San Antonio Open Invitational mwaka [[1970]] na Cajun Classic Open Invitational mwaka [[1968]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.coasports.org/golf/men/archives/2003/golf_2003_m_halloffame.asp | title=California Community College Men's Golf Hall of Fame 2003 Inductees}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}...' 1601565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald John Cerrudo''' ([[4 Februari]] [[1945]] – [[24 Aprili]] [[2024]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda San Antonio Open Invitational mwaka [[1970]] na Cajun Classic Open Invitational mwaka [[1968]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.coasports.org/golf/men/archives/2003/golf_2003_m_halloffame.asp | title=California Community College Men's Golf Hall of Fame 2003 Inductees}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] 2z7ml34gkcc30h73r476uifwytnx02h 0 251305 1601566 2026-09-26T04:34:56Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Lynn "Spike" McRoy Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 20]] [[1968]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda taji 1 la PGA Tour.<ref name="tn970830">{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Tuscaloosa News]] |location=[[Tuscaloosa, AL]] |title=Clarence Rose, Spike McRoy grab headlines |page=6C |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EwciAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GqYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6771,5790417&dq=spike+mcroy&hl=e...' 1601566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Lynn "Spike" McRoy Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 20]] [[1968]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda taji 1 la PGA Tour.<ref name="tn970830">{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Tuscaloosa News]] |location=[[Tuscaloosa, AL]] |title=Clarence Rose, Spike McRoy grab headlines |page=6C |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EwciAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GqYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6771,5790417&dq=spike+mcroy&hl=en |date=August 30, 1997 |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref><ref name="vp000520">{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Robinson |newspaper=[[The Virginian-Pilot]] |location=[[Norfolk, VA]] |title=This Buy.com Players Sets His Sights On A Big-Time Spike In His Pro Career |page=C5 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFF21AD893AAB1&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=May 20, 2000 |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mftws0sacy17wu4u4a3icb9sil46fda 0 251306 1601567 2026-09-26T04:41:59Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Fred "Butch" Baird''' (alizaliwa [[1936]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Baird alizaliwa [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Alijifunza mchezo wa gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 kutoka kwa baba yake.Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/10/45/ |title=Biographical information from PGA Tour's official site |access-date=2007-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/200702120034...' 1601567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fred "Butch" Baird''' (alizaliwa [[1936]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Baird alizaliwa [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Alijifunza mchezo wa gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 kutoka kwa baba yake.Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/10/45/ |title=Biographical information from PGA Tour's official site |access-date=2007-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212003448/http://www.pgatour.com/players/00/10/45/ |archive-date=2007-02-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/story/9084605 |title=''Victory Records'' from PGA Tour's official site |access-date=2006-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103123344/http://www.pgatour.com/story/9084605 |archive-date=2006-01-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c4293z0pskxa3jn3j5am473ytlsm3yq 0 251307 1601569 2026-09-26T04:46:53Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Francis G. "Bo" Wininger''' ([[Novemba 16]] [[1922]] – [[Desemba 7]] [[1967]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 6 ya PGA Tour. Wininger alifariki dunia jijini [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 45 baada ya kupata kiharusi kilichosababisha kupooza kwa upande wake wa kulia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Povich |first=Shirley |date=June 19, 1995 |title=Mantle's Critics Swing, Miss |url=ht...' 1601569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Francis G. "Bo" Wininger''' ([[Novemba 16]] [[1922]] – [[Desemba 7]] [[1967]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 6 ya PGA Tour. Wininger alifariki dunia jijini [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 45 baada ya kupata kiharusi kilichosababisha kupooza kwa upande wake wa kulia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Povich |first=Shirley |date=June 19, 1995 |title=Mantle's Critics Swing, Miss |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/general/povich/launch/mantle.htm |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=C01}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1967]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] egm7ta9agxwmtix221xx17k70wur8bu 0 251308 1601572 2026-09-26T04:50:54Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert B. Dickson''' (alizaliwa [[Januari 25]] [[1944]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Dickson alizaliwa McAlester, [[Oklahoma]]. Alijifunza mchezo wa gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano na baba yake, Ben, ambaye alikuwa mtaalamu na meneja wa klabu katika McAlester Country Club, na baadaye mtaalamu wa klabu katika Muskogee Country Club (1958–1978). Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of...' 1601572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert B. Dickson''' (alizaliwa [[Januari 25]] [[1944]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Dickson alizaliwa McAlester, [[Oklahoma]]. Alijifunza mchezo wa gofu akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano na baba yake, Ben, ambaye alikuwa mtaalamu na meneja wa klabu katika McAlester Country Club, na baadaye mtaalamu wa klabu katika Muskogee Country Club (1958–1978). Alishinda mataji 2 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Muskogee Country Club |url=http://www.muskogeecountryclub.com/mcchistory.html |access-date=April 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606081313/http://www.muskogeecountryclub.com/mcchistory.html |archive-date=June 6, 2011 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1qge4ie8bs0j4589nbqyt55x0qm8c6i 0 251309 1601573 2026-09-26T04:57:07Z Score Beethoven 26647 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person | name = Nomonde Mihlali "Mickey" Meji | image = | caption = | birth_date = 9 Septemba 1980 | birth_place = [[Cape Town]], [[Afrika Kusini]] | death_date = 13 Agosti 2026 (umri miaka 45) | death_place = | nationality = Mwafrika Kusini | occupation = Mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu | known_for = Kupinga unyonyaji wa kingono na ukahaba | awards = Advancing Freedom Award (2022) | children...' 1601573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nomonde Mihlali "Mickey" Meji | image = | caption = | birth_date = 9 Septemba 1980 | birth_place = [[Cape Town]], [[Afrika Kusini]] | death_date = 13 Agosti 2026 (umri miaka 45) | death_place = | nationality = Mwafrika Kusini | occupation = Mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu | known_for = Kupinga unyonyaji wa kingono na ukahaba | awards = Advancing Freedom Award (2022) | children = 3 }} '''Nomonde Mihlali "Mickey" Meji''' ([[Cape Town]], 9 Septemba 1980 – 13 Agosti 2026) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyetetea haki za wanawake na wasichana, na kupinga unyonyaji wa kingono na [[ukahaba]]. Asili yake ni [[Mthatha]] (Umtata) katika jimbo la [[Rasi ya Mashariki]]. Akiwa mtu aliyenusurika ukahaba, alishiriki katika juhudi nyingi za kitaifa na kimataifa kuhusu [[haki za binadamu]], mapambano dhidi ya [[UKIMWI|VVU na UKIMWI]], na sera za umma kuhusu ukahaba. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali na elimu === Meji alizaliwa tarehe 9 Septemba 1980.<ref name="wow">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wowwoman.com/survivor-human-rights-activist |title=Survivor, Human Rights Activist, Cape Town, South Africa |website=WOW Woman |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="space">{{Cite web |url=https://www.spaceintl.org/news/honoring-the-life-of-nomonde-mihlali-mickey-meji |title=Honoring the Life of Nomonde Mihlali (Mickey) Meji |website=SPACE International |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}</ref> Alipata shahada katika mawasiliano na [[uandishi wa habari]].<ref name="wow" /> === Kazi === Uzoefu wake binafsi kama mtu aliyenusurika ulikuwa kiini cha kazi yake ya hadharani. Katika hotuba zake, aliunganisha ukosefu wa usawa wa kiuchumi na kijamii nchini Afrika Kusini, pamoja na urithi wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] (''apartheid''), na aina za unyonyaji wa kingono wanaokumbana nao baadhi ya wanawake.<ref name="space" /> Alifanya kazi na shirika la Afrika Kusini liitwalo Embrace Dignity, linalotetea kukomeshwa kwa ukahaba na kuwasaidia wanawake walioathiriwa na [[biashara haramu ya binadamu]] na ukahaba. Meji pia alisaidia kuanzisha mashirika na mitandao ya watu walionusurika, na aliwakilisha asasi za kiraia katika majukwaa mbalimbali ya kitaifa na kimataifa.<ref name="wow" /><ref name="huffpost">{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/from-sex-work-advocate-to-survivor-leader-a-journey_b_5925fe95e4b0627b74360d0e |title=From "Sex Work" Advocate to Survivor Leader: A Journey Embraced |last=Bien-Aimé |first=Taina |website=HuffPost |date=2017-05-25 |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2016, Meji alijiunga na Embrace Dignity kama afisa wa programu ya kuwasaidia walionusurika. Kazi yake ilijikita katika haki za wanawake, unyonyaji wa kingono, biashara haramu ya binadamu, na athari za kijamii na kiafya za ukahaba.<ref name="catw">{{Cite web |url=https://catwinternational.org/2026/08/in-tribute-to-mickey-nomonde-mihlali-meji/ |title=In Tribute to Nomonde Mihlali "Mickey" Meji: A Big Tree Has Fallen |website=Coalition Against Trafficking in Women |date=2026-08-17 |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}</ref> Pia alisaidia kujenga mitandao ya walionusurika. Pamoja na wengine walionusurika ukahaba, alichangia kuzaliwa kwa vuguvugu la walionusurika barani Afrika, na akaanzisha ''Survivors Support and Empowerment Programme'', mpango unaowasaidia na kuwawezesha watu waliopitia ukahaba.<ref name="huffpost" /> === Utetezi === Meji alizungumza katika mikutano na midahalo kuhusu haki za binadamu, ukahaba na afya ya umma. Alishiriki, miongoni mwa mingine, katika Mkutano wa 5 wa Afrika Kusini kuhusu UKIMWI na Mkutano wa Kimataifa kuhusu UKIMWI na Magonjwa ya Zinaa barani Afrika (ICASA), ambapo pia aliwasilisha matokeo ya utafiti wake.<ref name="ncose">{{Cite web |url=https://endsexualexploitation.org/articles/mickey-meji-cese-africa-leader-receives-the-advancing-freedom-award/ |title=Mickey Meji, CESE Africa Leader, Receives the Advancing Freedom Award |last=van der Watt |first=Marcel |website=National Center on Sexual Exploitation |date=2022-11-05 |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ucd">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ucd.ie/socialpolicyworkjustice/newsandevents/events/mickeymejiseminar/ |title=Mickey Meji Seminar |website=UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2018, aliongoza ujumbe wa walionusurika katika kikao cha kusikiliza maoni kilichoandaliwa na ''Multi-Party Women's Caucus'' ya [[Bunge la Afrika Kusini]], kuhusu pendekezo la kurekebisha sheria inayohusu ukahaba wa watu wazima. Katika kikao hicho alitetea mtazamo wa kukomesha ukahaba kabisa na akakosoa kuwaadhibu watu wanaouza huduma za ngono.<ref name="catw" /> Meji aliunga mkono mfumo wa kisheria uliopendekezwa na Embrace Dignity kwa jina la "Sankara Equality Act". Pendekezo hilo linalenga kuondoa kosa la jinai kwa kuuza huduma za ngono, lakini kufanya kununua huduma hizo na baadhi ya njia za kuwezesha ukahaba kuwa kosa la jinai, pamoja na programu za kuwasaidia watu kuondoka katika ukahaba. Mtazamo huu unafanana na ule unaojulikana kama "mfumo wa Nordiki" (''Nordic model'').<ref name="cypsa">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cypsa.org.za/2018/01/28/sex-work-did-not-change-the-life-of-a-prostitute/ |title="Sex Work" Did Not Change the Life of a Prostitute |website=CYPSA |date=2018-01-28 |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ncose" /> Pia alikosoa mifumo ya kuhalalisha na kudhibiti ukahaba iliyopitishwa katika baadhi ya nchi, akisema kwamba mifumo hiyo haiondoi mbinu za unyonyaji wa kingono.<ref name="cypsa" /><ref name="ncose" /> === Nyadhifa za kitaifa na kimataifa === Meji alihudumu katika vyombo kadhaa vinavyoshughulikia afya ya umma, haki za binadamu na sera kuhusu wanawake.<ref name="space" /> Aliwakilisha mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali ya Afrika katika Bodi ya Uratibu wa Programu ya [[UNAIDS]], Mpango wa Pamoja wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu VVU na UKIMWI. Pia alikuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Taifa la UKIMWI la Afrika Kusini (SANAC), ambapo aliwakilisha sekta moja.<ref name="ucd" /> Zaidi ya hayo, alishiriki katika mikutano ya kitaifa, kikanda na kimataifa kuhusu haki za wanawake, VVU na unyonyaji wa kingono.<ref name="space" /> === Maisha binafsi na kifo === Meji alikuwa mama wa watoto watatu.<ref name="space" /> Alifariki tarehe 13 Agosti 2026 akiwa na umri wa miaka 45, wiki chache kabla ya kutimiza miaka 46.<ref name="space" /> == Tuzo == Meji alipokea tuzo ya ''Advancing Freedom Award'' katika mkutano mkuu wa ''Coalition to End Sexual Exploitation'' (CESE) kwa juhudi zake za kupinga unyonyaji wa kingono na kuwasaidia walionusurika.<ref name="ncose" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meji, Mickey}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 7gfymieqweo82v8cwy2uafyop3s05c8 0 251310 1601581 2026-09-26T06:05:04Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Nomsa Manaka|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1965|kazi_yake=Muigizaji,Mcheza Dansi}} '''Nomsa Kupi Manaka''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1965]]) ni mcheza dansi, mbunifu wa [[dansi]], na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Wasifu == Manaka <ref>{{Citation|title=Antoinette Fouque|date=2026-09-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Fouque&oldid=1373380778|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>alizaliwa mwak...' 1601581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Nomsa Manaka|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1965|kazi_yake=Muigizaji,Mcheza Dansi}} '''Nomsa Kupi Manaka''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1965]]) ni mcheza dansi, mbunifu wa [[dansi]], na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Wasifu == Manaka <ref>{{Citation|title=Antoinette Fouque|date=2026-09-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Fouque&oldid=1373380778|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>alizaliwa mwaka 1965 huko Orlando, eneo la mjini la [[Soweto]], [[Johannesburg]], Afrika Kusini. Alisomea ballet ya kitamaduni, na baadae akawa [[mwalimu]] wa dansi ''Funda Center'', [[taasisi]] iliyoanzishwa na mume wake, Matsemela Manaka.Mwaka [[1989]], alicheza katika [[tamthilia]] iitwayo ''Gorée''. Tamthilia hiyo ilihusu kisiwa cha Gorée, [[Senegal]], ambacho kilikuwa kituo cha kuwapeleka [[watumwa]] kwenda [[Amerika]]. Ilisimulia safari ya kiroho ya [[mwanamke]] kijana mweusi aliyegundua dansi za Kiafrika na kuanza kujitambua zaidi. Mwanamke huyo alisafiri katika maeneo mbalimbali ya [[Afrika]] na hatimaye kufika Gorée, Senegal. Huko alikutana na mwanamke mzee, aliyeigizwa na Sibongile Khumalo, ambaye alimsaidia kuelewa zaidi urithi wake wa Kiafrika<ref>{{Citation|title=Nomsa Manaka|date=2026-03-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomsa_Manaka&oldid=1342219061|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. Mwaka [[1991]], Manaka alianzisha [[jarida]] la dansi lililoitwa ''Rainbow of Hope''. Pia aliunda choreografia mbalimbali, ikiwemo choreografia ya opera ''Daughter of Nebo'' mwaka [[1993]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Nomsa Manaka|date=2026-03-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomsa_Manaka&oldid=1342219061|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>.Katika [[kazi]] zake za kuunda dansi, Manaka aliunganisha [[mila]] na [[tamaduni]] za Kiafrika na mitindo ya dansi za kisasa.Mume wake, Matsemela Manaka, alifariki mwaka [[1998]] kwa ajali ya gari.Mwaka [[2010]], Manaka alionekana katika [[filamu]] fupi iitwayo ''Exiled'', iliyoongozwa na Tiisetso Dladla. Filamu hiyo ilihusu mwanamke aliyekuwa akijaribu kukabiliana na maisha yake baada ya kulazimika kuishi uhamishoni nchini Marekani kutokana na masuala ya kisiasa mwaka [[1990]].Katika miaka ya 2010, Manaka aliishi pamoja na mwanamuziki [[Hugh Masekela]], ambaye alikuwa akisumbuliwa na [[saratani]] ya tezi dume. Manaka mwenyewe aligundulika kuwa na saratani ya ovari mwaka [[2016]]. Alisema kwamba kwao, ilikuwa muhimu kuonyesha kwamba watu wanapaswa kufurahia maisha yao na kujithamini licha ya [[ugonjwa]]. Alisisitiza kuwa hawakupaswa kuruhusu saratani iwashushe [[moyo]].Hugh Masekela alifariki mwezi [[Januari]] [[2018]]. Manaka alipona baada ya kutumia miezi kadhaa akipata matibabu ya kemotherapi.Wakati wa kupona kwake, Manaka alipata wazo la kuanzisha onyesho la dansi lililoitwa ''Dancing Out of Cancer''. Onyesho hilo lilifanyika ''Joburg Theatre'' kwa lengo la kuchangisha fedha za kuwasaidia wagonjwa wa saratani<ref>{{Citation|title=Nomsa Manaka|date=2026-03-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomsa_Manaka&oldid=1342219061|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] spk5valx0ih9jbho62v9hdntrqg32ti 0 251311 1601588 2026-09-26T06:42:21Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franzi Hato Hasbún Barake''' ([[1946]] – [[30 Agosti]] [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa El Salvador mwenye asili ya Kipalestina.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Hato Hasbún, el estudiante destacado que pasó de ser futbolista a operador político en los gobiernos del FMLN |url=https://www.elsalvadortimes.com/articulo/politicos/quien-fue-hato-hasbun/20170830084439027608.html |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=El Salvador Times |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Keppeler |first=Toni |date=2017-09-06 |title=Hato Hasbún (1946–2017): Der Architekt der Macht |url=https://www.woz.ch/!1AC628CJYR1M |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=WOZ Die Wochenzeitung |language=de}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1946]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2017]] muey3jjpc3w89rlgw3194q82mllfk04 1601841 1601588 2026-09-26T11:46:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franzi Hato Hasbún Barake''' ([[1946]] – [[30 Agosti]] [[2017]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa El Salvador mwenye asili ya Kipalestina.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-08-30 |title=Hato Hasbún, el estudiante destacado que pasó de ser futbolista a operador político en los gobiernos del FMLN |url=https://www.elsalvadortimes.com/articulo/politicos/quien-fue-hato-hasbun/20170830084439027608.html |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=El Salvador Times |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Keppeler |first=Toni |date=2017-09-06 |title=Hato Hasbún (1946–2017): Der Architekt der Macht |url=https://www.woz.ch/!1AC628CJYR1M |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=WOZ Die Wochenzeitung |language=de}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1946]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2017]] qxlci6afmnzaaffg999tyk4qbh7ak07 0 251312 1601591 2026-09-26T06:46:27Z AlvinDulle 61179 nimetafsiri makala hii 1601591 wikitext text/x-wiki '''José Mariano Hernández Martínez''' ([[28 Julai]] [[1786]] – [[21 Oktoba]] [[1864]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na afisa wa jeshi wa El Salvador aliyehudumu kama kaimu rais wa El Salvador mnamo mwaka 1854 na kama makamu wa rais wa El Salvador kuanzia mwaka 1854 hadi 1856. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1786]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa El Salvador]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1864]] jb77l1xyjfqt6yruiylw3xdcx9yi8gr 0 251313 1601592 2026-09-26T06:52:55Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1601592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nasredeen Abdulbari|picha=Nasredeen Abdulbari - 2021 (cropped).jpg|maelezo=Nasredeen Abdulbari mwaka [[2021]]}} '''Nasredeen Abdulbari''' (kwa Kiarabu: نصر الدين عبد الباري) ni [[mwandishi]], [[mwanasheria]] na mtetezi wa haki za binadamu mwenye uraia wa [[Sudan|Sudani]] na [[Marekani]]'''Sudan na Marekani'''. Aliteuliwa kuwa '''Waziri''' '''wa sheria tarehe''' [[9 Septemba]] [[2019]] katika serikali ya mpito iliyoongozwa na Abdalla Hamdok, wakati wa kipindi cha mpito wa Sudan kuelekea demokrasia mwaka 2019.<ref>https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/nasredeen-abdulbari-lawyers-are-the-cement-of-society/</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Abdulbari alizaliwa katika familia ya Wafuri mjini Khartoum, Sudan, mwaka 1986. Mama yake aliitwa Kalthoum Ismail. Wakati ndugu zake wakubwa walipokuwa bado wadogo, familia ya Abdulbari ilihamia Khartoum ili kupata fursa bora za elimu.<ref>https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191016-key-rebel-group-halts-direct-peace-talks-with-khartoum/</ref> Hata hivyo, muda mfupi baadaye, baba yake alirudi Darfur, na kumuacha Ismail akiwalea Abdulbari na ndugu zake wengine sita. Akiwa mtoto, Abdulbari alisoma lugha ya Kiingereza<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2020/02/05/georgetown-student-who-became-justice-minister-sudan/?arc404=true</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] 2c71cait0qdithyst4p34l0fx6as666 1601593 1601592 2026-09-26T06:58:14Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nasredeen Abdulbari|picha=Nasredeen Abdulbari - 2021 (cropped).jpg|maelezo=Nasredeen Abdulbari mwaka [[2021]]}} '''Nasredeen Abdulbari''' (kwa Kiarabu: نصر الدين عبد الباري) ni [[mwandishi]], [[mwanasheria]] na mtetezi wa haki za binadamu mwenye uraia wa [[Sudan|Sudani]] na [[Marekani]]'''Sudan na Marekani'''. Aliteuliwa kuwa '''Waziri''' '''wa sheria tarehe''' [[9 Septemba]] [[2019]] katika serikali ya mpito iliyoongozwa na Abdalla Hamdok, wakati wa kipindi cha mpito wa Sudan kuelekea demokrasia mwaka 2019.<ref>https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/nasredeen-abdulbari-lawyers-are-the-cement-of-society/</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Abdulbari alizaliwa katika familia ya Wafuri mjini Khartoum, Sudan, mwaka 1986. Mama yake aliitwa Kalthoum Ismail. Wakati ndugu zake wakubwa walipokuwa bado wadogo, familia ya Abdulbari ilihamia Khartoum ili kupata fursa bora za elimu.<ref>https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191016-key-rebel-group-halts-direct-peace-talks-with-khartoum/</ref> Hata hivyo, muda mfupi baadaye, baba yake alirudi Darfur, na kumuacha Ismail akiwalea Abdulbari na ndugu zake wengine sita. Akiwa mtoto, Abdulbari alisoma lugha ya Kiingereza<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2020/02/05/georgetown-student-who-became-justice-minister-sudan/?arc404=true</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 7hlebd88a38ltltptsw1sr00ov1m5cg 1601594 1601593 2026-09-26T06:59:22Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nasredeen Abdulbari|picha=Nasredeen Abdulbari - 2021 (cropped).jpg|maelezo=Nasredeen Abdulbari mwaka [[2021]]}} '''Nasredeen Abdulbari''' (kwa Kiarabu: نصر الدين عبد الباري) ni [[mwandishi]], [[mwanasheria]] na mtetezi wa haki za binadamu mwenye uraia wa [[Sudan|Sudani]] na [[Marekani]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa sheria tarehe [[9 Septemba]] [[2019]] katika serikali ya mpito iliyoongozwa na Abdalla Hamdok, wakati wa kipindi cha mpito wa Sudan kuelekea demokrasia mwaka 2019.<ref>https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/nasredeen-abdulbari-lawyers-are-the-cement-of-society/</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Abdulbari alizaliwa katika familia ya Wafuri mjini Khartoum, Sudan, mwaka 1986. Mama yake aliitwa Kalthoum Ismail. Wakati ndugu zake wakubwa walipokuwa bado wadogo, familia ya Abdulbari ilihamia Khartoum ili kupata fursa bora za elimu.<ref>https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191016-key-rebel-group-halts-direct-peace-talks-with-khartoum/</ref> Hata hivyo, muda mfupi baadaye, baba yake alirudi Darfur, na kumuacha Ismail akiwalea Abdulbari na ndugu zake wengine sita. Akiwa mtoto, Abdulbari alisoma lugha ya Kiingereza<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2020/02/05/georgetown-student-who-became-justice-minister-sudan/?arc404=true</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 0rp91knlco3gdnki3t3lj20wvz2qxe7 0 251314 1601600 2026-09-26T07:30:01Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1601600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Adetokumboh_M'Cormack.jpg|name=Adetokumboh M'Cormack|maelezo=M'Cormack mwaka 2018|kazi yake=Muigizaji}} '''Frederick Adetokumboh M'Cormack''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[27 Februari]] [[1982]]), anayejulikana pia kwa majina ya Ade McCormack, Frederick McCormack, au Adetokumoh McCormack, ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Sierra Leone]]. Anajulikana kwa nafasi alizoigiza katika vipindi vya televisheni kama ''Lost'', ''Heroes'', ''Castlevania'', na ''X-Men '97.'' == Maisha Binafsi == M'Cormack alizaliwa mjini Freetown, katika familia ya wazazi wenye asili ya Kreoli wa Sierra Leone. Aliishi [[Nigeria]] na [[Kenya]] kabla ya kujiunga na SUNY Purchase huko [[Jiji la New York|New York]]. Kwa sasa anaishi [[Los Angeles]].<ref>https://cinryvan.vercel.app/</ref> == Kazi == M'Cormack ameonekana katika vipindi mbalimbali vya [[televisheni]]. Aliigiza kama mhusika wa mara kwa mara katika kipindi cha ''Lost'', akicheza nafasi ya Yemi, kaka aliyefariki wa Mr. Eko. Pia aliigiza nafasi ya Tuko katika kipindi cha ''Heroes''.<ref>https://gizmodo.com/the-first-trailer-for-castlevania-season-3-is-a-bloody-1841697687</ref> Katika kipindi cha ''24'', alicheza nafasi ya Zeze Eto'o katika msimu wa saba, vipindi vya 4 na 5. Pia aliigiza kama Isaac, ambaye ni mmoja wa wapinzani wakuu katika kipindi cha ''Castlevania''.<ref>https://za.ign.com/castlevania-season-3/142265/review/netflixs-castlevania-season-3-review</ref> Filamu yake ya kwanza ya kuigiza ilikuwa ''Blood Diamond'' (2006), ambayo iliteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Academy. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] mdvy0z5hfr1ncxrko29ppylsf2oz5qw 1601601 1601600 2026-09-26T07:32:21Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Adetokumboh_M'Cormack.jpg|name=Adetokumboh M'Cormack|maelezo=M'Cormack mwaka 2018|kazi yake=Muigizaji}} '''Frederick Adetokumboh M'Cormack''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[27 Februari]] [[1982]]), anayejulikana pia kwa majina ya Ade McCormack, Frederick McCormack, au Adetokumoh McCormack, ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Sierra Leone]]. Anajulikana kwa nafasi alizoigiza katika vipindi vya televisheni kama ''Lost'', ''Heroes'', ''Castlevania'', na ''X-Men '97.'' == Maisha Binafsi == M'Cormack alizaliwa mjini Freetown, katika familia ya wazazi wenye asili ya Kreoli wa Sierra Leone. Aliishi [[Nigeria]] na [[Kenya]] kabla ya kujiunga na SUNY Purchase huko [[Jiji la New York|New York]]. Kwa sasa anaishi [[Los Angeles]].<ref>https://cinryvan.vercel.app/</ref> == Kazi == M'Cormack ameonekana katika vipindi mbalimbali vya [[televisheni]]. Aliigiza kama mhusika wa mara kwa mara katika kipindi cha ''Lost'', akicheza nafasi ya Yemi, kaka aliyefariki wa Mr. Eko. Pia aliigiza nafasi ya Tuko katika kipindi cha ''Heroes''.<ref>https://gizmodo.com/the-first-trailer-for-castlevania-season-3-is-a-bloody-1841697687</ref> Katika kipindi cha ''24'', alicheza nafasi ya Zeze Eto'o katika msimu wa saba, vipindi vya 4 na 5. Pia aliigiza kama Isaac, ambaye ni mmoja wa wapinzani wakuu katika kipindi cha ''Castlevania''.<ref>https://za.ign.com/castlevania-season-3/142265/review/netflixs-castlevania-season-3-review</ref> Filamu yake ya kwanza ya kuigiza ilikuwa ''Blood Diamond'' (2006), ambayo iliteuliwa kwa Tuzo za Academy. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 8mzhr9xysqf853aoecsfgtyb8ddpakv 0 251315 1601602 2026-09-26T07:45:52Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{Birth date and age|1976 |04|27|df=yes}}|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Anambra State|Anambra]], Nigeria|elimu=[[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]]|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji|jina=Adaora Ukoh|watoto=1|miaka ya kazi=1995–hadi sasa}} '''Adaora Ukoh''' ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] wa [[Nigeria]] wa Nollywood ambaye ameigiza katika filamu kadhaa, zikiwemo ''Thy Kingdom Come'', ''Black Bra'' na ''Lekki Wives''. Yeye ni [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi cha '...' 1601602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{Birth date and age|1976 |04|27|df=yes}}|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Anambra State|Anambra]], Nigeria|elimu=[[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]]|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji|jina=Adaora Ukoh|watoto=1|miaka ya kazi=1995–hadi sasa}} '''Adaora Ukoh''' ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] wa [[Nigeria]] wa Nollywood ambaye ameigiza katika filamu kadhaa, zikiwemo ''Thy Kingdom Come'', ''Black Bra'' na ''Lekki Wives''. Yeye ni [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi cha ''Divas Dynasty'' na ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Adaora Couture, kampuni inayotengeneza mavazi kwa ajili ya [[wanawake]] wenye miili mikubwa. Pia alitoa kauli yake baada ya wasichana wa Chibok kutoweka. == Wasifu == Ada alizaliwa [[27 Aprili]] [[1976]] katika [[Jimbo]] la Anambra. Alisoma [[Chuo]] cha St. John na baadaye akasomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]]. Aliingia katika tasnia ya Nollywood akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 19 mwaka [[1995]], alipoigiza katika filamu ''Deadly Affair''. Baadaye, aliigiza katika nafasi mbalimbali katika filamu tofauti. Katika ''Lekki Wives'', aliigiza kama Miranda. Nafasi zake za uigizaji zimekuwa chache kutokana na ukubwa wa mwili wake, lakini yeye anaona umbo lake ni zawadi na baraka. Adaora alilazimika kunyoa nywele zake zote kwa ajili ya filamu ''Thy Kingdom Come'', ambapo aliigiza nafasi ya mjane. == Maisha binafsi == Mwigizaji huyo ameolewa na Basil Eriofolor na ana [[mtoto]] wa kiume, ambaye alizaliwa baada ya [[mama]] yake kukaa kwa saa kadhaa katika chumba cha kujifungulia. == Filamu alizoigiza == * ''Onyeegwu'' ([[2023]]) kama dada yake Alex * ''The Apartment'' ([[2022]]) kama Meg * ''The 3 Sides'' (2022) kama Gloria * ''The Ex Wife'' ([[2021]]) kama Nene * ''Broken Vine'' (2021) kama Mofe * ''Half Measure'' ([[2020]]) kama Shangazi Aanu * ''The Bosslady'' (2019) kama Omotola * ''Taunting Faith'' ([[2019]]) kama Patricia * ''Wetin Women Want'' (2018) kama Fatima * ''Fit Fam'' ([[2018]]) kama Cordelia * ''Price of Deceit'' (2017) kama Uju * ''Cajole'' ([[2016]]) * ''Palace War'' ([[2014]]) kama Martina * ''Lekki Wives'' ([[2013]]–2015) kama Miranda * ''A Better Tomorrow'' (2011) kama Florence * ''Behind a Smile'' (2009) kama Maria * ''Four Sisters'' (2008) kama Angela * ''Keziah'' ([[2007]]) kama Monica * ''Johnbull & Rosekate'' (2007) kama Sarah * ''The High Class'' (2006) kama Blessing * ''Only Love'' ([[2005]]) kama Uloma * ''Black Bra'' (2005) * ''Standing Alone'' ([[2004]]) kama Tessy * ''Final Whistle'' ([[2000]]) kama Tina * ''Curse from Beyond'' (1999) kama Felicia * ''Karishika II'' ([[1999]]) kama Ratoka * ''Karishika'' (1998) kama Esther * ''Blood Money 2'' ([[1998]]) kama Miriam * ''Evil Genius'' (1998) * ''Rituals'' ([[1997]]) * ''Blood Money'' (1997) kama Msichana * ''Deadly Affair'' ([[1995]]) <ref>https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/35714/divas-dynasty-hosted-by-big-bold-and-beautiful-actressadaor.html</ref><ref>https://fabwoman.ng/adaora-ukoh-biography-profile-fabwoman/</ref><ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/bringbackourgirls-adaora-ukoh-keira-hewatch-let-their-shirts-do-the-talking/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042450/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/adaora-ukoh-7-things-you-should-know-about-lekki-wives-actress/xp1zv9y</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} mbiky7o9iuztcvmn2gsfixrlk61rj5l 1601604 1601602 2026-09-26T07:59:03Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 1601604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{Birth date and age|1976 |04|27|df=yes}}|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=[[Anambra State|Anambra]], Nigeria|elimu=[[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]]|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji|jina=Adaora Ukoh|watoto=1|miaka ya kazi=1995–hadi sasa}} '''Adaora Ukoh''' ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] wa [[Nigeria]] wa Nollywood ambaye ameigiza katika filamu kadhaa, zikiwemo ''Thy Kingdom Come'', ''Black Bra'' na ''Lekki Wives''. Yeye ni [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi cha ''Divas Dynasty'' na ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Adaora Couture, kampuni inayotengeneza mavazi kwa ajili ya [[wanawake]] wenye miili mikubwa. Pia alitoa kauli yake baada ya wasichana wa Chibok kutoweka. == Wasifu == Ada alizaliwa [[27 Aprili]] [[1976]] katika [[Jimbo]] la Anambra. Alisoma [[Chuo]] cha St. John na baadaye akasomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]]. Aliingia katika tasnia ya Nollywood akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 19 mwaka [[1995]], alipoigiza katika filamu ''Deadly Affair''. Baadaye, aliigiza katika nafasi mbalimbali katika filamu tofauti. Katika ''Lekki Wives'', aliigiza kama Miranda. Nafasi zake za uigizaji zimekuwa chache kutokana na ukubwa wa mwili wake, lakini yeye anaona umbo lake ni zawadi na baraka. Adaora alilazimika kunyoa nywele zake zote kwa ajili ya filamu ''Thy Kingdom Come'', ambapo aliigiza nafasi ya mjane. == Maisha binafsi == Mwigizaji huyo ameolewa na Basil Eriofolor na ana [[mtoto]] wa kiume, ambaye alizaliwa baada ya [[mama]] yake kukaa kwa saa kadhaa katika chumba cha kujifungulia. == Filamu alizoigiza == * ''Onyeegwu'' ([[2023]]) kama dada yake Alex * ''The Apartment'' ([[2022]]) kama Meg * ''The 3 Sides'' (2022) kama Gloria * ''The Ex Wife'' ([[2021]]) kama Nene * ''Broken Vine'' (2021) kama Mofe * ''Half Measure'' ([[2020]]) kama Shangazi Aanu * ''The Bosslady'' (2019) kama Omotola * ''Taunting Faith'' ([[2019]]) kama Patricia * ''Wetin Women Want'' (2018) kama Fatima * ''Fit Fam'' ([[2018]]) kama Cordelia * ''Price of Deceit'' (2017) kama Uju * ''Cajole'' ([[2016]]) * ''Palace War'' ([[2014]]) kama Martina * ''Lekki Wives'' ([[2013]]–2015) kama Miranda * ''A Better Tomorrow'' (2011) kama Florence * ''Behind a Smile'' (2009) kama Maria * ''Four Sisters'' ([[2008]]) kama Angela * ''Keziah'' ([[2007]]) kama Monica * ''Johnbull & Rosekate'' (2007) kama Sarah * ''The High Class'' (2006) kama Blessing * ''Only Love'' ([[2005]]) kama Uloma * ''Black Bra'' (2005) * ''Standing Alone'' ([[2004]]) kama Tessy * ''Final Whistle'' ([[2000]]) kama Tina * ''Curse from Beyond'' (1999) kama Felicia * ''Karishika II'' ([[1999]]) kama Ratoka * ''Karishika'' (1998) kama Esther * ''Blood Money 2'' ([[1998]]) kama Miriam * ''Evil Genius'' (1998) * ''Rituals'' ([[1997]]) * ''Blood Money'' (1997) kama Msichana * ''Deadly Affair'' ([[1995]]) <ref>https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/35714/divas-dynasty-hosted-by-big-bold-and-beautiful-actressadaor.html</ref><ref>https://fabwoman.ng/adaora-ukoh-biography-profile-fabwoman/</ref><ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/bringbackourgirls-adaora-ukoh-keira-hewatch-let-their-shirts-do-the-talking/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042450/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/adaora-ukoh-7-things-you-should-know-about-lekki-wives-actress/xp1zv9y</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} 7slfftqjduou7qy88qc0twxtj3m17m8 0 251316 1601606 2026-09-26T08:08:44Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1601606 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Hassanein''' ([[13 Januari]] [[1939]] – [[12 Agosti]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Misri]].<ref>https://elcinema.com/en/person/1058209/</ref><ref>https://misrconnect.com/en/profiles/3622</ref> Alizaliwa mjini Alexandria na alianza kufanya kazi katika redio ya eneo hilo hadi mwaka [[1961]], ambapo alipohamia Cairo kufanya kazi katika televisheni.Alifanya kazi kwa zaidi ya miaka 50 katika televisheni, filamu na ukumbi wa michezo. Miongoni mwa nafasi zake zilizojulikana ni ile ya Sheikh Obaid katika filamu ya vichekesho ya ''The Kit Kat'', iliyoongozwa na Daoud Abdel Sayed, pamoja na nafasi ya Uncle Ziryab katika filamu ''Ice Cream in Glym'' (1992), iliyoongozwa na Khairy Beshara.<ref>https://redseafilmfest.com/en/rsiff_film/ice-cream-in-glym/</ref> Hassanein alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 76 kutokana na saratani ya ini tarehe [[12 Agosti]] [[2015]].<ref>https://www.egyptindependent.com/actor-ali-hassanein-dies-76/#google_vignette</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]] 9alxu06j1koq15110xpz1x4gee4zoig 1601613 1601606 2026-09-26T08:18:09Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Hassanein''' ([[13 Januari]] [[1939]] – [[12 Agosti]] [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Misri]].<ref>https://elcinema.com/en/person/1058209/</ref><ref>https://misrconnect.com/en/profiles/3622</ref> Alizaliwa mjini Alexandria na alianza kufanya kazi katika redio ya eneo hilo hadi mwaka [[1961]], ambapo alipohamia Cairo kufanya kazi katika televisheni.Alifanya kazi kwa zaidi ya miaka 50 katika televisheni, filamu na ukumbi wa michezo. Miongoni mwa nafasi zake zilizojulikana ni ile ya Sheikh Obaid katika filamu ya vichekesho ya ''The Kit Kat'', iliyoongozwa na Daoud Abdel Sayed, pamoja na nafasi ya Uncle Ziryab katika filamu ''Ice Cream in Glym'' (1992), iliyoongozwa na Khairy Beshara.<ref>https://redseafilmfest.com/en/rsiff_film/ice-cream-in-glym/</ref> Hassanein alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 76 kutokana na saratani ya ini tarehe [[12 Agosti]] [[2015]].<ref>https://www.egyptindependent.com/actor-ali-hassanein-dies-76/#google_vignette</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Misri]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} l5f5p01l9p5rl3lopwrjulkjbsnv6ns 0 251317 1601607 2026-09-26T08:11:36Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abimbola Craig ('''alizaliwa tarehe [[3 Novemba]] [[1986]] )ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Nigeria]] katika [[tasnia]] ya [[Nollywood]].Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya [[Tiwalade]] katika [[tamthilia]] ya [[Msichana mwemba aliye safarini]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='Marriage is a scam' - Abimbola Craig opens up about being unmarried at 38 - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/11/20/marriage-is-a-scam-abimbola-cra...' 1601607 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abimbola Craig ('''alizaliwa tarehe [[3 Novemba]] [[1986]] )ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Nigeria]] katika [[tasnia]] ya [[Nollywood]].Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya [[Tiwalade]] katika [[tamthilia]] ya [[Msichana mwemba aliye safarini]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='Marriage is a scam' - Abimbola Craig opens up about being unmarried at 38 - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/11/20/marriage-is-a-scam-abimbola-craig-opens-up-about-being-unmarried-at-38/|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Awali craig alifanya kazi kama Mkuu wa [[uzalishaji]] katika [[kampuni]] ya [[Mawasiliano]] ya [[Televisheni]] ya Ndani,inayojulikana pia kama Televishen ya Ndani. Katika nafasi hiyo,alihusika katika utayarishaji wa vipindi mbalimbali,vikiwemo Msichana mwembamba aliyesafarini,Hatua, kuna Tetesi, Burudani na Mchezo<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief Profile On ‘Skinny Girl In Transit’ Star, Abimbola Craig As She Turns A Year Older|url=https://fabwoman.ng/abimbola-craig-biography-profile-fabwoman/|work=FabWoman|date=2019-11-03|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Ayo AL}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] lb598ok909yhcsfdrw7j1552naak6ef 0 251318 1601609 2026-09-26T08:14:14Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bolanle Ninalowo''', anayejulikana pia kama Nino, (aliyezaliwa tarehe 7 Mei 1980) ni mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why my marriage failed –Bolanle Ninalowo – Newtelegraph|url=http://www.newtelegraphng.com/2017/12/marriage-failed-bolanle-ninalowo-2/|work=www.newtelegraphng.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Kabla ya Ninalowo kujaribu kuingia katika tasnia ya filamu ya [[Nigeria]...' 1601609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bolanle Ninalowo''', anayejulikana pia kama Nino, (aliyezaliwa tarehe 7 Mei 1980) ni mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why my marriage failed –Bolanle Ninalowo – Newtelegraph|url=http://www.newtelegraphng.com/2017/12/marriage-failed-bolanle-ninalowo-2/|work=www.newtelegraphng.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Kabla ya Ninalowo kujaribu kuingia katika tasnia ya filamu ya [[Nigeria]], kwanza alifanya kazi kama mhasibu katika [[benki]] nchini [[Marekani]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bolanle Ninalowo: I Was An Accountant In America Before Relocating To Nigeria - NaijaGists.com - Nigerian News, Gist And Music Blog|url=https://naijagists.com/bolanle-ninalowo-accountant-america-us-relocate-nigeria/|date=2019-05-05|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Naija Gists}}</ref>.Baada ya hapo, aliporudi [[Nigeria]], alifanya kazi katika Guaranty Trust Bank.Jaribio lake la kwanza kuingia katika tasnia ya filamu ya [[Nigeria]], inayojulikana kama [[Nollywood]], lilikuwa kama mtayarishaji wa filamu.Alitengeneza filamu yake ya kwanza iliyokuwa na jina Rebirth., anayejulikana pia kama Nino, (aliyezaliwa tarehe 7 Mei [[1980]]) ni mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=My success story in Nollywood – Bolanle Ninalowo|url=https://www.informationng.com/2018/03/my-success-story-in-nollywood-bolanle-ninalowo.html|work=Information Nigeria|date=2018-03-21|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Information Nigeria}}</ref>.Kabla ya Ninalowo kujaribu kuingia katika tasnia ya filamu ya [[Nigeria]], kwanza alifanya kazi kama mhasibu katika benki nchini [[Marekani]].Baada ya hapo, aliporudi [[Nigeria]], alifanya kazi katika Guaranty Trust Bank.Jaribio lake la kwanza kuingia katika tasnia ya filamu ya [[Nigeria]], inayojulikana kama [[Nollywood]], lilikuwa kama mtayarishaji wa filamu.Alitengeneza filamu yake ya kwanza iliyokuwa na jina Rebirth. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 2y6s165n2polnvvvo0l9jxxc38v1rg8 0 251319 1601610 2026-09-26T08:15:53Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1601610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Afia Schwarzenegger|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=14 Februari 1982 (miaka 44)|kazi yake=Mtangazaji wa Televisheni / Redio|televisheni=Schwar TV, Yewo Krom, Kokooko Sho|watoto=3}} '''Valentina Nana Agyeiwaa'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afia Schwarzenegger, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Afia-Schwarzenegger-3301|work=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa tarehe 14 Februari [[1982]], [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]]), anayefahamika kitaalamu kama Afia Schwarzenegger, ni mtangazaji na mtu maarufu wa vyombo vya habari kutoka Ghana ambaye alijipatia umaarufu mwaka [[2011]] kupitia mfululizo wa tamthilia ya vichekesho ya Afia Schwarzenegger. Alipata [[elimu]] yake ya msingi katika Shule ya [[Ridgeland, Mississippi|Ridge]] Experimental na katika Shule ya Waventh Day Adventist huko Tamale. Alisoma katika Shule mbili za Sekondari (SHS) – Shule ya Wasichana ya [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] na Shule ya Sekondari ya KNUST.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afia Schwarzenegger, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Afia-Schwarzenegger-3301|work=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi yake == Alicheza nafasi kuu katika tamthilia ya vichekesho ya [[televisheni]] iitwayo Afia Schwarzenegger, iliyotayarishwa na [[Deloris Frimpong Manso|Deloris Frimpong Manso.]] Amewahi kuendesha vipindi mbalimbali vikiwemo ''Yewo Krom'' kupitia kituo cha [[Oka (mto)|Okay FM]], ''Kokooko'' kupitia UTV Ghana, na ''The Afia Schwarzenegger Talk Show'' kupitia ETV. Pia amewahi kufanya kazi na vituo vya TV [[Afrika|Africa]] na Kasapa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Afia Schwarzenegger out with a new TV show 'Atigya'|date=2019-01-18|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Afia-Schwarzenegger-out-with-a-new-TV-show-Atigya-716162|work=GhanaWeb|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] dj6ppgjwg7ewnr576o8b1p80t1ywmoi 0 251320 1601611 2026-09-26T08:17:03Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adnen Helali''' ni mshairi na mwigizaji kutoka Tunisia. Alizaliwa tarehe 23 Machi 1975, katika mji wa Sbeitla, [[Tunisia|Tunisia.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Yeye ni mwalimu wa lugha ya [[Kifaransa]] huko Sbeitla. Pia ni mwanachama wa kikundi cha maigizo kinachoitwa Founoun, ambacho kinapatikana katika mji huo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am...' 1601611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adnen Helali''' ni mshairi na mwigizaji kutoka Tunisia. Alizaliwa tarehe 23 Machi 1975, katika mji wa Sbeitla, [[Tunisia|Tunisia.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Yeye ni mwalimu wa lugha ya [[Kifaransa]] huko Sbeitla. Pia ni mwanachama wa kikundi cha maigizo kinachoitwa Founoun, ambacho kinapatikana katika mji huo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Tangu mwaka 2000, Adnen Helali ndiye mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Tamasha la Kimataifa la Spring la Sbeitla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Pia alianzisha [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar|Tamasha]] la Rosemary la Wassaia, ambalo hufanyika katika kijiji kidogo cha Wassaia, kilicho sehemu ya Sbeitla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> rg7yo3r5bzj0opka4lw0je804sv9mq6 1601617 1601611 2026-09-26T08:28:48Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Kuongeza maneno 1601617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adnen Helali''' ni mshairi na mwig[https://fame.am/claim/adnen-helali https://fame.am/claim/adnen-he]izaji kutoka Tunisia. Alizaliwa tarehe 23 Machi 1975, katika mji wa Sbeitla, [[Tunisia|Tunisia.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Yeye ni mwalimu wa lugha ya [[Kifaransa|Kufa randa]] huko Sbeitla. Pia ni mwanachama wa kikundi cha maigizo kinachoitwa Founoun, ambacho kinapatikana katika mji huo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Tangu mwaka 2000, Adnen Helali ndiye mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa Tamasha la Kimataifa la Spring la Sbeitla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Pia alianzisha [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar|Tamasha]] la Rosemary la Wassaia, ambalo hufanyika katika kijiji kidogo cha Wassaia, kilicho sehemu ya Sbeitla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Claim your Fame.am profile|url=https://fame.am/claim|work=Fame.am|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] a6wgqntxa1dwz7pqw3hb8qvgt90n6ub 0 251321 1601614 2026-09-26T08:19:24Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Ukurasa mpya 1601614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abbas Fares''' ni Mwigizaji wa [[Kimisri]] aliyezaliwa katika mtaa wa Al Maghrblin katika eneo la Darb al-Ahmar mwaka wa 1902. Alifanya kazi na bendi kadhaa za mastaa, kisha akajiunga na Kikundi cha George Abyad, na kisha ... Read more akahamia kufanya kazi kati ya idadi kubwa ya vikundi vya [[maigizo]], vikiwemo: Naguib El-Rihani, Misr Troupe, na National Troupe. Abbas Fares alianza kufanya kazi katika sinema tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1920 kupitia [[filamu]] ya Daughter of the Nile, na kisha akaendelea na kazi yake ya sinema hadi katikati ya miaka ya sabini kupitia [[filamu]] kadhaa, zikiwemo: Vacation in Hell (1949), The Beast (1954) na Oh Islam (1961). Alikufa mnamo 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares|url=https://rotana.net/en/guide/work-details/582|work=روتانا {{!}} Rotana|date=2020-05-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares|url=https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1166006-abbas-fares|work=The Movie Database|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares Movies List {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/abbas_fares|work=www.rottentomatoes.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares - Dhliz|url=https://dhliz.com/en/artist/abbas_fares/|work=dhliz.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Filamu iliyochaguliwa 1937 == Nashid al-Amal (1937) Mapenzi (1939)dananeer (1940) == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas Fare}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] dkq8oxj9ng9p1hm9941a0xxvcmto0pk 1601618 1601614 2026-09-26T08:35:05Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Malekebisho 1601618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abbas Fares''' ni Mwigizaji wa [[Kimisri]] aliyezaliwa katika mtaa wa Al Maghrblin katika eneo la Darb al-Ahmar mwaka wa 1902. Alifanya kazi na bendi kadhaa za mastaa, kisha akajiunga na Kikundi cha George Abyad, na kisha akahamia kufanya kazi kati ya idadi kubwa ya vikundi vya [[maigizo]], vikiwemo: Naguib El-Rihani, Misr Troupe, na National Troupe. Abbas Fares alianza kufanya kazi katika sinema tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1920 kupitia [[filamu]] ya Daughter of the Nile, na kisha akaendelea na kazi yake ya sinema hadi katikati ya miaka ya sabini kupitia [[filamu]] kadhaa, zikiwemo: Vacation in Hell (1949), The Beast (1954) na Oh Islam (1961). Alikufa mnamo 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares|url=https://rotana.net/en/guide/work-details/582|work=روتانا {{!}} Rotana|date=2020-05-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares|url=https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1166006-abbas-fares|work=The Movie Database|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares Movies List {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/abbas_fares|work=www.rottentomatoes.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbas Fares - Dhliz|url=https://dhliz.com/en/artist/abbas_fares/|work=dhliz.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Filamu iliyochaguliwa 1937 == Nashid al-Amal (1937) Mapenzi (1939)dananeer (1940) == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas Fare}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] m97kmiprdxdbkm7rqsfh5aj4uebm26y 0 251322 1601615 2026-09-26T08:24:06Z Mindofluqman 74006 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abel Mutua''', anayejulikana pia kama Mkurugenzi, alizaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe]] 28 [[Agosti]] 1986. Ni [[Mwigizaji|mwigizaji]], mwandishi wa filamu, mtengenezaji wa maudhui na mfanyabiashara kutoka Kenya. Alianza kujulikana kupitia uigizaji. Pia alianzisha kampuni ya Phil-It Productions pamoja na Philip Karanja.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Abel Mutua|url=https://heroes.kenyanism.com/hero/abel-mutua/|work=Kenyan Heroes|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-...' 1601615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abel Mutua''', anayejulikana pia kama Mkurugenzi, alizaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe]] 28 [[Agosti]] 1986. Ni [[Mwigizaji|mwigizaji]], mwandishi wa filamu, mtengenezaji wa maudhui na mfanyabiashara kutoka Kenya. Alianza kujulikana kupitia uigizaji. Pia alianzisha kampuni ya Phil-It Productions pamoja na Philip Karanja.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Abel Mutua|url=https://heroes.kenyanism.com/hero/abel-mutua/|work=Kenyan Heroes|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Abel alianza kujulikana kwa kuigiza kama Freddie kwenye kipindi cha televisheni cha [[Kenya]], Tahidi High, kilichorushwa na [[Citizen TV]]. Pia aliandika maandishi ya kipindi cha The Real Househelps of Kawangware, kilichorushwa na KTN. Aliacha kufanya kazi kwenye kipindi hicho mwaka 2016.<ref name=":1" /> Abel aliandika filamu ya Grand Little Lie. Ilitolewa kwanza kwenye tovuti ya Phil-It Productions na kuonyeshwa katika baadhi ya kumbi za sinema [[Nairobi]] mwaka 2021. Mwaka 2024, filamu hiyo iliwekwa kwenye [[Netflix]]. Pia aliandika Click Click Bang, iliyoonyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza Nairobi Cinema Hall Julai 2022, kisha ikawekwa kwenye Netflix Oktoba 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Film Grand Little Lie Rakes in Ksh 4M in less than a week|url=https://www.kenyanvibe.com/local-film-grand-little-lie-rakes-in-ksh-4m-in-less-than-a-week/|work=KenyanVibe|date=2021-10-18|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Mr Samora}}</ref> Tarehe 14 Februari 2024, Abel aliandaa mkutano wa wanaume kujadili ukatili dhidi ya wanawake. Mwaka huohuo, aliandika tamthilia ya vichekesho na maisha, Untying Kantai, iliyoanza kuonyeshwa Showmax tarehe 9 Mei. Pia aliandika filamu ya Makosa Ni Yangu, iliyotolewa kwenye tovuti ya Phil-It mwaka 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Untying Kantai (TV Series) – Synopsis, Cast & Crew|url=https://filamu.org/tv/untying-kantai/|work=Filamu|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mwaka 2024, kipindi chake cha sauti, The Mkurugenzi Podcast, kilikuwa cha tatu kwa kusikilizwa zaidi nchini Kenya kwenye [[Spotify]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steady Growth Of Abel Mutua As A Digital Creator|url=https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/steady-growth-of-abel-mutua-as-a-digital-creator.2448831/|work=JamiiForums Tanzania|date=2026-06-27|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuzo na kutambuliwa == Mwaka 2018, Abel alitunukiwa tuzo kwenye hafla ya Young Entrepreneurs Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Production mogul Abel Mutua feted at Young Entrepreneur Awards|url=https://capitalfm.africa/comedian-production-abel-mutua-feted-at-young-entrepreneur-awards/|work=Capital FM Kenya|date=2018-12-04|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka 2025, aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya Uandishi Bora wa Kipindi cha Televisheni kwenye Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards, kwa kazi yake ya kuandika Untying Kantai.<ref name=":2" /> == Maisha Binafsi == Mwaka 2015, Abel alifunga [[ndoa]] na Judy Nyawira. Wana [[binti]] mmoja anayeitwa Mumbua.<ref>{{Cite web|title=“What Has Kept Us Married for 17 Years Is Friendship” – Abel Mutua & Judy Nyawira Reflect – Parents Africa|url=https://parentsafrica.com/what-has-kept-us-married-for-17-years-is-friendship-abel-mutua-judy-nyawira-reflect/|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == 2t1n6x461nbwk4b46e9xi8dwghutknl 1601616 1601615 2026-09-26T08:27:12Z Mindofluqman 74006 1601616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mbegu-mtu}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} '''Abel Mutua''', anayejulikana pia kama Mkurugenzi, alizaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe]] 28 [[Agosti]] 1986. Ni [[Mwigizaji|mwigizaji]], mwandishi wa filamu, mtengenezaji wa maudhui na mfanyabiashara kutoka Kenya. Alianza kujulikana kupitia uigizaji. Pia alianzisha kampuni ya Phil-It Productions pamoja na Philip Karanja.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Abel Mutua|url=https://heroes.kenyanism.com/hero/abel-mutua/|work=Kenyan Heroes|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Abel alianza kujulikana kwa kuigiza kama Freddie kwenye kipindi cha televisheni cha [[Kenya]], Tahidi High, kilichorushwa na [[Citizen TV]]. Pia aliandika maandishi ya kipindi cha The Real Househelps of Kawangware, kilichorushwa na KTN. Aliacha kufanya kazi kwenye kipindi hicho mwaka 2016.<ref name=":1" /> Abel aliandika filamu ya Grand Little Lie. Ilitolewa kwanza kwenye tovuti ya Phil-It Productions na kuonyeshwa katika baadhi ya kumbi za sinema [[Nairobi]] mwaka 2021. Mwaka 2024, filamu hiyo iliwekwa kwenye [[Netflix]]. Pia aliandika Click Click Bang, iliyoonyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza Nairobi Cinema Hall Julai 2022, kisha ikawekwa kwenye Netflix Oktoba 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Film Grand Little Lie Rakes in Ksh 4M in less than a week|url=https://www.kenyanvibe.com/local-film-grand-little-lie-rakes-in-ksh-4m-in-less-than-a-week/|work=KenyanVibe|date=2021-10-18|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Mr Samora}}</ref> Tarehe 14 Februari 2024, Abel aliandaa mkutano wa wanaume kujadili ukatili dhidi ya wanawake. Mwaka huohuo, aliandika tamthilia ya vichekesho na maisha, Untying Kantai, iliyoanza kuonyeshwa Showmax tarehe 9 Mei. Pia aliandika filamu ya Makosa Ni Yangu, iliyotolewa kwenye tovuti ya Phil-It mwaka 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Untying Kantai (TV Series) – Synopsis, Cast & Crew|url=https://filamu.org/tv/untying-kantai/|work=Filamu|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mwaka 2024, kipindi chake cha sauti, The Mkurugenzi Podcast, kilikuwa cha tatu kwa kusikilizwa zaidi nchini Kenya kwenye [[Spotify]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steady Growth Of Abel Mutua As A Digital Creator|url=https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/steady-growth-of-abel-mutua-as-a-digital-creator.2448831/|work=JamiiForums Tanzania|date=2026-06-27|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tuzo na kutambuliwa == Mwaka 2018, Abel alitunukiwa tuzo kwenye hafla ya Young Entrepreneurs Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Production mogul Abel Mutua feted at Young Entrepreneur Awards|url=https://capitalfm.africa/comedian-production-abel-mutua-feted-at-young-entrepreneur-awards/|work=Capital FM Kenya|date=2018-12-04|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwaka 2025, aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya Uandishi Bora wa Kipindi cha Televisheni kwenye Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards, kwa kazi yake ya kuandika Untying Kantai.<ref name=":2" /> == Maisha Binafsi == Mwaka 2015, Abel alifunga [[ndoa]] na Judy Nyawira. Wana [[binti]] mmoja anayeitwa Mumbua.<ref>{{Cite web|title=“What Has Kept Us Married for 17 Years Is Friendship” – Abel Mutua & Judy Nyawira Reflect – Parents Africa|url=https://parentsafrica.com/what-has-kept-us-married-for-17-years-is-friendship-abel-mutua-judy-nyawira-reflect/|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == f32q5cnw3wsf4xlbemlypkaef3dmzh2 0 251323 1601619 2026-09-26T08:36:38Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Noura Qadry|picha=Noura (actress).jpg|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji}} '''Noura Mostafa Qadry''' (kwa Kiarabu: نورا مصطفى قدري), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la Noura, alizaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe18]] [[Juni]] [[1954]] kwa jina la Elweya Mostafa Mohamed Adry. Yeye ni [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye sasa amestaafu.Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya uigizaji katika [[filamu]] za Misri miaka ya [[1970]] na aliendelea kuigiza hadi a...' 1601619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Noura Qadry|picha=Noura (actress).jpg|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji}} '''Noura Mostafa Qadry''' (kwa Kiarabu: نورا مصطفى قدري), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la Noura, alizaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe18]] [[Juni]] [[1954]] kwa jina la Elweya Mostafa Mohamed Adry. Yeye ni [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani kutoka [[Misri]] ambaye sasa amestaafu.Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya uigizaji katika [[filamu]] za Misri miaka ya [[1970]] na aliendelea kuigiza hadi alipostaafu miaka ya [[1990]]. Baada ya hapo, alianza kuvaa [[hijabu]] nakuanza kufuata maadili ya kidini. == Maisha ya Awali == Noura alizaliwa mjini [[Kairo|Cairo]], nchini Misri, katika [[familia]] ya wazazi Wamisri, katika eneo la Shubra ambalo lina watu wa tabaka la kati. Yeye ni wa mwigizaji aitwaye '''[[Poussi, Poussy|Poussi]]'''.Tangu miaka ya 1990, Noura amekuwa akikataa kuonekana kwenye vyombo vya habari. Kwa sasa anaishi maisha ya utulivu na ya kujitolea katika imani yake ya Kiislamu. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] kgo7gszjkmqkq1rm94k7249rkgo0ner 0 251324 1601621 2026-09-26T08:38:25Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person|picha=Abdel mom3em madbawelyy.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{Birth date|1921|12|28}}|tarehe ya kufa={{Death date and age|2006|07|09|1921|12|28}}|miaka ya kazi=1949–2005}} '''Abdel Moneim Madbouly''' (kwa Kiarabu: عبد المنعم مدبولي, 28 Desemba 1921 – 9 Julai [[2006]]) alikuwa [[Mwigizaji|muigizaji]], [[mchekeshaji]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[tamthilia]] wa [[Misri]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=MADBOULY |first=H |last2=ABDE...' 1601621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Abdel mom3em madbawelyy.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{Birth date|1921|12|28}}|tarehe ya kufa={{Death date and age|2006|07|09|1921|12|28}}|miaka ya kazi=1949–2005}} '''Abdel Moneim Madbouly''' (kwa Kiarabu: عبد المنعم مدبولي, 28 Desemba 1921 – 9 Julai [[2006]]) alikuwa [[Mwigizaji|muigizaji]], [[mchekeshaji]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[tamthilia]] wa [[Misri]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=MADBOULY |first=H |last2=ABDEL-MONEIM |first2=A |last3=JR |first3=J |last4=LADMAN |first4=B |last5=ROFAEL |first5=NANCY |date=2002-10-01 |title=MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE EGYPTIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS ISOLATES |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/vmjg.2002.369385 |journal=Veterinary Medical Journal (Giza) |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=1053–1064 |doi=10.21608/vmjg.2002.369385 |issn=2537-1045}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=MADBOULY |first=H |last2=ABDEL-MONEIM |first2=A |last3=JR |first3=J |last4=LADMAN |first4=B |last5=ROFAEL |first5=NANCY |date=2002-10-01 |title=MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE EGYPTIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS ISOLATES |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/vmjg.2002.369385 |journal=Veterinary Medical Journal (Giza) |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=1053–1064 |doi=10.21608/vmjg.2002.369385 |issn=2537-1045}}</ref> == Wasifu == Madbouly alizaliwa mjini Cairo, Misri. Alianza kujihusisha na uigizaji akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka saba, baada ya kifo cha [[baba]] yake, kwa sababu familia yao ilihitaji fedha za kujikimu.<ref name=":2" /> Baadaye, alijiunga na kikundi cha waigizaji cha Fatma Rushdi, kabla ya kujiunga na ukumbi wa michezo wa mwigizaji maarufu wa Lebanon, George Abyad.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo ni == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] lt0bwjs5ksj2ya1mcua4t8m6x7pyxn4 0 251325 1601623 2026-09-26T08:39:51Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adel Adham''' (kwa Kiarabu: عادل أدهم; alizaliwa '''tarehe''' '''8''' '''Machi''' '''1928''' – alifariki '''tarehe''' 1 '''Februari''' '''1996''') alikuwa '''mwigizaji''' wa '''Misri'''. Alijulikana sana kwa kuigiza wahusika wabaya, wenye tabia tata au ambao ni vigumu kuelewa nia zao. Kwa sababu ya umahiri wake katika uigizaji, <ref>{{Citation|title=عادل أدهم.. «تاجر القطن» الذي أصبح «برنس السينما الع...' 1601623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adel Adham''' (kwa Kiarabu: عادل أدهم; alizaliwa '''tarehe''' '''8''' '''Machi''' '''1928''' – alifariki '''tarehe''' 1 '''Februari''' '''1996''') alikuwa '''mwigizaji''' wa '''Misri'''. Alijulikana sana kwa kuigiza wahusika wabaya, wenye tabia tata au ambao ni vigumu kuelewa nia zao. Kwa sababu ya umahiri wake katika uigizaji, <ref>{{Citation|title=عادل أدهم.. «تاجر القطن» الذي أصبح «برنس السينما العربية»|url=http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/977575#sthash.coFy0L9s.dpbs|work=Alhayat|language=ar-AR|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=عادل أدهم.. «تاجر القطن» الذي أصبح «برنس السينما العربية»|url=http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/977575#sthash.coFy0L9s.dpbs|work=Alhayat|language=ar-AR|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=عادل أدهم.. «تاجر القطن» الذي أصبح «برنس السينما العربية»|url=http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/977575#sthash.coFy0L9s.dpbs|work=Alhayat|language=ar-AR|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=عادل أدهم.. «تاجر القطن» الذي أصبح «برنس السينما العربية»|url=http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/977575#sthash.coFy0L9s.dpbs|work=Alhayat|language=ar-AR|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>alipewa jina la heshima la “'''Mfalme''' wa '''Sinema'''. Kazi Adel Adham alizaliwa tarehe 8 Machi 1928 huko Alexandria, Misri Baba yake alikuwa Mmisri, na mama yake alikuwa na asili ya Kituruki na Misri<ref>{{Citation|title=عادل أدهم.. «تاجر القطن» الذي أصبح «برنس السينما العربية»|url=http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/977575#sthash.coFy0L9s.dpbs|work=Alhayat|language=ar-AR|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == MAREJEO == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] jbtbmtu8t4riiqzpb5wpkvgk5hqukvi 0 251326 1601624 2026-09-26T08:41:58Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Kuanzisha makala 1601624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Adila Bendimerad|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1988|nchi=Algeria|kazi_yake=Muigizaji na Mtayarishaji wa Filamu}} '''Adila Bendimerad''' alizaliwa mwaka [[1988]] ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] wa filamu, [[mkurugenzi]] na [[mtayarishaji]] wa filamu kutoka [[Algeria]]. Mwaka 2023, alishinda [[tuzo]] ya [[Mwandishi]] Bora wa [[Filamu]] katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Amman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adila Bendimerad - Actor Filmography، photos، Video|url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2018020|work=elCinema.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Joyful 1926|url=https://www.dohafilm.com/en/contents/3af58fb8-054a-4a28-bb59-f7a75d18e3ff|work=www.dohafilm.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adila Bendimerad – Amman International Film Festival|url=https://aiff.jo/narrative-jury/adila-bendimerad/|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Bendimerad ameshirikiana na wakurugenzi kadhaa kutoka [[eneo]] la MENA, kama vile Malik Chibane, Taj Intaj, Merzak Allouache na Karim Moussaoui. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] 3jhhihkodqh3k93lku25atxenck0gji 1601631 1601624 2026-09-26T08:46:23Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Ukurasa umerekebishwa 1601631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Adila Bendimerad|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1988|nchi=Algeria|kazi_yake=Muigizaji na Mtayarishaji wa Filamu}} '''Adila Bendimerad''' alizaliwa mwaka [[1988]] ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] wa filamu, [[mkurugenzi]] na [[mtayarishaji]] wa filamu kutoka [[Algeria]]. Mwaka 2023, alishinda [[tuzo]] ya [[Mwandishi]] Bora wa [[Filamu]] katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Amman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adila Bendimerad - Actor Filmography، photos، Video|url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2018020|work=elCinema.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Joyful 1926|url=https://www.dohafilm.com/en/contents/3af58fb8-054a-4a28-bb59-f7a75d18e3ff|work=www.dohafilm.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adila Bendimerad – Amman International Film Festival|url=https://aiff.jo/narrative-jury/adila-bendimerad/|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Bendimerad ameshirikiana na wakurugenzi kadhaa kutoka [[eneo]] la MENA, kama vile Malik Chibane, Taj Intaj, Merzak Allouache na Karim Moussaoui. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 21oyfrope23fedlilie899013y3jant 0 251327 1601625 2026-09-26T08:42:51Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1601625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jasmine Baroudi'''. (aliyezaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba [mwaka haujaainishwa]) ni mwigizaji wa [[Ghana]].Alisomea Saikolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Ghana]], ambako alihitimu masomo yake. == Kazi == Alionekana katika mfululizo wa televisheni wa [[Ghana]], ''Adam's Apples'', uliokuwa ukionyeshwa mwaka 2011–2012, na aliigiza pamoja na waigizaji maarufu wa Ghallywood kama Majid Michel. Baadaye, aliteuliwa katika kipengele cha Best Discovery kwenye Ghana Movie Awards za mwaka [[2011]] kutokana na ushiriki wake katika mfululizo huo wa televisheni. Mwaka [[2014]], aliigiza katika filamu iliyoongozwa na Mikki Osei-Berko iliyokuwa na jina ''Broken Mirror''. Filamu hiyo pia iliwaangazia Jackie Appiah, James Gardiner, Fred Amugi na Roselyn Ngissah, na ilitayarishwa na David Owusu. Kati ya mwaka [[2014]] na [[2015]], alicheza nafasi ya Tilly Walsh katika mfululizo wa televisheni ''V-Republic'', ulioongozwa na Shirley Frimpong-Manso. Waigizaji wengine waliokuwa katika mfululizo huo ni pamoja na Nikki Samonas, Joselyn Dumas na Christabel Ekeh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adina stars in latest movie, ‘A New Flame’ {{!}} Ghana Music|url=https://ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2019/02/01/adina-stars-in-latest-movie-a-new-flame/|work=www.ghanamusic.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Emmanuel Ghansah}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Jasmine Baroudi celebrates her birthday with stunning photos; celebs and fans shout - YEN.COM.GH|url=https://yen.com.gh/170509-actress-jasmine-celebrates-birthday-stunning-photos-celebs-fans-shout.html|work=yen.com.gh|date=2020-09-18|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Aba Afful}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] drccvtjh0cnay48qjnanyya6fi6gbou 0 251328 1601626 2026-09-26T08:43:24Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abdul Hakim Al-Taher''' alikuwa '''msanii''' wa '''Sudan''' aliyefanya kazi kama mwigizaji na mkurugenzi wa '''michezo''' ya kuigiza. Alizaliwa mwaka '''1949''' na alifariki tarehe '''1''' Januari '''2021.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event:Hadithi za Watu – Sinema - Meta-Wiki|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Hadithi_za_Watu_%E2%80%93_Sinema|work=meta.wikimedia.org|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> === Wasifu === Abdul Hakim Al-Taher aliz...' 1601626 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdul Hakim Al-Taher''' alikuwa '''msanii''' wa '''Sudan''' aliyefanya kazi kama mwigizaji na mkurugenzi wa '''michezo''' ya kuigiza. Alizaliwa mwaka '''1949''' na alifariki tarehe '''1''' Januari '''2021.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event:Hadithi za Watu – Sinema - Meta-Wiki|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Hadithi_za_Watu_%E2%80%93_Sinema|work=meta.wikimedia.org|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> === Wasifu === Abdul Hakim Al-Taher alizaliwa '''Affad''', katika Jimbo la Kaskazini la Sudan, wakati eneo hilo lilipokuwa likijulikana kama '''Sudan ya Anglo-Misri'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event:Hadithi za Watu – Sinema - Meta-Wiki|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Hadithi_za_Watu_%E2%80%93_Sinema|work=meta.wikimedia.org|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka '''1962''', alipokuwa akifanya kazi katika kiwanda cha nguo, alipata ajali iliyosababisha '''kupoteza baadhi ya vidole vya mkono wake wa kushoto'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event:Hadithi za Watu – Sinema - Meta-Wiki|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Hadithi_za_Watu_%E2%80%93_Sinema|work=meta.wikimedia.org|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Alisoma '''muziki na sanaa ya maigizo''' katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Sudan, na alihitimu mwaka '''1982'''. Baadaye, alipata '''shahada ya uzamili (Master’s degree)''' kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo mwaka '''2000'''. Mwaka '''2008''', <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210101095320/https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/arts-celebrities/2300282</ref>alipata '''shahada ya uzamivu (PhD)''' kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Sudan. Al-Taher alijulikana kwa jina la '''“Captain Kabo.”''' Alitambuliwa kama '''mwanzilishi na mwanzilishi mkuu wa sanaa ya maigizo kwa watu wenye ulemavu wa kusikia (viziwi) nchini Sudan'''. Mwaka '''2003''', alipokea '''tuzo ya umahiri katika uigizaji''' katika Tamasha la Viziwi lililofanyika nchini '''Hispania'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event:Hadithi za Watu – Sinema - Meta-Wiki|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Hadithi_za_Watu_%E2%80%93_Sinema|work=meta.wikimedia.org|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Abdul Hakim Al-Taher alifariki tarehe '''1 Januari 2021''' baada ya kuugua '''COVID-19''', wakati wa janga la COVID-19 nchini Sudan.<ref>https://www.mobtada.com/culture/1004218/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu]] 3hu0spu3wccmb06ffm15709dit05k58 0 251329 1601627 2026-09-26T08:43:45Z Zubeda03 83744 Makala imeundwa 1601627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmad Hegazi,''' alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[8]] [[Juni]] [[1935]] na kufariki tarehe [[15]] [[Juni]] [[2002|2002.]]Alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Misri]] ambaye [[filamu]] yake inayojulikana zaidi ilikuwa The Night of Counting the Years (Al-Mummia).<ref><nowiki>https://elcinema.com/ar/person/1090597</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wanaume]] 4ex9t80wf892k24b8yedrzirikmbkul 0 251330 1601628 2026-09-26T08:44:24Z Eunly 91908 Ukurasa ulio anzishwa 1601628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tweneboah Kodua''' (aliyezaliwa [[mwaka]] 1945), anayejulikana pia kama '''Abusuapanin Judas''' au '''Judas''', ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mchekeshaji]] wa [[Ghana]] ambaye ameshiriki katika [[filamu]] nyingi. Alikuwa rafiki wa marehemu '''Santo''' '''Bob''' . Pia alikuwa mwanzilishi wa kikundi cha Ominitimininim Concert Party, ambapo '''Bob Santo''' alikuwa kiongozi wa kikundi hicho<ref>{{Citation|last=Anthony|first=Ms. Ellies|title="You Cannot Compare Lilwin and Agya Koo To Me - Abusuapanin Judas - GhanaCelebrities.Com|date=2017-06-12|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2017/06/12/cannot-compare-lilwin-agya-koo-abusuapanin-judas/|work=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=NY|title=Abusuapanyin Judas narrates the real story behind Santo's untimely death|date=2019-10-18|url=https://www.ghbase.com/abusuapanyin-judas-narrates-the-real-story-behind-santos-untimely-death/|work=GhBase•com™-Everything & News Now|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=NY|title=Abusuapanyin Judas narrates the real story behind Santo's untimely death|date=2019-10-18|url=https://www.ghbase.com/abusuapanyin-judas-narrates-the-real-story-behind-santos-untimely-death/|work=GhBase•com™-Everything & News Now|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] szuuz3qj2zvvuxpe5xa98vop4os2e3v 0 251331 1601630 2026-09-26T08:45:24Z Caphid 92024 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Abdelilah Basbousi|utaifa=Moroko|kazi_yake=mwigizaji}} '''Abdelilah Basbousi''' ni mcheza filamu wa [[Moroko]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza katika filamu ya [[2021]] yenye mkurugenzi [[Nabil Ayouch]], iliyoitwa '''''Casablanca Beats'''''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haut et fort de Nabil Ayouch (2021) - Unifrance|url=https://www.unifrance.org/film/47823/haut-et-fort|work=www.unifrance.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> ambayo ilichaguliwa k...' 1601630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Abdelilah Basbousi|utaifa=Moroko|kazi_yake=mwigizaji}} '''Abdelilah Basbousi''' ni mcheza filamu wa [[Moroko]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza katika filamu ya [[2021]] yenye mkurugenzi [[Nabil Ayouch]], iliyoitwa '''''Casablanca Beats'''''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haut et fort de Nabil Ayouch (2021) - Unifrance|url=https://www.unifrance.org/film/47823/haut-et-fort|work=www.unifrance.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> ambayo ilichaguliwa kushindania tuzo ya '''Palme d'Or''' katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes mwaka 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=HAUT ET FORT|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/f/haut-et-fort/|work=Festival de Cannes|date=2021-07-16|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr-FR}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Moroko]] ng8s7auk9c48ev6v1w95n97eoqg1iw9 0 251332 1601632 2026-09-26T08:49:23Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1601632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Altus Theart|kazi_yake=mwigizaji|kazi maarufu=Bakgat}} '''Altus Theart''' ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]], jukwaani na televisheni kutoka [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa nafasi alizoigiza katika [[tamthilia]] za [[televisheni]] za Afrika Kusini Kruispad na Getroud met Rugby, pamoja na kuigiza kama mhusika mkuu katika filamu ya vichekesho ya vijana ya lugha ya Kiafrikaans ya mwaka [[2008]], Bakgat. == Wasifu == Katika uigizaji wa jukwaani, Theart alicheza nafasi muhimu katika tamthilia ''Dis hoe dit was… Die Steve Hofmeyr Storie'', akiwa pamoja na Steve Hofmeyr na Shaun Barnard; pamoja na tamthilia ''Samoerai'' iliyoandikwa na Schalk Schoombie, akiwa pamoja na Ilze Heemert. Akiwa anasoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha [[Tshwane]] (Tshwane University of Technology), alishiriki katika filamu fupi ''Architecture of Fear'', iliyoongozwa na Wimpie van der Merwe, pamoja na ''Bloedrooi'' na ''Spaarwiel''. Theart anazungumza kwa ufasaha Kiingereza na Kiafrikaans. Amefanya kazi kama [[mwimbaji]], MC, mwigizaji na mkurugenzi. Tarehe 6 Januari [[2012 KK|2012,]] alifunga ndoa na mwigizaji Zetske Van Pletzen, ambaye aliigiza pamoja naye katika tamthilia ''Kruispad''. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji kwa nchi]] h3yoq76ok92fly8d8du5ru5nqxbr3uz 0 251333 1601634 2026-09-26T08:49:47Z Happyness Kanyapini 86342 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adaeze Angel Onuigbo''' alizaliwa tarehe 2 Septemba [[2005]], anajulikana kitaaluma kama '''Adaeze Onuigbo''', ni mwigizaji, mcheza dansi na mwanamitindo wa Nigeria anayejulikana kwa kushiriki katika filamu za '''Nollywood'''. <ref> "Adaeze Oby Onuigbo: Teen Nollywood actress, model, dancer and television personality". The Guardian Nigeria News. 16 December 2018.</ref> "Adaeze Oby Onuigbo: Teen Nollywood actress, model, dancer and television personalit...' 1601634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adaeze Angel Onuigbo''' alizaliwa tarehe 2 Septemba [[2005]], anajulikana kitaaluma kama '''Adaeze Onuigbo''', ni mwigizaji, mcheza dansi na mwanamitindo wa Nigeria anayejulikana kwa kushiriki katika filamu za '''Nollywood'''. <ref> "Adaeze Oby Onuigbo: Teen Nollywood actress, model, dancer and television personality". The Guardian Nigeria News. 16 December 2018.</ref> "Adaeze Oby Onuigbo: Teen Nollywood actress, model, dancer and television personality". The Guardian Nigeria News. 16 December 2018 == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Sanaa]] <references /> f83jlebt2bigpwy4y6md9wp6sg1gzpp 0 251334 1601635 2026-09-26T08:50:10Z Ladygoody 92634 kuanzisha makala 1601635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Abou Sangaré|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Guinea|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji}} '''Abou Sangaré''' ni fundi wa [[magari]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Gine|Guinea]] anayeishi nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Souleymane katika [[filamu]] ''Souleymane's Story''. Kwa uigizaji wake katika nafasi hiyo, amepokea [[tuzo]] kadhaa, zikiwemo Tuzo ya Filamu ya [[Ulaya]] katika kipengele cha Muigizaji Bora, Tuzo ya [[Gotham City|Gotham]] katika kipengele cha Muigizaji Aliyeibuka, na Tuzo ya César katika kipengele cha Muigizaji Bora Aliyeibuka. == Maisha ya awali na maisha binafsi == Abou Sangaré alizaliwa nchini Guinea<ref>{{Cite web|title=L’Histoire de Souleymane (Canal+) - Abou Sangare, de migrant à acteur césarisé|url=https://www.programme-television.org/news/cinema/films-dramatiques/lhistoire-de-souleymane-canal-abou-sangare-de-migrant-a-acteur-cesarise-88664|work=Télé 7 Jours|date=2025-05-20|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr-FR|author=Isabelle Magnier}}</ref>. Aliondoka Guinea akiwa kijana, akitafuta fedha za kutosha kugharamia matibabu ya mama yake, ambaye ana ugonjwa wa [[kifafa]]. Alijiunga na programu ya mafunzo ya ufundi wa matengenezo ya magari ya usafirishaji barabarani, na kupata [[cheti]] cha ufundi wa [[fani]] hiyo huko [[Amiens]].Mwanzoni mwa mwaka [[2025]], alipata kibali cha kuishi cha mwaka mmoja, baada ya kukataliwa katika majaribio matatu ya awali na kupewa amri ya kuondoka nchini Ufaransa == Kazi == Mwaka [[2023]], alichaguliwa na [[mwongozaji]] wa filamu Boris Lojkine kuigiza katika filamu ''Souleymane's Story'', ikiwa ndiyo nafasi yake ya kwanza kabisa ya uigizaji. Filamu hiyo, inayomhusu mhamiaji kutoka Guinea anayefanya kazi ya kusafirisha [[chakula]] huko [[Paris]], ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard kwenye [[Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes|Tamasha]] la Filamu la Cannes la [[2024]]. Aliendelea kushinda tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora katika sehemu hiyo.Alitunukiwa tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora Aliyeibuka katika Tuzo za César za 2025 pamoja na tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora katika Tuzo za Lumière<ref>{{Citation|last=Agency|first=Africa News|title=Abou Sangaré : from mechanics to the spotlight of french cinema|date=2025-03-07|url=https://africa-news-agency.com/abou-sangare-from-mechanics-to-the-spotlight-of-french-cinema/|work=Africa News Agency|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Revealed at Cannes, winners at the César|url=https://cinemadedemain.festival-cannes.com/en/2025/revealed-at-cannes-winners-at-the-cesar/|work=Cinéma de Demain|date=2025-03-04|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> za 2025.Aidha, alishinda Tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora katika Tuzo za 37 za Filamu za Ulaya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abou Sangare|url=https://www.europeanfilmawards.eu/talent/abou-sangare/|work=European Film Academy|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> na tuzo ya Muigizaji Aliyeibuka katika Gotham Independent Film Awards 2025<ref>{{Citation|title='One Battle After Another' and Jafar Panahi win big at Gotham Awards|date=2025-12-02|url=https://apnews.com/article/gotham-awards-winners-2df68344c6beb9ef707257e606f4cf89|work=AP News|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>, kwa uigizaji wake katika filamu ''Souleymane's Story''. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 2hxpdrt5mp2ppkc9nojhubebd4jnr3j 0 251335 1601636 2026-09-26T08:56:48Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1601636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ada Ameh|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=15, Mei 1974|tarehe ya kufa=17, Julai 2022|mahali alipofia=Wariri, Jimbo la Delta, Nigeria|kazi yake=Muigizaji na Mcheshi|watoto=1}} '''Ada Ameh''' ([[15]] [[Mei]] [[1974]] – [[17]] [[Julai]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Nigeria]] aliyedumu kwa zaidi ya [[miongo]] miwili katika [[tasnia]] ya [[filamu]] nchini Nigeria, na alikuwa maarufu kwa kuigiza uhusika wa Anita kwenye [[filamu]] ya Domitilla ya [[mwaka]] [[1996]] na Emu Johnson kwenye [[tamthilia]] ya [[runinga]] ya Nigeria iliyoshinda [[tuzo]] ya The Johnsons, ambapo aliigiza pamoja na waigizaji wengine wa [[Nollywood]] wakiwemo Charles Inojie, Chinedu Ikedieze, na Olumide Oworu.<ref><nowiki>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/09/17/the-johnsons-cast-win-city-peoples-movie-awards/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/ada-ameh-story-of-an-inimitable-actress/</nowiki></ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Ameh, ingawa alikuwa mmoja wa [[watu]] wa [[kabila]] la Idoma kutoka [[Jimbo]] la Benue, alizaliwa na kulelewa huko Ajegunle katika Jimbo la [[Lagos]] kusini-magharibi mwa Nigeria, eneo ambalo linakaliwa zaidi na watu wanaozungumza [[lugha]] ya Kiyoruba. Ameh alipata [[elimu]] yake ya [[msingi]] na [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] katika Jimbo la Lagos lakini hatimaye aliacha shule akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 14, umri uleule aliomzaa [[binti]] yake.<ref><nowiki>https://punchng.com/my-father-cried-when-i-got-pregnant-at-14-ada-ameh/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/garlands-for-the-essential-gifted-ada-ameh/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] exebj44qvngkoh0kq2q7r5ly0zy8isk 1601646 1601636 2026-09-26T09:05:13Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukarasa umerekebishwa 1601646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ada Ameh|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=15, Mei 1974|tarehe ya kufa=17, Julai 2022|mahali alipofia=Wariri, Jimbo la Delta, Nigeria|kazi yake=Muigizaji na Mcheshi|watoto=1}} '''Ada Ameh''' ([[15]] [[Mei]] [[1974]] – [[17]] [[Julai]] [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Nigeria]] aliyedumu kwa zaidi ya [[miongo]] miwili katika [[tasnia]] ya [[filamu]] nchini Nigeria, na alikuwa maarufu kwa kuigiza uhusika wa Anita kwenye [[filamu]] ya Domitilla ya [[mwaka]] [[1996]] na Emu Johnson kwenye [[tamthilia]] ya [[runinga]] ya Nigeria iliyoshinda [[tuzo]] ya The Johnsons, ambapo aliigiza pamoja na waigizaji wengine wa [[Nollywood]] wakiwemo Charles Inojie, Chinedu Ikedieze, na Olumide Oworu.<ref><nowiki>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/09/17/the-johnsons-cast-win-city-peoples-movie-awards/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/ada-ameh-story-of-an-inimitable-actress/</nowiki></ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Ameh, ingawa alikuwa mmoja wa [[watu]] wa [[kabila]] la Idoma kutoka [[Jimbo]] la Benue, alizaliwa na kulelewa huko Ajegunle katika Jimbo la [[Lagos]] kusini-magharibi mwa Nigeria, eneo ambalo linakaliwa zaidi na watu wanaozungumza [[lugha]] ya Kiyoruba. Ameh alipata [[elimu]] yake ya [[msingi]] na [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] katika Jimbo la Lagos lakini hatimaye aliacha shule akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 14, umri uleule aliomzaa [[binti]] yake.<ref><nowiki>https://punchng.com/my-father-cried-when-i-got-pregnant-at-14-ada-ameh/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/garlands-for-the-essential-gifted-ada-ameh/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 3ugidzutpu741pszv29gmoot53uwuie 0 251336 1601638 2026-09-26T08:57:34Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Carlos Riolfo | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1905|11|5}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Uruguay]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1978|12|5|1905|11|5}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipi...' 1601638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Carlos Riolfo | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1905|11|5}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Uruguay]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1978|12|5|1905|11|5}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Beki | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Juan Carlos Riolfo Seco''' (5 Novemba 1905 – 5 Desemba 1978) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]] pia alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uruguay.<ref name="AUF">{{cite web |title=Carlos Riolfo |url=http://www.auf.org.uy/carlos-riolfo/ |publisher=AUF |language=Spanish |access-date=24 June 2019}}</ref> Alicheza mechi 2 pekee katika timu ya taifa, zote mnamo mwaka 1928 dhidi ya [[Argentina]], lakini alikuwa mchezaji wa akiba katika timu iliyoshinda mashindano ya kwanza kabisa ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1930. Katika soka la klabu, alichezea [[Peñarol|Penarol]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1905]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1978]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] px2m42h9sfiicbhe0h868vpx7eyqhkp 0 251337 1601639 2026-09-26T08:58:43Z NethaMoses 92641 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adrienne Pearce ('''ambaye wakati mwingine hutajwa kwa jina la Pierce au Pearse) ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza [[dansi]] na [[msanii]] wa sauti kutoka [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Nkosana & Tshepiso for FGX Studios|title=Artslink.co.za - Mary and the Conqueror|url=https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=29899|work=Artslink|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Ameshahusika katika [[filamu]] mbalimbali, zikiwemo Proteus, The B...' 1601639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adrienne Pearce ('''ambaye wakati mwingine hutajwa kwa jina la Pierce au Pearse) ni [[mwigizaji]], mcheza [[dansi]] na [[msanii]] wa sauti kutoka [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Nkosana & Tshepiso for FGX Studios|title=Artslink.co.za - Mary and the Conqueror|url=https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=29899|work=Artslink|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Ameshahusika katika [[filamu]] mbalimbali, zikiwemo Proteus, The Bone Snatcher, Van der Merwe, Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell, na Glasshouse.<ref>{{Citation|last=Nkosana & Tshepiso for FGX Studios|title=Artslink.co.za - Mary and the Conqueror|url=https://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=29899|work=Artslink|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]] 1y94zatuspm1coqmos2wue9nsldynbl 0 251338 1601640 2026-09-26T08:59:05Z Amina sauli 89067 KUANZISHA MAKALA 1601640 wikitext text/x-wiki Towase Abayomi Alvin (alizaliwa tarehe 20 Juni 1993) ni mwigizaji na mwanamitindo wa Nigeria anayejulikana kwa mafanikio yake katika tasnia ya burudani na amewahi kutunukiwa tuzo mbalimbali. == Wasifu/kazi == [[Alvin Ceccoli|Alvin]] alianza uigizaji wa kitaalamu mwaka [[2013]] katika [[Nollywood]]. Alipata nafasi yake ya kwanza kwenye [[filamu]] Collateral war 2014 na baadaye akaigiza katika filamu na tamthilia mbalimbali maarufu kama Jenifa’s Diary, MTV Shuga Naija, Moms at War, The Johnsons na A Naija Christmas. Mwaka 2022, alicheza nafasi ya pili katika Breakout, tamthilia ya kwanza ya Nigeria ya aina ya dance-drama.<ref><nowiki>https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/08/bnmoviefeature-john-dumelo-yvonne-jegede-anthony-monjaro-star-in-collateral-watch/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] b7ri1o4ffrw9w9btyyqdtq1gnn24kr4 0 251339 1601641 2026-09-26T09:01:55Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Akin Omotoso''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1974]]) ni [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[filamu]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mwigizaji]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Nigeria]] na [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuiongoza filamu ya Rise, iliyotoka mwaka [[2022]]. [[Baba]] yake, Kole Omotoso, pamoja na [[dada]] yake, Yewande Omotoso, pia ni waandishi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|url=https://www.pressreader.com/catalog|work=www.pr...' 1601641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akin Omotoso''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1974]]) ni [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[filamu]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mwigizaji]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Nigeria]] na [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuiongoza filamu ya Rise, iliyotoka mwaka [[2022]]. [[Baba]] yake, Kole Omotoso, pamoja na [[dada]] yake, Yewande Omotoso, pia ni waandishi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|url=https://www.pressreader.com/catalog|work=www.pressreader.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Omotoso alizaliwa nchini Nigeria, ambako alikulia katika mji wa [[Ile-Ife]], katika Jimbo la [[Osun]]. [[Familia]] yake ilihamia Afrika Kusini mwaka [[1992]] baada ya baba yake, Kole Omotoso, kupata nafasi ya kitaaluma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|url=https://www.pressreader.com/catalog|work=www.pressreader.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Akin Omotoso alisoma katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Cape Town, ambako alipata stashahada ya Sanaa ya Usemi na Uigizaji. Mama yake alifariki mwaka [[2003]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|url=https://www.pressreader.com/catalog|work=www.pressreader.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] sy5zwgv5iabcko56oenzydsb8wuf2w4 0 251340 1601642 2026-09-26T09:02:06Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Abdelfatah ahmed Salah.JPG}} '''Ahmed Salah Abdelfatah''' (kwa Kiarabu: أحمد صلاح عبد الفتاح; alizaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1949]]) ni muigizaji wa [[Uholanzi]], aliyelelewa nchini [[Ufaransa]] na mwenye asili ya [[Moroko]] na [[Yemen]].Mara nyingi hupewa nafasi za kuigiza uhusika wa [[mzee]] wa Kimoroko, ambaye huwa imamu au babu. Anaishi [[Mtini|mjini]] Amsterdam, ameoa na ana [[watoto]] wawili ,binti mmoja na mwana mmoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Usurpations|url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.60308|work=doi.org|date=1998|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Joseph S. Fulda}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=6. INJURIES AND USURPATIONS 6 INJURIES AND USURPATIONS|date=2018-12-31|url=https://doi.org/10.7312/tyso18396-008|work=Where Are the Women?|pages=173–202|publisher=Columbia University Press|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Familia]] h2avh6j1th4ltgzxencxzfodcsgi84j 0 251341 1601643 2026-09-26T09:02:31Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Modesto Denis | nchi = Paraguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Modesto Denis, Los Sports, 1924-11-07 (87).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 9 Machi 1901 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Paraguay]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 30 Aprili 1956 | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara...' 1601643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Modesto Denis | nchi = Paraguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Modesto Denis, Los Sports, 1924-11-07 (87).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 9 Machi 1901 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Paraguay]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 30 Aprili 1956 | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Modesto Denis''' (9 Machi 1901 – 30 Aprili 1956)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/63092/Modesto_Denis.html |title=Modesto Denis (Player) |first=Benjamin |last=Strack-Zimmermann |publisher=National Football Teams |language=English |access-date=26 September 2026}}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Paraguay]] aliyecheza nafasi ya golikipa, aliyechezea timu ya taifa ya Paraguay katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1/teams/team=43928.html |title=FIFA.com |date=17 October 2007 |publisher=FIFA |language=English |access-date=26 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017110414/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1/teams/team=43928.html |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref> Pia alichezea klabu ya [[Club Nacional]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1956]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Paraguay]] r675psi0zx6cdaidximx88yypp7o799 0 251342 1601645 2026-09-26T09:03:11Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joyce Anima Misa Amoah''' ni mwigizaji, mwandishi wa tamthilia na mkurugenzi wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Ghana]]. == Kazi == Yeye ni mwandishi wa tamthilia aliyeshinda tuzo ya [[BBC]].Ameigiza katika [[kazi]] mbalimbali za filamu, zikiwemo ''Love Brewed In African Pot'' na ''Heritage Africa'', zilizoongozwa na Kwaw Ansah. Pia alionekana katika ''Adam's Apples'' na alikuwa mmoja wa wakurugenzi wa [[tamthilia]] ya jukwaani ''Wogbɛ Jɛkɛ''. Alicheza nafasi...' 1601645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joyce Anima Misa Amoah''' ni mwigizaji, mwandishi wa tamthilia na mkurugenzi wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Ghana]]. == Kazi == Yeye ni mwandishi wa tamthilia aliyeshinda tuzo ya [[BBC]].Ameigiza katika [[kazi]] mbalimbali za filamu, zikiwemo ''Love Brewed In African Pot'' na ''Heritage Africa'', zilizoongozwa na Kwaw Ansah. Pia alionekana katika ''Adam's Apples'' na alikuwa mmoja wa wakurugenzi wa [[tamthilia]] ya jukwaani ''Wogbɛ Jɛkɛ''. Alicheza nafasi ya Nana katika [[filamu]] ''The Burial of Kojo''. Pia ni [[Meneja]] Mkuu (General Manager) wa [[kampuni]] ya vyombo vya [[habari]] na sanaa inayoitwa Sapphire [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Wogbɛ Jɛkɛ: Our Journey' returns to National Theatre this Easter - AmeyawDebrah.com|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/wogb%c9%9b-j%c9%9bk%c9%9b-journey-returns-national-theatre-easter-2/|date=2017-04-11|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=V. J. Scaro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hQlL2RFK7sC&q=joyce+anima+misa+amoah&pg=PA36|title=Daily Graphic: Issue 19443 April 26, 2014|last=Tetteh|first=Ransford|date=2014-04-26|publisher=Graphic Communications Group|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Daily Graphic (Ghana)|date=2026-04-27|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daily_Graphic_(Ghana)&oldid=1351308652|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wogbɛ Jɛkɛ returns to National Theatre, April 15th & 16th – ENews Ghana|url=http://enewsgh.com/2017/04/11/wogb%C9%9B-j%C9%9Bk%C9%9B-returns-national-theatre-april-15th-16th/|work=enewsgh.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake Katika Sanaa]] 1s0yy8ffv07tbw8ouy40947u80m93ks 0 251343 1601647 2026-09-26T09:05:54Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Augustine Abbey''', anayejulikana kwa jina la '''Idikoko''', ni mwigizaji na mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Ghana. Anajulikana sana kwa kucheza filamu za vichekesho. Pia anajulikana kwa kuigiza mara nyingi wahusika kama '''mtoto wa kazi (house boy)''' au '''mlinzi wa geti (gate man)'''. Augustine Abbey amewahi '''kutengeneza na kuigiza katika makala ya BBC'''. Pia aliwahi '''kuongoza na kutengeneza filamu inayohusu VVU na UKIMWI''', kwa kushirikiana na...' 1601647 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Augustine Abbey''', anayejulikana kwa jina la '''Idikoko''', ni mwigizaji na mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Ghana. Anajulikana sana kwa kucheza filamu za vichekesho. Pia anajulikana kwa kuigiza mara nyingi wahusika kama '''mtoto wa kazi (house boy)''' au '''mlinzi wa geti (gate man)'''. Augustine Abbey amewahi '''kutengeneza na kuigiza katika makala ya BBC'''. Pia aliwahi '''kuongoza na kutengeneza filamu inayohusu VVU na UKIMWI''', kwa kushirikiana na '''UNESCO''' pamoja na '''MMOFRA Foundation''', taasisi iliyoanzishwa na '''Esi Sutherland-Addy'''.<ref>{{Citation|title=عادل أدهم.. «تاجر القطن» الذي أصبح «برنس السينما العربية»|url=http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/977575#sthash.coFy0L9s.dpbs|work=Alhayat|language=ar-AR|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] gliqw7clyk4qq9htovkqmxap85npa2m 0 251344 1601648 2026-09-26T09:06:41Z Eunly 91908 Ukurasa ulio anzishwa 1601648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanimola''', anayejulikana kwa jina maarufu la '''Akpororo''', ni mchekeshaji wa kusimama [[Jukwaa la Vijana wa Ulaya|jukwaani]] (stand-up comedian), [[mwimbaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. '''Akpororo''' ni mwenye asili ya [[Ileje|Ilaje]], katika Jimbo la [[Ondo]], kusini-magharibi mwa [[Nigeria]], lakini alizaliwa na kukulia [[Warri]], mji uliopo katika Jimbo la [[Delta]], kusini-kusini mwa [[Nigeria]], ambako alipata elimu yake ya awali.Kazi yake ilianza kama [[mwanamuziki]] wa nyimbo za injili katika ngazi ya eneo. [[Mwaka]] 2008, alishiriki katika mashindano ya National Comedy Challenge yaliyoandaliwa na '''Opa Williams''', na hatimaye alishinda katika eneo la [[Calabar]] kwenye mashindano hayo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Akpororo|date=2026-04-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akpororo&oldid=1347067200|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Akpororo|date=2026-04-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akpororo&oldid=1347067200|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Akpororo|date=2026-04-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akpororo&oldid=1347067200|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] cx5uvj6qb1bfjlbb7dybvnsuw94kfy5 0 251345 1601649 2026-09-26T09:09:13Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Angel Melogno | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1905|3|22|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Uruguay]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1945|3|27|1905|3|22|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo | mshah...' 1601649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Angel Melogno | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1905|3|22|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Uruguay]] | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1945|3|27|1905|3|22|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Miguel Angel Melogno''' (22 Machi 1905 – 27 Machi 1945) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]] aliyecheza mechi 5 katika timu ya taifa ya Uruguay. Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyoshinda mashindano ya kwanza kabisa ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1930. Pia alishinda medali ya dhahabu akiwa na timu yake ya taifa katika mashindano ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1928, ingawa hakucheza mechi yoyote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/700820 |title=Ángel Melogno |publisher=Olympedia |language=English |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> Katika soka la klabu, alichezea [[C.A. Bella Vista|Bella Vista]] ya [[Montevideo]] mji uliopo huko Uruguay. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1905]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1945]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] 4d17cjbeh558oxp95cmbk5aivdqc58r 0 251346 1601651 2026-09-26T09:11:41Z Kisai789 82928 Ukurasa umeanzishwa 1601651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adebimpe Oyebade''', anayejulikana zaidi kama Mo Bimpe, ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka Nigeria. Anajulikana kwa kushinda tuzo ya City People Entertainment Awards ya mwaka 2018 katika kipengele cha [[Mwigizaji]] Mpya Bora wa Mwaka (Best New Actress of the Year).<ref>{{Citation|last=Tosin|first=Alamu|title=Adebimpe Oyebade (M.O Bimpe) Biography, Net Worth, Wiki, Age, Husband, State - NG News 247|date=2021-12-19|url=https://www.ngnews247.com/adebimpe-oyebade-m-o-bimpe-biography-net-worth-wiki-age-husband-state/|work=NGNews247|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Kazi == {{Infobox person|majina mengine=Mo Bimpe|uraia=Nigeria|elimu=Ekiti State University|kazi yake=Film actress}} Oyebade alianza kazi yake kama [[mwanamitindo]] (model) mwaka 2016, na mwaka huo huo alianza pia kufanya majaribio ya kuigiza (auditions) kwa ajili ya kupata nafasi katika tasnia ya [[filamu]] ya Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Adebimpe speaks on marrying Adedimeji Lateef, says, 'I didn't see that coming'|url=https://punchng.com/actress-adebimpe-speaks-on-marrying-adedimeji-lateef-says-i-didnt-see-that-coming/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=2022-01-01|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Victoria Edeme}}</ref> Alipata umaarufu baada ya kuonekana katika [[filamu]] ''Onikede'', iliyoongozwa na Abbey Lanre. Tangu wakati huo, ameonekana katika takribani filamu 50 za Nollywood. Mbali na uigizaji, Oyebade pia anaendesha duka la mavazi pamoja na kampuni ya bidhaa za kutunza ngozi (skincare). == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara]] 9xviv6us05uk941w5rxs9ub7qw120fa 1601652 1601651 2026-09-26T09:13:28Z Kisai789 82928 Marekebisho 1601652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adebimpe Oyebade''', anayejulikana zaidi kama Mo Bimpe, ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka Nigeria. Anajulikana kwa kushinda tuzo ya City People Entertainment Awards ya mwaka 2018 katika kipengele cha [[Mwigizaji]] Mpya Bora wa Mwaka (Best New Actress of the Year).<ref>{{Citation|last=Tosin|first=Alamu|title=Adebimpe Oyebade (M.O Bimpe) Biography, Net Worth, Wiki, Age, Husband, State - NG News 247|date=2021-12-19|url=https://www.ngnews247.com/adebimpe-oyebade-m-o-bimpe-biography-net-worth-wiki-age-husband-state/|work=NGNews247|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Kazi == {{Infobox person|majina mengine=Mo Bimpe|uraia=Nigeria|elimu=Ekiti State University|kazi yake=Film actress}} Oyebade alianza kazi yake kama [[mwanamitindo]] (model) mwaka 2016, na mwaka huo huo alianza pia kufanya majaribio ya kuigiza (auditions) kwa ajili ya kupata nafasi katika tasnia ya [[filamu]] ya Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Adebimpe speaks on marrying Adedimeji Lateef, says, 'I didn't see that coming'|url=https://punchng.com/actress-adebimpe-speaks-on-marrying-adedimeji-lateef-says-i-didnt-see-that-coming/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=2022-01-01|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Victoria Edeme}}</ref> Alipata umaarufu baada ya kuonekana katika [[filamu]] ''Onikede'', iliyoongozwa na Abbey Lanre. Tangu wakati huo, ameonekana katika takribani filamu 50 za Nollywood. Mbali na uigizaji, Oyebade pia anaendesha duka la mavazi pamoja na kampuni ya bidhaa za kutunza ngozi (skincare). == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} c2hxrzt2gy9ahf74lkygipvpn2jez42 0 251347 1601653 2026-09-26T09:16:08Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Armando Castellazzi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Armando Castellazzi.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Armando Castellazzi | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1904|10|7|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Milan]], Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1968|1|4|1904|10|7|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Milan]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifari...' 1601653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Armando Castellazzi | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Armando Castellazzi.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Armando Castellazzi | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1904|10|7|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Milan]], Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|1968|1|4|1904|10|7|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Milan]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.84 m | uzito = }} '''Armando Castellazzi''' (7 Oktoba 1904 – 4 Januari 1968) alikuwa mchezaji na mkufunzi wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo. == Kazi ya Klabu == Castellazzi alizaliwa [[Milan]], na alicheza kazi yake yote ya soka la klabu katika miaka ya 1920 na 1930 akiwa na [[Internazionale Milano F.C.|Ambrosiana-Inter]] katika [[Serie A]]. Alicheza mechi 261 katika mashindano yote akiwa na timu hiyo, akifunga mabao 16, na kuisaidia klabu hiyo kushinda ubingwa wa Serie A kwenye msimu wa 1929–30.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inter.it/en/archivio_giocatore/G0130 |title=Armando Castellazzi |publisher=Inter Milan |language=English |access-date=26 September 2026}}</ref> Mechi yake ya kwanza katika klabu hiyo ilikuwa tarehe 6 Oktoba 1929, katika ushindi wa ugenini wa mabao 2–1 dhidi ya [[A.S. Livorno Calcio|Livorno]]. == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia, Castellazzi alicheza mechi tatu kati ya mwaka 1929 na 1934; alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kimataifa tarehe 1 Desemba 1929, katika ushindi wa nyumbani wa mabao 6–1 wa mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya [[Ureno]] mjini Milan, na baadaye alicheza katika ushindi wa nyumbani wa mabao 4–2 wa mechi ya kirafiki dhidi ya [[Uswisi]] mjini Roma, tarehe 9 Februari 1930. Pia alicheza mechi moja—ambayo ilikuwa ya mwisho katika timu ya taifa—katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1934 ambapo Italia ilitwaa ubingwa nyumbani, akianza katika mechi ya kwanza ya robo fainali dhidi ya [[Hispania]], iliyofanyika Florence nchini Italia, tarehe 31 Mei, na kumalizika kwa sare ya 1–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=418/match=1122/index.html |title=1934 FIFA World Cup Italy: Italy 1-1 Spain |publisher=FIFA |language=English |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214164858/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=418/match=1122/index.html |archive-date=14 February 2015}}</ref> == Kazi ya Ukocha == Baada ya kustaafu soka akiwa na umri wa miaka 32, Castellazzi alibaki katika klabu ya Ambrosiana-Inter ambapo mnamo mwaka 1938 alikuwa mtu mdogo zaidi katika historia ya Serie A kushinda ubingwa kama kocha. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] gi788z83db67s3o3olnggnw8bputodp 0 251348 1601654 2026-09-26T09:16:09Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Anzisha makala 1601654 wikitext text/x-wiki David Meyer ni mwigizaji wa Afrika Kusini. Anajulikana zaidi kwa uigizaji wake katika Ekhaya: A Family Chronicle (pia ikijulikana kama Molo Fish), tamthilia ndogo ya televisheni ya mwaka 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Molo David|url=https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1997-02-28-molo-david/|work=Mail & Guardian|date=1997-02-28|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-ZA|author=Staff Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] nzcdn78zb64r1qy3mfw3somgswqcyki 1601795 1601654 2026-09-26T11:16:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601795 wikitext text/x-wiki David Meyer ni mwigizaji wa Afrika Kusini. Anajulikana zaidi kwa uigizaji wake katika Ekhaya: A Family Chronicle (pia ikijulikana kama Molo Fish), tamthilia ndogo ya televisheni ya mwaka 1997.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Molo David|url=https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/1997-02-28-molo-david/|work=Mail & Guardian|date=1997-02-28|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-ZA|author=Staff Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 5gqgkzdjvtak39zlg8igr2ahhhk76cj 0 251349 1601655 2026-09-26T09:17:06Z Realnyange 92646 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Agbor Gilbert Ebot''' ni mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka Cameroon. '''Maisha ya awali na elimu''' '''Agbor Gilbert Ebot''' alizaliwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Cameroon]] na [[Nigeria]]. Baba yake ni raia wa Cameroon kutoka [[Mamfe]] katika Wilaya ya Manyu, huku mama yake akitoka Jimbo la [[Cross River]] nchini Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teuma Mbezi |first=M. |last2=Ekobena Fouda |first2=H. P. |last3=Zachee |first3=Ambang |last4=Tabi |first4=...' 1601655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agbor Gilbert Ebot''' ni mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka Cameroon. '''Maisha ya awali na elimu''' '''Agbor Gilbert Ebot''' alizaliwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Cameroon]] na [[Nigeria]]. Baba yake ni raia wa Cameroon kutoka [[Mamfe]] katika Wilaya ya Manyu, huku mama yake akitoka Jimbo la [[Cross River]] nchini Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teuma Mbezi |first=M. |last2=Ekobena Fouda |first2=H. P. |last3=Zachee |first3=Ambang |last4=Tabi |first4=C. B. |last5=Kofane |first5=T. C. |date=2017-06-01 |title=Study of the Passive Electrical Properties of Tomato Tissues after Infection and Treatment by Fongicide |url=https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i27/112835 |journal=Indian Journal of Science and Technology |volume=10 |issue=27 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i27/112835 |issn=0974-5645}}</ref>Cameroon: Film - "The Blues Kingdom" Launched in Yaounde". ''allafrica.com''. brenda. Retrieved 24 June 2017<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teuma Mbezi |first=M. |last2=Ekobena Fouda |first2=H. P. |last3=Zachee |first3=Ambang |last4=Tabi |first4=C. B. |last5=Kofane |first5=T. C. |date=2017-06-01 |title=Study of the Passive Electrical Properties of Tomato Tissues after Infection and Treatment by Fongicide |url=https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i27/112835 |journal=Indian Journal of Science and Technology |volume=10 |issue=27 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i27/112835 |issn=0974-5645}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] iqnc1f1o16l6dl7wbussztkk6ahicl5 0 251350 1601656 2026-09-26T09:19:20Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Blaise Musipère''' (aliyezaliwa '''tarehe''' 15 '''Mei''' '''1986''' huko '''Kinshasa''') ni '''mwigizaji''' kutoka '''Jamhuri''' '''ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' (DR Congo) na zamani alikuwa mchezaji wa '''mpira''' wa kikapu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congolês foge da guerra, passa fome no Brasil e se torna ator de novela|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/congoles-foge-da-guerra-passa-fome-no-brasil-e-se-torna-ator-de-novela.shtml|work=Folha d...' 1601656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Blaise Musipère''' (aliyezaliwa '''tarehe''' 15 '''Mei''' '''1986''' huko '''Kinshasa''') ni '''mwigizaji''' kutoka '''Jamhuri''' '''ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' (DR Congo) na zamani alikuwa mchezaji wa '''mpira''' wa kikapu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congolês foge da guerra, passa fome no Brasil e se torna ator de novela|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/congoles-foge-da-guerra-passa-fome-no-brasil-e-se-torna-ator-de-novela.shtml|work=Folha de S.Paulo|date=2019-03-25|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=pt-BR}}</ref> Alilazimika kuondoka '''nchini''' kwake kutokana na '''vita''' vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Baadaye alifika '''Brazil''', ambako alifanya '''kazi''' mbalimbali ili kujikimu na kupata mahitaji ya '''maisha'''. Baada ya '''muda''', alipata nafasi ya kuanza kazi yake ya uigizaji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congolês foge da guerra, passa fome no Brasil e se torna ator de novela|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/congoles-foge-da-guerra-passa-fome-no-brasil-e-se-torna-ator-de-novela.shtml|work=Folha de S.Paulo|date=2019-03-25|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=pt-BR}}</ref> == MAREJEO == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] sqmgfo3stxn3qa1va37c589t5w0p7uj 0 251351 1601657 2026-09-26T09:19:45Z Mary calist mlay 39270 Kuanzisha makala 1601657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Axel Abessolo''' (alizaliwa [[20 Julai]] '''[[1984]]''') ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kamerun|Kameruni]], aliyezaliwa Ngoazip, katika Mkoa wa Kusini wa Kameruni.<ref>https://www.culturebene.com/18354-portrait-abessolo-rene-axel.html</ref> <ref>https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/28517/fr.html/axel-abessolo-la-poursuite-de</ref> == Elimu == Abessolo alianza [[elimu ya msingi]] katika shule ya EMIA mjini [[Yaounde]] kabla ya kujiunga na shule ya Lycée Général Leclerc katika [[mji]] huo. Akiwa shuleni hapo alikuwa raisi wa klabu ya maigizo na klabu ya [[filamu]] ya shule.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/fr/name/nm11150665/</ref> Baadaye alijiunga na Kitivo cha Sheria na Sayansi za Siasa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Yaoundé II, kilichopo Soa.<ref>https://www.africine.org/personne/axel-abessolo/40166</ref> == Kazi == Akiwa kijana Abessolo alifanya majaribio ya kuigiza katika [[filamu]] fupi, ambako alicheza pamoja na Yaya Mbile Bitang, mwigizaji na mkurugenzi mashuhuri katika tasnia ya filamu barani [[Afrika]]. Mshauri wake Alain Serge Noa, alimsaidia kuendeleza kazi yake ya uigizaji kwa kumpatia nafasi katika filamu fupi ya mwaka [[1988]] iliyoitwa ''C'est moi le père'' (tafsiri: ''Mimi ndiye baba'').<ref>https://esbimedia.com/axel-abessolo-21-ans-au-service-du-cinema-africain-pour-plus-de-40-films-series-et-feuilletons/</ref> Mwaka [[2011]], Abessolo alirejea katika uigizaji kupitia mfululizo wa ''Harragas, les brûleurs de frontières'' (tafsiri: ''Harragas, wachomaji wa mipaka'') uliotengenezwa na Noa.<ref>https://www.africine.org/personne/axel-abessolo/40166</ref> Abessolo ameshirikiana na watu kadhaa mashuhuri katika tasnia ya filamu barani Afrika, akiwemo Jean-Phillipe Cros, Émil Abessolo-Mbo na Daniel Ndo. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kamerun]] pvjcyjy749w4dbhq8mt136opcytf54z 1601659 1601657 2026-09-26T09:20:27Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Axel Abessolo''' (alizaliwa [[20 Julai]] '''[[1984]]''') ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kamerun|Kameruni]], aliyezaliwa Ngoazip, katika Mkoa wa Kusini wa Kameruni.<ref>https://www.culturebene.com/18354-portrait-abessolo-rene-axel.html</ref> <ref>https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/28517/fr.html/axel-abessolo-la-poursuite-de</ref> == Elimu == Abessolo alianza [[elimu ya msingi]] katika shule ya EMIA mjini [[Yaounde]] kabla ya kujiunga na shule ya Lycée Général Leclerc katika [[mji]] huo. Akiwa shuleni hapo alikuwa raisi wa klabu ya maigizo na klabu ya [[filamu]] ya shule.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/fr/name/nm11150665/</ref> Baadaye alijiunga na Kitivo cha Sheria na Sayansi za Siasa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Yaoundé II, kilichopo Soa.<ref>https://www.africine.org/personne/axel-abessolo/40166</ref> == Kazi == Akiwa kijana Abessolo alifanya majaribio ya kuigiza katika [[filamu]] fupi, ambako alicheza pamoja na Yaya Mbile Bitang, mwigizaji na mkurugenzi mashuhuri katika tasnia ya filamu barani [[Afrika]]. Mshauri wake Alain Serge Noa, alimsaidia kuendeleza kazi yake ya uigizaji kwa kumpatia nafasi katika filamu fupi ya mwaka [[1988]] iliyoitwa ''C'est moi le père'' (tafsiri: ''Mimi ndiye baba'').<ref>https://esbimedia.com/axel-abessolo-21-ans-au-service-du-cinema-africain-pour-plus-de-40-films-series-et-feuilletons/</ref> Mwaka [[2011]], Abessolo alirejea katika uigizaji kupitia mfululizo wa ''Harragas, les brûleurs de frontières'' (tafsiri: ''Harragas, wachomaji wa mipaka'') uliotengenezwa na Noa.<ref>https://www.africine.org/personne/axel-abessolo/40166</ref> Abessolo ameshirikiana na watu kadhaa mashuhuri katika tasnia ya filamu barani Afrika, akiwemo Jean-Phillipe Cros, Émil Abessolo-Mbo na Daniel Ndo. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kamerun]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 14221pzuam5uxt2e0o97wboq29uw9lo 0 251352 1601658 2026-09-26T09:19:52Z Sally Girl one 92639 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Achouackh Abakar Souleymane''' ni muigizaji kutoka nchini [[Chad]], alizaliwa [[mwaka]] wa [[1982]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=IMDb: Ratings, Reviews, and Where to Watch the Best Movies & TV Shows|url=https://www.imdb.com/|work=IMDb|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Alisomea [[habari]] nchini Chad. Akiwa na umri wa miaka [[17]], alihamia [[Marekani]] na kufanya [[kazi]] katika sekta ya [[mitindo]] kwa [[miaka]] [[13]] kabla ya kurudi Chad.<ref>{...' 1601658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Achouackh Abakar Souleymane''' ni muigizaji kutoka nchini [[Chad]], alizaliwa [[mwaka]] wa [[1982]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=IMDb: Ratings, Reviews, and Where to Watch the Best Movies & TV Shows|url=https://www.imdb.com/|work=IMDb|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Alisomea [[habari]] nchini Chad. Akiwa na umri wa miaka [[17]], alihamia [[Marekani]] na kufanya [[kazi]] katika sekta ya [[mitindo]] kwa [[miaka]] [[13]] kabla ya kurudi Chad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMDb: Ratings, Reviews, and Where to Watch the Best Movies & TV Shows|url=https://www.imdb.com/|work=IMDb|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jamii:Waandishi]] 286npf3t24osb0pevdts2zk7e4vmqg3 0 251353 1601660 2026-09-26T09:20:49Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Mario Varglien | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Mario Varglien, Juventus.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Mario Varglien | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1905|12|26}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Rijeka|Fiume]], Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|1978|8|11|1905|12|26}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Florence]], Italia | sababu_ya...' 1601660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Mario Varglien | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Mario Varglien, Juventus.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Mario Varglien | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1905|12|26}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Rijeka|Fiume]], Austria-Hungary | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|1978|8|11|1905|12|26}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Florence]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kiungo mkabaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = 1.76 m | uzito = }} '''Mario Varglien''' (26 Desemba 1905 – 11 Agosti 1978), pia alijulikana kama '''Varglien I''', alikuwa mchezaji na mkufunzi wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyezaliwa Fiume (leo hii Rijeka), aliyecheza nafasi ya kiungo mkabaji.<ref name="myjuve">{{cite web |url=https://www.myjuve.it/players-juventus/mario_i-varglien-12.aspx |title=Profile Player Mario (I) Varglien |publisher=MyJuve.it |language=Italian |access-date=25 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226113141/https://www.myjuve.it/players-juventus/mario_i-varglien-12.aspx |archive-date=26 February 2025}}</ref> == Kazi ya Klabu == Varglien alicheza sehemu kubwa ya kazi yake ya soka la klabu akiwa na [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]],<ref name="forza_juve">{{cite web |url=http://www.forza-juventus.com/joueurs/bios/varglienI.htm |title=Mario Varglien I |publisher=Forza-Juventus.com |language=French |access-date=31 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731030848/http://www.forza-juventus.com/joueurs/bios/varglienI.htm |archive-date=31 July 2008}}</ref><ref name="myjuve" /> akishinda mataji matano ya ubingwa wa [[Serie A]],<ref name="forza_juve" /> na pia kuhudumu kama nahodha wa timu hiyo. == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Katika ngazi ya kimataifa, Varglien pia alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya taifa ya Italia iliyoshinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1934.<ref name="rsssf">{{cite web |title=World Cup Champions Squads 1930 - 2022 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/wcsquads.html |publisher=RSSSF |language=English |access-date=26 September 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya Binfasi == Kaka yake Mario, [[Giovanni Varglien]], pia alicheza soka nchini Italia na katika timu ya taifa ya Italia; ndugu hawa wawili walicheza pamoja katika klabu ya Juventus. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1905]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1978]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] ls3x4i0o96bhf04llcfs9uwkfbqznim 0 251354 1601661 2026-09-26T09:22:53Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Mbeg 1601661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Almontaser [[Belarus|Bellah]]''' 3f00ytcpr79v8bbn1cdimhaxx5nok3i 0 251355 1601662 2026-09-26T09:24:37Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode (OAK)|picha=Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode (OAK).jpg|elimu=Olabisi Onabanjo University|kazi maarufu=Oba Opoor}} '''Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode''' ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kwa kutengeneza filamu kama Oba Opoor na Okete<ref>{{Citation|title=Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oluwapelumi_Arameede...' 1601662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode (OAK)|picha=Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode (OAK).jpg|elimu=Olabisi Onabanjo University|kazi maarufu=Oba Opoor}} '''Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode''' ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kwa kutengeneza filamu kama Oba Opoor na Okete<ref>{{Citation|title=Oluwapelumi Arameedey Kayode|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oluwapelumi_Arameedey_Kayode&oldid=1372546866|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. Filamu hizo zilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye [[YouTube]] na YorubaplusTV<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment divas bare it all on Valentine’s Day, love|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/entertainment-divas-bare-it-all-on-valentines-day-love/|work=Vanguard News|date=2022-02-13|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Emmanuel Okogba}}</ref>. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Arameedey alikulia [[Lagos]], Nigeria, ambako alisoma [[shule]] ya msingi katika Goshen Nursery and Primary School, na elimu ya sekondari katika Evans Adelaja, iliyopo Bariga.Baadae, alipata Astashahada ya Taifa chuo cha Nigeria Institute of Journalism, Ogba, Lagos. Pia alipata shahada ya kwanza ya Mawasiliano ya Umma kutoka Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, katika Jimbo la Ogun<ref>{{Cite web|title=Movie producer, Oluwapelumi spices YouTube with new drama 'Okete’|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/movie-producer-oluwapelumi-spices-youtube-with-new-drama-okete/|work=Tribune Online|date=2024-02-17|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Tribune Online}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] 1np2x78tocxfphk9cpx1ocwox09dsad 0 251356 1601663 2026-09-26T09:25:47Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1601663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khayalethu Anthony''' (15 Julai [[1986]] – 29 Septemba [[2022]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], mkurugenzi na [[mwigizaji]] wa Kixhosa. Alijulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya mfungwa mwenye msimamo mkali (Militant Prisoner) katika filamu [[Mandela]]: Long Walk to Freedom, pamoja na kushiriki katika Reyka na Shepherds and Butchers. == Kazi == Mwaka [[2011]], Khayalethu Anthony alianza rasmi kazi yake ya [[uigizaji]] wa kitaalamu kupitia tamthilia ya jukwaani ya Lara Foot, iliyoitwa ''Solomon and Marion''. [[Tamthilia]] hiyo ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika Baxter [[Theatre]] huko [[Cape Town]].Baada ya hapo, mwaka [[2012]], alianza kuonekana kwenye [[televisheni]]. Alipata nafasi yake ya kwanza kama [[mlinzi]] katika kipindi kimoja cha mfululizo wa vichekesho na drama za kimapenzi wa SABC 1, ulioitwa ''Forced Love''. Mwaka [[2013]], alianza kuigiza kwenye filamu kupitia [[filamu]] maarufu ''[[Mandela]]: Long Walk to Freedom''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reyka star Khayalethu Anthony, 36, has died|url=https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/reyka-star-khayalethu-anthony-36-has-died-20221001|work=News24|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Keitumetse Maako}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anthony out to make his mark|url=https://iol.co.za/entertainment/2013-06-13-anthony-out-to-make-his-mark/|work=IOL|date=2005-06-29|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Theresa Smith}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kellaway|first=Kate|title=Solomon and Marion review – a knockout of a play|date=2014-11-16|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/nov/16/solomon-and-marion-print-room-observer-review-knockout-play|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 8hpqdsdubumaw4o99pjfu2c31gbt0pc 0 251357 1601664 2026-09-26T09:26:25Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Nimeangusha ukulasa mpya 1601664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mustafa Metwalli''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]] Agosti 1949 – 5 Agosti 2000 alikuwa mwigizaji maarufu wa filamu na jukwaa wa Misri. Kimsingi alikuwa mcheshi, lakini alicheza nafasi nyingi tofauti katika Drama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kollelngoom.com/lander?oref=https://en.wikipedia.org/|work=kollelngoom.com|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya kibinafsi == Alihitimu mnamo 1973 kutoka Taasisi ya [[Sanaa]] ya Tamthilia ambayo kwa muda mrefu ndiyo [[taasisi]] pekee ya elimu ya juu inayopatikana kwa waigizaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kollelngoom.com/lander?oref=https://en.wikipedia.org/|work=kollelngoom.com|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Alikufa mnamo Agosti 5, 2000, kama matokeo ya mshtuko wa moyo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kollelngoom.com/lander?oref=https://en.wikipedia.org/|work=kollelngoom.com|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Shemeji yake ni mwigizaji Adel Emam.filamu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kollelngoom.com/lander?oref=https://en.wikipedia.org/|work=kollelngoom.com|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] qi8ozy7in2r73844dg72t8unwgdndcd 0 251358 1601665 2026-09-26T09:28:55Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Carlo Ceresoli | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Carlo Ceresoli - 1930s - AS Ambrosiana-Inter.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Ceresoli akiwa na [[Inter Milan]] miaka ya 1930 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1910|6|14|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1995|4|22|1910|6|14|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia...' 1601665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Carlo Ceresoli | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Carlo Ceresoli - 1930s - AS Ambrosiana-Inter.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Ceresoli akiwa na [[Inter Milan]] miaka ya 1930 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1910|6|14|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1995|4|22|1910|6|14|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Carlo Ceresoli''' (14 Juni 1910 – 22 Aprili 1995<ref>{{cite book |isbn=9788868582036 |title=I guardiani della Signora |author=Antonio Barillà, Mario Parodi |year=2020 |publisher=Absolutely Free |page=23 |language=Italian}}</ref>) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya golikipa. == Kazi ya Klabu == Ceresoli alizaliwa [[Bergamo]], na alicheza soka la klabu nchini Italia katika daraja la [[Serie B]] akiwa na [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]], na katika ligi kuu ya [[Serie A]] akiwa na [[Inter Milan]], [[Bologna]], Genoa, na [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]. == Kazi ya Kimataifa == Ceresoli alichukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa magolikipa bora na wenye nguvu wa nchini Italia katika miaka ya 1930 pamoja na [[Gianpiero Combi]], [[Guido Masetti]], na [[Aldo Olivieri]]. Akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia, alicheza mechi pekee ya kufuzu kwa kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1934 dhidi ya [[Ugiriki]], pamoja na mechi maarufu iliyojulikana kama ''Vita ya Highbury'' dhidi ya [[Uingereza]], ambapo alidaka mkwaju wa penalti kutoka kwa [[Eric Brook]]. Baada ya [[Gianpiero Combi]] kustaafu soka baada ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1934, Ceresoli alipata nafasi ya kuanza katika mechi tatu za mwisho za Kombe la Kimataifa la Ulaya ya Kati la 1933–35, na hivyo kushinda mashindano yake ya kwanza akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia. Pia alishinda kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1938 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia kama golikipa wa akiba wa [[Aldo Olivieri]], na kwa ujumla alicheza mechi 8 katika timu ya taifa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1910]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] fupvu5qbr3k3jjzy5lej597p16o02h7 0 251359 1601666 2026-09-26T09:29:07Z Eunly 91908 Ukurasa ulio anzishwa 1601666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthonieta Ijeom'''a '''Kalunta''' ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mtangazaji]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kwa nafasi yake katika filamu ya The Milkmaid (2020), [[filamu]] ya drama inayozungumzia uasi na utekaji nyara wa [[wasichana]] wadogo [[Uingereza Kaskazini-Mashariki|kaskazini-mashariki]] mwa [[Nigeria]]. Filamu hiyo iliwasilishwa na Nigeria kama mwakilishi wake katika tuzo za Academy katika kitengo cha Filamu Bora ya Kimataifa.Pia amefanya kazi kama mtangazaji wa [[redio]] na [[televisheni]], na amepokea kutambuliwa na taasisi na vyombo kama YNaija, Pulse [[Nigeria]], BellaNaija na Net Entertainment. Aidha, alipata uteuzi katika tuzo za Africa ya uigizaji.<ref>{{Citation|title=Anthonieta Kalunta|date=2026-02-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthonieta_Kalunta&oldid=1340462973|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Washa JavaScript ili utafute|url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=N4-3ap_mNLil5NoP2YTUsAs|work=www.google.com|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Nigeria]] myzxy7iynrwosv9j8dpaz5299cx1k4a 0 251360 1601667 2026-09-26T09:30:21Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' === Wasifu === '''Aisha Lawal Oladunni''' ni '''mwigizaji, mwandishi wa miswada ya filamu (scriptwriter), na mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Nigeria'''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Aisha amewahi kutambuliwa katika tuzo mbalimbali za filamu nchini Nigeria....' 1601667 wikitext text/x-wiki === Wasifu === '''Aisha Lawal Oladunni''' ni '''mwigizaji, mwandishi wa miswada ya filamu (scriptwriter), na mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Nigeria'''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Aisha amewahi kutambuliwa katika tuzo mbalimbali za filamu nchini Nigeria. Mwaka '''2014''', aliteuliwa katika tuzo za '''City People Entertainment Awards''' katika kipengele cha ''Mwigizaji wa Kike Mwenye Kuahidi Zaidi wa Mwaka (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mwaka '''2015''', aliteuliwa katika '''Best of Nollywood Awards''' katika kipengele cha ''Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike katika Jukumu Kuu (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mwaka '''2016''', aliteuliwa katika '''Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards''' katika kipengele cha ''Filamu au Mfululizo Bora wa Televisheni kwa Lugha ya Asili (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mwaka '''2018''', aliteuliwa katika '''City People Movie Awards''' katika vipengele viwili: ''Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka (Kiyoruba)'' na ''Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike wa Kusaidia (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rita Dominic, Davido, Tiwa Savage, Majid Michel – 2014 City People Entertainment Awards Nominees|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/rita-dominic-davido-tiwa-savage-majid-michel-2014-city-people-entertainment-awards-nominees/|work=BellaNaija|date=2014-06-06|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=BellaNaija.com}}</ref> Kwa ujumla, uteuzi huu katika tuzo mbalimbali unaonyesha kuwa '''Aisha Lawal Oladunni ni msanii anayehusika katika tasnia ya filamu ya Nigeria, hasa filamu zinazotumia lugha ya Kiyoruba'''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waafrika Waishio Marekani]] oxfj8c9wr3avew6mxqh68t5pw06bmam 1601668 1601667 2026-09-26T09:30:47Z Quinlan83 47719 Fix 1601668 wikitext text/x-wiki === Wasifu === '''Aisha Lawal Oladunni''' ni '''mwigizaji, mwandishi wa miswada ya filamu (scriptwriter), na mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Nigeria'''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Aisha amewahi kutambuliwa katika tuzo mbalimbali za filamu nchini Nigeria. Mwaka '''2014''', aliteuliwa katika tuzo za '''City People Entertainment Awards''' katika kipengele cha ''Mwigizaji wa Kike Mwenye Kuahidi Zaidi wa Mwaka (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mwaka '''2015''', aliteuliwa katika '''Best of Nollywood Awards''' katika kipengele cha ''Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike katika Jukumu Kuu (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mwaka '''2016''', aliteuliwa katika '''Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards''' katika kipengele cha ''Filamu au Mfululizo Bora wa Televisheni kwa Lugha ya Asili (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mwaka '''2018''', aliteuliwa katika '''City People Movie Awards''' katika vipengele viwili: ''Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike wa Mwaka (Kiyoruba)'' na ''Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike wa Kusaidia (Kiyoruba)''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rita Dominic, Davido, Tiwa Savage, Majid Michel – 2014 City People Entertainment Awards Nominees|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/rita-dominic-davido-tiwa-savage-majid-michel-2014-city-people-entertainment-awards-nominees/|work=BellaNaija|date=2014-06-06|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=BellaNaija.com}}</ref> Kwa ujumla, uteuzi huu katika tuzo mbalimbali unaonyesha kuwa '''Aisha Lawal Oladunni ni msanii anayehusika katika tasnia ya filamu ya Nigeria, hasa filamu zinazotumia lugha ya Kiyoruba'''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|date=2026-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards&oldid=1355428914|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waafrika Waishio Marekani]] 72zwwd5cbbdyr05sfn15bcr0bbl9och 0 251361 1601669 2026-09-26T09:30:50Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Amir Eid exap picture.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Amir Eid}} '''Amir Eid''' (kwa Kiarabu: أمیر عید; alizaliwa tarehe [[26 Novemba]] [[1983]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa Misri, Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi na mwimbaji mkuu wa [[bendi]] ya muziki wa rock ya Cairokee Bendi hiyo ilianzishwa [[Mwaka 2000|mwaka 2003]] na ilirekodi nyimbo za kisiasa wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Misri ya mwaka 2011, zikiwemo ''“Sout el Horeya”'' na ''“Ya el Midan”''. Amir Eid anaunga mkono harakati ya Palestina, jambo ambalo pia limejitokeza katika wimbo wake ''“Telk Qadeya”''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=سيدي صالح |first=حياة |date=2024 |title=رحلة ألفونس دودييه إلى الجزائر ووصفه لمدينة مليانة |url=https://doi.org/10.54246/1548-017-002-011 |journal=مجلة الواحات للبحوث والدراسات |pages=195 |doi=10.54246/1548-017-002-011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=بحرة |first=كريمة |date=2015-12 |title=إعداد و تقنين مقياس لجودة حياة تلاميذ المتوسط و الثانوي |url=https://doi.org/10.12816/0018104 |journal=مجلة جيل العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية |issue=14 |pages=11–30 |doi=10.12816/0018104 |issn=2311-5181}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Amir Eid [[Alikalia|alizaliwa]] mjini kairo, Misri. == Safari ya Muziki == Eid alianzisha bendi ya Misri ya muziki wa rock, Cairokee, mwaka 2003. Mnamo [[Oktoba 22|Oktoba 2023]], Eid alikuwa miongoni mwa [[wasanii]] 25 kutoka Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini walioshirikiana katika kurekodi wimbo ''“Rajieen”''. Wimbo huo ulitolewa kwa lengo la kuchangisha fedha za misaada kufuatia hali ya Gaza wakati wa vita vya Gaza. Mnamo [[30 Novemba]] 2023, Eid alitoa wimbo ''“Telk Qadeya”'', unaomaanisha “Jambo Hili” au “Hoja Hii”, ikiwa pia ni wimbo wa kuonyesha mshikamano na Palestina. Wimbo huo unaikosoa [[Marekani]] kwa kile kinachoelezwa kuwa kutofanya vya kutosha kukomesha hatua za [[Israeli|Israel]]. Wimbo huo umefikish a zaidi ya watazamaji milioni 10 kwenye YouTube. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 4d8cwdl7trmaqp3dxn9ykkad6x7qoio 0 251362 1601670 2026-09-26T09:31:01Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1601670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Alec Kellaway|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1894|tarehe ya kufa=18, Januari 1973|utaifa=Afrika kusini|kazi yake=Muigizaji}} '''Alec Kellaway''' ([[1894]] – [[18 Januari]] [[1973]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] anayefahamika zaidi kwa [[kazi]] zake katika jukwaa la [[sanaa]] (theatre) na [[filamu]] nchini [[Australia]], hasa kwa kuigiza uhusika wa wahusika mbalimbali (character roles) chini ya [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|mwongozaji]] Ken G. Hall. Alikuwa [[kaka]] wa Cecil Kellaway. Pia alifanya kazi kama [[mtayarishaji]] (producer) katika [[maonyesho]] ya vaudeville na alisaidia kuendesha [[Shule]] ya Vipaji (Talent School) katika [[kampuni]] ya Cinesound Productions.<ref><nowiki>https://ozvta.com/practitioners-k/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17488910</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-australian-films-dad-and-dave-come-to-town/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1894]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1973]] k5yzpgahux3sosg639rcjymcro4vy0a 1601673 1601670 2026-09-26T09:31:58Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Marekebisho 1601673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Alec Kellaway|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1894|tarehe ya kufa=18, Januari 1973|utaifa=Afrika kusini|kazi yake=Muigizaji}} '''Alec Kellaway''' ([[1894]] – [[18 Januari]] [[1973]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] anayefahamika zaidi kwa [[kazi]] zake katika jukwaa la [[sanaa]] (theatre) na [[filamu]] nchini [[Australia]], hasa kwa kuigiza uhusika wa wahusika mbalimbali (character roles) chini ya [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|mwongozaji]] Ken G. Hall. Alikuwa [[kaka]] wa Cecil Kellaway. Pia alifanya kazi kama [[mtayarishaji]] (producer) katika [[maonyesho]] ya vaudeville na alisaidia kuendesha [[Shule]] ya Vipaji (Talent School) katika [[kampuni]] ya Cinesound Productions.<ref><nowiki>https://ozvta.com/practitioners-k/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17488910</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-australian-films-dad-and-dave-come-to-town/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1894]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1973]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} s0wrdkd3pyidumzfvpxt1yaldmuhcfi 0 251363 1601671 2026-09-26T09:31:33Z Caphid 92024 kuanzisha makala 1601671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Aï Keïta Yara|utaifa=Burkina Faso|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji}} '''Aï Keïta Yara''' ni mwigizaji<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinéma :Aï KEITA / YARA : Comédienne - Artistes.BF|url=https://www.artistesbf.org/ai-keita-yara-comedienne/|work=ArtistesBF|date=2011-09-10|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr-FR|author=Patrick Coulidiati}}</ref>wa [[Burkina Faso]] ambaye alicheza nafasi ya mhusika mkuu katika filamu ya [[Sarraounia]] ya mwaka [[1986]]. == kazi == Filamu yake ya kwanza ilikuwa Sarraounia 1986, ambapo alicheza nafasi ya Sarraounia, malkia ambaye filamu hiyo imepewa jina lake<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keita|url=https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Keita.html|work=www.africanwomenincinema.org|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref>. Sarraounia ilishinda tuzo kadhaa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinéma :Aï KEITA / YARA : Comédienne - Artistes.BF|url=https://www.artistesbf.org/ai-keita-yara-comedienne/|work=ArtistesBF|date=2011-09-10|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr-FR|author=Patrick Coulidiati}}</ref>, na baada ya hapo aliweza kuigiza katika filamu na vipindi mbalimbali vya televisheni, ikiwemo filamu ya vichekesho na drama ya mwaka [[2004|2004,]] '''Tasuma'''. == Maisha binafsi == Keïta ameolewa na ana watoto wawili. Anaweza kuzungumza lugha za '''Fula,''' '''Dyula, Mooré,''' '''Zarma''' na [[Kifaransa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinéma :Aï KEITA / YARA : Comédienne - Artistes.BF|url=https://www.artistesbf.org/ai-keita-yara-comedienne/|work=ArtistesBF|date=2011-09-10|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr-FR|author=Patrick Coulidiati}}</ref>[[Kifaransa|.]] == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Burkina Faso]] bspgmiyhdbe8wm0q10l51qp0i3aon05 0 251364 1601672 2026-09-26T09:31:34Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Adela Elad (aliyezaliwa 25 [[Oktoba]] [[1987]]) ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]], mtayarishaji wa filamu, na mfadhili kutoka nchini [[Kameruni]]. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji [[mwaka]] [[2012]] kupitia filamu iliyoitwa wasichana wa chuo <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Adela Elad celebrates BD with orphans|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/1007-adela-elad-celebrates-bd-with-orphans.html|work=www.tiptopstars.com|accessdate=202...' 1601672 wikitext text/x-wiki Adela Elad (aliyezaliwa 25 [[Oktoba]] [[1987]]) ni mwigizaji wa [[filamu]], mtayarishaji wa filamu, na mfadhili kutoka nchini [[Kameruni]]. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji [[mwaka]] [[2012]] kupitia filamu iliyoitwa wasichana wa chuo <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Adela Elad celebrates BD with orphans|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/1007-adela-elad-celebrates-bd-with-orphans.html|work=www.tiptopstars.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-gb|author=Ernest Kanjo}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Alianza elimu yake ya [[shule]] ya msingi huko [[Douala]]. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo katika Government Bilingual shule ya [[sekondari]] iliyopo Santchou, kabla ya kuhitimu elimu ya sekondari katika City College of Commerce Mankon, huko [[Bamenda]]. Baadaye, Adela Elad aliendelea na masomo ya elimu ya juu katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Buea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adela Elad|url=http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/06/adela-elad.html|work=www.whoiswhoincameroon.com|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] 9uv0otyiaxdphtk4oa8lkxhj53c07at 0 251365 1601674 2026-09-26T09:33:25Z Zubeda03 83744 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Amina Mohamed|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1908|tarehe ya kufa=1985(umri 76-77)|utaifa=Misri|kazi yake=Mchezaji densi,mwigizaji na mwongozaji wa filamu|kazi maarufu=Tita-Wong, 1937}} '''Amina Mohamed,''' alizaliwa mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1908]] na kufariki mnamo mwaka [[1985]]. Alikuwa [[mchezaji]] densi, [[mwigizaji]], na [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|mwongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] wa [[Misri]].<ref>Women Screenwriters: An International Guide</ref> Amina Mohamed alitokea katika [[mazingira]] duni ya vijijini bila kuwa na [[Uhusiano (Takwimu)|uhusiano]] wowote na [[tasnia]] ya [[sanaa]] ya [[Kairo]]. Yeye na mpwa wake, [[Amina Rizk|Amina Rizq,]] walihamia Kairo wakiwa na [[mama]] zao; wawili hao walifungiwa ndani ya [[nyumba]] baada ya onyesho lao la kwanza la [[Jukwaa la Vijana wa Ulaya|jukwaani]]. Amina alifanikiwa kupata umaarufu kama [[mchezaji]] densi na mwigizaji. Amina Mohamed alikuwa mwongozaji, mtayarishaji, mwandishi wa skripti, mhariri, na mhusika mkuu wa filamu ya Tita Wong [[1937|(1937)]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1985]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] adtb3g5nmlypsnyphljs21387ib52gu 1601676 1601674 2026-09-26T09:33:40Z Quinlan83 47719 Fix 1601676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Amina Mohamed|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1908|tarehe ya kufa=1985(umri 76-77)|utaifa=Misri|kazi yake=Mchezaji densi,mwigizaji na mwongozaji wa filamu|kazi maarufu=Tita-Wong, 1937}} '''Amina Mohamed,''' alizaliwa mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1908]] na kufariki mnamo mwaka [[1985]]. Alikuwa [[mchezaji]] densi, [[mwigizaji]], na [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|mwongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] wa [[Misri]].<ref>Women Screenwriters: An International Guide</ref> Amina Mohamed alitokea katika [[mazingira]] duni ya vijijini bila kuwa na [[Uhusiano (Takwimu)|uhusiano]] wowote na [[tasnia]] ya [[sanaa]] ya [[Kairo]]. Yeye na mpwa wake, [[Amina Rizk|Amina Rizq,]] walihamia Kairo wakiwa na [[mama]] zao; wawili hao walifungiwa ndani ya [[nyumba]] baada ya onyesho lao la kwanza la [[Jukwaa la Vijana wa Ulaya|jukwaani]]. Amina alifanikiwa kupata umaarufu kama [[mchezaji]] densi na mwigizaji. Amina Mohamed alikuwa mwongozaji, mtayarishaji, mwandishi wa skripti, mhariri, na mhusika mkuu wa filamu ya Tita Wong [[1937|(1937)]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1985]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] jvssxw14gnat6cn5aqclyzecxwds3op 0 251366 1601675 2026-09-26T09:33:33Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Sergio Bertoni | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Sergio Bertoni, italien champion olympique et du monde de football (années 1936-38).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1915|9|23}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Pisa]], Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|2|15|1915|9|23}} | mahala_alipofia = La S...' 1601675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Sergio Bertoni | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Sergio Bertoni, italien champion olympique et du monde de football (années 1936-38).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date|df=yes|1915|9|23}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Pisa]], Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|2|15|1915|9|23}} | mahala_alipofia = [[La Spezia]], Italia | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Sergio Bertoni''' (23 Septemba 1915 – 15 Februari 1995) alikuwa mchezaji na mkufunzi wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. Akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia, alishinda mashindano ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 1936 na kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1938.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25999 |title=Sergio Bertoni |publisher=Olympedia |language=English |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1915]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1995]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] ovgsffr6grrm6nz56y8en2yfedk5twf 0 251367 1601677 2026-09-26T09:36:29Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Anzisha makala 1601677 wikitext text/x-wiki Fatima Faloye ni mwigizaji wa Marekani mwenye asili ya Nigeria na Barbados. Alishinda NAACP Image Award mwaka 1996 kwa nafasi yake katika New York Undercover. Pia amefanya kazi kama mtayarishaji wa filamu fupi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gibbs |first=Hope Katz |date=1996 |title=Waiting to Exhale: Photographer Bill Ravanesi brings the victims of asbestos in focus |url=https://doi.org/10.3320/1.2928507 |journal=The Synergist |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=32 |doi=10.3320/1.2928507 |issn=1066-7660}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] f40zl7tewcpu18u9alq1a8eve1mtmyl 1601817 1601677 2026-09-26T11:31:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601817 wikitext text/x-wiki Fatima Faloye ni mwigizaji wa Marekani mwenye asili ya Nigeria na Barbados. Alishinda NAACP Image Award mwaka 1996 kwa nafasi yake katika New York Undercover. Pia amefanya kazi kama mtayarishaji wa filamu fupi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Gibbs |first=Hope Katz |date=1996 |title=Waiting to Exhale: Photographer Bill Ravanesi brings the victims of asbestos in focus |url=https://doi.org/10.3320/1.2928507 |journal=The Synergist |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=32 |doi=10.3320/1.2928507 |issn=1066-7660}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 9evtjo1vzaijl1ht9b4p87lkneqifmi 0 251368 1601678 2026-09-26T09:38:46Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Camilla Jo-Ann Daries''' ni mwigizaji kutoka '''Namibia'''. Anajulikana kwa kucheza katika filamu kama '''Baxu and the Giants''' ya mwaka 2019, '''Valara''' ya mwaka 2022, na '''Measures of Men''' ya mwaka 2023. '''Mwaka''' '''2020''', Daries aliambatana na '''Kituo''' cha '''Msaada''' wa Kisheria (LAC) kwenda Ikulu ya '''Namibia'''. Walikwenda kukabidhi '''kadi-postikadi 160''' zilizoandikwa na '''wanafunzi''' kutoka maeneo ya '''Zambezi''' na '''Kho...' 1601678 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Camilla Jo-Ann Daries''' ni mwigizaji kutoka '''Namibia'''. Anajulikana kwa kucheza katika filamu kama '''Baxu and the Giants''' ya mwaka 2019, '''Valara''' ya mwaka 2022, na '''Measures of Men''' ya mwaka 2023. '''Mwaka''' '''2020''', Daries aliambatana na '''Kituo''' cha '''Msaada''' wa Kisheria (LAC) kwenda Ikulu ya '''Namibia'''. Walikwenda kukabidhi '''kadi-postikadi 160''' zilizoandikwa na '''wanafunzi''' kutoka maeneo ya '''Zambezi''' na '''Khomas'''. Kadi hizo zilikusudiwa kumfikia '''Rais Hage Geingob na Mama wa Taifa''', Monica '''Geingos'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schott, Daries reunite for horror anthology film|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/schott-daries-reunite-for-horror-anthology-film/|work=The Namibian|date=2021-08-10|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=The Namibian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Schott, Daries reunite for horror anthology film|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/schott-daries-reunite-for-horror-anthology-film/|work=The Namibian|date=2021-08-10|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=The Namibian}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 4ffvibx3834co509kauylbcpppja22z 0 251369 1601679 2026-09-26T09:41:32Z NethaMoses 92641 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ayoola Ayolola''', aliyezaliwa tarehe [[12 Januari]] [[1987]], ni mwimbaji na mwigizaji kutoka '''Nigeria.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homepage - Breaking News, Nigerian News, Nigerian newspapers, Entertainment, Videos, Sports, Business and Politics|url=https://punchng.com/|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref>Alipata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kushinda msimu wa tano wa mashindano ya muziki ya Project Fame [[West]] [[Africa]] tare...' 1601679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayoola Ayolola''', aliyezaliwa tarehe [[12 Januari]] [[1987]], ni mwimbaji na mwigizaji kutoka '''Nigeria.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homepage - Breaking News, Nigerian News, Nigerian newspapers, Entertainment, Videos, Sports, Business and Politics|url=https://punchng.com/|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref>Alipata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kushinda msimu wa tano wa mashindano ya muziki ya Project Fame [[West]] [[Africa]] tarehe [[29 Septemba]] [[2012]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homepage - Breaking News, Nigerian News, Nigerian newspapers, Entertainment, Videos, Sports, Business and Politics|url=https://punchng.com/|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] cg1h9qdhkjshrnyvfzgbuirtottsodi 0 251370 1601680 2026-09-26T09:42:20Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Olaniyi Afonja|jina la kuzaliwa=Olaniyi Mikail Afonja|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Jimbo la Oyo,Nigeria|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=14/10/1974|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji,Mchekeshaji}} '''Olaniyi Mukaila Afonja''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la Sanyeri, ni [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mtengeneza [[filamu]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Alizaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe 14]] [[Oktoba]] [[1974]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comic actor, Sanyeri denies using wedding to raise funds|...' 1601680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Olaniyi Afonja|jina la kuzaliwa=Olaniyi Mikail Afonja|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Jimbo la Oyo,Nigeria|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=14/10/1974|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji,Mchekeshaji}} '''Olaniyi Mukaila Afonja''', anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la Sanyeri, ni [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mtengeneza [[filamu]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Alizaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe 14]] [[Oktoba]] [[1974]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comic actor, Sanyeri denies using wedding to raise funds|url=https://encomium.ng/comic-actor-sanyeri-denies-using-wedding-to-raise-funds/|work=Encomium|date=2013-12-13|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Encomium}}</ref>. == Maisha na Elimu == Alizaliwa katika eneo la Bola, mjini Oyo, katika Jimbo la Oyo, Nigeria. Alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza katika [[familia]] yao.Olaniyi alipata [[elimu]] yake ya msingi katika shule ya ''St. Michael Primary School'', iliyopo Òkè-èbó, [[Oyo State]]. Baadae alisoma ''Durbar Grammar School'', Oyo Town, ambapo alimaliza elimu yake ya sekondari. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] prywtg7vu7g4l59ojjrarm92pvsit3x 0 251371 1601681 2026-09-26T09:43:24Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Pietro Ferraris | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Pietro Ferraris (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1912|2|15|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Vercelli]], Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1991|10|11|1912|2|15|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi...' 1601681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Pietro Ferraris | nchi = Italia | majina_mengine = | picha = Pietro Ferraris (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1912|2|15|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Vercelli]], Ufalme wa Italia | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|1991|10|11|1912|2|15|df=yes}} | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Pietro Ferraris''' (15 Februari 1912 – 11 Oktoba 1991) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyecheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/22370/Pietro_Ferraris.html |title=Pietro Ferraris (Player) |publisher=National Football Teams |language=English |access-date=26 September 2026}}</ref> Katika kipindi chote cha kazi yake, alishinda mataji sita ya [[Serie A]] akiwa na [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Ambrosiana-Inter]] na [[Torino F.C.|Torino]], na kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1938 akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Italia, ambapo alifunga bao la haraka zaidi kuwahi kufungwa na Italia katika historia ya Kombe la Dunia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1938france/match-directory |title=1938 FIFA World Cup France |publisher=FIFA |language=English |access-date=26 September 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] 7sgxqrnjcormuql76ci9rhf5shse4ey 0 251372 1601682 2026-09-26T09:45:13Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Ayo Akinwale Maisha ya awali na kazi Alizaliwa Ibadan na alisoma Shule ya Sekondari ya Methodist na Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, kabla ya kuanza kazi ya ualimu kama mhadhiri katika Chuo cha Polytechnic cha Ibadan. Alikuwa Mkuu wa Kitivo cha Sanaa na Utamaduni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin. Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Sanaa na Utamaduni la Jimbo la Oyo. Amekuwa jaji (msimamizi) katika tamasha nyingi za kitamaduni kote Nigeria. Alianza kazi yake ya uigiza...' 1601682 wikitext text/x-wiki Ayo Akinwale Maisha ya awali na kazi Alizaliwa Ibadan na alisoma Shule ya Sekondari ya Methodist na Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, kabla ya kuanza kazi ya ualimu kama mhadhiri katika Chuo cha Polytechnic cha Ibadan. Alikuwa Mkuu wa Kitivo cha Sanaa na Utamaduni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin. Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Sanaa na Utamaduni la Jimbo la Oyo. Amekuwa jaji (msimamizi) katika tamasha nyingi za kitamaduni kote Nigeria. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji miaka ya 1970, akiigiza kwenye vipindi vya televisheni na maigizo. Alishinda tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora wa Kiasili katika Tuzo za 4 za Africa Moie Academy Awards. hrmihrw851n4z7wxgxrxaqhg0u6uv6s 1601738 1601682 2026-09-26T10:02:28Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Mbegu mtu 1601738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayo Akinwale''' Maisha ya awali na kazi Alizaliwa Ibadan na alisoma Shule ya Sekondari ya Methodist na Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, kabla ya kuanza kazi ya ualimu kama mhadhiri katika Chuo cha Polytechnic cha Ibadan. Alikuwa Mkuu wa Kitivo cha Sanaa na Utamaduni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin. Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Sanaa na Utamaduni la Jimbo la Oyo. Amekuwa jaji (msimamizi) katika tama'''''Maandishi ya kooze'''''sha nyingi za kitamaduni kote Nigeria. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji miaka ya 1970, akiigiza kwenye vipindi vya televisheni na maigizo. Alishinda tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora wa Kiasili katika Tuzo za 4 za Africa Moie Academy Awards. st0boiek0rpqk5fw0d8jxn5j2o4ytxy 1601743 1601738 2026-09-26T10:05:58Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Mbegu mtu 1601743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayo Akinwale''' Maisha ya awali na kazi Alizaliwa Ibadan na alisoma Shule ya Sekondari ya Methodist na Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, kabla ya kuanza kazi ya ualimu kama mhadhiri katika Chuo cha Polytechnic cha Ibadan. Alikuwa Mkuu wa Kitivo cha Sanaa na Utamaduni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ilorin. Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Sanaa na Utamaduni la Jimbo la Oyo. Amekuwa jaji (msimamizi) katika tama''Maandishi ya kooze''sha nyingi za kitamaduni kote Nigeria. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji miaka ya 1970, akiigiza kwenye vipindi vya televisheni na maigizo. Alishinda tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora wa Kiasili katika Tuzo za 4 za Africa Moie Academy Awards. 74zsi3x0hhywx1ytl2kuavlzft549d8 0 251373 1601683 2026-09-26T09:48:10Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa umweundwa 1601683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=17 July|kazi_yake=Actress, TV host, fashion designer|nchi=Rwanda}} '''Bahavu Usanase Jeannette''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Rwanda]]. Ni miongoni mwa waigizaji maarufu zaidi [[Nchi|nchini]] Rwanda, na anajulikana sana kwa kuigiza nafasi ya “Diane” katika [[tamthilia]] ya televisheni ''City Maid''. Mbali na uigizaji, pia ni mbunifu wa [[mavazi]] na [[mtangazaji]] wa televisheni. Alifunga [[ndoa]] na Ndayirukiye Fleury tarehe [[27 Machi]] [[2021]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Love, Stuart, Chief Executive, Westminster City Council, since 2018|date=2019-12-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u291881|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha Binafsi == Alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[17 Julai]] nchini Rwanda. Mama yake pia alikuwa mwigizaji maarufu wa Rwanda.Awali, aliwahi kuwa katika uhusiano wa kimapenzi na Yverry. Tarehe 17 Julai 2020, Jeannette alichumbiwa na mpenzi wake Ndayikingurukiye Fleury, anayejulikana pia kwa jina la “Legend”. Wawili hao walikutana mwaka 2015. Sherehe ya uchumba wao ilifanyika katika Hoteli ya Scheba, Kiyovu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Couper, James Brown, (died 14 Oct. 1946), DL, JP County of the City of Glasgow, also for Argyllshire|date=2007-12-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u224162|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghanbari |first=M. |last2=Fleury |first2=M. |date=2010-07-23 |title=Video communication over wireless networks |url=https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2010.9070 |journal=IET Communications |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1267–1268 |doi=10.1049/iet-com.2010.9070 |issn=1751-8628}}</ref> == Kazi ya Uigizaji == Mwaka [[2019]], alicheza katika tamthilia ya televisheni ''City Maid'', akiigiza nafasi ya “Diane”. Ingawa mhusika huyo alipata umaarufu mkubwa, baadaye aliondolewa katika mfululizo wa hadithi. Katika simulizi iliyotolewa wakati huo, ilionyeshwa kwamba mhusika Diane aliuawa na [[mwili]] wake kutupwa katika Mto Nyabarongo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562432.6151389026001|work=doi.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5u1snk33pnyozwupdohfbhxnfq4ka19 3 251374 1601684 2026-09-26T09:48:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601684 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) o8xs9568j0zdj43b4rambvn4vavopuq 3 251375 1601685 2026-09-26T09:48:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601685 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) o8xs9568j0zdj43b4rambvn4vavopuq 3 251376 1601686 2026-09-26T09:48:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601686 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) o8xs9568j0zdj43b4rambvn4vavopuq 3 251377 1601687 2026-09-26T09:48:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601687 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) o8xs9568j0zdj43b4rambvn4vavopuq 3 251378 1601688 2026-09-26T09:48:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601688 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) o8xs9568j0zdj43b4rambvn4vavopuq 3 251379 1601689 2026-09-26T09:49:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601689 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) tm22ccsr99nmelozybrxylcz0742gwp 3 251380 1601690 2026-09-26T09:49:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601690 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) tm22ccsr99nmelozybrxylcz0742gwp 3 251381 1601691 2026-09-26T09:49:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601691 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) tm22ccsr99nmelozybrxylcz0742gwp 3 251382 1601692 2026-09-26T09:49:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601692 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) tm22ccsr99nmelozybrxylcz0742gwp 3 251383 1601693 2026-09-26T09:49:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601693 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) tm22ccsr99nmelozybrxylcz0742gwp 3 251384 1601694 2026-09-26T09:49:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601694 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) tm22ccsr99nmelozybrxylcz0742gwp 1601794 1601694 2026-09-26T11:13:35Z NDG 79979 /* Adding references/AI-generated content */ mjadala mpya 1601794 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) == Adding references/AI-generated content == Hi [[Mtumiaji:Sally Girl one|Sally Girl one]] i saw your recently created articles. All of them do not contain any deeplinks to proper sources. Some of them look AI-generated or with help of AI. Please check these and only use links to sources, which contain the information to be proved. Please note that Wikipedia is not a source. Regards '''[[Mtumiaji:NDG|NDG]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:NDG|majadiliano]])''' 11:13, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) tpg67n1j8hssn7asfjfak84v89muevt 3 251385 1601695 2026-09-26T09:50:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601695 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qp4mk6v23ejafml5n95i4p1abfmj5ax 3 251386 1601696 2026-09-26T09:50:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601696 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qp4mk6v23ejafml5n95i4p1abfmj5ax 3 251387 1601697 2026-09-26T09:50:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601697 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qp4mk6v23ejafml5n95i4p1abfmj5ax 0 251388 1601698 2026-09-26T09:50:34Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Ukulasa mpya 1601698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michel-Ange Nzojibwami''' ni mwigizaji na [[mkurugenzi]] kutoka Burundi. Anajulikana zaidi kimataifa kwa uigizaji wake kama Colonel Théoneste Bagosora katika filamu ya Kupeana Mikono na Ibilisi, ambayo alipata uteuzi wa Tuzo la Jini kwa Mwigizaji Bora Msaidizi katika [[Tuzo]] za 28 za Jini mnamo 2008. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michel Ange Nzojibwami|url=https://www.themoviedb.org/person/4334504-michel-ange-nzojibwami|work=The Movie Database|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=sw}}</ref> Amewahi kuwa mkurugenzi wa Tubiyage, kampuni ya maigizo ya Burundi, na kama makamu wa rais wa shirika la tasnia ya filamu nchini Burundi COPRODAC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michel Ange Nzojibwami|url=https://www.themoviedb.org/person/4334504-michel-ange-nzojibwami|work=The Movie Database|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=sw}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] 0vltrgpj6vgdnv805mscvk1f4ox4wkx 3 251389 1601699 2026-09-26T09:50:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601699 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qp4mk6v23ejafml5n95i4p1abfmj5ax 3 251390 1601700 2026-09-26T09:50:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601700 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qp4mk6v23ejafml5n95i4p1abfmj5ax 0 251391 1601701 2026-09-26T09:50:48Z Sally Girl one 92639 Mbegu mtu 1601701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arlete Guilhermina''' "Guillermina" Vincente Bombe ni mwigizaji kutoka [[Msumbiji]], alizaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1983]]. Anatokea katika [[mji]] wa [[Maputo]], Msumbiji<ref>{{Citation|title=Main Page|date=2026-06-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=1358980925|work=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == kazi yake ya sanaa. == == Muigizaji huyu alianza kujulikana zaidi kupitia kazi zake mbili muhimu katika tasnia ya filamu. == == Mnamo mwaka [[2017]], alipata nafasi ya kuonekana katika filamu ya [[kumbukumbu]] iliyoitwa '''Wiwanana'''. [[Filamu]] hii iliongozwa na mtayarishaji Iacopo Patierno. Katika kazi hii, alishirikiana na [[wasanii]] wengine maarufu kama vile Safina Ansumane Ali na Agostino Maico Chipula. Hii ilikuwa ni hatua kubwa kwake katika kuonesha kipaji chake. == == Baadaye, mnamo mwaka [[2019]], mafanikio yake yaliongezeka zaidi alipoigiza katika filamu ya '''Redemption'''. Kwa lugha ya Kireno filamu hii inaitwa Resgate. Filamu hii iliongozwa na Mickey Fonseca na ilikuwa ni filamu iliyoshinda tuzo nyingi. Alifanikiwa kuigiza pamoja na magwiji wa filamu kama Gil Alexandre, Laquino Fonseca, Tomas Bie, Rachide Abul na Candido Quembo. == == Uigizaji wake mzuri katika filamu ya Redemption ulimletea heshima kubwa. Kutokana na umahiri wake, aliteuliwa kuwania tuzo ya Muigizaji Bora wa Kike Msaidizi katika tuzo maarufu za Afrika zinazojulikana kama Africa Movie Academy Awards AMAA 2019. Tuzo hizi zilikuwa ni za 15 tangu kuanzishwa kwake. Kuteuliwa kwake huko kulithibitisha kuwa ni muigizaji mwenye kipaji kikubwa barani [[Afrika]]. == {{DEFAULTSORT:en.wikipedia.org}} pgfbfeziilehnfsvn162g2j580246jy 0 251392 1601702 2026-09-26T09:50:55Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Anibal Paz | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Anibal Paz.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Aníbal Paz | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1917|5|21|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|2013|3|21|1917|5|21|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = |...' 1601702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Anibal Paz | nchi = Uruguay | majina_mengine = | picha = Anibal Paz.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Aníbal Paz | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1917|5|21|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | tarehe_ya_kufariki = {{Death date and age|2013|3|21|1917|5|21|df=y}} | mahala_alipofia = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu | nafasi = Kipa | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu = | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Anibal Luis Paz Piuma''' (21 Mei 1917 – 21 Machi 2013) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka nchini [[Uruguay]].Aliyecheza nafasi ya golikipa wa klabu ya [[Club Nacional de Football]] kuanzia mwaka 1939 hadi 1953, na wa timu ya taifa ya Uruguay, akiichezea mechi 23.<ref name="AUF">{{cite web |title=Aníbal Paz |url=http://www.auf.org.uy/anibal-paz/ |publisher=AUF |language=Spanish |access-date=24 June 2019}}</ref> Akiwa na Nacional, alishinda ubingwa wa Uruguay mara tisa (1939–43, 1946–47, 1950, na 1952). Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya Uruguay iliyoshinda ubingwa katika mashindano ya kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 1950 na alikuwa bingwa wa Amerika Kusini ([[Copa Amerika]]) mnamo mwaka [[Mashindano ya Amerika Kusini ya 1942|1942]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] p5hibe0iuzepcqx3qvvovr19mu84zwx 3 251393 1601703 2026-09-26T09:50:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601703 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) qp4mk6v23ejafml5n95i4p1abfmj5ax 3 251394 1601704 2026-09-26T09:51:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601704 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) fyom8e3cjboqch1jpwvi7zq2fbx49f6 3 251395 1601705 2026-09-26T09:51:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601705 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) fyom8e3cjboqch1jpwvi7zq2fbx49f6 3 251396 1601706 2026-09-26T09:51:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601706 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) fyom8e3cjboqch1jpwvi7zq2fbx49f6 3 251397 1601707 2026-09-26T09:51:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601707 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) fyom8e3cjboqch1jpwvi7zq2fbx49f6 3 251398 1601708 2026-09-26T09:51:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601708 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) fyom8e3cjboqch1jpwvi7zq2fbx49f6 3 251399 1601709 2026-09-26T09:51:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601709 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) fyom8e3cjboqch1jpwvi7zq2fbx49f6 3 251400 1601710 2026-09-26T09:52:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601710 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) evqgnbcsdej17t8fxqvxrvo5o745qrw 3 251401 1601711 2026-09-26T09:52:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601711 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) evqgnbcsdej17t8fxqvxrvo5o745qrw 3 251402 1601712 2026-09-26T09:52:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601712 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) evqgnbcsdej17t8fxqvxrvo5o745qrw 3 251403 1601713 2026-09-26T09:52:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601713 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) evqgnbcsdej17t8fxqvxrvo5o745qrw 3 251404 1601714 2026-09-26T09:52:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601714 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) evqgnbcsdej17t8fxqvxrvo5o745qrw 3 251405 1601715 2026-09-26T09:52:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601715 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) evqgnbcsdej17t8fxqvxrvo5o745qrw 3 251406 1601716 2026-09-26T09:53:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601716 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7ihvr2xinq6j1orb0rwigp50y0mrhpe 3 251407 1601717 2026-09-26T09:53:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601717 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7ihvr2xinq6j1orb0rwigp50y0mrhpe 3 251408 1601718 2026-09-26T09:53:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601718 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7ihvr2xinq6j1orb0rwigp50y0mrhpe 3 251409 1601719 2026-09-26T09:53:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601719 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7ihvr2xinq6j1orb0rwigp50y0mrhpe 3 251410 1601720 2026-09-26T09:53:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601720 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7ihvr2xinq6j1orb0rwigp50y0mrhpe 3 251411 1601721 2026-09-26T09:53:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601721 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:53, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 7ihvr2xinq6j1orb0rwigp50y0mrhpe 3 251412 1601722 2026-09-26T09:54:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601722 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:54, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 3r8pnn2421yhmo8syycotmlvyjhiivq 3 251413 1601723 2026-09-26T09:54:17Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601723 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:54, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 3r8pnn2421yhmo8syycotmlvyjhiivq 3 251414 1601724 2026-09-26T09:54:27Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601724 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:54, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 3r8pnn2421yhmo8syycotmlvyjhiivq 3 251415 1601725 2026-09-26T09:54:37Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601725 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:54, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 3r8pnn2421yhmo8syycotmlvyjhiivq 3 251416 1601726 2026-09-26T09:54:47Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601726 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:54, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 3r8pnn2421yhmo8syycotmlvyjhiivq 3 251417 1601727 2026-09-26T09:54:57Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601727 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:54, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) 3r8pnn2421yhmo8syycotmlvyjhiivq 3 251418 1601728 2026-09-26T09:55:07Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1601728 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:55, 26 Septemba 2026 (UTC) ei8htet53z1pwm16vltoce18hwy7buw 0 251419 1601729 2026-09-26T09:56:06Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1601729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alex Piara McGregor''' (alizaliwa [[7 Juni]] [[1993]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji akiwa mtoto kabla ya kupata umaarufu kupitia nafasi yake kama Christine katika [[filamu]] za ''Spud'' ([[2010]]–[[2014]]). Kazi zake nyingine zinajumuisha filamu ''Impunity'' (2014) na ''Slumber Party Massacre'' ([[2021]]), tamthilia ya maandishi ya BBC ''The Gamechangers'' ([[2015]]), pamoja na mfululizo wa [[televisheni]] wa Syfy ''Vagrant Queen'' ([[2020]]). == Maisha ya awali == McGregor alikulia Sea Point, [[Cape Town]]. Ana dada wawili wakubwa, Tamara na Lauren, ambaye naye ni mwigizaji. McGregor alivutiwa na uigizaji baada ya kumuona [[dada]] yake akiigiza nafasi ya Rizzo katika onesho la ''Grease'', kisha akajiunga naye katika mazoezi ya maigizo. Binamu zake ni dada wanaofanya kazi ya uanamitindo, Kerry na Tracy McGregor. McGregor alisaini [[mkataba]] na (Storm Models and Artistes Personal Management). Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye skrini katika tangazo la [[biashara]] akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 6, na akaanza kuonekana kwenye televisheni akiwa na umri wa miaka 11 katika ''Charlie Jade''. == Maisha binafsi == Mnamo [[Septemba]] [[2024]], McGregor alichumbiwa na mwenzi wake wa muda mrefu, Bjorn Steinbach.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2661400/</ref><ref>https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/alex-mcgregor-205/</ref><ref>https://www.syfy.com/people/alex-mcgregor</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} hkrl1akar22kpaknrbu2p9ibqh3vube 0 251420 1601730 2026-09-26T09:57:36Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anna Cloete''' ([[1913]]–[[1999]])alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]] na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa [[tasnia]] ya [[uigizaji]] nchini humo. Alishiriki katika [[tasnia]] ya [[maigizo]], [[filamu]] na [[televisheni]] ya [[lugha]] ya Kiafrikana kwa kipindi cha takribani miaka 60.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Cloete (82), veteran actress and wife of James Norval, famous in SA acting circles, dies. {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahist...' 1601730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Cloete''' ([[1913]]–[[1999]])alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]] na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa [[tasnia]] ya [[uigizaji]] nchini humo. Alishiriki katika [[tasnia]] ya [[maigizo]], [[filamu]] na [[televisheni]] ya [[lugha]] ya Kiafrikana kwa kipindi cha takribani miaka 60.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Cloete (82), veteran actress and wife of James Norval, famous in SA acting circles, dies. {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/dated-event/anna-cloete-82-veteran-actress-and-wife-james-norval-famous-sa-acting-circles-dies|work=sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1999]] 1cwl71qf3mm2dtodbn6ndr8xxji239z 0 251421 1601731 2026-09-26T09:58:25Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Andrew James Clutterbuck''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe '''14 Septemba 1973'''), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Andrew Lincoln''', ni '''mwigizaji kutoka Uingereza'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The actors behind voice-overs|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-actors-behind-voiceovers-6110102.html|work=The Independent|date=2006-02-02|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Alianza kupata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia nafasi yake ya kwanza...' 1601731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrew James Clutterbuck''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe '''14 Septemba 1973'''), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Andrew Lincoln''', ni '''mwigizaji kutoka Uingereza'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The actors behind voice-overs|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-actors-behind-voiceovers-6110102.html|work=The Independent|date=2006-02-02|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> Alianza kupata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia nafasi yake ya kwanza muhimu ya uigizaji kama mhusika '''Egg''' katika tamthilia ya televisheni ya '''BBC''', ''This Life'', iliyotangazwa kuanzia mwaka '''1996 hadi 1997'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The actors behind voice-overs|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-actors-behind-voiceovers-6110102.html|work=The Independent|date=2006-02-02|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == maisha ya awali na elimu == Andrew Lincoln alizaliwa kwa jina '''Andrew James Clutterbuck''' tarehe '''14 Septemba 1973''' huko '''London, Uingereza'''. Baba yake alikuwa '''mhandisi wa ujenzi kutoka Uingereza''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=BFI {{!}} Film & TV Database {{!}} LINCOLN, Andrew|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/589943|work=ftvdb.bfi.org.uk|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref>,<ref>{{Citation|title=Andrew Lincoln: My family values|date=2014-09-26|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/sep/26/andrew-lincoln-my-family-values|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> huku mama yake akiwa '''muuguzi kutoka Afrika Kusini'''. Ana '''ndugu mmoja wa kiume''' ambaye ni mkubwa kwake kwa tofauti ya takribani '''miezi 18'''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Andrew Lincoln: My family values|date=2014-09-26|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/sep/26/andrew-lincoln-my-family-values|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Andrew alipokuwa na umri wa '''miezi 18''', familia yake ilihamia '''Cottingham''', katika eneo la East Riding of Yorkshire. Baadaye, alipokuwa na umri wa takribani '''miaka 8 au 9''', familia yake ilihamia tena na kwenda kuishi '''Bath''', katika eneo la Somerset, Uingereza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The actors behind voice-overs|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-actors-behind-voiceovers-6110102.html|work=The Independent|date=2006-02-02|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandaaji Filamu za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] 8s9hwqnbbmvu4nhimu6hxjrbo8ul9z5 0 251422 1601732 2026-09-26T09:58:58Z Jonas Jafeti Godfry 92642 Anzisha makala 1601732 wikitext text/x-wiki Alenne Menget (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1975) ni mwigizaji, mtengenezaji wa filamu za hali halisi na msimulizi kutoka Cameroon. Alitambuliwa kama “Mwigizaji Bora wa Afrika” na waandaaji wa Golden Academic Awards nchini Ghana. Pia ameshiriki katika filamu kadhaa maarufu za Cameroon, ikiwemo Nganu, iliyotolewa mwaka 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned Cameroonian Actor Alenne Menget bestowed traditional title Ni Ngamfon.|url=https://mimimefoinfos.com/renowned-cameroonian-actor-alenne-menget-bestowed-traditional-title-ni-ngamfon/|work=MMI News (Mimi Mefo Info)|date=2023-07-26|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Mimi Mefo Info (MMI)}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Alenne Menget alizaliwa Bamenda, Cameroon, mwaka 1975. Alisoma katika shule za GS Atuakom, PSS Mankon, GBHS Bamenda, na PHS Batibo. Baadaye alisomea Historia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Buea na uandishi wa habari za uchunguzi katika World Bank Institute jijini New York. Mwaka 2023, alipewa cheo cha jadi cha heshima “Ni Ngamfon” katika Nyen-Muyah, Batibo. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] mvos7gl3lsgz3haynxlcpyyibnru270 0 251423 1601733 2026-09-26T09:59:38Z Eunly 91908 Ukurasa ulio anzishwa 1601733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TianahBettinah''' (aliyezaliwa Betty Nassali tarehe 10 [[Novemba]] 1993) ni mtu maarufu katika [[televisheni]], [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]] na mtaalamu wa [[mitindo]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Anajulikana kwa kuendesha vipindi vya [[televisheni]] kama Sauti ya vijana, na kipindi Cha [[mavazi]]. Pia alicheza nafasi kuu ya Rhona katika kipindi cha [[televisheni]] cha The Hostel.Akiwa na umri wa [[Mwaka|miaka]] 15, [[Tianjin|Tianah]] alianza kufanya kazi katika NBS [[Televisión Nacional de Chile|Television]] kama [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi cha Sauti ya vijana. Baadaye, [[mwaka]] 2015, aliendesha kipindi cha [[televisheni]] cha kutafuta [[Washambaa|wachumba]] kilichoitwa kuwa mchumba wangu kwenye NTV [[Uganda]], akichukua nafasi ya Anita [[Fabiola wa Roma|Fabiola]].Pia aliendesha kipindi cha mitindo kilichoitwa kipindi Cha [[mavazi]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] 2017 hadi Machi 2022, alipokihama ili kujikita katika [[biashara]] yake mwenyewe, BT Beauty [[Uganda]].'''Tianah''' alipata nafasi yake ya kwanza ya uigizaji kama [[Rhona Mitra|Rhona]], mhusika aliyesawiriwa kama “[[msichana]] mwenye tabia mbaya”, katika msimu wa nne na wa mwisho wa kipindi cha [[televisheni]] cha [[Uganda]] Nyumba ya [[Mwanafunzi|wanafunzi]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Bettinah Tianah|date=2026-05-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bettinah_Tianah&oldid=1353574201|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bettinah Tianah|date=2026-05-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bettinah_Tianah&oldid=1353574201|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bettinah Tianah|date=2026-05-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bettinah_Tianah&oldid=1353574201|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] 8rb029rviqp31sx0xai4d9g4joi63t0 0 251424 1601734 2026-09-26T10:00:37Z Emmanuel Alfonce 91178 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Akite Agnes''' aliyezaliwa tarehe [[19]] [[Machi]] [[1983]]) ni mchekeshaji wa jukwaani, mwigizaji, mtangazaji wa hafla (MC), na mwanahani wa [[Uganda]]. Anafahamika sana kwa jukumu lake kama Arach<ref>ntaba, Agnes (19 October 2018). "Agnes Akite aka Arach on Funny Ugandans". ''Uganda News Archive''. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2018</ref>katika mfululizo wa runinga wa The Hostel.<ref>Agnes Akite aka Arach on funny...' 1601734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akite Agnes''' aliyezaliwa tarehe [[19]] [[Machi]] [[1983]]) ni mchekeshaji wa jukwaani, mwigizaji, mtangazaji wa hafla (MC), na mwanahani wa [[Uganda]]. Anafahamika sana kwa jukumu lake kama Arach<ref>ntaba, Agnes (19 October 2018). "Agnes Akite aka Arach on Funny Ugandans". ''Uganda News Archive''. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2018</ref>katika mfululizo wa runinga wa The Hostel.<ref>Agnes Akite aka Arach on funny Ugandans". ''The Independent Uganda''. 22 August 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2026.</ref> Pia ameigiza katika tamthilia ya Pearl Magic ya Girl from Mparo kama Mama Brian, jirani mwenye udadisi kupita kiasi. Mtindo wake wa ucheshi unaakisi mambo ya kila siku ambayo watu hukabiliana nayo wanapoendelea na maisha yao. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] silksbmgjvt2sf8zg1bqgsaw8q7fup0 0 251425 1601735 2026-09-26T10:00:40Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1601735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letekidan Micael''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1997]]) ni mwigizaji kutoka [[Eritrea]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya Awet katika [[filamu]] iliyosifiwa sana iitwayo Feuerherz (Heart of Fire). == Maisha yake == Alizaliwa mwaka [[1997]] huko Asmara, [[Eritrea]].Alipokuwa akiigiza katika [[filamu]] ya drama ya [[vita]] Feuerherz, [[familia]] yake ilipokea [[ujumbe]] wa vitisho kutoka kwa [[watu]] wasiojulikana.Kwa sababu hiyo, [[familia]] yake iliomba na kupata hifadhi ya kisiasa (political asylum) barani [[Ulaya]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Clarke|first=Cath|title=First sight: Letekidan Micael|date=2009-08-20|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/aug/21/first-sight-letekidan-micael|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Kazi == Mwaka [[2008]] akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 10, Micael aliigiza kwenye [[filamu]] ya [[Kijerumani]] iliyoitwa ''Feuerherz'', ambayo baadaye ilipewa jina la [[Kiingereza]] la ''Heart of Fire''. [[Filamu]] hiyo ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza tarehe 25 Septemba [[2008]]. Maudhui ya [[filamu]] hiyo yanalenga kipindi cha vita vya [[uhuru]] wa [[Eritrea]] dhidi ya [[Ethiopia]], ikitokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na [[kitabu]] cha maisha ya mwimbaji [[Mjerumani]] mwenye asili ya [[Eritrea]], Senait Mehari. [[Filamu]] hiyo ilipokea maoni chanya kutoka kwa wakosoaji, waliomsifu sana Micael kwa nafasi yake kama [[askari]] mtoto aitwaye Awet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Letekidan Micael|url=https://mubi.com/en/cast/letekidan-micael|work=MUBI|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EFF to launch communism workshops|url=https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2013-09-17-eff-to-launch-communism-workshops/|work=Mail & Guardian|date=2013-09-17|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-ZA|author=Khuthala Nandipha}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Filmstarts|title=Letekidan Micael|url=https://www.filmstarts.de/personen/212289.html|language=de|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] 6lf707l28sbxzin5wsghmfq3k3oqeqp 0 251426 1601736 2026-09-26T10:01:21Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Anza makala 1601736 wikitext text/x-wiki Ger Duany ni mwigizaji, mwanamitindo na balozi wa UNHCR mwenye asili ya Sudan Kusini. Alizaliwa mwaka 1978, na akiwa mtoto alikumbwa na vita na kulazimika kuwa mtoto askari. Baadaye alikimbilia Ethiopia na Kenya, kisha akahamia Marekani akiwa na miaka 15. Alisoma Indiana na baadaye akahitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Bridgeport.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bush |first=Elizabeth |date=2020 |title=Walk Toward the Rising Sun: From Child Soldier to Ambassador of Peace by Ger Duany and Garen Thomas |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |journal=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=15–15 |doi=10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |issn=1558-6766}}</ref> == Kazi/wasifu == Ger Duany alianza uigizaji mwaka 2004 na baadaye akaigiza katika filamu kama The Good Lie na Goodbye Julia. Pia ni mwanamitindo na Balozi wa Nia Njema wa UNHCR kwa Afrika Mashariki na Pembe ya Afrika. Mwaka 2020 aliandika kumbukumbu za maisha yake katika kitabu Walk Towards the Rising Sun<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bush |first=Elizabeth |date=2020 |title=Walk Toward the Rising Sun: From Child Soldier to Ambassador of Peace by Ger Duany and Garen Thomas |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |journal=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=15–15 |doi=10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |issn=1558-6766}}</ref> == Marejeleo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watu wa afrika}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 8f7rnq3031rsfcncaizu9hcngkmwmx5 1601830 1601736 2026-09-26T11:39:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601830 wikitext text/x-wiki Ger Duany ni mwigizaji, mwanamitindo na balozi wa UNHCR mwenye asili ya Sudan Kusini. Alizaliwa mwaka 1978, na akiwa mtoto alikumbwa na vita na kulazimika kuwa mtoto askari. Baadaye alikimbilia Ethiopia na Kenya, kisha akahamia Marekani akiwa na miaka 15. Alisoma Indiana na baadaye akahitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Bridgeport.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Bush |first=Elizabeth |date=2020 |title=Walk Toward the Rising Sun: From Child Soldier to Ambassador of Peace by Ger Duany and Garen Thomas |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |journal=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=15–15 |doi=10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |issn=1558-6766}}</ref> == Kazi/wasifu == Ger Duany alianza uigizaji mwaka 2004 na baadaye akaigiza katika filamu kama The Good Lie na Goodbye Julia. Pia ni mwanamitindo na Balozi wa Nia Njema wa UNHCR kwa Afrika Mashariki na Pembe ya Afrika. Mwaka 2020 aliandika kumbukumbu za maisha yake katika kitabu Walk Towards the Rising Sun<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Bush |first=Elizabeth |date=2020 |title=Walk Toward the Rising Sun: From Child Soldier to Ambassador of Peace by Ger Duany and Garen Thomas |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |journal=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=15–15 |doi=10.1353/bcc.2020.0547 |issn=1558-6766}}</ref> == Marejeleo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watu wa afrika}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] arwoprfwf62hh34ggrbh6mxo1r2k69s 0 251427 1601737 2026-09-26T10:02:20Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1601737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=22, Januari 1991|death_place=Uganda|majina mengine=Rutura|elimu=Chuo Kikuu cha Essex|kazi yake=Muanzilishi & Mkurugenzi wa Ubunifu wa Arthur Nation, Mwanaharakati na Msanii|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Radio na Ucheshi}} '''Nkusi Arthur''' '''('''alizaliwa [[22 Januari]] [[1991]]), anayefahamika zaidi kama Arthur au Rutura, ni [[mjasiriamali]], [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwigizaji]], [[mtangazaji]] wa [[habari]], na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[kampeni]] kutoka [[Rwanda]]. Ndiye mwanzilishi wa [[kampuni]] ya Arthur Nation Ltd, ambapo anahudumu kama [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[ubunifu]] (creative director).<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/193635/Lifestyle/nkusi-talks-radio-future-plans-and-life-off-the-air</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/145865/Lifestyle/meet-the-stars-behind-the-thriving-comedy-industry</nowiki></ref> Arthur Nkusi amefanya [[kazi]] na [[Mashirika ya kilimwengu|mashirika]] mengi kama mkurugenzi wa ubunifu, mwanaharakati wa kampeni, na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[mawasiliano]], yakiwemo Vivo Energy Rwanda, LEGO Foundation, [[UNICEF|Unicef]] Rwanda, [[UNFPA]] Rwanda, Tax Justice Network Africa, Irembo, NIDA, Jambo Jet, Umoja wa Ulaya nchini Rwanda ([[Umoja wa Ulaya|European Union]]) na mengine mengi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/201093/Entertainment/ugandan-funnyman-salvador-to-headline-aseka-livea-july-edition</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/291334-nse-ikpe-arthur-nkusi-to-host-amaa-2018.html?tztc=1</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]] 1rvj6udz5yz5302je6mcv27e8a8x246 1601741 1601737 2026-09-26T10:03:41Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 mabadiliko 1601741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=22, Januari 1991|death_place=Uganda|majina mengine=Rutura|elimu=Chuo Kikuu cha Essex|kazi yake=Muanzilishi & Mkurugenzi wa Ubunifu wa Arthur Nation, Mwanaharakati na Msanii|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Radio na Ucheshi}} '''Nkusi Arthur''' '''('''alizaliwa [[22 Januari]] [[1991]]), anayefahamika zaidi kama Arthur au Rutura, ni [[mjasiriamali]], [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwigizaji]], [[mtangazaji]] wa [[habari]], na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[kampeni]] kutoka [[Rwanda]]. Ndiye mwanzilishi wa [[kampuni]] ya Arthur Nation Ltd, ambapo anahudumu kama [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[ubunifu]] (creative director).<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/193635/Lifestyle/nkusi-talks-radio-future-plans-and-life-off-the-air</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/145865/Lifestyle/meet-the-stars-behind-the-thriving-comedy-industry</nowiki></ref> Arthur Nkusi amefanya [[kazi]] na [[Mashirika ya kilimwengu|mashirika]] mengi kama mkurugenzi wa ubunifu, mwanaharakati wa kampeni, na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[mawasiliano]], yakiwemo Vivo Energy Rwanda, LEGO Foundation, [[UNICEF|Unicef]] Rwanda, [[UNFPA]] Rwanda, Tax Justice Network Africa, Irembo, NIDA, Jambo Jet, Umoja wa Ulaya nchini Rwanda ([[Umoja wa Ulaya|European Union]]) na mengine mengi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/201093/Entertainment/ugandan-funnyman-salvador-to-headline-aseka-livea-july-edition</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/291334-nse-ikpe-arthur-nkusi-to-host-amaa-2018.html?tztc=1</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 0o38tqpnl8uqwmc7iea3ftjnieqlpmg 1601742 1601741 2026-09-26T10:05:39Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Marekebisho 1601742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=22, Januari 1991|death_place=Uganda|majina mengine=Rutura|elimu=Chuo Kikuu cha Essex|kazi yake=Muanzilishi & Mkurugenzi wa Ubunifu wa Arthur Nation, Mwanaharakati na Msanii|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Radio na Ucheshi}} '''Nkusi Arthur''' '''('''alizaliwa [[22 Januari]] [[1991]]), anafahamika zaidi kama Arthur au Rutura, ni [[mjasiriamali]], [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwigizaji]], [[mtangazaji]] wa [[habari]], na [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[kampeni]] kutoka [[Rwanda]]. Ndiye mwanzilishi wa [[kampuni]] ya Arthur Nation Ltd, ambapo anahudumu kama [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[ubunifu]] (creative director).<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/193635/Lifestyle/nkusi-talks-radio-future-plans-and-life-off-the-air</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/145865/Lifestyle/meet-the-stars-behind-the-thriving-comedy-industry</nowiki></ref> Arthur Nkusi amefanya [[kazi]] na [[Mashirika ya kilimwengu|mashirika]] mengi kama mkurugenzi wa ubunifu, mwanaharakati wa kampeni, na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[mawasiliano]], yakiwemo Vivo Energy Rwanda, LEGO Foundation, [[UNICEF|Unicef]] Rwanda, [[UNFPA]] Rwanda, Tax Justice Network Africa, Irembo, NIDA, Jambo Jet, Umoja wa Ulaya nchini Rwanda ([[Umoja wa Ulaya|European Union]]) na mengine mengi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/201093/Entertainment/ugandan-funnyman-salvador-to-headline-aseka-livea-july-edition</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/291334-nse-ikpe-arthur-nkusi-to-host-amaa-2018.html?tztc=1</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wakurugenzi wa filamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} t6zdrz7mzm40vz8iavfwphyl8urvl57 0 251428 1601739 2026-09-26T10:02:38Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Kuanzisha makala 1601739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=Ali Sellali|picha=Ali Sellali.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=March 30,1902|tarehe ya kufa=February 19,1992|mahali alipofia=Algiers, Algeria|majina mengine=Allalow|kazi maarufu=Mwandishi wa tamthilia na mwimbaji}} '''Allalou''' alizaliwa Machi 30, [[1902]], na kufariki Februari 19, [[1992]] alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[tamthilia]], [[mkurugenzi]] wa [[maigizo]], na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka nchini [[Algeria]]. Anafahamika sana kama [[baba]] wa [[maigizo]] ya Algeria kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika kuanzisha na kuendeleza [[sanaa]] hiyo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=8oHREAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT64&dq=Allalou&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&ovdme=1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Allalou&f=false|title=Humor and Power in Algeria, 1920 to 2021|last=Perego|first=Elizabeth M.|date=2023-09-12|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-06763-0|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Allalou alizaliwa akiitwa Ali Sellali tarehe 3 Machi 1902, katika [[eneo]] la Casbah mjini [[Algiers]] == Wasifu == Allalou, ambaye alipoteza [[baba]] yake akiwa mdogo, alianza kufanya [[kazi]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa [[miaka]] kumi na tatu ili kusaidia familia yake. Alifanya kazi mfululizo kama [[karani]] wa [[duka]] la [[dawa]], muuzaji wa [[vitabu]], na [[mfanyakazi]] wa [[treni]] ya mjini. Nia yake kwenye sanaa ya [[maonyesho]] ilianza kuonekana mapema sana<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=Vjf_DwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA70&dq=Allalou&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&ovdme=1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Allalou&f=false|title=Staging Cultural Encounters: Algerian Actors Tour the United States|last=Goodman|first=Jane E.|date=2020-10-06|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-04963-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=0N58DAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA91&dq=Allalou&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&ovdme=1&redir_esc=y|title=The Theatres of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia: Performance Traditions of the Maghreb|last=Amine|first=Khalid|last2=Carlson|first2=Marvin|date=2011-11-01|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-35851-5|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] 4rcgpz520wgf1ih8g2mnjp8d9b84fga 0 251429 1601740 2026-09-26T10:03:12Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Olamide David|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{circa|2001}}|tarehe ya kufa=18/01/2016|mahali alipofia=[[Ikeja|Ikeja, Lagos]], Nigeria|kazi_yake=Uigizaji}} '''Olamide David''' (takriban mwaka [[2001]] – [[18 Januari]] [[2016]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] [[mtoto]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Alijulikana kwa kucheza nafasi ya kuongoza katika [[filamu]] iitwayo Cobweb.Mwaka [[2015]], alishinda [[tuzo]] ya ''Best Male Actor'' katika tuzo za ''Best of Nollywoo...' 1601740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Olamide David|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{circa|2001}}|tarehe ya kufa=18/01/2016|mahali alipofia=[[Ikeja|Ikeja, Lagos]], Nigeria|kazi_yake=Uigizaji}} '''Olamide David''' (takriban mwaka [[2001]] – [[18 Januari]] [[2016]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] [[mtoto]] kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Alijulikana kwa kucheza nafasi ya kuongoza katika [[filamu]] iitwayo Cobweb.Mwaka [[2015]], alishinda [[tuzo]] ya ''Best Male Actor'' katika tuzo za ''Best of Nollywood Awards''. Kabla ya kushinda tuzo hiyo, alikuwa ameteuliwa katika kipengele hicho mwaka [[2013]] na [[2014]]. Pia alicheza katika filamu nyingine kadhaa, ikiwemo ''The Black Silhouette''.Tarehe 18 Januari 2016, Olamide alifariki dunia baada ya kupata jeraha kubwa tumboni wakati akicheza [[mpira wa miguu]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Olamide David|date=2026-04-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olamide_David&oldid=1347116518|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Olamide David|date=2026-04-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olamide_David&oldid=1347116518|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] 7jwglk971jmog4aadrcx7lomejxv67g 0 251430 1601744 2026-09-26T10:06:09Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Craig Veroni''', aliyezaliwa '''tarehe''' 15 '''Februari1969)''' ni '''mwigizaji''' wa '''Canada''' aliyezaliwa nchini '''Afrika Kusini''' na anaishi '''Vancouver'''. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya '''Daktari Peter Grodin''' katika kipindi cha '''televisheni''' cha Stargate. == Wasifu == Alizaliwa katika jiji la Cape Town, nchini Afrika Kusini. Familia yake ilihamia nchini Canada alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minane. Veroni alianza kuigiza katika...' 1601744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Craig Veroni''', aliyezaliwa '''tarehe''' 15 '''Februari1969)''' ni '''mwigizaji''' wa '''Canada''' aliyezaliwa nchini '''Afrika Kusini''' na anaishi '''Vancouver'''. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya '''Daktari Peter Grodin''' katika kipindi cha '''televisheni''' cha Stargate. == Wasifu == Alizaliwa katika jiji la Cape Town, nchini Afrika Kusini. Familia yake ilihamia nchini Canada alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minane. Veroni alianza kuigiza katika michezo ya shule alipokuwa akisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Port Moody. Baadaye, alisomea uigizaji katika Studio 58 iliyopo Vancouver. Veroni anajulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya Peter Grodin katika kipindi cha televisheni ''Stargate Atlantis''. Grodin alikuwa mwanasayansi kutoka Uingereza ambaye alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyokwenda kwenye safari ya kwenda Atlantis. Alionekana katika vipindi tisa vya msimu wa kwanza, kabla ya kuondolewa kwenye kipindi kwa kuuawa katika kipindi cha pili kutoka mwisho wa msimu huo. Pia anajulikana kwa kucheza nafasi ya Amir katika filamu ''Two for the Money'', pamoja na waigizaji maarufu Matthew McConaughey, Al Pacino na Rene Russo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Take a Look|url=https://www.realtor.ca/agent/1906340/craig-veroni-500-666-burrard-street-vancouver-british-columbia-v6c3p6|work=www.realtor.ca|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 0pszkpmsmj5xvb4h521a94svpaq4w9i 0 251431 1601745 2026-09-26T10:08:41Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Ali Muhammad Idris (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1992]]) ni [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mhariri wa [[filamu]] wa [[Nigeria]], anayejulikana kitaaluma kwa jina la Ali Artwork. Anajulikana zaidi kwa uigizaji wake katika filamu kadhaa za Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=...Daga bakin mai ita tare da Ali Artwork|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51745922|work=BBC News Hausa|date=2020-03-05|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Ali A...' 1601745 wikitext text/x-wiki Ali Muhammad Idris (alizaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1992]]) ni [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwigizaji]] na mhariri wa [[filamu]] wa [[Nigeria]], anayejulikana kitaaluma kwa jina la Ali Artwork. Anajulikana zaidi kwa uigizaji wake katika filamu kadhaa za Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=...Daga bakin mai ita tare da Ali Artwork|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51745922|work=BBC News Hausa|date=2020-03-05|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Ali Artwork madagwal Biography: Wiki, Net Worth, Age, Comedy - Nupemelody|date=2021-07-31|url=https://nupemelody.com/2021/07/31/ali-artwork-madagwal-biography-wiki-net-worth-age-comedy/|work=Nupemelody|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Ali Artwork alisoma katika Chuo cha [[Ualimu]] cha Sa’adatu Rimi (Sa’adatu Rimi College of Education) kilichopo Kumbotso, Kano, ambako alisomea masomo ya [[Kiingereza]] na Kihauza. Hata hivyo, aliacha masomo baada ya kumaliza [[mwaka]] wake wa kwanza kutokana na changamoto za kifedha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Uganda declared February 16 Archbishop Janani Luwum Public Holiday|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] 7x373f84tj059azr75ghlp5g44gb6ce 0 251432 1601746 2026-09-26T10:09:07Z Mary calist mlay 39270 Kuanzisha makala 1601746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Blandine Yaméogo''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1960]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Burkina Faso]].Ameigiza katika [[filamu]] zilizopokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji, zikiwemo ''La nuit de la vérité'', ''Delwende'' na ''Notre étrangère''.Mbali na uigizaji wa filamu, pia ni mtaalamu wa choreografia na mtunzi wa [[muziki]].<ref>https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=127834.html</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=17951</ref> == Filamu alizoigiza == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !Mwaka !Filamu !Nafasi !Aina |- |1995 |''Keita! L'héritage du griot'' |Sogoton |filamu |- |2000 |''Mouka'' |Mwigizaji, mtunzi wa muziki |filamu |- |2004 |''La nuit de la vérité'' (The Night of Truth) |Mwanamke mchoraji |filamu |- |2005 |''Delwende'' |Napoko, mtaalamu wa choreografia |filamu |- |2006 |''Djanta'' | |filamu |- |2009 |''Danse sacrée à Yaka'' | |filamu |- |2010 |''Notre étrangère'' (The Place in Between) |Acita |filamu |- |2011 |''Bayiri, la patrie'' |Zalissa |filamu |- |2012 |''Zamaana, il est temps'' | |filamu |} <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=1011</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=341</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=15631</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=1894</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 5psg3l71bhmqinirnab27mmu2vn4y2r 1601748 1601746 2026-09-26T10:09:45Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Blandine Yaméogo''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1960]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Burkina Faso]].Ameigiza katika [[filamu]] zilizopokelewa vizuri na wakosoaji, zikiwemo ''La nuit de la vérité'', ''Delwende'' na ''Notre étrangère''.Mbali na uigizaji wa filamu, pia ni mtaalamu wa choreografia na mtunzi wa [[muziki]].<ref>https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=127834.html</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=17951</ref> == Filamu alizoigiza == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !Mwaka !Filamu !Nafasi !Aina |- |1995 |''Keita! L'héritage du griot'' |Sogoton |filamu |- |2000 |''Mouka'' |Mwigizaji, mtunzi wa muziki |filamu |- |2004 |''La nuit de la vérité'' (The Night of Truth) |Mwanamke mchoraji |filamu |- |2005 |''Delwende'' |Napoko, mtaalamu wa choreografia |filamu |- |2006 |''Djanta'' | |filamu |- |2009 |''Danse sacrée à Yaka'' | |filamu |- |2010 |''Notre étrangère'' (The Place in Between) |Acita |filamu |- |2011 |''Bayiri, la patrie'' |Zalissa |filamu |- |2012 |''Zamaana, il est temps'' | |filamu |} <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=1011</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=341</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=15631</ref> <ref>https://africultures.com/films/?no=1894</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 5fdg5wrd6gj18464cj2sf05i6an4o2h 0 251433 1601747 2026-09-26T10:09:31Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurusa umeundwa 1601747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|picha=Bonnie Mbuli.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=[[Soweto]], South Africa|kazi_yake={{hlist| Actress| [[television presenter]]|[[radio presenter]] }}|watoto=2|ndoa={{marriage|[[Sisanda Henna]]|2005|2013|end=divorced}}}} '''Bonnie Mbuli''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[18 Machi]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[Mhusika (fasihi)|mhusika]] maarufu wa televisheni kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Hapo awali alijulikana kitaaluma kwa jina la Bonnie Henna.Aliwahi kuwa mtangazaji katika kipindi cha televisheni cha SABC 3 kinachoitwa ''Afternoon Express''. Tangu [[mwaka]] [[2020]], amekuwa akiigiza katika tamthilia ya BBC iitwayo ''Noughts + Crosses''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bonnie Mbuli biography: age, husband, boyfriend, book, and Instagram - Briefly.co.za|url=https://briefly.co.za/35033-bonnie-mbuli-biography-age-husband-boyfriend-book-instagram.html|work=briefly.co.za|date=2019-08-16|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Jedidah Tabalia}}</ref> == Miaka ya Awali == Mbuli alizaliwa mjini [[Soweto]], Afrika Kusini, mwaka 1979. Alisoma katika Dominican Convent School, iliyopo Belgravia, Johannesburg, na baadaye akaendelea na masomo katika Greenside High School, iliyopo Greenside, Johannesburg.Akiwa [[mtoto]] wa kwanza kati ya watoto watatu, aligunduliwa na wakala wa waigizaji katika kituo cha basi alipokuwa akirudi nyumbani kutoka shuleni. Wakala huyo alimpa nafasi yake ya kwanza katika televisheni katika kipindi cha ''Viva Families'' mwaka 1992, wakati huo akiwa na umri wa miaka 13.<ref>{{Citation|title=THE CONVENT AUDIENCE|date=2016-12-05|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315257426-11|work=Dominican Women and Renaissance Art|pages=139–182|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-25742-6|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Kazi ya Uigizaji == Baada ya hapo, alionekana katika [[nafasi]] fupi za uigizaji katika kazi za kimataifa kama ''Born Free 2'' na ''Cave Girls''.Mbuli aliendelea kuwa mtangazaji wa vipindi mbalimbali vya televisheni, vikiwemo ''Teleschool'', ''Zapmag'', ''Technics Heart of the Beat'' na ''Limits Unlimited''.Mwaka 2001, alipata nafasi kubwa ya kuigiza katika tamthilia ya televisheni ''Backstage'', iliyolenga zaidi vijana wa Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Motahane |first=Nonki |last2=Nyambi |first2=Oliver |date=2024-05-31 |title=“I Felt Misunderstood by the World”: The Interplay of Fame, Adversity, and Identity in Bonnie (Mbuli) Henna’s Autobiography Eyebags &amp; Dimples |url=https://doi.org/10.25159/1753-5387/16081 |journal=Journal of Literary Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |doi=10.25159/1753-5387/16081 |issn=1753-5387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Motahane |first=Nonki |last2=Nyambi |first2=Oliver |date=2024-05-31 |title=“I Felt Misunderstood by the World”: The Interplay of Fame, Adversity, and Identity in Bonnie (Mbuli) Henna’s Autobiography Eyebags &amp; Dimples |url=https://doi.org/10.25159/1753-5387/16081 |journal=Journal of Literary Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |doi=10.25159/1753-5387/16081 |issn=1753-5387}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] knj9jn330sgboayphejx9u1l0liufw5 0 251434 1601749 2026-09-26T10:10:37Z Jonas Jafeti Godfry 92642 Anzisha makala 1601749 wikitext text/x-wiki Ashley Chijioke Nwosu (1954–2011) alikuwa mwigizaji maarufu wa Nigeria, aliyezaliwa Abia State na kufariki Lagos mwaka 2011. Alisoma shule za Umuigu Central msingi na Oboro shule ya sekondari == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] dr3a9gwf1001b1ndx4xy9rhs3xmk6nh 0 251435 1601750 2026-09-26T10:11:10Z Ladygoody 92634 kuanzisha makala 1601750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Akofa Edjeani|jina la kuzaliwa=Akofa Edjeani|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=February 20, 1969|elimu=Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana Taasisi ya Uandishi wa Habari ya Ghana|kazi yake=Mwigizaji wa kike, mtayarishaji na mjasiriamali.|watoto=2}} '''Akofa Edjeani''' alizaliwa tarehe [[20]] [[Februari]] [[1969]] ni [[mwigizaji]] mkongwe wa [[filamu]], mtayarishaji wa filamu na mjasiriamali kutoka [[Ghana|Ghana.]] Filamu yake fupi inayoitwa ''Not My Daughter'', inayozungumzia ukeketaji wa wanawake, ilishinda tuzo ya Filamu Fupi Bora katika Tuzo za Africa Movie Academy mwaka [[2008]]. Pia aliigiza na kushiriki katika utayarishaji wa filamu ''I Sing of a Well'', ambayo ilishinda tuzo tatu pamoja na Tuzo ya Majaji Bora katika Tuzo za Africa Movie Academy mwaka [[2010]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Pay attention to arts & culture — Akofa Edjeani|date=2017-09-18|url=https://www.todaygh.com/pay-attention-arts-culture-akofa-edjeani/|work=Today Newspaper|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Baruti|first=J.|title=“I want to see more female writers and more female producers in the system" - Akofa Edjeani Asiedu|url=https://yen.com.gh/84998-we-female-writers-producers-story-women-change-akofa-edjeani-asiedu.html#84998|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Movies have reduced women to husband snatchers - Akofa Edjeani - Adomonline.com|url=https://www.adomonline.com/movies-have-reduced-women-to-husband-snatchers-akofa-edjeani/|date=2016-12-01|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref>. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Akofa Edjeani alizaliwa tarehe 20 Februari 1969 huko Avatime Vane, eneo la [[Volta]] nchini Ghana<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akofa Edjeani Asiedu : Actress - Films, episodes and roles on digiguide.tv|url=https://digiguide.tv/celebrity/Akofa+Edjeani+Asiedu/204388/|work=digiguide.tv|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Acting was my altar call – Akofa Edjeani|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/ghana-news-acting-was-my-altar-call.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2019-06-13|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-gb}}</ref>. Avatime Vane ni makazi ya watu wa [[jamii]] ya Guan. Alisoma [[elimu ya sekondari]] katika [[Shule]] ya Mawuli, ambako alianza kujihusisha na uigizaji kupitia kikundi cha maigizo cha shule hiyo. Baadaye, alipata shahada ya kwanza ya Sanaa katika fani ya Sanaa za Maonyesho kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana. Mwaka [[1995]], alipata pia cheti katika mahusiano ya [[umma]], masoko na utangazaji kutoka [[Taasisi]] ya Uandishi wa [[Habari]] ya Ghana. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ghana]] pk7ow1v1sot7utmi84s257vyjbh52og 0 251436 1601751 2026-09-26T10:13:08Z Amina sauli 89067 KUANZISHA MAKALA 1601751 wikitext text/x-wiki Aminu Baba Ali aliyezaliwa Septemba 21, 1975 ni mwigizaji na mchekeshaji wa Nigeria, anayejulikana pia kwa jina la Baba Ari, na ameshiriki katika filamu nyingi za Kihausa.<ref><nowiki>https://www.voahausa.com/a/hira-da-baba-ari-123973704/1377080.html</nowiki></ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Baba Ari alizaliwa Kofar Nassarawa, Kano, na alijiunga na Federal College of Education, Katsina, kusomea Sanaa Nzuri (Fine Art).<ref><nowiki>https://www.voahausa.com/a/hira-da-baba-ari-123973704/1377080.html</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} qc94767z2apjvym4guomvu8gdchvczx 0 251437 1601752 2026-09-26T10:14:05Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Ukukasa mpya 1601752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marc Eugene Lottering''' (aliyezaliwa 4 Desemba 1967) ni mcheshi anayesimama kutoka Cape Town, Afrika Kusini, na alikulia katika vitongoji vya Retreat vya Cape Flats. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marc Lottering {{!}} TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=9697|work=www.tvsa.co.za|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Onyesho lake la kwanza liliitwa "AFTER THE BEEP" mnamo 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marc Lottering {{!}} TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=9697|work=www.tvsa.co.za|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mnamo 2001 alishinda [[Tuzo]] la Vita la [[Mwigizaji|Muigizaji]] Bora katika Komedi, na pia ana Tuzo nyingi za Fleur du Cap.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marc Lottering {{!}} TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=9697|work=www.tvsa.co.za|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] pacjmna251s8fwt2voq9y8phd0eaxui 0 251438 1601753 2026-09-26T10:14:37Z Realnyange 92646 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Benmessaoud''' (August 1935_ 19 September 2013) aliyejulikana zaidi kama Amidou alikiwa mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] televisheni na [[tamthilia]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Morocco]] na Ufaransa Alizaliwa mjini <ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Filippi|first=Florence|title=Le Sacre de l'acteur|date=2017-03-15|url=https://doi.org/10.3917/arco.filip.2017.01.0075|work=Le Sacre de l'acteur|pages=75–83|publisher=Armand Colin|isbn=978-2-200-61552-9|access-date=2026-0...' 1601753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benmessaoud''' (August 1935_ 19 September 2013) aliyejulikana zaidi kama Amidou alikiwa mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] televisheni na [[tamthilia]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Morocco]] na Ufaransa Alizaliwa mjini <ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Filippi|first=Florence|title=Le Sacre de l'acteur|date=2017-03-15|url=https://doi.org/10.3917/arco.filip.2017.01.0075|work=Le Sacre de l'acteur|pages=75–83|publisher=Armand Colin|isbn=978-2-200-61552-9|access-date=2026-09-26|last2=De Santis|first2=Vincenzo}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka17 ,Amidou alihamia katika chuo cha Taifa cha [[sanaa]] ya uigizaji (CNSAD) Mwaka 1968 alifanya onyesho lake la kwanza jukwaani kama [[mwigizaji]].<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] jwplmfhf6cw09ey15j67cfvhheicj2w 0 251439 1601754 2026-09-26T10:15:12Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1601754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ogunnowo Taiwo Oladuni''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Nigeria]] na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[urembo]] (cosmetologist). [[Filamu]] yake ya kwanza inaitwa Ifejafunmi.<ref>https://punchng.com/meet-nollywoods-skin-lightening-cream-merchants/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://tribuneonlineng.com/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-actress-bimbo-ogunnowo/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] szb4ie1v3xbrjv8xfzi6so6mbvvc4bt 1601756 1601754 2026-09-26T10:16:03Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Maboresho 1601756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ogunnowo Taiwo Oladuni''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Nigeria]] na [[mtaalamu]] wa [[urembo]] (cosmetologist). [[Filamu]] yake ya kwanza inaitwa Ifejafunmi.<ref>https://punchng.com/meet-nollywoods-skin-lightening-cream-merchants/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://tribuneonlineng.com/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-actress-bimbo-ogunnowo/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} jdtzbsmomyrwtr6yrtm1l8im9shn0y7 0 251440 1601755 2026-09-26T10:15:20Z Happyness Kanyapini 86342 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Alejandro Cooper ni mwigizaji kijana kutoka Namibia aliyezaliwa mwaka2012. Amejulokana kupitia filamu kama Lukasi,uno na Hatago. Mwaka 2024, alishinda tuzo ya mwigizaji kijana Bora wa kiafrika katika tuzo za sotigui nchini Burkina faso.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowman |first=Sara |date=2024 |title=Paper1 |url=https://doi.org/10.50505/icecreamcon |journal=Scoops |publisher=Self |doi=10.50505/icecreamcon}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} Jamii...' 1601755 wikitext text/x-wiki Alejandro Cooper ni mwigizaji kijana kutoka Namibia aliyezaliwa mwaka2012. Amejulokana kupitia filamu kama Lukasi,uno na Hatago. Mwaka 2024, alishinda tuzo ya mwigizaji kijana Bora wa kiafrika katika tuzo za sotigui nchini Burkina faso.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowman |first=Sara |date=2024 |title=Paper1 |url=https://doi.org/10.50505/icecreamcon |journal=Scoops |publisher=Self |doi=10.50505/icecreamcon}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Filamu]] [[Jamii:Namibia]] cgqu9a0cuxxouhgr200clv8xskowu00 0 251441 1601757 2026-09-26T10:20:33Z Kisai789 82928 Ukurasa umeanzishwa 1601757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Alex Emix Muhangi|picha=Alex Muhangi.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=<nowiki>Birth date and age|df=y|1985|10|9}}</nowiki>|watoto=Jehu Muhangi|elimu=* Bachelors Degree in Mass Communication * Diploma in Journalism & Mass Communication * Diploma in Sound Engineering|miaka ya kazi=Since 2009}} '''Alex Emix Muhangi''', anayejulikana zaidi kama Alex MuhangiAlex Muhangi, ni mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], mhandisi wa sauti, [[mkurugenzi]] na [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi cha vichekesho cha Comedy Store [[Uganda]] kutoka Uganda. Aliorodheshwa miongoni mwa wachekeshaji na watu mashuhuri 10 bora nchini Uganda mwaka 2016 na 2017 na gazeti la ''New Vision''. Pia anatajwa kuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa [[vichekesho]] vya kusimama (stand-up comedy) kwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Muhangi & Desire Luzinda Reap Big From Rwanda Gig|url=http://chano8.com/alex-muhangi-desire-luzinda-reap-big-from-rwanda-gig/|work=chano8.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Muhangi alifanya kazi katika 96.9FM Radio Rukungiri na 89.1FM Vision FM Mbarara, zote zikiwa [[magharibi]] mwa Uganda, akiwa [[mtangazaji]] wa redio wakati alipokuwa bado anasoma shule ya [[sekondari]]. Baadaye, mwaka 2014, alianzisha kampuni yake mwenyewe ya kurekodi muziki iitwayo Masters Music huko Kampala, ambako hadi sasa ni [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji (CEO) pamoja na kuwa mhandisi wa sauti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Muhangi lands juicy deals in USA and London.|url=https://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-lands-juicy-deals-usa-london/|work=BigEye.UG|date=2014-08-26|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=BigEyeAdmin}}</ref> Mwaka 2009, Muhangi alishiriki kwenye usaili wa StandUp Uganda, kampeni ya DStv iliyokuwa ikitafuta ''“mchekeshaji bora anayefuata.”'' Alimaliza akiwa mshindi wa nafasi ya tatu. Wakati huo alikuwa akiendesha gari kwenye Kimathi Avenue ndipo alipowaona watu wakiwa kwenye foleni kwa ajili ya usaili. Alidhani walikuwa wakifanya usaili wa uigizaji. Kwa kuwa alipenda kuigiza, aliamua pia kushiriki, ingawa hakuwa ameandaa [[vichekesho]] vyovyote. Aliombwa aseme utani mmoja, akafanya hivyo, na ghafla akawa mmoja wa washindani, hatimaye akamaliza katika nafasi ya tatu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Muhangi Beats Anne Kansiime|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> Mwaka 2010, Alex Muhangi alianzisha kundi la vichekesho lililoitwa “The Crackers”, ambalo lilikuwa na kipindi cha televisheni kilichoitwa “Mic Check” kwenye Cable na kikawa miongoni mwa vipindi vilivyoongoza kwa umaarufu. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] 7ga0sbtszh4ils0kwid0o2766dcjq47 1601763 1601757 2026-09-26T10:26:27Z Kisai789 82928 Marekebisho 1601763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Alex Emix Muhangi|picha=Alex Muhangi.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=<nowiki>Birth date and age|df=y|1985|10|9}}</nowiki>|watoto=Jehu Muhangi|elimu=* Bachelors Degree in Mass Communication * Diploma in Journalism & Mass Communication * Diploma in Sound Engineering|miaka ya kazi=Since 2009}} '''Alex Emix Muhangi''', anayejulikana zaidi kama Alex MuhangiAlex Muhangi, ni mchekeshaji, [[mwigizaji]], mhandisi wa sauti, [[mkurugenzi]] na [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi cha vichekesho cha Comedy Store [[Uganda]] kutoka Uganda. Aliorodheshwa miongoni mwa wachekeshaji na watu mashuhuri 10 bora nchini Uganda mwaka 2016 na 2017 na gazeti la ''New Vision''. Pia anatajwa kuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa [[vichekesho]] vya kusimama (stand-up comedy) kwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Muhangi & Desire Luzinda Reap Big From Rwanda Gig|url=http://chano8.com/alex-muhangi-desire-luzinda-reap-big-from-rwanda-gig/|work=chano8.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Muhangi alifanya kazi katika 96.9FM Radio Rukungiri na 89.1FM Vision FM Mbarara, zote zikiwa [[magharibi]] mwa Uganda, akiwa [[mtangazaji]] wa redio wakati alipokuwa bado anasoma shule ya [[sekondari]]. Baadaye, mwaka 2014, alianzisha kampuni yake mwenyewe ya kurekodi muziki iitwayo Masters Music huko Kampala, ambako hadi sasa ni [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji (CEO) pamoja na kuwa mhandisi wa sauti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Muhangi lands juicy deals in USA and London.|url=https://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-lands-juicy-deals-usa-london/|work=BigEye.UG|date=2014-08-26|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=BigEyeAdmin}}</ref> Mwaka 2009, Muhangi alishiriki kwenye usaili wa StandUp Uganda, kampeni ya DStv iliyokuwa ikitafuta ''“mchekeshaji bora anayefuata.”'' Alimaliza akiwa mshindi wa nafasi ya tatu. Wakati huo alikuwa akiendesha gari kwenye Kimathi Avenue ndipo alipowaona watu wakiwa kwenye foleni kwa ajili ya usaili. Alidhani walikuwa wakifanya usaili wa uigizaji. Kwa kuwa alipenda kuigiza, aliamua pia kushiriki, ingawa hakuwa ameandaa [[vichekesho]] vyovyote. Aliombwa aseme utani mmoja, akafanya hivyo, na ghafla akawa mmoja wa washindani, hatimaye akamaliza katika nafasi ya tatu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Muhangi Beats Anne Kansiime|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> Mwaka 2010, Alex Muhangi alianzisha kundi la vichekesho lililoitwa “The Crackers”, ambalo lilikuwa na kipindi cha televisheni kilichoitwa “Mic Check” kwenye Cable na kikawa miongoni mwa vipindi vilivyoongoza kwa umaarufu. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} qlzonqev05nizcrueecyhymje6rixtz 0 251442 1601758 2026-09-26T10:21:35Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' === Wasifu === '''Bamba Bakary''' ni '''mwigizaji, mchekeshaji na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)'''.<ref>https://news.abidjan.net/articles/363586/index</ref> Kabla ya kuanza kujulikana katika tasnia ya burudani, Bamba Bakary aliwahi kufanya kazi kama '''mhudumu wa ndege''' katika kampuni ya ndege ya '''Air Afrique'''.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8033-221-3</ref> Baadaye, alijihusisha na k...' 1601758 wikitext text/x-wiki === Wasifu === '''Bamba Bakary''' ni '''mwigizaji, mchekeshaji na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)'''.<ref>https://news.abidjan.net/articles/363586/index</ref> Kabla ya kuanza kujulikana katika tasnia ya burudani, Bamba Bakary aliwahi kufanya kazi kama '''mhudumu wa ndege''' katika kampuni ya ndege ya '''Air Afrique'''.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8033-221-3</ref> Baadaye, alijihusisha na kampeni za '''kuzuia na kuelimisha kuhusu UKIMWI (AIDS)''' barani Afrika<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31290-2-3</ref>. Alishiriki katika kuhamasisha watu kuhusu namna ya kujikinga na ugonjwa huo. Pia alijulikana kupitia nafasi yake ya '''Moussa''' katika tamthilia ''Moussa le taximan''. Mbali na uigizaji na ucheshi, Bamba Bakary pia amefanya kazi kama '''mtangazaji wa televisheni'''. Aliwahi kuendesha vipindi vitatu katika kituo cha '''La Première (RTI)'''. Vipindi hivyo ni '''''Tonnerre''''', ambacho huonyeshwa mara kwa mara, '''''Le bon vieux temps''''', pamoja na '''''Bonne cuisine''''', kipindi kinachohusiana na mapishi na upishi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31290-2-3</ref> Kwa ujumla, Bamba Bakary ni msanii anayefanya shughuli mbalimbali katika '''uigizaji, ucheshi, utangazaji wa televisheni na uhamasishaji wa afya ya jamii'''.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31290-2-3</ref> == Filamu alizoshiriki == Bamba Bakary ameshiriki katika filamu mbalimbali katika kipindi cha kazi yake ya uigizaji. Baadhi ya filamu hizo ni:<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31290-2-3</ref> * '''1988 – ''Dancing in the Dust''''': Filamu iliyoongozwa na '''Henri Duparc'''. * '''1990 – ''Le Sixième Doigt''''': Filamu iliyoongozwa na '''Henri Duparc'''. * '''2008 – ''Coup de force''''': Filamu aliyoshiriki katika kipindi hiki. * '''2008 – ''Dr Boris''''': Filamu nyingine aliyoshiriki. Filamu hizi zinaonyesha mchango wa '''Bamba Bakary katika tasnia ya filamu ya Côte d’Ivoire na Afrika kwa ujumla'''.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31290-2-3</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika]] 0yo9m7p0l8mrh7hxcdv7n6en9tjlozg 0 251443 1601759 2026-09-26T10:22:29Z Emmanuel Alfonce 91178 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abiodun Ayoyinka''' (aliyezaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1960]]) ni mwigizaji wa vichekesho kutoka [[Nigeria]] na pia anajulikana kama Papa Ajasco.<ref>My Big Stomach You See Is Not Fake, Says Papa Ajasco". ''All Africa''. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2019</ref> == Marejo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]' 1601759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abiodun Ayoyinka''' (aliyezaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1960]]) ni mwigizaji wa vichekesho kutoka [[Nigeria]] na pia anajulikana kama Papa Ajasco.<ref>My Big Stomach You See Is Not Fake, Says Papa Ajasco". ''All Africa''. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2019</ref> == Marejo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] 4pfdu05nigiyp9cjwnpjq6bj2b8em2y 0 251444 1601760 2026-09-26T10:23:01Z Eunly 91908 Ukurasa ulio anzishwa 1601760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno Kiggundu''' (aliyezaliwa [[tarehe]] 21 [[Julai]] 1992), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Bruno K''', ni [[mwanamuziki]], [[mpiga gitaa]], [[mwigizaji]] na mtetezi wa masuala ya [[Kijani|kijamii]] kutoka [[Uganda]].Alipata umaarufu baada ya kushika nafasi ya pili katika mashindano ya Airtel Trace Music Stars, na baadaye akatoa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] kama '''“'''[[Faridah Bulega|Faridah]]''',” “'''One for the Road''',”''' na '''“'''[[Omukama|Omuwala]]'''.”''' Bruno anatambulika kwa uwezo wake wa [[Kumbukumbu la Sheria|kuimba]], ustadi wa kupiga [[gitaa]], na uandishi wa [[nyimbo]] wenye kusimulia [[hadithi]], ambao mara nyingi huchochewa na uzoefu wake binafsi.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bruno K|date=2026-08-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_K&oldid=1368733555|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bruno K|date=2026-08-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_K&oldid=1368733555|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bruno K|date=2026-08-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_K&oldid=1368733555|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bruno K|date=2026-08-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_K&oldid=1368733555|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uganda]] oonsukxndiht4yz77wl3bkll6s9lhw0 0 251445 1601761 2026-09-26T10:24:01Z Zubeda03 83744 Ukarasa umeundwa 1601761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Baba Suwe|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Babatunde Omidina 22 August 1958 Lagos Island, British Nigeria|tarehe ya kufa=22 November 2021(umri 63)|majina mengine=Baba Suwe|uraia=Nigeria|elimu=Shule ya Sarufi Ifeoluwa|kazi yake=Mwigizaji, mchekeshaji|miaka ya kazi=1972-2021}} '''Babatunde Omidina,''' alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[22]] [[Agosti]] [[1958]] na kufariki tarehe 22 [[Novemba]] 2021. Alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mchekeshaji]] wa [[Nigeria]] aliyefahamika zaidi kwa jina la Baba Suwe.<ref>"BREAKING: Nigerian comedy legend, Baba Suwe is dead"</ref> Baba Suwe alizaliwa mnamo tarehe 22 Agosti 1958, katika Mtaa wa Inabere uliopo [[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]] (Lagos Island) ambako ndiko alikokulia, lakini asili yake ni kutoka eneo la [[serikali]] za [[Mtaa|mitaa]] la Ikorodu katika [[Jimbo]] la Lagos, [[Uingereza Kusini-Magharibi|kusini-magharibi]] mwa Nigeria.Omidina alipata [[elimu]] yake ya msingi katika [[Shule]] ya [[Msingi]] ya Jamaitul Islamia mjini Lagos na Shule ya [[Bweni]] ya [[Mtoto|Watoto]] (Children Boarding School) iliyopo Osogbo, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo katika Shule ya Upili ya [[Biashara]] ya Adekanbi (Adekanbi Commercial High School) iliyopo [[Maili]] [[12]], Jimbo la Lagos. <ref>"Life After Omoladun: Baba Suwe finds love again; to remarry soon"</ref>Hata hivyo, alipata [[Cheti]] cha Shule ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|Sekondari]] ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]] (WASC) kutoka Shule ya [[Sarufi]] ya Ifeoluwa (Ifeoluwa Grammar School) iliyopo Osogbo, [[mji mkuu]] wa Jimbo la Osun, kusini-magharibi mwa [[Nigeria]].<ref>"BBC News – Nigeria comic Baba Suwe compensated for drugs arrest"</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] dt9vthe1kea41p6f1gfvk2eus3d7ycz 1601764 1601761 2026-09-26T10:27:51Z Zubeda03 83744 Maboresho 1601764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Baba Suwe|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Babatunde Omidina 22 August 1958 Lagos Island, British Nigeria|tarehe ya kufa=22 November 2021(umri 63)|majina mengine=Baba Suwe|uraia=Nigeria|elimu=Shule ya Sarufi Ifeoluwa|kazi yake=Mwigizaji, mchekeshaji|miaka ya kazi=1972-2021}} '''Babatunde Omidina,''' alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[22]] [[Agosti]] [[1958]] na kufariki tarehe 22 [[Novemba]] 2021. Alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mchekeshaji]] wa [[Nigeria]] aliyefahamika zaidi kwa jina la Baba Suwe.<ref>"BREAKING: Nigerian comedy legend, Baba Suwe is dead"</ref> Baba Suwe alizaliwa mnamo tarehe 22 Agosti 1958, katika Mtaa wa Inabere uliopo [[Kisiwa]] cha [[Lagos]] (Lagos Island) ambako ndiko alikokulia, lakini asili yake ni kutoka eneo la [[serikali]] za [[Mtaa|mitaa]] la Ikorodu katika [[Jimbo]] la Lagos, [[Uingereza Kusini-Magharibi|kusini-magharibi]] mwa Nigeria.Omidina alipata [[elimu]] yake ya msingi katika [[Shule]] ya [[Msingi]] ya Jamaitul Islamia mjini Lagos na Shule ya [[Bweni]] ya [[Mtoto|Watoto]] (Children Boarding School) iliyopo Osogbo, kabla ya kuendelea na masomo katika Shule ya Upili ya [[Biashara]] ya Adekanbi (Adekanbi Commercial High School) iliyopo [[Maili]] [[12]], Jimbo la Lagos. <ref>"Life After Omoladun: Baba Suwe finds love again; to remarry soon"</ref>Hata hivyo, alipata [[Cheti]] cha Shule ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|Sekondari]] ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]] (WASC) kutoka Shule ya [[Sarufi]] ya Ifeoluwa (Ifeoluwa Grammar School) iliyopo Osogbo, [[mji mkuu]] wa Jimbo la Osun, kusini-magharibi mwa [[Nigeria]].<ref>"BBC News – Nigeria comic Baba Suwe compensated for drugs arrest"</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 31gzgbt28xrrv1jzm4ynk92jz0zo9jm 0 251446 1601762 2026-09-26T10:24:53Z Sally Girl one 92639 Mbegu mtu 1601762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alberto Mateus Manja Magassela''' ni muigizaji wa '''kiume''' kutoka nchini [[Msumbiji]]. Alizaliwa [[mwaka]] 1966 katika mji wa Lourenço Marques, ambao kwa sasa unaitwa [[Maputo]]. Kwa sasa anaishi na anafanya [[kazi]] zake za [[uigizaji]] nchini [[ureno]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://web.archive.org/|work=web.archive.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mbegu mtu }} qk2opdt8z89se8x8a2p1lxbiw78z795 0 251447 1601765 2026-09-26T10:32:24Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1601765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dakore Egbuson-Akande''' ([[14 Oktoba]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa Nigeria.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/08/31/dakore-egbuson-akande-at-a-point-i-got-disillusioned-with-movie-industry/</ref> <ref>https://www.informationng.com/2013/05/interview-with-nollywood-actress-dakore-akande-i-missed-acting.html</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140519185235/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/dakore-egbuson-is-now-back/</ref>Yeye ni balozi wa Amnesty International, Amstel Malta, na Oxfam America. == Wasifu == Dakore Omobola Egbuson alizaliwa katika [[Jimbo la Bayelsa]], akiwa mtoto wa kwanza katika familia yao. Alisoma katika shule ya Corona na Federal Government Girls' College huko [[Lagos|Lagosi]]. Alisomea Mawasiliano ya Umma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]], lakini aliacha masomo kutokana na migomo ya mara kwa mara. Alianza kazi yake kama mwimbaji na mcheza dansi katika bendi ambayo wakati mmoja ilipata nafasi ya kutumbuiza kabla ya mwanamuziki Roy Hargrove katika hafla iliyofanyika London.<ref>https://www.modernghana.com/movie/2967/3/i-never-prepared-to-be-famous-dakore-egbuson.html</ref> Kwa sasa ameolewa na ana [[watoto]] wawili. Mnamo Septemba [[2019]], Dakore alionekana kama mmoja wa wahusika wakuu katika katalogi ya kielektroniki ya Visual Collaborative, katika toleo lililoitwa ''Vivencias'', neno la Kihispania linalomaanisha Uzoefu. Alifanya mahojiano pamoja na watu wengine 30 kutoka sehemu mbalimbali duniani, wakiwemo Kelli Ali, Adelaide Damoah na Desdamona.<ref>https://opencountrymag.com/how-dakore-egbuson-akande-and-tony-okungbowa-traverse-trauma-in-ye/</ref> Mnamo Mei [[2020]], mahojiano ya Dakore katika jukwaa hilo la Visual Collaborative yalichapishwa tena katika mfululizo ulioitwa TwentyEightyFour. Mfululizo huo ulitolewa wakati wa kilele cha janga la COVID-19. Katika toleo hilo pia walishiriki na watu wengine ikiwemo kundi la muziki la Ufaransa Les Nubians, mtunzi wa muziki wa Japani Rika Muranaka, na mchekeshaji wa Nigeria Chigul.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/dakore-akande-rocks-baby-bump/#google_vignette</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] np8gfbv7cvchh4g8k833ho0q2i7g4ri 1601775 1601765 2026-09-26T10:56:41Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Dakore Egbuson-Akande|picha=Faces at AMVCA 2020 32.jpg|maelezo=Egbuson-Akande katika Tuzo za Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCAs) za mwaka 2020|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Nigeria|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=14 Octoba 2014}} '''Dakore Egbuson-Akande''' ([[14 Oktoba]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa Nigeria.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/08/31/dakore-egbuson-akande-at-a-point-i-got-disillusioned-with-movie-industry/</ref> <ref>https://www.informationng.com/2013/05/interview-with-nollywood-actress-dakore-akande-i-missed-acting.html</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140519185235/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/dakore-egbuson-is-now-back/</ref>Yeye ni balozi wa Amnesty International, Amstel Malta, na Oxfam America. == Wasifu == Dakore Omobola Egbuson alizaliwa katika [[Jimbo la Bayelsa]], akiwa mtoto wa kwanza katika familia yao. Alisoma katika shule ya Corona na Federal Government Girls' College huko [[Lagos|Lagosi]]. Alisomea Mawasiliano ya Umma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]], lakini aliacha masomo kutokana na migomo ya mara kwa mara. Alianza kazi yake kama mwimbaji na mcheza dansi katika bendi ambayo wakati mmoja ilipata nafasi ya kutumbuiza kabla ya mwanamuziki Roy Hargrove katika hafla iliyofanyika London.<ref>https://www.modernghana.com/movie/2967/3/i-never-prepared-to-be-famous-dakore-egbuson.html</ref> Kwa sasa ameolewa na ana [[watoto]] wawili. Mnamo Septemba [[2019]], Dakore alionekana kama mmoja wa wahusika wakuu katika katalogi ya kielektroniki ya Visual Collaborative, katika toleo lililoitwa ''Vivencias'', neno la Kihispania linalomaanisha Uzoefu. Alifanya mahojiano pamoja na watu wengine 30 kutoka sehemu mbalimbali duniani, wakiwemo Kelli Ali, Adelaide Damoah na Desdamona.<ref>https://opencountrymag.com/how-dakore-egbuson-akande-and-tony-okungbowa-traverse-trauma-in-ye/</ref> Mnamo Mei [[2020]], mahojiano ya Dakore katika jukwaa hilo la Visual Collaborative yalichapishwa tena katika mfululizo ulioitwa TwentyEightyFour. Mfululizo huo ulitolewa wakati wa kilele cha janga la COVID-19. Katika toleo hilo pia walishiriki na watu wengine ikiwemo kundi la muziki la Ufaransa Les Nubians, mtunzi wa muziki wa Japani Rika Muranaka, na mchekeshaji wa Nigeria Chigul.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/dakore-akande-rocks-baby-bump/#google_vignette</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 9j8qbuxy0je1whcwjl0ixjm0at57hj4 0 251448 1601766 2026-09-26T10:32:40Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=Chidinma and Chidiebere Aneke|majina mengine=Aneke Twins|utaifa=[[Enugu, Enugu State]], Nigeria|elimu=[[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]]|kazi yake=Actress, movie producers|tuzo=Humanitarian Award}} '''Chidinma na Chidiebere Aneke''' (walizaliwa tarehe [[6 Agosti]] [[1986]]) ni [[mapacha]] wanaofanana kabisa katika tasnia ya [[filamu]] ya Nollywood, na wanajulikana kwa umaarufu kama Mapacha wa Aneke.Walizaliwa katika sehemu ya kusini-mashariki mwa Nigeria, katika Jimbo la Enugu, na wao ni watoto wa mwisho katika familia ya Aneke. Wote ni waigizaji na watayarishaji wa filamu.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Feast to Celebrate His Majesty’s Birthday|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t.11|work=The Water Between Us|pages=13–13|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Chidinma na Chidiebere walizaliwa tarehe 6 Agosti 1986 katika [[Jimbo]] la Enugu, [[Nigeria]], katika familia yenye wake watatu. Baba yao alikuwa tajiri na aliwahakikishia maisha mazuri wakati wa uhai wake. Hata hivyo, hali ilibadilika baada ya kufariki kwake, ambapo mali zake ziligawanywa miongoni mwa ndugu wa familia kubwa.Walipata vyeti vya kumaliza elimu ya msingi na sekondari katika Jimbo la Enugu. Baada ya kumaliza elimu yao ya msingi na sekondari, waliendelea na masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka.Chidinma alihitimu na shahada ya Sayansi katika [[Mawasiliano]] ya Umma (Mass Communication), huku Chidiebere akihitimu na shahada ya Sayansi katika Benki na Fedha (Banking and Finance).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-09-23 |title=Staff - Social Functions - Head Office - Party to celebrate Bank's Fiftieth birthday - 1962 |url=https://doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-002834}}</ref> == Kazi ya Uigizaji == Mapacha wa Aneke waliingia katika tasnia ya Nollywood mwaka [[1999]], na waliigiza katika filamu ''Ebuka'', ambayo ilikuwa filamu yao ya kwanza. Filamu hiyo iliwapa nafasi nzuri ya kujijengea jina katika tasnia ya Nollywood.Mwaka 2004, Mapacha wa Aneke walipata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia filamu ''Desperate Twins''. Filamu hiyo iliwawezesha kupata uteuzi wa tuzo ya “Most Promising Acts to Watch” katika tuzo za African Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why we should aim to deliver most twins at 37 weeks|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.tcncreyfr|work=doi.org|date=2016-09-07|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Shakila Thangaratinam}}</ref>''' == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] nycqc4g5l4ai69uiqdqflfv8wurjnx8 0 251449 1601767 2026-09-26T10:34:03Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Olaide Olaogun|picha=OLAOGUN_OLAIDE.jpg|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Lagos|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=9/7/1986}} '''Olaide Olaogun''', aliyezaliwa [[9 Julai]] [[1986]], anayejulikana pia kama Olaide Omolola Olaogun Emmanuel, ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] na [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Nigeria]].Pia, aliwahi kuwa [[balozi]] wa chapa ya ''Lux''<ref>{{Citation|title=Olaide Olaogun|date=2026-03-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaide_Olao...' 1601767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Olaide Olaogun|picha=OLAOGUN_OLAIDE.jpg|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Lagos|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=9/7/1986}} '''Olaide Olaogun''', aliyezaliwa [[9 Julai]] [[1986]], anayejulikana pia kama Olaide Omolola Olaogun Emmanuel, ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] na [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Nigeria]].Pia, aliwahi kuwa [[balozi]] wa chapa ya ''Lux''<ref>{{Citation|title=Olaide Olaogun|date=2026-03-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaide_Olaogun&oldid=1345936273|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Maisha na Elimu == Olaogun alizaliwa Lagos, Nigeria, tarehe 9 Julai 1986.Alisoma katika chuo cha ''African Church Model College''. Baadae, alihitimu [[shahada]] ya Kiingereza kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Olaide Olaogun|date=2026-03-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaide_Olaogun&oldid=1345936273|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Olaide Olaogun|date=2026-03-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaide_Olaogun&oldid=1345936273|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Kazi == [[Faili:LUX AMBASSADORS.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa LUX mwaka 2007]] Alianza kujulikana zaidi nchini Nigeria na [[Ghana]] baada ya kuwasilisha kipindi cha runinga kilichoitwa ''Soul Sisters'', ambacho kilitayarishwa na Wale Adenuga. Pia alijulikana kupitia kuonekana katika [[tamthilia]] ya [[Kiyoruba]] iitwayo ''Super Story''.Mwaka [[2007]], alichukua nafasi ya Genevieve Nnaji na kuwa sura ya chapa ya ''Lux'' katika matangazo yao. Aliendelea na nafasi hiyo hadi mwaka [[2009]].Pia aliwahi kuwa balozi wa chapa mbalimbali, zikiwemo:''Diva Hair Extension,Fuman Juice,United Bank for Africa (UBA)''<ref>{{Citation|title=Olaide Olaogun|date=2026-03-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaide_Olaogun&oldid=1345936273|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] 7stbcxns30pkhupmi36qnk0sahez1n2 0 251450 1601768 2026-09-26T10:36:33Z Jonas Jafeti Godfry 92642 Anzisha nakala 1601768 wikitext text/x-wiki Abiola Ayomide Adebayo ni mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu wa Nollywood, anayejulikana kwa kushiriki katika filamu kama Jade’s Cross na Tori Owo. Pia aliwahi kuwa mtangazaji mwenza wa Bling Awards mjini Ibadan na kushiriki kutoa elimu kwa umma kuhusu kujikinga na COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I HAWKED BREAD TO SEE MYSELF THROUGH SCHOOL - BIOLA ADEBAYO|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/i-hawked-bread-to-see-myself-through-school-biola-adebayo/|work=City People Magazine|date=2021-04-19|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Reporter}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Biola Adebayo alizaliwa tarehe 23 Desemba 1981. Alipitia changamoto mbalimbali wakati wa masomo yake na aliwahi kufanya biashara ya kuuza bidhaa ili kujikimu. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili ya Utawala wa Umma (Public Administration) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I HAWKED BREAD TO SEE MYSELF THROUGH SCHOOL - BIOLA ADEBAYO|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/i-hawked-bread-to-see-myself-through-school-biola-adebayo/|work=City People Magazine|date=2021-04-19|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Reporter}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] cxdqwascluqkkcom8gcffons0ef31h8 0 251451 1601769 2026-09-26T10:36:43Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dua Saleh''' ni '''mwimbaji''' na '''mwigizaji''' mwenye asili ya '''Sudan''' na '''Marekani''', anayeishi '''Minneapolis''', '''Minnesota''', nchini '''Marekani'''. Alitoa '''EP''' yake ya kwanza '''mwaka''' '''2019'''. Baadaye alitoa '''EP''' nyingine '''mbili''', '''moja''' '''mwaka''' '''2020''' na nyingine '''mwaka''' '''2021'''. '''Mwaka''' '''2024''', alitoa '''albamu''' yake ya kwanza ya muziki yenye '''nyimbo''' kamili. == Maisha ya awali ==...' 1601769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dua Saleh''' ni '''mwimbaji''' na '''mwigizaji''' mwenye asili ya '''Sudan''' na '''Marekani''', anayeishi '''Minneapolis''', '''Minnesota''', nchini '''Marekani'''. Alitoa '''EP''' yake ya kwanza '''mwaka''' '''2019'''. Baadaye alitoa '''EP''' nyingine '''mbili''', '''moja''' '''mwaka''' '''2020''' na nyingine '''mwaka''' '''2021'''. '''Mwaka''' '''2024''', alitoa '''albamu''' yake ya kwanza ya muziki yenye '''nyimbo''' kamili. == Maisha ya awali == === Saleh alizaliwa katika mji wa Kassala, nchini Sudan. Anatoka katika familia yenye asili ya kabila la Tunjur, ambalo asili yake inahusishwa na Chad na Darfur. === Katika miaka ya 1990, familia ya Saleh ililazimika kuwa wakimbizi kutokana na Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Sudan. Walikimbia Sudan Saleh alipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitano. Baada ya hapo, familia yao ilihamia sehemu mbalimbali. Kwanza walikwenda Eritrea, kisha North Dakota, Maine, na Newark, New Jersey, kabla ya hatimaye kuishi katika eneo la Rondo, Saint Paul, Minnesota. == Kazi == Saleh alianza kuandika mashairi akiwa na umri wa miaka minne, na alipanda jukwaani kwa mara ya kwanza kusoma shairi katika hafla ya wazi (''open mic'') akiwa mwaka wake wa mwisho wa shule ya sekondari.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Oracle : West Bank Open Mic to feature Dua Saleh|url=https://www.hamlineoracle.com/4124/arts-entertainment/west-bank-open-mic-to-feature-dua-saleh/|work=www.hamlineoracle.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Franki Hanke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Oracle : West Bank Open Mic to feature Dua Saleh|url=https://www.hamlineoracle.com/4124/arts-entertainment/west-bank-open-mic-to-feature-dua-saleh/|work=www.hamlineoracle.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Franki Hanke}}</ref> Alitumia mashairi kueleza na kushughulikia mambo na matukio aliyopitia katika maisha yake. Baadaye, aliendelea kusoma na kuwasilisha mashairi yake katika maeneo mbalimbali karibu na Minneapolis–Saint Paul wakati akisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Augsburg. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] 51816y4iuglq7gom0qznl3384x0v9m5 1601800 1601769 2026-09-26T11:21:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dua Saleh''' ni '''mwimbaji''' na '''mwigizaji''' mwenye asili ya '''Sudan''' na '''Marekani''', anayeishi '''Minneapolis''', '''Minnesota''', nchini '''Marekani'''. Alitoa '''EP''' yake ya kwanza '''mwaka''' '''2019'''. Baadaye alitoa '''EP''' nyingine '''mbili''', '''moja''' '''mwaka''' '''2020''' na nyingine '''mwaka''' '''2021'''. '''Mwaka''' '''2024''', alitoa '''albamu''' yake ya kwanza ya muziki yenye '''nyimbo''' kamili. == Maisha ya awali == === Saleh alizaliwa katika mji wa Kassala, nchini Sudan. Anatoka katika familia yenye asili ya kabila la Tunjur, ambalo asili yake inahusishwa na Chad na Darfur. === Katika miaka ya 1990, familia ya Saleh ililazimika kuwa wakimbizi kutokana na Vita vya Pili vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Sudan. Walikimbia Sudan Saleh alipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitano. Baada ya hapo, familia yao ilihamia sehemu mbalimbali. Kwanza walikwenda Eritrea, kisha North Dakota, Maine, na Newark, New Jersey, kabla ya hatimaye kuishi katika eneo la Rondo, Saint Paul, Minnesota. == Kazi == Saleh alianza kuandika mashairi akiwa na umri wa miaka minne, na alipanda jukwaani kwa mara ya kwanza kusoma shairi katika hafla ya wazi (''open mic'') akiwa mwaka wake wa mwisho wa shule ya sekondari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Oracle : West Bank Open Mic to feature Dua Saleh|url=https://www.hamlineoracle.com/4124/arts-entertainment/west-bank-open-mic-to-feature-dua-saleh/|work=www.hamlineoracle.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Franki Hanke}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Oracle : West Bank Open Mic to feature Dua Saleh|url=https://www.hamlineoracle.com/4124/arts-entertainment/west-bank-open-mic-to-feature-dua-saleh/|work=www.hamlineoracle.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Franki Hanke}}</ref> Alitumia mashairi kueleza na kushughulikia mambo na matukio aliyopitia katika maisha yake. Baadaye, aliendelea kusoma na kuwasilisha mashairi yake katika maeneo mbalimbali karibu na Minneapolis–Saint Paul wakati akisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Augsburg. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] o0tn6k6eujxf6b3ho6j443073x2ck5v 0 251452 1601773 2026-09-26T10:48:54Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Anza makala 1601773 wikitext text/x-wiki Maïmouna Hélène Diarra alikuwa mwigizaji maarufu kutoka Mali, aliyezaliwa mwaka 1955. Alisomea ualimu na sanaa za maigizo, huku pia akicheza mpira wa kikapu. Alijulikana kwa kuigiza nafasi za wanawake wazee tangu akiwa kijana.<ref>{{Citation|title=11. Being Old|date=2025-12-31|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9798897830312-012|work=The Stage of Her Life|pages=131–140|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=979-8-89783-031-2|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == kazi/wasifu == Diarra aliigiza katika filamu kama Code Unknown (2000), Moolaadé (2004) na Bamako (2006). Alipata umaarufu kupitia nafasi zake katika filamu hizi za Afrika na kimataifa. == Marejeleo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 5zzpyukct8hw29crp0u16iqwblf4aea 0 251453 1601776 2026-09-26T10:57:14Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Ukurasa mpya 1601776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bob [[Santo]]''' 1kgg6an1jpgeab2a56khwh4p08yu498 0 251454 1601778 2026-09-26T10:58:10Z Lisakamo L 92644 Ukulasa mpya 1601778 wikitext text/x-wiki Aisha Abimbola (19 Desemba 1970 – 15 Mei 2018) alikuwa mwigizaji wa Nigeria, maarufu hasa katika filamu za lugha ya Yoruba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udoh NB |date=2006-08-01 |title=Reforming Primary Health Care in Akwa Ibom State |url=https://doi.org/10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |journal=Ibom Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–26 |doi=10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |issn=2735-9964}}</ref> <nowiki>:</nowiki>Alifariki tarehe 15 Mei 2018, akiwa na umri wa miaka 47.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Utuk |first=Ime O. |last2=Ekaetor |first2=Enobong A. |last3=Eduno |first3=Ededet B. |date=2024-04-30 |title=Agriculture Sector Development in Nigeria: Empirical Investigation of Rail Infrastructure Quality Effect |url=https://doi.org/10.61090/aksujacog.2024.003 |journal=AKSU Journal of Administration and Corporate Governance |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.61090/aksujacog.2024.003 |issn=2805-4083}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Nigeria]] fhduzyudnxl3bw4npphdl55yauwjgjo 0 251455 1601779 2026-09-26T11:01:08Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Ukulasa mpya 1601779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexander Kofi Adu''' (amezaliwa 25 Mei 1969) ni mwigizaji na mcheshi kutoka Ghana. Pia anajulikana kama Agya Koo, Kofi Adu ni mwigizaji Alexander Kofi Adu (amezaliwa 25 Mei 1969) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mcheshi kutoka [[Ghana]]. Pia anajulikana kama Agya Koo, Kofi Adu ni mwigizaji maarufu wa Kumawood na ameonekana katika zaidi ya filamu 200 za Ghana zikiwemo Obaatanpa, Away Bus, Black Star, na Ma Tricki Wo (nimekulaghai)asili yake ni kutoka eneo la Ashanti nchini Ghana lakini aliishi katika kitongoji cha Accra Newtown kiitwacho Asantewaaa wa wood na ameonekana katika zaidi ya filamu 200 za Ghana zikiwemo Obaatanpa, Away Bus, Black Star, na Ma Tricki Wo (nimekulaghai)asili yake ni kutoka eneo la Ashanti nchini [[Ghana]] lakini aliishi katika kitongoji cha Accra Newtown kiitwacho Asantewaaa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agya Koo, Biography|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Agya-Koo-570|work=mobile.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agya Koo, Biography|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Agya-Koo-570|work=mobile.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Mareje == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jxojhejen7ow52t8d88gxozlc7vks0q 0 251456 1601780 2026-09-26T11:05:55Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Kuanzisha makala 1601780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Ayo Adesanya (cropped).png|jina la kuzaliwa=Ayo Adesanya|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=11 August 1969|kazi yake=Mwigizaji, mtayarishaji, mkurugenzi (wa filamu)|elimu=Shahada ya kwanza ya Mawasiliano ya umma|ndoa=Goriola Hassan}} '''Ayo Adesanya''' alizaliwa 11 Agosti [[1969]] ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]], [[mkurugenzi]], na mtayarishaji kutoka nchini [[Nigeria]]. Ayo Adesanya huonekana katika filamu za [[lugha]] ya [[Kiyoruba]] na [[Kiingereza]] == Maisha ya awali == Ayo Adesanya anatokea Katika [[Jimbo]] la [[Ogun]] kusini-magharibi mwa Nigeria. Alisoma katika [[Shule]] ya St. Anne iliyopo Ibadan, makao makuu ya Jimbo la [[Oyo]], ambapo alihitimisha elimu yake ya [[msingi]] na [[sekondari]] na kupata Cheti cha Elimu ya Msingi na [[Cheti]] cha [[Elimu]] ya Sekondari ya Juu cha Afrika Magharibi. Baadaye alijiunga na [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Ibadan]], alipohitimu [[shahada]] ya kwanza ya [[Mawasiliano]] ya [[Umma]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Most actors have fame, not money — Ayo Adesanya|url=https://punchng.com/most-actors-have-fame-not-money-ayo-adesanya/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=2022-07-08|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Kehinde Ajose}}</ref> == Kazi == Ayo Adesanya alianza maisha yake ya [[kazi]] mnamo mwaka [[1986]] baada ya kumaliza Mpango wa Huduma ya Taifa kwa Vijana (NYSC). Mnamo mwaka [[1992]], alijiunga rasmi na tasnia ya filamu ya Nigeria na kuanza kazi yake ya [[uigizaji]] wa kitaalamu, ambapo alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye filamu ya Living in Bondage.<ref>{{Citation|last=Olurounbi|first=Ruth|title=I would have married Ayo Adesanya - Pasuma|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/editorial/item/3318-i-would-have-married-ayo-adesanya-pasuma|language=en-gb|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Ayo Adesanya aliwahi kuolewa na Goriola Hassan, lakini kwa sasa wameachana. Pia, ana [[mtoto]] wa kiume.<ref>{{Citation|title=Simplicity gives my life balance –Ayo Adesanya|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/the-fashionista/simplicity-gives-my-life-balance-ayo-adesanya/|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|language=en-us|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bpz5j5dhd8qpyye6388hjxvzyn6o210 0 251457 1601782 2026-09-26T11:06:50Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Earl Richard Stewart Jr.''' ([[15 Oktoba]] [[1920]] – [[Julai 11]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=669|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] Ja...' 1601782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Earl Richard Stewart Jr.''' ([[15 Oktoba]] [[1920]] – [[Julai 11]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=669|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] 7nofugw1f4h3o94q1d6vq0s4roo1s1p 1601784 1601782 2026-09-26T11:07:19Z Ally0111 85292 1601784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Earl Richard Stewart Jr.''' ([[15 Oktoba]] [[1921]] – [[Julai 11]] [[1990]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda mataji 3 ya PGA Tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golf Major Championships|url=http://golfmajorchampionships.com/players?player=669|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] l4exerrljtlws79dxdijtfijco8tbhv 0 251458 1601783 2026-09-26T11:07:09Z Ladygoody 92634 kuanzisha makala 1601783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Antar Laniyan|jina la asili=Anta|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria|jina la kuzaliwa=Antar Laniyan|elimu=Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sanaa za Maigizo.|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji wa filamu na mtayarishaji wa filamu}} '''Antar Laniyan''' ni [[mwigizaji]] mkongwe wa [[Nigeria]], mtayarishaji wa [[filamu]] na [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|mwongozaji]] wa filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Dele Odule, Antar Laniyan, Fathia Balogun others head breakaway Yoruba movie association|url=http://nigeriannewstoday.com/2014/12/21/dele-odule-antar-laniyan-fathia-balogun-others-head-breakaway-yoruba-movie-association/|work=Nigeria News Today -NNT|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Maisha ya Awali == Antar Laniyan alizaliwa huko Osogbo, [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Jimbo]] la [[Jimbo la Osun|Osun]], kusini-magharibi mwa Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antar Laniyan Archives - Nigerian Entertainment Today|url=https://thenet.ng/tag/antar-laniyan/|work=thenet.ng|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref>. Alisoma katika [[Shule|Shule ya Sekondari]] ya Baptist, ambako alipata [[cheti]] cha WAEC<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} West Africa Examinations Council Nigeria|url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/|work=www.waecnigeria.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> katika Jimbo la [[Lagos]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Why I don’t drink, smoke or womanise – Antar Laniyan {{!}} Newswatch Times|date=2013-06-21|url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/why-i-dont-drink-smoke-or-womanise-antar-laniyan/|work=Newswatch Times|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. Baadaye alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan, ambako alipata shahada ya Sanaa katika Sanaa za [[Maigizo]]. Katika mahojiano ya kipindi cha ''Behind the Fame'' mwezi [[Desemba]] [[2025]], Laniyan alieleza asili ya jina lake la kisanii. Alisema mama yake alimweleza kuwa alikaa tumboni kwa muda wa miezi 18, hali ambayo iliwatia wasiwasi ndugu zake. Baada ya [[hospitali]] kushindwa kutoa maelezo kuhusu hali hiyo, familia ilitafuta ushauri wa kimila. Alisema [[mama]] yake alishauriwa kula kiumbe kinachojulikana kwa lugha ya Kiyoruba kama ''anta''<ref>{{Cite web|title=I stayed 18 months in the womb, Antar Laniyan recounts birth story|url=https://guardian.ng/life/i-stayed-18-months-in-the-womb-antar-laniyan-recounts-birth-story/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2025-12-06|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Musa Adekunle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=My mother ate a lizard-like creature before I was born - Antar Laniyan|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/12/06/my-mother-ate-a-lizard-like-creature-before-i-was-born-antar-laniyan/|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref>. Kiumbe hicho kinaelezwa kuwa ni kidogo kuliko [[Mamba (mnyama)|mamba]] lakini kina umbo linalofanana na [[mjusi]]. Laniyan alisema alizaliwa ndani ya saa moja baada ya mama yake kula kiumbe hicho. Alisema jina lake la kuzaliwa lilitokana na neno ''[[anta]]''. Baadaye, akiwa shule ya msingi, aliongeza herufi “r” katika jina hilo baada ya wanafunzi wenzake kumdhihaki kuhusu jina lake. == Kazi == Laniyan alianza kuigiza mwaka [[1981]]. Nafasi yake kubwa ya kwanza kama [[mwigizaji]] wa kitaaluma ilikuwa kucheza nafasi ya [[jenerali]] mkuu katika [[filamu]] iliyoitwa ''Everybody Wants to Know'', wakati akiwa katika kikundi cha sanaa cha Kakaki Art Squad. Ameigiza katika filamu mbalimbali za Nigeria, zikiwemo ''Sango'', filamu iliyoandikwa na Wale Ogunyemi na kutayarishwa na Obafemi Lasode. Mwaka [[2000|2000,]] Laniyan alikuwa mwongozaji wa kipindi cha kwanza cha ''Super Story'', [[tamthilia]] ya [[televisheni]] ya Nigeria iliyotayarishwa na Wale Adenuga na ambayo ilishinda [[tuzo]] mbalimbali. Pia alikuwa mwongozaji wa ''Oh Father Oh Daughter'' na ''This Life'', ambazo zilitayarishwa na [[kampuni]] ya Wale Adenuga Production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I was named after an animal - Antar Laniyan|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/named-animal-antar-laniyan/|work=Vanguard News|date=2014-07-17|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=akintayo eribake}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Filamu kwa mwongozaji]] 6vpke8nfz4okzq0ka5usws7vtqvwuhz 0 251459 1601785 2026-09-26T11:08:39Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=Denis Nsanzamahoro|uraia=[[Rwanda]]|tarehe ya kufa=5 September 2019|kazi yake=Actor and filmmaker}} '''Denis Nsanzamahoro''' '''('''aliyefariki tarehe [[5 Septemba]] [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]]<ref>{{Citation|title=259 Dies irae, dies illa|date=1959-01-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00254099|work=The Oxford Book of Medieval Latin Verse|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-812119-0|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Urithi Wake == Denis Nsanzamahoro alijijengea jina kama mmoja wa waigizaji mashuhuri zaidi kuwahi kutokea katika [[tasnia]] ya filamu ya Rwanda. Alianza rasmi kazi yake katika [[utengenezaji]] wa filamu mwaka 1999, na baadaye akafanikiwa kuigiza katika filamu nyingi zilizopata umaarufu.Miongoni mwa filamu za Rwanda alizoigiza ni ''Rwasa'', ''Amarira y’Urukundo'', ''Sakabaka'' na nyinginezo, pamoja na kushiriki katika [[Mtangazaji|matangazo]] mbalimbali ya kibiashara.Pia alijulikana kupitia filamu kama ''100 Days'' na ''Sometimes in April'', ambazo zilihusu matukio ya mauaji ya kimbari yaliyotokea Rwanda.Filamu ya mwisho aliyoshiriki kuigiza ilikuwa ''Petit Pays'', iliyotayarishwa na Gaël Faye na kutolewa mwezi Juni 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dies, dies — nox|url=https://doi.org/10.24894/al.dies.diesnox|work=Augustinus-Lexikon online|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Martin Klöckener}}</ref> == Kifo == Denis Nsanzamahoro alifariki ghafla tarehe 5 Septemba 2019 kutokana na matatizo yaliyohusiana na ugonjwa wa kisukari.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dies, dies — nox|url=https://doi.org/10.24894/al.dies.diesnox|work=Augustinus-Lexikon online|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Martin Klöckener}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} 5spvsvub8uq9gqshhgabo5geueysohc 1601797 1601785 2026-09-26T11:17:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=Denis Nsanzamahoro|uraia=[[Rwanda]]|tarehe ya kufa=5 September 2019|kazi yake=Actor and filmmaker}} '''Denis Nsanzamahoro''' '''('''aliyefariki tarehe [[5 Septemba]] [[2019]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]]<ref>{{Citation|title=259 Dies irae, dies illa|date=1959-01-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00254099|work=The Oxford Book of Medieval Latin Verse|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-812119-0|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Urithi Wake == Denis Nsanzamahoro alijijengea jina kama mmoja wa waigizaji mashuhuri zaidi kuwahi kutokea katika [[tasnia]] ya filamu ya Rwanda. Alianza rasmi kazi yake katika [[utengenezaji]] wa filamu mwaka 1999, na baadaye akafanikiwa kuigiza katika filamu nyingi zilizopata umaarufu.Miongoni mwa filamu za Rwanda alizoigiza ni ''Rwasa'', ''Amarira y’Urukundo'', ''Sakabaka'' na nyinginezo, pamoja na kushiriki katika [[Mtangazaji|matangazo]] mbalimbali ya kibiashara.Pia alijulikana kupitia filamu kama ''100 Days'' na ''Sometimes in April'', ambazo zilihusu matukio ya mauaji ya kimbari yaliyotokea Rwanda.Filamu ya mwisho aliyoshiriki kuigiza ilikuwa ''Petit Pays'', iliyotayarishwa na Gaël Faye na kutolewa mwezi Juni 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dies, dies — nox|url=https://doi.org/10.24894/al.dies.diesnox|work=Augustinus-Lexikon online|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Martin Klöckener}}</ref> == Kifo == Denis Nsanzamahoro alifariki ghafla tarehe 5 Septemba 2019 kutokana na matatizo yaliyohusiana na ugonjwa wa kisukari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dies, dies — nox|url=https://doi.org/10.24894/al.dies.diesnox|work=Augustinus-Lexikon online|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Martin Klöckener}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} a910ff39uk75inpkh85nnn9eb3e5hvf 0 251460 1601786 2026-09-26T11:09:56Z Jonas Jafeti Godfry 92642 Anzisha makala 1601786 wikitext text/x-wiki Bukky Wright (aliyezaliwa tarehe 31 Machi 1965) ni mwigizaji, mfanyabiashara na mwanasiasa kutoka Nigeria. Anaendesha biashara za mitindo D Collections na kituo cha urembo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Bukky Wright’s biography: Age, children, husband, net worth, movies - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/1131971-actress-bukky-wright-biography.html|work=www.legit.ng|date=2017-12-03|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Jackline Wangare}}</ref> == maisha ya awali == Bukky Wright alizaliwa Abeokuta, Nigeria, na ni mwigizaji maarufu wa Nollywood aliyesoma Uchumi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos na kuanza uigizaji mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Bukky Wright’s biography: Age, children, husband, net worth, movies - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/1131971-actress-bukky-wright-biography.html|work=www.legit.ng|date=2017-12-03|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Jackline Wangare}}</ref> == Majereo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 6otekobzjqn2n8i69e5x0fxaqyvyacs 0 251461 1601788 2026-09-26T11:10:13Z Sally Girl one 92639 Mbegu mtu 1601788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bimbo Manue'''l ni muigizaji wa [[Nigeria]], alizaliwa [[30]] [[Oktoba]] [[1958]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homepage|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/|work=The Nation Newspaper|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwania [[tuzo]] ya Muigizaji Bora Msaidizi kwenye Nollywood Movies Awards mwaka [[2013]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homepage|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/|work=The Nation Newspaper|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> 3h1fid5m6da5hj7hr0w5qcp14hlzs27 0 251462 1601789 2026-09-26T11:10:37Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eric Axley''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 22]] [[1974]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda taji 1 la PGA Tour. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]' 1601789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Axley''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili 22]] [[1974]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda taji 1 la PGA Tour. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1vtlaag29gwjkgnmygf13k1yez9eqjn 0 251463 1601790 2026-09-26T11:10:55Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1601790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onyebuchi Franklin Odurukwe''' (alizaliwa [[9 Juni]] [[1986]]), anafahamika kitaaluma kama Bucci Franklin, ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]] (model), [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] (OAP), na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref><nowiki>https://youtu.be/iYs-CxDJ_EA?si=Kba33QeuG7lz-qNi</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/bucci-franklin/bio/3060340514/</nowiki></ref> {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=9, Juni 1986 Jimbo la Rivers, Nigeria|utaifa=Nigeria|kazi yake=Mtangazaji wa Tv na Muigizaji}} == Maisha ya awali na Kazi == Alizaliwa tarehe 9 Juni 1986 mjini [[Port Harcourt]], Jimbo la [[Rivers State|Rivers]], na asili yake ni Nkwerre katika [[Jimbo]] la [[Jimbo la Imo|Imo]], Nigeria. Ni mhitimu wa [[fani]] ya [[Sanaa]] za [[Maonyesho]] (Theatre Arts) kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Abuja]]. Alianza kazi yake ya utangazaji katika [[Kampuni]] ya Utangazaji ya Multi-Mesh, ambapo alikuwa mmoja wa watangazaji wa kwanza wa redio (OAPs) wa Love FM 104.5 Abuja, akisaidiana kutangaza kipindi cha asubuhi (Morning Show) na kuendesha kipindi cha Abuja on the Move kwa muda wa miaka mitano.<ref><nowiki>https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/people/bucci-franklin/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://nollywire.com/people/bucci-franklin</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] 3atkdyixlw0h0fb8lg9z46pil8enrx8 1601793 1601790 2026-09-26T11:12:52Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Maboresho 1601793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onyebuchi Franklin Odurukwe''' (alizaliwa [[9 Juni]] [[1986]]), anafahamika kitaaluma kama Bucci Franklin, ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]] (model), [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] (OAP), na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref><nowiki>https://youtu.be/iYs-CxDJ_EA?si=Kba33QeuG7lz-qNi</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/bucci-franklin/bio/3060340514/</nowiki></ref> {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=9, Juni 1986 Jimbo la Rivers, Nigeria|utaifa=Nigeria|kazi yake=Mtangazaji wa Tv na Muigizaji}} == Maisha ya awali na Kazi == Alizaliwa tarehe 9 Juni 1986 mjini [[Port Harcourt]], Jimbo la [[Rivers State|Rivers]], na asili yake ni Nkwerre katika [[Jimbo]] la [[Jimbo la Imo|Imo]], Nigeria. Ni mhitimu wa [[fani]] ya [[Sanaa]] za [[Maonyesho]] (Theatre Arts) kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Abuja]]. Alianza kazi yake ya utangazaji katika [[Kampuni]] ya Utangazaji ya Multi-Mesh, ambapo alikuwa mmoja wa watangazaji wa kwanza wa redio (OAPs) wa Love FM 104.5 Abuja, akisaidiana kutangaza kipindi cha asubuhi (Morning Show) na kuendesha kipindi cha Abuja on the Move kwa muda wa miaka mitano.<ref><nowiki>https://cultureintelligence.ynaija.com/people/bucci-franklin/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://nollywire.com/people/bucci-franklin</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 1mvty51h14a8jwdjg9mwq6xd51qfrc3 0 251464 1601791 2026-09-26T11:11:04Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1601791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mandisi Sindo''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1989]], jina la jukwaani Dr Disi) ni muigizaji wa Afrika Kusini, mwandishi, mwongozaji, msanii wa sauti na mnenguaji, na mwanzilishi wa miradi ya Theatre4Change Arts Project, KASI RC – Khayelitsha Art School and Rehabilitation Centre, pamoja na Umjita Entertainment. Alianza kufuatilia hamu yake ya sanaa ya jukwaani pamoja na rafiki yake mkubwa Abongile Krozaat wakiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 11 katika shule ya msingi, na tangu wakati huo amejitolea maisha yake katika sanaa na kusaidia vijana kupata ujuzi kwa ajili ya [[elimu]] ya juu. Anachukulia ufundishaji wa igizo kama "wito wake na [[silaha]] ya kuwafundisha wale ambao hawapati mafunzo rasmi ya darasani".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Town based Voice Talent Agency - We Hear Voices!|url=http://www.tonguetwisters.co.za/index.php/cms/search_guys|work=www.tonguetwisters.co.za|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=aboutbl_nk}}</ref> == Elimu == [[Faili:Infecting TheSacrifice MandisiShindo SydelleWillowSmith 20120308 (4).jpg|thumb]] Sindo alisoma [[Stashahada]] (Diploma) yake ya Igizo na Uonyeshaji katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Cape Town]] (University of Cape Town) akijikita kwenye Utengenezaji wa Igizo la Jamii (Community Theatre making). Aliendelea zaidi na [[elimu]] yake na kuhitimu [[Shahada]] ya [[Uzamili]] ya Awali (BA Honors) katika Igizo Tumizi na [[Sanaa]] ya Jukwaani katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wits (Wits University) na aliendelea na masomo yake ya [[Shahada]] ya Uzamili (Masters) katika [[Sanaa]], Igizo Tumizi na [[Sanaa]] ya Jukwaani (Decolonizing Theatre Norms) katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Wits (Wits University). Yeye ni Mgunduzi na Mwanzilishi wa Maonyesho ya Sanaa za Jukwaani ya kwenye Vibanda/Mabanda (Shack Theatres) nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Sanaa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] hd4wfqjf8i83o3wn8tmcuyz2l2xh9kh 0 251465 1601792 2026-09-26T11:11:24Z Caphid 92024 kuanzisha makala 1601792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Amir Karara|picha=أمير كرارة.png|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Cairo, Egypt|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=10 October 1977|jina la kuzaliwa=Amir Muhammad Hussein Karara|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji}} '''Amir Karara''' alizaliwa tarehe [[10]] [[Oktoba]] [[1977]] ni mwigizaji na mtangazaji wa televisheni wa [[Misri]]. Mwanzo wake halisi katika taaluma ya burudani ulikuwa alipokuwa akiwasilisha kipindi cha '''''Star Maker''''' mwaka [[2003]]. == Maisha ya awali == Amir Karara alizaliwa tarehe 10 Oktoba 1977 huko Kairo. Alihitimu Chuo cha Utalii na Hoteli, katika idara ya utalii, lakini hakufanya kazi inayohusiana na masomo yake.Alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa mpira wa wavu na alicheza katika '''timu kuu ya taifa''' ya mpira wa wavu ya Misri. == Maisha binafsi. == Karara alimuoa '''Hend Salah Hosny''', dada wa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu na mwigizaji '''Ahmed Salah Hosny,''' mwaka [[2006|2006.]] Wana watoto watatu: '''Selim, Laila na Nelly'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=أمير كرارة بعد حوالي 16 يومًا من الإصابة بـ«كورونا»: «الحمدلله سلبي»|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2231470|work=المصري اليوم|date=2021-01-11|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=ar|author=مادونا عماد}}</ref> == Kazi == Mwanzo wa Karara katika sanaa ulikuwa katika matangazo ya televisheni. Alikuwa akicheza nafasi ndogo katika matangazo ya Misri. Baadaye aligunduliwa na mfanyabiashara wa Misri, '''Tarek Nour,''' na akaanza kuwasilisha kipindi chake cha kwanza, '''''Star Maker'',''' mwaka [[2002]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Kasablanka (2019) ⭐ 6.1 {{!}} Action, Thriller|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10497826/?ref_=nm_knf_t2|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 0em3804jp6flm8ay137xs9s9fbpwsmy 0 251466 1601796 2026-09-26T11:16:30Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Ukurasa mpya 1601796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cécile Bayiha''' Cécile Bayiha ni muigizaji kutoka Cameroon. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kuigiza kama mtumwa wa Kimbilikimo (Pygmy) aliyeitwa Likola, kwenye filamu ya mwaka 2005 ya Ufaransa-Uingereza-Afrika Kusini iliyoitwa Man to Man, ambayo inaonyesha Wapigmi wawili waliotekwa na kuonyeshwa kwa umma wa Uingereza wa karne ya 19. Bayiha mwenyewe si Mbilikimo hasa, bali ni mtu mfupi wa kimo au "kibete mwenye maumbile sawia". hthgrav5aasi3igp0yp6k4movm962x2 0 251467 1601798 2026-09-26T11:18:16Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Ukulasa mpya 1601798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jeremy Hotz.jpg|thumb|jeremy hotz]] '''Jeremy Hotz''' (amezaliwa Mei 31, 1963) ni mwigizaji wa [[Kanada|Kanada-]]Amerika na mchekeshaji anayesimama. Hotz alishinda Tuzo la Gemini kwa nafasi yake katika kipindi cha televisheni cha The Newsroom mwaka wa 1997. Ametokea kwenye Comedy Central Presents, tamasha la [[vichekesho]] la Just For Laughs, The Late Show with David Letterman, na The Tonight Show akiwa na Jay Leno. Pia amefanya kazi kama mwandishi wa [[Wafanyakazi|wafanyikazi]] wa Paramount's The Jon Stewart Show na ameonekana katika picha mbali mbali za Amerika na Kanada ikiwa ni pamoja na: Martian Yangu Ninayopenda, Speed ​​2: Udhibiti wa Cruise, na Maisha ya Ndoafilamu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Just for Laughs: Jeremy Hotz ready to turn his misery into laughter at L'Olympia|url=https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment-life/just-for-laughs-jeremy-hotz-ready-to-turn-his-misery-into-laughter-at-lolympia/|work=Montreal Gazette|date=2016-07-19|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-CA|author=Bill Brownstein}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Just for Laughs: Jeremy Hotz ready to turn his misery into laughter at L'Olympia|url=https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment-life/just-for-laughs-jeremy-hotz-ready-to-turn-his-misery-into-laughter-at-lolympia/|work=Montreal Gazette|date=2016-07-19|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-CA|author=Bill Brownstein}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Ghana]] 7a7dee28yw56lxtcryagpuycx3bfmqp 0 251468 1601799 2026-09-26T11:19:47Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Eystein Young''' '''Dingha Junior''' ni '''mwigizaji,''' '''mwandishi''' wa '''filamu''' na '''mkurugenzi''' wa filamu kutoka '''Cameroon'''. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuiongoza filamu The '''Planter’s''' Plantation, ambayo ilishinda tuzo ya '''Ecran''' d’Or (Golden Screen) katika '''Tamasha''' la '''Filamu''' la '''Écrans Noirs''', lililofanyika kwa mara ya '''26''' '''mwaka''' '''2022'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecrans Noirs 2022 : un film camerounais e...' 1601799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eystein Young''' '''Dingha Junior''' ni '''mwigizaji,''' '''mwandishi''' wa '''filamu''' na '''mkurugenzi''' wa filamu kutoka '''Cameroon'''. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuiongoza filamu The '''Planter’s''' Plantation, ambayo ilishinda tuzo ya '''Ecran''' d’Or (Golden Screen) katika '''Tamasha''' la '''Filamu''' la '''Écrans Noirs''', lililofanyika kwa mara ya '''26''' '''mwaka''' '''2022'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecrans Noirs 2022 : un film camerounais en or|url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/51620/fr.html/ecrans-noirs-2022-un-film-camerounais|work=www.cameroon-tribune.cm|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Kazaliwa == Eystein Young Dingha alizaliwa '''tarehe''' 21 '''Januari''' '''1992''' huko '''Njinikom''', katika eneo la '''Kaskazini-Magharibi''' la Cameroon. '''Baba''' yake anatoka '''Kom''', katika wilaya ya '''Boyo''', huku mama yake akitokea '''Bali,''' katika wilaya ya <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecrans Noirs 2022 : un film camerounais en or|url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/51620/fr.html/ecrans-noirs-2022-un-film-camerounais|work=www.cameroon-tribune.cm|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == == Dingha alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka 2012, na alipata mafunzo ya uigizaji katika Chuo cha Ruphina’s House Academy kilichopo Bamenda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecrans Noirs 2022 : un film camerounais en or|url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/51620/fr.html/ecrans-noirs-2022-un-film-camerounais|work=www.cameroon-tribune.cm|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] 7k0wmlvv53k6je54v278lu1ojupc2xj 1601813 1601799 2026-09-26T11:30:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1601813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eystein Young''' '''Dingha Junior''' ni '''mwigizaji,''' '''mwandishi''' wa '''filamu''' na '''mkurugenzi''' wa filamu kutoka '''Cameroon'''. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuiongoza filamu The '''Planter’s''' Plantation, ambayo ilishinda tuzo ya '''Ecran''' d’Or (Golden Screen) katika '''Tamasha''' la '''Filamu''' la '''Écrans Noirs''', lililofanyika kwa mara ya '''26''' '''mwaka''' '''2022'''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ecrans Noirs 2022 : un film camerounais en or|url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/51620/fr.html/ecrans-noirs-2022-un-film-camerounais|work=www.cameroon-tribune.cm|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Kazaliwa == Eystein Young Dingha alizaliwa '''tarehe''' 21 '''Januari''' '''1992''' huko '''Njinikom''', katika eneo la '''Kaskazini-Magharibi''' la Cameroon. '''Baba''' yake anatoka '''Kom''', katika wilaya ya '''Boyo''', huku mama yake akitokea '''Bali,''' katika wilaya ya <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ecrans Noirs 2022 : un film camerounais en or|url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/51620/fr.html/ecrans-noirs-2022-un-film-camerounais|work=www.cameroon-tribune.cm|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == == Dingha alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka 2012, na alipata mafunzo ya uigizaji katika Chuo cha Ruphina’s House Academy kilichopo Bamenda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ecrans Noirs 2022 : un film camerounais en or|url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/51620/fr.html/ecrans-noirs-2022-un-film-camerounais|work=www.cameroon-tribune.cm|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] 8u30txh96n1gip49sb176tbqc9yacl6 0 251469 1601801 2026-09-26T11:21:24Z Happyness Kanyapini 86342 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bimbo Oshin''' alizaliwa tarehe 24 julai [[1971]],Ondo state,kusini-magharibi mwa '''Nigeria.''' Alisoma chuo kikuu cha '''Lagos''' na kupata shahada ya falsafa. Alianza kazi kazi ya uigizaji mwaka [[1996]] na alipata umaarufu zaidi baada ya kuigiza katika filamu ya Kiyoruba Omo flemosho mwaka [[2012]]. <ref>{{Citation|last=Brown|first=Ian|title=MacLennan, Elizabeth Margaret Ross [Liz] (1938–2015), actress, writer, and theatre producer|date=2019-01-10...' 1601801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bimbo Oshin''' alizaliwa tarehe 24 julai [[1971]],Ondo state,kusini-magharibi mwa '''Nigeria.''' Alisoma chuo kikuu cha '''Lagos''' na kupata shahada ya falsafa. Alianza kazi kazi ya uigizaji mwaka [[1996]] na alipata umaarufu zaidi baada ya kuigiza katika filamu ya Kiyoruba Omo flemosho mwaka [[2012]]. <ref>{{Citation|last=Brown|first=Ian|title=MacLennan, Elizabeth Margaret Ross [Liz] (1938–2015), actress, writer, and theatre producer|date=2019-01-10|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.110555|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] g4an9bhjfzszh21dwcflaxflmayr0c3 0 251470 1601802 2026-09-26T11:21:36Z Eunly 91908 Ukurasa ulio anzishwa 1601802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=9ay 1988Polokwane, South Africa|elimu=University of Limpopo Occupations|kazi yake=actor, radio DJmodelmusicia}} '''Clement Maosa''' (aliyezaliwa [[tarehe]] 9 Mei 1988) ni DJ na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya '''Zamokuhle''' Seakamela katika tamthilia ya SABC1 ya [[Skeeter Davis|Skeem]] [[Samuel Eto'o|Saam]]. Baadaye alisomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Limpopo]].'''Clement''' alipokuwa mdogo alitamani kuwa [[askari]], lakini alipokuwa katika [[shule ya sekondari]] aliamua badala yake kufuatilia kazi ya [[uigizaji]]. Alikulia Bochum pamoja na [[wazazi]] wake, [[dada]] wawili na [[kaka]] yake mdogo.Mambo muhimu katika kazi yake ni pamoja na [[mwezi]] mmoja alioutumikia kama [[mwanasheria]] [[mwanafunzi]] , kushiriki katika maonyesho ya [[Barabara|barabarani]] na shughuli za [[Matanga (Sumbawanga)|matangazo]] kwa kituo cha [[redio]] cha [[Kiyangkam|kibiashara]] huko [[Limpopo]], pamoja na kusajiliwa kama modeli katika kampuni ya Usimamizi wa Rezo-Lution na Vyombo vya Habari<ref>{{Citation|title=Clement Maosa|date=2026-07-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Maosa&oldid=1365805025|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Clement Maosa|date=2026-07-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Maosa&oldid=1365805025|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Clement Maosa|date=2026-07-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Maosa&oldid=1365805025|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] e5jk5ebtml11clperkc4f7vplo8aoc4 1601805 1601802 2026-09-26T11:22:35Z Eunly 91908 Maboresho 1601805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=9ay 1988Polokwane, South Africa|elimu=University of Limpopo Occupations|kazi yake=actor, radio DJmodelmusicia}} '''Clement Maosa''' (aliyezaliwa [[tarehe]] 9 Mei 1988) ni DJ na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya '''Zamokuhle''' Seakamela katika tamthilia ya SABC1 ya [[Skeeter Davis|Skeem]] [[Samuel Eto'o|Saam]]. Baadaye alisomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Limpopo]].'''Clement''' alipokuwa mdogo alitamani kuwa [[askari]], lakini alipokuwa katika [[shule ya sekondari]] aliamua badala yake kufuatilia kazi ya [[uigizaji]]. Alikulia Bochum pamoja na [[wazazi]] wake, [[dada]] wawili na [[kaka]] yake mdogo.Mambo muhimu katika kazi yake ni pamoja na [[mwezi]] mmoja alioutumikia kama [[mwanasheria]] [[mwanafunzi]] , kushiriki katika maonyesho ya [[Barabara|barabarani]] na shughuli za [[Matanga (Sumbawanga)|matangazo]] kwa kituo cha [[redio]] cha [[Kiyangkam|kibiashara]] huko [[Limpopo]], pamoja na kusajiliwa kama modeli katika kampuni ya Usimamizi wa Rezo-Lution na Vyombo vya Habari<ref>{{Citation|title=Clement Maosa|date=2026-07-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Maosa&oldid=1365805025|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Clement Maosa|date=2026-07-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Maosa&oldid=1365805025|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Clement Maosa|date=2026-07-24|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Maosa&oldid=1365805025|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} tvaa2jbx5p01acucvqb18pg0nyb6txh 0 251471 1601803 2026-09-26T11:22:08Z Emmanuel Alfonce 91178 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anna Neethling-Pohl''' ([[24]] [[Desemba]] [[1906]] – [[14]] [[Agosti]] [[1992]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, msanii, na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Afrika Kusini. Alikuwa pia mwandishi aliyeandika kwa jina la [[kalamu]] la Niehausvor na wakati mwingine Wynand du Preez. Alikuwa mtangazaji wa kike wa kwanza katika Shirika la [[Utangazaji]] la [[Afrika Kusini]] (South African Broadcasting Corporation).<ref>''Women Marching Into the 21st Century: Wathint' Abafa...' 1601803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Neethling-Pohl''' ([[24]] [[Desemba]] [[1906]] – [[14]] [[Agosti]] [[1992]]) alikuwa mwigizaji, msanii, na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Afrika Kusini. Alikuwa pia mwandishi aliyeandika kwa jina la [[kalamu]] la Niehausvor na wakati mwingine Wynand du Preez. Alikuwa mtangazaji wa kike wa kwanza katika Shirika la [[Utangazaji]] la [[Afrika Kusini]] (South African Broadcasting Corporation).<ref>''Women Marching Into the 21st Century: Wathint' Abafazi, Wathint' Imbokodo''. HSRC Press. 2000. <nowiki>ISBN 9780796919663</nowiki>.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] nwa8g5xawnbb6hgz2yxnthar9foes6q 0 251472 1601804 2026-09-26T11:22:24Z Ladygoody 92634 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bernard Nyarko''' alifariki tarehe [[2]] [[Mei]] [[2020]], aliyefahamika katika tasnia ya [[burudani]] kama Bishop Bernard Nyarko, alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mchekeshaji]] wa [[Ghana]] ambaye baadaye alijikita kikamilifu katika [[kazi]] ya uhubiri. Alifahamika kupitia filamu <nowiki>''</nowiki>Hero: Service to Humanity<nowiki>''</nowiki> [[2017]] na <nowiki>''Sidechic Gang''</nowiki> [[2018]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Bernard Nyarko|date=2026-02-28|url=https...' 1601804 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernard Nyarko''' alifariki tarehe [[2]] [[Mei]] [[2020]], aliyefahamika katika tasnia ya [[burudani]] kama Bishop Bernard Nyarko, alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] na [[mchekeshaji]] wa [[Ghana]] ambaye baadaye alijikita kikamilifu katika [[kazi]] ya uhubiri. Alifahamika kupitia filamu <nowiki>''</nowiki>Hero: Service to Humanity<nowiki>''</nowiki> [[2017]] na <nowiki>''Sidechic Gang''</nowiki> [[2018]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Bernard Nyarko|date=2026-02-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Nyarko&oldid=1340916940|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Bernard Nyarko|date=2026-02-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Nyarko&oldid=1340916940|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Maisha na Kazi == Alikuwa ameoa na alikuwa na [[watoto]] watatu.Alianza kujulikana zaidi katika [[tasnia]] ya [[filamu]] karibu mwaka [[2012]]. Aliigiza katika filamu mbalimbali za Ghana, zikiwemo '<nowiki/>''<nowiki>'Wanted'', ''Aban Bo Sia'', ''Boyz Abre''</nowiki>,'' '''<nowiki>'Sunsum Police''</nowiki>,'' ''<nowiki>''John and John'</nowiki>''<nowiki/>' na nyinginezo.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 97mnptccv70tdumlr54jehyp8vla9bh 0 251473 1601806 2026-09-26T11:25:53Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Kuanza makala 1601806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jamal Eddine Dkhissi''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe '''24''' Machi '''1951''' mjini '''Oujda''' na kufariki tarehe '''24''' Machi '''2017''') alikuwa mwigizaji wa '''Morocco'''. Katika kipindi cha zaidi ya miongo mitatu ya uigizaji, '''Dkhissi''' alishiriki katika kazi mbalimbali za uigizaji wa jukwaani na '''filamu'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bouti |first=Khalid |last2=Benamor |first2=Jouda |last3=Bourkadi |first3=Jamal Eddine |last4=Hammi |first4=Sanaa |date=2024-05-26 |title=Reference Values for Spirometry in Moroccan Adults |url=https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.61095 |journal=Cureus |doi=10.7759/cureus.61095 |issn=2168-8184}}</ref> == kifo == '''Dkhissi''' alifariki mwezi '''Machi 2017''' akiwa na umri wa miaka '''63''', baada ya kuugua kwa muda mrefu. Alizikwa katika makaburi ya '''Chouhada''' mjini '''Rabat'''. Mfalme '''Mohammed VI''' alituma ujumbe wa rambirambi na pole kwa familia ya marehemu mwigizaji huyo. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] ivdigzo5wj5a62lfp8wfyusmrc13sf1 1601864 1601806 2026-09-26T11:58:17Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1601864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jamal Eddine Dkhissi''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe '''24''' Machi '''1951''' mjini '''Oujda''' na kufariki tarehe '''24''' Machi '''2017''') alikuwa mwigizaji wa '''Morocco'''. Katika kipindi cha zaidi ya miongo mitatu ya uigizaji, '''Dkhissi''' alishiriki katika kazi mbalimbali za uigizaji wa jukwaani na '''filamu'''.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Bouti |first=Khalid |last2=Benamor |first2=Jouda |last3=Bourkadi |first3=Jamal Eddine |last4=Hammi |first4=Sanaa |date=2024-05-26 |title=Reference Values for Spirometry in Moroccan Adults |url=https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.61095 |journal=Cureus |doi=10.7759/cureus.61095 |issn=2168-8184}}</ref> == kifo == '''Dkhissi''' alifariki mwezi '''Machi 2017''' akiwa na umri wa miaka '''63''', baada ya kuugua kwa muda mrefu. Alizikwa katika makaburi ya '''Chouhada''' mjini '''Rabat'''. Mfalme '''Mohammed VI''' alituma ujumbe wa rambirambi na pole kwa familia ya marehemu mwigizaji huyo. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] fcsnfovt9tta5gugx8o7bpp35u2byn3 0 251474 1601807 2026-09-26T11:27:28Z Sally Girl one 92639 Ukurasa mpya 1601807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bryan Okwar'''a, anayejulikana pia kama Ikenna Bryan Okwara, ni muigizaji wa Nigeria mwenye asili ya kabila la Igbo. Alizaliwa tarehe 9 Novemba 1985.<ref>mbegu mtu</ref> == Education == Kwa elimu yake, alipata shahada ya Uhusiano wa Kimataifa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Lagos (Lagos State University), Ojo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr World|url=https://www.mrworld.tv/|work=Mr World|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> b17nj7qlr93tdl2yjvldfhmu1oejnw5 0 251475 1601808 2026-09-26T11:27:30Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1601808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebi Bright-''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]], mtaalamu wa mawasiliano ya maendeleo, mke wa Rockson Nelson Dafeamakpor, Mbunge wa NDC wa jimbo la Dayi kusini na [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mkuu wa Utendaji wa Manispaa ya Tema .<ref>https://www.citinewsroom.com/2024/08/ndc-appoints-kod-ebi-bright-and-rex-omar-as-spokespersons-for-the-creative-arts-sector/</ref> Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo mwezi Mei [[2025]], na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuhudumu kama Mkuu wa Utendaji wa Manispaa ya Tema .Kabla ya kuingia katika siasa, Ebi Bright alijulikana katika tasnia ya filamu ya Ghana na pia kama mwanaharakati wa kijamii.<ref>https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/05/ebi-bright-confirmed-mce-for-tema-metropolitan-assembly/</ref> <ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-ebi-bright-confirmed-as-tema-mce.html</ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Mama yake Ebi Bright anatokea Ada, nchini Ghana, wakati baba yake anatoka Jimbo la Bayelsa, nchini [[Nigeria]]. Ingawa Ebi Bright alizaliwa nchini Nigeria, alikulia nchini Ghana. Asili yake ilikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kazi yake kama mwanaharakati wa kijamii. Ameolewa na mwanasiasa wa Ghana Rockson-Nelson Dafeamekpor.<ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/1394908/president-mahama-nominates-ebi-bright-ludwig-toti.html</ref> Ebi Bright alisomea Mawasiliano ya Maendeleo katika chuo cha African University College of Communications mjini [[Accra]], Ghana. Ili kuboresha ujuzi wake wa uongozi na usimamizi, alisoma kozi ya Usimamizi Mkuu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Leicester nchini [[Uingereza]]. Ebi Bright pia huzungumza Kifaransa, baada ya kupata vyeti vinne vya lugha kutoka Centre International de Recherche et d’Études de Langues nchini [[Ufaransa]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika]] 7ocv1482tyyn4z6v88me0iacucy7t4o 1601811 1601808 2026-09-26T11:29:28Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ebi Bright-''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]], mtaalamu wa mawasiliano ya maendeleo, mke wa Rockson Nelson Dafeamakpor, Mbunge wa NDC wa jimbo la Dayi kusini na [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani. Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Mkuu wa Utendaji wa Manispaa ya Tema .<ref>https://www.citinewsroom.com/2024/08/ndc-appoints-kod-ebi-bright-and-rex-omar-as-spokespersons-for-the-creative-arts-sector/</ref> Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo mwezi Mei [[2025]], na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuhudumu kama Mkuu wa Utendaji wa Manispaa ya Tema .Kabla ya kuingia katika siasa, Ebi Bright alijulikana katika tasnia ya filamu ya Ghana na pia kama mwanaharakati wa kijamii.<ref>https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/05/ebi-bright-confirmed-mce-for-tema-metropolitan-assembly/</ref> <ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ghana-news-ebi-bright-confirmed-as-tema-mce.html</ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Mama yake Ebi Bright anatokea Ada, nchini Ghana, wakati baba yake anatoka Jimbo la Bayelsa, nchini [[Nigeria]]. Ingawa Ebi Bright alizaliwa nchini Nigeria, alikulia nchini Ghana. Asili yake ilikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kazi yake kama mwanaharakati wa kijamii. Ameolewa na mwanasiasa wa Ghana Rockson-Nelson Dafeamekpor.<ref>https://www.modernghana.com/news/1394908/president-mahama-nominates-ebi-bright-ludwig-toti.html</ref> Ebi Bright alisomea Mawasiliano ya Maendeleo katika chuo cha African University College of Communications mjini [[Accra]], Ghana. Ili kuboresha ujuzi wake wa uongozi na usimamizi, alisoma kozi ya Usimamizi Mkuu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Leicester nchini [[Uingereza]]. Ebi Bright pia huzungumza Kifaransa, baada ya kupata vyeti vinne vya lugha kutoka Centre International de Recherche et d’Études de Langues nchini [[Ufaransa]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} do5bzbkh42aklfwru26diojdvdumjjd 0 251476 1601810 2026-09-26T11:28:07Z Jonas Jafeti Godfry 92642 Anzisha makala 1601810 wikitext text/x-wiki Cont Mdladla Mhlanga (1957/1958–2022) alikuwa mwandishi wa tamthilia, mwigizaji na mkurugenzi wa maigizo kutoka Zimbabwe. Alianzisha na kuongoza kampuni ya Amakhosi Theatre Productions mwaka 1982.<ref>{{Citation|title=Zimbabwe writer Mhlanga honoured|date=2008-11-26|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/7751151.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == kazi ya awali == Cont Mhlanga alikuwa mkosoaji wa serikali ya Robert Mugabe na alishinda Freedom to Create Prize mwaka 2008 kwa mchango wake katika uhuru wa kujieleza.<ref>{{Citation|title=Zimbabwe writer Mhlanga honoured|date=2008-11-26|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/7751151.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] ob4vbv2l4svp2cxcwzablr6otbv04iv 0 251477 1601812 2026-09-26T11:29:36Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Mbegu mtu 1601812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damoure Zika''' 2ycee0kt9v8mc8itgje34q7b2fs8on1 0 251478 1601814 2026-09-26T11:30:43Z Ladygoody 92634 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bruce Gordon''' alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] aliyeigiza na pia kuiongoza [[filamu]] ya <nowiki>''</nowiki>T''he First Men in the Moon''<nowiki>''</nowiki> ya mwaka [[1919]]. Alizaliwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Bruce Gordon (actor/director)|date=2026-03-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Gordon_(actor/director)&oldid=1341974939|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-i...' 1601814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruce Gordon''' alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] aliyeigiza na pia kuiongoza [[filamu]] ya <nowiki>''</nowiki>T''he First Men in the Moon''<nowiki>''</nowiki> ya mwaka [[1919]]. Alizaliwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Bruce Gordon (actor/director)|date=2026-03-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Gordon_(actor/director)&oldid=1341974939|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] fvueksnuv6kyt11kb9fszrxr4cd5n3m 0 251479 1601815 2026-09-26T11:30:45Z NethaMoses 92641 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bob Smith Junior''', anayejulikana pia kwa jina la Diabolo Man, ni mwigizaji mkongwe wa [[Ghana]]<nowiki/>ambaye pia amefanya [[kazi]] kama mtayarishaji wa filamu, [[mkurugenzi]] na mwandishi. Anajulikana kwa kushiriki katika filamu mbalimbali za Ghana, zikiwemo Diabolo na Mamma Mia.<ref>{{Citation|title=I slept with 3 snakes in a room - Diabolo|date=2018-08-17|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-slept-with-3-snakes-in-a-room-D...' 1601815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bob Smith Junior''', anayejulikana pia kwa jina la Diabolo Man, ni mwigizaji mkongwe wa [[Ghana]]<nowiki/>ambaye pia amefanya [[kazi]] kama mtayarishaji wa filamu, [[mkurugenzi]] na mwandishi. Anajulikana kwa kushiriki katika filamu mbalimbali za Ghana, zikiwemo Diabolo na Mamma Mia.<ref>{{Citation|title=I slept with 3 snakes in a room - Diabolo|date=2018-08-17|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-slept-with-3-snakes-in-a-room-Diabolo-677566|work=GhanaWeb|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] dgeeoenlaedyv1oii7ft0jagcfwaz2v 0 251480 1601816 2026-09-26T11:31:14Z Amina sauli 89067 KUANZISHA MAKALA 1601816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Baboucarr Alieu Ceesay|picha=Babou Ceesay by Gage Skidmore.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=17 November 1978|elimu=Imperial College London Oxford School of Drama|watoto=2}} Baboucarr Alieu Ceesay ni mwigizaji wa Uingereza aliyezaliwa London tarehe 17 Novemba 1978, anayejulikana kwa kuigiza katika filamu na tamthilia mbalimbali zikiwemo Rogue One, Eye in the Sky, Into the Badlands na Alien: Earth.<ref><nowiki>https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/jan/05/lewis-sidekick-babou-ceesay</nowiki></ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ceesay alizaliwa London, alikulia Afrika Magharibi, ana asili ya Gambia, na kabla ya uigizaji alisomea Mikrobiolojia na kufanya kazi Deloitte.<ref><nowiki>https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/jan/05/lewis-sidekick-babou-ceesay</nowiki></ref> == Wasifu/kazi == Ceesay ni mwigizaji aliyepata umaarufu kupitia Severance na baadaye akaonekana katika filamu na tamthilia mbalimbali kama Half of a Yellow Sun, '71, Free Fire, Guerrilla, Dark Money, We Hunt Together na Wolfe. Aliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya BAFTA kutokana na uigizaji wake katika Damilola, Our Loved Boy, na mwaka 2025 alicheza Kumi Morrow katika Alien: Earth. Mnamo 2026 alitangazwa kuigiza Ser Bennis katika msimu wa pili wa A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms.<ref><nowiki>https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/jan/05/lewis-sidekick-babou-ceesay</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] 98w2k0xtzwktanf5ewb4xkupe9unfkp 0 251481 1601818 2026-09-26T11:32:09Z Kisai789 82928 Ukurasa umeanzishwa 1601818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Assa Aïcha Sylla''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 3 Juni 1996) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mwandishi wa Kifaransa. Alianza kazi yake ya [[uigizaji]] katika filamu Girlhood (2014), ambayo ilimpatia uteuzi wa [[tuzo]] za César na Black Reel. Tangu wakati huo, ameigiza katika toleo la [[Kifaransa]] la Skam (2018–2020), mfululizo wa Netflix Mortel (2019), na filamu The Last Mercenary (2021).<ref>{{Citation|title=Assa Sylla, gouaille d’or|url=https://www.liberation.fr/images/2019/06/05/assa-sylla-gouaille-d-or_1731881/|work=Libération|language=fr|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Sylla alizaliwa katika eneo la 15th arrondissement ya Paris, [[kusini]] mwa mto, akiwa mtoto wa wazazi wa kabila la Soninke kutoka Mauritania. Baba yake alikuwa mfanyakazi wa usafi, huku mama yake akiwa mama wa nyumbani. Alikulia katika eneo la Barbès, katika 18th arrondissement upande wa [[kaskazini]] mwa mto. Ana dada watatu na kaka wawili. Yeye ni Muislamu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assa Sylla, jeune espoir du cinéma français|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/television/1523411-20150122-danbe-tete-haute-assa-sylla-fait-entree-ring|work=20 Minutes|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr}}</ref> Sylla alisoma katika Lycée Edgar Quinet Filières Professionnelles. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, aligunduliwa na waandaaji wa casting wa [[filamu]] Girlhood, baada ya kuwasindikiza marafiki zake kwenye usaili wa kuigiza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SKAM France : focus sur Assa Sylla / Imane, l'héroïne de la saison 4|url=https://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18680248.html|work=AlloCiné|date=2019-04-05|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr|author=AlloCine}}</ref> Baadaye, aliigiza nafasi ya Aya Cissoko, [[bondia]] wa Franco-Mali, katika [[filamu]] Danbé, la tête haute, akionyesha maisha ya Aya wakati wa ujana wake. Kwa ajili ya nafasi hiyo, Sylla alifanya mafunzo makali ya ndondi, huku akiendelea na masomo yake ya baccalauréat professionnel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assa Sylla (Skam) : "Imane, c’est le rôle dont je suis la plus fière" - Télé-Loisirs|url=https://www.programme-tv.net/news/series-tv/234487-assa-sylla-skam-imane-cest-le-role-dont-je-suis-la-plus-fiere/|work=www.programme-tv.net|date=2019-06-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr|author=Laurence Gallois}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] 846dxa81v2rrucywku2yf0ij56so5hs 1601833 1601818 2026-09-26T11:40:40Z Kisai789 82928 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Assa Sylla|picha=Assa Sylla 2015.jpg|maelezo=Sylla in 2015|jina la kuzaliwa=Assa Aïcha Sylla|kazi yake=Actress}} '''Assa Aïcha Sylla''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe 3 Juni 1996) ni [[mwigizaji]] na mwandishi wa Kifaransa. Alianza kazi yake ya [[uigizaji]] katika filamu Girlhood (2014), ambayo ilimpatia uteuzi wa [[tuzo]] za César na Black Reel. Tangu wakati huo, ameigiza katika toleo la [[Kifaransa]] la Skam (2018–2020), mfululizo wa Netflix Mortel (2019), na filamu The Last Mercenary (2021).<ref>{{Citation|title=Assa Sylla, gouaille d’or|url=https://www.liberation.fr/images/2019/06/05/assa-sylla-gouaille-d-or_1731881/|work=Libération|language=fr|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Sylla alizaliwa katika eneo la 15th arrondissement ya Paris, [[kusini]] mwa mto, akiwa mtoto wa wazazi wa kabila la Soninke kutoka Mauritania. Baba yake alikuwa mfanyakazi wa usafi, huku mama yake akiwa mama wa nyumbani. Alikulia katika eneo la Barbès, katika 18th arrondissement upande wa [[kaskazini]] mwa mto. Ana dada watatu na kaka wawili. Yeye ni Muislamu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assa Sylla, jeune espoir du cinéma français|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/television/1523411-20150122-danbe-tete-haute-assa-sylla-fait-entree-ring|work=20 Minutes|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr}}</ref> Sylla alisoma katika Lycée Edgar Quinet Filières Professionnelles. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, aligunduliwa na waandaaji wa casting wa [[filamu]] Girlhood, baada ya kuwasindikiza marafiki zake kwenye usaili wa kuigiza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SKAM France : focus sur Assa Sylla / Imane, l'héroïne de la saison 4|url=https://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18680248.html|work=AlloCiné|date=2019-04-05|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr|author=AlloCine}}</ref> Baadaye, aliigiza nafasi ya Aya Cissoko, [[bondia]] wa Franco-Mali, katika [[filamu]] Danbé, la tête haute, akionyesha maisha ya Aya wakati wa ujana wake. Kwa ajili ya nafasi hiyo, Sylla alifanya mafunzo makali ya ndondi, huku akiendelea na masomo yake ya baccalauréat professionnel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assa Sylla (Skam) : "Imane, c’est le rôle dont je suis la plus fière" - Télé-Loisirs|url=https://www.programme-tv.net/news/series-tv/234487-assa-sylla-skam-imane-cest-le-role-dont-je-suis-la-plus-fiere/|work=www.programme-tv.net|date=2019-06-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=fr|author=Laurence Gallois}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 0bm4ed0rgs2td22iw8ajik1llljw1zk 0 251482 1601819 2026-09-26T11:32:56Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Brice Bexter''' (alizaliwa tarehe '''[[25 Julai]]''' [[1990]]) ni [[mwigizaji]]. [[Filamu]] alizoshiriki ni pamoja na ''Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears'' (2020) na ''Redemption Day'' (2021). Mwaka [[2020]], alitajwa kuwa miongoni mwa waigizaji wa [[Kiarabu]] wanaochipukia waliotajwa na [[jarida]] la Screen International.<ref>{{Citation|title=Brice Bexter|date=2026-08-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brice_Bexter&oldid=1372216113|work...' 1601819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brice Bexter''' (alizaliwa tarehe '''[[25 Julai]]''' [[1990]]) ni [[mwigizaji]]. [[Filamu]] alizoshiriki ni pamoja na ''Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears'' (2020) na ''Redemption Day'' (2021). Mwaka [[2020]], alitajwa kuwa miongoni mwa waigizaji wa [[Kiarabu]] wanaochipukia waliotajwa na [[jarida]] la Screen International.<ref>{{Citation|title=Brice Bexter|date=2026-08-30|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brice_Bexter&oldid=1372216113|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Bexter alizaliwa mjini [[Lausanne]], [[Uswisi]], akiwa [[mtoto]] wa [[mama]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Ufaransa]] na [[Morocco]], na [[baba]] mwenye [[asili]] ya , ambaye upande wa baba yake una mizizi ya [[Wayahudi]] wa [[Kicheki]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arab Stars of Tomorrow 2020: Brice Bexter El Glaoui, actor (Morocco)|url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/arab-stars-of-tomorrow-2020-brice-bexter-el-glaoui-actor-morocco/5155534.article|work=Screen|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Melanie Goodfellow}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] 945ftfxzuh4f4bra72lo26amb59j21z 0 251483 1601820 2026-09-26T11:33:58Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' === Wasifu === '''Brenda Shey Elung''' ni '''mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Cameroon'''.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201026150924/https://www.betatinz.com/2018/09/cameroonian-actresses-brenda-elung-okawa-shaznay.html?m=1</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211121213001/http://www.dc-comm.com/cameroonian-movie-industry-brenda-shey-the-mother-hen/</ref> Pia ni '''Makamu wa Rais wa Tasnia ya Filamu ya Cameroon (Cameroon Film Industry...' 1601820 wikitext text/x-wiki === Wasifu === '''Brenda Shey Elung''' ni '''mwigizaji na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Cameroon'''.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201026150924/https://www.betatinz.com/2018/09/cameroonian-actresses-brenda-elung-okawa-shaznay.html?m=1</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211121213001/http://www.dc-comm.com/cameroonian-movie-industry-brenda-shey-the-mother-hen/</ref> Pia ni '''Makamu wa Rais wa Tasnia ya Filamu ya Cameroon (Cameroon Film Industry – CFI)''', <ref>https://cameroonnewsagency.com/brenda-elung-raises-cameroon-flag-high-ghana-wins-triple-samba-series/?amp=1</ref><ref>https://newsupfront.com/camiff-suffers-second-postponement/</ref><ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref>ambako anashiriki katika shughuli za kuendeleza na kusimamia tasnia ya filamu nchini humo. Brenda Shey Elung pia anajulikana kwa jina la utani '''“Madam Brenda”''', jina ambalo mashabiki na watu wanaomfahamu humuita kwa upendo.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> Kwa ujumla, Brenda Elung ni msanii anayehusika katika '''uigizaji, utayarishaji wa filamu na maendeleo ya tasnia ya filamu nchini Cameroon'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> == Kazi == === Kazi === Brenda Shey Elung amekuwa akijihusisha na '''Tasnia ya Filamu ya Cameroon tangu mwaka 2010'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> Mwaka '''2013''', alizalisha na pia kuigiza katika filamu iliyokuwa ikiitwa '''''Decoded'''''. Filamu hiyo iliongozwa na '''Akim Macaulay''' na '''Enah Johnscott'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> Filamu hiyo ilirekodiwa mwezi '''Agosti 2012''' katika jiji la '''Limbe, Cameroon'''. Katika filamu hiyo, Brenda alishirikiana na waigizaji kutoka Cameroon pamoja na mwigizaji maarufu kutoka Ghana, '''Van Vicker'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> Waigizaji wengine wa Cameroon walioshiriki katika filamu hiyo ni '''Solange Yijika, Jeffery Epule na Desmond Wyte'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> Kwa hiyo, Brenda Elung alitoa mchango katika filamu hiyo kwa kuwa '''mtayarishaji na pia mwigizaji''', akishirikiana na wasanii kutoka nchi mbalimbali za Afrika.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> == Ujasiliamali == Brenda Shey Elung ni '''mwanzilishi wa Omega One Entertainment''', kampuni inayojihusisha na '''utayarishaji wa filamu'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> Mwaka '''2018''', Brenda aliwakilisha maslahi ya kibiashara ya kampuni hiyo katika '''Nigerian International TV Summit''', iliyofanyika mjini '''Paris, Ufaransa''', tarehe '''13–14 Aprili 2018'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> Ushiriki wake katika mkutano huo ulimpa nafasi ya '''kuwakilisha kampuni yake katika masuala ya biashara na kuendeleza mahusiano ya kikazi ndani ya sekta ya televisheni na filamu'''.<ref>https://camiff.cm/news/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]] 4vhy1i5tmiyymx7vbdht1hae7wfo4p8 0 251484 1601821 2026-09-26T11:35:02Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|jina=Okwui Okpokwasili|picha=Okwui Okpokwasili in Visceral Disruptions.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Okpokwasili mnamo mwaka 2021|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=6/8/1972|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=New York,Marekani|kazi_yake=Uigizaji}} '''Okwui Okpokwasili''', aliyezaliwa [[6 Agosti]] [[1972]], ni [[msanii]] wa [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]], [[mwigizaji]], [[Wasanii|msanii]] wa maonyesho, [[mchoraji]] wa hatua za dansi na [[mwandishi]].Kazi zake zinachanganya uigizaji,...' 1601821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Okwui Okpokwasili|picha=Okwui Okpokwasili in Visceral Disruptions.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Okpokwasili mnamo mwaka 2021|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=6/8/1972|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=New York,Marekani|kazi_yake=Uigizaji}} '''Okwui Okpokwasili''', aliyezaliwa [[6 Agosti]] [[1972]], ni [[msanii]] wa [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]], [[mwigizaji]], [[Wasanii|msanii]] wa maonyesho, [[mchoraji]] wa hatua za dansi na [[mwandishi]].Kazi zake zinachanganya uigizaji, dansi na [[sanaa]] za maonyesho/ufungaji. Anajulikana pia kwa kuigiza kama Vertigo katika tamthilia ya [[runinga]] iitwayo ''Agatha All Along''.Baadhi ya kazi zake zinahusu matukio ya kihistoria nchini Nigeria. Ana shauku kubwa kuhusu kumbukumbu za utamaduni na historia, pamoja na jinsi watu wa [[Magharibi]] wanavyowaona na kuwafikiria Waafrika na miili yao<ref>{{Citation|title=Okwui Okpokwasili|date=2026-09-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okwui_Okpokwasili&oldid=1376118816|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Maisha == Okwui Okpokwasili alizaliwa tarehe 6 Agosti 1972, katika eneo la The Bronx, [[New York (jimbo)|New York,]] [[Marekani]]. Wazazi wake walikuwa wahamiaji kutoka kabila la [[Igbo]] nchini Nigeria, ambao walihamia Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1960]] ili kukimbia [[Vita]] vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Nigeria.Alikulia katika eneo la Parkchester, Bronx.Baadae, alisoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yale]]. Akiwa huko, alikutana na mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]] Andrew Rossi, ambaye baadae alitengeneza filamu ya kumbukumbu kuhusu kazi yake ya sanaa iitwayo Bronx Gothic<ref>{{Citation|title=Okwui Okpokwasili|date=2026-09-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okwui_Okpokwasili&oldid=1376118816|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wasanii]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] lrcw53792zekjz039xvqzoaarv0l3xe 1601823 1601821 2026-09-26T11:35:45Z Francakiria 45589 1601823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Okwui Okpokwasili|picha=Okwui Okpokwasili in Visceral Disruptions.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Okpokwasili mnamo mwaka 2021|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=6/8/1972|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=New York,Marekani|kazi_yake=Uigizaji}} '''Okwui Okpokwasili''', aliyezaliwa [[6 Agosti]] [[1972]], ni [[msanii]] wa [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]], [[mwigizaji]], [[Wasanii|msanii]] wa maonyesho, [[mchoraji]] wa hatua za dansi na [[mwandishi]].Kazi zake zinachanganya uigizaji, dansi na [[sanaa]] za maonyesho/ufungaji. Anajulikana pia kwa kuigiza kama Vertigo katika tamthilia ya [[runinga]] iitwayo ''Agatha All Along''.Baadhi ya kazi zake zinahusu matukio ya kihistoria nchini Nigeria. Ana shauku kubwa kuhusu kumbukumbu za utamaduni na historia, pamoja na jinsi watu wa [[Magharibi]] wanavyowaona na kuwafikiria Waafrika na miili yao<ref>{{Citation|title=Okwui Okpokwasili|date=2026-09-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okwui_Okpokwasili&oldid=1376118816|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Maisha == Okwui Okpokwasili alizaliwa tarehe 6 Agosti 1972, katika eneo la The Bronx, [[New York (jimbo)|New York,]] [[Marekani]]. Wazazi wake walikuwa wahamiaji kutoka kabila la [[Igbo]] nchini Nigeria, ambao walihamia Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1960]] ili kukimbia [[Vita]] vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Nigeria.Alikulia katika eneo la Parkchester, Bronx.Baadae, alisoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yale]]. Akiwa huko, alikutana na mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]] Andrew Rossi, ambaye baadae alitengeneza filamu ya kumbukumbu kuhusu kazi yake ya sanaa iitwayo Bronx Gothic<ref>{{Citation|title=Okwui Okpokwasili|date=2026-09-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okwui_Okpokwasili&oldid=1376118816|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wasanii]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} eyyjcipjyibj6l6kme7u7ngamxymnwm 0 251485 1601822 2026-09-26T11:35:15Z Zubeda03 83744 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Bolanle Olukanni|picha=Bolanle Olukanni 2019 ndantv.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=19 Agosti|elimu=Chuo kikuu cha Loyola, Chicago|kazi yake=Mtangazaji}} '''Bolanle Olukanni,''' alizaliwa [[19]] Agosti ni mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]], [[mwigizaji]], na mtangazaji wa [[redio]] wa Nigeria. Anajulikana kwa kuandaa kipindi cha Moments with Mo kwenye DStv na Project Fame West Africa. Olukanni pia ni [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi maalum cha [[Mwezi]] wa [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]] [[Dunia|Duniani]] (International Women's Month special) kwenye Chaneli.<ref>"Moments with Mo co-Hosts: Marcy Dolapo Oni and Olukanni officially unveiled"</ref> Olukanni alilelewa nchini Nigeria, [[Israeli|Israel]], [[Marekani]], na [[Kenya]]. Alianza elimu yake ya [[msingi]] katika [[Shule]] ya St Saviour's Ikoyi mjini [[Lagos]] na kisha akaenda Shule ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|Sekondari]] ya Queen's College, Lagos. Alihamia Kenya ambako alisoma katika Shule ya Rosslyn Academy [[Jiji|jijini]] [[Nairobi]] kwa sehemu ya [[Masomo ya Jinsia|masomo]] yake ya sekondari. <ref>"Olukanni:'I realised I'm in a place of opportunity and privilege"</ref>Kabla ya mwaka wake wa mwisho wa sekondari, alihamia Marekani ambako alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Wichita Southeast mjini Wichita, [[Kansas]], na katika [[mwaka]] wake wa mwisho alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Kitaifa ya Chama cha Hotuba na Mdahalo (National Speech and Debate Association Tournament) kwa upande wa Tafsiri ya Tamthilia (Dramatic Interpretation).<ref>"Exclusive: Olukanni is the new Co-Host of MTN Project Fame West Africa 7.0"</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[2011]], Olukanni alitunukiwa [[Shahada ya Awali|Shahada]] ya Bachelor kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Loyola, Chikago, akiwa na digrii mbili – Shahada ya [[Sanaa]] (Bachelor of Arts) katika [[Mawasiliano ya simu|Mawasiliano]] na masomo ya Kimataifa (Communications and International Studies). Bolanle alirejea Nigeria kwa ajili ya Huduma ya Kitaifa ya [[Ujana|Vijana]] ya lazima (NYSC), ambapo alitumia mwaka wake wa huduma akifanya kazi katika shirika lisilo la kiserikali katika Jimbo la Ekiti, [[Uingereza Kusini-Magharibi|Kusini-Magharibi]] mwa Nigeria.<ref>"Bolanle Olukanni: 5 things you probably don"t know about the charming TV host"</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] odudlr67972mar6bmzobykyzeqx4pnx 1601844 1601822 2026-09-26T11:47:25Z Zubeda03 83744 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Bolanle Olukanni|picha=Bolanle Olukanni 2019 ndantv.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=19 Agosti|elimu=Chuo kikuu cha Loyola, Chicago|kazi yake=Mtangazaji}} '''Bolanle Olukanni,''' alizaliwa [[19]] Agosti ni mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]], [[mwigizaji]], na mtangazaji wa [[redio]] wa Nigeria. Anajulikana kwa kuandaa kipindi cha Moments with Mo kwenye DStv na Project Fame West Africa. Olukanni pia ni [[mtangazaji]] wa kipindi maalum cha [[Mwezi]] wa [[Mwanamke|Wanawake]] [[Dunia|Duniani]] (International Women's Month special) kwenye Chaneli.<ref>"Moments with Mo co-Hosts: Marcy Dolapo Oni and Olukanni officially unveiled"</ref> Olukanni alilelewa nchini Nigeria, [[Israeli|Israel]], [[Marekani]], na [[Kenya]]. Alianza elimu yake ya [[msingi]] katika [[Shule]] ya St Saviour's Ikoyi mjini [[Lagos]] na kisha akaenda Shule ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|Sekondari]] ya Queen's College, Lagos. Alihamia Kenya ambako alisoma katika Shule ya Rosslyn Academy [[Jiji|jijini]] [[Nairobi]] kwa sehemu ya [[Masomo ya Jinsia|masomo]] yake ya sekondari. <ref>"Olukanni:'I realised I'm in a place of opportunity and privilege"</ref>Kabla ya mwaka wake wa mwisho wa sekondari, alihamia Marekani ambako alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Wichita Southeast mjini Wichita, [[Kansas]], na katika [[mwaka]] wake wa mwisho alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Kitaifa ya Chama cha Hotuba na Mdahalo (National Speech and Debate Association Tournament) kwa upande wa Tafsiri ya Tamthilia (Dramatic Interpretation).<ref>"Exclusive: Olukanni is the new Co-Host of MTN Project Fame West Africa 7.0"</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[2011]], Olukanni alitunukiwa [[Shahada ya Awali|Shahada]] ya Bachelor kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Loyola, Chikago, akiwa na digrii mbili – Shahada ya [[Sanaa]] (Bachelor of Arts) katika [[Mawasiliano ya simu|Mawasiliano]] na masomo ya Kimataifa (Communications and International Studies). Bolanle alirejea Nigeria kwa ajili ya Huduma ya Kitaifa ya [[Ujana|Vijana]] ya lazima (NYSC), ambapo alitumia mwaka wake wa huduma akifanya kazi katika shirika lisilo la kiserikali katika Jimbo la Ekiti, [[Uingereza Kusini-Magharibi|Kusini-Magharibi]] mwa Nigeria.<ref>"Bolanle Olukanni: 5 things you probably don"t know about the charming TV host"</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} omblzmtq2c2m42t5xqawyea5gfrawqu 0 251486 1601824 2026-09-26T11:36:23Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Anza makala 1601824 wikitext text/x-wiki Nkanya Nkwai (aliyezaliwa 3 Julai 1982) ni mwigizaji, mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Kameruni. Mwaka 2014, alishinda tuzo ya Mwigizaji Bora kwa filamu Viri, na kuwa Mkameruni wa kwanza anayezungumza Kiingereza kupata tuzo hiyo. Pia alitengeneza filamu Nightfall.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecrans Noirs (Yaoundé, Cameroon)|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1872-9037_afco_asc_3081|work=African Studies Companion Online|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == kazi == Alianza kuigiza filamu mwaka 2008 katika Becky Diana. Baadaye alikwenda nje ya Kameruni kwa masomo. Mwaka 2010, alicheza katika The Crucible nchini Lithuania. Aliporudi Kameruni, alishiriki katika filamu kadhaa zikiwemo Viri, The African Guest, Nightfall na Life Point. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 6dv2dsuyjxemqmeef45fu1tnam2apnz 0 251487 1601825 2026-09-26T11:36:26Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gael Jean Campbell-Young (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1973 huko''' Carletonville, '''Afrika''' '''Kusini''') ni mtaalamu wa kuchunguza na kutambua aina mbalimbali za mimea, pamoja na kuwa mwigizaji. Kabla ya kuolewa alikuwa akiitwa '''Campbell'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell-Young |first=G. J. |last2=Balkwill |first2=K. |date=2000 |title=A new species of Pearsonia (Fabaceae) from dolomites in Northern Province, South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley....' 1601825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gael Jean Campbell-Young (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1973 huko''' Carletonville, '''Afrika''' '''Kusini''') ni mtaalamu wa kuchunguza na kutambua aina mbalimbali za mimea, pamoja na kuwa mwigizaji. Kabla ya kuolewa alikuwa akiitwa '''Campbell'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell-Young |first=G. J. |last2=Balkwill |first2=K. |date=2000 |title=A new species of Pearsonia (Fabaceae) from dolomites in Northern Province, South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=547–555 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |issn=1756-1051}}</ref> Alifanya utafiti wa mimea nchini Afrika Kusini hadi '''mwaka''' '''2007'''. Mwaka huo alihamia '''Australia'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell‐Young |first=G. J. |last2=Balkwill |first2=K. |date=2000-12 |title=A new species of Pearsonia (Fabaceae) from dolomites in Northern Province, South Africa |url=https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=547–555 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |issn=0107-055X}}</ref> '''Mwaka''' '''2008''', Gael Campbell-Young na watafiti wenzake waligundua kwa pamoja '''aina mpya ya mmea''' wa jamii ya '''Pearsonia''', ambayo ni sehemu ya '''familia''' ya '''mimea''' inayojulikana kama '''Fabaceae''' (familia inayojumuisha mimea kama '''maharagwe''' na '''mikunde'''). Ugunduzi huo ulitangazwa rasmi katika chapisho la '''kisayansi mwaka 2008.''' == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] rffg2rk0v67i68axg09gh607awnli3q 1601827 1601825 2026-09-26T11:37:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gael Jean Campbell-Young (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1973 huko''' Carletonville, '''Afrika''' '''Kusini''') ni mtaalamu wa kuchunguza na kutambua aina mbalimbali za mimea, pamoja na kuwa mwigizaji. Kabla ya kuolewa alikuwa akiitwa '''Campbell'''.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Campbell-Young |first=G. J. |last2=Balkwill |first2=K. |date=2000 |title=A new species of Pearsonia (Fabaceae) from dolomites in Northern Province, South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=547–555 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |issn=1756-1051}}</ref> Alifanya utafiti wa mimea nchini Afrika Kusini hadi '''mwaka''' '''2007'''. Mwaka huo alihamia '''Australia'''.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Campbell‐Young |first=G. J. |last2=Balkwill |first2=K. |date=2000-12 |title=A new species of Pearsonia (Fabaceae) from dolomites in Northern Province, South Africa |url=https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=547–555 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb01602.x |issn=0107-055X}}</ref> '''Mwaka''' '''2008''', Gael Campbell-Young na watafiti wenzake waligundua kwa pamoja '''aina mpya ya mmea''' wa jamii ya '''Pearsonia''', ambayo ni sehemu ya '''familia''' ya '''mimea''' inayojulikana kama '''Fabaceae''' (familia inayojumuisha mimea kama '''maharagwe''' na '''mikunde'''). Ugunduzi huo ulitangazwa rasmi katika chapisho la '''kisayansi mwaka 2008.''' == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] nbtjw5svdw1uq7wmhsojgqqsz7pybft 0 251488 1601826 2026-09-26T11:36:48Z Sally Girl one 92639 Mbegu mtu 1601826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Djibril Kouyaté''' ni mtengenezaji na muigizaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka Mali, alizaliwa [[1942]]. Anajulikana kwa filamu zake maarufu kama _The Return of Tieman_, _Tiefing_ na _Walaha_.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cuniberti|first=Gilles|title=Article 43 Jurisdiction under Article 13|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564-1404|work=Commercial Law|pages=1404–1405|publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> l04eviz9yiq99afujlp6x4cb1wff2ek 0 251489 1601828 2026-09-26T11:39:04Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Kuanzisha makala 1601828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|uraia=Kenya|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji, mwanamitindo, msimulizi wa hadithi, mtayarishaji wa maudhui|jina la kuzaliwa=Blessing Lung'aho|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1988}} Blessing Lung'aho alizaliwa [[1988]] ni [[mwigizaji]], mtayarishaji wa [[maudhui]], mwanamitindo wa matangazo ya runinga, na msimulizi wa hadithi kutoka nchini Kenya. Anafahamika kwa kuigiza nafasi mbalimbali kwenye [[filamu]] ya Mo-Faya inayopatikana Netflix na tamthilia ya runinga ya nchini [[Kenya]], Mother-in-Law<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Blessing Lung'aho? Career, wife, children, and family - Tuko.co.ke|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/484680-who-blessing-lungaho-career-wife-children-family/|work=www.tuko.co.ke|date=2022-12-01|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Venic Nyanchama}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=A.|first=Edwin|title=Blessing Lung'aho: Madiba Of Zora 10 Unknown Facts And Photos - Kenyan Magazine|date=2021-03-27|url=https://kenyanmagazine.co.ke/blessing-lungaho-madiba-of-zora-10-unknown-facts-and-photos/|work=Kenyan Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All About Blessing Lung'aho – His Career, Wife, Children, and Family|url=https://nyakundireport.com/all-about-blessing-lungaho-his-career-wife-children-and-family|work=Nyakundi Report|date=2025-04-10|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-KE}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Lung'aho alizaliwa mwaka 1988 katika Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu, nchini Kenya, akiwa amezaliwa katika familia ya watoto wanne. [[Mama]] yake ni profesa wa [[fasihi]] na marehemu baba yake alikuwa mhasibu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vindu vihot! Meet fierce Maria actor Meja who keeps workers at Luwi's house on their toes|url=https://www.mpasho.co.ke/entertainment/2020-05-25-vindu-vihot-meet-fierce-maria-actor-meja-who-keeps-workers-at-luwis-house-on-their-toes|work=www.mpasho.co.ke|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu kwa mitindo]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] c34u9sr4qn9t2etw8vhdbqoj2iy32c2 0 251490 1601829 2026-09-26T11:39:07Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Awam Amkpa ni [[msanii]] wa taaluma mbalimbali mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]], ambaye pia ni [[mkurugenzi]] wa maonyesho, [[mwandishi]] wa [[tamthilia]], [[mwigizaji]], mtengenezaji wa filamu na msimamizi wa kimataifa wa [[sanaa]] za maonesho na [[taswira]] pamoja na tamasha za [[filamu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awam Amkpa: What’s Missing Will be Found|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/awam-amkpa-whats-missing-will-be-found/|work=Guernica|da...' 1601829 wikitext text/x-wiki Awam Amkpa ni [[msanii]] wa taaluma mbalimbali mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Nigeria]] na [[Marekani]], ambaye pia ni [[mkurugenzi]] wa maonyesho, [[mwandishi]] wa [[tamthilia]], [[mwigizaji]], mtengenezaji wa filamu na msimamizi wa kimataifa wa [[sanaa]] za maonesho na [[taswira]] pamoja na tamasha za [[filamu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awam Amkpa: What’s Missing Will be Found|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/awam-amkpa-whats-missing-will-be-found/|work=Guernica|date=2024-10-27|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Nathalie Handal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awam Amkpa: And So On|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/awam-amkpa-and-so-on/|work=Guernica|date=2025-05-19|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Nathalie Handal}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Awam Amkpa alipata shahada yake ya B.A. katika [[Sanaa]] ya [[Maigizo]] kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, ambako alisoma chini ya uelekezi wa Wole Soyinka. Alipata [[shahada]] ya M.A. katika Drama kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello, [[Zaria]], [[Nigeria]], na baadaye alipata shahada ya [[Uzamivu]] (Ph.D.) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Bristol]], [[Bristol]], == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] sb5d8y6ap85z2hqassft2zs2q3lt3jy 0 251491 1601831 2026-09-26T11:39:44Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Ukulasa mpya 1601831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cheik Doukouré''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1943) ni mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Guinea. Anajulikana zaidi kama mkurugenzi wa [[filamu]] maarufu iliyosifiwa na wakosoaji, Le Ballon d'Or (The Golden Ball).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheik Doukouré - Unifrance|url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/119110/cheik-doukoure|work=en.unifrance.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheik Doukouré - Unifrance|url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/119110/cheik-doukoure|work=en.unifrance.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mbali na kuwa mkurugenzi wa [[filamu]], Doukouré pia ni muigizaji, mwandishi wa maandishi ya filamu (screenwriter), na mtayarishaji wa filamu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheik Doukouré - Unifrance|url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/119110/cheik-doukoure|work=en.unifrance.org|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] ks0qf62cpt7l6whoyni76igmagazric 0 251492 1601832 2026-09-26T11:40:38Z Lisakàmo 92640 Ukurasa mpya 1601832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''André Huguenet''' (1906–1961) alikuwa jina la kisanii la mwigizaji Gert Borstlap. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa uigizaji wa lugha ya Afrikaans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udoh NB |date=2006-08-01 |title=Reforming Primary Health Care in Akwa Ibom State |url=https://doi.org/10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |journal=Ibom Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–26 |doi=10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |issn=2735-9964}}</ref> Alifanya kazi na waigizaji wengi maarufu wa Afrikaans, akiwemo Wena Naudé, [[Lydia Lindeque]], Siegfried Mynhardt, Hendrik Hanekom, Mathilda Hanekom, Anna Neethling-Pohl, Emgee Pretorius na Hermien Dommisse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udoh NB |date=2006-08-01 |title=Reforming Primary Health Care in Akwa Ibom State |url=https://doi.org/10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |journal=Ibom Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–26 |doi=10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |issn=2735-9964}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] l0rqq3djmtxrifv3hhvxlzka7ohbk5s 1601839 1601832 2026-09-26T11:45:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1601839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''André Huguenet''' (1906–1961) alikuwa jina la kisanii la mwigizaji Gert Borstlap. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa uigizaji wa lugha ya Afrikaans.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Udoh NB |date=2006-08-01 |title=Reforming Primary Health Care in Akwa Ibom State |url=https://doi.org/10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |journal=Ibom Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–26 |doi=10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |issn=2735-9964}}</ref> Alifanya kazi na waigizaji wengi maarufu wa Afrikaans, akiwemo Wena Naudé, [[Lydia Lindeque]], Siegfried Mynhardt, Hendrik Hanekom, Mathilda Hanekom, Anna Neethling-Pohl, Emgee Pretorius na Hermien Dommisse.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Udoh NB |date=2006-08-01 |title=Reforming Primary Health Care in Akwa Ibom State |url=https://doi.org/10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |journal=Ibom Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–26 |doi=10.61386/imj.v1i1.7 |issn=2735-9964}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] jvmqawg9gj5ondl0k2qo8amxphzneou 0 251493 1601834 2026-09-26T11:41:33Z Jonas Jafeti Godfry 92642 Anzisha makala 1601834 wikitext text/x-wiki Dorcy Rugamba (1969) ni mwandishi, mwigizaji na mkurugenzi wa maigizo wa Rwanda ambaye alinusurika mauaji ya kimbari ya 1994. (1969) ni mwandishi, mwigizaji, mcheza dansi na mkurugenzi wa maigizo wa Rwanda, ambaye ni manusura wa mauaji ya kimbari ya 1994 na kazi zake nyingi zinaelezea historia hiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorcy Rugamba Archives|url=https://africities.org/speakers/dorcy-rugamba/|work=Africities The most important democratic gathering in Africa|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Dorcy Rugamba (1969) ni mwandishi, mwigizaji na mkurugenzi wa maigizo wa Rwanda ambaye alinusurika mauaji ya kimbari ya 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorcy Rugamba Archives|url=https://africities.org/speakers/dorcy-rugamba/|work=Africities The most important democratic gathering in Africa|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] 6eyoyj3th8tb660gbogzt517gpgohz6 0 251494 1601835 2026-09-26T11:42:36Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ella A. Thomas''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[15 Agosti]] [[1981]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]] na [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[filamu]] mwenye uraia wa [[Marekani]] na asili ya [[Eritrea]]. Anajulikana kwa nafasi zake za mara kwa mara katika vipindi vya televisheni ''Ballers'' na ''Ice'', pamoja na kuonekana katika filamu mbalimbali za [[kampuni]] kubwa za utengenezaji wa filamu na filamu huru. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Thomas alizaliwa mjini Asmara, akiwa [[mtoto]] wa mama mwenye [[asili]] ya Eritrea na afisa wa [[Jeshi]] la Anga la Marekani.Wakati wa utoto wake, familia yao ilihamia Ujerumani, ambako waliishi katika mji wa Kindsbach. Huko alisoma katika shule ya eneo hilo iliyokuwa ikifundisha kwa lugha ya Kijerumani.Thomas alijifunza na kuwa hodari katika Kiingereza na [[Kijerumani]], na pia alisoma Kifaransa na Kitigrinya.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1974-11-16 |title=Road to Jupiter, Part 2 Starring Pioneer 11 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3959634 |journal=Science News |volume=106 |issue=20 |pages=308 |doi=10.2307/3959634 |issn=0036-8423}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2004 |title=Starring Hope During the War Years |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216009368.ch-003 |journal=The Road to Comedy |pages=31–46 |doi=10.5040/9798216009368.ch-003}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu kwa mitindo]] c5atthwj5pal6m0x3578srzr7btnu9k 0 251495 1601836 2026-09-26T11:42:54Z Caphid 92024 kuanzisha makala 1601836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Bahiga Hafez|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=Agasti 4, 1908|tarehe_ya_kufariki=Desemba 13, 1983|kazi_yake=Mwigizaji|picha=Bahiga Hafez.jpg}} '''Bahiga Hafez''' alizaliwa tarehe [[13]] [[Desemba]] [[1908]] – alifariki tarehe [[4]] [[Agosti]] [[1983]] alikuwa mwandishi wa filamu, mtunzi wa muziki, mkurugenzi wa filamu, mhariri, mtayarishaji na mwigizaji wa [[Misri|Misri.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Studio Misr, etc - Al-Ahram Weekly|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/4786/23/Studio-Misr,-etc.aspx|work=weekly.ahram.org.eg|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women’s Films and Social Change {{!}} Highbrow Magazine|url=http://www.highbrowmagazine.com/2790-women-s-films-and-social-change|work=www.highbrowmagazine.com|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Bahiga Hafez alizaliwa na kukulia [[Aleksandria|Alexandria]], Misri, katika familia ya kifahari iliyokuwa na uhusiano na familia ya kifalme. Hafez alianza kusoma muziki huko Kairo, na baadaye aliendelea na masomo ya utunzi wa muziki na piano huko [[Paris]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Studio Misr, etc - Al-Ahram Weekly|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/4786/23/Studio-Misr,-etc.aspx|work=weekly.ahram.org.eg|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Kazi == Hafez ametajwa kuwa miongoni mwa wanawake waanzilishi katika sinema ya Misri. Alianza kazi yake katika filamu akiwa mwigizaji katika filamu isiyo na sauti '''Zaynab,''' iliyoongozwa na '''Mohammed Karim.''' Pia alitunga muziki uliotumika katika filamu hiyo.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] b9zdontukzh6zsju3g95nffuhm0fxnt 0 251496 1601838 2026-09-26T11:43:31Z ROBART MAZUA 92021 Ukurasa ulioanzishwa 1601838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wasifu''' '''Mereb''' alizaliwa mwaka [[1983]] huko Arareb, katika jimbo la [[zamani]] la Sahel (ambalo kwa sasa ni sehemu ya Mkoa wa [[Kaskazini]] mwa [[Bahari]] ya Shamu). Yeye ni [[binti]] wa Estifanos Derar na Negesti Wolde-Mariam, ambao wote walikuwa wapiganaji wa kundi la [[Ukombozi]] wa Watu wa [[Eritrea]] (Eritrean People's Liberation Front). Mereb alisoma [[shule]] ya sekondari mjini [[Asmara]]. Alijielezea kama mtoto mkimya na mpenda [[shule]], aliyekuwa na hamu ya kupata maksi za juu darasani. Mereb alicheza [[mpira]] wa wavu (volleyball) alipokuwa [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]], lakini aliacha [[mchezo]] huo ili ajikite zaidi kwenye uigizaji.<ref>{{Citation|title=Video: Interview with Eritrean Actress Mereb Estifanos {{!}} EastAFRO.com|date=2011-05-07|url=http://www.eastafro.com/2011/05/07/video-interview-with-eritrean-actress-mereb-estifanos/|work=EastAFRO.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Ingawa mwanzoni alitamani kuwa mcheza dansi au [[mwimbaji]], mnamo mwaka [[2002]] Fessehaye Lemlem, mwandishi wa [[filamu]] ya ''Fermeley'', alimfuata Mereb ili aigize kwenye filamu yake. Wakati huo alikuwa darasa la 11 na hakuwa na uzoefu wowote wa kuigiza. Baada ya kusitasita kidogo mwanzoni, ikiwemo kujaribu kuchunguza kama mwandishi huyo alikuwa anamtapeli, Mereb alisaini mkataba wa kuonekana kwenye [[filamu]] hiyo. Aliigiza kama mwanafunzi wa [[chuo]] kikuu aliyeingia kwenye mapenzi na mwanafunzi mwingine, ingawa uhusiano wao uliishia kwa janga. Kufuatia uhusika wake kwenye filamu hiyo, Mereb aliamua kuacha masomo yake ili ajikite kwenye uigizaji, ingawa aliweka [[Azimio (Temeke)|azimio]] kwamba kama asingeridhishwa na uigizaji kwa namna yoyote ile, angerudi shuleni.<ref>{{Citation|title=Video: Interview with Eritrean Actress Mereb Estifanos {{!}} EastAFRO.com|date=2011-05-07|url=http://www.eastafro.com/2011/05/07/video-interview-with-eritrean-actress-mereb-estifanos/|work=EastAFRO.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mereb alichukua kozi ya miezi mitatu ya uigizaji kutoka [[Idara]] ya Masuala ya [[Utamaduni]]. Alielezea uhusika wake anaoupenda zaidi ni wa kuwa kwenye [[mapenzi]], ingawa mara nyingi alipewa uhusika wa [[msichana]] maarufu, na alimtaja Helen Meles kama mtu aliyempa hamasa (influence). Mereb aliigiza kama Feruz kwenye [[tamthilia]] ya TV inayoitwa ''Hareg'', akiwa kama msichana mwenye wapenzi wawili. Ameigiza kwenye [[filamu]] nyingine kadhaa maarufu, zikiwemo ''Werasi Kidan, Gezie, Mezgeb, Shalom, Azmarino, Ketali Sehbet,'' na ''Fekri Tsa’iru''. Kufikia mwaka 2014, Mereb alikuwa ameshiriki kwenye filamu fupi na ndefu 75.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Eritrean Actress Mereb Estifanos|url=http://www.madote.com/2014/01/interview-with-eritrean-actress-meren.html|work=Madote|accessdate=2026-09-26|author=Admin}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mereb Estifan}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] 1g8ut9s3zkhh3ivhod7x3fhaukensfg 0 251497 1601840 2026-09-26T11:46:03Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukarasa umeanzishwa 1601840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=20, Machi 1989 Burundi|kazi yake=Muigizaji|miaka ya kazi=2012 - Sasa}} '''Consolate Sipérius''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1989]]), ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Burundi]] na [[Ubelgiji]] ambaye anajishughulisha sana hasa katika [[filamu]] na majukwaa ya [[sanaa]] (theatre) ya [[Ufaransa]].<ref><nowiki>https://artsrtlettres.ning.com/profiles/blogs/le-philosophe-et-le-perroquet-de-jacques-sojcher-au-th-tre-po-me</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.schaubuehne.de/en/produktionen/mitleid-die-geschichte-des-maschinengewehrs.html</nowiki></ref> == Kazi == Mnamo mwaka [[2012]], alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo]] cha Kifalme cha [[Mons]] (Royal Conservatory of Mons) akiwa na [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya [[Sanaa]]. Alitumbuiza katika [[michezo]] mingi ya kuigiza ya jukwaani (theatre plays) kama vile, Le Philosophe et le Perroquet na Voici Électre!<ref><nowiki>https://international-institute.de/en/compassion-the-history-of-the-machine-gun/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Burundi]] 46jqlyx27l6ijkxxg8st9xks8roq13c 1601842 1601840 2026-09-26T11:46:46Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Maboresho 1601842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=20, Machi 1989 Burundi|kazi yake=Muigizaji|miaka ya kazi=2012 - Sasa}} '''Consolate Sipérius''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1989]]), ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Burundi]] na [[Ubelgiji]] ambaye anajishughulisha sana hasa katika [[filamu]] na majukwaa ya [[sanaa]] (theatre) ya [[Ufaransa]].<ref><nowiki>https://artsrtlettres.ning.com/profiles/blogs/le-philosophe-et-le-perroquet-de-jacques-sojcher-au-th-tre-po-me</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.schaubuehne.de/en/produktionen/mitleid-die-geschichte-des-maschinengewehrs.html</nowiki></ref> == Kazi == Mnamo mwaka [[2012]], alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo]] cha Kifalme cha [[Mons]] (Royal Conservatory of Mons) akiwa na [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya [[Sanaa]]. Alitumbuiza katika [[michezo]] mingi ya kuigiza ya jukwaani (theatre plays) kama vile, Le Philosophe et le Perroquet na Voici Électre!<ref><nowiki>https://international-institute.de/en/compassion-the-history-of-the-machine-gun/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Burundi]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} p3t0o3tntrhwe0l4d9ioxlx9vpdaqlm 0 251498 1601843 2026-09-26T11:47:00Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1601843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzat El Alaili''' (kwa Kiarabu: عزت العلايلي) ([[15 Septemba]] [[1934]] – [[5 Februari]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Misri]] ambaye alishiriki zaidi katika filamu, vipindi vya televisheni na michezo ya kuigiza 300 tangu miaka ya [[1960]].Alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka chuo cha The Higher Institute of Theatre Studies mwaka 1960.<ref>https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/renowned-egyptian-actor-ezzat-el-alaili-dies-at-86-1.76980272</ref> == Tuzo == Mwaka [[2015]], alipokea Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha kutoka Dubai International Film Festival. Pia aliheshimiwa katika Sharjah International Book Fair kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika sinema ya Misri kwa miongo kadhaa, pamoja na uigizaji wake wa ubunifu wa riwaya bora za Misri na Kiarabu kupitia mkusanyiko mkubwa wa filamu na vipindi vya [[televisheni]].<ref>https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-ezzat-el-alaili-be-honored-sharjah-international-book-fair-889906</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 0ms6zb5ppqz890iayhx8uxyz8a6wpje 1601848 1601843 2026-09-26T11:49:49Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1601848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzat El Alaili''' (kwa Kiarabu: عزت العلايلي) ([[15 Septemba]] [[1934]] – [[5 Februari]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Misri]] ambaye alishiriki zaidi katika filamu, vipindi vya televisheni na michezo ya kuigiza 300 tangu miaka ya [[1960]].Alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka chuo cha The Higher Institute of Theatre Studies mwaka 1960.<ref>https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/renowned-egyptian-actor-ezzat-el-alaili-dies-at-86-1.76980272</ref> == Tuzo == Mwaka [[2015]], alipokea Tuzo ya Mafanikio ya Maisha kutoka Dubai International Film Festival. Pia aliheshimiwa katika Sharjah International Book Fair kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika sinema ya Misri kwa miongo kadhaa, pamoja na uigizaji wake wa ubunifu wa riwaya bora za Misri na Kiarabu kupitia mkusanyiko mkubwa wa filamu na vipindi vya [[televisheni]].<ref>https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-ezzat-el-alaili-be-honored-sharjah-international-book-fair-889906</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} du8bvceqpd9kwggy4oynskk5xolqthy 0 251499 1601845 2026-09-26T11:47:54Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Anza. Makala 1601845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diouf''' alizaliwa '''Dakar'''. Alijulikana kwa nafasi yake kuu katika filamu '''The Beast''' (La Bête) na kama '''Baba''' katika Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rezgui |first=Wail |last2=Mouss |first2=Nadia Kinza |last3=Mouss |first3=Leila-Hayet |last4=Mouss |first4=Mohamed Djamel |last5=Benbouzid |first5=Mohamed |date=2014-03 |title=A regression algorithm for the smart prognosis of a reversed polarity fault in a photovoltaic generator |url=https://doi.org/10.1109/icge.2014.6835411 |journal=2014 First International Conference on Green Energy ICGE 2014 |publisher=IEEE |pages=134–138 |doi=10.1109/icge.2014.6835411}}</ref> == Kazi == '''Pierre Mustapha “Mouss” Diouf''' (28 Oktoba 1964 – 7 Julai 2012) alikuwa mwigizaji, mchekeshaji na mtoa burudani wa Ufaransa mwenye asili ya Seneka == Marejeleo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] fxqhpcy6btwhjr59um6viimdaafwpwg 0 251500 1601846 2026-09-26T11:48:03Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Ukurasa mpya 1601846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ed Jordan''' 07yimxl2ah4fwog1u8j0s53ah3fgxtw 0 251501 1601847 2026-09-26T11:48:08Z Ladygoody 92634 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Clem Ohameze''' ni [[mwigizaji]] mkongwe wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye amekuwa katika [[tasnia]] ya uigizaji kwa zaidi ya miaka 30<ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|languag...' 1601847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clem Ohameze''' ni [[mwigizaji]] mkongwe wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye amekuwa katika [[tasnia]] ya uigizaji kwa zaidi ya miaka 30<ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. Alianza kuigiza kitaaluma [[mwaka]] [[1995]]. Hata hivyo, alianza kupata umaarufu mkubwa [[mwaka]] [[1999]] baada ya kuigiza katika [[filamu]] iliyokuwa na [[bajeti]] kubwa iliyoitwa <nowiki>''ENDTIME''</nowiki><ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. Katika kipindi cha [[kazi]] yake ya uigizaji kilichoanza mwaka 1995, ameigiza katika zaidi ya filamu 500<ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Clem Ohameze alizaliwa tarehe [[27]] [[Juni]] [[1965]] huko Port Harcourt, [[Jimbo la Rivers]], Nigeria. Alisoma elimu ya sekondari katika Holy Family College/Baptist High School. Baadaye alijiunga na [[Taasisi]] ya [[Teknolojia]] ya Usimamizi huko Enugu, Nigeria, ambako alipata [[Stashahada]] ya Kawaida ya Kitaifa katika [[Mawasiliano ya simu|Mawasiliano ya Umma.]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> Aliendelea na masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Port Harcourt, ambako alihitimu mwaka [[1989]] na kupata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya [[Sayansi]] katika [[Sosholojia]] na Anthropolojia. Mwaka [[2010]], alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Buckingham huko London na kupata shahada ya [[Uzamili|uzamil]]<nowiki/>i katika Tiba ya [[Kinga]] na [[Tiba]] ya Kijamii<ref>{{Citation|title=Clem Ohameze|date=2026-09-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clem_Ohameze&oldid=1372545140|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] 23mabck8xuus02gsaklzj34njlbblni 0 251502 1601849 2026-09-26T11:50:20Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox person|name=Nomvelo Makhanya|picha=Nomvelo Makhanya, Feb 2026 (cropped).jpg|maelezo=Makhanya mnamo mwaka 2026}} '''Nomvelo Makhanya'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nomvelo Makhanya’s biography: age, career, boyfriend, parents, Scandal - Briefly.co.za|url=https://briefly.co.za/38533-nomvelo-makhanya-biography-age-boyfriend-parents-pictures-scandal-car-house-instagram.html|work=briefly.co.za|date=2022-12-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Peris...' 1601849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Nomvelo Makhanya|picha=Nomvelo Makhanya, Feb 2026 (cropped).jpg|maelezo=Makhanya mnamo mwaka 2026}} '''Nomvelo Makhanya'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nomvelo Makhanya’s biography: age, career, boyfriend, parents, Scandal - Briefly.co.za|url=https://briefly.co.za/38533-nomvelo-makhanya-biography-age-boyfriend-parents-pictures-scandal-car-house-instagram.html|work=briefly.co.za|date=2022-12-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Peris Walubengo}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe 24]] [[Aprili]] [[1996]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye ameshinda [[tuzo]].Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza katika vipindi vya [[runinga]] kama ''Isibaya'', kwenye filamu ya ''Soul City'' na ''Scandal!''. Pia hivi karibuni alijiunga na filamu ya Netflix iitwayo ''I Am All Girls''. == Maisha Binafsi == Alizaliwa [[24 Aprili]] [[1996]] huko Nkandla, katika mkoa wa KwaZulu-Natal, nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Baada ya miaka michache, alihamia [[Johannesburg]] pamoja na wazazi wake.Mwaka [[2016]], aligundulika kuwa na msongo wa mawazo na wasiwasi . Hata hivyo, baada ya kupata ushauri nasaha mara kadhaa, aliweza kuondokana na hali hiyo.Mwezi Januari [[2019]], dereva mmoja aliyedaiwa kuwa alikuwa amelewa aligonga gari la Nomvelo lililokuwa limeegeshwa.Mwezi Februari 2019, Nomvelo alitoa ujumbe wa kueleza hisia zake kupitia mitandao ya kijamii. Alisema kuwa alikuwa akinyanyaswa na kudhalilishwa mtandaoni kwa sababu ya muonekano wa kichwa chake<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scandal! actress Nomvelo Makhanya on being cyberbullied: "I know I’m beautiful"|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/advice/scandal-actress-nomvelo-makhanya-on-being-cyberbullied-i-know-im-beautiful-20190628|work=News24|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Nkosazana Ngwadla}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] s9ttsry2exctvd3rpgxni1e0g7j53cs 1601851 1601849 2026-09-26T11:51:27Z Francakiria 45589 1601851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Nomvelo Makhanya|picha=Nomvelo Makhanya, Feb 2026 (cropped).jpg|maelezo=Makhanya mnamo mwaka 2026}} '''Nomvelo Makhanya'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nomvelo Makhanya’s biography: age, career, boyfriend, parents, Scandal - Briefly.co.za|url=https://briefly.co.za/38533-nomvelo-makhanya-biography-age-boyfriend-parents-pictures-scandal-car-house-instagram.html|work=briefly.co.za|date=2022-12-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Peris Walubengo}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa [[Tarehe|tarehe 24]] [[Aprili]] [[1996]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye ameshinda [[tuzo]].Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza katika vipindi vya [[runinga]] kama ''Isibaya'', kwenye filamu ya ''Soul City'' na ''Scandal!''. Pia hivi karibuni alijiunga na filamu ya Netflix iitwayo ''I Am All Girls''. == Maisha Binafsi == Alizaliwa [[24 Aprili]] [[1996]] huko Nkandla, katika mkoa wa KwaZulu-Natal, nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Baada ya miaka michache, alihamia [[Johannesburg]] pamoja na wazazi wake.Mwaka [[2016]], aligundulika kuwa na msongo wa mawazo na wasiwasi . Hata hivyo, baada ya kupata ushauri nasaha mara kadhaa, aliweza kuondokana na hali hiyo.Mwezi Januari [[2019]], dereva mmoja aliyedaiwa kuwa alikuwa amelewa aligonga gari la Nomvelo lililokuwa limeegeshwa.Mwezi Februari 2019, Nomvelo alitoa ujumbe wa kueleza hisia zake kupitia mitandao ya kijamii. Alisema kuwa alikuwa akinyanyaswa na kudhalilishwa mtandaoni kwa sababu ya muonekano wa kichwa chake<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scandal! actress Nomvelo Makhanya on being cyberbullied: "I know I’m beautiful"|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/advice/scandal-actress-nomvelo-makhanya-on-being-cyberbullied-i-know-im-beautiful-20190628|work=News24|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=Nkosazana Ngwadla}}</ref>. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} 99ncu7svgc8g0x866bklllc82qspckl 0 251503 1601850 2026-09-26T11:50:42Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Christabel Ekeh''' alizaliwa tarehe '''16 Oktoba 1990'''. Ni '''mwigizaji na mwanamitindo kutoka Ghana'''.<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/christabel-ekeh-shares-adorable-photos-of-baby/</ref> Ameshirkia katika '''zaidi ya filamu 80 za Ghana na Nigeria''', jambo linaloonyesha uzoefu wake mkubwa katika tasnia ya filamu ya Afrika Magharibi<ref>https://www.theghanareport.com/photos-christabel-ekeh-flaunts-baby-bump-to-mark-mothers-day/</ref> == Kazi == C...' 1601850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christabel Ekeh''' alizaliwa tarehe '''16 Oktoba 1990'''. Ni '''mwigizaji na mwanamitindo kutoka Ghana'''.<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/christabel-ekeh-shares-adorable-photos-of-baby/</ref> Ameshirkia katika '''zaidi ya filamu 80 za Ghana na Nigeria''', jambo linaloonyesha uzoefu wake mkubwa katika tasnia ya filamu ya Afrika Magharibi<ref>https://www.theghanareport.com/photos-christabel-ekeh-flaunts-baby-bump-to-mark-mothers-day/</ref> == Kazi == Christabel Ekeh alianza '''kazi yake ya kimtindo (u-mwanamitindo)''' kabla ya kuingia katika tasnia ya filamu. Mwaka '''2008''', alishiriki katika mashindano ya urembo ya '''Miss Malaika Ghana''' na alifanikiwa kushika '''nafasi ya pili'''.<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/christabel-ekeh-shares-adorable-photos-of-baby/</ref> Baadaye, alianza kazi yake ya '''uigizaji''' baada ya kushiriki katika filamu ya Nigeria iitwayo '''''College Girls'''''.<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/christabel-ekeh-shares-adorable-photos-of-baby/</ref> Christabel Ekeh pia anajulikana kutokana na ushiriki wake katika filamu ya '''''Potomanto''''', <ref><nowiki>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6205490/bio/</nowiki></ref>ambayo ilimsaidia kutambulika zaidi katika tasnia ya filamu. == Maisha binafsi == Mwezi Mei 2022, Christabel Ekeh alijifungua mtoto wa kiume.<ref>https://dailyguidenetwork.com/actress-christabel-ekeh-welcomes-baby-boy/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.myjoyonline.com/christabel-ekeh-shares-adorable-photos-of-baby/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu nchi kwa nchi]] 6ochwzq1ap7sg4l5jubz2q3nqjz6jh9 0 251504 1601852 2026-09-26T11:52:34Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Masali Baduza''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[12 Machi]] [[1996]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=New York Film Academy (NYFA) AFA Acting for Film Alum Masali Baduza Stars in BBC’s Noughts + Crosses|url=https://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/alum-masali-baduza-bbc-noughts-crosses/|work=NYFA|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=nyfa}}</ref> ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]]. Katika [[televisheni]], anajulikana kwa kuigiza [[nafasi]] ya Sephy Hadley katika t...' 1601852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masali Baduza''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[12 Machi]] [[1996]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=New York Film Academy (NYFA) AFA Acting for Film Alum Masali Baduza Stars in BBC’s Noughts + Crosses|url=https://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/alum-masali-baduza-bbc-noughts-crosses/|work=NYFA|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-US|author=nyfa}}</ref> ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Afrika]] [[Kusini]]. Katika [[televisheni]], anajulikana kwa kuigiza [[nafasi]] ya Sephy Hadley katika tamthilia ya BBC Noughts + Crosses (2020–2022), pamoja na nafasi ya Michaela Stirling katika tamthilia ya vipindi vya kihistoria ya [[Netflix]], Bridgerton [[2024|(2024]])<ref>{{Citation|title=Who is Masali Baduza? All about the South African star playing Michaela Stirling in 'Bridgerton' Season 4|date=2026-03-09|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/who-is-masali-baduza-all-about-the-south-african-star-playing-michaela-stirling-in-bridgerton-season-4/articleshow/129304498.cms|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] gx7h9fovkabrv6k23j6hdwbwuatqajs 0 251505 1601853 2026-09-26T11:52:58Z Amina sauli 89067 KUANZISHA MAKALA 1601853 wikitext text/x-wiki Dejumo Lewis (1943–23 Desemba 2023) alikuwa mwigizaji wa filamu na televisheni wa Nigeria, maarufu kwa nafasi ya Kabiyesi katika tamthilia ya televisheni The Village Headmaster, iliyoonyeshwa kwenye NTA kuanzia 1968 hadi 1988; alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 80.<ref><nowiki>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/93572-ambassador_segun_olusola_is_buried.html?tztc=1</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] ntxih9mdbexei161yqxrcgmi34psvoe 0 251506 1601854 2026-09-26T11:53:35Z Realnyange 92646 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dare Fasasi,'''aliye julikana kama '''Baba Dee''' ni mwongozaji wa [[filamu]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1802475|title=Reis, Irving (1906-1953), radio and film director|last=Curtis|first=Scott|date=2000-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=American National Biography Online}}</ref> Na msanii wa muziki wa dancehall mwenye asilia ya Uswidi na Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stiernstedt |first=Fredrik...' 1601854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dare Fasasi,'''aliye julikana kama '''Baba Dee''' ni mwongozaji wa [[filamu]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1802475|title=Reis, Irving (1906-1953), radio and film director|last=Curtis|first=Scott|date=2000-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=American National Biography Online}}</ref> Na msanii wa muziki wa dancehall mwenye asilia ya Uswidi na Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stiernstedt |first=Fredrik |date=2021-04-03 |title=Free Churches of the Air: the History of Community Radio in Sweden |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2021.1907680 |journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=317–337 |doi=10.1080/01439685.2021.1907680 |issn=0143-9685}}</ref> Alikuwa [[kaka]] mkubwa wa waimbaja, mwimbajii na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo wa Nigeria, '''Baba Dee''' na '''sound Sultan''' kwa pamoja walianzisha kampuni ya kurekodi muziki ilioitwa Naija Ninja entertainment <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1802475|title=Reis, Irving (1906-1953), radio and film director|last=Curtis|first=Scott|date=2000-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=American National Biography Online}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] mmx3zxmjykdub2ttywaqxfoinq7qdj7 0 251507 1601855 2026-09-26T11:53:59Z Mindofluqman 74006 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Akhumzi Jezile''' (15 Januari 1989 – 28 Aprili 2018) alizaliwa Ngcobo, [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alikuwa mwigizaji, mtangazaji wa televisheni na mtayarishaji wa vipindi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Akhumzi Jezile {{!}} TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=15284|work=www.tvsa.co.za|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Alijulikana zaidi kwa kutangaza kipindi cha YOTV kwenye SABC 1. Pia aliigiza kwenye tamthilia ya Tempy Pushas na kucheza...' 1601855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akhumzi Jezile''' (15 Januari 1989 – 28 Aprili 2018) alizaliwa Ngcobo, [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alikuwa mwigizaji, mtangazaji wa televisheni na mtayarishaji wa vipindi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Akhumzi Jezile {{!}} TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=15284|work=www.tvsa.co.za|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Alijulikana zaidi kwa kutangaza kipindi cha YOTV kwenye SABC 1. Pia aliigiza kwenye tamthilia ya Tempy Pushas na kucheza nafasi ya Ngulube katika Themby Phishers. Mwaka 2014, alishinda tuzo ya SAFTA ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Kusaidia katika Tamthilia ya Televisheni kwa nafasi hiyo.<ref name=":1" /> Alifariki katika ajali ya gari pamoja na Siyasanga Kobese na marafiki wengine wawili. Ajali hiyo ilitokea kati ya Maletswai na Komani, walipokuwa wakielekea Ngcobo kwa mazishi ya bibi yake.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=#RIP: 10 Facts You Probably Didn't Know About Akhumzi Jezile - SISTA Magazine|date=2018-04-30|url=http://sistamag.co.za/rip-10-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-akhumzi-jezile/|work=SISTA Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha Ya Awali == Alizaliwa tarehe 12 Januari 1989 na kukulia Mthatha, katika jimbo la [[Rasi ya Mashariki|Eastern Cape]]. Baadaye, familia yake ilihamia [[Johannesburg]]. Akhumzi alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watoto watano.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Akhumzi Jezile biography: Age, career, and death - Briefly.co.za|url=https://briefly.co.za/29698-akhumzi-jezile-biography-age-career-death.html|work=briefly.co.za|date=2019-05-14|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en|author=Peris Walubengo}}</ref> Baba yake alifariki Akhumzi alipokuwa bado mdogo, hivyo alilelewa na mama yake, Zoleka Jezile. Alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Winile iliyopo Katlehong.<ref name=":3" /> == Kazi == Kuanzia mwaka 2016 hadi 2018, alikuwa [[mtangazaji]] wa msimu wa nne wa kipindi cha Fan Base kwenye SABC 1.<ref name=":2" /> == Tuzo na Uteuzi == Mwaka 2014, alishinda tuzo ya Golden Horn ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Kusaidia kwa nafasi yake katika Tempy Pushas.<ref name=":1" /> == Kifo == Akhumzi alifariki katika ajali ya gari pamoja na marafiki zake watatu, wakiwemo Thobani Mseleni na Siyasanga Kobese. Ajali hiyo ilitokea karibu na Aliwal North, eneo la Komani. Alizikwa katika makaburi ya West Park jijini Johannesburg.<ref>{{Citation|title=WATCH: Akhumzi Jezile laid to rest|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/akhumzi-jezile-to-be-laid-to-rest|work=eNCA|language=en|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} gup3qb6en880envg9qxjo7tx35babbk 0 251508 1601856 2026-09-26T11:54:16Z Sally Girl one 92639 Mbegu mtu 1601856 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sowoolu |first=Femi |date=2023 |title=Nigerian Voiceover Artistes in the Market Place of Digital Media |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978723290.ch-10 |journal=Nigerian Media Industries in the Era of Globalization |pages=158–176 |doi=10.5040/9781978723290.ch-10}}</ref> 93ei4ibp4uq4quuj7qbynq881jxyxee 0 251509 1601857 2026-09-26T11:54:27Z Mr. graphic 07 92645 Anza makala 1601857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Med Hondo''' '''(4 Mei 1935 – 2 Machi 2019'''), aliyezaliwa '''Mohamed Abid,''' alikuwa mwigizaji wa '''Mauritania''' na '''Ufaransa'''. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa sinema ya '''Afrika. Filamu''' yake Soleil O ilishinda tuzo ya Golden Leopard mwaka '''1970.''' Filamu yake West Indies ya '''1979''' ilikuwa muziki wa kwanza wa filamu barani Afrika na mojawapo ya uzalishaji wa gharama kubwa zaidi katika historia ya sinema ya Afrika.<ref>{{Citation|last=Murphy|first=David|title=Med Hondo|date=2019-01-04|url=https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526141736.00010|work=Postcolonial African cinema|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-5261-4173-6|access-date=2026-09-26|last2=Williams|first2=Patrick}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] fh1bsh3hfuna1kg80xv87c362orihfb 0 251510 1601858 2026-09-26T11:56:18Z EUNIVIAN 92638 Mbegu mtu 1601858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Falalu A Dorayi''' sgagl4mxwvogeusg6u2gbkjfhboj1j0 0 251511 1601859 2026-09-26T11:56:32Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William R. Collins''' (alizaliwa [[1928]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda taji 1 la PGA Tour.<ref name="obit">{{cite web |url=https://svrnsweb1.pgatourhq.com/Tour/WebTemplate/tournews.nsf/b5593b1aa91898a785256e6d00356026/7f74d0554683a3ab85256fb100764a4b/$FILE/2006-04-10.pdf |title=Collins, PGA Tour and Champions Tour Veteran, Dies |publisher=PGA Tour}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fi...' 1601859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William R. Collins''' (alizaliwa [[1928]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda taji 1 la PGA Tour.<ref name="obit">{{cite web |url=https://svrnsweb1.pgatourhq.com/Tour/WebTemplate/tournews.nsf/b5593b1aa91898a785256e6d00356026/7f74d0554683a3ab85256fb100764a4b/$FILE/2006-04-10.pdf |title=Collins, PGA Tour and Champions Tour Veteran, Dies |publisher=PGA Tour}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nz4ytkfl6jfmncacqc3eka2oyja021w 0 251512 1601861 2026-09-26T11:57:22Z Jonas Jafeti Godfry 92642 Anzisha makala 1601861 wikitext text/x-wiki Adamu Abdullahi Zango ni muigizaji, mwimbaji, dansi, mwandishi na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka Nigeria, aliyeshiriki zaidi ya filamu 100 na kufanya kazi na waigizaji maarufu kama Ali Nuhu na Sani Danja.<ref>{{Citation|title=Adam A Zango Biography, Age, Photos, Phone Number & Net Worth - ArewAngle|date=2022-01-24|url=https://www.arewangle.com.ng/2022/01/adam-a-zango-biography.html|work=ArewAngle|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Zango alianza kuingia kwenye tasnia ya filamu za Hausa mwaka 2001 kama mtunzi wa muziki, kisha akaanza uigizaji na kushiriki zaidi ya filamu 100. Katika maisha yake binafsi, amekuwa na ndoa sita na anaripotiwa kuwa na watoto saba.<ref>{{Citation|title=Adam A Zango Biography, Age, Photos, Phone Number & Net Worth - ArewAngle|date=2022-01-24|url=https://www.arewangle.com.ng/2022/01/adam-a-zango-biography.html|work=ArewAngle|language=en-US|access-date=2026-09-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] 80ckc7nwxjtwfykk2fgqu0no7tdgsyf 0 251513 1601862 2026-09-26T11:58:01Z Camiddo 86373 Ukurasa umeundwa 1601862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=Elugbaju Oluyinka Oluwafemi|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{Birth date and age|1962|10|31|df=y}}|utaifa=[[Hammersmith]], [[London]], United Kingdom|elimu={{plainlist| * [[Obafemi Awolowo University|University of Ife]]; * [[Bretton Hall College of Education|University of Leeds]]; * [[London South Bank University]] }}|kazi yake=Actor, performer and director}} '''Oluwafemi Elufowoju Jr.''', mwenye cheo cha OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire), (alizaliwa tarehe [[31 Oktoba]] [[1962]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[sanaa]] za [[Maonyesho|maonesho]], aliyezaliwa nchini [[Uingereza]] na kukulia [[Nigeria]], anayefanya kazi katika sekta mbalimbali za ubunifu.Baada ya Alton Kumalo, [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya maigizo ya Temba Theatre Company, Elufowoju ndiye [[mkurugenzi]] wa pili wa ukumbi wa [[michezo]] mwenye [[asili]] ya Afrika kuanzisha kampuni ya kitaifa ya maonesho inayofanya ziara nchini Uingereza. Alianzisha Tiata Fahodzi mwaka [[1997]].Kazi zake za jukwaani zimewasilishwa katika karibu taasisi zote kuu na mashuhuri za utayarishaji wa maonesho nchini Uingereza. Pia ameshirikiana kwa kiasi kikubwa na wabunifu na wasanii mbalimbali mashuhuri katika sekta za filamu, televisheni na redio.Mwaka 2023, Elufowoju aliteuliwa kuwa Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) katika orodha ya [[heshima]] za Birthday Honours, kwa mchango wake katika [[sanaa]] ya maigizo.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014-11-20 |title=Good practices and innovations in public governance |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/0dbff166-en |doi=10.18356/0dbff166-en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryan |first=G. H. |date=1904-01 |title=The London Mathematical Society |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3604362 |journal=The Mathematical Gazette |volume=2 |issue=43 |pages=396 |doi=10.2307/3604362 |issn=0025-5572}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1907-07 |title=London Botanic Gardens |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/329262 |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=68–68 |doi=10.1086/329262 |issn=0006-8071}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Elufowoju alizaliwa kwa jina Oluyinka Oluwafemi tarehe 31 Oktoba 1962, katika eneo la Hammersmith, London, akiwa mtoto wa wazazi wenye asili ya Nigeria waliotoka Ile-Ife.Kuanzia mwaka [[1967]] hadi [[1974]], alisoma katika Copenhagen Primary & Junior School huko Islington, London, kabla ya kuhamia Nigeria.Mwaka 1975, alisoma katika Sacred Heart Primary School, iliyoko Ring Road, Ibadan. Baadaye, kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi 1980, alisoma katika Christ's School, Ado Ekiti. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wasomi]] di87awdga92i2qgssgq1af28cgbf20l 0 251514 1601863 2026-09-26T11:58:09Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha ukulasa mpya 1601863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bon Kalindo''', anayejulikana pia kwa jina la Winiko, alizaliwa tarehe 6 Juni 1980. Ni mwanaharakati, mchekeshaji, mwanasiasa na mwigizaji kutoka [[Malawi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suspected MCP supporters block demonstrators in Lilongwe|url=https://malawi24.com/2023/08/31/suspected-mcp-supporters-block-demonstrators-in-lilongwe/|work=Malawi24|date=2023-08-31|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Malawi24 Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suspected MCP supporters block demonstrators in Lilongwe|url=https://malawi24.com/2023/08/31/suspected-mcp-supporters-block-demonstrators-in-lilongwe/|work=Malawi24|date=2023-08-31|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Malawi24 Reporter}}</ref> Mwaka 2023, Kalindo maandamano dhidi ya [[Malawi]] Congress Party, chama ambacho rais wake ni Lazarus Chakwera, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Malawi]]. Kalindo alitaka Chakwera aondoke madarakani, akihusisha madai yake na kushuka kwa thamani ya fedha ya Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bon Kalindo arrested|url=https://malawi24.com/2023/08/30/bon-kalindo-arrested/|work=Malawi24|date=2023-08-30|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Mwayi Mkandawire}}</ref> Kutokana na shughuli zake za maandamano, alikamatwa mara kadhaa. Tarehe 30 Agosti 2023, alikamatwa na baadaye aliachiliwa kutoka gerezani siku hiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bon Kalindo arrested|url=https://malawi24.com/2023/08/30/bon-kalindo-arrested/|work=Malawi24|date=2023-08-30|accessdate=2026-09-26|language=en-GB|author=Mwayi Mkandawire}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] ic3atpmfk47gimmg6ixkjc4ng7wif92 0 251515 1601865 2026-09-26T11:58:25Z Lake nice l 92643 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hans Meyer''' (21 Julai 1925 – 3 Aprili 2020) alikuwa '''mwigizaji na mwanamitindo mwenye asili ya Afrika Kusini na Ufaransa'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1267650/Hans-Meyer-dead-death-actor-Colditz-cause-of-death-news-latest|work=www.express.co.uk|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref>. Alijulikana sana kwa kucheza nafasi ya '''Hauptmann Franz Ulmann''' katika kipindi cha televisheni cha Uingereza kilichoitwa '''Colditz'''.<r...' 1601865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hans Meyer''' (21 Julai 1925 – 3 Aprili 2020) alikuwa '''mwigizaji na mwanamitindo mwenye asili ya Afrika Kusini na Ufaransa'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1267650/Hans-Meyer-dead-death-actor-Colditz-cause-of-death-news-latest|work=www.express.co.uk|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref>. Alijulikana sana kwa kucheza nafasi ya '''Hauptmann Franz Ulmann''' katika kipindi cha televisheni cha Uingereza kilichoitwa '''Colditz'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1267650/Hans-Meyer-dead-death-actor-Colditz-cause-of-death-news-latest|work=www.express.co.uk|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> == MAISHA YA AWALI NA ELIMU == Meyer alizaliwa '''mwezi''' '''Julai''' '''mwaka''' '''1925''' huko '''Paulpietersburg''', katika Jimbo la Natal, '''Afrika Kusini'''. Wazazi wake wote walikuwa '''Wajerumani'''. Wote walikuwa wakulima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1267650/Hans-Meyer-dead-death-actor-Colditz-cause-of-death-news-latest|work=www.express.co.uk|accessdate=2026-09-26}}</ref> Mwanzoni, Meyer alifanya kazi ya kilimo kama wazazi wake. Lakini baadaye aliamua kwenda Ulaya ili kutafuta maisha na kujitengenezea utajiri wake mwenyewe. Alianza kufanya kazi kama mwanamitindo, ambapo alikuwa akipiga picha zilizotumika kwenye majalada ya vitabu. Baadaye, rafiki yake mmoja nchini Ujerumani aliyekuwa akifanya kazi katika kampuni ya matangazo alimsaidia kupata kazi yake ya kwanza ya uigizaji. Kazi yake hiyo ya kwanza ilikuwa kuonekana katika tangazo la televisheni la kinywaji cha Puschkin Vodka. == Kazi == Meyer aliajiriwa na Anatole Litvak ili awe mwigizaji wa ziada katika filamu yake iliyoitwa The Night of the Generals (1967). == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Ufilipino]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Abu Dhabi]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu bara kwa bara]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu nchi kwa nchi]] 6nnqs8teq3469z5sgoa6soe6crk6asp