ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ sylwiki https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%9F_%EA%A0%9A%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%94%EA%A0%A3 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠚꠣꠁꠟ ꠚꠣꠁꠟ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ-ꠃꠁꠇꠤ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ-ꠃꠁꠇꠤ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 8834 33811 32572 2026-06-06T12:13:32Z XXBlackburnXx 444 XXBlackburnXx moved page [[ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ:CuriousWhistler]] to [[ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ:Renamed user b184b357650f0813a48b7fb823faee66]] without leaving a redirect ꠪ Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/CuriousWhistler|CuriousWhistler]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user b184b357650f0813a48b7fb823faee66|Renamed user b184b357650f0813a48b7fb823faee66]]" 32572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ꠚꠣꠁꠟ:Wikipedia logo top from png.png|center|300px]] <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 8px; padding: 10px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center;"> <div style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; color: black;">⁕ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠔ ꠀꠃꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ⁕</div> <div style="margin-top: 10px; border: 5px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border-radius: 10px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 8px; padding: 10px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left; font-size: 14px;"> <ul style="list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 20px; color: #005500;"> <li>ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠔ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ:ꠀꠅꠇꠣ ꠘꠄꠀꠁꠘ|ꠀꠅꠇꠣ]]</li> <li>ꠘꠄꠀ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ:ꠇꠚꠤ ꠢꠣꠃꠎ|ꠇꠚꠤ ꠢꠣꠃꠎ]]</li> <li>ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠁꠛꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠍꠣꠄꠌꠣꠟ꠆ꠟꠣ ꠖꠤꠛꠣꠞ ꠎꠦꠉꠣ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ:ꠛꠐꠞ ꠔꠟ|ꠛꠐꠞ ꠔꠟ]]</li> <li>ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ:ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠇꠤꠔꠣ ꠘꠣꠄ|ꠇꠤꠔꠣ ꠘꠣꠄ]]</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div style="font-size: 14px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 8px; border-radius: 5px;"> <p>ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠟꠣꠉꠟꠦ ꠀꠝ꠆ꠞꠣꠞꠦ ꠎꠤꠇꠣ ꠇꠞꠃꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ⁕ ꠝꠣꠔꠇꠕꠣꠞ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠅꠟꠣꠘ <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki> ꠀꠞꠘꠣꠄ [[ꠚꠣꠁꠟ:Signature button.png|60px]] ꠖꠍ꠆ꠔꠉꠔ ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠃꠞꠤꠛꠣꠘꠣ ⁕</p> </div> </div> --[[ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ:AbuSayeed|AbuSayeed]] ([[ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ:AbuSayeed|ꠝꠣꠔꠧ]]) 04:22, 26 ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2025 (+06) cl94ftvtfti8a8b7y7k8751kclbsol1 0 9279 33812 2026-06-07T09:34:14Z Sasifow 1787 Created page with "{{Automatic taxobox | name = {{ubl|ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ|ꠐꠦꠞꠧꠍꠞ|ꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠡꠞꠐ|Pterosaur}} | fossil_range = [[ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ]]–[[ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠈꠠꠤꠝꠄ]], {{Fossil range|228|earliest=236|66}} | image = {{multiple image |total_width=330 |perrow=2/2/2 |image1=Pteranodon_amnh_martyniuk.jpg |image2=Dimorphodon mount.jpg |image3=Rhamphorhynchus_munsteri.jpg |image4=Pterodactylus sp 374.jpg |image5=Anurogna..." 33812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = {{ubl|ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ|ꠐꠦꠞꠧꠍꠞ|ꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠡꠞꠐ|Pterosaur}} | fossil_range = [[ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ]]–[[ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠈꠠꠤꠝꠄ]], {{Fossil range|228|earliest=236|66}} | image = {{multiple image |total_width=330 |perrow=2/2/2 |image1=Pteranodon_amnh_martyniuk.jpg |image2=Dimorphodon mount.jpg |image3=Rhamphorhynchus_munsteri.jpg |image4=Pterodactylus sp 374.jpg |image5=Anurognathus_ammoni_juvenile.jpg |image6=Tupandactylus_skeleton_-_Museu_Nacional,_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg |border=infobox }} | image_caption = ꠍꠄꠐꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ (ꠃꠙꠞꠞ ꠛꠣꠃꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠊꠠꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠞꠛꠣꠄ): ''[[ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠣꠘꠧꠖꠘ]]'', ''[[ꠖꠤꠝꠧꠞ꠆ꠚꠧꠖꠘ]]'', ''[[ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠖꠣꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠃꠟꠥꠍ]]'', ''[[ꠔꠥꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠃꠟꠥꠍ]]'', ''[[ꠀꠘꠥꠞꠧꠉ꠆ꠘꠣꠕꠥꠍ]]'' ꠄꠛꠋ ''[[ꠞꠣꠝ꠆ꠚꠧꠞꠤꠃꠋꠈꠥꠍ]]'' | image_upright = 1.3 | taxon = Pterosauria | display_parents = 4 | authority = [[ꠁꠅꠢꠣꠘ ꠁꠀꠇꠛ ꠇꠣꠃꠙ|ꠇꠣꠃꠙ]], ১৮৩৪/[[ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠃꠄꠘ|ꠅꠃꠄꠘ]], ১৮৪২ | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision_ref = <ref name=kryptodrakon>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030| pmid = 24768054| title = The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group| journal = Current Biology| volume = 24| issue = 9| pages = 1011–16| year = 2014| last1 = Andres | first1 = B. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J. | last3 = Xu | first3 = X.| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2014CBio...24.1011A}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Matthew G. |last=Baron |year=2020 |title=Testing pterosaur ingroup relationships through broader sampling of avemetatarsalian taxa and characters and a range of phylogenetic analysis techniques. |journal=PeerJ |volume=8 |article-number=e9604 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9604 |pmc=7512134|pmid=33005485 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | subdivision = *{{extinct}}''[[Eotephradactylus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Peteinosaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}[[Eopterosauria]] *{{extinct}}[[Dimorphodontidae]] *{{extinct}}'''Preondactylia''' **{{extinct}}''[[Austriadactylus]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Preondactylus]]'' *{{extinct}}'''Novialoidea''' **{{extinct}}''[[Campylognathoides]]'' **{{extinct}}[[Anurognathidae]]? **{{extinct}}'''Breviquartossa''' ***{{extinct}}''[[Sordes]]'' ***{{extinct}}[[Rhamphorhynchidae]] ***{{extinct}}'''[[Monofenestrata]]''' | range_map = Pterosaur Fossil Distribution Map.png | range_map_caption = ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝꠞ ꠅꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠐ꠫ ꠞꠋꠉꠤꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠉꠘꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠉꠥꠁꠘ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠤꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠉꠔ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠤꠟꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ꠫{{Efn|ꠃꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ (২০১৩) ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠟꠅꠣ꠫<ref>{{Citation |title=Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy |author=Mark P. Witton |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |bibcode=2013pnhe.book.....W |isbn=978-0-691-15061-1}}</ref> ꠀꠘꠃꠁꠘ ꠉꠋ (২০১০)-ꠞ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠤꠀ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠤꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠡ꠆ꠔ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤ꠫<ref>{{Citation |title=''Darwinopterus'' and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny |author=David M. Unwin |journal=Acta Geoscientica Sinica |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=68–69}}</ref>}} | synonyms = Ornithosauria <small>[[ꠢꠦꠞꠤ ꠍꠤꠟꠤ|ꠍꠤꠟꠤ]], ১৮৭০</small> }} '''প্তেরোসাউর'''{{efn|{{Langx|la|Pterosaurus}}, {{IPA|la|pteroːsau̯rʊs|pron}}; {{Langx|en|Pterosaur}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛr|ə|s|ɔr|,_|ˈ|t|ɛr|oʊ|-}} {{respell|TERR|ə|sor|,_|TERR|oh|-}};<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8}}</ref><ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Pterosaur}}</ref> ꠀꠁꠍꠦ [[ꠁꠃꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ|ꠁꠃꠘꠣꠘꠤ]] {{lang|el|pteron}} ꠀꠞ {{lang|el|sauros}} ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠀ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ {{gloss|ꠒꠣꠘꠣꠃꠀꠟꠣ ꠉꠤꠞꠉꠤꠐꠤ}}꠫<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colbert |first1=Edwin H. (Edwin Harris) |last2=Knight |first2=Charles Robert |title=The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives |date=1951 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |page=153 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/152/mode/2up}}</ref> {{Langx|bn|প্তেরোসাউর}}, {{IPA|bn|pt̪eɾosau̯ɾ|pron}}; {{Langx|hi|प्तेरोसाउर}}, {{Langx|ur|پتیروساؤر}}, {{IPA|hns|pt̪ɛɾoːsɑːʊɾ}}।}} ({{Langx|la|Pterosaurus}}, {{IPA|la|pteroːsau̯rʊs|pron}}), '''ꠐꠦꠞꠧꠍꠞ'''{{efn|{{Langx|en|Pterosaurs}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛr|ə|s|ɔr|,_|ˈ|t|ɛr|oʊ|-}} {{respell|TERR|ə|sor|,_|TERR|oh|-}}।}} ꠛꠣ '''ꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠡꠞꠐ'''{{ইএফএন|{{Langx|bn|পত্রসরট}}, {{IPA|bn|pɔt̪ɾosɔɾɔʈ}}; {{Langx|hi|पत्रसरट}}, {{Langx|ur|پترسرٹ}}, {{IPA|hi|pɐt̪.ɾᵊsəɾəʈ}})।}} ꠅꠁꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠤꠀꠤ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠞ꠆ꠉꠔꠥ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ [[ꠡꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠙ]]ꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔ ꠇ꠆ꠟꠦꠖ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠝꠦꠍꠧꠎꠁꠇ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠞꠜꠣꠉ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠎꠥꠠꠤ ꠢꠣꠎꠤꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ—ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠣꠔ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠎꠥꠉ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠈꠠꠤꠝꠄ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠢꠦꠡꠇꠣꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ২২৮ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ৬৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ)꠫<ref name=pterosaur_distribution>{{cite journal |author1=Barrett, P. M. |author2=Butler, R. J. |author3=Edwards, N. P. |author4=Milner, A. R. |year=2008 |title=Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas |url=http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12007/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_05.pdf |journal=Zitteliana |volume=28 |pages=61–107 |access-date=2015-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806150333/https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12007/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_05.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠃ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣꠔꠝ ꠝꠦꠞꠥꠖꠘ꠆ꠒꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ, ꠎꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠡꠛꠟ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠞ ꠈꠦꠝꠔꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠒꠣꠘꠣ ꠉꠐꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠌꠣꠝꠠꠣ, ꠙꠦꠡꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅꠂꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠟꠣꠞ ꠄꠇ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠖꠣ ꠖꠤ, ꠎꠣ ꠉꠥꠠꠣꠟꠤ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠤꠀ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠛꠣ ꠅꠁ ꠎꠣꠅꠣ ꠌꠃꠑꠣ ꠀꠋꠉꠥꠁꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠞꠤꠔ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫<ref name=Elgin2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elgin RA, Hone DW, Frey E |title=The Extent of the Pterosaur Flight Membrane |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=99–111 |year=2011 | doi=10.4202/app.2009.0145|bibcode=2011AcPaP..56...99E |doi-access=free }}</ref> ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠎꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠂꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠝꠄ꠫ ꠅꠂꠔꠤꠎ꠆ꠎꠉꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠝꠣꠍꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠅꠘꠦ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ, ꠁ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠟꠌꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ ꠡꠤꠇꠣꠞꠤ, ꠙꠔꠋꠉꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ, ꠚꠟꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠄꠝꠘꠇꠤꠔꠣ ꠅꠂꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠡꠤꠇꠣꠞꠤꠅ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠣ ꠙꠣꠠꠤꠀ ꠛꠋꠡꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠔ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ꠫<ref>{{cite news |last1=St. Fleur |first1=Nicholas |title=Hundreds of Fossilized Pterosaur Eggs Uncovered in China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/science/pterosaur-eggs.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> ==ꠐꠤꠇꠣ== {{Notelist}} ==ꠔꠂꠔ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ== {{Reflist}} gce6xeioqf5mjfq7c9blmhrl6exyyqr 33813 33812 2026-06-07T09:35:43Z Sasifow 1787 /* */ Fixed typo 33813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = {{ubl|ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ|ꠐꠦꠞꠧꠍꠞ|ꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠡꠞꠐ|Pterosaur}} | fossil_range = [[ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ]]–[[ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠈꠠꠤꠝꠄ]], {{Fossil range|228|earliest=236|66}} | image = {{multiple image |total_width=330 |perrow=2/2/2 |image1=Pteranodon_amnh_martyniuk.jpg |image2=Dimorphodon mount.jpg |image3=Rhamphorhynchus_munsteri.jpg |image4=Pterodactylus sp 374.jpg |image5=Anurognathus_ammoni_juvenile.jpg |image6=Tupandactylus_skeleton_-_Museu_Nacional,_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg |border=infobox }} | image_caption = ꠍꠄꠐꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ (ꠃꠙꠞꠞ ꠛꠣꠃꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠊꠠꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠞꠛꠣꠄ): ''[[ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠣꠘꠧꠖꠘ]]'', ''[[ꠖꠤꠝꠧꠞ꠆ꠚꠧꠖꠘ]]'', ''[[ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠖꠣꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠃꠟꠥꠍ]]'', ''[[ꠔꠥꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠣꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠃꠟꠥꠍ]]'', ''[[ꠀꠘꠥꠞꠧꠉ꠆ꠘꠣꠕꠥꠍ]]'' ꠄꠛꠋ ''[[ꠞꠣꠝ꠆ꠚꠧꠞꠤꠃꠋꠈꠥꠍ]]'' | image_upright = 1.3 | taxon = Pterosauria | display_parents = 4 | authority = [[ꠁꠅꠢꠣꠘ ꠁꠀꠇꠛ ꠇꠣꠃꠙ|ꠇꠣꠃꠙ]], ১৮৩৪/[[ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠃꠄꠘ|ꠅꠃꠄꠘ]], ১৮৪২ | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision_ref = <ref name=kryptodrakon>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030| pmid = 24768054| title = The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group| journal = Current Biology| volume = 24| issue = 9| pages = 1011–16| year = 2014| last1 = Andres | first1 = B. | last2 = Clark | first2 = J. | last3 = Xu | first3 = X.| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2014CBio...24.1011A}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Matthew G. |last=Baron |year=2020 |title=Testing pterosaur ingroup relationships through broader sampling of avemetatarsalian taxa and characters and a range of phylogenetic analysis techniques. |journal=PeerJ |volume=8 |article-number=e9604 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9604 |pmc=7512134|pmid=33005485 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | subdivision = *{{extinct}}''[[Eotephradactylus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Peteinosaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}[[Eopterosauria]] *{{extinct}}[[Dimorphodontidae]] *{{extinct}}'''Preondactylia''' **{{extinct}}''[[Austriadactylus]]'' **{{extinct}}''[[Preondactylus]]'' *{{extinct}}'''Novialoidea''' **{{extinct}}''[[Campylognathoides]]'' **{{extinct}}[[Anurognathidae]]? **{{extinct}}'''Breviquartossa''' ***{{extinct}}''[[Sordes]]'' ***{{extinct}}[[Rhamphorhynchidae]] ***{{extinct}}'''[[Monofenestrata]]''' | range_map = Pterosaur Fossil Distribution Map.png | range_map_caption = ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝꠞ ꠅꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠐ꠫ ꠞꠋꠉꠤꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠉꠘꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠉꠥꠁꠘ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠤꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠉꠔ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠤꠟꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ꠫{{Efn|ꠃꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ (২০১৩) ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠟꠅꠣ꠫<ref>{{Citation |title=Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy |author=Mark P. Witton |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |bibcode=2013pnhe.book.....W |isbn=978-0-691-15061-1}}</ref> ꠀꠘꠃꠁꠘ ꠉꠋ (২০১০)-ꠞ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠤꠀ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠤꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠡ꠆ꠔ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤ꠫<ref>{{Citation |title=''Darwinopterus'' and its implications for pterosaur phylogeny |author=David M. Unwin |journal=Acta Geoscientica Sinica |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=68–69}}</ref>}} | synonyms = Ornithosauria <small>[[ꠢꠦꠞꠤ ꠍꠤꠟꠤ|ꠍꠤꠟꠤ]], ১৮৭০</small> }} '''ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ'''{{efn|{{Langx|la|Pterosaurus}}, {{IPA|la|pteroːsau̯rʊs|pron}}; {{Langx|en|Pterosaur}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛr|ə|s|ɔr|,_|ˈ|t|ɛr|oʊ|-}} {{respell|TERR|ə|sor|,_|TERR|oh|-}};<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8}}</ref><ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Pterosaur}}</ref> ꠀꠁꠍꠦ [[ꠁꠃꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ|ꠁꠃꠘꠣꠘꠤ]] {{lang|el|pteron}} ꠀꠞ {{lang|el|sauros}} ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠀ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ {{gloss|ꠒꠣꠘꠣꠃꠀꠟꠣ ꠉꠤꠞꠉꠤꠐꠤ}}꠫<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colbert |first1=Edwin H. (Edwin Harris) |last2=Knight |first2=Charles Robert |title=The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives |date=1951 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |page=153 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookruli00colb/page/152/mode/2up}}</ref> {{Langx|bn|প্তেরোসাউর}}, {{IPA|bn|pt̪eɾosau̯ɾ|pron}}; {{Langx|hi|प्तेरोसाउर}}, {{Langx|ur|پتیروساؤر}}, {{IPA|hns|pt̪ɛɾoːsɑːʊɾ}}।}} ({{Langx|la|Pterosaurus}}, {{IPA|la|pteroːsau̯rʊs|pron}}), '''ꠐꠦꠞꠧꠍꠞ'''{{efn|{{Langx|en|Pterosaurs}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛr|ə|s|ɔr|,_|ˈ|t|ɛr|oʊ|-}} {{respell|TERR|ə|sor|,_|TERR|oh|-}}।}} ꠛꠣ '''ꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠡꠞꠐ'''{{ইএফএন|{{Langx|bn|পত্রসরট}}, {{IPA|bn|pɔt̪ɾosɔɾɔʈ}}; {{Langx|hi|पत्रसरट}}, {{Langx|ur|پترسرٹ}}, {{IPA|hi|pɐt̪.ɾᵊsəɾəʈ}})।}} ꠅꠁꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠤꠀꠤ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠞ꠆ꠉꠔꠥ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ [[ꠡꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠙ]]ꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔ ꠇ꠆ꠟꠦꠖ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠝꠦꠍꠧꠎꠁꠇ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠞꠜꠣꠉ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠎꠥꠠꠤ ꠢꠣꠎꠤꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ—ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠣꠔ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠝ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠎꠥꠉ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠈꠠꠤꠝꠄ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠢꠦꠡꠇꠣꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ২২৮ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ৬৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ)꠫<ref name=pterosaur_distribution>{{cite journal |author1=Barrett, P. M. |author2=Butler, R. J. |author3=Edwards, N. P. |author4=Milner, A. R. |year=2008 |title=Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas |url=http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12007/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_05.pdf |journal=Zitteliana |volume=28 |pages=61–107 |access-date=2015-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806150333/https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12007/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_05.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠃ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣꠔꠝ ꠝꠦꠞꠥꠖꠘ꠆ꠒꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ, ꠎꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠡꠛꠟ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠞ ꠈꠦꠝꠔꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠒꠣꠘꠣ ꠉꠐꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠌꠣꠝꠠꠣ, ꠙꠦꠡꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅꠂꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠟꠣꠞ ꠄꠇ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠖꠣ ꠖꠤ, ꠎꠣ ꠉꠥꠠꠣꠟꠤ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠤꠀ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠛꠣ ꠅꠁ ꠎꠣꠅꠣ ꠌꠃꠑꠣ ꠀꠋꠉꠥꠁꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠞꠤꠔ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫<ref name=Elgin2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elgin RA, Hone DW, Frey E |title=The Extent of the Pterosaur Flight Membrane |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=99–111 |year=2011 | doi=10.4202/app.2009.0145|bibcode=2011AcPaP..56...99E |doi-access=free }}</ref> ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠎꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠂꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠝꠄ꠫ ꠅꠂꠔꠤꠎ꠆ꠎꠉꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠝꠣꠍꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠅꠘꠦ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ, ꠁ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠟꠌꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ ꠡꠤꠇꠣꠞꠤ, ꠙꠔꠋꠉꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ, ꠚꠟꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠄꠝꠘꠇꠤꠔꠣ ꠅꠂꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠔꠦꠞꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠡꠤꠇꠣꠞꠤꠅ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠣ ꠙꠣꠠꠤꠀ ꠛꠋꠡꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠔ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ꠫<ref>{{cite news |last1=St. Fleur |first1=Nicholas |title=Hundreds of Fossilized Pterosaur Eggs Uncovered in China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/science/pterosaur-eggs.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> ==ꠐꠤꠇꠣ== {{Notelist}} ==ꠔꠂꠔ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ== {{Reflist}} 0uhfw65fmhtyvi9xb3yysu7st6tzhk2 0 9280 33814 2026-06-07T10:27:36Z Sasifow 1787 Created page with "{{Automatic taxobox | name = {{ubl|ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ|Dinosaur}} | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|237|0|[[Late Triassic]] – [[Holocene|Present]], 233.23–0 mya | |earliest=243 |PS=(ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠤꠝꠣꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠦ [[ꠙꠣꠈꠤ]]sꠀꠁꠘꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ)}} (ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ꠝꠣꠏ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠘꠕꠤ) | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 |total_width=330 | image1 = Sinosauropteryxfossil.jpg | image2 = Brontosaurus_exce..." 33814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = {{ubl|ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ|Dinosaur}} | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|237|0|[[Late Triassic]] – [[Holocene|Present]], 233.23–0 mya | |earliest=243 |PS=(ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠤꠝꠣꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠦ [[ꠙꠣꠈꠤ]]sꠀꠁꠘꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ)}} (ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ꠝꠣꠏ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠘꠕꠤ) | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 |total_width=330 | image1 = Sinosauropteryxfossil.jpg | image2 = Brontosaurus_excelsus_remount_in_the_Peabody_Museum.jpg | image3 = Natural_History_Museum,_London_Stegosaurus.jpg | image6 = Lambeosaurus_Pacific_Museum_of_Earth.jpg | image5 = Triceratops_Specimen_at_the_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_v01.jpg | image4 = Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Holotype.jpg | border = infobox }} | image_caption = ꠘꠤ-ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘ (ꠃꠙꠞꠞ ꠛꠣꠅꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠊꠠꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠞ ꠝꠥꠈꠣ): ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠚꠂꠞꠅꠣꠟꠣ [[theropod]]), ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[sauropod]]), ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠠ ꠕꠦꠞꠧꠙꠖ), ''[[Lambeosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠉꠥ [[ornithopod]]), ''[[Triceratops]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[marginocephalian]]), ꠄꠛꠋ ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠉꠥ [[thyreophoran]]) | display_parents = 4 | taxon = Dinosauria | authority = [[ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠅꠦꠘꠅꠅꠦꠘ]], 1842 | subdivision_ranks = Major groups | subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Ornithischia]] *[[Saurischia]] **{{extinct}}[[Sauropodomorpha]] **[[Theropoda]] ***Various extinct groups ***[[Aves]] (ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ) {{Collapse top|title=Dinosaurs and possible dinosaurs of uncertain affinity|left=yes|padding=0|border=0|border2=0|bg=clear|bg2=clear}} *{{extinct}}''[[Agnosphytis]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Alwalkeria]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Chilesaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Chindesaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Daemonosaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Eodromaeus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Nhandumirim]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Nyasasaurus]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Pisanosaurus]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Smok (archosaur)|Smok]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Tawa hallae|Tawa]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Thecospondylus]]'' *{{extinct}}[[Herrerasauria]]<ref>Matthew G. Baron; Megan E. Williams (2018). "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63. {{doi|10.4202/app.00372.2017}}.</ref><ref>Andrea Cau (2018). [https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/01_Cau_2018_BSPI_571.pdf "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203102744/https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/01_Cau_2018_BSPI_571.pdf |date=December 3, 2024 }} (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25. <!-- the doi is broken {{doi|10.4435/BSPI.2018.01}}.--></ref> *{{extinct}}[[Silesauridae]]? <small>([[paraphyletic]]?)</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferigolo|first1=Jorge|last2=Langer |first2=Max C. |date=2007|title=A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone |journal=Historical Biology |volume=19|issue=1|pages=23–33 |doi=10.1080/08912960600845767 |bibcode=2007HBio...19...23F |s2cid=85819339|issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Langer |first1=Max C. |last2=Ferigolo |first2=Jorge |date=2013 |title=The Late Triassic dinosauromorph ''Sacisaurus agudoensis'' (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=379 |issue=1 |pages=353–392 |doi=10.1144/SP379.16 |bibcode=2013GSLSP.379..353L |s2cid=131414332 |issn=0305-8719 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814015927/https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cabreira2016">{{cite journal |last1=Cabreira |first1=S.F. |last2=Kellner |first2=A.W.A.|last3=Dias-da-Silva|first3=S.|last4=da Silva |first4=L.R. |last5=Bronzati |first5=M. |last6=de Almeida Marsola |first6=J.C. |last7=Müller|first7=R.T.|last8=de Souza Bittencourt |first8=J. |last9=Batista |first9=B.J. |last10=Raugust |first10=T. |last11=Carrilho |first11=R.|date=2016|title=A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet |journal=Current Biology|volume=26|issue=22|pages=3090–3095 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040 |pmid=27839975 |doi-access=free |first12=A. |last12=Brodt |first13=M.C.|last13=Langer|bibcode=2016CBio...26.3090C | issn = 0960-9822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller|first1=Rodrigo Temp |last2=Garcia |first2=Maurício Silva |date=August 26, 2020|title=A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs |journal=Biology Letters |volume=16 |issue=8 |article-number=20200417 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417 |pmid=32842895|pmc=7480155|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{collapse bottom}} }} [[File:Neognathae.jpg|thumb|alt=montage of four birds|ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀꠁꠘ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠋꠡꠉꠔ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠄꠅꠘ ꠝꠥꠔꠣꠛꠦꠇ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠤꠀ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠉꠔ ꠄꠞꠣꠞ ১১,০০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠎꠤꠔꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠀꠍꠦ꠫]] dov3j16a544av6wnxgaookms4siv983 33815 33814 2026-06-07T11:05:48Z Sasifow 1787 /* */ Added content 33815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = {{ubl|ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ|Dinosaur}} | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|237|0|[[Late Triassic]] – [[Holocene|Present]], 233.23–0 mya | |earliest=243 |PS=(ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠤꠝꠣꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠦ [[ꠙꠣꠈꠤ]]sꠀꠁꠘꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ)}} (ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ꠝꠣꠏ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠘꠕꠤ) | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 |total_width=330 | image1 = Sinosauropteryxfossil.jpg | image2 = Brontosaurus_excelsus_remount_in_the_Peabody_Museum.jpg | image3 = Natural_History_Museum,_London_Stegosaurus.jpg | image6 = Lambeosaurus_Pacific_Museum_of_Earth.jpg | image5 = Triceratops_Specimen_at_the_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_v01.jpg | image4 = Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Holotype.jpg | border = infobox }} | image_caption = ꠘꠤ-ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘ (ꠃꠙꠞꠞ ꠛꠣꠅꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠊꠠꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠞ ꠝꠥꠈꠣ): ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠚꠂꠞꠅꠣꠟꠣ [[theropod]]), ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[sauropod]]), ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠠ ꠕꠦꠞꠧꠙꠖ), ''[[Lambeosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠉꠥ [[ornithopod]]), ''[[Triceratops]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[marginocephalian]]), ꠄꠛꠋ ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠉꠥ [[thyreophoran]]) | display_parents = 4 | taxon = Dinosauria | authority = [[ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠅꠦꠘꠅꠅꠦꠘ]], 1842 | subdivision_ranks = Major groups | subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Ornithischia]] *[[Saurischia]] **{{extinct}}[[Sauropodomorpha]] **[[Theropoda]] ***Various extinct groups ***[[Aves]] (ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ) {{Collapse top|title=Dinosaurs and possible dinosaurs of uncertain affinity|left=yes|padding=0|border=0|border2=0|bg=clear|bg2=clear}} *{{extinct}}''[[Agnosphytis]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Alwalkeria]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Chilesaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Chindesaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Daemonosaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Eodromaeus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Nhandumirim]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Nyasasaurus]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Pisanosaurus]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Smok (archosaur)|Smok]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Tawa hallae|Tawa]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Thecospondylus]]'' *{{extinct}}[[Herrerasauria]]<ref>Matthew G. Baron; Megan E. Williams (2018). "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63. {{doi|10.4202/app.00372.2017}}.</ref><ref>Andrea Cau (2018). [https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/01_Cau_2018_BSPI_571.pdf "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203102744/https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/01_Cau_2018_BSPI_571.pdf |date=December 3, 2024 }} (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25. <!-- the doi is broken {{doi|10.4435/BSPI.2018.01}}.--></ref> *{{extinct}}[[Silesauridae]]? <small>([[paraphyletic]]?)</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferigolo|first1=Jorge|last2=Langer |first2=Max C. |date=2007|title=A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone |journal=Historical Biology |volume=19|issue=1|pages=23–33 |doi=10.1080/08912960600845767 |bibcode=2007HBio...19...23F |s2cid=85819339|issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Langer |first1=Max C. |last2=Ferigolo |first2=Jorge |date=2013 |title=The Late Triassic dinosauromorph ''Sacisaurus agudoensis'' (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=379 |issue=1 |pages=353–392 |doi=10.1144/SP379.16 |bibcode=2013GSLSP.379..353L |s2cid=131414332 |issn=0305-8719 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814015927/https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cabreira2016">{{cite journal |last1=Cabreira |first1=S.F. |last2=Kellner |first2=A.W.A.|last3=Dias-da-Silva|first3=S.|last4=da Silva |first4=L.R. |last5=Bronzati |first5=M. |last6=de Almeida Marsola |first6=J.C. |last7=Müller|first7=R.T.|last8=de Souza Bittencourt |first8=J. |last9=Batista |first9=B.J. |last10=Raugust |first10=T. |last11=Carrilho |first11=R.|date=2016|title=A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet |journal=Current Biology|volume=26|issue=22|pages=3090–3095 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040 |pmid=27839975 |doi-access=free |first12=A. |last12=Brodt |first13=M.C.|last13=Langer|bibcode=2016CBio...26.3090C | issn = 0960-9822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller|first1=Rodrigo Temp |last2=Garcia |first2=Maurício Silva |date=August 26, 2020|title=A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs |journal=Biology Letters |volume=16 |issue=8 |article-number=20200417 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417 |pmid=32842895|pmc=7480155|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{collapse bottom}} }} [[File:Neognathae.jpg|thumb|alt=montage of four birds|ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀꠁꠘ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠋꠡꠉꠔ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠄꠅꠘ ꠝꠥꠔꠣꠛꠦꠇ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠤꠀ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠉꠔ ꠄꠞꠣꠞ ১১,০০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠎꠤꠔꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠀꠍꠦ꠫]] '''ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ'''{{efn|{{Langx|la|Dinosaurus}}, {{IPA|la|diːnɔˈsau̯rʊs|pron}}; {{Langx|bn|দিনোসাউর}}, {{IPA|bn|d̪inosau̯ɾ}}।}} ꠛꠣ '''ꠜꠤꠝꠡꠞꠐ'''{{ইএফএন|{{Langx|sa|[[:wikt:भीमसरट|भीमसरट]]}}, {{IPA|sa|bʱiːmɐsɐɾɐʈɐ}}; {{Langx|bn|ভীমসরট}}, {{IPA|bn|bʱimʃɔɾɔʈ|pron}}; {{Langx|hi|भीमसरट}}, {{Langx|ur|بھیمسرٹ}}, {{IPA|hns|bʱiːmsəɾəʈ|pron}}।}} ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠞꠝ ꠞꠇ꠆ꠔꠛꠤꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠅꠔꠤ ꠛꠂꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠝꠄ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠝꠦꠍꠧꠎꠧꠁꠇ ꠀꠝꠟꠞ ꠅꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠔꠦ꠫ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ২০১.৩ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠡꠋꠊꠐꠤꠔ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ–ꠁꠃꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠟꠜꠣꠉꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠝꠦꠞꠥꠖꠘ꠆ꠒꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠔꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠃꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠔꠣꠇꠤ ꠎꠥꠉ ꠎꠥꠠꠤꠀ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠙꠂꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠎꠣꠄ ꠕꠣꠇꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀꠁꠘ ꠙꠣꠟꠇꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠁꠃꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠢꠦꠡꠜꠣꠉꠧ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠛꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠕꠦꠞꠧꠙꠖ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ꠫ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠔꠣꠇꠤ–ꠙꠣꠄꠟꠦꠅꠉꠦꠘꠤ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠞ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ৬৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ) ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠐꠤꠇꠤꠀ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠄꠇꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠤ ꠛꠋꠡꠗꠣꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ꠫ ꠚꠟꠦ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟꠞꠦ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠜꠣꠉꠦ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ—ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ (ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠣꠔ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ ꠍꠣꠠꠣ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ꠫ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡ, ꠖꠦꠢꠉꠑꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠦꠡꠉꠔ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠛꠂꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠝꠄ꠫ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠎꠤꠔꠣ ১১,০০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ ꠝꠦꠞꠥꠖꠘ꠆ꠒꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠡꠛ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠤꠌꠤꠟ꠆ꠞ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠉꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ꠫ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝꠛꠤꠖꠢꠇꠟꠦ ৯০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠅꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠉꠘ (genus) ꠄꠛꠋ ১,০০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠟꠘ ꠅ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠡꠘꠣꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠍꠂꠘ꠫ ꠛꠤꠋꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠅꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤꠢꠇꠟꠦ ꠝꠘꠧ ꠇꠞꠔꠣ ꠎꠦ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠗꠤꠞꠉꠔꠤꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠑꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣ-ꠞꠇ꠆ꠔꠛꠤꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ꠫ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ১৯৭০-ꠞ ꠖꠡꠇ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠤꠔ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠞꠜꠣꠉ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣꠄ ꠁꠋꠉꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ, ꠎꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠣꠇꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠀ ꠔꠥꠟꠘꠣꠝꠥꠟꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠝꠣꠎꠤꠇ ꠀꠌꠞꠘꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠘꠣꠘꠣ ꠅꠜꠤꠎꠥꠎꠘ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠀꠞꠧ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠡꠛ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠙꠣꠅ ꠡꠞꠤꠟꠞ ꠘꠤꠌꠦ ꠡꠥꠎꠣꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠅꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠔ, ꠎꠦꠇꠐꠣ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠡ꠆ꠔꠘ꠆ꠘꠙꠣꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ꠫ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠊꠣꠡꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ, ꠀꠛꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠝꠣꠋꠡꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ꠫ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠋꠉꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠡꠛ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠃ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠣ ꠙꠣꠠꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠀꠌꠞꠘ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠀꠞ ꠀ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠃꠜꠄ ꠗꠞꠘꠞ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦꠃ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠁꠔ꠫ ꠎꠥꠖꠤꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠞꠝ꠆ꠜꠤꠇ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠖꠥꠁꠙꠣꠄꠀ, ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠧ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠔ ꠌꠣꠁꠞꠙꠣꠄꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠊꠐꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠁꠃꠎꠘꠦ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠜꠋꠉꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦꠃ ꠌꠟꠣꠚꠤꠞꠣ ꠇꠞꠔ ꠙꠣꠞꠔ꠫ ꠢꠤꠋ, ꠏꠥꠘ꠆ꠐꠤ (crest), ꠅꠡ꠆ꠕꠤ-ꠛꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ ꠎꠐꠤꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠝꠥꠟꠇ ꠉꠑꠘ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠇꠡꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠞ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀꠢꠇꠟ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠀꠇꠣꠞꠦ ꠚꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠅ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠤꠡꠣꠟꠖꠦꠢꠤ꠫ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠍꠣꠃꠞꠧꠙꠖ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ৩৯.৭ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠔꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ১৮ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠙꠧꠃꠍꠤꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠟꠤꠀ ꠗꠣꠞꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ, ꠎꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠞ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠛꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠢꠔ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠟꠌꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠖꠤꠍꠦ꠫ ꠃꠘꠛꠤꠋꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠔꠦ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠛꠂꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠘꠣꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ꠫ ১৮৪২ ꠡꠘꠧ ꠍꠣꠞ ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠅꠦꠘ “ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ” ꠘꠣꠝꠓꠣꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠘ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ “ꠜꠄꠀꠘꠇ ꠉꠤꠞꠉꠤꠐꠤ” ꠛꠣ “ꠜꠄꠀꠘꠇ ꠐꠤꠇꠐꠤꠇꠤ”꠫ ꠄꠞ ꠙꠞ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠇꠋꠇꠣꠟ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠎꠣꠖꠥꠊꠞꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠀꠇꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠔꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠁ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠖꠈꠟ ꠇꠞꠍꠦ꠫ ꠎꠥꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠍꠤꠞꠤꠎꠞ ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠛꠁ ꠀꠞ ꠍꠤꠘꠦꠝꠣꠔ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠅꠝꠤꠔ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠔꠤꠄ ꠁ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠅꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠀꠞꠧ ꠛꠣꠠꠣꠁꠍꠦ꠫ ꠎꠘꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠠꠘꠔ ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠥꠁꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠣꠄꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠍꠦ꠫ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠄꠀ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞꠉꠥꠁꠘꠅ ꠘꠤꠅꠝꠤꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠉꠘꠝꠣꠁꠖ꠆ꠗꠝꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠅꠄ꠫ ==ꠐꠤꠇꠣ== {{Notelist}} ==ꠔꠂꠔ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ== {{Reflist}} 1t09efr746sag7i7acin1vr0xunt0om 33816 33815 2026-06-07T11:06:40Z Sasifow 1787 /* */ Fixed typo 33816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = {{ubl|ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ|Dinosaur}} | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|237|0|[[Late Triassic]] – [[Holocene|Present]], 233.23–0 mya | |earliest=243 |PS=(ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠤꠝꠣꠞ ꠜꠤꠔꠞꠦ [[ꠙꠣꠈꠤ]]sꠀꠁꠘꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ)}} (ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ꠝꠣꠏ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠘꠕꠤ) | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 |total_width=330 | image1 = Sinosauropteryxfossil.jpg | image2 = Brontosaurus_excelsus_remount_in_the_Peabody_Museum.jpg | image3 = Natural_History_Museum,_London_Stegosaurus.jpg | image6 = Lambeosaurus_Pacific_Museum_of_Earth.jpg | image5 = Triceratops_Specimen_at_the_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_v01.jpg | image4 = Tyrannosaurus_Rex_Holotype.jpg | border = infobox }} | image_caption = ꠘꠤ-ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠄꠈꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘ (ꠃꠙꠞꠞ ꠛꠣꠅꠉꠣꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠊꠠꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠞ ꠝꠥꠈꠣ): ''[[Sinosauropteryx]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠚꠂꠞꠅꠣꠟꠣ [[theropod]]), ''[[Brontosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[sauropod]]), ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠠ ꠕꠦꠞꠧꠙꠖ), ''[[Lambeosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠉꠥ [[ornithopod]]), ''[[Triceratops]]'' (ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[marginocephalian]]), ꠄꠛꠋ ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' (ꠄꠉꠥ [[thyreophoran]]) | display_parents = 4 | taxon = Dinosauria | authority = [[ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠅꠦꠘꠅꠅꠦꠘ]], 1842 | subdivision_ranks = Major groups | subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Ornithischia]] *[[Saurischia]] **{{extinct}}[[Sauropodomorpha]] **[[Theropoda]] ***Various extinct groups ***[[Aves]] (ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ) {{Collapse top|title=Dinosaurs and possible dinosaurs of uncertain affinity|left=yes|padding=0|border=0|border2=0|bg=clear|bg2=clear}} *{{extinct}}''[[Agnosphytis]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Alwalkeria]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Chilesaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Chindesaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Daemonosaurus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Eodromaeus]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Nhandumirim]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Nyasasaurus]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Pisanosaurus]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Smok (archosaur)|Smok]]''? *{{extinct}}''[[Tawa hallae|Tawa]]'' *{{extinct}}''[[Thecospondylus]]'' *{{extinct}}[[Herrerasauria]]<ref>Matthew G. Baron; Megan E. Williams (2018). "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63. {{doi|10.4202/app.00372.2017}}.</ref><ref>Andrea Cau (2018). [https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/01_Cau_2018_BSPI_571.pdf "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203102744/https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/01_Cau_2018_BSPI_571.pdf |date=December 3, 2024 }} (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25. <!-- the doi is broken {{doi|10.4435/BSPI.2018.01}}.--></ref> *{{extinct}}[[Silesauridae]]? <small>([[paraphyletic]]?)</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferigolo|first1=Jorge|last2=Langer |first2=Max C. |date=2007|title=A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone |journal=Historical Biology |volume=19|issue=1|pages=23–33 |doi=10.1080/08912960600845767 |bibcode=2007HBio...19...23F |s2cid=85819339|issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Langer |first1=Max C. |last2=Ferigolo |first2=Jorge |date=2013 |title=The Late Triassic dinosauromorph ''Sacisaurus agudoensis'' (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=379 |issue=1 |pages=353–392 |doi=10.1144/SP379.16 |bibcode=2013GSLSP.379..353L |s2cid=131414332 |issn=0305-8719 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814015927/https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/379/1/353 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cabreira2016">{{cite journal |last1=Cabreira |first1=S.F. |last2=Kellner |first2=A.W.A.|last3=Dias-da-Silva|first3=S.|last4=da Silva |first4=L.R. |last5=Bronzati |first5=M. |last6=de Almeida Marsola |first6=J.C. |last7=Müller|first7=R.T.|last8=de Souza Bittencourt |first8=J. |last9=Batista |first9=B.J. |last10=Raugust |first10=T. |last11=Carrilho |first11=R.|date=2016|title=A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet |journal=Current Biology|volume=26|issue=22|pages=3090–3095 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040 |pmid=27839975 |doi-access=free |first12=A. |last12=Brodt |first13=M.C.|last13=Langer|bibcode=2016CBio...26.3090C | issn = 0960-9822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller|first1=Rodrigo Temp |last2=Garcia |first2=Maurício Silva |date=August 26, 2020|title=A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs |journal=Biology Letters |volume=16 |issue=8 |article-number=20200417 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417 |pmid=32842895|pmc=7480155|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{collapse bottom}} }} [[File:Neognathae.jpg|thumb|alt=montage of four birds|ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀꠁꠘ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠋꠡꠉꠔ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠄꠅꠘ ꠝꠥꠔꠣꠛꠦꠇ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠤꠀ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠉꠔ ꠄꠞꠣꠞ ১১,০০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠎꠤꠔꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠀꠍꠦ꠫]] '''ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ'''{{efn|{{Langx|la|Dinosaurus}}, {{IPA|la|diːnɔˈsau̯rʊs|pron}}; {{Langx|bn|দিনোসাউর}}, {{IPA|bn|d̪inosau̯ɾ}}।}} ꠛꠣ '''ꠜꠤꠝꠡꠞꠐ'''{{efn|{{Langx|sa|[[:wikt:भीमसरट|भीमसरट]]}}, {{IPA|sa|bʱiːmɐsɐɾɐʈɐ}}; {{Langx|bn|ভীমসরট}}, {{IPA|bn|bʱimʃɔɾɔʈ|pron}}; {{Langx|hi|भीमसरट}}, {{Langx|ur|بھیمسرٹ}}, {{IPA|hns|bʱiːmsəɾəʈ|pron}}।}} ꠅꠁꠟ ꠉꠞꠝ ꠞꠇ꠆ꠔꠛꠤꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠅꠔꠤ ꠛꠂꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠝꠄ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤ꠫ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠝꠦꠍꠧꠎꠧꠁꠇ ꠀꠝꠟꠞ ꠅꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠔꠦ꠫ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ২০১.৩ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠡꠋꠊꠐꠤꠔ ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠀꠍꠤꠇ–ꠁꠃꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠟꠜꠣꠉꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠝꠦꠞꠥꠖꠘ꠆ꠒꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠔꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠃꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠔꠣꠇꠤ ꠎꠥꠉ ꠎꠥꠠꠤꠀ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠙꠂꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠎꠣꠄ ꠕꠣꠇꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀꠁꠘ ꠙꠣꠟꠇꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠁꠃꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠎꠥꠉꠞ ꠢꠦꠡꠜꠣꠉꠧ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠛꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠕꠦꠞꠧꠙꠖ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ꠫ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠔꠣꠇꠤ–ꠙꠣꠄꠟꠦꠅꠉꠦꠘꠤ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠞ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ৬৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ) ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠐꠤꠇꠤꠀ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠄꠇꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠤ ꠛꠋꠡꠗꠣꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ꠫ ꠚꠟꠦ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟꠞꠦ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠜꠣꠉꠦ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ—ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ (ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠣꠔ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ ꠍꠣꠠꠣ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠅꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ꠫ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡ, ꠖꠦꠢꠉꠑꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠦꠡꠉꠔ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠀ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠛꠂꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠝꠄ꠫ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠎꠤꠔꠣ ১১,০০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ ꠝꠦꠞꠥꠖꠘ꠆ꠒꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠡꠛ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠤꠌꠤꠟ꠆ꠞ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠉꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ꠫ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠝꠛꠤꠖꠢꠇꠟꠦ ৯০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠅꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠉꠘ (genus) ꠄꠛꠋ ১,০০০-ꠞꠅ ꠛꠟꠘ ꠅ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠡꠘꠣꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠍꠂꠘ꠫ ꠛꠤꠋꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠅꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠛꠤꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤꠢꠇꠟꠦ ꠝꠘꠧ ꠇꠞꠔꠣ ꠎꠦ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠗꠤꠞꠉꠔꠤꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠑꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣ-ꠞꠇ꠆ꠔꠛꠤꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ꠫ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ ১৯৭০-ꠞ ꠖꠡꠇ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠤꠔ ꠛꠦꠡꠤꠞꠜꠣꠉ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣꠄ ꠁꠋꠉꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤ, ꠎꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠣꠇꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠀ ꠔꠥꠟꠘꠣꠝꠥꠟꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠝꠣꠎꠤꠇ ꠀꠌꠞꠘꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠘꠣꠘꠣ ꠅꠜꠤꠎꠥꠎꠘ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠀꠞꠧ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠡꠛ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠙꠣꠅ ꠡꠞꠤꠟꠞ ꠘꠤꠌꠦ ꠡꠥꠎꠣꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠅꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠔ, ꠎꠦꠇꠐꠣ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠡ꠆ꠔꠘ꠆ꠘꠙꠣꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ꠫ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠊꠣꠡꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ, ꠀꠛꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠝꠣꠋꠡꠈꠣꠅꠞꠣ꠫ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠋꠉꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠡꠛ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠃ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒꠣ ꠙꠣꠠꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠀꠌꠞꠘ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠀꠞ ꠀ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠃꠜꠄ ꠗꠞꠘꠞ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦꠃ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠁꠔ꠫ ꠎꠥꠖꠤꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠞꠝ꠆ꠜꠤꠇ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠖꠥꠁꠙꠣꠄꠀ, ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠧ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠛꠤꠟꠥꠙ꠆ꠔ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠔ ꠌꠣꠁꠞꠙꠣꠄꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠊꠐꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠁꠃꠎꠘꠦ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠜꠋꠉꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦꠃ ꠌꠟꠣꠚꠤꠞꠣ ꠇꠞꠔ ꠙꠣꠞꠔ꠫ ꠢꠤꠋ, ꠏꠥꠘ꠆ꠐꠤ (crest), ꠅꠡ꠆ꠕꠤ-ꠛꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ ꠎꠐꠤꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠝꠥꠟꠇ ꠉꠑꠘ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠇꠡꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ꠫ ꠃꠠꠣꠟꠞ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠀꠢꠇꠟ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠀꠇꠣꠞꠦ ꠚꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠅ-ꠙꠣꠈꠤꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠤꠡꠣꠟꠖꠦꠢꠤ꠫ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠍꠣꠃꠞꠧꠙꠖ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠟꠣꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ৩৯.৭ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠔꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ১৮ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠙꠧꠃꠍꠤꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠟꠤꠀ ꠗꠣꠞꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ, ꠎꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠞ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠛꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠢꠔ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠟꠌꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠖꠤꠍꠦ꠫ ꠃꠘꠛꠤꠋꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠔꠦ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠛꠂꠉ꠆ꠉꠣꠘꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠘꠣꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ꠫ ১৮৪২ ꠡꠘꠧ ꠍꠣꠞ ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠅꠦꠘ “ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ” ꠘꠣꠝꠓꠣꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠘ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ “ꠜꠄꠀꠘꠇ ꠉꠤꠞꠉꠤꠐꠤ” ꠛꠣ “ꠜꠄꠀꠘꠇ ꠐꠤꠇꠐꠤꠇꠤ”꠫ ꠄꠞ ꠙꠞ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠇꠋꠇꠣꠟ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠎꠣꠖꠥꠊꠞꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠀꠇꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠔꠅ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠁ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠖꠈꠟ ꠇꠞꠍꠦ꠫ ꠎꠥꠞꠣꠍꠤꠇ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠍꠤꠞꠤꠎꠞ ꠟꠣꠇꠣꠘ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠛꠁ ꠀꠞ ꠍꠤꠘꠦꠝꠣꠔ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠅꠝꠤꠔ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠔꠤꠄ ꠁ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠅꠔꠣꠞꠦ ꠀꠞꠧ ꠛꠣꠠꠣꠁꠍꠦ꠫ ꠎꠘꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠠꠘꠔ ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠖꠤꠘꠧꠍꠣꠃꠞ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠥꠁꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠣꠄꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠍꠦ꠫ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠄꠀ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞꠉꠥꠁꠘꠅ ꠘꠤꠅꠝꠤꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠉꠘꠝꠣꠁꠖ꠆ꠗꠝꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠅꠄ꠫ ==ꠐꠤꠇꠣ== {{Notelist}} ==ꠔꠂꠔ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ== {{Reflist}} 4tq9y1s9pa19v05lfpjr4xslrg8gt4q